UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA    SAN  DIEGO 


3  1822  00694  9721 


'illlBiniii  Jill  fill  r'lifr^'^'  ^''^  °'^^° 
3  1822  00694  9721 


Central  University  Library 

^^-tem.ssubiecttoreca„anenwoweeKs 

_   Date  Due 


CI  39  (1/91) 


LIBRARY 

UNIVER9«^  OP 
CALIFORNIA 
SAN  DICGO 


vn 

43 


DICTIONARY 


PHRASE     AND     FABLE 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


PHRASE   AND   FABLE, 


GIVING    THE 


Derivation,  Source,  or  Orii^iJi  of  Common  Plirasa,  Allusions, 
and  Words  that  have  a  Tale  to  Tell. 

y 

.       ^\  BY   THE   REV. 

e)  cobham  brewer,  ll.d, 

01-    THINITY    HALL,    CAMBKlLUli  ; 

Author  of  •'  Guide  to  Science,'''   '^  History  of  Fjaticc,"   "  Theology  in  Science," 
'•^History  of  Germany,^''  o^v. 


TWENTY- FOURTH  EDTTION,    RE  USED   AND   CORRECTED. 


TO    WHICH    IS    ADDED 

A  CONCISE  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  ENGLISH  LITERATURE, 

EASED   UPON   THE   LARGER  WORK   OF   REFERENCE   ON   THE  SAME 
SUBJECT    BY   \V.    DAVENPORT  ADAMS,    WITH   ADDITIONS. 


CASSELL    &    COMPANY,    Limited: 

LONDON,  PARIS  AND  MELBOURNE. 


(all     KlOinS     Ktl.LKVED.J 


rUEFACE. 


"What  has  this  babbler  to  say?"  is  substantially  the  question  of 
every  cue  to  whom  a  new  book  is  ofTered.  For  ourselves,  it  will  be 
dilHculL  to  rui-uLsh  an  answer  in  a  sentence  equally  terse  and  explicib ; 
yet  our  book  has  a  definite  scope  and  distinct  speciality,  which  we 
will  proceed  to  unfold.  We  call  it  a  "Dictionary  of  Phrase  and 
Fable,"  a  title  wide  enough,  no  doubt,  to  satisfy  a  very  lofty  ambition, 
yet  not  sufficiently  wide  to  describe  the  miscellaneous  contents  of  this 
"  alms-basket  of  words."  As  the  Gargantuan  course  of  studies  included 
everything  known  to  man  and  something  more,  so  this  sweep-net  of  a 
book  encloses  anything  that  comes  within  its  reach.  It  draws  in 
curious  or  novel  etymologies,  pseudonyms  and  popular  titles,  local 
traditions  and  literary  blunders,  biographical  and  historical  trifles  too 
insignificant  to  find  a  place  in  books  of  higher  pretension,  but  not  too 
worthless  to  be  worth  knowing.  Sometimes  a  criticism  is  adventured, 
sometimes  an  exposition.  Vulgar  errors,  of  course,  form  an  item ;  for 
the  prescience  of  the  ant  in  laying  up  a  store  for  winter,  the  wisdom  of 
the  bee  in  the  peculiar  shape  of  its  honey-comb,  the  disinterestedness 
of  the  jackal,  the  poisonous  nature  of  the  upas  tree,  and  the  striding  of 
the  llhodian  Colossos,  if  not  of  the  nature  of  fable,  are  certainly  "more 
strange  than  true." 

In  regard  to  etymology,  it  forms  a  staple  of  the  book,  which  professes 
to  give  "  the  derivation,  source,  or  origin  of  words  that  have  a  tale  to 
tell."  Thus,  abandon  \B  to  "desert  your  colours;"  church  means  "a 
circle,"  and  not  "  God's  house,"  as  is  usually  given ;  prevaricate  is  "  to 
go  zig-zag,"  or  "plough  a  crooked  furrow;"  scrupnloua  is  to  get  ji 
"stone  in  or.o's  shoe;"  siV  is  cousin  german  to  the   Greek  "ana.\,"  a 


vi  PREFACE. 

king;  head,  to  the  Greek  "kephale;"  wig,  to  the  Latin  "pilucca;"  tear 
and  the  French  larme  are  mere  varieties  of  the  Greek  "  dakru."  A 
large  number  of  such  word-studies  kave  been  admitted  as  wahiuts  for 
.liter  dinner.  Many  others  will  serve  to  show  how  strangely  even  wise 
men  will  sometimes  err  when  they  wander  in  Dreamland:  witness  the 
etymology  given  by  Dr,  Ash  of  the  word  curmudgeon;  Crabbe's  ety- 
mology of  the  word  doze,  noticed  under  the  article  Sleep  in  this 
Dictionary;  Isidor's  derivation  of  the  word  stipulate;  Blackstone's 
deduction  of  parson  from  "  persona; "  Pliny's  druid  from  "  drus,"  an  oak; 
Scaligcr's  etymology  of  satire ;  Beschcrelle's  ligot ;  Ducange's  Saracen  ; 
Bailey's  Dunstable;  the  derivation  given  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  that  of  barbarous  from  "  barba,"  a  beard ; 
of  Shoreditch  from  "  Jane  Shore ;"  of  Stony  Arabia;  Ptolemy's  blunder 
about  Arabia  Felix  (see  Yemen)  ;  Lloyd's  etymology  of  Ireland,  "  the 
land  of  ire;"  and  Lord  Coke's  Parliament  {q.v.).  Pleasant  fables  these, 
which  have  a  right  to  stand  in  this  museum  of  odds  and  ends. 

Fugitive  matter  of  this  sort  makes  up  no  small  portion  of  our 
bulky  volume  ;  but,  after  all,  the  main  substance  of  the  book  is  "  Phrase 
and  Fable"  proper.  "We  have  all  met  with  a  number  of  famiUar 
phrases,  some  of  them  "  as  old  as  the  hills,"  the  meaning  of  which, 
though  perfectly  plain,  it  is  difficult  to  connect  with  the  words 
themselves.  Why,  for  example,  is  common  sense  so  called  ?  and  how 
can  we  be  said  to  have  seven  senses  ?  Why  is  kindliness  of  heart  called 
good-humour  ?  and  one  "  gate  "  said  to  be  killed  with  hindyicss  ?  What 
was  the  cat  of  the  famous  Whittington  that  made  him  a  merchant  prince  ? 
V/hy  is  it  said  there  is  lucJc  in  odd  numbers  ?  Why  does  Hamlet 
call  the  ghost  old  True-penny  ?  Why  is  a  parasite  called  a  Toad-eater  ? 
or  a  hare  Wat  ?  What  is  the  origin  of  such  household  phrases  as 
standing  Sam,  mare's-nest,  shell  out,  kick  the  bucket,  dishing  the  spurs, 
little  urchin,  layers-over  for  medlers,  eau  de  vie,  fagot  votes,  salted  accounts, 
walls  have  ears,  the  polite  refusal  expressed  by  the  words  Fll  think 
about  it,  and  why  is  a  mismanaged  concern  called  a  kettle  of  fish  ?  We 
talk  of  getting  our  hand  ov  foot  in,  of  the  crisis  of  a  disease,  of  &  pretext 
(which,  of  course,  is  a  sort  of  dress),  with  a  thousand  similar  words  and 
phrases ;  but  where  they  come  from,  how  they  became  naturaUsed,  and 
wliat  they  refer  to,  is,  for  the  most  part,  a  mystery.     One  object  of  this 


PREFACE.  vii 

"Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable  "  is  to  make  them  tell  their  respective 
tales. 

Again,  there  are  a  host  of  words  which  have  an  attached  meaning, 
apart  "from"  their  original  bearing,  such  as  Adullamites ;  shibboleth; 
tariff;  delirium,  which  has  sometliing  to  do  with  ploughing;  canvassinrj 
a  town,  which  has  something  to  do  with  hemp;  suffrages  and  suffragans, 
which  are  somehow  connected  with  the  pasterns  of  a  horse ;  bankrupt, 
a  man  whose  bench  is  broken;  grotesque,  which  must  belong  to  the 
word  grotto;  a  tradesman's  bill,  which  must  be  connected  with  a  billet 
of  wood ;  and  all  such  strange  misnomers  as  widoio-bird,  Judas-tree, 
wolf's-bane,  Jerusalem  artichoke,  and  fox-glove.  "Who  gave  them  their 
present  twist  ?  who  effaced  their  old  image,  and  stamped  on  them  their 
present  superscription  ?  In  what  crucible  have  they  been  melted, 
that  their  nature  has  been  so  completely  changed?  To  give  a  brief 
and  trustworthy  answer  is  another  of  the  objects  of  our  book. 

Once  more.  There  are  allusions  in  every  newspaper  and  periodical, 
which  would  puzzle  many  a  wrangler  more  than  the  "Principia"  of 
Newton.  Crabbe,  for  example,  says,  I  do  not  use  the  word  fight  in  the 
tense  of  Mendoza,  the  Jew ;  but  no  extant  book  that  I  know  of  throws 
any  light  upon  this  Hebrew.  Napoleon  said  of  the  young  Queen  of 
Prussia,  She  was  Armida,  in  her  distraction,  setting  fire  to  her  own 
palace.  Sir  Walter  Scott  says,  I  submitted,  like  Dorax,  with  a  swelling 
heart.  The  song  says,  Sham  Abram  you  may,  but  must  not  sham 
Abraham  Ncioland.  Longfellow  says,  Thought,  like  Acestes'  arrow, 
kindles  as  it  files.  The  Times  says.  Let  Gryll  be  Gryll,  and  keep  his 
hoggish  mind.  Some  hundreds  of  such  allusions  are  explained  in  the 
present  book. 

Then  we  have  references  to  Scandinavian  and  other  mythology, 
bogie-land  and  fairy-land,  ghouls  and  gnomes,  and  a  legion  of  character- 
words,  such  as  Bumbledom  and  Fodsnappery,  lAllivutian  and  Utopian, 
Jeremy  Dlddler  and  Jerry  SneaJc,  Tony  Lumpkin,  Tom  Tiddler,  Bob  Aa-es, 
and  Squeers,  the  Malaprops  and  Partingtons  of  society,  whom  we  meet 
with  in  our  daily  walks,  but  know  neither  their  family  nor  address.  The 
"  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable  "  is  their  Directory,  not  so  perfect  as 
that  of  the  Post  Office,  yet  sufficiently  so,  we  hope,  to  give  the  local 
habitation   of    the   most   characteristic.      In   a   word,     from    a    mass   of 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

material  in  manuscript,  fully  thrice  the  size  of  the  present  volume. 

wo  have  selected  some  20,000  examples  of  what  we  have  thought  to 

be  the  best  suited  for  popular  purposes.     Much  has  been  culled,  of 

necessity,  from  the  thousand  and  one  sources  of  such  lore,  in  English, 

German,  or  French,  and  more  is  entirely  new.     "We  cannot  even  hope 

that  all  our  explanations  will   pass  the   ordeal   of  critics   unscathed 

It  is  the  bread  and  cheese  of  some  to  "pick  holes  in  a'  our  coats;" 

and  the   lighting    on   weak    places  carries   with   it   something   of  the 

ferret's  or  huntsman's  "passion."     What  is  fair  game  will,  of  course, 

be  run  hard;  and  some  of  our  statements  must  of  necessity  be  mere 

matters   of  opinion,  in   more   than   one  instance  modified  even  while 

these  pages  have  been  passing  through  the  press ;  but  we  doubt  not 

that  most  of  them  are  correct,  and  are  bold  to  believe  that  we  liave 

in  many  cases  succeeded,  where  others  have  wholly  or  partially  failed. 

The  labour  has  been  the  willing  labour  of  an  enthusiast,  who  has  been 

for  twenty  years  a  "  snapper-up  of  unconsidered  trifles."     If  other  eyes 

less  fond  see  defects  in  any  of  these  little  ones,  and  will  communicate 

with  the  author,  or  his  publishers,  he  will  promise  to  be   more  grateful 

than  tlie  Archbishop  of  Granada  to  his  secretary  Gil  Bias. 

*»*  As  a  rule,  the  names  of  Greek  and  Latin  fable  liane  been  excluded  from  tliis 
Dictionarij ;  where  an  exception  has  been  made  it  is  either  because  the  word  has  been  so 
incorporated  into  our  literature  as  to  render  its  mnissian  a  serious  defect,  or  because 
tome  characteristic  has  been  added  lohich  finds  no  place  in  a  "  Classical  Dictionarij.''' 

TWELFTH    EDITION. 

It  would  be  to  tbo  geueral  reader  a  wearisome  list,  if  the  names  were  set  down 
of  all  the  correspondents  who  liave  by  their  suggestions  shown  an  interest  in 
this  Dictionary.  Some  of  them  have  written  from  America,  others  from  Germany, 
Belgium,  France,  and  Norway,  two  from  Ireland,  many  from  Scotland,  and  the  rest 
from  England.  George  Martin,  Esq.,  of  Birkenhead,  F.  Tolhausen,  Esq.,  whose 
name  is  already  before  the  public,  and  the  Kev  Arthur  M.  Rendell,  M.A.,  of  Coston 
Kectory,  Melton  Mowbray,  have  gone  through  the  book  seriatim.  Their  corrections 
have  been  duly  inserted,  and  are  gratefully  acknowledged. 

To  all  our  correspondents  we  return  our  thanks;  and  if  they  or  others  still 
observe  faults  which  have  escaped  detection,  we  5.1iall  be  glad  to  have  them  pointed 
out  to  us. 

Lavant,  Chichester.  THE   AUTHOR. 

[.\pppnded  to  this  edition  of  the  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable  will  be  found  a 
concise  Bibliography  of  English  Literature.  A  Handy  Bibliography  such  as  this 
has  long  been  a  desideratum  among  readers;  aud  the  Publisl>or.s  ])oli6ve  this  to  D9 
{lie  best  opportunity  for  supplying  what  was  wai)t''d  1 


BREW  HE'S   DICTIONARY 


PHEASE    AND    FABLE. 


A.  This  letter  is  tlie  outline  of  iin  ox's 
head,  the  two  lej^^s  hciut,'  the  two  Liorub. 
It  is  called  in  Hebrew  alepk  (an  ox). 

A  amon^  the  Egyptians  is  the  iiioro- 
jrlyphic  whicli  represents  the  ibis.  Amoni^ 
the  Greeks  it  was  the  symbol  of  a  bad 
auf^iiry  in  the  sacrifices. 

A  in  loyfic  is  the  symbol  of  a  universal 
affirmative.  A  assorts,  E  denies.  Thus, 
syllof^isins  in  harhara  contain  three  uni- 
versal alBriuativo  jiropositions. 

A  1  moans  first-rate — the  very  bost. 
In  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping,  the  character  of  the  ship's  hull 
is  designated  by  letters,  and  that  of  the 
anchors,  cables,  and  stores  by  figures,  i 
A  1  means  hull  first-rate,  and  also  an- 
chors, cables,  and  stores  ;  A  2,  hull  first- 
rate,  but  furniture  second-rate. 
She  is  a  prime  girl,  slieis;  she  is  M.-Sa:nSlic/c. 

A.B.     (SeeAiiLK.) 

ABC  Book.  A  primer,  a  book 
in  whicii  articles  iiro  set  iu  alphabetical 
ordtn',  its  iho  "A  Ij  (J  Kailway  Guide." 

A.  E.  I.  O.  U.     The  device  adopted 
by  i''r('dirick,  emperor  of  Gcnnaiiy. 
Austria  KbtlinperaturnOrbi  Uiiiverso. 

Alios  Krilrt-ich  I>t  Ot-sttrrelcb  Uiiiuitlian 
Austria'sKinpire  Is  Ovirall  Universal. 
Austritt'sKciipiro    Is       Obviuualy     Upset. 

Frederick  III.,  m  tho  tiftuonth  ceri- 
tury,  translated  the  motto  thus  : — 

.\Mstrla  Krit  In  Orhe  Ifllinia  lAiialria  toiii  ont 
iai/  It  lowest  in  the  n^ale  of  tnipirea). 

A.U.C.  An7\o  uibis  coju/i^r  (Latin), 
"  from  tho  foundation  of  the  city  " — i.e., 
Rome. 

Aaron.     An  A ai-on's  serpent.     Some- 
thing 80  powerful  as  to  swallow  up  minor 
powers.     Thus,  Frussii  was  the  Aaron's 
i; 


serpent  that  swallowed  up  the  small 
German  States;  England  was  the  Aaron's 
serpent  that  swallowed  up  tho  States  of 
India.  A  gigantic  monopolyis  the  Aaron's 
serpent  that  swallows  up  small  private 
traders.     (K.xod.  vii.  10 — 12). 

Ab  o'vo.  From  tho  very  beginning. 
Stas'inios,  in  the  epic  poem  called  the 
"  Little  I  Hail,"  docs  not  rush  in  7nfdia> 
res,  but  begins  with  the  eggs  of  Loda, 
from  one  of  which  Helen  was  bom.  If 
Leda  had  not  laid  this  e^xg,  Helen  would 
never  have  been  born.  If  ilelon  had  not 
been  born,  Paris  could  not  have  eloiied 
with  her.  If  Paris  had  not  eloped  with 
Helen,  there  would  have  been  no  Trojan 
War,  ko. 

Ab  ovo  us'iue  ad  mala.  From  the  first 
dish  to  the  last.  A  Koman  coena  (chief 
meal)  consisted  of  three  parts.  The  tiist 
course  w;i.s  tho  appetiser,  and  consisted 
chiefly  of  eggs,  with  stimalants  ;  the 
second  was  the  "dinner  proper;"  and 
tho  third  the  dessert,  at  which  mala 
{i.e.,  all  sorts  of  apples,  pears,  quinces, 
pomegranates,  and  so  on)  formed  the 
most  conspicuous  part. 

Aback'.  /  was  taken  aback—  I  w)vs 
greatl}'  astonished — taken  by  surprise  — 
startled.  It  is  a  sea  term.  A  ship  is 
"taken  aback"  when  tho  sails  are  sud- 
denly carried  back  by  the  wind. 

Ab'acus.      Each 

wire  contains  ton  balls. 
Tho  Abacus  is  an  in- 
strument for  calcula- 
tion. The  word  ia 
derived  from  the  He- 
brow  abak  (dust),  bo- 
cause  the  Orientals 
used  tables  covered  with  du'.t  for  ciphor- 


— OO O  '>000'100— 

— OOOO-   OOUUOO— 

— O OOOOOUUI  Mi — 

^OOOOOOO Ol  )0 — 

— OtiOdO ooooo— 

— OOOOUOOOo  —  o— 


ABADDON. 


ABDIEL. 


iiip  and  diajjrams.  Tho  nmltiplication 
tftl>le  invented  by  Pythagoras  is  called 
Ab'acus  Pythagor'icui. 

Abaddon.  The  angel  of  the  bottom- 
less pit.  (Rev.  ix.  11.)  The  Hebrew  oiad 
moans  "  to  bo  lost." 

Abam'boii.  The  evil  spirit  of  the 
Camma  tribes  in  Africa.  A  fire  is  kept 
always  burning  in  his  touao.  Ke  is 
B'.ipposod  to  have  tho  power  of  causing 
sickness  aud  death. 

Abandan'nad.  A  boy  who  picks 
pockets  of  bandannas  (iiocket-handker- 
chicfii).  The  ■word  is  a  cootractiou  of 
A  bandanna-lad. 

Abandon  means  properly  lo  go 
a-.vay  from  your  general's  ensign  ;  to 
fly  from  your  colours.  (Latin — a,  "away 
from ; "  handuvi,  "  the  general's  banner.") 

Ab'aris.  The  darl  of  Aharis.  Abaris, 
tlie  Scythian,  was  a  priest  of  Apollo  ; 
and  the  god  gave  him  a  golden  arrow 
on  which  to  ride  through  the  air.  This 
dart  rendered  him  invisible  ;  it  also 
cured  diseases,  and  gave  oracles.  Abaris 
gave  it  to  Pythag'oras. 

The  dart  of  Abaris  carried  tho  philosopher 
wheresoovor  he  desired  il.—  WiUmotl. 

Abased.  In  heraldry  the  wings  of 
eagles  are  called  abased,  when  tho  tops 
are  turned  downward  towards  the  point 
of  the  shield,  or  when  they  arc  shut. 

Abas'ter.  One  of  the  horses  of  Pluto. 
{Su  Abatos.) 

Abate  means  properly  to  knock 
down.  (French,  abaltre,  whence  a 6a</«e, 
i.e.,  wholesale  destruction  of  game; 
Sasos,  a-bediaii.) 

Abate,  in  horsemanship,  is  to  per- 
form well  the  downward  motion.  A 
horse  is  said  to  abate  when,  working 
upon  cun'ets,  he  puts  or  heats  dozen. 
both  liis  hind  legs  to  the  ground  at  onco, 
and  keeps  exact  time. 

Abatem'.nt,  in  heraldry,  is  a  mark 
c-f  dishonour  annexed  to  coat  armour, 
whereby  the  honour  of  it  is  abated. 

Ab'atos.  One  of  tho  horses  of  Pluto. 
{&e  Akton.) 

Abb'asside  (3  syl.).  A  family  of  Arab 
caliphs,  who  reigned  from  7i9-1257.  The 
name  is  derived  from  Abbas  beu  Abd-al- 
Motalleb,  paternal  imcle  of  the  prophet 
klahomet     The  most  oolebrat«d  of  these 


caliphs    was    Haroun-al-PoiKchid,  born 
7G5,  reigned  786-808. 

Abbey  Lands.  At  the  dissolution 
of  the  monasteries,  the  abbey  lands  were 
mainly  divided  among  five  noble  famiiies, 
if  the  following  rhyme  may  be  relied  on  : 

Ilnpton,  Horner,  Smyth,  Knocknai'e,  andThyiin* 
Vi  iicii  aWiuts  went  o"t,  they  all  cmne  in. 

Abbot  of  Misrule,  or  Lord  o/ 
Misrule.  A  person  who  used  to  superin- 
tend the  diversions  of  Christmas,  In 
France  the  "Abbot  of  Misrule"  was 
called  L'ahbi  de  Liesse.  In  Scotland  the 
roaster  of  revels  was  called  tho  "  Master 
of  Unreason." 

Abbotsford.  A  name  given  by  Sii 
Walter  Scott  to  C'artley  Hole,  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Tweed,  after  it  became 
his  residence.  Sir  Walter  devised  the 
name  from  a  fancy  he  loved  to  indulge 
in,  that  the  abbots  of  Slelrose  Abbey, 
in  ancient  times,  passed  over  the  fordt 
of  the  Tweed. 

Abb-wool.  Wool  or  yam  used  in 
the  woof  or  ahb  of  woollen  fabrics, 
(Saxo)!,.) 

Abdall'ah,  tho  father  of  Mahomet, 
was  so  beautiful,  that  when  he  married 
Ami'na,  200  virgins  broke  their  hearts 
from  disappointed  love. — "  Lije  of  Ma- 
homet," by  Washington  IrHng. 

A  bdall'all.  Brother  and  predecessor 
of  Giaffir,  pacha  of  Aby'dos.  He  was 
murdered  by  Giaffir  (2  syl.). — Byron, 
"  Bride  of  Abudos." 

Ab'cials.  Persian  fanatics,  who  think 
it  a  merit  to  kill  any  one  of  a  different 
religion,  and  if  slain  in  the  attempt,  are 
accounted  martyrs. 

Ab'derite  (,3  syl.).  A  scofTor.  De- 
moc'ritos,  the  laughing  or  rather  scoffing 
))hilosopher,  was  a  native  of  AbJera,  in 
Thrace.  Hence  AbJeritan  [scoffing] 
laughter. 

Abderi'tan.  A  native  of  Abdera — 
a  fool.  The  stupidity  of  the  Abdejitana 
was  proverbial  They  were  ultimately 
compelled  to  abandon  their  native  land 
aud  migrate  to  Macedoui.t,  in  consequence 
of  the  swarms  of  rats  and  frogs. 

Ab'diel.  The  faithful  seraph  who 
withstood  Satan  when  he  urged  the 
angels  to  revolt. 

(He)  adhert,  » ;rh  the  faith  of  Abdiel  to  th« 
ancient  form  of  8sipration,—i5ir  Walter  Scott. 


ABECEDARIAN. 


ABOMINATION. 


Abeeeda'iian.  One  who  teaches 
or  is  learning  hia  A  B  C. 

Ahecedarian  hymns.  Hymns  which 
beiran  with  the  letter  A,  and  each  verse 
or  clause  following  took  up  the  letters  of 
the  alphabet  in  re^^ilar  succession.  (Het 
Acrostic  I^oetry.) 

Abeile,  a  white  poplar. 

bix  abeiles  i'  the  kiikyanl  grow, 
iirs  B.  Browning,  Duchess  May. 

Abel  Keane.  A  village  school- 
master, afterwards  a  merchant's  clerk, 
lie  was  led  astray,  lost  his  place,  and 
hanged  himself. — Crabbe's  "  Borough  " 
Leiler,  xsi. 

Abel  Shufflebottom.   (^e«p.  818.) 

AHbelites  (3  syl.),  Ahel'ians,  or  Abe- 
lo'nians.  A  christian  sect  of  the  fourth 
century,  chiefly  found  in  Hippo  (N. 
Africa).  Tbey  married,  but  livod  in 
continence,  as  they  aiSrm  Abel  did. 
The  sect  was  maintained  by  ado])ting 
the  children  of  others.  No  children  of 
Abel  being  montionod  in  Scripture,  the 
Abelites  assume  that  he  had  none. 

Abes'sa.  The  impersonation  of 
Abbeys  and  Convents,  represented  by 
Spenser  as  a  damsel.  Wbc-n  Una  asked 
if  she  had  seen  the  Red  Cross  Knight, 
Abessa,  frightened  at  the  lion,  ran  to  the 
cottage  of  blind  Superstition,  and  shut 
the  door.  Una  arrived,  and  the  lion 
burst  the  door  open.  The  meaning  is, 
that  at  tiie  Kcforination,  when  Truth 
camo,  the  abbeys  and  convents  got 
alariiied,  and  would  not  let  Truth  enter, 
but  England  (the  lion)  broke  down  the 
door.— /'uery  (^(/ecn,  i.  3. 

Abes'ta.  The  Commentary  of  tLo 
Zend. 

Abey  or  Alatoy.  The  Nile,  so  called 
by  the  Abys-sinians.  The  word  means 
"the  >/iapt." 

Abey'ance  really  means  something 
shaped  after  (i'Vench,  bajer,  to  gape).  The 
allusion  is  to  men  standing  with  their 
mouths  open,  in  expectation  of  some 
sight  about  to  appear. 

Abiior'  (Latin,  ah,  "intensive,"  and 
homo,  "to  sot  up  the  bristles,"  as  a  cat 
from  antipathy  to  a  dog).  To  abhor  is  to 
have  a  naiuraJ  antipathy,  and  to  ehow 
it  by  "  bi  istiing  "  ij;  anger. 


Abiala.  Wife  of  Makambi ;  African 
deities.  She  holds  a  pistol  in  her  hand, 
and  is  greatly  feared.      Her  aid  is  im- 

plorcu  in  sickness. 

Abidhar'ma.  The  book  of  meta- 
physics in  the  Tripit'aka  {q.v.). 

Ab'igail.  A  lady's  maid,  or  lady-maid. 
Abigail,  who  introduced  herself  to 
David,  calls  herself  over  and  over  again 
his  handmaid  (1  Sfim.  xxv.  ?>) ;  henc» 
the  word  became  a  synonym  for  a  lady- 
maid,  as  Goliath  for  a  giant,  Samson 
a  strong  man,  and  Job  a  model  of 
piatience.  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  in 
"Tho  Scornful  Lady,"  call  the  "waiting 
gentlewoman"  Abigail,  a  name  employed 
by  Swift,  Fielding,  and  others,  in  their 
novels.  Probably  "Abigail  Hill,"  the 
birth-name  of  Mrs.  Masham,  waiting- 
woman  to  Queen  Anne,  popularised  the 
name. 

Abim'elech  is  no  proper  name,  but 
a  regal  title  of  the  Philistines,  meaning 
Falher-king. 

Able.  An  able  seaman  is  a  skilled 
seaman.  Such  a  man  is  termed  an  A.B. 
(Abie-Bodied).  Boys  are  unskilled  sea- 
men, without  regard  to  age. 

Aboard.  He  Jell  aboard  of  me  -  mot 
me,  abused  mo.  A  ship  is  said  to  fall 
aboard  another  when,  both  being  in 
motion,  one  nras  against  the  other  and 
obstructs  its  progress. 

To  go  aboard  is  to  embark,  to  gc  on 
the  board  or  deck. 

Aboard  main  lack  is  to  draw  one  of 
tho  lower  corners  of  the  main-sail  down 
to  the  chess-tree.  Figuratively,  it  means 
"  to  keep  to  tho  point." 

AboU'a.  An  ancient  military  garment 
worn  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  opposed 
to  the  toga  or  robe  of  peace.  Tho  aboUa 
being  worn  by  the  lower  orders,  was 
affected  by  the  philosophers  in  the  vanity 
of  humiUty. 

Abora'iiiate  {ah  o'mina,  ill-omened). 
As  ill-omene<l  things  are  disliked,  so,  by 
a  simple  figure  of  speech,  what  wo  dislike 
wo  consider  ill-omened. 

Abomina'Hon.  T/u  abomination  oj 
disolalion.  The  Roman  standard  is  so 
called.  (Matt.  .\xiv.  15.)  As  it  was  sot  up 
in  tho  huly  temple,  it  w^s  an  aboaiina- 
tion  ;  and,  as  it  brought  destruction,  It 
v/as  the  "  abocuruvtioa  oi  deaoloUgo." 


ABON. 


ABRAHAM. 


Abon  Uassan.  A  rich  merchant, 
transferred  dtirint,'  sleep  to  the  bed  and 
palace  of  the  caliph  Ilarouu-al-Raschid. 
Next  morning  ho  was  treated  as  the 
caliph,  and  every  eflort  was  made  to 
make  him  forgot  his  identity.  The  same 
trick  was  played  on  t'hrislvphe.r  Sli/,  in 
the  Induction  of  Shakespeare's  comedy 
of  "Taming-  the  Shrew  ;"  and,  according 
to  Burton  ("Anatomy  of  Melancholy," 
ii.  2,  4),  by  Philippe  the  Good,  duke 
of  J3«rgundy,  ou  his  marriage  with 
Eleono'ra. — Arabian Nii/hts,  "The ■'Sleeper 
AwaLciieiL" 

Were  1  caliph  for  a  iluy,  as  honest  Abon 
Hassnii,  I  woulil  scourKu  in«  these  Jugglers  out  of 
llie  Coramomvcalth.— 6'ir  Wolttr  Scott. 

Abor'tion.  A  work  badly  finished, 
especially  a  literary  production.  An 
abortion  is  a  human  fcetus  born  before 
the  sis.th  .month  of  [iregnancy. 

Aboi'tive  Flowers  are  those  which 
have  stamens  but  no  pistils. 

Abou  ebn  Sinu,  bom  at  Shiraz. 
The  great  Persian  physician,  whose 
canons  of  mediciue  were  those  adopted 
by  Hippoc'rates  and  Aristotle.  Died  1037. 

Abou-Bekr,  called  Father  of  the 
Virgin,  Mahomet's  favourite  wife.  He 
was  the  first  caliph,  and  was  founder  of 
the  sect  called  the  Sunaites.    (571-(J34.) 

Abou- Jahi'a.  The  angel  of  death. 
(Alahoni.  Myth.) 

Above.  In  a  pre^'ious  part  of  the 
book,  as  ^Ve  above,  p.  *.  An  expression 
derived  from  the  ancient  method  of 
making  books  in  the  form  of  scrolls, 
when  the  writer  began  at  the  top  and 
continued  to  the  bottom,  which  was  the 
end. 

Above  hoard.  In  a  straightforward 
manner.  Dr.  Johnson  says  the  expres- 
sion is  derived  from  gamesters,  who 
place  their  hands  above  the  table  when 
they  change  cards,  that  their  adversaries 
may  see  they  pl.ay  fairly. 

Above  your  hook — i.e.,  beyond  your 
comprehension  ;  beyond  your  mark.  The 
allusion  is  to  hat-pegs  placed  in  rows ; 
the  higher  rows  are  above  the  roach  of 
small  statures. 

Abracada'bra.  A  charm.  Abraca- 
dabra was  the  supreme  deity  of  the 
Assyrians.  Sere'nus  Samon'icus  recom- 
mended the  use  of  the  word  as  a  powerful 
antidote  aj.'aiust  ague,  tlux,  and  tooth- 


ache. The  word  was  to  be  written  on 
parchment,  and  suspended  round  the 
neck  by  a  linen  thread,  in  the  form  given 
below : — 

ABRACADABRA 

ABRACADABB 

ABRACADAB 

AURACAUA 

A  B  R  A  C  A  D 

A  B  R  A  C  A 

A  B  U  A  C 

A  B  R  A 

A  B  R 

A  B 

A 

Abrac'alam.  A  Syrian  deity.  A 
cabalistic  word,  serving  as  a  charm 
among  the  Jews. 

Abrae'ax,  also  written  Alrax'as  or 
Abras'ax,  in  Persian  mythology  denotes 
the  Supreme  Being.  In  Greek  notation 
it  stands  for  365.  In  Persian  mythology 
Abracax  presides  over  305  impersonated 
virtues,  one  of  which  is  supposed  to  pre- 
vail on  each  day  of  the  year.  In  the 
second  century  the  word  was  employed 
by  the  Basilid'ians  for  the  deity  ;  it  was 
also  the  principle  of  the  Gnostic  hier- 
arch)"-,  and  that  from  which  sprang  their 
numerous  /Eons. 

A'bi'aham.  The  Ghebers  say  that 
Abraham  was  thrown  into  the  tire  by 
Nimrod's  order,  but  the  flame  turned 
into  a  bed  of  roses,  on  which  the  child 
Abraham  went  to  sleep. — Tacernier. 

Sweet  and  welcome  f»9 1  lie  bed 
For  their  own  infant  prophet  spread, 
"When  pityin!»  Heaven  to  rosea  turned 
The  death-llames  that  honeuth  liim  burned. 
T.  iloore,  "  Ard  Worahipfun." 

To  Sham  Abraham.  To  pretend  illne.«s 
or  distress,  in  order  to  get  off  work. 
(See  Abram-Man.) 

I  liave  heard  people  sny  Sham  Abram  .vou  may. 
But  must  not  sham  .-Ibraham  Newlaud. 

Upton. 

Abraham  Newland  was  cashier  of  the 
Bank  of  Englautl,  aijd  signed  the  notes. 

Abraham's  Bosom.  Tho  repose  of 
the  happy  in  death.  (Luke  xvi.  22.)  The 
figure  is  taken  from  the  ancient  cust*'m 
of  allowing  a  dear  friend  to  recline  at 
dinner  on  your  bosom.  Thus  tho  beloved 
John  reclined  ou  the  bosom  of  Jesus. 

There  is  no  leaping  from  Deli'lah's  lap 
into  AbraJia7n's  bo.<om  —  i.e.,  those  who 
live  and  die  in  notorious  sin,  must  not 
expect  to  go  to  heave  1 1  at  death, — Bot- 
top.,  "  Crook  in  the  Lot." 


ABRAHAM. 


ABSTRACT, 


Abraham  Wewland,  An.  A 
bank-noto  ;  po  called  because,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  present  century,  none 
were  penuinq  but  those  signed  by  this 
name. 

Abraham'ic  Covenant.  The  cove- 
nant made  by  Ood  with  Abraham,  that 
Messiah  should  spring  from  his  seed. 
This  promise  was  g^ven  to  Aliraham, 
because  he  left  his  co\mtry  and  father's 
house  to  live  in  a  stran^^o  land,  as  God 
told  him. 

Abrahamites  (A-h-aham-iJes).  Cer- 
tain Bohen)ian  deists,  so  called  because 
they  professed  to  believe  what  Abraham 
belio\ed  bef're  ho  was  circumcised.  The 
sect  was  forbidvien  by  the  emperor 
Joseph  II.  in  1783. 

Abram-Man,  or  AbrcUiam  Cove.  A 
Tom  o'  Hedlam ;  a  naked  vag-abond ;  a 
boLTging  imjiostor. 

The  Abraham  Ward,  in  Bedlam,  had 
for  its  inmates  begging  lunatics,  who 
used  to  array  themselves  "  with  party- 
coloured  rii)lions,  tape  in  their  hats,  a 
fox- tail  hanging  down,  a  long  stick  witli 
streamers,"  and  beg  alms;  but  "for  all 
their  seeming  madness,  they  had  wit 
enough  to  steal  as  they  went  along." 
—  Canting  A cademi/. 

See  "  King  Lear,"  ii.  3. 

In  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  wo  have 
several  synonyms  :^ 

Aiirt  these,  whii  name  or  title  e'er  thoy  benr, 
J.iehmm  ur  PnVrico,  Crankt  or  Clnjyptr-duditnn, 
Fruier  or  ^bram-man,  I  spenk  to  all. 

Beggnr't  lirmh,  li.  1. 

Abrax.   One  of  the  horses  of  Auro'ra. 

Abrax'as  Stones.  Stones  with  the 
Word  Abraxar:  engraved  on  them,  and 
used  as  a  talisman.  The  word  sym- 
bolises the  mystic  number  3C5,  and  the 
number  of  intelligences  between  eanli 
and  deity.     (See  AbuaCAX.) 

Abreast.  Side  by  side,  the  breasts 
being  all  in  a  line. 

The  skips  tare  all  abreast — i.e.,  their 
heads  wers  all  equally  advanced,  as 
goldiers  inarching  aV>rcast. 

Abridae  has  no  connectiou  with  tho 
word //rif/ye /  but  "bridge"  in  this  Wurd 
is  a  corruption  of  the  Greek  hrachus,  or 
Latin  hrevis  (short),  through  tho  French 
ahriffer  (to  shorten). 

Abroach.  Afloat.  To  set  viischief 
ahroacli  is  to  set  it  on  foot.    The  figure 


is  from  a  tub  of  liquor,  which  is  broached 
that  the  liquor  may  be  drawn  from  it. 

Abroad.     Vou  are  all  alroad.    Wirle 
of  the  mark  ;  not  at  home  with  tho  sub- 
ject.    A  broad — in  all  directions. 
An  elm  displays  her  dusky  arms  abrond. 

Drtidtn. 

Abroc'omas.  Thelover  of  Anthi'a, 
in  Xeuophon's  romance  called  "Ephe- 
si'aca."     {See  Antui'a.) 

Ab'rogate.  When  the  Roman  senate 
wanted  a  law  to  be  passed,  they  asked 
the  pe()))le  to  give  their  votes  in  its  fa- 
vour. Tho  Latin  for  this  is  rogare  legem 
(to  solicit  or  proj'ose  a  law).  If  they 
wanted  a  law  repealed,  they  asked  the 
people  to  vote  against  it ;  this  was  ab- 
rogar'e  legem  (to  solicit  against  the  law). 

Ab'salom.  J.amcs,  duke  of  Mon- 
mouth, tho  handsome  but  reliellious  son 
of  Charles  II.  in  Drvden's  "Absalom  and 
Achitophel."    (lG4y-1685.) 

Abscond'  means  properly  to  It  in 
hiding;  but  \7e  generally  use  the  word  in 
the  sense  of  stealing  oft"  secretly  from  an 
employer.     (Latin,  alscondo.) 

Ab'sent,  The.  "  Out  of  mind  as  soon 
as  out  of  sight."  Generally  misquoted 
"  Out  of  sight,  out  of  mind." — Lord 
Brooke. 

Ab'solute.  A  Captain  Ahaolute,  a 
bold,  despotic  man,  determined  to  have 
his  own  way.  The  character  is  in  Sheri- 
dan's play  calle.l  "The  Rivals." 

Sir  Anthony  Absolute,  a  warmdiearted, 
testy,  overbearing  country  squire,  in  the 
same  t)lay. 

Absqu at'ui ate.  To  run  away  or  ab- 
scond. An  American  word,  compounded 
of  ab  squat  (to  go  away  from  your  squat- 
ting). A  squatting  is  a  tenement  taken 
in  some  unclaimed  part,  without  pur- 
chase or  permission.  Tho  persons  who 
take  up  their  squatting  aro  termed 
squatters. 

Abste'mious,  according  to  Fabius 
and  Aulus  Gellius,  is  compounded  of  abt 
and  teme'tii.m.  "Temo'tum"  was  a  strong, 
intoxicating  drink,  allied  to  the  Grtck 
me'Jie  (strong  drink). 

Abstract  Nuiiibeis  .ire  numbers 
considered  abstractedly  -1,  2,  3;  liut  if 
we  say  1  year,  2  feet,  3  men,  &c.,  the 
numbers  aro  no  longer  abstract,  but  con- 
crete. 

Taken  in  tht  ah^fracl.    Things  are  said 


ABSTIIAOTION. 


ACCIDENT. 


lo  be  taken  in  tlio  abstract  when  tljuy 
are  consiilorotl  absolutel}',  tliat  is,  with- 
out roforciico  to  other  matters  or  per- 
eons.  Thus,  in  tho  abstract,  ono  man  is 
as  good  as  another,  but  not  so  soc^ially 
and  poHtioally. 

A.bstrae'tion .  A  n  trrvply  A  bsiraction, 
a  more  ideality,  of  no  practical  use.  Every 
noun  is  an  abstraction,  but  the  narrower 
{^enuses  may  bo  raised  to  liipfher  ones, 
till  the  common  thread  is  so  line  tliat 
hardly  anything  is  loft.  These  high  ab- 
stractions, from  which  everything  but 
ono  common  cord  is  taken,  are  called 
ttnpUi  abstractions : 

For  example,  man  is  a  genus,  but  may 
be  raised  to  tho  gen\;s  animal,  thence  to 
organised  leing,  thonco  to  o'eated  being, 
thonco  to  matter  in  tlie  abstract,  and  so 
on,  till  everything  but  one  is  emptied  out. 

Absurd  means  deaf  and  dumb. 
(Latin,  ah,  "intensive,"  and  turdus, 
"  deaf  and  dumb.") 

lieductio  ad  alisurdum.  "  Reducing  to 
absurdity "  whatever  contradicts  your 
Btatemeut ;  or  proving  a  proposition  to  be 
right,  by  showing  that  every  supposable 
deviation  from  it  would  involve  an  ab- 
surdity. 

Abix'dah.  A  merchant  of  Bagdad, 
hamited  every  night  by  nn  old  bag ;  he 
finds  at  last  that  the  waj'  to  rid  himself 
of  this  torment  is  to  "fear  God,  and  keep 
his  comm.andments." — Talcs  of  the  Genii. 

Uke  Abudali,  ho  is  always  lookiMi;  out  for  the 
Fury.niid  knows  that  thft  iiisiht  «ill  comowitii  tho 
Inevitable  hag  with  it.— Thuckeraj/. 

Ati'yla.  A  mountain  in  Gibraltar. 
Tliis,  with  Calpo  in  Spain,  ei.xteen  miles 
distant,  forma  the  two  pillars  nf  Ikrailex 

Abyssiu  lans.  A  sect  of  Christians 
in  Abyssinia,  who  admit  only  one  nature 
in  Jesus  Christ,  and  reject  the  Coimcil  of 
Chalcc'dou. 

Aca'cians.  Followers  of  Aca'cius, 
bishop  of  Cesare'a,  and  Aca'cius,  patri- 
arch of  Constantinople. 

Aeadem'ics.  Tho  followers  of  Plato 
were  so  called,  because  they  attended  his 
lectures  in  tho  Acad 'em y,  a  garden 
planted  by  Acado'mos. 

Acad'emy.  Divided  into— OW,  ttie 
philosophic  teaching  of  Plato  and  his 
mimediate  followers ;  Middle,  a  modifi- 
cation of  the  Platonic  system,  taught  by 
.A.rcesila'os  ;  Aem,  the  half  •  so<.pticaJ 
tcVool  of  Car'neadcs. 


Plato  taught  that  matter  is  eternal 
and  infinite,  but  without  form  or  order  ; 
and  that  there  is  an  intelligent  ciuso, 
tho  author  of  everything.  IIo  maintained 
that  we  could  grasp  truth  only  so  far  as 
we  had  elevated  our  mind  by  thought  to 
its  divine  essence. 

A  rcesila'os  was  tho  great  antagonist  of 
the  Stoics,  and  wholly  denied  man's  ca- 
pacity for  grasping  truth. 

Car'neades  maintained  that  neither  our 
senses  nor  our  understanding  could  sup- 
ply us  with  a  sure  criterion  of  truth. 

The  talent  of  the  Acodtmy,  so  Plato 
called  .A.ristotlo.     (E.G.  33i-3J2.) 

Academy  Figures.  Drawings  in 
black  and  white  chalk,  on  tinted  paper, 
from  living  models,  used  by  artists.  So 
called  from  tho  Royal  Academy  of  A  rtists. 

A  ea'd  i  i\—i.e.,  Nova  Scotia,  so  called  by 
tho  French  from  the  river  SImhen-acadie. 
The  name  was  changed  in  1621.  In  1765 
the  old  French  inhaliitauts  were  driven 
into  exile  by  order  of  George  II. 

Tims  dwelt  together  in  love  those  simpU 
Acadian  farmers.— iono/cJioir,  " Evungdint." 

Acaire,  St.  Patron  saint  of  madmen, 
by  a  play  on  the  Greek  word  acerias'los, 
meaning  a  "frantic  bedlamite." 

Acan'thus.  The  leafy  ornament  of 
Corinthian  and  composite  columns.  It 
is  said  that  Callim'achos  lost  his  daughter, 
and  set  a  basket  of  flowers  on  her  grave, 
with  a  tile  to  keep  the  v/ind  from  blowing 
it  away.  Tho  next  time  he  went  to  visit 
the  grave  an  acanthus  had  sprung  up 
around  the  basket,  which  so  struck  the 
fancy  of  the  ai-chitect  that  ho  introduced 
tho  design  in  his  buildings. 

Accep'tance.  Abill  or  note  accepted. 
This  is  done  by  the  drawee  writing  on  it 
"  accepted,"  and  signing  his  name.  The 
person  wlio  acccjits  it  is  called  the 
"  acceptor." 

Ac'cessory.  Accefsory  before  the  fact 
is  ono  who  prompts  another  to  commit 
an  offence,  but  is  himself  absent  when 
tho  olt'ence  is  perpetrated. 

A  ccessort/  after  the  fact  is  ono  who 
screens  a  felon,  aids  him  in  eluding 
justice,  or  helps  him  in  any  way  to  profit 
by  his  crimo.  Thus,  tho  receiver  of  stolen 
goods,  knowing  or  even  suspecting  them 
to  be  stolon,  is  an  accessory  ez  post  facto. 

Ac'cideiit.  A  logical  accident  is  some 
properly  or  quality  which  *  thing  pos- 


ACCIDENTAL. 


ACESTE3. 


Jesses,  but  which  does  not  essentially 
belong  to  it,  as  the  tint  of  our  skin,  the 
height  of  our  body,  the  redness  of  a  brick, 
or  the  whiteness  of  paper.  If  any  of 
these  were  changed,  the  substance  would 
remain  intact. 

AccideiiTal  Colours.  Those  which 
depend  on  the  state  of  our  eye,  and  not 
those  which  the  object  really  possesses. 
Thus,  after  looking  at  the  bright  sun,  all 
objects  appear  dark  ;  that  dark  colour  is 
the  accidental  colour  of  the  bright  sun. 
When,  a^'ain,  wo  come  from  a  dark  room, 
all  objects  at  first  have  a  yellow  tinge. 
This  is  especially  the  case  if  wo  wear  blue 
glasses,  for  a  minute  or  two  after  we  have 
taken  them  off. 

The  accidental  colour  of  red  is  bluish 
green,  of  orange  dark  blue,  of  violet  yel- 
low, of  black  white  ;  and  the  converse. 

Acciden'tals  in  music  are  those 
sharps  and  fiats,  &c.,  which  do  not  pro- 
perly belong  to  the  key  in  which  the 
music  is  set,  but  which  the  composer 
arbitrarily  introduces. 

Ae'cius  Na'vius  was  the  augur 
who  cut  the  whetstone  with  a  razor  in 
t'le  presence  of  Tarquin  the  Elder. 

I  i  short,  'twaa  his  fft'«  unemployed,  or  in  place, 

sir. 
To  e;it  mutton  cold,  or  cut  blncks  with  a  razor. 
G()l■l^}llllo.  r.i-laliation. 

AcPOlftde  (3  syl.).  The  embrace 
given  by  the  grand  master  when  he  re- 
ceives a  neophyte  or  new  convert.  (Latin, 
ad  collvm,  round  the  neck.) 

Accommoda'tion.  A  loan  of  money, 
which  accommodates  us,  or  fits  a  want. 

A  ccommodalion  JVofe  or  Bill.  An 
acceptance  given  on  a  Bill  of  Exchange 
for  which  value  has  not  been  received  by 
the  acceptor  from  the  driwer,  and  which, 
not  representing  a  commercial  transac- 
tion, is  so  far  fictitious. 

A  ccommodalion,  Ladder.  Ilio  light 
ladder  bung  over  the  side  of  a  ship  at 
the  gangway. 

Accord'  means  "  heart  to  heart." 
(Lat.,  ad  cordii.)  If  two  persons  like  and 
dislike  the  same  things,  they  are  at 
"  ac-cord,"  or  heart  to  heart  with  each 
other. 

Accost'  means  to  "  come  to  the  side  " 
of  a  pori-on  for  the  purpose  of  speaking 
to  him.     (I^atin,  ad  costam,  to  the  side.) 

Account'.  To  open  an  account,  to 
ontcr  a  customer's  name  on  your  ledger 
for  the  6rst  time. 


To  keep  open  account  is  when  merjhants 
agroo  to  honour  each  other's  bills  of  ex- 
change. 

Il'e  will  give  a  good  account  of  them, — 
i.e.,  wo  will  give  them  a  thorough  good 
drubbing.  An  account  is  an  entry  inaile 
in  a  book  of  some  transaction  ;  and  when 
an  antagonist  is  "paid  ovit  in  full"  with 
blood  ami  iron,  the  transaction  may  bs 
posted  as  a  good  account. 

If  they  come,  see  If  we  do  not  give  a  good  account 
of  them.— 7"/;e  TivMt. 

Ac'curate  means  well  and  carefully 
done.     (Latin,  ad-curo.) 

Accu'sative,  The.  Calvin  was  so 
called  by  his  college  companions. 

Ace  (1  syl. ).  The  unit  of  cards  or  dice. 
The  Romans  called  it  unus  (one) ;  the 
Greeks,  who  borrowed  the  game  of  dice 
from  the  Romans,  called  unus  ouos,  but 
onos  in  Greek  means  "an  ass."  The 
Teutons  learnt  the  game  from  the  Greeks, 
and  translated  the  word  into  ass,  Italian 
asso,  French  and  Spanish  as,  English  ace. 
{See  Bate.) 

Within  an  ace.  Within  a  shave.  An 
ace  is  the  lowest  numeral,  and  ho  who 
wins  within  an  ace,  wins  within  a  single 
mark . 

Aeel'daraa.  A  battle-fiold,  a  place 
where  much  blood  has  been  shed.  To 
the  south  of  Jerusalem  there  was  a  field 
so  called  ;  it  was  purchased  by  the  priests 
with  the  blood-money  thrown  down  by 
Judas,  and  appropriated  as  a  cemetery 
for  strangers. 

Aeeph'alltes  (4  syl.)  properly  means 
men  without  a  head.  (I.)  A  faction 
among  the  Eutych'ians  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury after  the  submission  of  Mongus  their 
chief,  by  which  they  were  "  deprived 
of  their  head."  (-.)  Certain  bishops 
exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  and  disci- 
pline of  their  patriarch.  (3.)  A  sect  of 
levellers  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  who 
acknowledged  no  leader,  (l.)  The  fabii. 
lous  Blemmyes  of  Africa,  w):o  are  de- 
scribed as  having  no  head,  their  i-yes  and 
montlibi'inir  placed  in  thf  breast.  (Oreeb, 
a-iepli'ule,  without  a  head.) 

AceB'tes  (3  syl.).  The An-oi"  o/ Acentes. 
In  a  trial  of  skill  Acestcs,  the  Sicilian, 
discharged  his  arrow  with  such  force  th«.i 
it  took  tire.    (Kt'imiu  fuble.) 

Like  Aeestes'  ahnTX  of  old. 
The  iwirt  ll.otiiclit  kindle*  of  it  IWtr.. 


8 


AOlIiEAN. 


ACHATES. 


Acbre'an  League.  A  confederacy 
of  tlio  twelve  towns  of  Acliipa.  It  was 
broken  up  by  Ali'xandcr  tlie  Great,  but 
WAS  ftRain  re-or^anised  B.C.  2S0,  and 
dissolved  by  tho  Romans  in  147  B.C. 

Aeha'tes  {^  syl.).  A  fidm  AchnVex.^  A 
faithful  companion,  a  bosom  friend.  The 
term  fidm  AciaieJi  repeatedly  occurs  in 
Virpii's  "  yEneid." 

lie  hns  chosen  this  fellow  for  hlR/I»f"»  Aeh^Ut. 
air  Walter  Seoll. 

AcTieron.  The  "  River  of  Sorrows  " 
(Greek,  achea  roo.i) ;  one  of  the  five  rivers 
of  tlio  infernal  regions. 

Sad  Acheron  of  sorrow,  hlnck  snrt  rteen. 

il'llcn,  "  Puradiee  Lutl,"  it 

Aclia-on'lian  hools.  The  most  cele- 
brated books  of  angiiry  in  the  world. 
Tbcy  are  the  books  which  the  Etruscans 
received  from  Tages,  grandson  of  J  upiter. 

Acheru'sia.  A  cavern  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Pontns,  said  to  lead  down  to  the 
infernal  regions.  It  was  through  this 
cavern  that  Hercules  dragged  Cer'berus 
to  earth. 

Achilles  (3  syl.).  King  of  the  Myr'- 
midons  (in  Thessaly),  the  hero  of  Homer's 
epic  poem  called  the  "  Iliad."  He  is  re- 
presented as  biave  and  relentless.  The 
poem  begins  with  a  quarrel  between  him 
and  Agamemnon,  the  commander-in-chief 
of  the  allied  Greeks,  in  consequence  of 
which  Achilles  refuses  to  go  to  battle. 
The  Trojans  prevail,  and  be  sends  forth 
his  friend  Patroc'los  to  oppose  them. 
Patroc'los  falls  ;  and  Achilles,  in  anger, 
rushes  into  the  battle,  and  kills  Hector, 
the  commander  of  the  Trojans.  He  him- 
self falls  in  battle  a  few  days  afterwards, 
before  Troy  is  taken. 

Achilles  of  Rome  :  Sicin'ius  Denta'tus. 
(B.C.  405.) 

OfEnqland:  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 
(17'39-1852.) 

Of  Gei-vmnt;  :  Albert,  Elector  of  Bran- 
denburg.    (1414-1486.) 

Achilles'  Tendon.  A  strong  sinew 
running  along  tho  heel  to  the  calf  of  tho 
leg.  The  tale  says  that  Thetis  took  her 
BOD  Achilles  by  the  heel,  and  dipped  him 
in  the  river  Styx  to  make  him  invulner- 
able. The  waier  washed  every  part, 
except  tho  heel  covered  with  his  mother's 
hand.  It  was  on  this  vulnerable  j)oiut 
the  hero  was  slain  ;  and  the  sinew  of  the 
5eel  is  called,  ia  consequence,  temlo 
Ac/iiUii.     A  post-Homeric  story. 


fhe  Heel  of  A  chill  ca,  tho  vulnerable  or 
weak  point  in  a  man's  character.  {•'Set 
above. ) 

Ireland  is  sometii  J.s  called  the  A  chilli 
heel  of  England. 

Achit'ophel,  in  Dryden's  satire  of 
"Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  is  designed 
for  the  carl  of  Shaftesbury.  Achitophel 
was  David's  traitorous  counsellor,  who 
deserted  to  Absalom,  but  his  advice  being 
disregarded  he  hanged  himself  (2  Sam. 

TV.). 

Orthese  (Mere'ie'J)  the  false  Achitophel  wanDrst; 

A  name  to  all  siiocpedina  ases  cnr.st ; 

V'lT  close  designs  and  croul<ed  counsels  fit; 

Sr'^acions.  hold,  and  turbulent  of  wii  -, 

Restless,  unllxed  in  principles  and  place; 

In  power  unpleased,  impatient  in  disgrace.— W.  L 

A'chor.  God  of  flies,  worshipped  by 
the  Cyre'neans,  that  they  might  not  be 
annoyed  with  these  tiny  tormentors.  (.S« 
Beelzebub.) 

Aehte-qued'jam3  (4  syl.).  The 
eight  elephants,  in  Indian  m}'thology, 
which   sustain   the  world.      (.5'ee   Aika- 

PADAM.) 

A'cis.  The  son  of  Faunus,  in  love 
with  Galate'a.  Polyphe'mos,  his  rival, 
crushed  him  under  a  huge  rock. 

Ac'me.  The  crisis  of  a  disease.  Old 
medical  writers  used  to  divide  the  pro- 
gress of  a  disease  into  four  periods  :  tho 
o.r'-che,  or  beginning ;  the  atial/asis,  or 
inorease  ;  the  ac'me,  or  term  of  its  utmost 
violence  ;  and  the  iin-rac'-vie,  or  decline. 

Ac'olyte  (3  syl.).  A  subordinate 
officer  j-n  the  Catholic  Church,  whose  duty 
is  to  light  the  lamps,  prepare  the  sacred 
eleme-  'Is,  attend  the  officiating  priests, 
&c.     (Greek,  afolloicer.) 

Aooime'ffQ.  An  order  of  m^ik«  i" 
the  fifth  cc!it\iry  who  w.atcbed  day  and 
night.      (Greek,  watchers.) 

Acra'sla  (Feebleness).  An  enchan- 
tress who  lived  in  the  "  Bower  of  Bliss," 
situate  iu  "  Wandering  Island."  She 
transformed  ht.r  lovers  into  monstrous 
shapes,  and  kept  them  captives.  Sir 
Guyon  having  crept  up  softly,  threw  a 
est  over  her,  and  bound  her  in  chains  of 
adamant  ;  then  broke  down  her  bower 
and  burnt  it  to  ashes. — Spensrr,  "  Fairy 
Queen"  ii.  12. 

Aerates  (3  syl.),  t.e.,  incontinence; 
called  by  Spenser  the  fattier  of  Cymoch'- 
les  and  Pyroch'les. — Faen/  Queeti,  iL  4. 


ACRK. 


ADAM. 


A'cre-fight.  A  duel  inthe  open  field. 
Tlie  combats  of  the  Scotcb  and  English 
Fiorderers  were  so  called  The  word 
"acre"  is  the  Latin  aijer  (a  field). 

A cre-shot, aland  tax.  "  Acre "  is ager 
(land),  and  "  shot"  \sscol  or sceat  (a  tax). 

A'cres.  A  Bob  Acres — i.e.,  a  coward. 
From  Sheridan's  comedy  called  "Tho 
Rivals  "  llis  "  courage  always  oozed  out 
at  his  fingers'  ends." 

Acroamai'ics.  Esoter'ical  lectures ; 
the  lectures  of  Aristotle,  which  none  b'lt 
his  chosen  disciples  were  allowed  t") 
attend.  Those  given  to  the  public  gene- 
rally were  called  ea/ote/ic.  (Acroamatic 
is  a  Greek  word,  meauiu.r  heard.) 

Acroat'ic.     Same  as  esoCer'ic.     (_See 

ACHOAMATICS.) 

Ac'robat  means  one  who  goes  on  his 
extremities,  or  uses  only  the  tips  of  his 
fingers  and  toes  in  moving  about.  (It  is 
from  the  two  Greek  words  ah-os  haino, 
to  go  on  the  extremities  of  one's  limbs.) 

Acros'tic  means  "  first  letter  versn. " 
(Greek,  akros  slichoi).  The  term  was  first 
applied  to  the  verses  of  the  Krythrtean 
8il)yl,  written  on  leaves.  Those  pro- 
phecies were  excessively  obscure,  but 
were  so  coiitrived  that  when  the  leaves 
were  sorted  and  laid  in  order,  their 
initial  letters  always  made  a  word. — 
iJionys.,  iv.  tj'2. 

Acrostic  poetry  among  the  Hebrews 
con.sisted  of  twenty-two  lines  or  stanzas 
beginning  with  the  letters  of  the  alphabet 
in  succession,  as  Psalm  cxix.,  &c. 

Act  of  Faittl  {auto  dafe),  in  Roman 
Catholic  co\intries,  is  a  day  set  apart  by 
the  Inquisition  fur  the  punishment  of 
heretics,  and  the  absolution  of  those  who 
renounce  their  heretical  doctrines.  The 
sentence  of  the  Ini|uisition  is  also  so 
called  ;  and  so  is  the  ceremony  of  burning, 
or  otherwise  torturing  the  condemned. 

Ac'tae'on.  A  hunter,  a  cuckold.  In 
Grecian  mythology  Act;eon  was  a  hunts- 
man, who  surprised  Diana  bathing,  was 
changed  by  her  into  a  stag,  and  torn  to 
pieces  by  his  own  hounds. 

Go  tliiiu,  like  HIr  ActBon,  with  UiiiKWOoil  at  tliy 

liuel. 

SkiJteafMiri  " Ueni/  H'lwj,"  4c.,  it.  1. 
Dliriilire    I'liKti    himselr   Tur  a  Sbcuie    and  wiiriil 

Aeucoii.  Ditto,  lii.  •-'. 

Ac'tlan  Yearn.      Veors  in  which  the 
Actian  games  wore  celebrated.    Augu.stus 
instituted  caraes  at  Activim  to  celebrate 
U* 


his  naval   victory  over   Antony.      They 
were  held  every  five  years. 

Ac'tivo.  A  dive  verbs,  verbs  which  act 
on  the  noun  governed. 

Active  capital.  Property  in  actual  em- 
ployment in  a  given  concern. 

Active  commerce.  F.xports  and  imports 
carried  to  and  fro  in  our  own  ships. 
Passive  commerce  is  when  they  are  carried 
in  foreign  vessels.  The  conimerLe  oi 
England  is  active,  of  China  passive. 

Activity.  The  sphere  oj  actii'ity,  the 
whole  field  through  which  the  infiuence 
of  an  object  or  person  extends. 

Aeutia'tor.  A  person  in  the  Middle 
Ages  who  attended  armies  and  knights  to 
sharpen  their  instruments  of  war.  (Latin, 
acuo,  to  sharpen.) 

Ad.  A  rgumentum  ad  hominein.  A  per- 
sonal or  home-thrust  argiiment. 

Ad  inquire iid^tm.  A  judicial  writ  com- 
manding an  inquiry  to  be  made  into  some 
complaint. 

Ad  Icb'itum.    Without  restraint. 

Ad  valo'rem.  According  to  the  price 
charged.  Some  custom  -  duties  vary 
according  to  the  different  values  of  the 
goods  imported.  'I'hus  at  one  time  teas 
paid  duty  ad  valorem,  the  high-priced  tea 
paying  more  duty  than  that  of  a  lower 
price. 

Adam.  The  old  Adam;  Beat  the 
o(fendinj  Adam  out  of  thee  ;  Thefirst  Adam 
Adam,  as  the  federal  head  of  unredeemed 
man,  stands  for  "  original  sin,"  or  "  man 
vyithout  regenerating  grace." 

The  second  Adam  ;  the  new  Adam,  d:c.  ; 
I  will  give  yon  the  new  Adam.  Jesus 
Chri.st,  as  the  covenant  Lead,  is  socalleil ; 
also  the  "new  birth  unto  rigiiteousne.ss." 

A  faithful  Adam.  A  faithful  old  ser- 
vant. The  character  is  taken  from 
Shakespeare's  comedy  of  "As  You  Like 
It,"  where  a  retainer  of  that  name,  who 
had  served  the  family  sixty  throe  years, 
offers  to  accompany  Orlando  in  his  flitrht, 
and  to  share  with  him  his  thrift^' savings 
of  500  crowns. 

Adam  Bell.  A  northern  outlaw, 
whose  name  has  becomi'  U  synouym  for 
a  good  archer.  (Sen  Clym  of  tiik 
Cl.oucu.) 

Adam  Cupiu— i.e.,  Archer  Cupid, 
so  called  from  Adam  Doll,  the  celebrated 
archer.  {See  "  Percy's  Reliquos,"  vol.  i., 
p.  7.) 


10 


ADAM. 


ADESSENARTANS. 


Adam'B  Ale.  Water  as  a  beverage  ; 
from  tlio  supposition  tliat  Adam  liad 
nothinor  but  water  to  drink.  In  Scitlaiid 
water  for  a  bevcrajpe  is  called  Ada.n's 
Wine. 

Adam's  Apple.  The  protuberance  in 
the  fore-part  of  a  man's  throat ;  so  called 
from  the  superstition  that  a  i>icce  of  the 
forbidden  fruit  which  Adam  ate  stuck  in 
his  throat,  and  occasioned  the  swelling. 

Adam's  Needle.  The  yucca,  so  called 
because  it  is  sharp-i)oiuted  like  a  needle. 
If  Ailam  ever  sewed,  the  yucca  would 
have  served  him  for  a  needle. 

Adam's  Peak,  in  Ceylon,  is  where  the 
Arabs  s;',y  Adam  bewailed  his  expulsion 
from  Paradise,  and  stood  on  one  foot  till 
God  forgave  him.  It  was  the  Portuguese 
(vho  first  called  it  "  Picode  Adam."  (^iee 
Kaaba.) 

Adum's  ProfebSion.  Gardening, 
agriculture.  Adam  was  appointed  by 
God  to  dress  the  garden  of  Eden,  and  to 
keep  it  (Gen.  ii.  I.t)  ;  and  after  the  fall  he 
was  sent  out  of  the  garden  "to  till  the 
grou:>.d."     (Gen.  iii.  23.) 

There  Is  no  micient  aeiitlemen,  hut  sardniiers, 
ditchers,  and  tjnive-iniiKcrs :  they  hold  up  .\diiia'8 
pr'jfcssion.— Tfc*  Clown  in  "  Hamlet,"  v.  1. 

Adams.  Pai-son  Adams;  the  ideal  of 
a  benevolent,  simple-minded,  eccentric 
country  clergyman ;  iguorantof  the  world, 
bold  as  a  lion  for  the  truth,  and  modest 
as  a  girl.  The  character  is  in  Fielding's 
novel  of  "Joseph  Andrews." 

Adam.ab'tor.  The  spirit  of  the 
stormy  Capo  (Good  Hope),  described  by 
Camoens  in  the  "  L\isiad "'  as  a  hideous 
phantom.  According  to  Barro'to,  he  was 
one  of  the  giants  who  invaded  heaven. 

Ad'amic.  Adamic  Covenant,  the 
covenant  made  with  God  to  Adam,  that 
"  the  seed  of  the  woman  should  bruise 
the  serpent's  head."     (Gen    iii.  15.) 

Adamic  Earth.  Common  red  clay,  so 
called  from  the  popular  but  erroneous 
notion  that  adam  means  "red  earth." 
Adam  really  means  "  likeness"  (Hebrew, 
damah),  and  refers  to  tiie  words  "Let us 
make  man  after  our  likeness,"  and  "  in 
the  likeness  of  God  made  he  him  ;  male 
6ud  female  created  ho  them,  and  called 
their  name  Adam."      (Gen.  v.  1,  2.) 

Ad'amites  (Ssyl.).  A  sect  of  fanatics 
who  spread  themselves  over  Bohemia  and 
Moravia   m   the   fifteenth  and   sixteenth 


centuries.  One  Picard  was  the  founder 
in  1-100,  and  styled  himself  "Adam,  son 
of  God."  lie  professed  to  recall  his  fol. 
lowers  to  the  state  of  primitive  innocence. 
No  clothes  were  worn,  wives  were  in  com- 
mon, and  there  was  no  such  thing  as  good 
and  evil,  but  all  actions  were  indifferent, 

Ad'aran',  according  to  the  Parsee 
Bupcr.'^tition,  is  a  sicred  fire  less  holy 
than  that  called  Behram  (q.v.). 

Ad'dieon  of  the  North  — 1.«., 
flenry  Mackenzie,  the  "Man  of  Feeling." 
(1745-1831.) 

Addix'it,  or  Addixe'mnt  (Latin). 
All  right.  The  word  uttered  by  the 
augurs  "when  tiio  "birds"  were  favour- 
able. 

Ad'dle.  Addle-headed,  or  Addlepated 
— i  t.,  empty-headed.  (Saxon,  a-idlian, 
to  be  empty.) 

A  ddled  egg,  a  rotten  one  ;  or,  rather  one 
that  has  lost  the  principle  of  vitality. 
(Welsh,  hadl,  rotten.*    ,6'eePAii.LiAMENT. 

Ad'elite,  or  Almog'aiien.  A  Spanish 
fortune-teller,  who  predicts  the  fortune 
of  a  person  by  the  tiiglit  and  note  of 
birds. 

Ad'emar  or  Adema'ro  (In  "Jerusa- 
lem Delivered").  Archbishop  of  Pog'gio, 
an  ecclesiastical  warrior,  who  with 
William  archbishop  of  Orange,  besought 
pope  Urban  on  his  kncos  that  he 
might  be  sent  on  the  crusade.  He  took 
400  armed  men  from  Poggio,  but  they 
sneaked  off  during  a  drought,  and  left 
the  crusade,  (Book  xiii. )  Ademar  was 
not  alive  at  the  time,  he  had  been  slain 
at  the  attack  on  Antioch,  by  Clorinda 
(Book  xi.);  but  in  the  final  attack  on 
.Jerusalem,  his  spirit  came  with  three 
squadrons  of  angels  to  aid  the  besiegers. 
(Book  xviii.) 

Adephag'ia  (5  syl.).  Godless  cf 
gluttony,  who  had  a  temple  in  Sicily. 

Adept'  properly  means  one  who  has 
found  it  out  (from  the  Latin  adeptus'. 
The  alchemists  applied  the  term  verg 
adep'tits  to  those  persons  who  professed 
to  have  "found  out"  the  elixir  of  life 
or  philosopher's  stons. 

Ades'sena'rians.  A  sect  who  hold 
the  real  presence  of  Christ's  body  in  the 
eucharist,  but  do  not  maintain  that  the 
bread  and  wine  lose  any  of  their  original 
properties.  (The  word  is  from  the  Latin 
adesse,  to  be  present. ) 


ADESTE. 


ADOPTION. 


11 


Ades'te  Fide'les.  Composed  by 
John  Reaiiinpf,  who  wrote  "  DnI'-e 
Domum."  It  is  called  the  "  I'ortujciicse 
Hyran,"  from  heiiiij  heard  at  the  Portu- 
guese Chapel  by  tho  duko  of  Leeds,  who 
supposed  it  to  be  a  part  of  tho  usual 
Portuguese  servico. 

Adfil'iate,  Adfllia'tion.  The  an- 
cient Goths  adopted  the  children  of  a 
former  marriage,  and  put  them  on  the 
same  footintr  as  those  of  the  new  family. 
(Latin,  ad-jiliia,  equal  to  a  real  sou.) 

Adha,  al  {Ihe  sUt-eared).  The  swiftest 
of  Mahomet's  camels. 

Ad'liab-al-Cabr.  Tho  first  purga- 
tory of  the  Mahometans.  • 

i^diaph'orists.  Followers  of  Me- 
lanchthon  ;  moderate  Lutherans,  who 
hold  that  some  of  thq  dogmas  of  Luther 
are  matters  of  indifference.  (Greek, 
adiaph'oios,  indilierent.) 

Adieu,  good-b'ye.  A  dieu,  an  ellip- 
tical form  fur  I  conunend  you  to  Ood. 
Good-b'yo  is  God  he  with  ye. 

Adis'sechen.  The  serpent  with  a 
thousand  heads  which  sustains  tho  uni- 
verse.    (Ind.  mylh.) 

Adjective.  Adjective  colours  are 
those  wliich  require  a  mordant  before 
they  can  be  used  as  dyes. 

Adjourn'.  A  corruption  of  Ajourn — 
i.e.,  d-j(ttiruee  (from  to-day's  work),  to 
put  olf  from  today  to  another  time. 

Ad'mirable,  T/ie.  James  Crichton 
(h-y-ton).     (1551-1573.) 

Admirable  Doctor,   Ro-rer  Bacon. 

(1-:1412;)-'.) 

Admiral,  corruption  of  Amiv-al. 
Milton,  speaking  of  tjatan,  says  : — 

His  spe.'ir  (to  equal  which  tlio  tiillest  pine 
Howii  oil  Nijinvunmu  hills,  to  bo  tho  must 
Of  somo  tall  nmiril.  wni-i)  hi\t  n  wand) 
lie  walked  with.— ParaJisu  Lo»t,  i.  liW. 

The  word  was  introduced  liy  tho  Turks 
or  Genoese  in  tho  twelfth  century,  and 
is  tiie  Aral>ic  A^nir  with  tho  article  al 
(the  lord  or  commander) ;  as,  Amir-al-ma 
(conunanderof  the  water),  Amir-al-Omra 
(commander  of  tho  forces),  Amir-al- 
Mumenim  (commander  of  the  faithful). 

Kngiish  admirals  were  of  three  classes, 
according  to  the  colour  of  their  (lag — 

Admiral  of  the  lied,  held  tho  centre 
ID  an  cn(,'agoment. 


Admiral  of  the  White,  held  the  van. 
Admiral  of  the  Blue,  held  the  rear. 
Admirals  are  called  Flag  Officers. 

Admiral  of  the  Red.  A  cant,  punning 
term  api)lied  to  a  wine-bibber,  whoso  face 
aiid  nose  are  very  red. 

vldmittance.  Licence.  Shakespeare 
says,  "  Sir  John,  you  are  a  gentleman  of 
excellent  breeding,  of  groat  admittance' 
— /.e.,towhom  great  freedom  is  allowed. 
("  Merry  Wives,"  ii.  2).  The  allusion  is  to 
an  obsolete  custom  called  admission,  by 
which  a  prince  avowed  another  prince  to 
be  under  his  protection.  Maximilian, 
emperor  of  j\Iexico,was  the  "admittant" 
of  tho  emperor  Napoleon  III. 

Admonitiomsts.  Certain  Puritans 
who  in  1571  sent  an  admonition  to  tho 
Parliament  condemning  everything  in  the 
Church  of  England  which  was  not  in 
accordance  with  the  doctrines  and  prac- 
tices of  Geno'va. 

Ado'nai.  Son  of  the  star-beam,  and 
god  of  light  among  the  Ilosicru'cians. 

Adona'is  (4  syl.).  The  song  about 
Ado'nis  ;  Shelley's  elegy  on  Keats  is  so 
called.     See  Bion's  Lament  I'ar  Adnni!'. 

Ado'nis.  A  beautiful  boy.  Tho  allu- 
sion is  to  Ado'nis,  who  was  beloved  by 
Venus,  and  was  killed  by  a  boar  while 
hunting.  SeeShakespean-'s  Ven-nsS-.idimis. 

Tho  flower  called  Adonis  is  blood-red,nnd, 
according  to  fable,  sprang  from  the  blood 
of  tho  gored  hunter  (Pheasant's-eye). 

A  garden,  of  Adonis  (Greek).  A  worth- 
less toy  ;  a  very  perishable  good.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  fennel  and  lettuce  jars 
of  the  ancient  Greeks,  calloil  "  Adonis 
gardens,"  hecauso  these  herbs  were 
plaiitetl  in  them  for  tho  annual  festiviO 
of  tho  young  huntsman,  and  thrown  away 
the  next  morninj,'. 

Ado'nists.  Those  Jews  who  maintain 
that  the  proper  vowels  of  the  word  Jeho- 
vah aro  unknown,  and  that  the  word  is 
never  to  bo  jironounced.  Hvery  time  they 
meet  with  the  word  Jehovah  thoy  call  it 
Ado'nai  instead.     (Ilubrow,  adon,  lord.) 

Adop'tion.  Adoption  by  arms.  An 
ancient  custom  of  giving  arms  to  a  person 
of  merit,  which  laid  him  under  the  obliga- 
tion of  being  yourchampion  and  defender. 

Adontion  by  baptism.  Hcing  godfather 
or  godmother  to  a  child.  TUo  child  by 
baptism  is  your  god-child. 


12 


ADOPTION. 


ADVOWSON. 


A  doption  h>/  hair.  Cutting  off  your  hair, 
and  Jiving  it  to  a  person  in  proof  tliat 
you  receive  him  as  your  a<lopt«d  father. 
Thus  Bo'son,  king  of  Aries,  cut  off  his 
hair  and  gave  it  to  pope  John  VIII.,  who 
adojjted  him. 

Adoption  Controversy.  Elipand 
archbishop  ofTol(3'do,and  lY'lixbishopof 
Urpel,  maintained  that  Jesus  Christ  in  his 
human  nature  was  tho  sou  of  God  by  adop- 
tion only  (liom.  viii.  29),  though  in  his pre- 
existiu};;  state  he  was  the  "  begotten  Son 
of  God"  in  tho  ordinary  catholicaccepta- 
tion.  Duns  Scotus,  Durau  his,  Calixtus, 
and  others  supported  tliis  viinv. 

Adop'tionist.    A  disciple  of  Elipanl 
arclibi>liop  of  Tule'do  and  Felix  bishop 
of  Urge]  (in  Spain)  is  so  called. 
Adoption  Controversy.  8th  cent. 

Whether  Christ  iu  his  human  nature  was 

God's  Son  by  adoption  only. 

Adore  (2  syl.)  means  to  "  carry  to 
one's  mouth,"  "to  kiss"  {ad-os,  ad-ora're). 
The  Romans  performed  adoration  by 
placing  their  right  hand  on  their  mouth 
and  bowing.  The  Greeks  paid  adoration 
to  kings  by  putting  the  royal  robe  to 
their  lips.  The  Jews  kisced  in  homage  : 
thus  God  said  to  Elijah,  he  had  7,000  in 
Israel  who  had  not  bowed  unto  Baal, 
"  every  mouth  which  hath  not  kissed 
him."  (1  Kings  xix.  18;  see  also  Hos. 
xiii.  2.)  "  Kiss  the  Son,  lest  he  be  angry" 
(Ps.  ii.  12),  means  worship,  reverence  the 
Son.  Even  in  England  we  do  homage  by 
kissing  the  hand  of  the  sovereign. 

Adram'meleeh.  God  of  the  people 
of  Sepharva'im,  to  whom  infants  were 
burnt  in  sacrifice.    Probably  the  t-un. 

Adroit'  properly  means  "  to  the 
right."  {French,  d  droite.)  The  French 
call  a  person  who  is  not  adroit  gav.che 
(left-handed),  meaning  awkward,  boorish. 

Adsidel'ta.  The  table  at  which  the 
Qamens  sat  during  sacrifice. 

Ad'ulator.  Dacier  derives  this 
word  from  the  Latin,  ad  ollam  i(or,  i.e., 
one  who  clings  to  you  from  cupboard 
love.  This  derivation  has  wit,  but  no 
worth.  Nunez  sue;gosts  the  Greek,  adiu 
liso,  Doric  for  edas-Uicho  (to  lick  fondly), 
i.e.,  like  a  dog.  A  more  plausible  sug-" 
gestiou  is  ado'leo  (to  treat  like  a  god,  to 
worship). 

Adullamites  (4 syl.).  The  adherents 
""f  Lowe  and  Horsman,  seceders  from  tho 


Reform  party.  John  Bright  said  of  the.sa 
members  that  they  retired  to  the  cave  of 
Adullam,  and  tried  to  gather  round  them 
all  the  discontented.  The  allusion  is  to 
David  in  his  flight  from  Saul,  who 
*'  escaped  to  the  cave  Adullam;  and  every 
one  that  was  in  distress,  and  every  one 
that  was  in  debt,  and  every  one  that  was 
discontented,  gathered  themselves  unto 
him."   (1  Sam.  xxii.  1,  2.) 

Advent.  Foar  wetks  to  comme- 
morate the  first  and  second  coming  of 
Christ  ;  the  first  to  redeem,  and  the 
second  to  judge  tho  world.  The  season 
begins  on  St.  Andi'ew's  Day,  or  the  Sun- 
day nearest  to  it.  (Latin,  ad-veiUua,  the 
coming  tfo.) 

Ad'versary,  The-  Satan.  (1  Pet.  v  8.) 

Advocate  means  properly  "  one 
called  to  the  patron  or  pleader,"  to  assist 
him  as  his  "junior  couusel."    (Liv.  ii. 

00.) 

TIt£  DeviFs  Advocate.  One  who  brings 
forward  malicious  accusations.  When 
any  name  is  proposed  for  canonisation 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  two 
advocates  are  appointed,  one  to  oppose 
the  motion,  and  one  to  defend  it.  The 
former,  called  Advoca'tui  L'iah'oli  (the 
Devil's  Advocate),  advances  aU  he  can 
rummage  up  against  the  person  in  ques- 
tion; the  latter,  called  Advoca'tns  Dei 
(God's  Advocate),  says  all  he  can  in  sup- 
port of  the  proposal. 

Advocates'  Library,  in  Edin- 
burgh, founded  1632,  containing  about 
165,000  volumes.  It  is  one  of  the  five 
libraries  to  which  copyright  books  ai-e 
sent.     {Sie  Copykight.') 

Advow'son  means  the  right  of 
patronage  to  a  church  or  ecclesiastical 
benefice. 

A  presentative  advoicson,  is  when  the 
patron  presents  to  the  bishop  a  person  to 
whom  he  is  willing  to  give  the  piece  of 
preferment. 

^-I  coUa'tive  advowson  is  when  the  bishop 
himself  is  patron,  and  collates  his  client 
without  any  intermediate  person. 

A  do)i'uiive  adcowson  is  where  the 
Crown  gives  a  living  to  a  clergyman 
without  presentation,  institution,  or  in- 
duction. This  is  done  when  a  church  or 
chapel  has  been  founded  by  the  Crown, 
and  is  not  subject  to  the  ordinary. 


/EDILE3. 


MHOP. 


It 


A  dvovsan  in,  gross  is  an  advowson  scpa- 
rate'l  from  the  manor,  and  bclong-ing 
wholly  to  the  owner.  While  attached  to 
tlie  manor  it  is  an  advowson  appeiukml. 
"Gross"  (French)  means  absolute,  entire ; 
thus  g^oss  weight  is  the  entire  weight 
without  deductions.  A  villain  in  gross 
ivas  a  villain  the  entire  property  of  his 
master,  and  not  attached  to  the  land. 
A  covimon  in  gross  is  one  which  is  en- 
tirely your  own,  and  which  belongs  to  the 
manor. 

^ule  of  AdcoKfons.  When  lords  of 
manors  built  churches  upon  their  own 
demesnes,  ami  endowed  them,  they  be- 
came private  property,  which  the  lord 
might  give  away  or  even  sell,  under 
certain  limitations.  These  livings  are 
called  Ad.vorcsons  appen'dant,  being  ap- 
pended to  the  manor.  After  a  time  they 
iiecame  regular  "commercial  property," 
and  we  see  daily  the  sale  of  some  of 
them  in  the  public  journals. 

.E'diles  (2  syl  ).  Those  who  have 
cliargo  of  the  streets.  The  Iioman  oflieers 
were  so  called  from  cedes  (buildings). 

^Liine'tan  Sculptures.  Sculptures 
excavated  by  a  company  of  Germans, 
Danes,  and  English  (1811),  in  the  little 
island  of  .(Egi'na.  They  were  ptirchascd 
by  Ludwi(r,  Crown  Prince  of  Bava'ria,  and 
are  now  the  mo?t  remarkable  ornaments 
of  the  Glyptothek,  at  Munich. 

Ae'ger.  God  of  the  ocean,  whose  wife 
18  Riiia.  They  had  nine  daughters,  who 
wore  white  robes  and  veils,  (i^caiid.  myth). 
These  daughters  are  the  billows,  «S:c. 

.ffi'gig.  /  tJirow  my  cegis  over  you,  i.e., 
my  protection.  The  shield  of  Jupiter  made 
by  Vulcan  was  so  called,  and  symbolised 
"  Divine  protection."  The  shield  of 
Minerva  was  called  an  crgis  also.  The 
shield  of  Jupiter  was  covered  with  the 
skin  of  the  goat  Amalthrea,  and  the 
Greek  for  goat  is  agas.  That  made  by 
Vulcan  was  of  bra.'^s. 

A  £!  I  {A—i),  a  common  motto  on 
jewellery,  means  "  for  ever  and  for 
aye."     (Greek.) 

iEne'aa.  The  hero  of  Virgil's  epic. 
lie  carried  his  father  Anchi'sL's  on  his 
shoulders  from  the  flames  of  Troy.  After 
roaming  about  for  many  years,  he  came 
to  Italy,  where  he  founded  a  colony 
which  the  Romans  claim  as  their  origin. 


A.M. 

s.v» 

B.t;. 

5493 

„ 

37«l 

„ 

747 

.Ene'id.  The  epic  poem  of  Virgil, 
(iu  12  books).  So  called  from  yEne'as 
and  the  suffix-We*  (belonging  to). 

.ffl'olus,  in  Roman  mythology,  was 
"  god  of  the  winds." 

j-Eolian  /uirp.  The  wind-harp.  A  box 
on  which  strings  are  stretched.  Being 
placed  where  a  draught  gets  to  the 
strings,  they  utter  musical  sounds. 

.Emo'nian  Arts  {Ovid).  Magic;  so 
called  from  /Emo'nia,  an  ancient  name  of 
Thessaiy,  noted  for  magic. 

2't'e  Jimo'iiian.  Jason  ;  so  called,  be- 
cause his  father  was  king  of  Thessaiy. 
(^'ee  above.) 

.^ra.  An  epoch.  Sepulve'da  derives 
it  from  A.  ER.  A.,  anno  erat  Augti-iti  (it 
was  in  the  year  of  Augustus),  because  the 
Spanish  method  of  computation  was  from 
the  year  when  their  country  fell  under 
the  dominion  of  Augustus.  Vossius 
favours  the  same  derivation. 

The  chief  seras  arc — 

The  Constantiiiopolit.in,  which  began.. 

The  Alexftivlrine  

The  Jewish  (A.JI.)       

The  aera  of  Xahunassar 

Of  the  Olympiads        „.     „  770 

Year  of  liome  (A.U.C.)         ...       _ 75S 

The  Julian  sera  (Ju.  or.)      ...       _ «5 

The  Christian  aera       „.        ...  A.D.  0 

The  sera  of  Suhvanah  iSaca)        ^  "8 

,,          Diocletian           „  5*4 

The  Hegira  (A.H.I       ...                 „  6*1 

The  era  of  yezae.?ird  (^.  Peri.) „  J33 

Aerated.  Aerated  Water.  Water  im- 
pregnated with  carbonic  acid  gas,  called 
jUxed  air. 

Aerated  Bread.  Bread  made  light  by 
means  of  carbonic  acid  gas  instead  of 
leaven. 

Ae'rians.  Followers  of  Ae'rius,  who 
maintained  that  there  is  no  difference 
between  bishops  and  priests. 

JEs'cliyluS.  The  uEschyliu  of  France, 
Prosper  Jolyot  de  Crebillon.    (1674-17t)2.) 

.Si'sop's  Fables  were  compiled  by 
Bab'rios,  a  Greek,  who  lived  in  the  Alex- 
andrian age. 

A^sop  of  Arahi'i.  Lokman  ?  Nasser. 
(In  the  fifth  century.) 

..F.sop  of  England.  John  Gay.  (1GS8- 
1732.) 

A'lsop  of  France.  Jean  do  la  Fontiino. 
(1G21-1G05.) 

ylCscp  of  Oermnnii.  Gottholil  Ephmis 
Lessing.     (17291781.) 


14 


AETON. 


AGDISTE3. 


JEsayi  cf  India.  Bidpay  or  Pilpay. 
(About  tliroo  conturios  before  the  Chris- 
tian era.) 

Ao'ton  (3  eyl.)-  Ono  of  tlio  horses  of 
Fluto.     (.•?««  A  DATOS.) 

Afi'able  means  "one  easy  to  bespoken 
to."    (Latin,  ad/ari,  to  speak  to.) 

Affect'.  To  love,  to  desire.  (Latin, 
affecto.) 

Some  afTcot  tlio  linlit,  and  some  the  shade. 

Bl'iir'e  "  Orave." 

Affront'  properly  means  to  stand 
front  to  front.  In  savage  nations  oppos- 
ing armies  draw  up  front  to  front  before 
they  begin  hostilities,  and  by  grimace.s, 
Bounds,  words,  and  all  conceivable  means, 
try  to  provoke  and  terrify  their  vis-d-vis. 
When  this  " affronting"  is  over,  the  a<l- 
versaries  rush  against  each  other,  and 
the  fiffbt  begins  in  earnest. 

Africa.  Teneo  le,  Africa  (I  take 
possession  of  thee,  0  Africa).  When 
Ca;sar  landed  at  Adrume'tum,  in  Africa, 
he  tripped  and  fell— a  bad  omen  ;  but, 
with  wonderful  presence  of  mind,  he 
pretended  that  he  had  done  so  inten- 
tionally, and  kissing  the  soil,  exclaimed, 
"Thus  do  I  take  possession  of  thee,  0 
Africa."     Tuld  also  of  Scipio. 

After-cast.  A  throw  of  dice  after  tha 
g;ame  is  ended ;  anything  done  too  late. 
Ever  he  playeth  aii  after-cast 
Of  all  that  he  sliall  say  or  do.— ffou'sr. 

After-clap.  Beivare  of  aj'ler-claps. 
An  after-clap  is  a  catastrophe  or  threat 
after  an  affair  is  supposed  to  be  over. 
It  is  very  common  in  thunderstorms  to 
hear  a  "clap"  after  the  rain  subsides, 
and  the  clouds  break. 

What  rlasny  mischief  and  mishaps 
Do  dog  him  still  witli  aftiT-claiJS. 

Hndibras,  pt.  1.  S. 

Aft-meal.  An  extra  meal ;  a  meal 
taken  after  and  in  addition  to  the  ordi- 
nary meals. 

At  aft-mcals  who  shall  p.iy  for  the  wine? 

Thi/nne'a  "  llebatt." 

Agapr,  in  Pryden's  satire  of  "Absa- 
lom and  Achit'ophel,"  is  meant  for  Sir 
Edrnondbury  Godfrey,  the  magistrate 
before  whom  Titus  Gates  made  his  de- 
claration, but  was  afterwards  found 
barbarously  murdered  in  a  ditch  near 
Primrose  Hill.  Agag  was  hewed  to 
cieccs  by  Samuel.     (1  Sam.  xv.) 

Aod  Corah  {Tiivt  Oatcs)  miRbt  for  Agas'8  murdoi 

call. 
Ill  teruisascoaree  as  Samuel  used  to  Saul.  FartU 


Agamem'non.  King  of  Argos,  in 
Greece,  and  commander-in-chief  of  tha 
allied  Greeks  who  went  to  the  siege  of 
Troy.  The  fleet  being  delayed  by  ad- 
verso  winds  at  Aulis,  Agamemnon  sacn 
ficed  his  daughter  Iph'igeni'a  to  Dian.T. 
and  the  winds  beca.me  at  once  favourable. 
On  his  return  home  he  was  murdered  by 
his  wife. — Ilomer'i  "  Ili(uL" 

Till  Agamemnon's  daughter's  Wood 
Appeased  the  gods  that  them  withstood. 

Earl  0/  Surrry, 

Vixcre fortes  ante  Agamtm'nona  ("  thf-r'' 
are  hills  beyond  rciitland,  and  fields 
beyond  Forth''),  i.e.,  \vo  are  not  to  suppose 
thai  our  own  age  or  locality  monopolisce 
all  that  is  good. 

Ag'ape  (3syl.).  A  love  feast.  The 
early  Christians  held  a  love-foast  before 
or  after  communion,  when  contributions 
were  made  for  the  poor.  These  feasts 
became  a  scandal,  and  were  condemned 
at  the  Council  of  Carthage,  397.  (Greek, 
agope,  love.) 

Agapera'one(5  8yl.).  An  association 
of  men  .and  women  living  promiscuously 
on  a  common  fimd.  There  is  one  at 
Charlynche,  near  Bridgowatcr,  in  Somer. 
setsLire.     (Greek,  agape,  love.) 

Agape'tae.  Women  under  vows  of 
virginity,  who  undertook  to  attend  the 
monks.  (The  word  is  Greek,  and  means 
helovtd. ) 

Ag'ate  (2  syl.).  So  called,  says  Fliny 
(xxxvii.  10),  from  Acha'tes  or  Gaga'tos,  a 
river  in  Sicily,  near  which  it  is  found  in 
abundance  ;  but  Bochart  deduces  it  from 
the  Hebrew  okad  or  nakad  (spotted). 

Agate  is  supposed  to  render  a  pcn>on 
invisible,  and  to  turn  the  sword  of  foes 
against  themselves. 

Ag'atha.  Daughter  of  Cuno,  the 
ranger,  in  love  with  Max,  to  whom  she  is 
to  bo  married,  provided  he  carries  otf 
the  prize  in  the  annual  trial-shot.  She 
is  in  danger  of  being  shrot  by  Max  un- 
wittingly, but  is  rescued  by  a  hermit,  and 
becomes  the  bride  of  the  young  huntsman. 
—  Welcrs  Opera  of"  Dcr  FrelscliiiU." 

Agdistes  (se!f-indidgenct).  The  god 
who  kept  the  porch  of  the  "  Bower  of 
Bliss."  He  united  in  his  own  person  the 
two  sexes,  and  sprang  from  the  stona 
Agdus,  parts  of  which  were  taken  by 
Deucalion  and  Pyrrba  to  caat  over  their 


AGE. 


AGONISTES. 


15 


BhoulJers,  after  tbo  flood,  for  re-peopling 
the  world.  —  SjH7iser,  "  Faeiy  Queen," 
book  ii.  J  2. 

Age  of  Animnls.  An  old  Cellic 
rliymo,  put  into  modern  English,  says — 

Thrice  the  a?©  of  ft  dog  Is  thdt  of  n  liorse ; 
Tlirice  the  age  of  .-i  horse  is  tli;il  of  ii  man ; 
Thrice  tlie  a^o  of  a  niuii  is  that  of  a  deer; 
Thrice  the  age  of  a  deer  is  tliat  of  an  casl«. 

Ages.     H&siod  names  five  :— 

The  Unldcn  or  potrinrchal,  under  tlie  rare  of  Saturn. 
Tlie. "Silver  or voluptMous,  ,.  Jujiiter. 

The  liiazen  or  warlike,  „  Neptuue. 

The  llcnicorrcnaissant  ,.  Mars, 

riie  Iron  or  prestut  „  I'luto. 

Fiehtii  names  five  ages  also  :  the  ante- 
diluvian, post-diluvian,  christian,  satanic, 
and  millcnnian. 

According  to  Lucre'tius,  there  are  three 
ages,  distinguished  by  the  materials  em- 
ployed in  implements  (v.  1282),  viz.  ; 

(1)  The  arje  of  stone,  when  celts  or  im- 
plen.ents  of  stone  were  employed. 

(2)  The  ageof  bronze,  when  implements 
were  made  of  copper  or  brass. 

(3)  The  af/e  of  iron,  when  implements 
were  made  of  iron,  as  at  present. 

Ag'elas'ta.  The  stone  on  which 
Ce'res  rested  when  worn  down  by  fatigue 
in  searching  for  hor  daughter.  (Greek, 
ioi/less. ) 

Agent,  h  man  a  free  uf/enlt  This 
is  a  question  of  theology,  which  has  long 
been  mooted.  The  point  is  this :  If 
God  foreordains  all  our  actions,  they 
must  take  place  as  ho  foreordains  them, 
and  man  acts  as  a  watch  or  clock  ;  but 
if,  on  the  other  hand,  man  is  responsible 
for  his  actions,  he  miist  bo  free  to  act  as 
his  inclination  loads  him.  Those  who 
hold  the  former  vioiv  are  called  rieccisita- 
rians;  those  who  hold  the  latter,  liberta- 
rians. 

Agglu'tinaie  Ijariguaj^ea.  The 
Tura'nian  family  of  languages  are  so 
called  because  the  pronouns  are  plued  on 
the  verbs,  and  the  case-prepositions  on 
the  nouns,  and  may  be  unglued  so  as 
to  leave  the  roots  distinct. 

Aghast'.  Frightened  as  by  a  ghost. 
The  Saxon  of  ghost  is  <jail. 

A'gis.  King  of  Sparta,  who  tried  to 
deliver  Greece  from  tho  Maceilonian 
Joke,  and  was  slain  in  tho  attempt. 

To  nave  a  rotlan  str.to.  Agis,  who  saw 
K'eu  Sparu'j  self  to  »cr^■ile  avarici'  sink. 

TKom*on,  "  Wmltr." 


Agist'.  To  take  the  cattle  of  anolbe? 
to  graze  at  a  certain  sum.  Tho  feeding 
of  these  beasts  is  called  agislment.  Tho 
words  are  from  tho  Norman  agiicr  (to 
be  levant  and  coucbant),  because,  says 
Coke,  beasts  are  levant  and  couchant 
whilst  they  are  on  the  land. 

Agla,  A  cabalistic  name  of  God, 
formed  from  the  initial  letters  of  Att;\h, 
Gibbor,  Leholau),  Adonii  ( Thou,  ari 
strong  for  ever,  OLordl).  (See  Notahica.) 

Ag'nea.  The  heroine  of  "  David 
Copjjcrfield,"  by  Charles  Dickens. 

She  is  an  Agnes  (elk  fait  I' Agnes) — i.e., 
she  is  a  sort  of  female  "  Verdant  Green," 
who  is  so  unsoj)histicated  that  she  does 
not  even  know  what  love  means.  It  is 
a  character  in  Moli6re's  "  L'Ecole  des 
Femmes." 

Ag'noites  (2or3syl).  (1.)  Certain 
heretics  in  the  fourth  century  who  said 
"God  did  not  know  everything."  (2.) 
Anotlier  sect,  in  tho  sixth  century,  who 
maintained  that  Christ  "did  not  know  the 
time  of  the  d.ay  of  juilgmout."  (Greek, 
a-gaomi,  not  to  know.) 

Agnus-castus.  One  of  the  Vilex 
plants,  called  ugnos  (chaste)  by  the 
Greeks,  because  the  Athenian  ladie.s,  at 
the  feast  of  Ceres,  used  to  strew  their 
couches  with  vitex  leaves,  as  a  palladium 
of  chastity.  The  monks,  mistaking 
agnos  (chaste)  for  agnus  (a  lamb),  but 
knowing  the  use  made  of  the  plant, 
added  castits  to  explain  its  character, 
maldng  it  chaste-lamb.  (For  another 
similar  blunder,  see  I.  II.  S.) 

Agnus  Dei.  A  cake  of  wax  or 
doui^li  6tamj)C'd  with  tho  figure  of  a 
lamb  supporting  tho  banner  of  the  Cross, 
and  distributed  by  the  Pope  on  the 
Sunday  after  Easter  as  an  amulet.  Our 
T.ord  is  called  Agnus  Dei  (the  Lamb  of 
God.)  There  is  also  a  ]irayer  so  called, 
because  it  begins  with  the  words,  Agnus 
Dei,  qui  tollis  pecca'ta  tnuiiili  (0  I,aiub  of 
God,  that  takest  away  the  sius  of  the 
world.) 

Agog'.  //«  is  all  agog,  in  nervoui 
anxiety  ;  on  tho  qui  r'iie,  like  a  horse  in 
clover.  ( French,  d  gogo,  or  vivre  d  gogo,  to 
live  in  clover;  Italian,  agojare,  to  da- 
sire  eagerly.) 

Agoais'iC8('!'  «yl.).  Samson  .Agonistcs 


K 


AGONISTICS. 


AJAX. 


mcatis  Samson  wrestling,'  witli  arlversity — 
Samson  combating  with  troiible.  (Greek, 
ogoni'zomai,  to  combat,  to  struggle.) 

Agonis'tics.  The  disciples  of  Dona'- 
tus. 

Ag'ony  properly  means  contention  in 
the  athletic  games  ;  and  to  agonise  is  the 
act  of  contciKling.  (Greek,  agon,  a  game 
of  contest.)  Our  notion  of  "great  pain  " 
arises  from  the  great  corporal  suffenng 
these  ath'letes  had  to  endure. 

Agra'rian  Law,  from  the  Latin  a/ycr 
(land),  is  a  law  for  making  land  the  com- 
mon property  of  a  nation,  and  not  the 
particular  property  of  individuals.  In  a 
modified  form,  it  means  a  re-distribution 
of  land,  giving  to  each  citizen  a  portion. 

Ague-cheek.  Sir  Andreiv  Ague- 
cheek,  a  straight-haired  country  squire, 
stupid  even  to  silliness,  self-conceited, 
living  to  eat,  and  wholly  unacquainted 
with  the  world  of  fashion.  The  character 
is  in  Shakespeare's  "  Twelfth  Niglit." 

Ahasue'rus,  a  title  equivalent  to 
Coeur  de  Lion,  common  to  several  Persian 
kings.  Ezra  styles  Camby'ses  so  (iv.  6), 
but  probably  the  Ahasuerus  of  Scripture 
is  Gushtasp  daraicesh  (Dari'us).  (See 
Jew.) 

Ahith'ophel,  or  Achil'ophel.  A 
treacherous  friend  and  adviser.  Ahitho- 
phel  was  David's  counsellor,  but  joined 
Absalom  in  revolt,  and  advised  him 
"  like  the  oracle  of  God."  (2  Sam.  xvi. 
20—23.)    (^ee  AcniTOPHEL.) 

Ah'med.  (Prince).  Noted  for  the  tent 
given  him  by  the  fairy  Pari-ban'ou,  which 
would  cover  a  whole  army,  but  might  be 
carried  in  one's  pocket ;  and  for  the 
apple  of  Samarcand',  which  would  cure 
ail  diseases. — Arabian  Nights,  "Prince 
Ahmed, "  d'c. 

This  tent  coincides  in  a  marvellous 
manner  with  the  Norse  ship  called  Skid- 
bladnir  (q.v.). 

Aholiba'mah.  A  granddaughter  of 
Cain,  loved  by  the  seraph  Samia'sa.  She 
is  a  proud,  ambitious,  queen-like  beauty, 
a  female  type  of  Cain.  When  the  flood 
comes,  her  angel-lover  carries  her  under 
his  wings  to  some  other  planet. — Byron, 
"  Heaven  and  Earth." 

Ah'rimar;,  or  Ahrima'nei.  The  prin- 


ciplo  or  angel  of  darkness  and  evil  in  the 
Magian  system.     (See  Okmusd.) 

I  rPcoi;nise  llie  evil  Rplrit,  sir,  and  do  hunniii 
to  Aliriman  es  in  . . .  this youu>5 man.— 7"fca<:<:tr<i|^. 

Aide  toi  et  le  Ciel  t'aidera  {God 
mil  kelp  those  tclco  lielp  themselves).  The 
party-motto  of  a  political  society  of 
France,  established  in  1824.  The  object 
of  the  society  was,  by  agitation  and  the 
press,  to  induce  the  middle  classes  to 
resist  the  Government.  Guizot  was  at 
one  time  its  president,  and  Le  Glohe  and 
Le  National  its  organs.  This  society, 
which  doubtless  aided  in  bringing  about 
the  Revolution  of  1830,  was  dissolved  iri 
1832. 

Ai'grette  (2  syl.).  A  lady's  bead- 
dress,  consisting  of  feathers  or  flowers. 
The  French  call  the  down  of  thistles  and 
dandelions,  as  well  as  the  tuft  of  birds, 
aigrette. 

Aim.  To  give  nim,  to  stand  aloof.  A 
term  in  archery,  meaning  to  stand  within 
a  convenient  distiince  from  the  l)utts,  to 
give  the  archers  information  how  near 
their  arrows  fall  to  the  mark  aimed  at. 

But,  gentle  people,  give  me  aim  awhile. 
For  liatiirc  puts  nic  to  a  heavy  task  ; 
Stand  all  aloof. 

Shaketpeare,  "  Tiiug  Andronimt."  v.  S. 

To  cry  aim,.  To  applaud,  encourage. 
In  archery  it  was  customary  to  appoint 
certain  persons  to  cry  aim,  for  the  sake 
of  encouraging  those  who  were  about  to 
shoot. 

All  my  nciehhours  shall  crj'  aim. 

ilerry  Wivit  of  WinitoT,  ill.  !. 

Aim  crier.  An  abettor,  one  who 
encourages.  In  archery,  the  person  em- 
ployed to  "cry  aim"  (q.v.). 

Air,  071  Element.  Anaxog'  oras  held 
air  to  be  the  primary  form  of  matter. 

Airap'adam.  The  white  elephant, 
one  of  the  eight  which,  according  to 
Indian  mythology,  sustain  the  earth. 

Ajax,  the  Greater.  King  of  Sal 'amis, 
a  man  of  giant  st.^ture,  daring,  and  self- 
coufident.  Generally  called  Tel'amon 
Ajax,  because  he  was  the  son  of  Tel'amon. 
\\'hen  the  armour  of  Hector  was  awarded 
to  Ulysses  instead  of  to  himself,  he 
turned  mad  from  vex.-itioD  and  stabbed 
himself. —  Homer,  '■^  Iliad.'' 

Aja.v,  the  Less.    Son  of   Cile  is,  king  cf 

Locris,  in  Greece.    The  night  Troy  was 

'^  taken,  he  offered  violence  to  Cassandra, 


AKBAR. 


ALB  ATI. 


17 


the  i)roj«hetic  dauji  titer  of  I'riam;  in 
conse'iuence  of  which  his  ship  wns  driven 
on  a  rock  and  he  perished  at  sea.— 
Homer, "  Iliad.''' 

Akbar.  A  titie  in  Hindustan,  mean- 
ing "  Verj'  Great,"  as  Akbar- Khan. 

Ak'uan.  Tlio  giaut  which  Rustan 
tlew.     {Persian  myth.) 

Ak'uman.  The  most  malevolent  of 
hll  the  Persian  gods. 

Alabaster.  A  stone  of  great  purity 
and  whiteness,  used  for  ornaments.  So 
called  from  " Alabastron,"  in  Upper 
Egypt,  where  it  abounds. 

Alad'din,  in  the  "Arabian  Nirrhts' 
Tales,"  obtains  a  magic  lamp,  and  ha?;  a 
splendid  palace  built  by  the  genius  of  the 
lamp.  He  marries  the  daughter  of 
the  sultan  of  China,  loses  his  lamp,  and 
his  palaco  is  transported  to  Africa. 

Vanished  into  air  like  the  palace  of  .MndiUn. 
Sir  WuUtr  SeoU. 

Aladdin's  Lamp.  The  source  of 
wealth  and  good  fortune.  After  Aladdin 
came  to  his  wealth  and  was  married,  he 
suffered  his  lamp  to  hang  up  and  get 
rusty. 

It  WHS  impossihlp  thut  h  frimily.  holciine  a  dncn- 
niont  winch  gave  them  across  to  the  most  pow  er- 
fiil  noblemen  in  ScotLimi,  should  hrive  suffered 
It  to  remain  unemployed,  like  Aladdin's  rusty 
lamp.— .Senior. 

Aladdin's  Window.  To  _finifh 
Alaildiii's  window — i.e.,  to  attempt  to 
complete  something  begun  by  a  great 
genius,  but  left  imperfect.  The  Times 
applied  the  illustration  to  earl  Russell's 
attempt  to  patch  up  the  vacancy  made 
in  the  ministry  by  the  death  of  lord 
Palmerston.  The  genius  of  the  lamp 
built  a  palaco  with  twenty-four  windows, 
all  but  one  being  set  in  frames  of  pre- 
cious stones ;  the  last  was  left  for  tbo 
sultan  to  finish ;  but  after  exhaussting 
his  treasures,  the  sultan  was  obliged  to 
abandon  the  task  as  hopeless. 

Al'adine  (3  syl.).  The  sagacious  but 
cruel  old  king  of  Jerusalem  ir  Tasso'a 
epic.  This  is  a  fictitious  character, 
inasmuch  as  the  Holy  Land  was  at  the 
time  under  the  dominion  of  the  caliph 
vf  Kgypt.  Aladine  is  slain  by  llaymond. 
— "Jerusalem  Delivered,"  book  xx. 

Al'ako.  Son  of  Baro-Do'vol,  cho 
great  god  of  the  gipt.ies.  The  gipsioa 
tay  that  he  will  tiltimately  restore  tliem 


to  Assas  ia  Assyria,  their  native  country. 
The  imago  of  Alako  has  a  pen  in  his  io'ft 
hand  and  a  sword  in  his  right. 

Alar'con.  King  of  Barca,  who  joined 
the  armament  of  Egypt  against  tho 
Crusaders.  His  men  were  only  half 
armed. — Jerusalem  Delivered. 

Alarm.  An  outcry  made  to  givt 
notice  of  danger.  (Danish  and  Swedish, 
larm,  outcry  ;  French,  atarme,  oa  doche 
d!alarme,  an  alarum  bell.) 

Alar'um  Bell.  In  feudal  times  a 
'larum  bell  was  rung  in  tho  castle  in 
timc8  of  danger  to  summon  the  retainers 
to  arms — a  Carmer  (to  tho  arming) ;  bcnc« 
the  bell  was  called  the  "d /acwK?- bell," 
corrupted  into  alarum  bell.  Another 
etymology  is  larriim,  Norman  French 
for  "  robber."  In  cases  of  burglary  the 
old  Normans  cried  out  an  Inrntm,  similar 
to  the  modem  ati  ruU-ur  (thieves  ! 
thieves  !).  The  bell  that  gave  notice  of 
the  same  molestation  was  called  the  "nn 
lanon  "  bell. 

Alas'nam.  Alns>iam'$  lady.  In  the 
"Araliian  Nights'  Tales"  Alasnam  has 
eight  aiamuud  stauics,  bill  iiaU  to  go 
in  quest  of  a  ninth  more  precious  still, 
to  fill  the  vacant  pedestal.  The  prize 
was  found  in  the  lady  who  became  liis 
wife,  at  once  the  most  beautiful  ai.d  the 
most  perfect  of  her  race. 

There  is  wanting  one  pure  and  perfect  model, 
and  that  one,  wherever  it  is  to  be  found,  it  Ilk* 
▲lasnam'i  lady,  worth  them  all. 

Sir  WalUr  Ser^t 

Alas'tor.  Tlie  evil  genius  of  a  house. 
Cicero  says :  "  He  meditated  killing 
himself  that  he  might  become  the  A  lastor 
of  Augustus,  whom  ho  hated."  Shelley 
has  a  poem  entitled  "Alastx;  or,  The 
Spirit  of  Solitude."  Tho  word  is  Crock, 
and  means  "  not  to  forget"  (o  la'tAein). 

Alb  The  white  tunic  (I.atin,  athut, 
white)  originally  bounil  round  the  wai«t 
with  a  zone.  Tho  dre.ss  is  emblomatic&l 
of  purity  and  continciico. 

Alba'no  Stone  or  Popori'no,  used 

by  tho  Uotnans  in  building;  a  Tolcinio 
tufa  ijuarriud  at  Alba'no. 

Al'bany.    Scotland.    (5«<Ai,bin.) 

Alba'ti.  Certain  Christian  hcrniit« 
of  tho  fourteoiilh  coiitirj',  so  calioH 
bvcauM)  they  drci>»cd  m  wli.ti*    ([.aim. ) 


18 


ALBATROSS. 


ALCINA- 


Al'batross.  nielar^jcptof  wob-footed 
birds,  called  by  sailors  the  Cape  Sheep, 
from  its  frequenting-  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  It  gorges  itself,  and  then  sits 
motionless  upon  the  waves.  It  is  said  to 
sleep  in  the  air,  because  its  flight  is  a 
gliding  without  any  apparent  motion  of 
its  long  wings.  Sailors  .'say  it  is  fatal  to 
shoot  an  albatross.  Coleridge's  "An- 
cient Mariner"  is  founded  on  this  super- 
stition. 

Albertaz'zo  (in  "Orlando  Furioso") 
married  Alda,  daughter  of  Otho,  duke  of 
Saxony.  His  sous  were  Hugh  or  Ugo, 
and  Fulke  or  Fulco.  From  this  family 
springs  the  Royal  Family  of  England. 

Albia'zar  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered"). 
One  of  the  leaders  of  the  Arab  host  which 
joined  the  Egyptian  armament  against 
the  Crusaders.  "  A  chief  in  rapine,  not 
in  knighthood  bred."    (Book  xvii.) 

Albigen'ses  (4  syl.).  A  common 
name  for  heretics  prior  to  the  Reforma- 
tion;  so  called  from  the  Albigeois,  inha- 
bitants of  Tarn,  the  capital  of  which  was 
Albi.  It  was  here  the  persecution  of  the 
Reformers  began,  under  the  direction  of 
Pope  Innocent  III.,  in  1209.  The  Wal 
den'ses  rose  after  them,  but  are  not 
unfrequently  confounded  vyith  them. 

Albin  means  "highlands,"  i.e.,  Scot- 
land. (Gaelic,  ailp;  Celtic,  alp;  our 
Alps.)  Albin  is  either  Ailp-ben  (son  of 
the  hills,  i.e.,  hill-country),  or  Ailp-inn 
(hilly  island).     The  laud  of  the  Picts. 

Woe  to  his  kindred,  nnd  woe  to  his  cause, 
When  Albin  lier  cl.i.vmore  indignantly  draws. 
CampbeU,  "  Laihiel's  Wui-ning." 

Albi'no.  A  term  originally  applied 
by  the  Portuguese  to  those  negroes  who 
were  mottled  with  white  spots  ;  but  now 
applied  to  those  who  are  born  with  red 
eyes  and  white  hair.  (Latin,  albus,  white.) 

Al'bion.  ICngland,  so  named  from  the 
ancient  inhabitants  called  Albio'nes.  The 
usual  etymology  of  albus  (■s\hite),  said  to 
have  been  given  by  Julius  Caesar  in 
allusion  to  the  "  white  cliffs,"  is  quite 
untenable,  as  Aristotle  mentions  the 
islands  of  Albion  and  leme  four  hundred 
Years  before  the  invasion  of  Ctesar. 
Aristotle,  De  Jfiindo  iii.     {See  Albin.) 

Alhion.  Son  of  the  king  of  this 
island  when  Oberon  held  his  court  in 
what  we  call  Kensington  Gardens.  He 
was    stulen    by   the    elfin    Milkah,    and 


brought  up  in  fairyland.  When  nine- 
teen years  of  ag^o,  ho  fell  in  love  with 
Kenn.a,  daughter  of  king  Oljeron,  but 
was  driven  from  the  empire  by  the  in- 
dignant monarch.  Albion  invaded  the 
territory,  but  was  slain  in  the  battle. 
When  Kenna  knew  this,  she  poured  the 
juice  of  moly  over  the  dead  body,  and  it 
changed  into  a  snow-drop. — T.  Tickell. 

Albrac'ca's  Damsel  (in  "Orlando 
Furioso  ")  is  Angel'ica.  Albraoca  is  tlio 
capital  of  Cathay  {q.v.). 

Album.  A  blank  book  for  scrajis. 
The  Romans  applied  the  word  to  certain 
tables  overlaid  with  gypsum,  on  which 
were  inscribed  the  annals  of  the  chief 
priests,  the  edictsof  the  praetors,  and  rules 
relating  to  civil  matters.  In  the  Middle 
Ages,  "  album  "  was  the  general  name  of 
a  register  or  list;  so  called  from  being 
kept  either  on  a  white  board  with  black 
letters,  or  on  a  black  board  with  white 
letters.  For  the  same  reason  the  boards 
in  churches  for  notices,  and  the  boards  in 
universities  containmg  the  names  of  the 
college  men,  are  called  albums, 

Alca'de  or  Alca'di,  A  judge  is  so 
called  in  Spain.  The  word  is  the  Arabic 
al  cadi  (the  judge). 

Alca'ic  Verse  or  Alcaics.  A  Creek 
and  Latin  metre,  so  called  from  Alcaos,  a 
lyric  poet,  who  invented  it. 

Alcan'tara.  The  Order  of  Alcantara, 
instituted  in  Hot),  by  Hadria  II.,  king 
of  Leon,  at  Alcantara,  a  town  of  Estra- 
madu'ra.  The  sovereign  of  Spain  is,  ez 
'jfficio,  sovereign  of  the  Order. 

Aleastus (in "Jerusalem  Delivered"). 
The  Cap'aneus  of  the  Crusaders,  leader  of 
6,000  foot  soldiers  from  Helvetia. 

Al'ce  (2  syl.).  One  of  the  dogs  of 
Actre'on. 

Alces'te  (2  syl.).  The  hero  of  Mo- 
liere's  "Misanthrope."  Not  unlike 
Shakespeare's  character  of  Timon. 

Alchemy  is  the  Arabic  al  kimia  (the 
secret  art) ;  so  called  not  only  because  it 
was  carried  on  in  secret,  but  because  its 
main  objects  were  the  two  great  secrets 
of  science — the  transmutation  of  baser 
metals  into  gold,  and  the  elixir  of  life. 

Alci'na.  The  personification  of  car- 
n.i!  pleasure  in  "  Orlando  Furioso  ; "  the 
Cij-ci  of  the  Greeks,  and   ZMi>e   of  ths 


ALCOFRIBAS, 


ALEKA. 


18 


A  rabians.  Sho  enjoyed  ber  lovers  for  a 
time,  and  then  cbanged  them  into  trees, 
stones,  fountains,  or  beasts,  as  her  fancy 
dictated. 

Alcofribas.  The  pspudonprm  of 
Eabolais  iu  his  Garfjatilua  and  Pantagitid. 
Alcofribas  Nasior  is  an  anagram  of 
"  Fran9ois  Iiabelais."  The  introduction 
rtina  thus  :  "  The  inestimable  life  of  the 
Great  Gargnnlua,  father  of  I'antagruei, 
heretofore  composed  by  M.  Alcofribas, 
abstractor  of  the  quiutussence,  a  book 
full  of  pantagruelism." 

Aldabella  or  Aldahelle  (in  "Orlando 
Furioso.' )  tjister  of  Olivic'ro  and 
Brandiinarte,  daughter  of  ilonodantos, 
and  wife  of  Orlando. 

Aldabella.  A  marchioness  of  Florence, 
who  gave  entertainment  to  the  magnates 
of  the  city.  Shewasvcryhandsome,heart- 
less,  and  arrogant.  When  Fazio  became 
rich  with  Bartoldo's  money,  Aldabell« 
inveigled  him  from  his  wife,  and  his  wife, 
out  of  jealous}',  accused  her  husband  of 
being  privy  to  Harloldo's  death.  Fazio 
being  condemned  for  miirdor  and  robbery, 
his  wife  Bianca  accused  Aldabella  of  in- 
veigling him,  and  the  marchioness  was 
condemned  by  the  duke  of  Florence  to 
spend  the  rest  of  her  life  iu  a  nunnery. 
— Bean  Mllman,  "  Fazio." 

Ald'ebaran.  The  sun  in  Arabian 
mytholojry.  In  astronomy,  tlio  star  called 
the  Bull's  erje  in  the  constellation  Taurus 
Alderman.  A  cant  term  for  a 
half-crown.  An  alderman,  as  a  magis- 
trate, may  be  termed  half  a  king  (or 
crown).  Of  course,  the  word  means  one 
0*  the  "elders." 

A  turkey  is  called  an  alderman,  both 
fi'om  its  presence  in  aldermanic  feasts, 
and  also  because  of  its  red  and  purple 
colours,  which  make  it  a  sort  of  poultry 
alderman. 

An  alderman  in  chains,  by  a  similar 
effort  of  wit,  is  a  turkey  hung  with 
Bausairos. 

Al'dibo-ron'tephos'co  phor'nio 

A  courtier  in  Ih'iiry  L'arey'e  larco  called 
Chro'non-ho'ton-ihol'oyos, 

Al'diger  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
Buo'vo's  son,  of  tho  house  of  Clarmont, 
who  lived  in  Ag'rismont  Castle,  lie  w.a.s 
brother  of  Malagi'gi  and  Vivian  ;  all 
Christians. 

Aldine  (2  syl.).  Lcailcr  of  tho  second 
squadron  of  Aralm  who  joined  the  Ejfyp- 


tian  arm.ament  aeainst  tho  Cnisadora. 
—  Tasso,  "Jerusalem  Delicered."  [i!e4 
Sypha-X.) 

Aldine  editions.  Editions  of  the 
Greek  and  I>atin  classics,  published  and 
printed  under  tho  suponntcndcnce  of 
AMo  Manuz'io  and  his  sou  Paolo  (1490- 
1597) ;  most  of  them  in  duodecimo,  and 
all  noted  for  their  accuracy.  The  father 
iiiventeil  tho  typo  called  italics,  once 
called  Aldine,  and  6rst  used  in  printing 
"  Virgil,"  1501. 

Al'dingar,  Sir.  Steward  of  queen 
Eleanor,  wife  of  Henry  II.  He  impc-ichod 
bor  fidelity,  and  submitted  to  a  combat 
to  substantiate  his  charge,  but  an  angol, 
in  the  shape  of  a  child,  est;il)Iis!ied  tho 
queen's  innocence. — Percy's  "  Jieli'jiies." 

Ale  is  the  Scandinavian  iil,  a  liquor 
made  of  tho  molto-beer,  a  large,  red, 
three-lobed  berry  that  grows  wild  in 
most  parts  of  Scandina'via.  Malt  is  the 
word  moUc,  applied  to  tho  barley  sub- 
stitute of  the  Norwegian  berry.  Boer 
is  ale  with  hops  in  it,  called  IJaiertk 
(Bavarian).  Even  in  England  ale  was 
made  at  one  time  of  wheat,  barley,  and 
honey,  without  hop's. 

In  some  [.arts  of  the  island  ale  iccaua 
the  stronger  brew,  and  in  others  boor. 
The  rule  is  this  :  wherever  the  .Scandina- 
vian element  prevails,  alj  or  iil  is  tlie 
strong  drink  ;  but  where  tho  German 
element  predominates,  it  is  beer  or 
baicrsk. 

Ale-draper,  a  tapster.  Ale-drapery, 
the  selling  of  alo,  &o. 

No  otticr  occuii^tioii  have  I  hut  to  ho  nil  «le- 
dnipcr.— //.  CluiUU,  " Kind-hiirU'  l>i-eam»."  IWJ. 

Ale- silver.  A  yearly  tribute  pai-l 
to  thocor[)orationof  London,  as  a  licouc* 
for  selling  alo. 

Ale-btake.  Tho  polo  sot  up  before 
alo-ho'lses  by  way  of  "sign."  A  bush 
was  very  often  fixed  to  its  top. 

A  K^rl^i'Kl  had  ho  srt  upon  liH  houl 
A9  urenl  iw  11  werlii  fur  on  olo-itnkr 

Ale-wife.  Tho  landlady  of  an  alo- 
Louso  or  ale-stand. 

Alec'to.  One  of  tho  Furies,  wboM 
ho-Nd  was  covered  with  snakes. 

"iifii  liki-  Alcot<>,  iprrlhiB  l"  rlcw, 
liki<  Mivlimii.  lhi»  CirfiiK'tiin  «rcw. 
UooU'i  "JtrufiU^n  Dtixnrmt."  k.  tL 

A'lO'ka.  Wife  of  Fan  goo,  idols  of  tin 
Oroun'gou  tribes  in  Africa,  tho  special 
protootors  of  kingu  and  {fOV.'rn:uo:iUi. 


20 


ALERIA. 


ALEXIS. 


Ale'ria  (in  "Orlando  Furioso").  One 
of  the  Amazons,  and  tlie  best  beloved  of 
the  ten  wives  of  Guido  the  Savage. 

Alert-  To  be  on  the  watch.  (Greek, 
ortlws,  erect ;  Latin,  ortus  ;  Italian,  erto, 
steep ;  French,  erte,  a  watch-tower. 
Hence  the  Italian  stare  all'  ertn,  the 
fcjpanish  estar  alerta,  and  the  French 
estre  a  P  erta,  to  be  on  the  watch. 

Alessio.  The  lover  of  Liza,  in  Bel- 
li'ni's  opera  of  "  La  Sonnambula." 
(Scribe's  libretto.) 

Ale'thes  (3  syl.).  An  ambassador 
from  Egypt  to  king  Al'adine.  He  is 
represented  as  a  man  of  low  birth  raised 
to  the  highest  rank,  subtle,  false,  deceit- 
ful, and  wily.  —  Tasso,  "  Jet'usalem  De- 
livered." 

Alexander.  Fo?t  a?-e  ihinking  of 
Parmen'io,  and  I  of  Alexander — i.e.,  you 
are  thinking  what  you  ought  to  receive, 
and  I  what  I  ought  to  give ;  you  are 
thinking  of  those  castigated,  rewarded, 
or  gifted,  but  I  of  my  own  position,  and 
what  punishment,  reward,  or  gift  is  con- 
sistent with  my  rank.  The  allusion  is  to 
the  tain  about  Parmen'io  and  Alexander, 
when  the  king  said,  "  I  consider  not 
what  Parmenio  should  receive,  but  what 
Alexander  should  give." 

Only  two  Alexanders.  Alexander  said, 
"There  are  but  two  Alexanders— the 
invincible  son  of  Philip,  and  the  inimit- 
able painting  of  the  hero  by  Apelles." 

Alexander  of  the  North.  Charles  XII. 
cf  Sweden,  so  called  from  his  military 
r.chievcments.  He  was  conquered  at 
Pultowa,  in  Russia  (1709),  by  czar  Peter 
the  Great  (1682-1718). 

Kepressins  here 
The  frantio  Alexander  of  the  North. 

J'^omson,  "  Wir<if.T." 

Alexander  the  Corrector.  Alexander 
Cruden,  author  of  the  "  Concordance  to 
the  Bible,"  who  petitioned  Parliament  to 
constitute  him  "  Corrector  of  the  People," 
and  went  about  constantly  with  a  sponge 
to  wipe  out  the  licentious,  coarse,  and 
profane  chalk  scrawls  which  met  his  eye. 
(1701-1770.) 

Tlie  Persian  Alexander.  Sandjar  (1117- 
115S). 

Alexandra  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
Orouthea's  daughter;  the  Amazon  queen. 


Alexan'drian.  Anything  from  tlie 
East  was  so  called  by  the  old  chroniclera 
and  romancers,  because  Alexandria  was 
the  depot  from  which  Eastern  stores 
reached  Europe. 

Reclined  onAlexnudnan  carpets  rt«.  Purtian). 
Hone,  "  Orlando  Furioso,  '  i.  i7. 

Alexandrian  Codex.  A  mann- 
script  of  the  Scriptures  in  Greek,  which 
belonged  to  the  library  of  the  patriarchs 
of  Alexandria,  in  Africa,  a.d.  1098.  In 
1628  it  was  sent  as  a  present  to  Charles  I., 
and  is  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

Alexandrian  Library.  Founded 
by  Ptolemy  So'ter  in  Alexandria,  in 
Egypt.  The  tale  is  that  it  was  burnt 
and  partly  consumed  in  391 ;  but  when 
the  city  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  calif 
Omar,  in  642,  the  Arabs  found  books 
sufficient  to  "  heat  the  baths  of  the  city 
for  six  months." 

Alexandrian  Sebool.  An  aca- 
demy of  literature  by  Ptolemy,  son  of 
La'gos,  and  especially  famous  for  its 
grammarians  and  mathematicians.  Of 
its  grammarians  the  most  noted  ara 
Aristarchos,  Harpocra'tion,  and  Era- 
tos'thenes  ;  and  of  its  mathematici.Tns 
Ptolemy  and  Euclid,  the  former  an  astro- 
nomer, and  the  latter  the  geometer 
whose  "  Elements "  are  still  very  gene- 
rally uyed. 

Alexandrine  Age.  From  a.d.  323 
to  640,  when  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  was 
the  centre  of  science  and  literature. 

Alexandrine  Philosophy.  The 
system  of  the  Gnostics,  or  Platonised 
form  of  Christianity. 

Alexan'drines  (4  syl.).  Verses  of 
twelve  or  thirteen  syllables,  divided  into 
two  parts  between  the  sixth  and  seventh 
syllable ;  so  called  because  they  were  first 
employed  in  a  metrical  romance  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  commenced  by  Lambert- 
li-Cors,  and  continued  by  Alexandre  de 
Beri'.ay  of  Normandy.  The  final  line  of 
the  Spenserian  stanza  is  an  Alexandrine. 

A  needless  Alexnndrine  ends  the  song 
M'hich,  like  a  wounded  snake  I  drags  Its  slow 
length  along.— Pop*. 

Alexis,  St.  Patron  saint  of  hermits. 
The  story  goes  that  he  lived  on  his  father's 
estate  as  a  hermit  till  death,  but  was  ner«r 
recognised. 


ALFADEE. 


AT-IRTS. 


ai 


Alfa'der  (/a^/ier  of  all).  The  most 
tucient  aud  chief  of  the  Scandina'vian 
gods.     Father  of  the  Asen. 

AJfa'na.  The  name  of  Gradasso's 
horse.  —  Orlando  Furwso, 

Alf^r'.  The  goed  and  bad  genii  of 
the  Scandina'viaiis. 

Alf'heim  (home  of  the  genii).  A 
celestial  city  inhabited  by  the  elves  and 
fairies.     (Scand.  myth.)'- 

Alfonso.  While  Tasso  was  at  Fei- 
ra'ra  he  fell  in  love  with  Leonora  d'Este, 
daughter  of  Alfonso,  duke  of  Ferra'ra. 
Whereupon  the  duke  shut  him  up  in  a 
madhouse  for  seven  years,  from  which 
he  was  released  by  Clement  VIII.,  who 
inviied  him  to  Rome. 

The  miserable  dsspot  could  not  quell 

The  insulted  mind  he  sought  to  quench,  and  blend 

With  the  surrouudiug  maniacs. 

Huron,  '•  (,'hiliU  Barold,"  iv.  36. 

Alfonso  XI.,  of  Castile,  whose 
"  favourite "  was  Leonora  de  Guzman. 
Being  threatened  with  excommunication 
unless  he  put  her  away  (as  Leonora  was 
in  love  with  Ferdinando,  a  brave  officer), 
the  king  creates  Ferdinando  marquess 
of  Montreal,  and  gives  him  the  hand  of 
his  "  favourite."  As  soon  as  Ferdinando 
discovers  who  Leonora  is,  he  restores 
his  honours  to  the  king,  repudiates  his 
bride,  and  retires  to  a  monastery. — 
Donizetti's  Opera  "  La  Favorita." 

Alfred's  Scholarp.  Worfritli 
bishop  of  Worcester,  Ethelstan  and 
Werwulf  two  Mercian  priests,  Flcgmund 
(a  Mercian)  afterwards  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, Asser  a  Welshman,  Grinibald 
a  great  French  scholar,  &c.,  invited  over 
to  England  by  king  Alfred. 

Al'garsife  (3  syl.).  Son  of  Cambus'- 
can,  and  brother  of  Cam'balo,  who  "  won 
'J'heod'ora  to  wife."  It  is  in  the 
"  Squire's  Tale,"  by  Chaucer,  but  was 
never  finished.     {See  Ca-Hack.) 

Call  up  him  that  left  half  told 
The  stcny  of  Ciiuihiiscan  hold, 
Of  Camball,  and  of  Ai;;ar3ifc, 
And  who  had  Canii."c  to  wife. 

Uiltvn,  "  //  I'enteroso." 

Al'pcebra  is  the  Arabic  al  nelr  (ical 
mokdhala),  "  the  supplementing  and 
ecpialising  (process);"  so  called  because 
the  problems  are  solved  by  equations, 
aud  the  equations  are  made  by  supplo- 
raentary  terms. 


Alham'bra.  The  palace  of  the 
ancient  Moors  in  Grana'da.  The  word  it 
the  Arabic  al-hamra,  or  at  full  lengtlj 
kal'-at  al  hamra  (the  red  castle). 

All.  Cousin  and  son-in-law  of  Ma- 
homet, the  beauty  of  whose  eyes  is  with 
the  Persians  proverbial,  insomuch  that 
the  highest  term  they  employ  to  express 
beauty  is  Jy;t  y/u/i\eye8of  Ali).—CAar(/i». 

Aricant.  A  Spanish  wine  made  at 
Alicant,  in  the  province  of  V'alencLa. 

Alice.  The  foster-sister  of  Robert  le 
Diable,  and  bride  of  Hambaldo  the  Nor- 
man troubadour.  She  comes  to  Palermo 
to  place  in  the  duke's  hand  her  mother's 
will,  which  he  is  enjoined  not  to  read  till 
he  is  a  virtuoas  man.  When  Bertram, 
his  fiend-father,  tempts  his  son  to  evil, 
Alice  proves  his  good  genius;  and  when, 
at  last,  Bertram  claims  his  soul  as  the 
price  of  his  ill  deeds,  Alice  reads  the 
"  will,"  and  wins  him  from  the  evil  one. — 
Meyerbeer's  Opera  "Jiuberto  il  iJtai-oto." 

Aliehi'no.  A  devil,  in  "The Inferno" 
of  Dante. 

A  J 'icon.  The  seventh  hearea.  {Ma 
komelan  mytholofji/.) 

Al'ilat.  The  name  by  which  the 
Arabs  adore  Nature,  which  they  repre- 
sent by  a  crescent  moon.  All  inferior 
gods  are  called  by  them  tl  ilahat  (the 

gudilest^es). 

Alifan'faron,  the  giant.  Don 
Quixote  attacked  a  flock  of  sheep,  which 
he  declared  to  be  the  army  of  the  giant 
AlifanlaiiMi.  Similarly  Ajax,  in  a  tit  of 
madness,  fell  on  a  Hock  of  sheep,  which 
ho  mistook  for  Grecian  princes. 

Alipran'do  (in  "  Jerusalem  De 
livered ").  One  of  the  Christian  kni;rht«. 
Having  discovered  the  armour  of  Kinaldo 
cast  on  one  side,  he  took  it  to  Godfrev, 
who  very  naturally  inferred  that  lUualdo 
had  been  slam. 

Al'iris.  Sultan  of  Lower  I5uchar'i&. 
Under  the  disguised  name  of  Kernmorr, 
he  acconipaniofl  IjilLi  llookh,  his  bride, 
from  Delhi,  and  wins  h^r  iieart  by  hi» 
ways,  aii'l  the  talcs  lie  tolls  on  the  journey 
The  lady  falls  in  love  with  the  poet,  and 
is  delighted  to  find,  on  the  nioming  o( 
the  wedding,  that  Foramor/.  is,  in  fact, 
tho  sultan,  her  intended  busb.ind.  — T. 
Movrt.  "  LalUi  llooiK." 


al  kader. 


ALLIGATOE. 


Al  Ka'der  {(he  Divine  decree).  A 
particular  niplit  in  tho  month  Ramarllinn, 
when  the  Aral>s  Kay  tliat  angels  descend 
to  earth,  and  Gabiiel  reveals  to  man  the 
decrees  of  God. — A I  Koran. 

Al  Moshta'ri.  The  Arabian  name 
of  the  planet  Jujiiter. 

Al-Si'rat  (Arab.,  Ihepul/i).  The  bridge 
over  hell,  no  wider  than  the  edge  of  a 
sword,  across  which  every  one  who  enters 
heaven  must  pass.     (Mahom.  Theol.) 

All   Alive   and   Kiekinir.      The 

allusion  is  to  a  child  in  the  womb  after 
"  quickening." 

All  ia  the  Wrong.  A  drama,  by 
Murphy,  borrowed  from  Dostouches,  the 
Frencli  dramatist. 

All  my  Eye  (and)  Betty  Martin. 
All  nonsense.  Joe  Miller  says  that  a 
Jack  Tar  went  into  a  foreign  church, 
where  he  heard  some  one  uttering  these 
words— ^/t/  mild,  hea't'e  Marti'ne  (Ah! 
[grant]  me,  Blessed  Martin).  On  giving 
an  account  of  his  adventure.  Jack  said 
he  could  not  make  much  out  of  it,  but  it 
Beemed  to  him  very  like  "  All  my  eye 
and  Betty  Martin." 

All  Saints  or  All  Hallows.  In  610 
the  Pope  of  Rome  ordered  that  the 
heathen  pantheon  should  be  converted 
into  a  Chiistian  church,  and  dedicated 
to  the  honour  of  all  martyrs.  The  festi- 
val of  All  Saints  was  first  held  on  ]\lay  1, 
hut  in  the  year  834  it  was  changed  to 
November  1.  "Hallows"  is  from  the 
Saxon  haligan.  (to  make  or  keep  holy). 

All  Souls'  Day.  The  2nd  of  No- 
vember, so  called  because  the  Roman 
Catholics  on  that  day  seek  by  prayer 
and  almsgiving  to  alleviate  the  sufferings 
of  souls  in  purgatory.  It  was  first  insti- 
tuted in  the  monastery  of  Clugny,  in  993. 

Acconiing  to  tradition,  a  pilgrim,  re- 
turning from  the  Holy  Land,  was  com- 
pelled by  a  storm  to  land  on  a  rocky 
island,  where  he  found  a  hermit,  who  told 
him  that  among  the  clilTs  of  the  island 
was  an  opening  into  the  infernal  regions 
through  which  huge  flames  ascended, 
and  where  the  groans  of  the  tormented 
were  distinctly  audible.  The  pilgrim 
told  Odilo,  abbot  of  Clugny,  of  this;  and 
the  abbot  appointed  the  day  following, 
which  was  November  2,  to  be  set  apait 
for  the  benefit  of  souls  in  purgatory. 


All  this  for  a  Song.  The  excla- 
mation of  Bnileif.'!),  when  qvieen  Eliza- 
beth ordered  him  to  giveXlOO  to  Spenser 
for  a  royal  gratuity. 

All-overish.  A  familiar  e.xprossion, 
meaning  all  over  ill  al  ease.  "  I  feel  all- 
ovorish,"  not  exactly  ill,  but  by  no  means 
v/cll.  The  precursor  of  a  fever,  indueuza, 
ague,  &c.  The  word  is  a  corru]>tion  of 
all  awvish,  i.e.,  all  elfish,  as  if  the  elves 
or  hobgoblins  had  bewitched  me. 

All-to.  AUogeilier.  As  "all-to  be- 
crossed;"  "all-to  bebatted."  "Acertain 
woman  cast  a  piece  of  a  millstone  upon 
Abimelech's  head,  and  all-to  brake  hia 
skull."  (Judges  ix.  53.)  (5eeThe  Parker 
Society's  reprints.) 

Mcrciitio's  icy  hand  had  al-to  froien  miES.- 
Romeus  and  Jviiet,  loSJ. 

Alls.  The  five  A  Us.  A  public-house 
sign.  It  has  five  human  figures,  with  a 
motto  to  each  : — 

(1)  A  kins,  in  his  regalia motto  /  poi'em  aH. 

(2)  A  bishop,  in  his  pontificals      „      I  pray  for  aU. 
Vi)  A  lawyer,  in  his  gown      ...      „      J  plead  for  all. 

(4)  A  soldier,  In  regimentals        „       1  figlU /or  all. 

(5)  .\  labourer,  with  his  tools      „      I  pay /or  all. 

One  of  those  signs  still  exists  in  the  town 
of  Marlborough 

Alls.  Tap-droppings.  The  refuse  of 
all  sorts  of  spirits  drained  from  tha 
glasses,  or  spilt  in  drawing.  The  mixture 
is  sold  in  gin-houses  at  a  cheap  rate. 

Alia  or  Allah  (that  is,  al-iWi).  "The 
adorable."  The  Arabic  name  of  the 
Supremo  Being. 

Alia  Akbar'.  Alia  h-  most  mighly. 
The  cry  of  the  Ajabs. — Ockley. 

Allath.  One  of  the  three  daughters 
of  the  supreme  god  of  the  ancient  Ara- 
bians. Tho  other  two  were  Menach  and 
Aluzzo. 

Allen-a-Dale.  A  brave  young  man 
who  was  assisted  by  Robin  Hood  to  carry 
off  his  bride,  when  on  the  point  of  being 
married  against  her  will  to  a  rich  old 
knight. 

Allick  and  Sandie.  Contractions 
of  Alexander ;  the  one  being  Alex'  and 
tho  other  'xander. 

Alligator.  When  the  Spaniards  first 
saw  this  reptile  in  the  New  World,  they 
called  it  el  layarto  (the  lizard).  Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh  called  them  lagartot,  and  Ben 
oonson  alligarlai. 


ALLODIA.LS. 


ALONZO. 


a 


AUo'dials.  Lands  which  are  hold  by 
an  absolute  right,  without  even  tho  l>ur- 
den  of  homage  or  lidolitv.  The  word  is 
Teutonic — all-odk  (all  property). 

Allop'athy  is  in  opposition  to  Ho- 
mreop'athi/.  Tho  latter  word  is  from  tho 
Greek  hovueos  pathos,  similar  disease  ;  and 
the  former  is  alios  pathos,  a  dilforont  dis- 
ease.  In  ono  case,  "  like  is  to  euro  like  ;" 
and  in  tho  latter,  the  disease  is  cured  by 
its  "  antidote." 

AUworth.  In  "A  New  Way  to  Pay 
Old  Debts,"  by  Massingor. 

Allworthy,  in  Fielding's  "  Tom 
Jones,"  is  dusigned  for  the  author's 
friend  Ralph  Allen. 

Let  humble  Allen,  with  an  awkward  stiame, 
Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  to  lind  it  fame. 

Fopt. 

Al'roa  (tht  htinian  soul),  queen  of 
'•  Body  Castle,"  beset  by  enemies  for 
seven  years  (the  Heven,  Ages  of  Man). 
The  besiegers  are  a  rabble  rout  of  evil 
desires,  fo\il  imaginations,  and  silly  con- 
ceits. Alma  conducted  Arthur  an<l  Sir 
(Juyon  over  her  castle.  "  The  divine  part 
of  a  man,"  says  Sponsor,  "  is  circular,  a 
circle  being  the  emblem  of  oton;ity ;  but 
the  mortal  part  triaui/ular,  as  it  consists 
of  three  things— blood,  flesh,  and  bones." 

Alma  Ma'ter.  A  collegian  so  calls 
ihe  university  of  which  he  is  a  member. 
The  words  are  Latin  for  "fostering 
mother." 

Kxiiulston  fiom  his  Alin.i  Mater.  The  Co'leoian 
and  the  Porter. 

Almack's.  Aristocratic  exclusivo- 
noss.  A  ball  given  b)'  the  highest  nobi- 
lity. Almack's  means  jiropcrly  a  suite  of 
assembly  rooms  in  KingStrcot,  St.  Jamo.s's 
(London),  built  in  17*^  by  a  Scotchman 
named  Macall,  wlio  inverted  liis  name  to 
obviate  all  prejudice  and  hide  his  origin. 
Balls,  presided  over  by  a  committee  of 
ladies  of  the  highest  rank,  used  to  bo 
given  at  these  rooms ;  and  to  be  admitted 
to  them  was  as  great  a  distinction  as  to 
be  introduced  at  Court.  The  rooms  are 
now  called  Willis's,  from  the  present 
proprietor  ;  l)ut  they  no  longer  retain 
thoir  origin.a)  character. 

Al'manac  is  tho  Arahio  al  manac 
(the  diary).  Verstegen  says  it  is  tho 
Saxon  al-mon-afjht  (all  moon  heed),  and 
that  it  refers  to  tho  tallies  of  the  full  and 
new  moons  kept  by  our  Saxon  ancestors. 


Ono  of  those  tallies  may  still  be  soon  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 

The  Man  i*  the  .Almaiuic  slack  irith  pins 
(Mat.  Lee),  is  a  niau  marked  with  point* 
referring  to  signs  of  the  zo<liae,  and 
intended  to  indicate  the  favounblo  and 
u!ifavourablo  times  of  letting  blood. 

I  slian'l  coiutuU  your  almanac  (French), 
I  sliall  not  come  to  vou  to  know  wh.it 
weather  to  oxjioct.  'fho  reference  is  to 
tho  prognostications  of  weather  in  al- 
manacs. 

Alman'zor.  A  character  in  Dry- 
dou's  "  Conquest  of  Granada,"  a  tragedy. 

Almighty  Dollar.  Wa-shington 
Irving  first  made  use  of  this  expression, 
in  his  sketch  of  a  "  Creole  Village"  (1637). 

Almond  Tree.  Grey  hairs.  The 
Preacher  thus  describes  old  a^e  :  — 

In  the  diiy  when  tho  keepers  of  the  hoax"  Vu 
haniU)  shall  tremble,  and  the  stronx  mi>n  tht  Itvt, 
bow  themselves,  and  the  i^rhiders  l(A4  tutki  ci'ntc 
because  they  are  few,  and  those  that  louk  out  of 
the  windows  {tht  enei)  he  darkened  .  .  .  and  tha 
almond-tree  shall  llonrish  ((7r«i/  hairi  on  n  bald 
pate),  and  the  grasshopper  be  a  burden  and  de- 
sire shall  fail  . . .  when  tho  silver  cord  (A*  tri'wl 
mirrotot  shall  be  lonsod,  the  golden  bowl  iinliUt^t 
hrokeu,  and  the  pitcher  broknn  at  llic  cl.ttarn  itA* 
puis*  ij/ tht  heart  itnpitedi.-Euiet.  lil.  »-fl. 

Almonry.  The  place  where  tho 
almoner  resides.  The  almoner  is  the 
person  whose  duty  it  is  to  distribute  alms, 
which,  in  ancient  times,  consisted  of  ono- 
tenth  of  the  entire  iucoiae  of  a  mon.ostory. 
(.b'ee  Ambky.) 

Alma.  Gifts  to  tho  poor.  (Old  Eni^^iish 
alinesse,  DAuiah  ahnisse.  Norman  a/moi.<7/u, 
French  aumoncs,  Latin  elccino.yna,  from 
tho  Greek  eleeo,  I  pity.) 

Alms-drink.  Anotlior's  leavings;  for 
alms  consist  of  broken  bread  and  tlie 
residue  of  drink.  It  is  also  applied  to 
tho  lupior  which  adrinkcr  finds  too  mtKh, 
and  therefore  hands  to  another. 

Alms-house.  A  house  in  which  alms- 
men and  women  live  free. 

Alnis-tnan,.     One  who  lives  on  .ilms. 

Alon(?-shore  Men.  The  lower  sort 
of  men  employed  about  cur  quoy*  and 
docks. 

Alonzo  of  A'guilar'.  When  Fer- 
nando, king  of  Ar'agon,  was  l.nying  siege 
to  (Jrana'da,  after  chasing  Zii'gal  from 
tho  gates,  he  a.sked  who  wmild  unilcrtnke 
to  plant  his  banner  on  the  hoighla. 
Alonzo,  "  tho  lowmost  of  tho  dons,"  un- 
dertook tho  ta«k,  but  WM  cut  down  br 


ti 


ALOOF. 


ALTO. 


the  Moors.  His  body  was  exposed  in 
the  wood  of  Oxijo'ra,  and  the  Moorish 
damsels,  struck  with  its  beauty,  buried 
it  near  the  brook  of  Al[>uxarra. 

Aloof.  Stand  aloof,  away.  A  sea 
term.  The  loof  is  the  after- part  of  a  ship's 
bow,  aud  the  guns  mounted  therein  are 
styled  "loof -pieces." 

A  I'outrance.  In  spite  of  obstacles 
and  objections.  (French,  d  I'otdrance,  to 
the  extreme.) 

Aohampion  hfts  st»rted  up  to  maintain  d  Vuiitranct 
bor  iunuceiice  of  llie  great  od'eiice.— .StajiJurJ. 

Alp.  The  Adrian  reneg'ade,  a  Vene- 
tian by  extraction,  who  forswore  the 
Christian  faith  to  become  a  commander 
in  the  Turkish  army.  He  led  the  host 
to  the  siege  of  Corinth,  while  that 
country  was  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Doge.  He  loved  Francesca,  daughter  of 
Minotti,  governor  of  Corinth,  but  she 
died  of  a  broken  heart  because  he  de- 
serted his  country  and  was  an  apostate. 
The  renegade  was  shot  in  the  siege. — 
Byron,  "  Siege  of  Corinth." 

Alph.  A  mythical  "  sacred  river  in 
Xanadu,"  which  ran  "  through  caverns 
measureless  to  man." — Coleridge,  "Kubla 
Khun." 

Al'pha.  "/  am  Alpha  and  Omega, 
thejirst  and  tJie  last."  (Rev.  i.  8.)  "Alpha" 
is  the  first,  and  "0-meg'a"  the  last  letter 
of  the  Greek  alphabet. 

Alphe'os  and  Arethu'sa.  The 
Greek  fable  says  that  Alplie'os,  the 
river-god,  fell  in  love  with  the  nymph 
A  rethu'sa,  who  tied  from  him  in  affright. 
The  burly  god  pursued,  but  was  changed 
into  a  river,  aud  the  nymph  into  a 
fountain. 

We  have  seen  a  moustachioed  Alplieos, at  Khims- 
gate.    pursue    an    alt'riglited   Arethusa.  —  Luition 

Alphe'us  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
A  magician  and  prophet  in  the  army  of 
Charlemagne,  slain  in  sleep  by  Clorida'uo. 

Alphon'sin.  An  instrument  for  ex- 
tracting balls ;  so  called  from  Alphonso 
Ferri,  a  surgeon  of  Naples,  who  invented 
it. 

Alphon'sine  Tables.  Astronomical 
tables  constructed  in  V25'2,  by  Isaac 
Hazan,  a  Jewish  rabbi,  who  named  them 
in  honour  of  his  patror,,  Alphonso  X., 
'<in;r  of  Castillo. 


Alphonso,  to  whom  Tasso  dedicates 
his  "  Jenisalem  Delivered,"  was  Alphonso 
d'Este,  duke  of  Ferra'ra. 

Alpue  {Al-pu).  Continuing  the  bet 
on  a  particular  card  that  has  already 
won. 

Wliat  pity  'tl.<i  those  conquering  eyes 

Which  all  the  world  subdue, 
Should,  while  the  lover  Kazmn  dien. 

Be  only  on  alpue.— EUtertgt,  ■•  liauU." 

Alquife  (al-he-/y).  A  fanious  en- 
chanter,  introuuc<'(l  into  the  romances  of 
uiicieut  times,  especially  tlmso  relating 
to  Am'adis. 

Alsa'tia.  The  Whitefriars'  sanctuary 
for  debtors  and  law-breakers.  Cunning- 
ham thinks  the  name  is  borrowed  from 
Alsace,  in  France,  which  being  a  frontier 
of  the  Khine,  was  everlastingly  the  seat 
of  war  and  the  refuge  of  the  disatf'  cted. 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  his  "  Fortunes  of 
Nigel,"  has  described  the  life  and  state 
of  this  rookery.     (.'^'e«  Petand.) 

Als'vidur.  One  of  the  horses  of  the 
sun.     (Scand.  myth.) 

Altamo'riis  (in  "Jerusalem  De- 
livered ").  King  of  Samarcand',  who 
joined  the  Egyptian  armament  against 
the  Crusaders.  "  He  was  supremo  in 
courage  as  in  might."  (Book  xvii.)  He 
surrendered  himself  to  Godfrey.  (Book  xx.) 

Altan  Eol  or  Gold  Biver  (Thibet). 
So  called  froLi  the  gold  which  aboimds 
in  its  sands. 

Altar.  Led  to  t/ie  altar,  i.e.,  married. 
Said  of  a  lady.  The  altar  is  the  com- 
munion-tablo  railed  off  from  the  body 
of  the  church,  where  marriages  are 
solemnised.  The  bride  is  led  up  the 
aisle  to  the  rail. 

Alter  eg'o.  Jly  double  or  counter- 
part. In  "  The  Corsican  Brothers,"  the 
same  actor  performs  the  two  brothers, 
the  one  being  the  alter  ego  of  the  other. 
(Lat.,  "a  second  I.") 

A]tisido'ra(ia  the  "Curious  Imper- 
tinent ") ;  an  episode  in  "Don  Quixote." 

Altis.  The  plot  of  ground  on  which 
tho  Greeks  held  their  public  games. 

Alto  relievo.  Italian  for  '•hi';h 
relief."  A  term  used  in  sculpture  for 
figures  in  wood,  stone,  marble,  Ac,  so 
cut  as  to  project  at  least  one-half  from 
the  tablet.     It  should  be  rilevo  or  rilieva. 


ALZES. 


AMAZON. 


20 


Alzes  (2  syl.).  The  Scandinavian 
god  of  fraternal  lovo. 

Alzir'do  (in  "  Orlando  Furioso). 
King'  of  Trem'izen,  in  Africa.  He  was 
overthrown  by  Orlando  on  his  way  to 
join  the  allied  army  of  Ajr'ramant. 

Am'adis  of  Gaul.  The  hero  of  a 
romance  in  prose  of  the  same  title, 
originally  written  in  Portuguese  in  four 
books.  These  four  were  translated  into 
Spanish  by  Montalvo,  wiio  added  a  fifth. 
Subsequent  romancers  added  the  exploits 
and  adventures  of  other  knights,  so  as 
to  swell  the  romance  to  fourteen  books. 
The  French  version  is  much  larger  still, 
one  containing  twenty-four  books,  and 
another  running  through  seven  volumes. 
The  original  author  was  Vasco  de  Lobeira, 
of  Oporto,  who  died  1403. 

The  hero,  called  the  "  Lion-knight," 
from  the  device  on  his  .shield,  and  "  Btd- 
tene'bros"  (darkly  heaviifi'T),  from  his 
personal  appear.ance,  was  a  love-child  of 
Per'ion,  king  of  Gaul,  and  Elize'na, 
princess  of  Brittany.  He  is  represented 
as  a  poet  and  musician,  a  linguist  and  a 
gallant,  a  knight-errant  and  a  king,  the 
very  model  of  chivalry. 

Other  names  by  which  Ara'adis  was 
called  wore  the  Zoi'e^i/  Obxctire,  the  Knii/lu 
of  llie  Bui-ning  Stcord,  the  Kni'jhl  of  iUe 
Dwarf,  &c. 

Am'adis  of  Greeco.  A  supple- 
mental part  of  the  romance  called 
"  Am'adis  of  Gaui,"  added  by  Felicia'no 
de  Silva. 

Amai'mon  (3  syl.l.  One  of  the 
chief  devils  whoso  dominion  is  on  the 
north  side  of  the  infernal  gulf.  He  might 
be  bo(md  or  restrained  from  doing  hurt 
from  the  third  hour  till  noon,  anrl  from 
the  ninth  hour  till  evening. 

Amaimon  sounds  wfill;  I.upifRr  npll. 

"  ilerri/  Wives  »/  Windsor,"  II.  J. 

Amain'.  Forcibly,  at  once.  (Saxon, 
a-mieyii.)  Let  go  amain,  at  once  ;  lower 
amnin;  strike  amain,  i.e.,  let  fall  at  once, 
with  a  run. 

Amarfian  Cone.  A  compilation  of 
maritime  laws,  compiled  in  the  eleventh 
oent\iry  by  the  Amalfians. 

AmaHv'aca.  An  American  spirit, 
who  had  seven  daughters.  lis  broke 
their  legs  to  prevent  their  running  away, 
fcod  left  them  to  people  the  foreRts. 


Amalthe'a's  Horn.  The  comu- 
cojiia  or  horn  of  jilcnty.  The  iufuiit 
Zeus  was  fed  with  goats'  railk  by  Amal- 
thca  one  of  the  daughters  of  Melisfleus, 
king  of  Crete.  Zeus,  in  gratituiie,  bruke 
off  one  of  the  goat's  horns,  and  gave  it 
AninltliCa,  promising  that  the  possessor 
should  always  have  in  abundance  every- 
thing desired.     (&■«•«  .liioi.s.) 

Atnan'da,  the  impersonaliou  of  love 
in  Thomson's  "Spring,"  is  .Mies  Young, 
afterwards  married  to  Admiral  Camp- 
bell. 

Aman'ga.     The  Indian  ji.ve-god. 

ATn'arant.     A  cruel  giant  Plain  bv 
Guy  of  Warwick.  —  "  Cruy  and  Amarant, 
Percy's  lieliques, 

Am'aranth.  Clement  of  Alexandria 
says — Amaranlvs  ./^n-',  tym'holum  est  im- 
vwrlalita'tis.  The  word  is  from  the 
Greek  amaran'tox  (everlasting) ;  so  called 
becaiise  its  flowers  never  faiio  like  other 
flowers,  but  retain  to  the  last  thoir  deep 
blood-red  colour. 

Immoita!  (utinrBnt— a  (loner  wtili-h  one* 

In  I'anulioc,  fnst  hy  llie  Irfr  ofliro, 

HegilM  to  bloom  ;  but  hhom,  for  inHii's  o(T<-nr«. 

To  he:ivc:i   removcJ,  where  llril   It  Krc" .  Ihori 

KPOW9 

And  (luucrs  ntoft,  .^hndlnir  the  fount  of  life.  .  .  . 
With  tlifsfi,  tlmt  neiRr  ride,  thn  npirilK  elect 
Bind  their  resrleiid<>,i<t  lurkn. 

i/ii.'.m.  ■'  Paraditt  Lott,"  HL 

Amaryl'lis.  A  p.-Uitoral  sweetheart. 
The  name  is  borrowed  from  the  pastoral* 
of  Theoc'ritos  and  ^'irgil. 

To  sport  with  Amaryllis  In  the  shade.—  Ui'V^ 

Amaryn'thos.  One  of  the  dogs  of 
Acta'on. 

Ama'ti.  A  first-rate  violin ;  pro- 
perly, one  made  by  .Ama'ti  of  Crcmo  ua. 
(&e  CatMONA.) 

Am'azon.  A  horsewoman,  a  fight- 
ing or  mascidine  woman.  The  word  mojins 
reilhoHl  breast,  or  rather,  '"dopriveii  of  a 
pap."  According  to  (Jrccian  story,  there 
was  a  nation  of  women  in  Africa  of  a 
very  warlike  ctiarai:tcr.  There  wore  no 
m?ii  in  the  nntinn  ;  and  if  a  boy  wni  burn, 
it  was  either  killed  or  i«ont  U>  hin  father, 
who  lived  in  some  neighbouring  state. 
The  girls  had  their  right  breasts  singed 
oil',  tliut  they  might  the  better  draw  the 
bow. 

Probably  the  fable  is  foundc»l  on  • 
misconception  of  the  CinaiNi.an  word 
mtta  (the  moon),  tlio  Amasons  of  Ther 


20 


AMBER. 


AMETHEA. 


inodoon,in  Asia  Minor,  being- worshippers 
of  tbo  moon. 

A  similar  error  was  the  origin  of  the 
name  "Amazons  of  tlio  North."  Adam 
of  Bremen  mistook  Qunnerland  {ice-ltiud) 
for  Qui aer land ;  and  as  Quiner  means 
"woman,"  ho  peopled  his  "  Womanland" 
with  a  race  of  amazons. 

Am'nz(m.  In  South  America,  orig-i- 
nallj'  called  Mar'anon'.  The  Spaniards  iirst 
called  it  Orella'na  ;  but  after  the  women 
joined  their  husbands  in  attacking  the 
invaders,  the  Spaniards  called  the  people 
Am'azons  and  the  country  Amazo'nia. 

Arn'ber  is  said  by  some  to  bo  a  con- 
cretion of  birds'  tears. — Chambers, 

Aror.nd  tlise  shall  glisten  the  loveliest  amber 
That  ever  the  eorrowins  seu-hii-il  hath  uejit. 
T.  Moore,  "Fin  Worshippers." 

Amber,  a  repository.  So  called  be- 
eatise  insects  and  small  leaves  are  pre- 
served in  amber. 

You  may  ha  filsposort  to  presr-rvc  it  in  your  atnhcr. 
"Notes  and  Queri'S."—W.  Dowe. 

A  mberabad'.  Amber-city,  one  of 
the  towns  of  Jinnistan,  or  Fairy  Land. 

Am^bes-as  or  Ames-ace.  Two  aces, 
the  lowest  throw  in  dice  ;  fignratively, 
bad  luck. 

I  had  rather  be  in  this  choice  than  throw  smea- 
»ce  for  my  life.— "4ir»  Well,"  &o.,  ii.  S. 

Ambi-dexter  properly  means  both 
hands  right  hands  ;  a  double  dealer ;  a 
juror  who  takes  money  from  both  parties 
for  his  verdict. 

Ambition,  strictly  speaking,  means 
"the  going  from  house  to  house"  (Latin, 
anihilio,  going  about  canva.ssing).  In 
Rome  it  was  customary,  sometime  before 
an  election  came  on,  for  the  candidates 
to  go  round  to  the  different  dwellings  to 
solicit  votes,  and  those  who  did  so  woro 
ambitious  of  office. 

Anibro'sia.  Tbo  food  of  the  gods 
(Greek,  a  brotos,  nut  mortal) ;  so  called 
because  it  made  them  not  mortal,'  i.e.,  it 
made  them  immortal.  Anything  de- 
licious to  the  taste  or  fragrant  in  perfume 
is  so  called  from  the  notion  that  whatever 
is  used  by  the  celestiils  must  be  excel- 
lent. 

Ambro'sian  Chant.  The  choral 
ransic  introduced  from  the  eastern  to  the 
western  church  by  St.  Ambrose,  ths 
bishop  of  Mil'an,  in  tb»  foui'th  century. 


It  was  used  till  Gregory  Ifie  Great  changed 
it  for  the  Gregorian. 

Ariibro'sian  Lihrai-y.  A  library  in 
Mil'an,  so  called  in  compliment  of  St. 
Air.ljroso,  the  patron  saint. 

Ani'bry.  A  corruption  of  almonry, 
the  niche  or  recess  cut  in  the  wall,  or  (in 
large  cathedrals  and  monasteriea)  that 
part  of  the  cloisters  where  alms  were 
deposited  and  out-door  relief  was  distri- 
buted. Ambries  are  now  used  for  liokl- 
iiig  the  sacramental  plate,  consecrated 
oils,  and  so  on.     (.b'ee  Almo.nuy.) 

Ambusca'de  (3  syl.)  is  the  Italian 
imbosca'la  (concealed  in  a  wood). 

Amedieu  (8  syl.).  "Friends  of 
God  ;"  a  religious  body  in  the  Church  of 
Rome,  founded  in  1400.  They  wore  no 
breeches,  but  a  grey  cloak  girded  with  a 
cord,  and  were  shod  with  v/oodon  shoes. 

Ame'lia.  A  model  of  conjugal  affec- 
tion, in  Fielding's  novel  so  called.  It  ia 
said  that  the  character  is  intended  for 
his  own  wife. 

Amende  honorable,  in  France, 
was  a  degrading  punishment  inflicted  on 
traitors,  parricides,  and  sacrilegious  per- 
sons, who  were  brought  into  court  with 
a  ropo  round  their  neck,  and  made  to 
beg  parilon  of  God,  the  king,  and  tl'.o 
court.  Now,  the  public  acknowledgment 
of  the  offence  is  all  that  is  required. 

Amen'tlies  (3  sy!.).  The  Egyptian 
Ila'des.     The  word  means  hiding-place. 

American  Flag.  The  American 
Congress  resolved  (June  14,  1777),  that 
the  flag  of  the  United  States  should  have 
thirteen  stripes,  alternately  red  and  white, 
to  represent  the  thirteen  States  of  the 
Union,  together  with  thirteen  white  stars, 
on  a  blue  ground.  General  Washington's 
escutcheon  contained  three  bars  and 
three  stars,  and,  like  the  American  stars, 
those  of  the  General  had  only  five  points 
instead  of  six.  A  new  star  is  now  added 
for  each  now  State,  but  the  stripes  re- 
main the  same. 

American  Pecvdiarities:- 

Nativea  of  Xe>v  Knsland      say  ffii«w. 

„         N.York aiKlMiddle States    „  JEipe^. 

Southern  Slates „    Reckon. 

„         Western  Slat«s    „    CaiailaU. 

Ameth'ea.  One  of  ths  horse?  o/ 
Pluto.     {Set  Abasieu.) 


AUrRTITYST. 


AMOPvODS. 


•27 


Am'etbyst.  A  species  of  rock  crys- 
tal ;  80  called  from  the  ancient  notion  of 
its  beinc:  an  antidote  to  the  effects  of 
wine.     (Greek,  a  melhusko,  to  du-iuloxi- 

cale.) 

Amicus  eu'ria3  (Latin,  a  Jrimd  to 
the  cmirl).  One  in  tho  court  who  informs 
tlie  judge  of  some  error  he  has  detected. 

Ami'cus  Plato,  ted  magis  ami'ca  Vei-'ilas 
;Flato  I  love,  but  I  lovo  Truth  luore).  A 
noble  dictum  attributed  to  Aristotle,  but 
certainly  a  very  free  translation  of  a  line 
iu  ihe  "  Nicomache'au  luhics." 

Am'iel  (3  syU).  A  form  of  tho  name 
Eliam  (friend  of  God).  In  J.)ryden's  satire 
of  "Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  it  is  meant 
for  Sir  Edward  yeyinonr,  speaker  of  tlie 
Huuseof  Commons.    (2  r]:iia.  xsii.  .31.) 

Who  can  Amiel's  praisn  rofnso  ? 
Of  ancient  race  by  birth,  but  nohlrr  yet 
In  liis  own  wortli,  niirt  willi(i:U  lille  Kieaf, 
Tlie  Sanhedrim  lona  lime  as  cliief  ho  ruled, 
Their  reason  unided,  nnil  llieir  |.:iss:<m  eiKiIed. 
Dri/ Jen,  "  Abmilum und  AckitvphiL" 

Am'iens  (3  syl. ).  The  Peace  of  Amiens, 
March  27, 180"2,  a  treaty  signed  by  Joseph 
Bonaparte,  the  marquis  of  Cornwallis, 
Azara,  and  Schimmelp'jnninck,  to  settle 
tho  dis[)uted  points  hotweon  Franco, 
Enfflaud,  Spain,  and  Holland.  It  was 
dissolved  in  ]  803. 

Ami'Ba.  An  orphan  adopted  by  a 
miller,  and  beloved  by  Elvi'no,  a  rich 
farmer.  Tho  night  before  her  espousals 
she  is  found  in  tho  bed  of  count  Rodolpho, 
and  is  renounced  by  her  betrothed  hus- 
band. The  count  explains  to  the  }'oun<j 
farmer  and  his  friends  that  Ami  Ha  is 
innocent,  and  has  wamlered  in  her  sleep. 
While  he  is  still  talking,  tho  ori)han  is 
seen  getting  out  of  tho  window  of  the 
mill,  and  walking  in  her  sleep  along  the 
ed^re  of  the  roof  under  which  tho  mill- 
whool  is  rajiidly  revolving.  Sho  crosses 
a  crazy  bridge,  and  comes  among  tho 
spectators.  In  a  few  minutes  she  awakes, 
flies  to  Elvi'no,  and  is  claimed  by  him  as 
his  beloved  and  innocent  bride.—  Bdlinis 
best  opera,  "  La  Sonnainhula." 

Amin'adab.  A  Quaker.  The  Scrip- 
ture name  has  a  double  »i,  but  in 
t)ld  comedies,  where  tlio  character  repre- 
.■^cnts  a  Quaker,  tho  name  has  generally 
only  one.  Ohndiah  is  used,  also,  to  sig- 
nify a  Quaker,  and  Rachel  a  Qiiakero.'js. 

Amine'  (3  syl.).  Wife  of  Sidi 
Nouinan.    who    ate    liiT    rico    with    a 


bodkin,   and    was    iu    fact    a   [jhoul.— 
Arab'uin  Nights. 

Am'iral  or  Ammiral.  A  Miitonic 
form  of  the  word  "a<lmiral."  (I'Vcndi, 
amiral ;  Italian,  amviiraglio.)    {See  Au- 

MlliAL.) 

Amlet,  Richard.  Tl.e  gamester  in 
Vanbnigh's  drama  called  "Tho  Cou- 
federacy." 

Am'mon.  The  Libyan  Jupiter  ;  fo 
called  from  the  Greek  amnios  (miuI), 
because  hie  temnlo  w.as  in  the  descru 
lierodotuscallsitan  Egy['tiau  word,ii. -l^. 

Son  ofJiipiti-r  Amman.  Alexander  the 
Great.  His  father,  Philip,  claimed  to  bo 
a  descendant  of  Hercules,  and  therefore 
of  Juj>iter;  and  the  son  wa-s  salutod  by 
the  priests  of  tho  Libyan  temple  as  son 
of  .\inmon.  IIen';e  was  ho  aillcd  the 
son  or  descendant  both  of  Jupiter  and  of 
A-mmon. 

Am'ruonites  (3 syl.).  Fossil  mollujcs; 
so  called  because  they  resemble  tlie  horn 
upon  the  ancient  statues  of  Jupiter 
Ammon.     {See  abuve.) 

A'mon's  Son  (in'' Orlando Furioso") 
is  Rinaldo.  He  was  the  eldest  son  nf 
Anion  or  Aymon,  manpiifl  d'Esto,  and 
nephew  of  Charlemagne. 

Am'oret,  brought  up  by  Vonun  in  tho 
courts  of  love.  She  is  the  type  of  fcm.alo 
loveliness— yoiing,  handiomo,  pay,  witty, 
and  good  ;  soft  as  a  rose,  sweot  aa  a 
violet,  chasto  as  a  lily,  gentlo  as  a  dove, 
loving  everybody  and  by  all  beloved. 
She  IS  no  Diana  to  make  "gods  and  men 
fear  her  stern  frown  ;"  no  Minor**a  to 
"freeze  her  foes  into  congealed  stono 
with  rigid  looks  of  chasto  austonty ; " 
but  a  living,  breathing  virgin,  with  a 
warm  heart,  and  beaming  eye,  and  pas- 
sions strong,  and  all  that  man  can  wish 
and  woman  want.  Sho  becomes  tho 
loving,  tender  wife  of  Sir  ScuMamore. 
Tim'ins  finds  her  in  the  arms  of  Corllaujbo 
{seMual  pussioii) ;  combats  tho  monster 
unsuccessfully,  but  wounds  tho  la«ly.— 
Spetuer,  "  Faery  Queen,"  book  lii. 

AmoroxiB,  The.  Philippo  I.  of 
Franco ;  so  called  hocauso  ho  divorc"d 
his  wifii  iiiTtho  to  espouse  Bortrado,  who 
was  alroudv  married  to  Foulvpies,  conilo 
d'Anjou.    aOClllOS.) 


23 


AMOUR. 


AMY3. 


Amour  propre.  One's  self-love, 
vanity,  or  opinion  of  what  is  due  to  self. 
To  make  an  appeal  to  one's  amour  propre, 
is  to  put  a  person  on  his  metal.  To 
wound  one's  amour  propre,  is  to  pall  his 
good  opinion  of  himself— to  wound  his 
vanity. 

Ampa'ro  de  Pobres.  A  book  ex- 
posing the  bepging  impostors  of  Madrid, 
written  by  Herrera,  physician  to  Felipe 

ni. 

Amphictyon'ic  Council.  A 
oouncil  of  confederate  Greeks  from 
twelve  of  their  tribes,  each  of  which  had 
two  deputies.  The  council  met  twice  a 
ye.ar— in  the  spring  at  Delphi,  and  in  the 
autumn  at  Thermop'yise.  According  to 
fable,  it  was  so  called  from  Amphic'tyon, 
8on  of  Deuca'lion,  its  supposed  founder. 
(Greek,  ampkictiones,  dwellers  round 
about. ) 

Amplii'on  is  said  to  have  built 
Thebes  by  the  music  of  his  lute,  which 
was  so  melodious  that  the  stones  danced 
into  walls  and  houses  of  their  own  ac- 
cord.    Tpnnyson  has  a  poem  so  called. 

Amphitri'te  (either  3  or  4  syl.).  The 
sea.  In  classic  mj-thology,  the  wife  of 
Neptune  (Greek,  amplu-tn'tns,  bored  on 
both  sides,  !.e.  thro';  so  called  from  the 
notion  that  the  sea  encoiiipiisses  tlie 
sarth  like  a  ditch. 

His  weary  cliariot  sought  the  boners 
Of  Amphitrite  .luaher  toiuliTig  nymphs. 

Tht/^mon,  "  liummer." 

Amphit'ryon  Le  veritable  Aviphi- 
triinn  est  V Amphitryon  oii  ton  dineijS'lri- 
liere).  That  is,  the  person  who  prorUlis 
the  feast  (whether  master  of  the  house  or 
not)  is  the  real  host.  The  tale  is  that 
Jupiter  assumed  the  likeness  of  Am- 
phit'ryon, and  gave  a  banquet ;  but 
Amphitryon  himself  came  home,  and 
claimed  the  honour  of  being  the  master 
of  the  house.  As  far  as  the  servants 
and  guests  were  concerned,  the  dispute 
was  soon  decided — "  he  who  gave  the 
feast  was  to  them  the  host." 

Amplirys'ian  Prophetess   {Am- 
pkrysia  Vales).     Tlie  Cunifcan  sibyl  ;  so 
called    trom    Amphrys'os,    a    river    of   . 
Thessaly,  on  the  banks  of  which  Apollo   ' 
fed  the  herds  of  Adme'tos ;  consequently 
Ampbrys'ian  means  Apollo'nian. 

Amram's  Son.  Moses.  (Esod.Ti.20.) 

As  when  the  potent  rod 
Of  Amram'R  son,  in  EgJTpt's  evi)  day, 
Wavifd  round  the  coast..— "Pamrfue  ImcU"  i. 


Amri,  in  the  satire  of  "Absalom  and 
A.chitophel,"  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is 
designed  for  Ilencage  Finch,  earl  of 
Nottingham  and  lord  chancellor. 

Our  list  of  nobles  next  let  Amri  grace, 

Wlinse  merits  claimed  the  Abetlidin'»  [Lord  Chen- 

ullor't)  high  place- 
To  whom  the  double  blessing  docs  belonif, 
With  Moses'  inspiration,  Aaron's  tongue. 

Pt.  li. 

Amri'ta.  The  elixir  of  immortality, 
made  by  churning  the  milk-sea  {Hindu 
v^yihology).  Sir  Wm.  Jones  speaks  of  an 
apple  so  called,  because  it  bestows  im- 
mortality on  those  who  partake  of  it. 
The  word  means  immortal. 

Amsanc'tus.  A  lake  in  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Hirpi'num,  said  to  lead  down 
to  the  infernal  regions.  The  word  means 
sacred  tiatei: 

Amuck'.  To  run  amuck.  To  talk  or 
write  on  a  subject  of  which  you  are 
wholly  ignorant  ;  to  nm  foul  of.  The 
Malays,  under  the  influence  of  opium, 
become  so  excited,  that  they  some- 
times rush  forth  with  daggers,  yelling 
^'  Amuck  !  avntck/"  (Kill !  kill !),  and  fall 
toul  of  any  one  they  chance  to  meet. 

Satire's  my  weapon,  but  I'm  too  discreet 
To  run  amuc'n  .and  lilt  at  all  I  meet.— Pt/fx. 

Am'ulet.  Something  worn  round 
the  neck  as  a  charm.  (Arabic,  hamidet, 
tliat  which  is  suspended.) 

The  early  Christians  used  to  wear 
aznulets  called  Ichthus  (fish) ;  the  word  ii 
composed  oi  the  initial  letters  of  le'so.s 
Christos  THeou  Uios  Soter  (Jesus 
Christ,  Son  of  God,  our  Saviour).     (Set 

NCJTAKICA.) 

Ainun'de"ville.  Lady  Adeline  Amun- 
dfviUe,  a  lady  who  "  had  a  twilight  tinge 
of  blue,"  could  make  epigrams,  give 
delightful  soir&s,  and  was  fond  of  making 
matches. — Ilyron,  '^  Don  Juan,"  xv.,  xvi. 

Am.yel8e'au  Silence.  More  silent 
than  Amy  (/la;.  The  inhabitants  of 
Amyclse  were  so  often  alarmed  by  false 
rumours  of  the  approach  of  the  Spartans, 
that  they  made  a  decree  no  one  s-bould 
ever  again  mention  the  subject.  When 
the  Spartans  actually  came  against  the 
town,  no  one  durst  mention  it,  and  the 
town  was  taken. 

T/ie  Amyclcean  Brothers.  Castor  and 
PoUux,  who  were  born  at  Amyclse. 

A'mys  and  Amyrion.  The  Pyrades 
and  Ores'tes  of  feudal  story, — EUi£t 
"  Specimeni." 


ANABAPTISTS. 


ANA  X  ARTE. 


29 


Anabaptists.  A  nickname  of  the 
Baptist  Dissenters ;  so  called  because, 
in  the  first  instances,  thoy  had  been 
baptised  in  infancy,  and  were  again 
baptised  on  a  confession  of  faith  iu  adult 
age.    The  word  means  the  tivice-haplued. 

Atiaehar'sis.  Anadtarsit  amoHg  the 
Sci/lhians.  A  wise  man  amongst  fools  ; 
"Good  out  of  Nazareth;"  "A  Sir  Sid- 
ney Smith  on  Salisbury  Plain."  The 
opposite  proverb  is  "Saul  amongst  the 
Prophets,"  i.e.,  a  fool  amongst  wise  men. 
Anacharsis  was  a  Scj-thian  Uy  liirtli,  and 
the  Scythians  were  proverbial  for  their 
uncultivated  state  and  great  ignorance. 

Anac/uirsis  Clootz.  Baron  Jean  Baptisto 
Clootz,  a  Prussian  by  birth,  but  brougiit 
up  in  Paris,  where  he  adopted  the  Ko- 
volutionar)-  principles,  and  called  liini- 
self  7Vi4  Orator  of  Uie  Human  Jtace.  (1755- 
1794.) 

Anacleth'ra.  The  stone  on  which 
Ceres  rested  after  searcLiing  in  vain  for 
her  daughter.  It  was  kept,  as  a  sacred 
deposit  in  the  Prytane'um  of  Athens. 

Auac'i'eon.  A  Greek  poet,  who 
wrote  chietly  in  praise  of  love  and  wine. 
(B.C.  563-47^.) 

Anacreoiiojthe  Ttce/fthCentun/.  Walter 
Mapes,  also  called  "  The  Jovial  Toper." 
(1150-1196.)  His  best-known  piece  is 
the  famous  drinking-song,  "  Meuni  est 
projios'ituni  in  taber'na  mo'ri,"  translated 
by  Leigh  Hunt. 

Aiuicreoa  Moore.  Thomas  Moore,  who 
not  only  translated  Anacreon  into  Eng- 
lish, but  also  wrote  oriiriual  poems  in 
tiie  same  stylo.    (1779-1852.) 

Anacreon  of  the  Guillotine.  Bcrtraiid 
Barere  de  Vieuzac,  president  of  the 
National  Convention  ;  so  called  from  the 
flowery  language  and  convivial  jests 
made  by  him  towards  his  miserable 
victims.     (1755-1. S41). 

Ayiacreon,  of  the  Temple.  Guillaume 
Anifiyo,  abbe  de  Chaulieu ;  the  "Tom 
Moore  "  of  France.    (1(539-1720.) 

The  French  Anacieon.  Ponlus  <lo 
Thiard,  one  of  the  Pleiad  poets.  (1521- 
1605.) 

Tlu  Persian  Anacreon.  Mohammed 
Uafiz.    (Fourteenth  century.) 

The  Sicilian  Anaaton.  Giovanni  Moli. 
(1740-1815.) 

Anticreon  of  Painteis.  Francesco 
Alba'no,  a  famous  i>:ii liter  of  Icveiy 
(umalos.    (157Slt;'JO.) 


Anacreon'tic.  la  ioiitatioD  of 
Anac'reon  (jj.v.). 

Anaeh'ronism.  An  event  placed  at 
a  wrong  date  ;  as  if  one  were  to  talk  of 
Magna  Charta  as  existing  in  the  rei^'n  o( 
William  the  Concpieror.  (Greek,  ana 
chrnnos,  out  of  time.) 

Anag'nosies  (Greek).  .\  domestic 
servant  employed  by  the  wealthy  Homaus 
to  read  to  them  at  meals.  Charlemagne 
had  his  reader  ;  and  the  monks  were  read 
to  at  meals.   (Greek,  anaginosko,  to  roa«1. ) 

Anali,  a  tender-hearted,  pious,  meek, 
and  loving  creature,  grauddaugLtor  of 
Cain,  and  sister  of  Aholiba'mah.  Japhel 
loved  her,  hut  she  had  set  her  heart  on 
the  seraph  Aza'ziel,  who  carried  her  off 
to  sooie  other  planet  when  the  flood 
came. — Lyron,  "  Heaven  and  EarUi." 

Ana'ca.  The  pine-apple  (the  Brtu 
zilian  ananas).  In  Ethiopian  hiero- 
glyphics, says  A.  Tuder,  it  is  the  symbol 
of  "knowledge." 

Witness  thuii.  best  Aiianal  thou  the  pr'.ds 
Of  vegelable  life.— V/ionuon,  "  Humnur." 

Anath'ema.  A  denunciation  or 
curse.  The  word  is  Greek,  ami  niean.i 
to  place,  or  sel  up,  in  allusion  to  ttie 
mythological  custom  of  haniring  in  the 
temple  of  a  patron  god  something  devoted 
to  him.  Thus  Gordius  himg  up  his  vuke 
and  beam  ;  the  shipwrecked  hung  up  tlieir 
wet  clothes  ;  workmen  retired  from  busi- 
ness hung  up  their  tools,  &c.  J I  once  to 
let  apart;  and  in  the  Iloman  Catholic 
Church,  to  sot  apart  from  the  Church  a* 
under  a  curse. 

Anat'omy.  He  ica-i  lUe  an  analnmi/  — 
i.e.,  a  mere  skeleton^  very  thin,  Uke  one 
whose  flesh  had  been  anatomised  or  cut 
olf.  Shakespeare  uses  atomy  lus  a  syno 
nym.  Thus  the  hostess  (Juicllif  8i»ys  t*' 
the  Deadte:  "Thou  atomy,  thou!"  and 
Jjull  Tuirs!uei  caps  the  phraso  with, 
"Come,  you  thin  thing;  come,  you 
rascal."—-  Jlen.  1\'.,  v.  4. 

Anaxar'ete.of  Sal'-imis,  was  changtvl 
into  stoiio  for  despising  the  lovoof  Iphia, 
who  hung  himself.  — Ovu/. 

Anaxar'tij.  A  knight  who-c  alTm- 
tures  and  exploits  form  a  8upplomcni.il 
part  of  the  Spanish  romance  call<<<l 
"  Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  jiart  *-«* 
added  by   Feliciano  do  Silvj^ 


80 


ANCiF.OS. 


ANDROID. 


Ai'-Cfo'os.  Helmsman  of  the  ship 
Argo,  after  the  death  of  Ti'phys.  lie  was 
told  by  a  slave  that  he  would  cover  live  to 
taste  the  wiue  of  his  vineyards.  When 
a  bottle  made  from  his  own  prnpes  was 
6et  before  him,  he  sent  for  the  slave  to 
laugh  at  his  pro^rnostications ;  but  the 
slave  made  answer,  "  There's  many  a  slip 
'twixt  the  Clip  and  the  lip."  At  this 
instant  a  niesbeiii:?cr  came  in,  and  told 
Ancaeos  that  a  wild  boar  was  laying  his 
vineyard  waste,  whereupon  he  set  down 
his  cup,  went  out  against  the  boar,  and 
was  killed  in  the  encounter. 

Ancal'ites.  Inhabitants  of  parts  of 
Berkshire  and  Wiltshire,  referred  to  by 
Caesar  in  his  "Commentaries." 

An'chor.  Thai  was  my  sheet  anchor— 
i.e.,  my  best  hope,  my  last  refug-e.  The 
sheet  anchor  is  the  largest  anchor  of  a 
ship,  which,  in  stress  of  weather,  is  the 
sailor's  chief  dependence.  The  word 
theet  is  a  corruption  of  the  word  shote 
(thrown  out),  meaning  the  anchor 
"thrown  out"  in  foul  weather.  The 
Greeks  and  Romans  said,  "  my  sacred 
anchor,"  referring  to  the  sheet  anchor, 
which  was  always  dedicated  to  some  god. 

The  anchor  is  apec^— that  is,  the  cable 
of  the  anchor  is  so  tight  that  the  ship  is 
drawn  completely  over  it.  (See  BowEB 
Sheet.) 

Ancient.    A  corruption  of  ensign. 
My  whole  charge  consists  of  ancients,  corporals, 

liput«nnnts,  ecntleineii  of  companies — 

Shakesptart,      1  Henri/  IV.,"  iv.  2. 

Ancient  Mariner.  Having  shot 
nn  albatross,  he  and  his  companions 
were  subjected  to  fearful  penalties.  On 
repentance  he  was  forgiven,  and  on 
reaching  land  told  his  story  to  a  hermit. 
At  times,  however,  distress  of  mind 
drove  him  from  land  to  land,  and 
wherever  he  abode  he  told  his  tale  of 
W(;e,  to  warn  from  cruelty  and  persuade 
men  to  love  God's  creatures. — Coleridge. 

Ancient  Regime.  An  antiquated 
Bj-stem  of  government.  This  phrase, 
in  the  French  Revolution,  meant  the 
monarchical  form  of  government,  or  the 
system  of  government,  with  all  its  evils, 
^"hich  existed  prior  to  that  great  change. 

Aneile  (3  syl.).  The  Palladium  of 
Rome.  It  was  the  sacred  buckler  which 
Numa  said  fell  from  heaven.  To  prevent 
its  being  stoien,  he  caused  eleven  others 


to  be  made  precisely  like  it,  and  confided 
them  to  twelve  priests  called  Salii,  who 
bore  them  in  procession  througli  the  city 
every  year  at  the  beginning  of  March. 

And.  The  sign  '&,'  called  Anders, 
Ampers,  or  Amprtu,  and.  A  cornip- 
tion  of  X  Y  Z,  and  "&  as  and"— i.e., 
'&'  for  the  word  "and."   And-as  "And." 

Another  derivation  is  this :  it  is  said 
that  the  ancient  hornbooks  used  to 
place  after  the  alphabet  "  &c.  (et  cetera), 
and  &  {per  se)  and  ;"  the  last  being  called 
'  And-per-see  And,'  contracted  into 
'An'pers  And.' 

The  martyr  Bradford,  says  Lord 
Russell,  was  "A  per  se  A"  with  them, 
"  to  their  comfort,"  &c. — i.e.,  stood  alone 
in  their  defence. 

And'rea  Ferra'ra.  A  sword.  So 
called  from  a  famous  sv.-ord-maker  of  the 
name. 

Andrew,  St.  The  symbol  of  this 
apostle  is  a  X,  in  allu.sion  to  the  cross, 
made  in  an  X  shape,  to  which  he  was 
bound  in  Patrce.  (a.d.  70.)  (See  St. 
Rule.) 

A  Merry  Andrew.  A  buffoon  or  clown. 
(See  MERiir.) 

St.  Andreiv's  Cross  is  represented  in 
the  form  of  an  X  (white  on  a  blue  field). 
The  cross,  however,  on  which  the 
apostle  suffered  was  of  the  ordinary 
shape,  if  we  may  believe  the  relic  in  the 
convent  of  St.  Victor,  near  Marseilles. 
The  error  rose  from  the  way  in  which 
that  cross  is  exhibited,  resting  on  the 
end  of  the  cross-beam  and  point  of  the 
foot. 

According  to  J.  Leslie  ("  HistoiT'  of 
Scotland"),  this  sort  of  cross  appeared 
in  the  heavens  to  Achaius,  king  of  the 
Scots,  and  Hungus,  king  of  the  Picts, 
the  night  before  their  engagement  with 
Athelstane.  As  they  were  the  victors, 
they  went  barefoot  to  the  kirk  of  St. 
Andrew,  and  vowed  to  adopt  his  cross  as 
their  national  emblem.  (See  Coxsta;-;- 
tine's  Ckoss.) 

Andrews.  A  Joseph  Andrews.  A 
man  too  good  to  be  tempted  to  what  is 
wrong,  whether  in  love  or  money.  Though 
decidedly  "  soft,"  Joseph  is  bi-avo  and 
ingenuous.     Fielding's  novel  so  called. 

Android  (properly  pronounced  An'' 
dro-id,  but  more  generally  An'droid) 
An  automaton  tl^-^-.re  of  a  human  beiag 


ANDRONICA. 


ANGER. 


8! 


(Greek,  andros-eidos,  a  man's  likeness.) 
One  of  the  mo.';t  famous  of  these  machines 
is  that  by  M.  Vaucauson,  called  the  flute- 
player.  The  chess-player  by  Kompil  is 
also  celebrated.    (See  Automaton.) 

Androni'ca  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
One  of  Logistilla's  handmaids,  famous 
for  her  beauty.  She  was  sent  with 
Sophros'yne  to  cond-.ict  Astolpho  from 
India  to  Arabia. 

Angel.  Half  a  sovereign  in  gold  ;  so 
c  died  oecauso,  at  one  time,  it  bore  the 
figure  of  the  archangel  Michael  slaying 
the  dragon. 

Angel.  To  write  like  an  angel  (French). 
The  angel  referred  to  was  Angel  Verge'- 
cios,  a  Greek  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
noted  for  his  caligraphy. 

Angel  (a  pitblic-lioiise  sign),  in  compli- 
ment to  Richard  II.,  who  placed  an 
angel  above  his  shield,  holding  it  up  in 
his  hands. 

Angels,  say  the  Arabs,  were  created 
from  pure,  bright  gems  ;  the  genii,  of 
fire;  and  man,  of  clay. 

Angels,  according  to  Dionysiu*  the 
Areop'agite,  were  divided  into  nine  or- 
ders : — 

(1)  Seraphim,  and  (2)  Chcnihim,  in  the  first  circle. 

(.1)  Thrones,  and  (1)  Domniiona,  iu  the  second 
eircle. 

(5)  Virtues,  (0)  Powers.  (7)  Principalities,  (8)  Arch- 
anijcU,  and  (a)  Angels,  the  third  circle. 

In  heaien  above. 
The  effulgent  bands  in  triple  circles  more. 

"  Jtnuali'n  Daivured,"  xi.  13. 

Angels.  The  seven  holy  angels  are — 
Michael,  Gabriel,  Raphael,  Oriph'iel, 
Zaeha'riel,  Samuel,  and  An'ael.  The  first 
throe  the  Scripture,  including  the  Apo- 
crypha, aii'ords. 

Angel-beast.  A  favourite  round  game  of 
cards,  which  enabled  gentlemen  to  let 
the  ladies  win  small  stakes.  Five  cards 
are  dealt  to  each  player,  and  three  heaps 
formed— one  for  the  king,  one  for  i>'ay, 
and  the  third  for  Tri'olet.  The  name  of 
the  game  was  la  Mle  (beast).  Angel  was 
the  stake.     Thus  we  say,  Shilling- whist. 

This  gentleman  offers  to  play  at  Angcl-henst, 
thoM'.:h  lio  scarce  knows  the  cards. —  "  ifuiierry 
Gardtn." 

Angel'ic  Doctor.  Thomas  Aquinas 
was  60  called,  because  he  discussed  the 
Ifuutty  point  of  "how  many  angels  can 
dance  on  the  point  of  a  noodle,"  or,  more 
strictly  spoiikiug,  "  Ulrujn  An'geliu  potsil 
K'Ove'ri  df  ejctre'-ino  ad  fxtre'mum  non  Iran- 


sevndo  per  nu'diian  V  (If  an  angel  pa^set 
from  one  point  to  another,  does  be  pasa 
over  the  intervening  space  ?)  The  Doctor 
says  Xo, 

Ar.celic  Hymr.  The  hymn  begin- 
ning with  "Glory  be  to  God  on  hiuh," 
ka. ;  so  called  because  the  former  part  of 
it  was  sung  by  the  angel  host  that 
appeared  to  the  shepherds  of  Bethlehem. 

ATlgel'lca.  Daughter  of  (Jal'aphron, 
king  of  Cathay,  the  capital  of  which  wa« 
Albrac'ca.  Orlando  greatly  loved  her, 
but  she  married  Medo'ro,  a  young  .Moor, 
and  returned  to  India,  where  Me<lo'ro 
succeeded  to  the  crown  in  right  of  bis 
wife. — Orlando  Furioso. 

Angel'ical  Stone.  The  spocu- 
htm  of  Dr.  Dee.  He  asserted  that  it 
was  given  him  by  the  angels  Ilaph.aol 
and  Gabriel.  It  passed  into  the  {tosses- 
sion  of  the  earl  of  Peterborough,  thence 
to  lady  Betty  Germaine,  by  whom  it 
was  given  to  the  duke  of  Artryle,  whoso 
son  presented  it  to  Horace  Walpole.  It 
was  sold  in  1842,  at  the  disjiersion  of  the 
curiosities  of  Strawberry  Hill. 

Angel'ici.  Certain  heretics  of  the 
second  century,  who  advocated  the  wor- 
ship of  angels. 

An'f^elites  (3  syl.).  A  branch  of  tiiO 
Sabellian  heretics  ;  so  called  from  An- 
pel'iu.s,  in  Alexandria,  whore  they  used 
to  meet. 

An'gelo.    (See  Michaix.) 

An'gelus,  The.  A  prayer  to  the 
Virgin,  instituted  by  Urban  II.  It 
begins  with  the  words  An'gelus  Dom'ini 
nuntia'vit  Mari'ce  (the  angel  of  the  Lord 
announced  to  Mary);  then  follows  the 
salutation  of  Gabriel — Ave  Maria,  kc. 
(Hail,  Mary,  kc).  The  prayer  contains 
three  verses,  and  each  verso  ends  with 
the  salutation,  Avi  Mari'a. 

The   prayer   is  recited  throe  times  « 

day,  at  the  sound  of  a  bell  called  the 

Angilus. 

Swpi'lly  over  the  Tillage  tho  hell  of  lh»  AJiKclut 
•ounded.— L«ni/'A/2oio,  "  fianfWiiM." 

Anger.  Athenotlo'ms,  the  Stoic,  toIA 
Augustus  the  best  way  to  re.strain  unruly 
anger,  was  to  rejioat  tlio  alphabet  before 
giving  way  to  it     (iSf<  Dandkr.) 

The  »«rred  line  h«  did  but  once  r»r»»'. 
And  laid  tLc  »tcrx,  »''<1  ec>o!rd  ibr  mf.t  r.f«l 
TyMi.  ■■  Tin  U»Tn  Btok.' 


82 


ANGIOLINA. 


ANIMALS. 


A  ngioii'na  (4  syl.).  The  young  wife 
of  Mari'no  Falio'ro,  the  do^jfe.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Loreda'no. — Ilyron, 
"Marino  Faliero." 

Anglant'e's  Lord— i.  ?.,  Orlando, 
who  was  lord  of  Anglaut  and  kuight  of 
Brava. 

An'gle.  A  dead  angle.  A  term  in 
fortification  applied  to  the  plot  of  earth 
before  an  angle  in  a  wall  which  can 
neither  be  seen  uor  defended  from  the 
parapet. 

To  angle  with  a  silver  hook — i.e.,  to  buy 
fish  at  market. 

An'glir.g.  The  father  of  angling. 
Izaak  Walton.    (1593  "1683. ) 

Angry,  The.  Christian  II.  of  Ben- 
maik,  Norway,  and  Sweden  was  so 
called,  on  account  of  his  uugoveruiible 
temper.     (1513-1559.) 

Angiiar'agaen  (4  syl.).  The  planet 
Mars.     (Indian  myth.) 

An'gular.  Cross-grained  ;  of  a  patchy 
temper ;  one  full  of  angles,  whose  temper 
is  not  smooth. 

Angurva'del.  Frithiof's  sword, 
inscribed  with  Runic  letters,  which  blazed 
in  time  of  war,  but  gleamed  with  a  dim 
light  in  time  of  peace. 

An'imaMundi  {the  soul  of  the  2corld), 
with  the  oldest  of  the  ancient  philo- 
sophers, meant  "the  source  of  life;" 
with  Plato,  it  meaut  "the  animating 
principle  of  matter,"  inferior  to  pure 
spirit;  with  the  Stoics,  it  meant  "the 
whole  vital  force  of  the  universe." 

Animals.  Animals  sac7-ed  to  spfcial 
deities.  To  Apollo,  the  wo/f,  the  griffon, 
and  the  croic ;  to  Bacchus,  the  dragon 
and  the  tiger ;  to  Diana,  the  stag ;  to 
Ksculapios,  the  serpent;  to  Hercules,  the 
deer  ;  to  Isis,  the  heifer  ;  to  Jupiter,  the 
eagle ;  to  Juno,  the ^jftitoc/'  and  the  lamb; 
to  the  Lares,  the  dog ;  to  Mars,  the  horse 
and  the  vulture;  to  Mercury,  the  cock; 
to  Minerva,  the  owl ;  to  Neptime,  the 
bull  ;  to  Tethys,  the  hahyon  ;  to  Venus, 
the  dure,  the  swan,  and  the  spai'row  ;  to 
Vulcan,  the  lion,  &c. 

Animals  si/nibolical.  The  ant,  fruga- 
My  unil  prevision  ;  a.pe,  uncUanness ;  ass, 
itupidity  ;  Bantum  cock,  pluckiness,  prig- 
gishness ;  bat  {blind  as  a  bat);  bear, 
ill-temper,  nncouthne^s  ;  bee,  indiistry ; 
beotle  [blind  as  a  beetle)  ;  bull,  straijht- 


foricardness  ;  bull-dog,  pertinacity  ;  h\x\,- 
tcrhy,  sportiveness,  living  in  pleasure;  cM, 
slyness,  deceit  ;  calf,  lumpishness  ;  cicada, 
gift  of  poetry  ;  cock,  vigilance,  overhearing 
insolence ;  crow,  longevity ;  crocodile, 
hypocrisy  ;  cuckoo,  cuckoldom  ;  dog, 
fidelity,  dirty  habits ;  dove,  innocence, 
hoTvilessness ;  duck  (French,  canard); 
eagle,  majesty,  inspiration  ;  elephant, 
sagacity,  ponderosity ;  fly,  feebleness,  in- 
significance ;  iox,  cunning,  artifice;  frog 
and  toad,  iiwpiralion ;  goat,  lascivious- 
ni^^s ;  goose,  conceit,  folly;  guW,  gullibi- 
lity;  grasshopper,  old  age;  \ia.re,  timidity; 
hawk,  penetration ;  hen,  vaUcrnal  care; 
horse,  speed,  grace  ;  jackdaw,  vain  assump- 
tion, empty  conceit;  jay,  senseless  dialler  ; 
kitten,  playfulness ;  lamb,  innocence,  sacri- 
fice ;  lark,  cheerfulness  ;  lion,  noble  coicrag'  ; 
lynx,  suspicious  vigilance;  magpie,  gar- 
rality ;  mole,  obtiiseness ;  monkey,  tricks; 
mule,  obstinacy;  nightingale, /o)7o)-/i  )('■.<:.«  ; 
ostrich,  stupidity  ;  ox,  patience,  strength  ; 
owl,  wisdom  ;  parrot,  mocking  verbosity ; 
peacock, /))-i(Ze;  pigeon, coiccir'itce  (pigeon- 
livered)  ;  pig,  obstiiuuy,  dirtiness;  puppy, 
empty-headed  conceit  ;  rabbit,  timidih) ; 
raven,  ill  kick;  robin  red-breast,  co)//i(/i«^ 
trust ;  serpent,  wisdom  ;  sheep,  silliness, 
timidity;  sparrow,  l<i.^-ciriou.tness;  spider, 
wilincss ;  stag,  cuckoldom  ;  swallow,  a 
suii^hine  friend;  swan,  grace;  swine, 
fillhiness,  greed;  tiger,  fa-ocity  ;  tortoise, 
chastity;  turkey-cock,  official  insolence; 
turtle-dove,  conjugal  fidelity ;  vulture, 
rapine;  wolf,  cruelty;  worm,  cringing,  i^c. 
The  cry  of  animals.  Apes  gibber;  asseB 
hray;  hees hiim;  beetles rfr«i«;  bears  ^row/; 
bitterns  boom;  blackbirds  whistle ;  black- 
caps— we  speak  of  the  "chick-chick"  of 
the  black-cap;  \i\x\\&  bellow ;  canaries  s!'«(7 
or  quaver;  eats  mew,  purr,  sicear,  and 
caterwaul ;  calves  bleat  and  blear;  chaf- 
finches chirp  or  pink ;  chickens  'pip ;  c\- 
c.adaj  sing ;  cocks  crow ;  cows  moo  or  low; 
crows  caw;  cuckoos  cry  cuckoo;  dogs  hark, 
bay,  howl,  and  yelp;  doves  coo;  ducks 
quack;  eagles  scream;  falcons  chant;  flies 
buzs  ;  foxes  bark  a.nd  ytlp  ;  irogs  croak; 
geese  cackle  and  hiss ;  goldfinch — we  speak 
of  the  "  merry  twinkle  "  of  the  female  ; 
grasshoppers  cAiV/);  grouse— we  speak  of 
the  "drumming"  of  the  grouse  ;  guinea- 
fowls  cry  "'cowie-ZxiCA-/' guinea-pigs  ji/mm/:, 
hares  squeak  ;  hawks  scream  ;  hens  caacct 
and  cluck;  horses  neigh  and  whinny; 
hyenAS  laugh ;  ia.ys  chatter ;  kittens  w«ir/ 
lambs  ia«  a.nd  bleat ;  \ajrks  siiig ;  linnets 
chuckle  in  their  call  ;  lions  7-car  ;  magics 


ANIMOSITY. 


ANTS. 


as 


chatter;  id\cq sq^teat  a.xi<l  squeal;  moukeya 
chulUr  &uii<j(bljii]- ;  niyfhtiugales  pipe  and 
warble— ■^0  also  speak  of  its  "  jnfr-jny  ;" 
owls  hoot  and  so'eeck  ;  oxen  loio  and  bellow; 
purrots  tali: ;  peacocks  Scream.  /  peewits 
cry  pee-tcit;  pigeonscoo;  pigs  g,u)U,s>jueaJt, 
and  sqiual  ;  ravens  croak;  red-starts 
whistle;  rooks  caw ;  screech-owls  sa-eech  oc 
shriek  ;  sheep  baa  or  bleat  ;  snakes  hiss  ; 
sparrows  chirp  or  yelp  ;  swallows  twitter  ; 
swans  cry — we  also  speak  of  the  "bonibi- 
lation"  of  the  swan;  thrushes  ?t'/tii7/«; 
Wg&TS growl ;  tits— we  speak  of  the  "'twit 
twit  "  of  the  bottle-tit  ;  turkey-cocKS 
gobble;  vultures  so'cam;  white-throats 
chirr.'  wolves  howl.  {^c«  PaKadise.) 

Animosity  means  animation,  spirit, 
as  the  fire  of  a  horse,  called  in  Latin  c/iii 
aiiimos'iicLS.  Its  exclusive  use  in  a  bad 
B«Dse  shows  that  hate  stirs  the  blood 
more  than  amiable  emotions. 

Anna,  Donna.  A  lady  beloved  by 
Don  Otta'vio,  but  seduced  by  Don  Gio- 
vanni, who  also  killeii  her  father,  the 
"  Commandant  of  the  City,"  in  a  duel. — 
Mozart's  opera  of  "  Don,  O iovanni." 

An'nabel,  ia  Dryden's  satire  of 
"  Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  is  desigiied 
for  the  duchess  of  iMonmouth.  11  or 
maiden  name  and  title  were  Anne  Scott, 
countess  of  Biiccleuch,  the  richest  heiress 
in  Europe.  The  duke  was  faithless  to 
her,  and  after  his  death,  the  widow,  still 
handsome,  married  again. 

An'nates  (2  syl.).  'llie  claim  of  the 
pope  to  a  year's  income  of  any  living  or 
ecclesiastical  office,  at  the  death  of  a 
bishop  or  incumbent.  This  is  called  the 
"first  fruits."  (Latin,  annus,  a  year.) 
By  the  Statute  of  Recusants  (25  Hen.  viii. 
c.  20,  and  coutirming  Act)  the  right  to 
English  Annates  and  Tenths  was  vested 
ill  the  Crown. 

Anne.  Sister  Anne.  Sister  of 
Fiit'iiuH,  the  seventh  and  last  of  Blue- 
bi-ard's  \vives. 

Anno's  I'an  (Queeu.)  Your  thumb 
to  yuur  HUSO,  and  your  lingers  spreaiL 

Annuncia'tion.  Day  of  the  Annun- 
ciation. The  2oth  of  March,  also  called 
Lady  Day,  on  which  the  angel  an- 
nounced to  the  Virgin  Mary  that  she 
would  be  the  mother  of  the  Messiah. 

Annus  Mirub'ilis.  The  year  of 
wonders,  KjGI),  memorable  for  the  irruat 


fire  of  Loudon  and  the  successes  of  ocr 
arms  over  the  Dutch.  Drydou  has 
written  a  poem  with  this  title,  in  which 
he  describes  both  those  events. 

AnoTacB'ixna  QT  L'nlikists.  A  sect  in 
the  fourth  century  which  maintained  that 
the  essence  of  the  Son  is  wholly  unlike 
that  of  the  Father.  (Crook,  an'or.ioiot, 
unlike.) 

Anon  is  the  Anglo-Sason  onon.  or 
onone  (by  and  by,  immediately),  some- 
times written  unotie. 

They  kiiewye  hym  In  brekynit  of  bredK.  and 
onone  he  viuiydte  aw&ye  fro  Uem.—Uii.  Ltan-lit, 

Spek  the  lion  .  .  . 
To  the  fux  nnonn  his  wllla. 

Wriuhlt  •■  PvlUical  Sone$." 

Anon-rightes.    Kight  quickly. 

He  had  in  town  (Ive  huDdred  knif(''t<!«. 
lie  horn  ithemt  of  {oft  eent  auoa-riglitea. 

Anon'yma.  A  lady  of  the  demi- 
monde, called  by  the  Times  "a  prutly 
horse-breaker,"  because  the  first  Aiio- 
nynia  was  a  famous  equestrian. 

The  word  means  wilhuut  a  name, 
or  with  a  name  unknown,  ladies  of  thii 
class  being  unrecognised  in  society.  Thoy 
are  also  called  Incur/' nila  (unrecognised). 
Mi.'js  Berry  called  this  class  of  ladies  la 
mauvaise  com/xxgnie. 

Ansa'rian.  The  Moslems  of  Medi'na 
wero  called  Ansarians  (anriliarits)  bv 
Mahomet,  becaiise  thoy  received  him  and 
took  his  part  when  he  was  driven  from 
house  and  home  by  the  Koreislutei 
{A'ore-ish'-ites}. 

An'swer.  To  antteer  Iht  bell  is  to  gro 
and  see  what  it  was  ning  for. 

To  an.%ver  the  door  is  to  go  and  open  !t, 
when  a  knock  or  ring  has  been  given. 

In  both  those  instances  the  wor.l  \t 
"answering  to  a  summons.'  To  sw-ar 
means  literally  "  toaffirm  somothing,"and 
to  an-swear  is  to  "  s;iy  something  bv  w.iy 
of  rejoinder;  but  figuratively  both  tho 
"swer"  and  the  "answer"  may  be  maii<< 
without  words.     (iV^SwKAn.) 

Ants.  "  flo  to  the  ant,  thou  tltuffjard  .. 
whidi  prtiviilclh  Iter  ni>ut  in  ihe  iummer  " 
(I'rov.  vi.  0  8;  and  x\x.  2.1.)  'I  lio 
notion  that  ants  in  Rcnei-il  gatlior  foiKl 
in  harvest  for  a  winter'^  vloro  in  i|uito  .in 
error  :  in  the  first  place,  they  d>>  not  live 
on  gr;un,  but  chiotly  on  animal  food  ;  and, 
in  the  next  place,  thoy  are  tor|>id  to 
winter,  and  do  not  require  fio<l.  Colmtei 
SvKos,  hcwover,  says  thare  \»  iu  Poonah 


84 


ANTiEOS. 


ANTIPATH7. 


a  g^rain-fuoding  Bpecios,  which  stores  up 
millet-seed  ;  but  certainly  our  ants  have 
no  claim  to  the  following  stanza  : — 

Who  taught  the  little  ant  the  way 
Its  narrow  hole  to  bore, 
And  labour  all  the  summer  day 
To  Kather  winter  store  ? 

Jane  Tai/lor, 

Ards  ncier  sleej).  Emerson  mentions 
this  as  "a  recently-observed  fact." — 
*'  Nature,"  ch.  iv. 

Antse'os,  in  Greek  mythology,  was  a 
gigantic  wrestler,  whose  strength  was  in- 
vincible so  long  as  he  touched  the  earth  ; 
and  every  time  he  was  lifted  from  it,  was 
renewed  by  touching  it  again.  {See 
Male'gaR.) 

As  once  Antjcos,  on  the  Libyan  strand. 
More  tierce  recovered  when  he  reached  the  sand. 
HooWi  "  Arinsto,"  book  iv. 

It  was  Hercules  who  succeeded  in  killing 
this  charmed  giant.     He 

Lifts  proud  Antieos  from  his  mother's  plains. 
And    with   strong   grasp    the   struggling  giant 

strains  ; 
Back  falls  his  panting  head  and  clammy  hair, 
Writhe  his  weak  liinlis  and  flits  his  life  in  air. 

Daricm,  "  Ecotiomy  of  Vegehilion." 

Anteee'dents.  /  know  not/iin;/  of  hit. 
antecedents— his  previous  life,  character, 
or  conduct.  (Latin,  ante-cedens,  'fore- 
goings  on.) 

Antediluvian.  Before  the  Deluge, 
ineaning  the  Scripture  Deluge ;  but  the 
word  is  used  sometimes  in  geology  for 
ante-Ad'amite  (before  Adam  was  created). 

Anthi'a.  The  lady-love  of  Abroc'- 
omas  in  Xenophon's  romance,  called 
"  Ephesi'aca."  Shakespeare  lias  bor- 
rowed from  this  Greek  novel  the  leading 
incidents  of  his  "  Romeo  and  Juliet," 
especially  that  of  the  potion  and  mock 
entombment.  N.B.  This  is  not  the 
historian,  but  a  Xonophou  who  lived  in 
the  fourth  Christian  era. 

Anthony.  Si.  Antlumy's  Cross.  T 
orY. 

Anthony,  St.  Patron  saint  of  swine- 
herds, because  he  always  lived  in  woods 
and  forests.     (See  Pig.) 

Anthony  Ahsohite,  Sir.  A  testy,  dog- 
matical, but  kind-hearted  gentleman  in 
Sheridan's  "  Rivals." 

Si.  Anthony's  Fire.  Erysip'elas  is  so 
called  from  the  tradition  that  those  who 
sought  tho  intercession  of  St.  Anthony 
recovered  from  the  pestilential  erysipelas 
called  the  sacred  fire,  which  proved  ex- 
tremely fatAl  in  lOSa 


An  Anthem)/  Pig.  A  pel  pig,  the 
smallest  of  the  whole  litter.  St.  An- 
thony was  originally  a  swineherd,  and, 
therefore,  the  patron  saint  of  pigs. 

Anthropos'ophus.  'Hie  nirkname 
of  Dr.  Vaughan,  rector  of  St  Bride's,  in 
Bedfordshire;  so  called  from  his  "An- 
throposoph'ia  Teomag'ica,"  to  show  the 
condition  of  man  after  death. 

Anti-Chiist  or  the  Man  of  Sin, 
expected  by  some  to  precede  the  second 
coming  of  Christ.  St.  John  bO  calls 
every  one  who  denies  tho  incarnation  of 
the  eternal  Son  of  God. 

Anti-Eras'tian  Party.  Those  who 
wish  the  church  to  have  the  power  of 
punishing  ecclesiastical  offenders.     {See 

EUASTIAN.) 

Anti-pope  is  a  pope  elected  by  a 
l-ing  in  opposition  to  the  pope  elected  by 
the  cardinals ;  or  one  who  usurps  the 
popedom  in  opposition  to  the  rightful 
pope.  Geddes  gives  a  list  of  twenty-four 
anti-popes,  three  of  wljom  were  deposed 
by  the  council  of  Constance. 

-Ajltig'one.  The  Modern  Antigone. 
Marie  Therfese  Charlotte  duchesse  d'An- 
goul^me,  daughter  of  Louis  XVI. ;  so 
called  for  her  attachment  to  Louis  XV  III., 
whose  companion  she  was.    (1778-1851.) 

An'timony.  Said  to  be  derived  frorn 
the  Greek  antimon'achos  (bad  for  monks). 
It  is  said  that  Valentine  once  gave  some 
of  this  mineral  to  his  convent  pigs,  who 
thrived  upon  it,  and  became  very  fat. 
He  next  tried  it  on  the  monks,  who  Hied 
from  its  effects;  so  Valentine  said,  "tho' 
good  for  pigs,  it  was  bad  for  monks." 
'ihis  fable  is  given  by  Fureti^re.  Tbe 
piore  probable  derivation  is  anli-nwnos 
(averse  to  be  alone),  so  called  becau-e  it 
is  never  found  except  in  combination 
uith  sulphur  or  some  other  substance. 

Antino'mian  (Greek  anti-nomos, 
exempt  from  the  law).  One  who  believes 
that  Christians  are  not  bound  to  observe 
the  "law  of  God,"  but  "  may  continue  in 
sin  that  grace  may  abound.'''  The  term 
was  first  applied  to  John  Agricola  by 
Martin  Luther. 

-Antin'ous  (4  syl.).   A  model  of  manly 
beauty.     He  was  the  page  of  Hadrian, 
the  Roman  Emperor. 
The  polished  grpce  of  Antinous.— i)aiJv  Teit^-rapK 

Antip'athy.   According  to  tradition. 


A.NTISTHENES. 


APLOMB. 


35 


wolves  bave  a  mortal  antipathy  to  scilla- 
roots ;  geese  to  the  soil  of  Whitby  ;  cats 
to  dot's  ;  witches  to  running  water-  (See 
Cat,  Pio.) 

Antis'lhenes.  Founder  of  the  Cynic 
School  in  Athens.  He  wore  a  ragged 
cloak,  and  carried  a  wallet  and  staff  like 
a  beggar.  Soc'rates  wittily  said  he  could 
"  see  rank  pride  peering  through  the  holes 
of  Antis'theutis'  rags." 

Aritoni'nus.  The  Wall  of  Anioniae. 
A  turf  entrenchment  raised  by  the  Jlo- 
mans  from  Dunglass  Castle,  on  tho  Clyde, 
to  Caer  Ridden  Kirk,  near  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  under  the  direction  of  Lollius 
Urb'icus,  legate  of  Antoui'nus  Pius, 
A.D.  140. 

An'Lony.    (5«eAMnoNY.) 

Antrus'tioiiS.  The  vassals  of  the 
Prankish  kings,  who  held  land  in  trust. 
These  lands  were  subsequently  heredi- 

t.u-y. 

AnuHbis.  In  Egyptian  mythology, 
jimilar  to  the  Ilermiis  of  Greece,  whose 
office  it  was  to  take  the  souls  of  the  dead 
before  the  judge  of  the  infernal  regions. 
Anu'bis  is  represented  with  a  human 
1  ody  and  jackal's  head. 

Ar.y-liove  ;  i.e.,  in  an  irregular 
manner.  "  lie  did  it  any-how,"  in  a 
careless,  slovenly  manner.  "  Ue  went 
on  any-how,"  in  a  wild,  reckless  manner. 
Any-lcow,  yuu  mit.it  manai/e  it  for  me  ;  by 
hook  or  crook  ;  at  all  events. 

Aon'iaa.  Poetical,  peilaining  to  the 
Muses.  The  Muses,  according  to  Grecian 
mythology,  dwelt  in  Aon'ia,  that  part  of 
Bteo'tia  which  contains  Mount  Hel'icon 
and  the  Muses'  Fountain.  Thomson  calls 
the  fraternity  of  poets 

The  Aunmn  hive 
Who  pralsW  are.  and  Htiirve  rixht  mprnly. 

"  Cattle  0/  InduUtue."  IL 

Ape.  The  buffoon  ape,  in  Drydeu's 
poem  called  "The  Hind  and  tho  Pan- 
ther," means  the  Free-thinkers. 

Kent  her  {tKt  bear)  the  bulTuuii  ape,  aa  atlieista 

use, 
Uimicked  all  sects,  and  bad  his  own  to  choose. 

Pt.  i. 

He  keeps  them,  like  an  ape,  in  the  corner 
of  his  iaw  ;  first  mouthed,  to  be  last  swal- 
lowed ("  Hamlet  "  iv.  2).  Hanmcr  says — 
Monkeys  in  eating  throw  into  a  pouch 
ou  the  side  of  their  jaw  that  part  of  their 
food  which  they  take  up  first,  and  V..:to 
keep  it  till  they  Lave  Quiabnd  Afttiu^'. 


To  put  an  ape  into  your  hood  (or)  cap 

i.e.,  to  make  a  fool  of  you.  Aj-os  wer« 
formerly  carried  on  the  shoulders  of 
fools  and  simpletons. 

To  sny  an  ape's  paternoster,  is  to  chattel 
with  fright  or  cold,  like  an  ape. 

Ape.  The  pseudonym  of  M.  i'ellcgrini, 
the  caricaturist  of  Vanity  Fair.  Dr. 
Johnson  savs,  "To  ape  is  to  imitate 
ludicrously. 

Apelles.  A  famous  Grecian  painter, 
contemporary  with  Alexander  the  Groat. 

There  cnraelier  forms  emhroidered  rose  to  view 
Thau  o'er  ApeJles'  xvciiilrous  ppncil  drew. 

"  OrUindo  f"unofO.  "  bk.  nlv. 

Ap'eman'tus.  A  churlish  philoso- 
pher, in  Shakespeare's  "  Timon  of 
Athens." 

The  cynicism  of  Aprmnntns  eontm^fril  trlth  th* 
rcul  raisamhropy  of  Timon.— Sir  Walter  ScoU. 

A-per-se.  An  A  1  ;  a  person  or 
thing  of  unusual  merit.  "  A  "  all  alone, 
with  no  one  wlio  can  follow,  lumo  proxi- 
mus  aut  secundui. 

London,  thou  art  of  towngs  A  per  t».~  US.  Latitd. 

Apex  original!)'  meant  tho  woollen 
tassel  suspended  from  the  top  of  the 
flamens'  cap.  In  time  tho  word  w.is 
applied  to  tbe  cap,  and  now  means  the 
summit  or  tip. 

Aph'rodite  (4  syl.).  The  Greek 
Venus ;  so  called  because  sho  sprang 
from  the  foam  of  the  sea. 

Aph'rodite's  Girdle.  Whoever  wore 
Aplirodilo's  magic  girdle,  immediately 
became  the  object  of  love.    (Greek  myth.) 

Apic'ius.  A  gourmand.  .\pieiua 
was  a  Roman  gourmand,  whose  income 
being  reduced  by  his  luxurious  living  to 
£80,000,  put  an  end  to  his  life,  to  avoid 
the  misery  of  being  obliged  to  live  on 
plain  diet. 

A-pigsa-back.    (&«  Pioback.) 

A'pis,  in  Egyptian  mythology,  is  the 
bull  symbolical  of  the  god  Apis.  It  wa» 
not  sull'ered  to  live  more  than  twonty- 
fivo  years,  when  it  was  sacrificed  and 
buried  in  great  pomp.  Tho  n)a<iDCR«  of 
Cambyscs  is  said  to  have  boon  in  rotrilm- 
tion  for  his  killing  a  sacred  bull. 

Aplomb  means  true  to  tho  plumb 
lino,  but  is  generally  used  to  exprosn  that 
self -possession  which  arises  from  perfect 
self-confidence.  We  also  talk  of  a 
dancor'i  aplomb,  moaninif  that  be  in  a 
perfect  mAster  of  hij  art. 


3S 


APOCALYPTIC. 


APOSTLES. 


Apocalyp'tic  Number.  The  mys- 
tic nuinbor  6(56.    (Rev.  xiii.  18.)  c.  p.  (i25. 

Apoe'rypha  means  things  wholly 
concealed  (Greek,  apo,  intcnsitivc,  ami 
kniplo,  to  conceal).  The  canonical  books 
were  puhliahed,  or  •nade  public,  by  the 
Jews  ;  but  the  doubtful  books  were  not 
made  public,  i.e.,  th'  y  were  held  back  or 
concealed.  An  apoi.  ri/phal  narrative  is 
one  that  is  not  true,  or  not  authentic ; 
the  two  causes  that  decided  the  rejection 
of  the  uncanonical  Scriptures. 

Apollina'riar  s.  An  anciuni,  sect 
founded  in  the  middle  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury by  Apollina'ris,  bishop  of  Laodice'a. 
They  denied  that  Christ  had  a  human 
soul,  and  asserted  that  the  Loyos  supjil'.ed 
the  place  of  the  reasonable  soul.  The 
Athanasian  creed  condemns  this  heresy. 

Apollo.  The  sun,  the  god  of  music. 
Roman  myiholor/y.') 

Apollo's  an^ry,  and  the  heavpns  themselves 
Do  strike  at  my  injustice.— "H'n.ter's  Tule."  in.  J. 

A  perfect  Apo'lo.  A  model  of  manly 
beauty,  referring  to  the  Apollo  Belvidere 
iq.v.). 

The  Apollo  of  Portuyal.  Luis 
Camoens,  author  of  the  "  Lusiad,"  so 
called,  not  for  his  beauty,  but  for  his 
poetry.  He  was  god  of  poetry  in  Portu- 
gal, but  was  allowed  to  die  in  the  streets 
of  Lisbon  like  a  dog,  literally  of  starva- 
tion. Poor  fellow  I  he  would  have  gladly 
exchanged  for  solid  pudding  some  of  his 
empty  praise.      (1527-1579.) 

Apollo  Belvidere  {Bel'-ve-dear').  A 
marble  statue,  supposed  to  be  from  the 
chisel  of  the  Greek  sculptor  Cal'amis, 
who  flourished  in  the  fifth  ante-Christian 
era.  It  represents  the  god  holding  a 
bow  in  his  left  hand,  and  is  called 
Belvidere  from  the  Belvidere  Gallery  of 
the  Vat'ican,  in  Rome,  where  it  stands. 
It  was  discovered  in  1503,  amidst  the 
ruins  of  An'tium,  and  purchased  by  pope 
Julius  II. 

Apollo'niiJS.  Master  of  the  Rosi- 
crucians.  He  is  said  to  have  had  the 
power  of  raising  the  dead,  of  making 
himself  invisible,  and  of  being  in  two 
places  at  the  same  time. 

Apollodo'ros.  Plato  says  :  "  Who 
would  not  rather  be  a  man  of  sorrows 
than  Apollodoros,  envied  by  all  for  his 
enormous  wealth,  yet  nourishing  in  his 
heart    the    scorpions    of    a    guilty   con- 


science?"  (The  Repuh.)  This  Apollo- 
doros was  the  tyrant  '<{  Cassan'drea  (for- 
merly Polide'a).  He  obt.-iined  the  supreme 
power  B.C.  379,  exercised  it  with  the 
utmost  cruelty,  and  was  put  to  death  by 
Antig'onos  Gou'atas. 

ApoH'yon.  King  of  tie  bottomless 
pit  (Rev.  is.  11).  His  contest  with  I'il- 
grim,  in  Bunyan's  alli^rory,  has  made  his 
name  familiar.       (Gicek,  tkedeUroyer.) 

Apos'tate,  T/t«.  Julian,  the  Roman 
emperor.  So  called  because  he  forsook 
the  Christian  faith  and  returned  to  ragan- 
ism  again.    (331,  361-363.) 

A  poster'io'ri  (Latin,  from  the 
latter.)  An  a  posteriori  argument  is 
proving  the  cause  from  the  effect.  Thus, 
if  we  see  a  watch,  we  conclude  there 
was  a  watch-maker.  liobinson  Crusoe 
inferred  there  was  another  human  being 
on  the  desert  island,  because  he  saw  hu- 
man foot-prints  in  the  wet  sand.  It  is 
thus  we  infer  the  existence  and  character 
of  deity  from  his  works.    (See  A  Prioui.) 

Apos'tles.  The  badges  '^r  symbols  of 
the  fourteen  apostles. 

Andrew,  a  cross,  because  he  waa  crucified  on  ■ 
cross  shaped  like  the  letter  X. 

Bartholomew,  a  knife,  because  he  was  flayed 
with  a  knife. 

James  theGrc-iter.  a  eeallop-sheU^  a  pucrtniggUi^. 
or  a  gourd  bottUi,  hccause  he  is  the  palrun  saiut  ui 
pilgrims.    (Ste  ScALLcip-suKLL.) 

.lames  the  Less,  a  fulUi't  pole,  because  he  wai 
killeii  by  a  blow  on  the  head  with  a  pole,  dealt  him 
by  Simeon  the  fuller. 

John,  a  eup  with  a  winpel  serpent  Jlying  onl  0/  it 
In  allusion  to  tiie  traJiiioii  about  .-iiistide'inos. 
priest  of  Diana,  who  chalk-iii;ed  John  to  drink  a 
cup  of  poison.  John  made  the  sisn  of  the  cross  on 
the  cup,  Satan  like  a  dragon  ilew  from  it.  and 
John  then  drank  the  cup,  which  was  quite  in- 
nocuous. 

Judas  Iscariot.  a  bag.  because  he  hail  the  bai<, 
and  "bare  wh.at  was  put  therein."    (John  xii.  rt.  1 

Jude,  a  ebtb.  because  he  was  martyred  by  a  ciiili. 

Matthew,  n  hatchet  or  huV-ert,  because  he  wai 
slain  at  Nad'abar  with  a  halberu 

Matthias,  a  battle-axe.  because  he  was  first 
stoned,  and  then  bclieaded  with  a  battle-axe. 

Paul,  a  sword,  because  his  he.ad  was  cut  off  with 
a  sword.  The  convent  of  La  Lisla,  iu  Spain,  boasts 
of  possessing  the  very  instrument. 

Peter,  a  bunch  0/  kei/s,  because  Christ  eave  him 
the  ■'  keys  of  the  kingdom  uf  heaven."'  A  £»■■*, 
because  he  wer.i  out  and  wept  bitterly  wlien  he 
heard  the  cock  crow. 

Philip,  a  lonp  stuff  s^trTwunUd  uUh  a  cross,  he- 
cause  he  sullcred  death  by  being  suspended  by  the 
neck  to  a  tall  pillar. 

Simon,  a  taw,  because  he  w»«  tawn  to  deoli., 
according  to  tradition. 

Thomas,  a  lanct,  because  he  was  pierced  through 
the  body,  at  Mel'iapour,  with  a  lance. 

(See  Evangelists.) 
Apostles  0/ 
Abi/itiniant.  St.  Frumentiue.   (Fourth  centuryj 


APOSTLE. 


APPLE. 


87 


Alr>.    Felix  NeJr     (179*  1 8 '90 

ArJmnrs,  iV  Hubert.     (646-730) 

Armeniani,  <ircporT  of  Ani.enin.     (!.'6 '31.) 

Enyliih,  St.  Augusiin-     (IMwl  t07  )    bt.  Oeorge- 

Etkuipia.    (Sm  AaiEgixiAHs.) 

Fr,se  Trade,  Kiohanl  Cohdrii.     (ISnt-lgM.) 

French,  St.  Dciiis.   (Third  century.) 

Friniim.  St.  Wilhrod.    («i7-73S.) 

(f'tult.  .SI.  Irena;u8  (130-JOO) ;  St.  Martin  (Slfl-307). 

QftUdet,  St.  I'aul. 

Oemwny.  St.  Honiface.    (680-7l».) 

HioMuwlem.  St.  Columh.     (.')2I-5'.I7-) 

Hungaru.  "^t.  Aiiastasius.     (Doi-luu.) 

Indinm,  BartolumS  de  Las  Casas  (147t-iri90),  Rev. 
John  Eliot  (IfiOt-l'iW). 

Indus.  St.  Kraiicis  Xavler.     (1V)9-1551.) 

Inji^lelU]/.  Voltaire.     (l«9i-ir7S.) 

Irelan'l.  St.  Patrick.     (372-«M.) 

AetherlantU.  St.  Armaiid,  bisliop  of  Ma<>3lricht. 
(SSB  rt7».) 

A'orth.  St.  Ans?ar  or  Anscariug  (8U1-S64);  Ber- 
nard Gilpin  ll.=>17-l->S:J). 

PicU.  St.  Ninian. 

Sa>Ui»h  Rtfomv.rt,  John  Knox.     (15as-I57J.) 

6Utr.\  .St.  Cyril.     (Died  "Oi-) 

BjMii»,  St  James  tlie 'i  renter.     (Pied  44  ) 

TrTnfrrun'ct,  Kathcr  Mutliew.     (1  T'.'O- IS;6  ) 

Y<^k^htre.  Tauli'iius,  bi  hop  ol  Voiit  aod  llocliester. 
(^PT  6U.) 

iIm(<.<,  St.  Paviil.     (4SO-W4) 

Tlu  Twelve  Apost/e.i.  The  I.nst  twelve 
names  on  the  poll  or  list  of  ordinary  de- 
grees were  so  called,  when  the  list  was 
arranged  in  order  of  merit,  and  not 
alphabetically,  as  now  ;  they  were  also 
called  the  Chosen  Tirelve.  The  la.st  of  the 
twelve  was  (ksii^nated  St.  Paul  from  a 
play  on  ths  verso  1  Ci.ir.  xv.  9. 

Apoatte  of  the  Stcord.  So  Mahomet 
was  called,  because  he  enforced  his  cree<l 
at  the  point  of  the  sword.    (570-(332.) 

Pnnce  of  Ui^  Apostles.  St.  Peter.  (Matt, 
xvi.  18,  19.) 

Apos'tle-spoons.  Spoons  given  at 
chri.steiiin!j<  ;  so  called  because  one  of 
the  apo.stles  figured  at  the  top  of  the 
handle.  Sometimes  twelve  spoons,  repre- 
senting the  twelve  apostles;  sometimes 
four,  representing  the  four  evangelists; 
and  sometimes  only  one,  was  presented. 
We  still  gfive  at  christenings  a  silver 
spoon,  though  the  apostolic  handle  is  no 
longer  retained. 

Apostles'  Creed.  The  creed  which 
contains  a  l)ricf  summary  of  what  the 
Apostles  taught.  It  was  first  introduced 
into  the  daily  service  by  Tullo,  bishop  of 
Antioch,  in  471. 

Apostol'ic  Fathers.  Five  advo- 
cates of  the  Christian  religion  contem- 
porary with  the  ai)0stlcs,  viz.,  Clement 
of  Home,  Bar'nabas,  Hernias,  Igna'tius, 
and  Pol  ycarp. 

Apostolic  Majesty.  A  title  borne 
by  the  emperor  of  Austria,    as   king  of 


Rtingary,  It  wa.s  conferred  by  poj>« 
Sylvester  II.  on  the  king  of  Uun^iiry 
in  lOUO. 

Appar'el.  Dress.  Properly  speaking, 
the  apparels  are  the  ornanicnUil  parts  uf 
the  alb  at  the  lower  edt'e  and  wrists.  'I'ho 
alb  was  called  the  a|>[i;irel  by  a  figure  of 
speech,  and  the  catcchu'nions  used  to 
talk  of  putting  on  their  appareis  or  fine 
white  surplice  for  the  feast  of  l'oi>tecost. 

Ap'piades  (4  syl.).  Five  divinities 
whose  temple  stood  near  the  founUama 
of  Ap'pius,  in  Home.  Their  names  are 
Venus,  Pallas,  Concord,  Peace,  and 
Vesta.  They  were  represented  on  horse- 
back, like  Amazons. 

Ap'pian  Way,  The  oldest  and  best 
of  all  the  I'ioman  roads,  leading  from  tlio 
Porta  (Jape'na  of  Rome  to  Capua.  This 
"queen  of  roads"  wa.s  commenced  by 
Appius  Claudius,  the  decemvir,  d  c 
31.3. 

Apple.  The  apple  that  gave  Newton 
the  hint  about  gravitation,  stood  in  the 
garden  of  Mrs.  Conduitt,  at  Wool.sthorpe. 

Tlie  apple  of  discord.  A  moi>t  point. 
At  the  marriage  of  Thetis  and  JV'lcus, 
where  all  the  gods  and  goddesses  met 
together.  Discord  threw  on  the  talilo  a 
golden  apple  "for  the  raost  beautiful." 
Juno,  Pallas,  and  Venus  f'Ut  in  their 
separate  claims ;  and  not  being  able  to 
settle  the  point,  referred  the  rpicstimi  to 
Paris,  who  gave  judgment  in  favour  ol 
Venus.  This  brought  upon  him  the  ven- 
geance of  .limo  and  Paihis,  to  whose 
spite  the  fall  of  Troy  is  to  bo  .attributed. 

Apples  of  IstlaJiar'  are  "all  swoetnuM 
on  one  side,  and  all  biltcraess  on  the 
other." 

Apples  of  Paradise,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, had  a  bito  on  one  side,  to  com- 
memorate the  gripe  given  by  Eve. 

The  npple  if  perpetual  youth.  Thin  in 
the  apple  of  Idun,  daughter  of  the  dwarf 
Svald,  and  wife  of  Bragi.  It  is  by  tastitii; 
this  apple  that  the  gods  pro.«erTo  their 
perpetual  youth.     (Scand.  m;itJi.) 

Apples  of  Pi/Ihi/i,  says  Sir  .John  Mnnde- 
ville,  fed  the  pigmies  with  their  o<iour 
only. 

Apples  of  Sodom.  Tliovcnot  r:\yn~ 
"  There  are  applo-trotT  on  llio  nidus  of 
the  Dead  Sea  which  l>oar  IovpIt  frnit, 
but  witliin   are  f,,ll  of   asbna."      >Vitniaa 


S8 


APPLE-PIE. 


AQUILINE. 


Bays  the  same  is  asserted  of  the  oranges 
there.     (See  Tacitus,  "  Hist.,"  v.  7.) 

Mke  to  the  apples  on  the  Dead  Sea's  shore, 
All  ashes  to  U-e  'i^^'e. 

Bl/ron,  "  Childe  Uarold."  111.  51. 

The  apple  of  the  eye.  Probably  a  cor- 
ruptioD  of  pupil. 

The  singing  apple  had  the  power  of 
persuading  any  one  to  anything. —  "  Chery 
and  Fairslar,"  Countess  D'Anois. 

Prince  Ahmed's  apj>h  ~  a  cure  for 
every  disorder.  This  a;>iile  the  prince 
purchased  at  Samarcancl'.  —  "Arabian 
nights,"  Pnnce  Ahmed,  &o. 

Apple-pie  bed.  A  bed  in  which 
the  .sheets  are  so  folded  that  a  person 
cannot  pet  his  le^s  down  it;  from  the 
ojipU  turnofcr;  or  far  more  probably,  a 
cunuption  of  the  French  a plis  (folded); 
a  pile  bed. 

Apple-pie  order.  Pnm  and  pre- 
cise order ,  probably  a  eoiTuption  of 
cap  dpied,  said  of  a  knight  when  armed 
from  head  to  foot  in  perfect  order,  A 
still  more  probable  derivation  is  the 
French  d  pits,  in  plaits,  or  folded  in 
regular  plaits. 

ApriL  The  opening  month,  when  the 
trees  unfold,  and  the  womb  of  nature 
opens  with  young  life.  (Latin,  nperi're,  to 
open.) 

April  Fool.  Called  in  France  un poisson 
(TAvril,  and  in  S  'OtHi  d  a,  goick {cackoo). 
lu  Hindustan  similar  tri'ks  are  played  at 
the  Hull  Festival  (31st  March).  So  that 
it  cannot  refer  to  the  uncertainty  of  the 
weather,  nor  yet  to  the  mockery  trial  of 
our  Redeemer,  the  two  most  popular  ex- 
[lianations.  A  better  solution  is  this  : — 
As  March  25th  used  to  be  New  Year's 
Day,  April  1st  was  its  octave,  when  its 
festivities  culminated  and  ended. 

My  AptU  Morn—  i.e.,  my  wedding-day; 
the  day  when  I  was  made  a  fool  of.  The 
allusion  is  to  f'le  oust  im  of  making  fools 
of  each  other  on  the  1st  of  April. 

Aprio'ri(Latin,  from  an  antecedent). 
An  a  pnori  argument  is  when  we  deduce 
&  fact  from  something  antecedent,  as 
wben  we  infer  certain  effects  from  given 
causes.  All  mathematical  proofs  are  of 
the  a  prioi'i  kind,  whereas  judgments  in 
the  law  courts  pre  of  the  o  posteriori 
evidence;  we  infer  the  animus  from  the 
ect.    {See  A  Posteriori.) 

Apron.  This  is  a  strange  blunder. 
A  nappeion,  converted  into  A n  apperon. 


"  Napperon "  is  French  for  a  napkin, 
from  nappe  (cloth  in  general),  fciume 
English  counties  still  employ  the  word 
apperon. 

Aqua  He'giafroyi/ tracer).  So  called 
because  it  dissolves  gold,  the  king  of 
metals.  It  consists  of  one  part  of  nitric 
acid,  with  from  two  to  four  of  hydrochloric 
aci'i. 

Aqua  Tofa'na  or  To/a'nia.  A  poison- 
ous liq^iid  much  u-ed  in  Italy  in  the 
seventei;nth  century  by  y'lUDg  wives  who 
wanted  to  get  rid  of  their  husbnnd-.  It 
was  invented  by  a  woman  naajed  Tofa'ni, 
who  called  it  the  Manna  of  St.  Nicholas 
of  Bari,  from  the  wide-spread  notion 
that  an  oU  of  miraculous  efficacy  flowed 
from  the  tomb  of  that  saint. 

Aqua  Viiae  (wafer  of  life).  Certain 
ardent  spirits  used  by  the  alchemists. 
Ben  J  on  son  terms  a  seller  of  ardent 
spi'its  an  "aqua-vitse  man." — Alchemist, 
i.  1.  The  "elixir  of  life  "  was  made  from 
distilled  spirits,  which  were  tr  ought  to 
have  the  power  of  prolongiLig  life.  {See 
Eau-de-vie.) 

Aqua'rians.  A  sect  in  the  early 
Christian  church  which  insisted  on  the 
use  of  water  instead  of  wine  in  the  Lord's 
Supper. 

Aqua'rius  {the  icater  hearei-).  One  of 
the  signs  of  the  zodiac  (Jan.  20  to  Feb. 
18);  so  called  because  it  appears  when 
the  Nile  begins  to  overflow. 

A'queous  Hceks.  Rocks  produced 
by  the  agency  of  water,  such  as  bedded 
limestones,  sandst'iiies,  and  clays;,  in 
short,  all  the  geological  rocks  which  are 
arranged  in  layers  or  strata. 

Aq'uilant  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
A  knight  in  Chai-lemagne's  army,  son  of 
Olive'ro  and  Sigismuuda.  He  was  called 
black  from  his  armour,  and  his  brother 
Gryphon  white.  Wiiile  A'piihnt  was 
searching  for  his  brether  he  nivt  Marta'no 
in  Gryphon's  armour,  and  to -k  him  bound 
to  Damascus,  where  his  brother  was. 

Aq'uiline  (3syl.).  Raymond's  match- 
less steed,  bred  on  the  bai;ks  of  the 
Tagus.     (See  HoRSE.) 

There  the  fair  mother.    .    .    . 
With  open  mouth,  against  the  breezes  hclil, 
Keceived  the  g:ilcs  with  wainith  prolific  lilled; 
And  (strange  to  tell),  iiispin-rt  with  semal  seed. 
Her  swelling  wumb  proilucid  this  wondrous 
Bteed.—    Jerusalem  IklU'ered,"  l)ook  vii. 

N.B. — Virgil  h.is  an  exactly  parallel 
passage. — "Gtorgict,"  iii.  271  277. 


AQUINIAN. 


AftCnERS. 


S9 


Aquin'ian  Sage.  Ju'venal  is  so 
called  because  be  lived  at  Aijui'tium,  a 
towu  of  the  Volscians. 

Arabesque  {An-a-besl^}.  The  gor- 
geous Moorish  pntterns,  like  those  in  the 
Alhambra,  especially  employed  in  archi- 
tectural decoration.  During-  the  Spanish 
wars,  in  the  rei^u  of  Louis  XIV.,  ara- 
besque decorations  were  profusely  intro- 
duced into  France.  (  French,  "  Arab- 
hko.") 

Arabian  Nights.  First  made 
known  in  Europe  by  Antoine  Galland,  a 
French  Oriental  scholar,  who  translated 
them  and  called  them  The  Tlioiisand  and 
One  JVii/hts  (from  the  number  of  nights 
occupicil  in  their  recital).  They  are  of 
Indian,  Per.sian,  and  Arabian  oriirin. 

N.B.— "  The  Tales  of  the  Genu,"  by 
t^ir  Charles  Jlorell,  [(".c,  llcv.  James 
Ridley]  are  an  excilk-ut  imitation. 

Common  English  translations  — 

i  vols.,  12mo,  17M,  by   11.    Heron,    pnljlislied    In 

Edinburkth  and  Loiidua. 
t  Tols.,  12mo,  179t,  by  Mr.  ISeloe, London. 

I711S,  by  Kichard  Uough,  enlarged 
Paris  edition. 
6  Tols.,  8vo,  18fi2,  by  Rev.  Edwanl  Foster. 
18i9,  by  Edw.  Wm.  Lnne. 

Arabians.  A  class  of  Arabian  here- 
tics of  the  third  century,  who  maintained 
that  the  soul  dies  with  the  body. 

Ar'abic  Figures.  So  called  because 
they  were  introduced  into  Europe  (Spain) 
by  the  Moors  or  Arabs,  who  learnt  them 
from  the  Hindus. 

Ar'abs.  Street  Arabs.  The  houseless 
poor ;  street  children.  So  called  because, 
like  the  Arabs,  they  are  nomads  or 
wanderers  with  no  settled  homo. 

Arach'ne's  Labours.  S})inning 
and  weaving.  Arachne  was  so  skilful 
a  needlewoman,  that  she  ch.allenged 
Minerva  to  a  trial  of  ski'l,  and  hanged 
herself  because  the  goddess  beat  her. 
Miiierva  then  changed  her  into  a  spider. 

Aracline's  labours  nenr  her  Injurs  divide, 
liaiuls  nor  loonis  ricr  spindlC! 
Hoolt'i  "  Jerusalem  delivered. 


Hur  nuble  liaiuls  nor  loonis  ricr  spindles  snide. 
J.-bk.  ii. 


A'raf,  Al  (tht  partition).  A  region, 
according  to  the  Koran,  between  J'ara- 
di.se  and  Jeliennani,  for  those  who  are 
Leither  morally  good  uor  bad,  such  a.s 
infants,  lunatics,  and  idiots.  The  in- 
mates of  Al  Araf  will  bo  allowed  to  con- 
ver.se  with  the  blessed  and  the  cursed  ; 
to  the  former  this  region  will  appear  a 
hell,  to  the  latter  a  hoaveo.     {iSa  LiuBu. ) 


Araa'ptS  (in  "Jerusalem  DoH- 
vorod ").  King  of  Alexandria,  more 
famed  for  devices  than  courage.  He 
joined  the  Egyptian  armament  agaiubt 
the  Crusaders. 

Ara'tos  of  Achrea,  in  Greece,  mur- 
dered Nic'oeles,  the  tyrant,  in  order  to 
restore  his  country  to  liberty,  and  would 
not  allow  even  a  picture  of  a  king  to 
exist.  He  was  poisoned  by  Philip  of 
Macedon. 

Aratus,  who  awhile  relumed  the  soul 
Of  foudly-liiigcTiug  liberty  in  (Jn^po-. 

Tkrmton,  "  n'inUr.' 

Arba'ces  (3syl.).  A  Mode  and  As- 
syriau  satrap,  who  conspired  against 
Sardanapa'lus,  and  foimded  the  umpire 
of  Me'dia  on  the  ruins  of  the  Assyrian 
kingdom. — Byron,  "  Sardanajtaliu." 

Arboi'  Jacliie.  Said  to  be  so  col  I  ed 
because  Judas  Iscariot  hanged  himself 
thereon.  This  is  one  of  those  word-ro- 
semblances  so  delu.sivo  tu  etymologists. 
Judae  is  the  Spanish  judi'a  (a  French, 
bean),  and  Arbor  Judiois  a  corruption  of 
Arhol  Judia  (the  bean-tree),  10  called 
from  its  bean-like  pods. 

Ar'cacles.  Ar'caJes  arnbo,  both  alike 
eccentric.  From  Virgil's  "  Eclogues," 
where  Cor'ydon  and  Thyrsis  are  de- 
scribed as  both  Arcadians.     (Eel.  vii.) 

Arca'dian.  A  shepherd,  a  fancy 
fanner  ;  so  called  because  the  Arcadians 
were  a  pastoral  people,  and  hence  pas- 
toral poetry  is  called  Arca'dic. 

A  n  A  rcadian  youth.  A  dimce  or 
blockhc.vl ;  so  called  because  the  Arc.n- 
dians  wore  the  least  intollcctual  of  all 
the  Greeks. 

Archangels.  According  to  the 
Koran,  there  are  four  arch.angels.  Ga- 
briel, tho  angel  of  revelations,  who  writes 
down  the  divine  decrees  ;  ili'chttl,  the 
champion,  who  fights  the  battles  of 
faith;  Az'rai'l,  the  angel  of  death  ;  and 
Azfrajil,  who  is  commissioned  to  sound 
tho  trumpet  of  the  resurrection. 

Arch-monarch   of  tho  World. 

Napoleon  III.  of  France. 

Arche'gosauriis  or  Archc'ffosius 
(Greek,  "the  first  type  of  tho  saunans"). 
A  fossil  reptile  foun<f  in  tho  coultioMft  02 
liavaria  and  Westphalia. 

Ar'cheiB.  Domitian,  the  lloni.an 
Emperor,    could  shout  his  ni-rows  wiLh 


40 


ARCHES. 


ARDEN. 


precision  between  the  fingers  of  a  man 
at  a  considerable  distance.  The  tale  of 
William  Tell  is  a  rjcro  repetition  of  the 
Scandinavian  fable  of  Egil,  who  was 
conmiandod  by  King  Nidnng  to  perform 
the  very  same  exploit.  Robin  Hood, 
Little  John,  and  many  others,  have  been 
equally  skilful  with  the  bow. 

Ar'chfS.  The  Court  of  Archcn,  the 
most  ancient  consistory  court  of  England, 
the  dean  of  which  anciently  held  his 
court  under  the  arches  of  Bow  Church. 
Of  course  we  refer  to  the  old  church, 
which  was  arched  from  pillar  to  pillar  ; 
the  present  structure  was  the  work  of 
Sir  Christopher  Wren. 

Archicar'nifex.  Thomas  Norton, 
persecutor.   (1532-1584.) 

Arehiloch'ian  Bitterness.  Ill- 
natured  satire,  so  named  from  Arcliil'- 
ochos,  the  Grecian  satirist.  (B.C.  714-676.) 

Ar'chimage  (3  syl.).  The  name 
given  by  Thomson  to  the  "  demon  Indo- 
lence." Archima'gus  is  the  title  borne 
by  the  High  Priest  of  the  Persian  Magi. 

I  will  (tic  cried),  so  help  me  God  I  destroy 
That  villain  Arcliimase. 

Tluimson,  "  Caalle  of  Indolenei,"  c.  ii. 

Arohima'go  (Hypocrisy).  In  Spen- 
ser's "Faery  Queen.  He  assumes  the 
guise  of  the  Red  Cross  Knight,  and  de- 
ceives Una ;  but  Sansloy  sets  upon  him, 
and  reveals  his  true  character.  When  the 
Red  Cross  Knight  is  about  to  be  married 
to  Una,  he  presents  himself  before  the 
king  of  Eden,  and  tells  him  that  the 
Knight  is  betrothed  to  Duessa.  The 
falsehood  being  exposed,  Archimago  is 
cast  into  a  vile  dungeon  (book  i. ).  In 
book  ii.  the  arch-hypocrite  is  loosed 
again  for  a  season,  and  employs  Brage:a- 
doccio  to  attack  the  Red  t-ross  Knight. 
These  allegories  are  pretty  obvious : 
thus  the  first  incident  means  that  Truth 
( Una),  when  Piety  (the  Red  Cross  Knight) 
is  absent,  is  in  danger  of  being  led  astray 
by  Hypocrisy,  but  any  Infidel  {Sansh)y) 
can  lay  bare  religious  hypocrisy. 

Archime'des     Principle.       The 

quantity  of  water  removed  by  any  body 
immersed  therein  will  equal  in  bulk  the 
bulk  of  the  body  immersed.  This  scien- 
tifio  fact  was  noted  by  the  philosopher 
Archinne'des 


Archime'des  Screw.  An  endless 
screw,  used  for  raising  water,  pro[iclling 
ships,  kc,  invented  by  Archime'des  of 
Syracuse. 

Ar'cMtect  of  his  own  Fortune. 

Apjiius  says,  "  Fahrum  suce  esse  quemqw 
forlunce." 

Archon'ides  of  Arpos,  says  Aris- 
totle, could  eat  salt  beef  for  a  week  or 
more  without  ever  caring  for  drink. 

Archon'tiCB.  Heretics  of  the  second 
century,  who  held  a  number  of  idle 
stories  about  creation,  which  they  attri- 
buted to  a  number  of  agents  called 
"  archons."  (Greek,  archon,  a  prince  or 
ruler.) 

Ar'cite  (2  syl.).  A  young  Theban 
knight,  made  captive  by  duke  Theseus, 
and  shut  up  with  Pal'amon  in  a  prison  at 
Athens.  Here  both  the  captives  fell  in 
love  with  Emily,  the  duke's  sister-in-law. 
After  a  time  both  captives  gained  their 
liberty,  and  Emily  was  promised  by  the 
duke  to  the  victor  in  a  tournament. 
Arcite  was  the  victor,  but,  as  he  was 
riding  to  receive  the  prize  of  his  prowess, 
he  was  thrown  from  his  horse,  and  died. 
So  Emily  became  the  bride  of  Pal'amon. 
— Chaucer,  "  The  KnvjhCs  Tale." 

Ar'cos  Barbs.  War-steeds  of  Arcos, 
in  Andalu'sia,  very  famous  in  Spanish 
ballads. 

Arctic  Region  means  the  region  of 
Arctu'ros  (the  Bear  stars).  Ark  in  San- 
skrit means  "to  be  bright,"  applied  to 
stars  or  anything  bright.  The  Greeks 
translated  ark  into  arkt(os),  "a  bear;" 
hence  Arctu'rus  (the  Bear  Stars),  and 
Arctic  region,  the  region  where  the  north 
star  is  found. 

Arctoph'onos.  One  of  Orion's 
dogs. 

Arctoph'ylax.  The  constellation 
Boti'tes,  near  Ursa  Major. 

Arden,  Enoch.  Mr.  G.  R.  Emerson, 
in  a  letter  to  the  Athenanm  (Aug.  18, 
1866),  points  out  the  resemblance  of  this 
tale  by  Alfred  Tennyson  to  one  entitled 
"  Homeward  Bound,"  by  A<lelaide  Anne 
Procter,  in  a  volume  of  "Legends  and 
Lyrics,''  1858.  Mr.  Emerson  concludes 
his  letter  thus —  "  At  this  point  (i.e., 
when  the  hero  sees  his  wife  '  seated  by 
the    fire,    whi.spering    baby   words    and 


AREA. 


ARGILI.Ay. 


smiling  on  the  father  of  her  child ')  Ten- 
nyson departs  from  the  story.  Enoch 
departs  broken-hearted  to  die,  witliout 
revealing  his  secret;  but  Miss  Procter 
makes  the  three  recognise  each  other, 
and  the  hero  having  blessed  his  wife, 
leaves  her,  to  roam  'over  the  restless 
ocean."' 

Area-sneak.  A  boy  or  girl  who 
sneaks  about  areas  to  commit  petty 
thefts. 

Areop'agos  or  .stars'  Uill.  The  seat 
of  a  famous  tribinial  in  Alliens  ;  so  called 
because  the  first  cause  tried  there  was 
that  of  Mars  or  Arl-s,  accused  by  Nep- 
tune of  the  death  of  his  son  Allyro'thius. 

Theu  Paul  stood  hi  tlic  midst  of  Mars'  Hill. 
Act»  xviL  2'2. 

Ar'etine  (3  syl.),  or  rather  Pietro 
Areti'no,  patronised  by  Francois  I.  of 
France.  A  poet  nottd  for  his  disreputable 
life  and  liceutious  verses.     (1492-1557.) 

(Slmkespenre)  tried  his  hand  with  Aretiue  on  a 
liceutiuub  Kuljject,— .Stteueii*. 

Aretin'ian  Syllables.  Ut,  re,  mi, 
fa,  sol,  la,  used  by  Guide  d'Arezzo  for  his 
system  of  hexachords.     {See  Do.) 

Argan,  a  miserly  hypochondriac.  He 
reduced  himself  to  this  dilemma:  If  his 
apothecary  w.uld  not  charge  less,  he 
coiiM  not  afford  to  be  sick  ;  but  if  ho 
swallowed  fewer  drugs,  ho  would  suffer 
in  health. — Molieres  "  Le  Malade  Imagi- 
naire.^ 

Argand'Lamp.  A  lamp  with  a  circu- 
lar wick,  through  which  a  current  of  air 
flows,  to  supply  oxygen  to  the  flame,  and 
increase  its  brilliancy.  luvenred  by  M. 
Argand,  178'J. 

Argan'te.  A  giantess  of  unbridled 
licentiousness,  in  Spenser's  "  Fai-ry 
Queen."  iii.  7. 

Arean'tes  (o  .syl.).  a  Circassian  of 
high  n.nk  and  matchless  courage,  but 
fierce  to  brutality,  and  an  uitra-despiser 
of  the  sect  of  the  Nazarenes.  He  was 
sent  as  an  atnbassador  from  Egj'pt  to 
king  Al'adine.  He  and  Solyman  were 
by  tar  tlie  rao.st  doughty  of  the  Pagan 
knights.  Tlio  furmer  w^s  slain  by 
Rinaldo,  and  the  other  by  Tancred. — 
Ttisso,  "Jerusalem  Delivered." 

Urinnparte  stood  hnfore  tlie  deputies  like  the 
An?arile.i  of  Italy's  hrroic  poet,  and  Knvo  them 
the  clioico  of  pi-ace  and  war,  with  the  air  of  a 
•upcrior  hi'iiiz,  capalilu  at  ouce  of  dictating  tlieir 
rHte.— iir  WaiUr  HcuU. 

C    * 


Arge'nis.  A  political  allegory  by 
John  Uarclay,  containing  allusions  to  the 
state  of  Europe,  and  more  especially  to 
Franco,  during  the  time  of  the  league 
(15S2-1621.)     {See  Vvjpu.) 

Argenk.    A  famous  giant  in  Persiin 

mythology. 

Ar'gentile  and  Cur'an.  Argcntilo 
was  the  daughter  of  king  Ad'elbright, 
who,  on  his  deathbed,  committed  her  in 
charge  to  king  E.lel.  Edel  kept  her  a 
close  prisoner,  under  hope  of  getting 
into  his  poss,es.sion  her  lands  and  do- 
minion. Curan,  the  son  of  a  Danske 
king,  in  order  to  woo  her,  became  a 
kitchen  drudge  in  Edel's  household,  and 
Edel  resolved  to  marry  Argentilo  to  this 
drudge,  but  she  Bed  away.  Curan  now 
turned  shepherd,  and  fell  in  Icvo  with  a 
neatherd's  maid,  who  turned  out  to  be 
Argentile.  The  two  were  married,  and 
Curan  claiming  his  wife's  dominions, 
became  king  of  Northumberland,  and 
put  Edel  to  death. — Perci/'s  "Jieliques." 

Argentine  Republic.  The  Re- 
public of  the  Argentine,  or  Silver  Kivcr; 
in  other  words,  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata. 

Arge'o  ( in  "  Orlando  Furioso  " ). 
Baron  of  Servia,  and  husband  of  Ga- 
bri'na.  lie  is  a  sort  of  Potiphar.  His 
wife  tries  to  seduce  Philander,  a  yoting 
Dutch  knight,  and  failing  in  her  ellort, 
she  accuses  him  to  her  husband  of 
adultery  ;  whereupon  Arge'o  throws  tho 
"  faithless  guest "  into  durance.  In  the 
course  of  time  Gabri'na  implores  the 
young  captive  to  defend  her  against  a 
wicked  knight  who  has  assailed  her 
virtue.  He  consents  to  bo  her  champion, 
and  is  placed  in  concealment.  Presently 
a  knight  draws  near,  and  Pliilandor, 
rusliing  on  him,  di.«patctios  liim  ;  but 
t!ie  supposed  "adulterer"  is,  in  reality, 
Arge'o  himself ;  and  Gabri'na,  being nnw 
!i  widow,  is  free  to  marry  hor  Dutch 
"Joseph." 

Ar'gillan  (in  "Jerus.  Delivered"). 
A  haughty,  turbiilont  knight,  bom  on 
the  banks  of  the  Trent.  Accusing  (Jod- 
frcy  and  his  brother  of  havi;i.j  niurdorod 
IJinaldo,  he  induces  tho  I>:iti.iiiH  to  revolt. 
The  revolt  spri-ads  to  tlio  Swl.t-s  and 
Eii^rlish,  but  Goiifrcy  succeed.*  in  re- 
storing order.  Arj,'illau  is  arrostoil,  but 
makes  his  escape,  and  is  slaiu  in  batUa 
l>y  Solyman  (bks.  viii.  iz.). 


<2 


AROO. 


ARIOSTO. 


Ar'go.  A  ship  soiling  on  an  adven- 
ture. The  galley  of  Jasou  that  went  in 
search  of  the  Golden  Fleece  was  so  called, 
from  the  Greek  arrjos  (swift). 

Ar'gonauts.  The  sailors  of  the  ship 
Argo.  Apollo'nios  of  Rhodes  wrote  an 
e{)ic  poem  on  tho  subject.     (Greek,  argo 

1UV.13. ) 

Av'gosie.  A  merchant's  freight;  so 
called  from  tho  ship  Argo,  which  went  to 
Colchis  to  fetch  away  tho  Golden  Fleece. 

IJe  hath  an  argosy  bound  to  Tripolis,  another 
to  rhe  Indies.  ...  a  thirrt  to  Jlexico,  a  fourth  to 
En>;land.— ■'  Merchmt  0/  Venice,"  i.  3. 

Argot  (Ar'ffo).  Slang  or  flash  lan- 
guage ;  a  corruption  of  narqiiois  (jargon). 
Thus,  paWcT  le  narquois  (to  talk  gib- 
beri.sh),  or  to  talk  the  language  of  a 
nargttin  (beggar  or  thief).  The  French 
ergoter  (to  quibble),  is  quite  another  word, 
being  from  the  Latin  ei'no,  and  meaning 
to  "  ergo"  or  make  a  puzzling  inference. 

Argus.  The  pseudonym  of  a  turf 
writer  named  Irwin  Willes,  who  died 
1S71. 

Ar'gus-eyed.  Jealously  watchful. 
According  to  Grecian  fable,  Argos  had 
100  eyes,  and  Juno  sot  him  to  watch  lo, 
of  whom  she  was  jealous, 

Argyle  (2  syl.) — of  whom  Thomson 
says,  in  bis  "Autumn" — 

On  thee,  Arsyle, 
Her  hope,  her  stay,  her  diirlinar,  !in3  her  hoast. 
Thy  fond,  imploring  country  turns  her  eye— 

was  John,  the  great  duke,  who  lived  only 
two  years  after  he  succeeded  to  the  duke- 
dom.    Pope  says — 

Ar?yle  the  state's  wliole  thunder  bom  to  wield, 
And  shake  alike  the  senate  and  the  tield. 

Aria'na.  An  ancient  name  of  Kho- 
rnssan  in  Persi.a. 

A'rians.  The  followers  of  Arius,  a 
presbyter  of  the  church  of  Alexandria, 
in  the  fourth  century.  He  maintained  (1) 
thct  the  Father  and  Son  are  distinct 
beings  ;  (2)  that  the  Son,  though  divine, 
is  not  equal  to  the  Father ;  (Z)  that  the 
Son  had  a  state  of  existence  previous  to 
his  appearance  on  earth,  but  not  from 
eternity ;  and  (4)  that  the  Jlessiah  was  not 
real  man,  but  a  divine  being  in  a  ease  of 
tlesh. 

ArideuS  (A  ree' -de-it.<:)  in  "Jern- 
Balem  Delivered,"  herald  in  the  Christian 
army.     The  other  herald  is  Pio.do'rua. 


A'riel.  A  spirit  of  the  air  and  guar- 
dian of  innocence.  He  was  enslaved  to 
tho  witch  Syc'orax,  who  overtasked  him, 
and  in  punishment  for  not  doing  what 
was  beyond  his  power,  shut  him  up  in  u 
pine-rift  for  twelve  years.  On  tho  death 
of  Sycorax,  Ariel  became  the  slave  of 
Cid'iban,  who  tortured  him  most  cruelly. 
Pros'pero  aberated  him  from  the  pine- 
rift,  and  the  grateful  fairy  served  hita 
fox  sixteen  years,  wlteu  he  was  set  free. — 
Shakespeare,  "  Tempest." 

A'riel.  The  sylph  that  watched  ovei 
Belinda. — Pope,  "Rape  of  the  Lock,"  i. 

A'riel.  Ono  of  the  angels  cast  out  of 
heaven.  Tho  word  means  lion,  of  God. 
— Milton,  "  Paradise  Lost,"  bk.  vi.  371. 

A'ries.  One  of  the  spring  constella- 
tions (JIarch  21  to  April  20). 

At  last  from  Aries  rolls  the  honntcous  sun. 
Ihoiiison, "  Wiiitcr.' 

Ariman'es  (4  syl.).  "The  prince  of 
earth  and  air,"  and  tha  fountain-head  of 
evil.  It  is  a  personage  in  Persian  my- 
thology, introduced  into  Grecian  fable 
under  the  name  of  Ariman'nis.  Byron  in- 
troduces him  in  his  drama  called  "Man- 
fred." 

Arimas'pians.  A  one-eyed  people 
of  Scythia,  who  adoraed  their  hair  with 
gold.  They  were  constantly  at  war  with 
the  gryphons  who  guarded  the  gold 
mines. 

As  when  a  gryjihon,  through  the  wilderness  .  ,  . 
I'ursues  the  Arimaspian,  who  by  stealth 
Had  from  his  nakeful  custody  purloined 
The  guarded  gold.— "  faradise  Lost,"  il. 

Ar'ioch.  One  of  the  fallen  angels 
cast  out  of  heaven.  The  word  means 
a  fierce  lion. — Milton,  "  Paradise  Lost," 
yi.  371. 

Ari'on.  A  Greek  musician,  cast  into 
the  sea  by  mariners,  but  carried  to  Taa'- 
naros  on  the  back  of  a  dolphin. 

Ari'on.  The  wonderful  horse  which 
Hercules  gave  to  Adras'tos.  It  sprang 
from  Ceres  and  Neptune,  had  the  power 
of  speech,  and  its  feet  on  the  right  side 
were  the  feet  of  a  man. 

Arios'to  was  privately  married  to 
Alessandra  Benucci,  widow  of  Tito 
Strozzi ;  she  is  goner-ally  called  his 
mistress. 

Arlosto  of  tht  North.  So  Lord  By.n)n 
calls  Sir  Walter  Scott.—"  Childe  Harold," 
It.  40. 


ARISTEAS. 


ARMS. 


48 


Ariste'aa.     The    wandering  Jew  of 

Grecian  fablo.     (6V«  Jew.) 

Ai'isti'des  (4  syl.).  Surnamcd  The 
Just.     An  Athenian  general. 

Then  Aristides  lifts  his  honest  front. 

Spotless  of  heart;  to  wliom  the  u;inatt«rhig 

voice 
Of  Freedom  gave  the  nohlest  nnmenf  ".lust." 
Tliomaon,  "  IfinUr." 

Tlie  B)-ilish  Arislldcs.  Andrew  Marvell. 
(1G20-1678.) 

Aristoc'racy.     The  cold  shade  of  the 
aristocracy ;    i.e.,    the     iinsympathising   ! 
patronage  of  the  great.     Tlie  expression 
first   occurs    in    Sir    W.   F.  P.  Napier's 
"  History  of  the  Peninsular  "War." 

The  word  "ari>tocracy"  is  the  Grook 
aritto-cratla  (rule  of  the  bpet-born), 

Aristoph'aneS.  The  English  or 
mo'lfrn  Aristophana.  Samuel  Foote. 
(17-J-2-1777.) 

The  French  Ari.^tophanes.  J.  Baptisto 
Poqucliu  do  Molifere.    (1622-1673.) 

Aristotle  loved  a  woman  named 
Pyth'ias,  and  at  death  paid  her  divine 
honours. 

Aristotle  of  CSdna.  Tohuho,  who  died 
4.D.  1200,  called  the  "  Prince  of  Scier.ce." 

Aristotle  of  the  nineteenth  Cenlury. 
George  Cuvior,  the  great  naturalist.  (1769- 
1S32.) 

Aristote'lian  Philosophy.  Aris- 
totle maintained  that  four  separate  causes 
are  necessary  before  anything  exists ; 
the  materia!  cause,  the  formal,  the  final, 
end  the  moving  cause.  The  first  is 
that  which  gives  matter  its  individuality  ; 
the  moving  cause  is  that  which  causes 
matter  to  assume  its  individual  forms  ; 
and  the  final  cause  is  that  which  makes 
matter  retain  the  form  imposed  upon  it 
by  tho  moving  cause.  According  to 
Aristotle,  matter  is  etci-nal. 

Aristote'lian  Unities.  Aristotle, 
tho  Greek  philosopher,  laid  it  down  as  a 
rule  that  every  tragedy,  properly  con- 
stnictod,  should  contain  but  one  catas- 
trophe; should  be  limited  to  only  one 
scene;  and  be  circumscrilied  to  tho  action 
of  one  single  day.  These  are  called  the 
A  rislotel'ic  or  Drama'ir  nnilies.  To  these 
tho  French  have  added  a  fourth,  the 
unity  of  unifm-tnity,  i.e.,  in  tratredy  all 
the  "dramatis  porsonoa"  shouM  be  tragic 
in  stylo,  in  comedy  comic  and  in  farce 
farcicaJL 


Ark.  You  mutt  have  come  out  of  the 
art,  or  t/ou  were  born  in  the  ark  ;  because 
you  are  so  old-fashioned,  and  ignorant  of 
current  events 

Arma'da,  The  SparUh  armada. 
Tho  fleet  assembled  by  Felipe  H.  of 
Spain,  in  15'^S,  for  the  conquest  of 
England.     Used  for  any  fleet. 

Aiine'nians.  A  religious  sect  -n 
called  from  Armo'nia,  where  Christianity 
was  introduced  iu  the  second  century. 
They  attribute  only  one  nature  to  tlhri.-it 
and  hold  that  the  Spirit  proceeds  fro.ii 
the  Father  only.  They  enjoin  tho  ado- 
ration of  saints,  have  some  peculiar  w.ay« 
of  administering  baptism  and  the  Lord's 
supper,  but  do  not  maintain  the  doctrine 
of  purgatory. 

.Armi'da.  (Due  of  the  prominent 
female  characters  in  Tasso's  "Jerusalem 
Delivered."  Sho  was  a  be.autiful  sorce'  ess, 
with  whom  Rinaldo  fell  in  love,  and  wasted 
his  time  in  voluptuous  pleasure.  Two 
messengers  were  sent  from  tho  Christian 
army  with  a  talisman  to  disenchant  him. 
.\fter  his  escape,  Aruiida  followed  him  in 
distraction,  but  not  being  able  to  allure 
him  back,  set  lire  to  her  palaco,  rushed 
into  the  mid.-t  of  a  combat,  and  was  s^hiin. 

In  ISOG,  Frederick  William  of  Prussia 
declared  war  ag.ainst  Napoleon,  and  bit 
young  queen  rode  about  in  milit;iry  cos- 
tume to  arouse  the  enthusiasm  of  the 
people.  When  Napoleon  w;is  told  of  it, 
he  wittily  said  of  her  :  "  She  is  Arini'.l.i, 
in  her  dislraclion  sotting  lire  to  her  own 
1>  ilace." 

Armin'ians  (Anti-CalvinisLs)  j  so 
called  from  .lames  llarmenscn.  of  Hol- 
land, whoso  name,  Latiiiisod,  is  .Iaoo'bu» 
Arinin'ius.  He  asserted  that  (Jod  l>o<t<nv» 
forgiveness  and  eternal  life  on  all  wlio 
repent  and  believe;  that  ho  wills  all  nun 
to  be  saved ;  and  that  his  predostinalion 
is  founded  on  his  forcknowledno. 

Ar'mory.  Heraldry  is  so  caiicd, 
because  it  fir.'it  found  its  sneeial  use  in 
diiect  connection  with  military  o^piip- 
nients,  knightly  exorcisof,  and  the  milU 
of  actual  battle. 

Arms.  In  tho  Hayeux  tapestry,  the 
Saxons  fight  on  foot  with  javelin  aiict 
battloaxo,  and  boar  shioMs  with  th« 
British  characteristic  of  a  l>os8  in  the 
centre.     Iho  men  were  moustaohod. 

The  Normans  are  on  horsi.-li.ick,  witL 


44 


ARN-MONAT. 


ART  EGA  L. 


loner  shields  and  peiinonod  lances.  The 
men  aro  not  only  s^haven,  but  n\ost  of 
them  have  a  complete  tonsure  on  the 
back  of  the  head,  whence  the  spies  said 
to  Harold,  "There  are  more  priests  in 
the  Noriuan  army  than  men  in  Harold's." 

Royal  Anas  of  Euylaiid.  The  three 
lions  leopardised  were  the  cognisance  of 
^\'illiam  the  Couiiueror ;  the  lion  rampant 
ill  the  second  quarter  is  from  the  arms 
of  Scotland  ;  and  the  harp  iu  the  third 
quarter  represents  Ireland.  The  lion 
supporter  is  in  honour  of  EuLjland, 
and  the  unicorn  in  honour  of  Scotland. 
These  two  supporters  were  introduced 
by  James  I. 

WiJlia'n  I.  had  only  two  lions  passant 
guardaiU ;  the  third  was  introduced  by 
Henry  II.  The  lion  rampant  first  ap- 
peared on  Scotch  seals  in  the  reign  of 
Alexander  II,  (1214-1249.)  The  harp 
was  assirrned  to  Ireland  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VII.  ;  before  that  time  the  arms 
Df  Ireland  were  three  crouns.  The  unicorn 
was  not  a  supporter  of  the  royal  arms  of 
Scotland  before  the  reign  of  Maiy  Stuart. 

Arn-monat.  Ang.-Sax.  ammonath. 
barn  month.  'I'liP  Anglo-Saxon  name 
for  August,  because  it  was  the  month 
for  garnering  the  corn. 

Arnauts  (brave  vicu).  Albtniau 
mountaineers. 

Stained  with  the  best  of  Aniaul's  h'.oorl. 

Hi/run,  "  The  Giaour." 

Arnoli.     Son  of  Melch'tal,  patriarch 

of  the  forest  cantons  of  Switzerland.    He 

c/as   in   love   with    Matilda,   a   sister  of 

(iessler,    the   Austrian   governor  of  the 

district.     When  the  tyranny  of  Gessler 

drove  the  people  into  rebellion,  Arnold 

gave  up  Matilda  and  joined  the  insurgents, 

but  when  Gessler  was  shot  1  >y  William  Tell, 

he  became  united  to  her  in  marriage. — 

Rossini's  ope>'a,  of  ''  Gugliehuo  Tell." 

Amol'dists.  The  partisans  of  Arnold 
of  Brescia,  who  raised  his  voice  against 
the  a^mses  and  vices  of  the  papacy  in  the 
twelfth  century.  He  was  burnt  alive  by 
pope  Adrian  IV. 

A  rod,  in  the  satire  of  "  Absalom  and 
Achitophol,"  by  D.yden  and  Tate,  is  de- 
signed for  Sir  William  Waller.     (Partii.) 

Aron'teus  (4  syl.),  in  "Jerusalem 
Delivered."  An  Asiatic  king,  who  joined 
the  Egyptian  armament  against  the  Cru- 
saders, "  not  by  virtue  fired,  but  vain  of 
JiiH  titles  and  ambitious  of  fame.'" 


Aiyoundieht.  The  sword  of  Sir 
Launcelot  of  the  Lake. 

It  is  the  sivorrt  of  a  Kutid  knight. 
Though  homespun  was  liis  miiQ. 

What  matter  if  it  he  not  liifht, 
Ji.yeiis<3,  CVola'Ua,  I)nriii<lal'-. 

Excalibar,  or  ATOandiaiil  ? - Lono/tUov. 

Aroint  thee.  Get  ye  gone,  be  off. 
In  Cheshire  they  say,  ri/nl  ye,  witch  ;  asid 
milk-maids  say  to  their  cows  when  they 
have  done  milking  them,  ryut  ye,  rny 
beauties.  (Saxon  a-rennan,  run  off  ; 
Gothic  a-rinnaii  ;  Welsh  rhin,  a  chanto! 
for  water;   whence  Uhine.) 

Arras  tapestry.  So  called  from  Arras, 
in  the  French  Netherlands,  where  it  was 
manufactured.  ^Vhen  rooms  were  hung 
with  tapestry  it  was  a  common  thing  for 
persons  to  hide  behind  it,  especially  the 
arras  curtain  before  the  door.  Hubert 
concealed  the  two  villains  who  were  to 
put  out  Arthur's  eyes  behind  the  arras. 
Polo'nius  was  slain  by  Hamlet  while  con- 
cealed behind  the  arras.  Falstaff  pro- 
posed to  hide  behind  the  arras  at 
Windsor,  &c. 

Arret,  the  weasel,  in  the  tale  of 
"  lleynard  the  Fox." 

Arrow.  The  broad  arrom,  used  as  a 
Government  mark,  is  mnde  thus  >^,  the 
broad  a  of  the  Druids.  This  letter  was 
typical  of  rank  and  authority.  It  occurs 
on  coins  and  precious  stones  as  the  sym- 
bol of  Mithras  ;  the  Germans  used  it  to 
symbolise  the  moon  ;  and  in  churches  it 
is  employed  as  the  symt)ol  of  the  "Sun 
of  [Righteousness.'  (&«  A  1.) 

Arsoil.  The  throne  of  deity.  (Mahom. 
myth. ) 

Arse'tes  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered"). 
The  aged  eunuch  who  brought  up  Clo- 
riu'da,  a^  d  at' ended  her  steps. 

Artaxe'X'trS,  called  by  the  Persons 
Kai-Ardeshir,  and  suruamed  dlraz-dtsl 
(long-handed),  because  his  right  hand 
was  longer  than  his  loft.  The  Romans 
translated  diria-desl  into  low/i-manus ; 
the  Greek  Aria  into  Arde  ("noble"). 

Art'egal,  Sir  (in  Spenser's  "  Faery 
Queen"),  is  the  'ooro  of  the  fifth  bonl<, 
aid  impersonates  Justice,  the  fost-  r  cliiM 
of  Astraja,  In  the  previous  books  ho 
occasionally  appears,  and  is  called  Sir 
Arthegal.  It  is  sail  that  Arthur  lord 
Grey  of  Wilton  was  the  "Academy 
Figure  "  of  tlii-<  character,     lie  was  seat 


ARTEMUS. 


ARUNDELfAJ*. 


46 


to  Ireiaud  as  Lord  Lieutenant  in  1580, 
and  the  poet  WnS  his  secretary.  In 
book  iv.,  canto  6,  Sir  Art'egral  is  married 
to  Brit'oniart,  and  proceeds  to  succour 
Ire'na  (Ireland),  whose  heritage  had  been 
».ithlield  by  the  tyrant  Grantorto.  {See 
Arthegal.) 

Ar'temusWard.  A  showman,  very 
cute,  very  Ameiican,  and  very  vain. 
The  hypothetical  writer  of  the  essays  or 
pai)crs  so  called,  the  real  author  being 
Charles  F.  Browne. 

Arce'sian  "Wells.  So  called  from  Ar- 
te'sium  (the  Latiu  for  Artois),  in  France, 
where  ihey  were  first  perforated. 

Artful  Dodger.  A  young  thief,  a 
most  perfect  adopt  in  villaiiy,  up  to  every 
sort  of  wicked  dodge.— Z>ic/:e«j,  "  OUver 
TivisL" 

Ar'thegal.  Uterine  brother  of  prince 
Arthur.  Spen-er,  in  his  "  Faery  Queen" 
(book  iii. ),  makes  Brit'omart  see  his 
person  and  name  in  the  mastic  glass. 
iSlio  falls  in  love  with  the  looking-glass 
hero,  and  is  told  by  Merlin  that  she  will 
marry  him,  and  become  tl.e  mother  .f  a 
line  of  kings  that  would  supersede  both 
the  Saxoi:s  and  Normans.  He  referred, 
of  course,  to  the  Turlors,  who  were 
descendants      of      Cadwallador.         (See 

A  RTEGAL.) 

Arthur.  King  of  the  Sil'ures,  a 
tribe  of  ancient  Britons,  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Canilan,  in 
Cornwall,  raised  V)y  the  revolt  of  his 
nephew,  Mod  red.  He  was  taken  to 
Glastonbury,  where  ho  died. 

TTis  wife  was  Guinever,  who  coni- 
111  itted  adultery  with  Sir  Launcelotof  the 
Ijake,  one  of  the  Knights  of  the  Round 
Table. 

He  was  the  natural  son  of  Uther  and 
Igerua  (wife  of  Gorloi-s,  duke  of  Corn- 
wall), and  was  brought  up  by  Sir  Ector. 

He  was  bom  at  Tintad'gel  or  Tin- 
tagel,  a  castle  in  Cornwall. 

His  habitual  rofidence  was  Caerloon, 
m  Wales ;  and  he  was  buried  at  Av'alon. 

His  sword  was  called  E.vcal'ihar  or 
Kxcal'ihnr  ;  his  spear.  Rone  (one  syl.),  and 
his  ehiclil.  J'riihrin.  Ills  do?  was  named 
(avail.     (.Sir  l.'iiiM)  'J'aiji;.  KM'iins.) 

Aii/iur.  The  romance  of  King  Arthur 
m-ay  he  divided  into  six  parts. 

(1)  The  romanco  of  the  "  S.Tn  Graal." 
Bv  Kubcrt  Bfirron. 


(2)  "  The  Merlin,"  which  celol.ratei 
the  birth  and  exploits  of  King  Arthur. 
By  Walter  Mapes. 

(3)  "Tha  lAuncelot."  By  Thom.-v,  a 
Ebckct. 

(•1)  The  search  or  "  Quest  of  llio  .San 
Grxal."  It  is  found  by  Sir  Gal'ahad,  a 
knight  of  pure  heart  aiid  great  eoungo; 
hilt  no  sooner  does  ho  find  it  than  he 
is  taken  up  to  heaven.  By  Thomas  a 
Becket. 

(5)  The  "Mort  d'Artus,"  or  Death  of 
Arthiir.     By  Thomas  Ji  Becket. 

(G)  "  Sundry  Tales,"  but  ospcnally  the 
adventures  of  Sir  Tristan.  By  Luke 
Gast,  of  Salisbury. 

Arthur's  Seat,  a  hill  near  Edinburgh, 
is  A'rd  Seir  (hill  of  arrows),  where 
people  shot  at  a  mark. 

Articles  of  Roup  (Scotch).  Con- 
ditions of  sale  at  an  auction  announced 
by  a  crier.  (Roup  is  the  Teutonic  re- 
open, to  cry  out.) 

Attiats.  The  Prince  of  Artiil.i, 
Albert  Durer ;  so  called  by  his  country- 
men.   (1471-1528.) 

Ar'totyrites  (4  syl.).  Certain  hire- 
tics  from  among  the  Mont'ani.sts ;  so  called 
because  thej-  olFored  bread  and  cheese  to 
God.  They  admitted  women  to  the 
priesthood.  (Greek,  arloi,  barley-bread, 
and  iJiros,  cheese.) 

Arts.  Degrees  in  Arts.  In  the  medi- 
eval ages  the  full  course  consisted  of  the 
three  subjects  which  constituted  the 
Tri'vium,  and  the  four  subjects  which 
constituted  the  Quadriv'ium  :  — 

The  Tri'vium  was  grammar,  logic,  and 
rhetoric. 

The  Quadriv'ium  was  music,  arithnio- 
tic,  geometry,  and  astronomy. 

The  Master  of  Arts  was  the  person 
qualified  to  teach  or  bo  the  m.T.stur  of 
students  in  arts;  as  the  Doctor  w.va  tha 
person  qtialilied  to  teach  theology. 

Aruna'.  The  Pha^rton  of  Indi.-\n 
mythology. 

Ar'undol.  The  heraldic  device  of 
the  family  is  six  swallows  (hironddlf),  a 
pun  upon  the  name. 

Arundel.  Tho  charger  of  Rovia  ol 
Soulhaui]il'in. 

Arundtj'lier  Marbltrs.  a  ci>;:co- 
tion  of  ancient  .'•■■Mlpturcs  collected  at 
great  expense  by  'I'homas  Howard  carl 
of  Aruuilol,  and  prusontod  to  tho  Ifiiivcr* 


46 


ARVAKUR. 


ASHFORD. 


eity  of  Oxford  in  1667  by  his  grandson, 
Honry  Howard,  afterwards  duke  of 
Norfolk.  Thoy  contain  tables  of  ancient 
chronology,  especially  that  of  Athens, 
from  B.C.  1582  to  264,  engraved  in  old 
Greek  capitals.  Date  of  the  tables, B.C. 263. 

Arvakur'.  Ono  of  the  horses  of  tha 
sun.    {iicand.  myth.)    (i'ce  AsLO.) 

A'ryans.  The  parent  stock  of  what 
is  called  the  Indo-European  family  of 
nations.  They  lived  probably  in  Bactria, 
i.e.,  between  the  river  Oxns  and  the 
Hindu-koosh  mountains.  The  Aryan 
family  of  languages  are  the  Teutonic, 
Celtic,  Slavon'ic,  Helle'mc,  Italian, 
Ira'nian,  and  Indian. 

Arzi'na.  A  river  that  flows  into  the 
North  Sea,  near  Wardhus,  where  Sir 
Williiughby's  three  ships  were  frozen, 
and  the  whole  crew  perished  of  stai-va- 
tion. 

In  these  fell  regions  in  Arziua  caught, 

And  to  the  stony  deep  his  idle  ship 

Immediate  sealed,  he  with  liia  hapless  cre.'.r   .  .  . 

Froze  ijito  statues.— r/tumson,  "  Winter." 

As  you  were,  in  military  drilling, 
means.  Return  to  the  position  in  which 
you  were  before  the  last  exercise.  A.s 
you  were  before. 

Asa-Lok  or  Loke.  Descended  from 
the  giants  and  received  among  the 
celestials.  He  is  represented  as  a 
treacherous  malignant  power,  fond  of 
assuming  disguises,  and  plotting  evil. 
One  of  his  progeny  is  Hela  (5. v.).  {Scan- 
dinavian mythology.) 

As,a-Tlior.  The  first-boru  of  mortals. 
{Scaad.  ir.^'h.) 

A'sapb.  A  famous  musician  in  David's 
time  (1  Chron.  xxv.  1,  2).  Mr.  Tate, 
who  wrote  the  second  part  of  "Absalom 
and  Achitophel,"  lauds  Dryden  under 
this  name. 

Vhile  Judah's  throne  and  Sion's  rocl<  stand  fast, 
The  song  of  Asaph  and  the  famf>  sh'ill  last. 

"Absalom  and  AdiUophel,"  pt.  ii. 

Afa'bolos.  One  of  Actseon's  dogs. 
Tlia    word    means    soot ■  coloured.      {See 

A.'.IARYNTUOS.) 

Asca'/aphos.  Turned  by  Pro:-erpiue, 
for  mischief-making,  into  an  owh  6/.-.  FaO 

As'capart.  A  giant  conquered  by 
Sir  P.cvis  of  Southampton.  He  was  thirty 
feet  high,  and  the  space  between  his 
eyes  was  twelve  inches.  This  miglity 
g^ajit.   whose  elBgy  tig'ures  on  the  city 


gates  of  Southampton,  could  carry  under 
his  arm  without  feeling  distreised  Sir 
Bcvis  with  his  wife  and  horse. 

n  fell  npon , 

S  Henrv  VI.,  Act 

AscencJant.  In  casting  a  horoscof« 
the  easteiTimost  star,  representing  the 
house  of  life,  is  called  the  ascendant,  be- 
cause it  is  in  the  act  of  ascending.  This 
is  a  man's  strongest  star,  and  so  long 
as  it  is  above  the  horizon  his  fortune  is 
said  to  bo  in  the  ascendant.  When  a 
man's  circumstances  begin  to  improve, 
and  things  look  brighter,  we  say  his  star 
is  in  the  ascendant.    (<Se«  HOCSES,  Stars.) 

Ascension  Day  or  Holy  Thursday. 
The  day  which  commemorates  our  Lord's 
ascen.sion.  It  is  the  day  for  heating  the 
bouiuls  or  riding  the  marc/ies. 

Asch'moun.  The  Tyrian  Escula'- 
pios. 

Aecod'rogites  (4  syl.).  Certain 
heretics  who  said  "they  were  vessels 
full  of  new  wine"  (Greek,  aslcos).  By 
new  wine  they  meant  the  Gospel.  (Matt. 
ix.  17.) 

Aacrae'an  Poet  or  Sage.  Hesiod, 
the  Greek  didactic  poet,  born  at  Ascra, 
in  Boeotia.  Virgil  calls  him  the  "  Old 
Ascrseon."    (Eel.  vii.  70.) 

A&'en.  The  three  gods  next  in  rank 
to  the  twelve  male  Asir  (q-v.). 

As'gard.  The  fortress  of  the  Asir  or 
Northern  gods,  the  Olympos  of  Scan- 
dinavian mythology.  It  is  said  to  be 
situate  in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  and 
accessible  only  by  the  rainbow -bridge 
(^Bifrost).  The  word  As  means  a  "god," 
ami  gard  a.n  "enclosure,"  our  "yard." 
Odin  was  priest  of  Asgard  before  he 
migrated  to  the  lake  Logur  or  Mcelar 
Sea. 

Ash-tree,  or  "  Tree  of  the  Universe." 
{See  Yggdrasil.) 

Ash  "Wednesday.  The  first  Jay  in 
Lent,  when  the  undistributed  branches 
of  consecrated  palm  are  burnt ;  and  the 
officiating  priests  sign  the  sign  of  the 
cross  with  the  ashes  on  the  forehead  of 
their  congregations,  saying,  "  Remember 
thou  art  but  dust  and  ashes,  and  to  dust 
thou  shalt  return." 

Asbford,  Isaac.  "  A  wise,  good  man, 
contented  to  bo  poor." — CrabLe,  "  Panth 
Rijista:" 


ASnMOLEAN. 


ASPERSIONS. 


47 


Ashmolean  Museum.  Presented 
to  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1GS2  by 
Eiias  Ashmole.  Someliraes  called  the 
Trades'cant,  because  it  belonged  to  the 
Tradoscant  family. 

Ash'taroth.  The  goddess-moon  in 
Svriaa  mythology,  called  by  Jeremiah 
"the  queen  of  heaven." 

Mooned  Ashtaroth, 
Heaven's  queeu  and  nioiliPi  hoth.— Wilt>n. 

As'inus  As'mm  as'iuuiii  j'rical 
(Latin,  "  one  ass  rubs  another"),  that  is, 
wo  fraternise  with  persons  like  ourselves ; 
or,  in  other  words,  "  Birds  of  a  feather 
flock  tocrether."  The  allusion  needs  no 
eiijlauation. 

A'sii'.  The  twelve  pods  and  twelve 
goddesses  of  Scandinavian  mytho}ogy. 
The  ffodseLTe  :  Odin,  Thor,  Baldiir,  Niord, 
Frcy,  Tyr,  Bra^,  Heimdall,  Vidar,  Vali, 
Ullur-,  and  Forseti.  The  four  chief 
godiUsses  are  Frig-j^^a,  Freyja,  Idu'na,  and 
Saga. 

Ask.  The  vuif,'.ir  Ax  is  the  more 
ccrrcct  (Sixon  cuiaii,  to  ask.)  li< 
assenting  to  bills,  the  kinir  used  to  reply, 
"  Be  it  as  it  is  axed."  Chaucer  says  in 
the  "  Doctor  of  Medicine's  Tale,"  "For 
my  werke,  nothing  will  I  axo."  Launfal, 
Hi"27,  has5,  "  Ho  that  wyll  there  axsy 
Justus."  Other  quotations  could  easily 
be  added. 

Ask  and  Embla.  The  Adam  and 
Evo  made  by  Odin,  one  from  ash-wood 
and  the  other  from  elm. 

AbIo.  One  of  the  horses  of  the  sun. 
{Scandinavian  ntylh.)     (See  Arvakur.) 

Asmode'us  (lite  deslro>/er).  The 
demon  of  vanity  and  dress,  called  in  the 
Talmud  "  the  king  of  devils." 

The  Asmod^tis  of  domeUic  peace  (in  the 
Book  of  Tobit ).  Asmodo'us  falls  in 
love  with  Sara,  daughter  of  Rag'uel,  and 
causes  the  successive  «le.ath  of  seven  hus- 
bands, each  on  his  Viridal  ni_;ht.  After 
her  marriage  to  Tobit,  he  was  driven 
into  Egypt  by  a  charm,  mailo  by  Tobias 
of  the  heart  and  liver  of  a  tish  burnt  on 
perfumed  ashes,  ami  being  pursued  was 
tiikea  prisoner  and  bound. 

Rettcr  iilpa'>o<l 
Tlian  Asmodc'us  with  the  llsliy  fiiino 
Tli:il  dr.>vo  him,  thuugh  eniitnoured,    frum    t^3 

spoi:MJ 
Ur  Tuhil  s  aon,  and  v.  Mli  n  veni;eance  sent 
yroin  llotiia  puat  lo  Kif.vi'i.  llier-  fast  bo-inil. 
UuUin,  "  Farad  I  e  I^jU."  i». 


Asmod/ns.  The  companion  of  Doq 
Clo'ofaa  in  "  The  Devil  on  Two  .Sticks." 

Asmode'us  fiii/kl.  Don  Cle'ofas,  citoh- 
ing  hold  of  his  companion's  cloak,  is 
I>orched  on  tlie  stcopto  of  .St.  SalvaMor. 
Hero  the  foul  fiend  stretchot  out  \\\i 
hand,  and  the  roofs  of  all  the  lioiuscs  oj>cri 
in  a  moment,  to  show  the  Don  what  ia 
going  on  privately  in  each  ruspcotire 
dwelling. 

Could  tho  render  t.iko  an  Asiiiodeu-i-niRlit,  and, 
wavini;  open  all  roofs  mid  privncles.  look  do«  n 
from  llip  roof  of  Nolro-l)jmc,  wh.-U  a  Paris  wor« 

As'oka  of  Magadlia.  In  tho  third 
century  the  "nursing  father"  of  Budd- 
hism, as  Constantine  was  of  Christianity. 
Ho  is  called  "  the  king  beloved  of  the 
god.s." 

Aso'ors.    Evil  genii  of  tho  Indiana. 

Aspa'sia,  a  courtesan.  Sho  wa-s  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  Greek  Heti^m?,  to 
whom  Per'icles  attached  himself.  On 
the  da:h  of  Pericles,  she  lived  with 
Lys'icles,  a  cattle-dealer. 

Aspa'tia.i'i  il'e  "Maid's  Tragedy," of 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  is  noted  for  her 
deep  sorrows,  her  great  resignation,  and 
tho  pathos  of  her  speeches.  Aiiiyn'tor 
deserts  her,  women  point  at  her  with 
scorn,  she  is  the  jest  and  bye-word  of 
every  one,  but  she  boars  it  all  with 
patience. 

Aspen.  The  aspen  leaf  iu  saiil  to 
trenible,  from  shame  and  horror,  bocai.sa 
our  Lord's  cross  was  made  of  this  woo<L 
Tho  fact  is  this :  the  lenf  is  broad,  and 
placed  on  a  long  leaf-stalk  so  tlexiblo  as 
scarcely  to  bo  able  to  support  it  in  an 
upright  position.  The  upper  part  of  tho 
stilk,  on  which  the  play  mainly  depcud.s, 
is  fl.attencd  ;  and,  being  at  ri;:ht  anglost 
with  the  leaf,  is  peculiarly  liable  to  hi 
acted  on  by  the  least  breath  of  air. 

Aspen.  Leaf.  Meta]>horically,  a  chatter- 
ing tongue,  never  quiet. 

Those  aspen  leaves  of  theirs  never  leave  unsglnt. 
Hit  T  Uort. 

Aspei-'BionB  proporlv  means  "sjiriuk. 
lings  or  "  scatterings.'  Tho  word  wiu 
applied  by  tho  Komaus  to  libationn  or 
offerinLTS  to  tho  infernal  goiN,  in  con- 
tradiatiuction  to  obl>Uinm,  which  were 
always  to  CHlostial  deities.  Its  pi'c:<eut 
meaning  is  base  insinuations  or  slanders. 

Ko  swert  aspersions  (rain)  shall  Ihs  heavsiu  Ul 
Tor  »l.cUili  c.'.vi.-t  »T... 


48 


ASPi£ALTIC, 


ASSAY, 


Asphal'tic  Lake.  TLo  Dead  Sea, 
where  asj)lialt  abounrls  both  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  water  aiul  on  the  banks.  As- 
phalt is  a  bitumon,  from  the  Greek  as- 
■phaltos. 

As'rael.  The  Andrei  of  Death.  U&- 
Uemet  describes  him  as  being  of  im- 
measiirablo  height,  and  says  liis  eyes  "  are 
70,000  d.T-ys'  journey  apart."  His  dwell- 
ing is  in  llie  third  heaven.  [See  Azrael.) 

Ass.  The  ass  on  which  Mahomet 
went  to  heaven  to  learn  the  will  of  God 
was  called  Al  Borak  (the  lightning). 

Ass.  There  is  a  dark  stripe  running 
down  the  back  of  an  ass,  crossed  by 
another  at  the  shoulders.  The  tradition 
is  that  this  cross  was  communicated  to 
the  creature  when  our  Lord  rode  on  the 
back  of  an  ass  in  his  triumphant  entry 
into  Jerusalem. 

Ass,  deaf  to  music.  This  tradition 
arose  from  the  hideous  noise  made  by 
"Sir  Balaam"  in  braying.  Because 
Midas  had  no  power  to  ai)preciate  music, 
Apollo  gave  him  the  ears  of  an  ass. 
{See  Ass-eared.) 

Ayarica  is  as  deaf  to  the  voice  of  virtue,  as  the 
ass  to  the  voice  of  Apollo. — "  Orlando  Furioso,"  xvii. 

To  mount  the  ass  (French).  To  be- 
come bankrupt.  The  allusion  is  to  a 
custom  very  common  in  the  sixteenth 
century  of  mounting  a  bankrupt  on  an 
ass,  with  his  face  to  its  tail.  Thus 
mounted,  the  defaulter  was  made  to  ride 
through  the  principal  thoroughfares  of 
the  town. 

The  ass  waggeth  his  ears.  This  pro- 
verb is  applied  to  those  who  lack 
learning,  and  yet  talk  as  if  they  were 
very  wise ;  men  wise  in  their  own  con- 
ceit. The  ass,  proverbial  for  having  no 
"taste  for  music,"  will  nevertheless  wag 
its  ears  at  a  "  concord  of  sweet  sounds," 
just  as  if  it  could  well  appreciate  it. 

An  ass  in  a  lion's  skin,  A  coward 
who  hectors,  a  fool  that  apes  the  wise 
man.  The  allusion  is  to  the  fable  of 
an  ass  that  put  on  a  lion's  hide,  but  was 
betrayed  when  he  began  to  bruy. 

An  ass  Willi  lico  panniers.  A  man 
walking  the  streets  with  a  lady  on  each 
ftrm.  This  occupies  the  whole  pave- 
ment, and  is  therefore  bad  manners  well 
meriting  tho  reproach.  In  Italy  they 
call  such  a  simpleton  a  pitcher  with  two 
hf.ndlos,  his  two  arms  akimbo  forming 
the  two  handles.  In  Loudon  we  call  it 
walking  hodHn,    boiause    the    man    is 


sheathed  like  a  bodkit)  and  powerless. 
Our  expression  is  probably  a  corrui)tioD 
of  tho  )''rfii''h  Fniri'  Ic  )i<niiir  it  flevx  inisei 
("  put  yourarms  akimbo"  or  "make  your- 
self a  basket  with  two  handles"). 

Tiil  the  ass  ascends  the  ladder  —  i.e., 
never.  A  rabbinical  exjiression.  The 
Romans  had  a  similar  one,  Cum  as'iniu 
in  teg'ulis  ascen'deril  (when  tho  ass 
climbs  to  the  tiles).  And  Buxtorf  has 
Si  ascen' derit  as'inus  per  scalas.  What 
would  the  ancients  say,  if  they  could 
hear  our  street  acrobats  promi.sing  to 
perform  their  impossibility  for  the  small 
charge  of  twopence  more  ? 

Asses  that  carrj  tlie  m>/sterie$  (as'inus 
portat  myste'ria).  A  classical  knock  at 
the  Roman  clergy.  The  allusion  is  to 
the  custom  of  emj)loying  asses  to  carry 
the  cista  which  contained  the  sacred 
symbols,  when  processions  were  made 
through  the  streets. — "■  Divine  Lcqation." 
ii.  4. 

Ass.    (5eg  Golden  Ass.) 

Asses'  Bridge.  Prop.  5,  Book  I.  of 
Euclid.  This  is  tho  tirst  difficult  pro- 
position in  geometry,  and  stupid  boys 
rarely  get  over  it  the  first  time  without 
tripping. 

Asses,  Feast  of.    (See  Fools.) 

Ass-eared.  Midas  had  the  ears  of  an 
ass.  The  tale  says  Apollo  and  Pan  had 
a  contest,  and  chose  Midas  to  decide 
which  was  the  better  musician.  Midas 
gave  sentence  in  favour  of  Pan,  and 
Apollo,  in  disgust,  changed  his  ears  into 
those  of  an  ass. 

Assabi'nus.  The  name  given  by  the 
Ethiopians  to  the  sun-god. 

Assas'sir.S.  A  band  of  Carmathians, 
collected  by  Hassan,  snbah  of  Nish'- 
apour,  called  tho  Old  Man  of  the  Moun- 
tain, because  he  made  Mouat  Leb'anon 
his  stronghold.  This  baud  was  the 
terror  of  the  world  for  two  centuries, 
when  it  was  put  down  by  sultan  Bib'aris. 
The  assassins  stupefied  their  victims  with 
hasciiisch  (bangi,  an  intoxicating  drink, 
and  either  from  this  liiiuor  or  from  the 
founder,  received  their  name  (a.D.  1090). 

M.  Volucy  derives  the  word  from  hassa 
(to  be  in  ami)ush,  to  kill),  and  Lane  from 
haskifhen  (hemp  eaters). 

Assajr'  or  Essay  To  lake  ihf  assai/ 
is  to  tast-j  wine  to  prove  it  is  not 
poisoned.  Hence  to  tr^i,  to  taste;  a  sarour, 
trial,  or  sample.    Holiished  says,  "  Wol- 


ASSAYE. 


ASTKEA. 


49 


seymade  dukes  and  earia  servo  Lien  of 
wine  with  a  say  taken"  (p.  847). 

Edmund,  in  "  Kinj^  Lear,"  says  to 
Edgar,  "  Thy  tongue,  some  say  of 
breeding  breathes ;"  i.e.,  thy  npeech  gives 
indication  of  good  breedins-— it  savours 
of  it.  Hence  the  exprossioi.8,  /  maJie 
my  first  assay  (trial). 

(HpI  makes  vow  before  his  uncle,  never  more 
To  give  the  assay  of  arniM  against  your  in:i;csty. 
Sh'iktspeare,  "  Hamlet,"  ii.  2. 

Assaye  Regiment,  The  74th  Foot, 
so  called  because  they  first  distinguished 
themselves  in  the  battle  of  Assaye,  where 
2,000  British  and  2,, 500  Sepoy  troops 
under  Wellington  defeated  50,000  Mah- 
rattas,  commanded  by  French  officers,  in 
1803. 

Assien'to  Treaues  (Spanish  agree- 
ment treaties).  Contracts  entered  into  by 
.Spain  with  Portugal,  France,  and  Eng- 
land, to  supply  her  South  American 
colonies  with  negro  slaves.  England 
joined  in  1713,  after  the  peace  of  Utrecht. 

Ass'ine'go.  A  young  ass,  a  simple- 
tun  (a  Portuguese  word). 

'I'hou  hast  no  more  brain  than  I  have  in  mine 
8!boW8;  an  asainex"  may  tutor  lliee. 

■'  TroUus  and  CresHda,"  11.  1. 

Assumption  Day.  The  15th  of 
August,  so  called  in  honour  of  the  Virgin 
Mary,  who  (according  to  the  Roman  and 
Greek  Churches)  was  taken  to  heaven 
that  day  (a.D.  45),  in  lier  corporeal  form, 
being  at  the  time  seventy-live  years  of 
a^e. 

Astag'oraa  (in  "  Jerusakm  Deli- 
vered"). A  female  fiend,  who  had  the 
power  of  raising  storms,  and  whose  part- 
ners were  the  three  Furies :  Tisiph'onii, 
Mcg'ara,  and  Alcc'to. 

Astar'te.  Goddess  of  the  JIoou,  in 
Pli'eiiician  mythology. 

With  these  in  troops 
Came  Astoreth,  whom  the  I'liurniciMns  oaIlc<1 
Astarle,  queen  of  heaviMi.  with  orescent  horns, 
ilillnn,  "  PanidiM  Lost" 

As'tarte  (2  or  3  syl.).  The  lady  br-loved 
by  Manfred.  In  order  to  see  and  spo;ik  to 
her,  the  magiciiin,  entiTcd  the  hull  of 
Aiima'nes,  and  the  spirits  calb'd  up  the 
phantom  of  the  young  lady,  which  told 
the  count  that  "  to-morrow  would  oud 
his  earthly  ills."  When  Manfred  asked 
her  if  she  loved  him,  she  sighed,  "  Man- 
irod,"  and  vanished. — Z»./r.>n,  "  jl/an.- 
JrcU." 


As'terism.  That  branch  of  n.slrology 
which  is  limited  to  the  fixed  stari«,  ni>  in 
India  and  Arabia.     {Astra,  fixed  stars.) 

As'tolat.     Guildford,  in  Surrey. 

Astol'pbiO  (in  "  Orlau<lo  Furio.so  '). 
An  English  duke  (son  of  Otho),  who 
joined  Charlemagne  against  theS.aracons. 
He  was  carried  cm  the  back  of  a  whalo  to 
Alci'tja's  isle  ;  but  when  Alcina  tired  of 
him,  she  turned  him  into  a  myrtle.  He 
was  disenchanted  by  Melissa.  Astolpho 
descendoii  into  the  infern.ol  regions,  and 
his  Hight  to  the  moon  (bk.  xviii.)  is 
one  of -the  best  parts  of  the  whole  poem. 
(i'e«  Infeuno.) 

It  came  upon  them  lile  a  blast  /mm 
Astolpho's  horn,  ;  i.e.,  it  produced  a  panic. 
Logistilla  gave  As'olpho  a  n^airic  horn, 
and  whatever  man  or  beast  heard  its 
blast  was  seized  with  pauic,  and  becinie 
an  easy  captive. — "  Orlando  Furinsu," 
bk.  viii. 

Like  Astolpho's  hook  it  told  yott  every- 
thing.  The  same  fairy  gave  Astoljiho  a 
book,  which  would  not  only  direct  hira 
aright  in  his  journeys,  but  would  tell 
him  anythinir  he  desired  to  know.— 
"  Orlando  Furioso,"  bk.  viii. 

As'toreth  or  Ashtarolh.  A  Phoeni- 
cian goddess- moon,  sometimes  call&d 
"the  queen  of  heaven"  (.lor.  vii.  18), 
sometimes  "goddess  of  the  Zidonians." 

Astrae'a.  Equity,  innocence.  During 
the  Golden  Age  this  goddess  dwelt  on 
earth,  but  when  sin  began  to  prevail,  she 
reluctantly  left  it,  nnd  was  metamor- 
phosed into  the  constellation  Virgo. 

When  hard-hoarlecl  intcrf^t  tlrsttx-ifan 
To  poison  e:irth.  Astrwa  Ifft  tlie  plani. 

Thovuiin,  "  CiiiUt  0/  Iwlolenet,"  onnto  1. 

Astral  Spirits.  The  spirits  of  the 
stars.  Accordin,'  to  the  mythology  of 
the  Persians,  Greeks,  Jews,  &c  ,  each 
star  has  its  special  spirit,  which  may  be 
termed  its  soul  or  vital  principle.  l'ar.i- 
celsus  maintained  th;it  every  man  hid 
his  attendant  star,  which  received  him  at 
death,  and  took  cliarge  of  hira  till  the 
great  resurrection. 

Astre'a.  A  poetical  i.amo  ol  Mrn. 
Aphra  Behn,  born  of  good  family  iu  the 
reigu  of  Charles  I.  Ilur  \v3rk6  iiro  very 
riuineroii!!,  inchldiiig  bcvenltieu  driun.il  o 
(•icce.s.  l)ied  1<;8;>,  and  was  buried  in 
Wi'stniiuster  Abbey. 

Thr  iti;:*  how  lonulT  ilii«   V>trrA  '.n*J.  -Top* 


50 


ASTROLOGY. 


ATLAS. 


Astrology.   {See  Diapason,  Micbo- 

OOSM.) 

As'trophel.  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
"Phil.  Sid.,"  being  a  contraction  of 
riiilos  Sidus,  and  the  Latin  sichxs  being 
changed  to  tlie  Greek  <iitron,  we  get 
aslron-philos  (star-lover).  The  "  star" 
that  he  loved  was  Penelope  Devoreux, 
whom  he  called  Stella  (star),  and  to  whom 
he  was  betrothed.  Edmund  Spenser 
wrote  a  pastoral  called  "  Astrophel,"  to 
the  memory  of  his  friend  and  patron, 
who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Zatpheu.  (1554- 
158G.) 

Astu'te  {2syl. ).  Literally,  city-like 
(Greek,  astu,  a  city),  the  opposite  of 
nistic.  The  word  means  that  mixture 
of  acuteness  and  cunning  which  persons 
Living  in  large  cities  generally  acquire. 

Asylum  means,  literally,  a  place 
where  pillage  is  forbidden  (Greek,  a  sykio, 
not  to  pillage).  The  ancients  set  apart 
certain  places  of  refuge,  where  tha  vilest 
criminals  were  protected,  both  from 
private  and  public  assaults. 

At.  Ang.-Sax..  out,  aioay:  as  "strp.in 
at  a  gnat."  Matt,  xxiii.  2i.  Al-herHan, 
to  Lursl  out. 

Ale.  Goddess  of  vengeance  and  mis- 
chief. This  goddess  was  driven  out  of 
heaven,  and  took  refuge  among  the  sons 
of  men. 

With  At«  by  his  side  come  hot  from  hell,  .  .  . 
Cry  "  havoc  "  and  let  slip  the  do?3  of  war. 

Shakispein,  "  Julius  Casar,"  iii.  1. 

Atella'nse.  Interludes  in  the  Roman 
theatres,  introduced  from  Atella,  in 
Campa'nia.  The  characters  of  Macchus 
and  Bucco  are  the  foundations  of  our 
harlequin,  punch,  and  clown.  (/S'e^p.  7'JO.) 

Ater'gata.  A  deity  with  the  upper 
part  like  a  woman,  and  the  lower  part 
like  a  fish.  She  had  a  temple  at  As'ca- 
lon.     (See  Dagon.) 

Athana'sian  Creed,  so  called  be- 
cause it  embodies  the  opinions  of  Atha- 
na'sius  respecting  the  Trinity.  It  was 
compiled  in  the  fifth  century  by  Hil'ary, 
bishop  of  Aries. 

Ath'elstane  (3  syl.),  sumamed  "  The 
Unready,"  thane  of  Coningsburgh. — Sir 
H'.  Scott,  "  Ivanhoe." 

AthenSBUm  (the  reriow  so  called) 
waa  founded  by  Janics  Silk  Buckingham 
hi  1829. 


Athe'nian  Bee.  Plato,  a  native  ol 
Athens,  was  so  called  because  his  words 
flowed  with  the  sweetness  of  honey. 

Athet.e.  The  Modei-n  Athe-iis—i.e., 
Edinburgh.  Willis  says  that  its  singular 
resemblance  to  Athens,  app'-oached  from 
the  Pirtcus,  is  very  striking. 

An  imitation  Acrop'olis  is  commenced  on  the 
Cfilton  Hill,  and  has  the  efi'ect  of  the  Parthenon. 
H.vmellus  is  rather  more  lufly  than  the  Pcntland 
hills,  and  Peniel'icus  is  farther  olf  and  grander 
than  Arthur's  Seat:  biit  the  old  Castle  of  Edin- 
biirsh  is  a  noble  feature,  superbly  inagniticeut. 
— Peiiciiiiiips. 

Athens  of  Ireland.     Belfast. 

Athens  of  the  JVeio  World.  Boston, 
noted  for  its  literary  merit  and  institu- 
tions. 

^4  l/i.en3  of  the  West.  Cor'dova,  in  Spain, 
was  so  called  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

A'thor.  The  Venus  of  Egyptian 
mythology. 

Atia.  Strife.  ITie  squire  of  Py- 
rochles,  and  stirrer  up  of  contention. — 
Spenger,  "Faery  Queen,"  bk.  ii. 

Atlan'tes.  Figures  of  men  used  in 
architecture  instead  of  pillars.  So  called 
from  Atlas,  who  in  Greek  mythology 
supported  the  world  on  his  shoulders. 
Female  figures  are  called  Caryat'idiia 
(q.v.).    (See  Telamones.) 

Atlan'tes  (in  "Orlando  Furioso").  A 
sage  and  a  magician  who  lived  in  an  en- 
chanted palace,  and  brought  up  Eoge'ro 
to  all  manly  virtues. 

Atlan'tian  or  Ailante'an  Shoulders. 
Shoulders  able  to  bear  a  great  weight, 
like  those  of  Atlas,  which,  according  to 
heathen  mythology,  supported  the  whole 
world. 

Saae  he  stood, 
With  Atlantean  shoulders  tit  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  mynarcliies. 

ilUlon,  " ParadUe  Lost,"  bk.  IL 

Atlan'tie  Ocean.  The  ocean  that 
washes  the  base  of  the  Atlas  mountains. 

Atlantis.  A  mythological  island 
which  contained  the  Elysian  Fields. 

The  Nexo  A  tlaniis.  An  island  imagined 
by  Lord  Bacon,  where  was  established  a 
philosophical  commonwealth  bent  on  the 
cultivation  of  the  natural  sciences.  (Sei 
Utopia,  City  of  the  Sun.) 

At!  as.  King  of  Maurita'nia  in  Africa, 
fabled  to  have  supported  the  world  tipon 
his  shoulders.  Of  ceurse,  the  tale  i? 
merely  a  poetical  way  of  saying  that  the 
Atlas  mountains   prop   up  the  heavens. 


ATOMIC. 


ATTORNEY. 


SI 


because  tliey  are  so  lofty.  Ws  call  a 
book  of  maps  an  "Atlas,"  because  it 
contains  or  holds  the  world.  The  word 
was  first  employed  in  this  sonso  by  Mer- 
ca'tor,  and  the  title-page  of  his  collection 
of  maps  had  the  figure  of  Atlas,  with  the 
world  on  his  back. 

But  Atlas,  propping  henrcn,  as  poets  feign, 
His  suliteiiaue^u  wond-t-M  sMeail. 

TlMinson,  "  Aul-uir.r,.' 

Atomic  theory  is,  that  erery  mate- 
rial substance  is  ma<le  up  of  congeries 
of  atoms,  not  united  fortuitously,  but 
according  to  fixed  laws.  The  four  laws 
of  Dalton  are — coustiiut  proportion,  reci- 
procal proportion,  multiple  proportion, 
and  coii.'pound  proportion. 

Atomic  volume.  The  proportion  by  bulk 
In  which  atoms  unite  or  have  united  in 
any  g'ven  substance. 

Atomic loei'jlds.  Theproportionby icei'yAt 
in  which  atoms  unite,  or  have  united  ip 
uny  given  substance. 

Atos'sa.  Sarah,  duchess  of  Marl- 
borou;;h  ;  so  called  by  Pope,  because  she 
was  the  friend  of  Lady  Wort  ley  Montague 
whom  ho  calls  Sappho.  Herod'otos  says 
that  Atossa,  the  mother  of  Xerxes,  was 
a  follower  of  Sappho. 

Atrip.  Tho  anchor  is  atrip  when  it 
has  just  been  drawn  from  the  ground  in 
a  perpendicular  direction.  A  top-sail  is 
atrip  which  has  just  started  from  the 
cap.     The  word  is  from  trip. 

Attaint.  A  term  in  chivalry,  mean- 
ing to  strike  the  helmet  and  shield  of  an 
antagonist  so  firmly  with  the  lance,  held 
in  a  direct  line,  as  either  to  break  tho 
lance  or  overthrow  the  person  struck. 
Hence  to  "attaint  of  treason,"  4c. 

At'tercop.  All  ill-tempered  persons, 
who  mars  all  sociability.  Strictly  speak- 
ing, the  attercop  is  the  poison-spider. 
^Anglo-Saxon,  atler,  poison  ;  cop,  spider. 
Our  cob-web  stiould  be  cop-web,  t.e., 
spider-web).    Also  called  ettcrcap. 

Aicie.  The  Attic  Bee.  Soph'ocles,  tho 
tragic  poet,  a  nativo  of  Athens  ;  so 
called  from  tho  great  sweetness  of  hij» 
compositions.     (B.C.  495-405.) 

The  Attic  Bird.  The  nightingale;  so 
called  because  Pi]ilomel  was  the  daughter 
of  the  king  of  Athens. 

Where  the  Attio  bird 
Tlu'lliS  her  thlck-warbl5<l  notes  the  summer  long. 
UiiUjn.  "i^uruJui  Ki'jaincd,"  W. 

The  Attic  Muse.  Xenophon,  tho  histo- 
rian, a  nativo  of  Athens;   so  called  bo- 


cause  the  style  of  his  composition  i«  a 
model  of  elegance.     (B.C.  414-3o'J.) 

Attic  salt.  Elegant  and  delicate  wit. 
Salt,  both  in  Latin  and  Crock,  was  a 
common  term  for  wit,  or  sparkling  thought 
well  expressed :  thus  Cicero  says,  "Hci/no 
OTiines  sale  supa-a'bat"  (Scipio  surpassed 
all  in  wit).  The  Athenians  were  noted 
for  their  wit  and  elcL'ant  "turns  of 
thought,"  and  hence  Attic  salt  means  wit 
as  pointed  and  delicately  expressed  as 
by  the  Athenians.    "Attic  pomt,'  wit. 

A  ttic  storey.  The  head  :  the  body  being 
compared  to  a  house,  the  head  is  the 
highest,  or  attic  storey.  Professor  Cold- 
stticker  refers  the  word  "attic"  in  this 
sonso  to  the  Sanskrit  attaia,  a  room  on 
the  top  of  a  house. 

Queer  in  the  attic  storei/.  Fuddled,  par- 
tially intoxicated. 

Ill  furidiked  in  O't  attic  store j.  Not 
clever,  dull. 

At'ticus.  The  most  elegant  ar.d 
finished  scholar  of  the  Romans.  IJis 
admirable  taste  ai;d  sound  judgment 
were  so  highly  thou.'ht  of  that  even 
Cicero  submitted  to  him  several  of  hia 
treatises. 

T/ie  EiKjlish  A  tticus.  Joseph  Addison ; 
80  called  by  Pope,  on  accotmt  of  his 
refined  taste  and  philosophical  mind. 
(1672-1719.) 

T/ie  C'h7'i.stian  A  tticus.  Reginald  Ilober, 
Bishop  of  Calcutta.  (1783-1820.) 

Tae  Iruih  Attio'.s.  George  Faulkner; 
eo  called  by  Lord  Chesterliold.  (17uO- 
1775.) 

Attin'giaTiB.  Heretics  of  tho  eighth 
century,  who  solemnised  baptism  with 
the  words,  "  I  am  tho  living  water  " 

Attire  originally  meant  a  bca<l- 
dress.  (French  atour,  a  tour  de  lite.) 
Subsequently  extended  to  tho  dro;>i 
generally. 

With  a  linen  mitre  shall  he  (the  high  priest)  b« 
attired— t.t.  Klretsed  ai  to  the  luad  (Lev.  xvi.  «|. 

(.■Vholnh  and  Aliulibnlii  pxcoeded  in  dyed  attlr* 
upuu  thoir  heads  {Eiek.  xxiii.  ISj. 

Attock.  The  forbidden  river,  beyond 
which  no  pure  Hindu  can  p;i.ss. 

Attorney  lucans  a  substitut*. 
(French,  ad  toiirner,  to  tum-to,  to  sub- 
stitute for),  meauiiig  one  substituted  for 
another,  one  who  h-as  deputed  power  to 
act  on  ilia  client's  behalf.  Houce  tho 
deed  which  formally  assigns  t-  ajioUicr 
the   power    of    actii.g  on  our  behiilf   b 


52 


ATY3. 


AUGUSTUS. 


called  power  of  attorney.  A  soficilor 
is  Olio  who  solicits  or  potitiotis  in  the 
Court  of  Chancery  on  belialf  of  his 
clients.  Properly  speakin;^,  solicitors 
belong  to  the  Chancery  Court,  and  at- 
torneys to  the  other  courts. 

A'tyS.  Metamorphosed  into  a  fir- 
tree  by  Cyb'elij. 

Au  Courant  (French),  "  ac- 
quaiuted  with."  To  keep  one  au  courant 
of  everything  that  passes,  is  to  keep  one 
familiar  with,  or  informed  of,  passing 
events. 

An  Fait.  (French).  Skilful,  thorough 
master  of  ;  as  He  is  quite  au  fait  in  those 
matters,  i.e.,  quite  master  of  tliem  or 
conversant  with  them. 

Au  Eevoir.  (French.)  "Goodby'e 
for  the  present."  Liter.ally,  till  seeing 
you  again. 

Aubry's  Dog.     (See  Dog.) 

Au'deauism.  The  dootrine  of 
Audeus  of  Mesopotamia,  who  lived  in 
the  fourth  century.  He  maintained  that 
the  Old  Testament  justifies  the  belief 
that  God  has  a  sensible  form  (Gen.  i.  26). 

Audhum'la  {the  nourishing -power), 
in  Scandinavian  mythology,  is  the  cow 
created  by  Surt  to  nourish  Ymir.  She 
supplied  him  with  four  rivers  of  milk, 
and  was  herself  nourished  by  licking  the 
rocks.     (&e  Ymir.) 

Audley.  We  will  John  Audley  it — 
i.e.,  abridge  it.  A  theatrical  phrase. 
In  the  eighteenth  century  one  Shuter 
had  a  travelling  company  which  visited 
different  fairs.  It  was  his  custom  to 
lengthen  out  his  performance  till  a 
goodly  number  of  new  comers  had  col- 
lected on  the  open  stage  of  his  theatre, 
when  a  boy  called  out  John  Audley,  and 
the  play  which  was  going  on  inside 
was  brought  to  an  end  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible.   ]7o9. 

Aud'rey.  A  country  wench,  who 
jilted  William  for  Touchstone.— iJArt/i«- 
tpeare,  "As  You  Like  It." 

Au'gean  Stablep.  An  accumula- 
tion of  corruption  or  filth  almost  beyond 
the  power  of  man  to  remedy.  Au'geas, 
kintx  of  Elis,  in  Greece,  had  never 
cleansed  his  stalls  for  thirty  years,  though 
be  kept  in  them  a  herd  of  3,000  oxen. 
Ona  of  the  tasks  ass'gued  to   Hercules 


was  to  clean.so  this  stew,  wliich  he  did  by 
causing  two  rivers  to  run  through  it. 

Aiigsbtirp^  ConfePsion.  The  chief 
standard  of  faith  in  the  Lutheran  church  ; 
so  called  because,  while  the  diet  of  the 
German  empire  was  sitting  at  Augsburg, 
in  l.')30,  the  confession  of  faith  drawn  up 
by  Melancthon  and  Luther  was  presented 
to  Charles  V. 

Au'gliry  means  properly  the  science 
of  hirdin]]^  (^(ivium  garriliis).  St.  Pierre 
says:  "The  first  navigators,  when  out 
of  sight  of  land,  watchevi  the  seed  and 
the  flight  of  birds,  as  indications  of  the 
shore,  and  with  no  other  guidance  dis- 
covered many  new  islands."  From  this 
custom  (he  says)  arose  the  practice  of 
consulting  the  flight  of  birds  before 
entering  on  any  important  enterprise. — 
Studies. 

August.  The  eighth  month  ;  so 
called  in  compliment  to  Augustus  Csesor 
of  Rome,  whose  "lucky  month"  it  was, 
in   which   occurred  many  of    his  most 

fortunate  events. 

Augusta.  London  ;  so  called  by  the 
Romans. 

Oft  let  me  wanrter  o'er  the  dewy  fields, 

or  ascend 

Slime  eminence,  Augusta,  in  thy  plain'*. 
And  see  the  country  far  diffused  Hn^ind. 

Thormon,  " Spri$i{/.' 

Augustan.  Augtistan  Age  of  English 
Literature  —  i.e.,  its  best  period,  be- 
ginning in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  and 
ending  with  the  Restoration.  The  term 
Augustan  is  from  Augustus  the  emperor 
of  Rome,  the  most  palmy  time  of  Latin 
literature. 

The  A  wjustan  A  qe  of  French  Literaturt 
The  age  of  Louis  XIV.    (1610-1740.) 

Augustine.  A  monk  oi  nun  of  the 
Augustine  order,  established  in  the 
eleventh  century  in  commemoration  of 
St.  Augustine,  and  in  imitation  of  the 
ancient  order  founded  by  him  in  the 
fourth  century. 

The  Second  Augustine.  Thomas  Aqui- 
nas, also  called  the  Angelic  Doctor.  (1:^24- 
1275.) 

Au^ustin'ians.  Divines  who  main- 
tained, on  the  authority  of  St.  Augus- 
tine, that  grace  is  effectual  absolutely, 
quite  independent  of  the  person  who 
receives  it. 

Augustus.  No  proper  name,  but 
a  mere  title  giyen  to  Octa'vian,  bccausf 


AULD. 


AUT   CJESAR. 


68 


he  was  head  of  the  priesthood.  In  the 
rei';'!!  of  Diocletian,  the  two  emperors 
were  each  styled  Augustvj  (sacred 
majesty),  and  tho  two  viceroys  Casar. 
Prior  to  that  time  Hadrian  limited  tho 
title  of  Caiiar  to  the  Leir  presiiraptive. 

AvA/iustui.  Philippe  II.  of  France;  so 
calle(i  because  ho  was  born  in  the  month 
ofAujTu^t.    (1165,1180-12:^3.) 

Siu-ismund  II.  of  Poland.  (Io20,  154S- 
VoTl.) 

Auld  Brig  and  New  Brig,  of 
Robert  Burns,  refer.",  to  the  brid^^es  over 
the  river  Ayr,  in  Scotland. 

Auld  Hornie.  After  tho  esta- 
blishment of  Christianity,  the  heathen 
deities  were  degraded  by  the  Church 
into  fallen  angols,  and  Pan,  with  his 
horns,  crooked  nose,  goat's  beard, 
pointed  ears,  and  goat's  feet,  was  trans- 
formed to  his  Satanic  majesty,  and  called 
Old  Homy. 

O  thou,  whatever  title  suit  thee, 
AaM  lioruis,  Sutaa.  .\'ick.  <ir  Cluotie. 
Itarui. 

Auld  Reekie.  Edinburgh  old  town, 
BO  c:illed  because  it  generally  appears  to 
becap['ed  by  a  cloud  of  "  reek  "  or  smoke. 

Au'lic  Council,  from  the  Latin 
auia  (a  court),  was  one  of  the  highest 
C'lurts  of  tho  old  German  emiiire,  from 
which  thcro  was  no  appeal.    (1495-1806.) 

Aunt  Sally.  A  game  in  which  a 
wooden  head  is  mounted  on  a  pole.  The 
fun  of  tho  game  is  to  knock  tho  nose  of 
the  figure,  or  break  the  pipe  stuck  in  its 
mouth.  This  is  to  bo  done  by  throwing 
at  it,  from  a  stated  distance,  a  short 
club.  The  word  autit  was  anciently  ap- 
plied to  any  old  woman  :  thus  in  Shake- 
speare, Puck  si)caks  of 

The  wisest  aiint  teMin?  the  s«rt.1p«t  tale. 

"  Uule\L'"vntr  XifflU  t  D<  e>im,"  ii.  1. 

Sal'y  is  a  play  upon  the  common  name, 
and  tho  verb  salli/  (t)  dart  or  shoot  at 
something). 

Aure'ola.  A  circle  of  light,  emblo- 
matical  of  glory,  jilaced  by  the  old 
p  ■inters  round  the  heads  of  martyrs  and 
Biiints.  The  notion  was  derived  from 
Kxorl.  XXV.  25.  Furies  coro'uam  aure'o/aui 
(tbou  shalt  inako  another  'jrown  of  gold), 
besides  the  crown  of  gold  which  (Jod 
promised  to  the  faithful.  —  Donne' i 
"  iicrmoM." 


Au'ri.  Aun  tncra  famii  (the  cursed 
hunger  for  wealth),  applied  to  that  rest- 
less craving  for  money  which  is  almost  » 

tnouomaui;i. 

Auro'ia.  Early  morning.  Acconliog 
to  Grecian  mythology,  the  goddo!<« 
Aurora, called  by  Homer  "rosy-fingereti," 
sets  out  before  the  sun,  and  is  the  pioneer 
of  his  rising. 

Vou  CHiinot  shut  the  \vln(1.i-.«>i  of  the  sky, 
Tiiriiir.;li  which  Aururu  sliuu  a  her  brlxhlenlac 
faiv 

Thornton.  "  CutiU  o/  luduUfu*,'  cmito  II. 

Auro'ra  Borea'lis  (Latin).  Tho  elec- 
trical lights  occasionally  soon  in  the 
northern  p.-rrt  of  the  sky  ;  also  calle<l 
"  Merry  Danuers."  "it*;  UuuWh.s  i  w  t  itu. 

Auro'ra  liuht).  A  rirb,  noble  Euv'liiih 
orphan;  left  to  the  care  of  guaniians  ;  a 
Catholic  in  religion  ;  and  in  person 

A  rose  with  all  lt<i  s«  cetcvi  |onvo.i  ypt  folded. 
lil/rua,  "  l)on  Junn,"  contu  15, 

AuBO'nia.  An  ancient  name  of  Italy, 
so  called  from  Auson,  son  of  Ulysses,  anil 
father  of  the  Auso'ues, 

All  the  green  delighta  *ii«oni»  pours. 

Thunaon,  "  .Vuinf/ur." 

Aue'pictis.  Under  j/our  good  a uspictt, 
t.e.,  through  y'iur  influence,  or  the  in- 
Huen<  e  <>f  your  good  name.  In  liomo 
only  the  commander-in-i  hief  w.as  allowed 
to  take  tho  auspices  of  war.  If  a  Ic^gatc 
gainetl  a  victory,  be  was  said  to  win  it 
under  tho  good  aiispicc's  of  his  BU!>erior 
in  command. 

Aus'rer.  A  wind  pernicious  to  flowon 
and  health.  In  Italy  one  of  tho  S<>utK 
winds  was  so  called  ;  its  moderii  name  is 
tho  .Sirocco.  (Greek,  auit/nit,  hot,  dry.) 
In  England  it  is  a  damp  wind,  generally 
bringing  wot  weather. 

Naught  but  putrid  strenms  and  noisome  foRt, 
For  cier  hiiiii  uu  dr  zzl.v  Aiist'-r'n  Iniard. 

TlU'imun,  "  CatU'  uf  />K<"UnM."  ciuito  II. 

Auatin  Friare.  Friars  of  tho  orier 
of  St.  Augustine.     (6ee  Uegiii.no  ) 

Austrian  Lip.  Tho  thick  tinrlor-lip, 
chinicLfri>tii-  of  tin- house ol  lia|)«'burg. 
Dirivid  from  Cyniburgis,  daUkihu-r  <'f 
Ziiiiiovilz,  tiiiko  of  Mas>''via,  ami  uii-cf 
of  the  ihi'U  king  of  Poliiml.  (^ynibiirK'is 
WHS  noted  for  her  beauty  and  uuusual 
strength. 

Aut  Caesar  aut  nulliiB  (Fj»tin 
Kil'ier  t'lr.viir  or  no  onei,  ovrrv thing  or 
nothing ;  all  or  iiot  at  all.  I'.i-itar  ufcod 
to  i>ay,   "b«  would  KooDur  bo  first  in  • 


64 


AUTnENTIC. 


AVERNUa 


villae;e  than  second  at  Rome."  Milton 
makes  Satan  say,  "Better  to  reign  in 
Hell  than  sorvo  in  Heaven."     (.See  §ix.) 

Authen'tic  Doctor.  Gregory  of 
Rim'ini.    (Fourtcouth  century.) 

Auto  da  F^  (Portuguese,  and  Auto 
de  Fe,  Spanish),  "  an  act  of  faith."  A 
day  ."^et  apart  by  the  Inquisition  for  the 
e.vamination  of  "heretics."  Those  not 
acquitted  were  burnt.  Thp>  reason  why 
inquisitors  hurnt  their  victim-s  was,  be- 
cause they  are  forbidden  "  to  shed  blood ;" 
an  axiom  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
being,  " EccMsia  non  novii  san'guinem" 
(the  church  is  untainted  uith  blood). 

Autoryeos.  Tie  craftiest  of  thieves. 
He  stole  the  flocks  of  his  neighbours,  and 
changed  their  marks.  Si'syphos  out- 
witted him  by  marking  his  sheep  under 
their  feet,  a  device  which  so  tickled  the 
rogue  that  he  instantly  "cottoned"  to 
him.  Shakespeare  introduces  him  in 
"The  Win'tor's  Tale"  as  a  pedlar,  and 
says  he  was  called  tbe  son  of  Mercury, 
because  he  was  bom  under  that  "  thiev- 
ing planet." 

Aiitolycus  ia  no  lapidary,  thoush  he  drives  a 
roaring  Inide  in  tlasl\  jewellery.— J'aUJifaU  GazM^. 

Autom'aton — plural,  automatons  or 
automata.  Machines  which  imitate  the 
actions,  &c.,  of  living  creatures.  The 
most  famous  are  the  following  : — (1)  The 
pigeon  that  c^uld  fly,  made,  B.C.  400,  by 
Archy'tns,  of  Tarentum  ;  (2)  the  wooden 
eiigle  of  Regiomouta'nus,  the  German, 
which  flew  from  the  city  of  Kcenigsberg 
to  meet  the  emperor,  saluted  him,  and 
returned,  1-136-1476;  (3)  the  duck  of 
Vaucanson  of  Grenoble,  which  could  eat 
and  drink,  and  even  in  a  way  digest 
food  ;  its  wings,  viscera,  bones,  &c., 
miniitely  resemble!  those  of  a  living 
animal.  (Greek,  aulos-mao,  I  self-move). 
(*!>'««  Andkoid.) 

AutorD'edon.  A  coachman.  LIo 
Was  the  charioteer  of  Achilles. 

Autumn.  He  is  come  to  his  autumn 
—i.e.,  to  be  hanged,  to  "his  fall."  A 
pun  on  the  plan  of  "turning  a  man  oflf " 
by  dropping  the  plank  on  which  he 
stands.  The  drop  is  the  "leaf,"  and 
autumn  is  called  the  ''  fall,"  or  ''  fall  of 
tlie  leaf." 

A'va,  in  Birmab,  has  marble  quarries 
of  which  idols  are  made,  and  only  priests 


arc  al!c7.od  to  trade  there. — Symet,  toL 
ii.,  p.  '6~id. 

As  on  Ara's  shore, 
Where  n mo  hut  priests  nre  privile^jcd  to  trade 
In  l.liat  b6.it  marnle  of  wliicli  k'hN  n<:f.  made. 
T.  Moort,  "  Lalla  Roolh,'  part  1. 

Av'alanehe  (ii  syl. )  means  pro- 
perly a  "gulp,"  something  swallowed 
(French,  uvuler,  to  swallow).  The  word 
is  applied  to  land-slips  and  snow-slips, 
which  swallow  up  or  overwhelm  forests, 
villages,  and  all  they  fall  upon.  Meta- 
phorically, we  speak  of  an  "avalanche  of 
applause,"  an  "avalanche  of  bouquets'' 
showered  on  tlio  stage,  &c. 

Av'alon.  An  ocean  island,  where 
king  Arthur  resided  and  was  buried. 
The  word  means  "Apple-green  island" 
{aval,  apple  ;  yn' ,  island) ;  and  it  is  gene- 
rally th.ought  to  mean  Glastonbury,  a 
name  derived  from  the  Saxon  glasln 
(green  like  grass). 

Avant  Courier.  French  for  a 
"messenger  sent  before"  to  get  things 
ready  for  a  party  of  travellers,  or  to 
announce  their  approach.  Anything 
said  or  done  to  prepare  the  way  for 
something  more  important  to  follow ;  a 
feeler,  a  harbinger. 

A- vast  tlieiv  !  Stop,  not  so  fast, 
hold  tight.  A  sailor's  phrase.  (German, 
hasta,  stop  ;  Italian,  hasta,  enough.) 

Ava'tar.  The  incarnation  of  deity 
in  Hindu  mythology,  or  the  appearance 
of  a  god  in  a  visible  form.  It  properly 
means  "  out  of  the  boat,"  and  the  allusion 
is  to  the  wide-spread  tradition  of  Noah 
coming  out  of  the  ark.  The  ten  avatars 
of  VishnO  are  the  most  celebrated. 

Ave  Mari'a  {Hail,  Mary  I).  The 
first  two  words  of  the  angel's  salutation 
to  the  Virgin  Mary  (Luke  i.  23).  In  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  the  phrase  is 
applied  to  an  invocation  to  the  Virgin 
beginning  with  those  words  ;  and  also  to 
the  smaller  beads  of  a  rosary,  the  larger 
ones  being  termed  pater-nosters. 

Avenel  (2  syl.).  While  Lady  of 
Arenel.  A  tutelary  spu-it  in  Scott's 
"  Monastery." 

Aver'nus  (Greek  a-ornos,  "without 
birds").  A  lake  in  Campa'nia,  so  called 
from  the  belief  that  its  sulphurous  and 
mephitic  vapours  killed  any  bird  that 
happened  to  inhale  them.  Poets  caU  it 
the  entrance  to  the  infernal  regions ; 
hence  the  proverb,  T/u  descent  to  Avo-nus 


AVERTIN. 


AZTM. 


SS 


ia  ej.sy,  bid  coining  hack  again  is  quite 
another  matter,  meaning  that  all  bad 
habits  are  easily  acquired,  but  very  hard 
to  be  abandoned. 

Av'ertin,  St.  The  patron  saint  of 
lunatics ;    so  called     from    the    J'rench 

averllneuz  (lunatics). 

Aves'ta.  The  sacred  scriptures  of 
the  Magians,  composed  by  Zoroaster. 

Aveu'gle.  Son  of  Erebus  and  Nox. 
— Speiiser,  "  F<iery  Qtieen." 

Avie'nns.  A  writer  of  fables  in  the 
decline  of  the  Roman  empire.  In  the 
Middle  Ai,'cs,  a  collection  of  fables  used 
to  be  called  Av'ynet,  or  E'sopet. 

A  viz.  An  order  of  kui!,'hthood  in 
P<)rtuf,'al,  founded  by  Sancho  I.,  and 
liaving'  for  its  object  the  subjugation  of 
the  Moors. 

Avoid  Extremes.  The  wise  saw 
of  I'it'tacos  of  Mityle'ne.     (B.C.  652-iiiJ9.) 

Avoir.  Avoir  Marlel  en  tSle  (French), 
To  bo  distracted.  Martel  is  a  bamroor, 
liciico  distraction,  tormont  torturf. 

Av'oircliipois.  Aven,  old  French 
for  "  goods  in  general,"  and  -poise 
(.voights).  Whence  avoirdupois  weight 
means  the  "weights  for  goods  and 
chattels  generally."    (SeeTnox  WEiauT.) 

Awake.  "Awake!  arise!  or  bo  for 
ever  fallen."— P(zr«(Z«e  Lost. 

A  rcitle-aioake.  A  hat  which  has  no 
nap  in  its  material ;  as  it  never  h.as  a 
"  nap,"  it  must  always  be  wide  aicale. 

lie  is  wide  awake.  On  his  guard,  on 
the  watch,  alive  to  all  the  difficulties, 
well  aware  of  what  he  is  doing. 

A-wtather.  The  reverse  of  a-lce. 
"  A-wcathor"  is  towards  the  weather,  or 
the  side  on  which  the  wind  strikes. 
"  A-leo"  is  in  the  loo  or  shelter,  and  there- 
fore opposite  to  the  wind  side. 

Awkward.  French  gauche,  not  dex- 
terous. Avvk  na-ans  the  left  haud. 
Hence  in  Holland's  "  Plutarch"  we  have 
"The  awke  or  left  hand;"  and  again, 
"They  receive  her  awlly  when  she  pro- 
sentoth  .  .  .  the  right  hand." 

Awl.  "I'll  pack  up  my  aich  an'f 
begone"— i.e.,  all  ray  goods.  The  play  is 
on  awl  and  all. 

Axe.  "  To  hang  up  one's  axi."  To 
retire  from  business,  to  give  over  a  use- 


less project.  The  alhision  is  to  the 
ancient  battle-axe,  hung  up  to  the  gols 
when  the  fight  w.os  done.  All  classical 
scholars  will  call  to  mind  the  allusion  of 
Horace  to  a  similar  Roman  custom. 
Being  snubbed  by  Pyrrha,  he  says,  "  He 
will  hang  up  his  .axe  upon  her  wall,"  or. 
more  literally,  his  "drenched  garments 
on  the  temple-walls  of  Neptune."  {Se« 
Ask.) 

Ax'inoman'cy.  Dinoation  by  an 
axe  ;  much  practised  by  the  ancient 
Greeks  with  the  view  of  discovering 
crime.  An  agate  was  placed  on  a  rod-hot 
axe,  and  indicated  the  guilty  person  by 
its  motion.     (^Ureek,  ax'inU  manteia.) 

A'yah  (Anglo-Indian).  A  nurse  or 
lady's  maid. 

Aye'shah  (3syl.).  Mahomet's  pocond 
and  favourite  wife.  Ho  married  her 
when  she  was  only  nine  years  old,  and 
died  in  her  arras, 

Ayr'shire  Poet.  Robert  Bums, 
born  near  the  town  of  Ayr.     (1795-17i'i5. ) 

AzamatBatuk  (War correspondent 
in  1870  of  the  I'aU  .Mall  Gazette).  A 
pseuilonym  of  M.  Thicbland, 

Azaz'el.  Thescapo-goat;  so  called  by 
the  Jews,  because  the  high  priest  cast 
lots  on  two  goats ;  one  lot  was  Jor  iKt 
L'^rd,  and  the  other  lot  for  Azaz'el  or 
Satan,  and  the  goat  on  which  th«  latter 
lot  fell  was  the  scape-goat. 

Azaz'iel.  A  seraph  who  fell  in  love 
with  An'ah,  a  grand-"la\igiiter  of  Cain. 
When  the  flood  came,  bo  carried  her 
under  his  wing  to  some  other  planet. — 
Byron,  "  Ileaveii  and  Earth." 

Azaz'il.  In  Milton's  "  Parad.so  Ixist," 
.\zaz'il  is  the  st mdard-bcaror  of  the  in- 
fernal host.  According  to  the  Kor.m, 
v.hen  God  commanded  the  angels  to 
worship  Adam,  Azaz'il  replio'l,  "Why 
should  the  son  of  tire  fall  down  before  a 
son  of  clay?"  and  God  cast  him  out  of 
L-javen.  His  name  was  then  changod  to 
Eblit,  which  means  "ilespair." 
Tho-i   Hlni^Rlit  cumm.-uids   that,  nt    tha  witrllk* 

Of  tniiniii'ti!  loud  find  oliirlonii,  ho  tiprmrpJ 
ills  mUlity  Htniidnrd:  thiit  pruiiil  liuiiuiir  cUlmod 
Aznzil,  us  Ills  r\n\\l,  a  clicrnh  t;ill. 

••  Parnditt  LnM."  hk. ». 

Aw'im.  The  young  coiiviirt  whoj  .inod 
"the  creed  an(i  stand ird"  of  tho  veiled 
prophet  of  i\horrvsHan,  in  .Moore's  "  fjilU 
llookh."     When   ho  "vas  witness  of  tb« 


56 


AZO. 


11  FJ>ATH. 


prophet's  infamy,  he  joined  the  caliph's 
army,  and  was  mainly  instrumental  in 
defeating  that  of  the  veiled  prophet. 

Az'o,  marquis  of  Este,  married  Pari- 
ii'na,  who  fell  in  love  with  Hugo,  a 
natural  son  of  Azo.  The  marquis 
ordered  Hugo  to  be  beheaded  ;  but  no 
one  knows  what  the  fate  of  Parisi'na  was. 
Azo,  at  any  rate,  marrio  1  again,  and  had 
a  family.  This  Azo  was  in  reality  Nicc.lo 
of  Ferra'ra.— iJyroft,  " FarUina." 

A'zor's  Mirror.  Zemi'ra  is  the 
name  of  the  lady,  and  Azor  that  of  the 
bear,  in  Marmoutel's  tale  of  "Beauty 
and  the  Beast."  Zemi'ra  entreats  the 
kind  monster  to  let  her  see  her  father,  if 
only  for  a  few  moments;  so  drawing 
aside  a  curtain,  he  shows  him  to  her  in  a 
magic  mirror.  This  mirror  was  a  sort  of 
telescope,  which  tendered  objects  other- 
A\  ise  toj  far  off  distinctly  visible. 

Az'oth.,  The  panace'a  of  Paracelsus, 
rei»arded  by  his  fol'owers  as  "the  tinc- 
ture of  life." 

Az'rael  (3  syl.).  The  angel  that 
watchi  s  over  the  dv  ing,  and  takes  the 
soul  from  the  body.  Tine  angel  of  death. 
lie  will  be  the  last  to  die,  but  will  do  so 
at  the  second  trump  of  the  archangel. 

The  llohammedan  doctors  say  that  Azrail  was 
eammisaioiii'd  to  iiiMict  the  penally  of  death  on  all 
mankind.—//.  ChristmuM. 

As'rafil.  The  archangel  commissioned 
to  blow  the  trumpet  of  the  resurrection. 
—  The  Koran. 

Asuco'na.  An  old  gipsy  who  stole 
Miia'rico,  infant  son  of  Garzia,  the  conte 
di  Luna's  brother. —  Verdi,  U  Trovatore. 
Azure,  sky  blue.  Represented  in 
royal  arms  by  the  planet  Jupiter,  in 
nob.emeu's  by  the  sapphire.  The  ground 
of  tlie  old  shield  of  Franco  was  azmv. 
Emblems  of  fidelity  and  truth. 

Azu'riel.  The  fairy  who  owned  what 
we  call  Holland  Park.  King  O'beron 
gave  him  his  daughter  Kenna  in  mar- 
riage when  he  drove  Albion  from  his 
empire.  Albion  invaded  Kensington,  the 
territory  of  king  Oberon.  but  was  slain 
ia  battle  by  Azuriel. —  Tickdl. 

Az'ymites  (3  syl.)  The  Roman 
Catholics  are  so  called  by  the  Greek 
Church,  because  the  holy  w.ifers  used  by 
them  in  the  eucharist  are  made  of  un- 
leavened brea(L  (Greek,  azunios,  un- 
leavened.) 


B 

B.  This  letter  is  the  out!ino  of  a 
house.  It  is  called  in  Hebrew  btlh  (a 
house). 

Marked  with  a  B  (French)  —  i.e.,  a 
poor  thing.  In  the  French  language  al- 
most all  personal  defects  begin  with  the 
letter  B;  e.g.,  bigle  (squint-eyed),  boigtit 
(one-eyed), io5«M  (huiripty),6ot<eux-  (lame), 
kc. 

Not  to  know  B  from  a  hatlledoif. 
Not  to  know  the  simi)lest  thing;  to 
be  very  stupid.  Miego  tells  us  that/torn.- 
hoo}:s  used  to  be  called  battledores  The 
phrase,  therefore,  means  not  to  know 
your  A  B  from  {i.e.,  out  of}  your  horn 
book. 

/  knoio  B  from  a  B  nil's  foot,  similar 
to  the  proverb,  "  I  know  a  hawk  from 
a  hernshaw."  (Se«  Hawk.)  The  bull's 
parted  hoof  somewhat  resembles  a  B. 

B.  C.  Marked  with  B.  C.  (bad  cha- 
racter). When  a  soldier  has  disgraced 
himself  by  insubordination  or  treason, 
he  is  marked  with  B.  C.  before  he  is 
drummed  out  of  the  regiment. 

lie  called  me  a  B.C.  A  genteel-look. 
ing  young  woman  complained  to  Mr. 
Ingham  of  having  been  alaised  by  a  per- 
son who  called  her  a  B.  C.  The  magis- 
trate asked  what  B.  C.  meant,  when  ha 
was  told  that  C.  meant  "  cat,"  but  B. 
was  too  shocking  to  lie  uttered  aloud. 
She  ronscnted,  however,  to  whisper  the 
naughty  word  into  his  worship's  ear. 
Mr.  Ingham  heard  the  mysterious  "libel," 
and,  though  he  could  not  grant  the  sum- 
mons, B.  C.  has  become  the  stereotyped 
e.\ponent  of  a  ridiculous  charge  of  hbel. 
—  'I'liidJulti,  1866,  Wandsworth. 

B.  K.  S.  The  name  of  "residence" 
given  by  officers  in  mufti,  v.'ho  do  not 
wish  to  give  up  their  address.  The  word 
tjtands  for  BarracKS. 

B  Flats.  Bugs.  The  pun  is  "  B " 
(the  initial  letter),  and  "  fiat,"  from  the 
flatness  of  the  obnoxious  insect.  Also 
called  Norfolk  Hoicardx,  from  Mr.  Bugg, 
wb.o  advertised  in  the  Times  that  he 
should  in  future  change  his  name  into 
"  Norfolk  Howard."     (.See  F  Shauf.) 

Four  B.'s,  essential  Jbr  social  success. — 
Blood,  brains,  brass,  brads  [muney], 
American.  Beware  of  the  B.  s,  t.Cj  the 
British.     A  Uarlow  cai:t.\oii. 


BAAL-PEOR. 


BACHELOR. 


67 


Baal-Peor  or  £er/)/ie^or.  The  Pria'- 
pus  of  the  Mo'abites  and  Midianitos. 

Bata.  Same  as  joapa  (Turkish).  Ali- 
baba is  "  father  Ali." 

Babes  in  the  "Wood.    {Se^  CniL- 

PUEN.) 

Babies.  Bahies  in  the  e'/es.  The  re- 
flection of  oneself  in  the  eyes  of  another. 

She  cliiDg  "ibont  lii?t  neck, gave  him  ten  Iviases, 

Tuyed  wilh  his  lock'*,  looked  babies  in  h  s  eyci. 

Henwood,  "  Uwe'i  MiKtrtst." 

Babel.  A  perfect  Bald.  A  thorough 
confusion.  "A  Babel  of  sounds."  A 
confused  uproar,  in  which  nothing  can 
be  heard  but  hubbub.  The  allusion  is 
to  the  confusion  of  tongues  at  Babel.  — 
Oenesis  xi, 

Qod  .  .  .  comes  down  to  see  their  city, 
.  .  .  and  in  derision  sets 
Upon  their  ton^ne  a  various  spirit,  to  raze 
CJiiite  out  their  native  laiisjuage.  and  inste:id 
To  sow  a  janqlmg  noiae  of  words  unknown. 
Forthwith  a  hideous  gabble  rises  loud 
Anions  the  builders;  each  to  other  calls, 
Nol  understood.  .  .  .  Thus  was  the  biiildin'.?  Iffi 
Ridiculous,  and  the  work  "Conrusion"  nnine'l, 
UUton,  •■  PuroJue  LmsI,"  bk.  xii 

Baby  Charles.  So  James  T.  used 
to  call  his  son  Charles,  afterwards 
Charles  I, 

Babylon.  T/ie  modem  Bah>/lon.  So 
London  is  sometimes  called,  on  account 
of  its  wealth,  luxury,  and  dissiiiation. 

Babylonish     Captivity.        The 

seventy  years  that  the  Jews  were  cap- 
tives in  Baliylon.  They  were  made  cap- 
tives by  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  released 
by  Cyrus  (n,c.  5:38). 

Ba'ea.  The  Valley  of  Baca.  Tho 
rale  of  tears.  This  world  is  so  called  in 
Scripture,  because  of  sin  and  its  conse- 
quent Eorrovr .— Psalm  Ixxxiv.  6. 

Our  sources  of  common  pleasure  dry  up  Rt  we 
Journey  on  throuKh  I  he  vale  of  Hacha.— Sir  WalUr 
Hcott,  "  Tlie  An'.iirunr,." 

Baccant.  A  person  given  to  habits 
of  drinking ;  so  called  from  the  "  bac- 
cants,"  or  men  admitted  to  tho  feasts  of 
Bacchus. 

Baccante  (2  syl.).  A  female  wine- 
bibber  ;  so  called  from  tho  "  baccantiis," 
or  female  priestesses  of  Bacchus. 

Bacchana'lia.  Festivals  in  honour 
of  Biicchus,  distinguished  for  their  licon- 
tiousncss  and  debauchery.  Plato  says  he 
has  seen  the  whole  population  of  .\thun8 
t^nink  at  these  foRtiva's. 


BacchanalJan.  Dnmkon,  rollick- 
some,  devoted  or  pertaining  to  Bacchus 
iqv.). 

Bacchus (tnW).  In  P^man  mythology 
the  god  of  wine.    (Creek,  iackc ,  I  shout.  > 
As  jolly  ItHccnus,  god  of  pleasure, 
Cliarmtd  the  wide  world  with  drink  and  doneei. 
And  all  his  thousand  airy  fancies, 
Alas  !  he  quite  forgot  the  while 
His  favourite  vines  in  Lesbo's  Mr..- PamM 

Bacchus,  in  the  "  Lusia<l,"  is  the  evil 
demon  or  antagonist  of  Jupiter,  the  lord 
of  destiny.  As  SLars  is  the  guardian 
power  of  Christianity,  Bacchus  is  the 
guardian  power  of  Mahometanisra. 

Bacchus  sjrrang  from,  the  tfiigh  of  Zna. 
The  tale  is  that  Sem'ele  asked  Zeus  to 
appear  before  her  in  all  her  glory,  but 
the  foolish  rcjuest  proved  her  death. 
Zeus  saved  the  child  which  was  prema- 
turely born  by  sewing  it  up  in  his  thigh 
till  it  came  to  maturity.  The  Arabian 
tradition  is  that  tho  infrtnt  B.-icchus  was 
nourished  during  infancy  in  a.  cave  of 
Mount  Meros.  .-Xs  "  .Moros  "  is  Greok 
for  a  thigh,  the  Greek  fable  is  reaiiily 
explained. 

What  lias  that  to  do  with  Bacchiuf — i.e., 
what  has  that  to  do  with  the  matter  in 
hand?  When  Thespis  introduced  reci- 
tations in  the  vintage  songs,  tho  innov,i- 
tion  was  sulfered  to  pass,  sn  long  as  tho 
subject  of  recitation  bore  on  tho  exploits 
of  Bacchus  ;  Imt  when,  for  variety  saki', 
he  wanilercd  to  other  subjects,  tho  Gr-jokB 
pulled  him  up  with  the  exclamation, 
"  What  has  that  to  do  with  B;tcchu8?'' 

Bachelor.  In  Himl-.ista'ui,  hatha- 
liirka  (a  you..g  mar.);  Scoujh,  boich  {a 
child);  Welsh,  bachgen  (a  boy  child); 
Portuguese,  bacilio  (the  shoot  of  a  vine, 
kc.) ;   French,  hacheUtte  (a  d.imsul), 

A  Bachelor  of  Arts.  Talbot  derives 
this  word  from  the  Spanish '>fl<-/iiV/ir  (n 
babbler),  to  ciilled  from  the  disputations 
he'd  in  tho  school  before  tho  first  doL'roe 
is  conferred,  whence  also  a  i,'Ood  dit>culyr 
is  in  Cambrid;.'e  still  toriuud  a  irntngler. 
The  word  u.sed  to  bo  spolt/mc/iiV/cr  ;  thus 
in  the  "  Proceedings  of  tho  Privy  Coun- 
cil," vol.  i.,  p.  72,  wo  read  :— "The  king 
ordered  that  the  bachillers  should  have 
re.T-sonable  pay  for  their  trouble." 

Proiasart  styl''"  lUrU.  ii.  ie  joint 
dnmiii<el  Richart.  The  Ilaliaii  ia 
domella. 

Bachelor's  Butl.nts.  Tho  campioa 
flower. 


58 


BACK. 


BACON. 


So  called  from  a  custom  still  sometimes 
observed  by  rustics  of  carryin<]r  the  flower 
in  their  pockets  to  kuow  how  they  stand 
with  their  sweethearts.  If  the  flower 
dies,  it  is  a  bad  omen  ;  but  if  it  does  not 
fade,  they  may  hope  for  the  best. 

To  vear  bachelor's  IxMons  is  to  remain 
a  bachelor.  In  alhision  to  the  custom 
mentioned  above,  and  by  a  play  on  the 
word  bachelor. 

Back.  To  support:  as  to  "back  a 
friend."  A  commercial  term  meaning  to 
endorse.  When  a  merchant  backs  or 
endorses  a  bill,  he  guarantees  its  value. 
Falstaff  says  to  the  Prince — 
You  care  not  who  sees  your  back.  Call  you  that 
baekins  of  yo;ir  friends  P  A  plague  upon  such 
backing! 

Shukespinre,  "  1  Henrv  Iv.,    ii.  4. 

To  bach  and  fill.  A  mode  of  tacking, 
when  the  tide  is  with  the  vessel  and  the 
wind  against  it. 

To  hack  tlie  sails.  So  to  arrange  them 
that  the  ship  may  move  backwards. 

To  see  his  back  ;  to  see  (he  hack  of  any- 
thing. To  get  rid  of  a  person  or  thing  ; 
to  see  it  leave. 

Back  the  oars  is  to  row  them  back- 
wards, that  the  boat  may  move  the  re- 
verse of  its  ordinary  direction. 

Backgaminon  is  the  Saxon  bac 
gamen  (back  game) ;  so  called  because  the 
art  of  the  game  is  for  each  player  to  bring 
his  men  hack  into  his  adversary's  table. 

Background.  Placed  in  the  back- 
gi-Qund — i.e.,  made  of  no  consequence. 
Pictures  have  three  distances,  called 
grounds  :  the  foreground,  where  the 
artist  is  supposed  to  be ;  the  middle 
ground,  where  the  most  salient  part  of 
the  picture  is  placed ;  and  the  background 
or  distance,  bxjyond  which  the  eye  cannot 
penetrate. 

Back-hander.  A  blow  on  the  face 
with  the  back  of  the  hand.  Also  one 
who  keeps  bade  the  decanter  in  order  to 
hand  himself  a  second  glass  before  he 
passes  it. 

Back-out.  To  retreat  from  a  promise 
not  convenient  to  perform.  Many  horses 
are  unwilling  to  go  out  of  a  stable  head 
foremost,  and  are  backed  out. 

Back-stair  Influence.  Private 
KIT  unrecognised  influence.  It  was  cus- 
tomary to  build  royal  palaces  with  a 
staircase  for  state  visitors,  and  another 
for  those  who  sought  the  sovereign  upon 


private  matters.  If  any  one  wanted  a 
private  interview  with  royalty,  it  was 
highly  desirable  to  conciliate  those  ap- 
pointed to  guard  the  back  stairs,  as  tney 
had  power  to  admit  or  exclude  a  vi.'^itor. 
Once,  we  confess,  beneath  the  patriot's  cloav 
Kmm  the  cracked  hai;  thedroppitiij  i?uiiien.s  broke, 
And,  jineling  down  the  brick  st.-urs,  told  the  crew 
"Old  Cato  is  as  great  a  roaue  as  you." 

Popt.  "  EpUlle  to  Lord  Uathurgi." 

Back  "Water.  (1.)  "Water  at  the 
lowpr  end  of  a  millraoe  to  check  the 
speed  of  the  wheel  (2.)  A  current  of 
water  from  the  inland,  -whicli  clears  off 
the  deposit  of  sand  and  slit  left  by  the 
action  of  the  sea;  as  the  Backwater  of 
Weymouth. 

Backwardation.    {See.  p.  077.) 

Backwardation  {Stock-broker/ 
term).  The  sum  paid  by  a  speculator 
on  a  "bear  account"  (i.e.,  a  speculation 
on  a.  fall  in  the  price  of  certain  stock), 
in  order  to  postpone  the  completion  of 
the  tran.=action  till  the  nest  settling  day. 
(See  Contango^) 

Bacon.  The  Bacon  of  Tlicology.  Bishop 
Butler,  author  of  the  "Analojy."  (1692- 
1752. ) 

Bacon's  brazen  head.  (See  Braf.EN.) 
To  save  one's  bacon.  To  haste  your 
bacon.  The  Saxons  were  called  hogsi 
by  their  Norman  lords.  Henry  VIIl. 
speaks  of  the  common  people  as  the 
"  swinish  multitude  ; "  and  Falstafif  says 
to  the  travellers  at  Gadshill,  "On,  bacons, 
on  !"  ("1st  Henry  IV.,"  ii.  2).  Bacon  is 
the  outside  portion  of  the  back  and  sides 
of  pork,  and  may  be  considered  gene- 
rally as  the  part  which  would  receive  a 
blow.  To  "baste  one's  bacon"  is  to 
strike  one;  and  to  "save  one's  bacon"  is 
to  escape  a  castigation. 

There  seems  to  be  another  sense  in 
which  the  term  is  used— viz.,  to  escape 
loss  ;  and  in  this  sense  the  allusion  is  to 
the  care  taken  by  our  forefathers  to  save 
from  the  numerous  dogs  that  frequented 
their  houses  the  bacon  which  was  laid  up 
for  winter  store,  the  loss  of  which  would 
have  been  a  very  serious  calamitj". 

lie  may  fetch  a  jiiicli  of  bacon  f-om 
Dunmow—i.e.,  he  is  so  amiable  and  good- 
tempered  he  will  never  quarrel  with  his 
wife.  The  allusion  is  to  a  custom  founded 
by  Juga,  a  noble  lady,  in  1111,  and 
restored  by  Robert  de  Fitzwalter  in 
12-14  ;  which  was,  that  "any  person  from 
any  part  of  England  going  to  Dunmow, 
inB-ssex,  and  humbly  kneeling  on  two 


BACONIAN. 


BAn. 


59 


stones  at  the  church  door,  may  claim  a 
gammon  of  bacon,  if  ho  can  swear  that 
for  tv\^lve  months  and  a  day  be  Las 
never  had  a  household  brawl  or  wished 
himself  unmarried." 

Baco'nian  Philosophy.  A  system 
of  philosophy  based  on  principles  laid 
down  by  Francis  IJacon,  lord  Ver'ulam, 
in  the  2nd  book  of  his  "Novum  Or'i,'a- 
num."  It  is  also  called  inductive  philo- 
sophy. 

Bac'trian     Sage.       Zoroaster,     a 

native  of  Baotria  (Balkh),  about  500 
years  before  the  birth  of  Christ. 

Bad.  CharUs  le  maHvais.  Charlos  II. 
of  Navarro.     (1332-1387.) 

lie  is  gone  to  the  had.  Has  become  n 
ruined  man,  or  a  depraved  cbaracter. 
He  has  gone  among'st  bad  people,  in  bad 
ways,  or  to  bad  circumstances. 

Badge  of  Poverty.  In  the  reign 
of  William  III.,  those  who  received 
parish  relief  had  to  wear  a  badge.  It 
was  the  letter  P,  with  the  initial  of  the 
parish  to  which  they  belonged,  in  red  or 
blue  cloth,  on  the  shoulder  of  the  right 
sleeve.    (.S'e«  Dyvour.) 

Might  1  but  know  thee  hy  thy  househralrt  badge. 
Shakespeare,  "  i  Henry  VI.,"  v.  1. 

Badge-men.    Alms-house  men ;  so 
called  because  they  wear  some  special 
dress,  or  other  badge,  to  indicate  that 
they  belong  to  a  particular  foundatioL. 
Jle  quits  tlie  gay  and  rich,  Die  youns  and  free. 
Among  the  biidge-meu  Willi  ti  imdge  to  he. 

Crab>je, "  Borouuh." 

Badger.  To  tease  or  annoy  by  su- 
perior numbers.  In  allusion  to  the 
ancient  custom  of  badger-baiting.  A 
badger  was  kennelled  in  a  tub,  where 
dogs  were  sot  upon  him  to  worry  him  out 
When  dragged  frcm  his  tub  the  pool 
beast  was  allowed  to  retire  to  it  till  he 
recovered  from  the  attack.  This  proces.? 
was  repeated  several  times. 

Badger.  It  is  a  vulgar  error  that  the 
legs  of  a  badger  are  shorter  on  oue  side 
than  on  the  other. 

I  think  tint  Titus  Gates  was  ag  uneven  as  a 
badner.— Lord  Macaulay. 

Jjrainng  a  badger  is  drawing  him  out 
of  his  tub  by  means  of  dogs. 

Badinage.  Playful  raillery,  quizzing. 
From  the  French  badiitt  (a  switch).  In 
France  they  catch  wild  <hicks  by  covering 
a  boat  with  switches,  iti  which  the  ducks 
seek  protection.  A  person  qtiizzed  io  like 
these  wild  ducks. 


Badingvxet.    (See  Napoleon  III.) 

Ead'minton  is  properly  a  "oopm 
cup,"  made  of  claret  spiced  and  sweet- 
ened, a  favourite  with  the  duke  of  Ucau- 
fort  of  Badminton.  As  the  duke  used  to 
be  a  great  patron  of  the  prize  rinir,  th« 
"  gentlemen  of  that  ilk  "  use  Jiadmiuton 
or  claret  as  the  synonym  of  blood. 

Baffle. — To  erase  the  cognizanro  of  ^ 
recre.-iutkuight  To  du;;rade  a  knight  from 
hisrank.  To  be  knocked  abcnit  by  tin' winds. 

'•  f  ara  dts^accd,  impeac)>cd,  ant'cMdled  here." 

^tUtkity-orCy   "i.rn^irl   /J.,      .<cf  i.,  I 

Bag.  Bag  and  haggnge,  as  "  Get  away 
with  you,  bag  and  baggage" — t. «.,  got 
away,  and  carry  with  you  all  your  belong- 
ings. The  bag  or  sack  is  the  pouch  in 
whichasoldier  packshis  few  articles  when 
ho  moves  from  place  to  place.  Baggage 
is  a  contemptuous  term  for  a  wun^an, 
either  because  soldiers  send  their  wives 
in  thf^  baggage  wagons, or  from  the  lUilian 
lagascia  (a  harlot),  French  bagasse, 
Spanish  hagazo,  Persian  baga. 

Got  the  bag.     (See  Sack.) 

Bags.  A  slang  word  for  trousers,  which 
are  the  bags  of  the  body.  When  the 
pattern  is  very  staring  and  "loud,"  thoy 
are  called  howling  baga. 

Bag-man.  A  commercial  traveller, 
'who  carries  a  bag  with  specimens  to  show 
to  those  whose  custom  he  solicits.  In  for- 
mer times  commercial  travellers  usoil  to 
ride  a  horse  with  saddlo-b.igs  sometiiueB 
so  large  as  almost  to  conceal  the  rider. 

Bag  o'  Nails.  Some  hundreds  of 
years  ago  there  stood  in  the  Tyburn 
Koad,  Oxford  Street,  a  public-hou.se 
called  "  The  Bacchanals  :  "  tho  sign  wai 
Pan  and  the  Satyrs.  The  jolly  god, 
with  his  cloven  ho'if  .and  (lis  horns,  w.a« 
called  "  The  dc^dl  ;  "  and  the  word  bac- 
chanals soon  got  corrujited  into  "  Bag  o' 
Nails."  Tho  "  Devil  and  the  Bag  o' 
Nails"  is  a  sign  not  tincoramon  ovon  now 
in  the  midland  counties. 

Bail  (French,  bailUr).    To  deliver  up. 

Common  bail  or  bail  below.  A  bail 
given  to  tho  sheriff,  after  arresting  A 
person,  to  guarantee  that  the  defend. ii.t 
will  appear  in  court  at  any  day  and  tim« 
the  court  dein.ands. 

S/'tciat  bail  or  bail  above,  conxista  of 
persons  who  undorUike  to  wvlisfy  all 
claims  made  on  the  defend. ml,  and  to 
guarantee  his  rendering  himself  up  to 
jtistico  when  reijuirod. 


60 


BAILEY. 


BALANCE. 


Bail.    {See  Leg-bail.) 

Bailey.  The  rampart  of  a  castle. 
(Miildlo-age  Latin,  halium  or  lalliicm,  a 
corruption  of  vail  an.) 

Wlien  there  were  two  oourts  to  a  castle, 
they  were  distinguished  as  the  outer  and 
.nncr  bailey  (rampart).  Subsequently, 
the  word  included  the  court  aud  all  its 
buildings;  aud  when  the  court  was  aho- 
llshed,  the  term  was  attached  to  the 
castle,  as  the  Old  Bailey  (London)  and 
the  Bailey  (Oxford). 

Bailiff'.  At  Constantinople,  the  per- 
son who  had  charge  of  the  imperial 
children  used  to  be  called  the  hdjidos, 
from  baios,  a  child.  The  word  was  subse- 
quently attached  to  the  Venetian  consul 
at  Constantinople,  and  the  Veneti.an 
ambassador  was  called  the  balio,  a  word 
afterwards  extended  to  any  superinten- 
dent or  magistrate.  In  France  the  baili 
was  a  superintendent  of  the  royal  do- 
mains and  commander  of  the  troops.  In 
time,  any  superintendent  of  even  a  private 
estate  was  so  called- whence  our  farmer's 
bailiff.  The  sheriff  is  the  king  s  baililf — 
a  title  now  applied  almost  exclusively 
to  his  deputies  or  oiEuers.  (^See  Bum- 
bailiff.) 

Eaillif,  fferry.  Mme  host  in  Chaucer's 
"Canterbury  Tales."  When  the  poet 
began  the  second  "Fit"  of  the  "  liujie 
of  Sir  Thopas,"  Herry  Baillif  interrupts 
him  with  unmitigated  contempt: — 

'•  No  ra  T  or  this,  fnr  Goddes   diguHia  !" 
Quod  our  host,  "for  thou  ma.kbst  me 
So  wer.v  .  .  .  that 
Mine  eeies  akeii  for  thy  nasty  speeche." 

Versa  153J7. 

Bairam  (2  syl.).  The  name  given  to 
two  movable  Moslem  feasts.  Ttie  first, 
which  begins  on  the  first  day  of  Lent,  and 
lasts  three  days,  is  a  kind  of  Paschal  feast. 
The  second  ry.curs  seventy  days  later, 
and  is  not  unlike  the  Jewish  Feast  of 
Tabernacles, 

Bait.  Food  to  entice  or  allure,  as 
bail  for  Jish.  Bait  for  travellers  is  a 
"  feed "  by  way  of  refreshment  taken 
«R  2>LUsant.  (Saxon,  balan,  to  bait  or  feed.) 

Bajura.     Mahomet's  standard. 

Baker's  Dozen.  Thirteen  for 
twelve.  VVhen  a  heavy  pen.ilty  was  in- 
flicted for  short  weight,  bakers  used  to 
give  a  surplus  number  of  loaves,  called 
the  inbread,  to  avoid  all  risk  of  incurring 
the  fine.  The  loth  was  th«  "vant.,'»ge  loaf." 

Tn  give  a  man  a  hake's  dozen,  in  slan? 


phraseology,  is  to  give  Lim  a  sound 
drubbing — i.e.,  all  ho  deserves  and  one 
stroke  more. 

Bakshish.    A  Persian  word    for  a 

gratuity.  These  gifts  are  insolently  de- 
manded by  all  sorts  of  officials  in  Turk.ey, 
Egypt,  and  Asia  Minor,  more  as  a  claim 
than  a  gratuity. 

Balaam.  The  earl  of  Huntingdon, 
one  of  the  rebels  in  Monmouth's  army. 

And,  thcreforf,  in  thfi  name  of  dulness.  be 
The  well -hung  li;ilaTrn. 

Vrijden,  "  Ahgalom  and  Achitophel." 

Balaam.  A  "  citizen  of  sober  fame," 
who  lived  hard  by  the  m.onumcnt  of 
London  ;  "  he  was  a  plain,  good  man  ; 
religious,  punctual,  and  frugal,"  his 
week-day  meal  being  only  "  one  solid 
dish."  lie  grew  rich  ;  got  knighted  ; 
seldom  went  to  church  ;  became  a  cour- 
tier ;  "  took  a  bribe  from  France;"  was 
hanced  for  treason,  and  all  his  goods 
wore  confiscated  to  the  state. — I'a/ie. 
"  -Uoral  Essci'is,^  Ep.  iii. 

Balaam.  Matter  kept  in  type  for  fill- 
iug  up  odd  spaces  in  periodical?..  Thes" 
are  generally  refuse  oits — the  words  of 
an  oaf,  wlio  talks  like  "  Balaam's  asa." — 
Nmab.  xxii.  30.     (American.') 

Balaatn-box,  in  printers'  slang  of 
America,  is  the  place  where  rejected 
articles  are  deposited.     [See  above.) 

Balafre,  Le  {the  (jaskecl).  Henri,  son 
of  Francois,  second  duke  of  Guise.  In 
the  battle  of  Dormans  he  received  a 
sword-cut  which  left  a  frightful  scar  on 
his  face.     (1550-1.588.) 

Le  Balafre.  So  Ludovic  Lesly,  an  old 
archer  of  the  Scottish  Guards,  is  called, 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Quentia  Da> 
ward." 

Balak,  in  the  second  part  of  "  Absa 
lom  and  Achitophel,"  a  satire  by  Dryden 
and  Tate,  is  meant  for  Dr.  Burnet, 
author  of  "  Burnet's  Own  Time." 

Balim  the  ox,  and  the  fish  Nun,  aro 
the  food  of  Mahomet's  paradise  ;  the 
mere  lobes  of  the  livers  of  these  animals 
will  suffice  for  70,000  saints.— .4^  Koran. 

Balan,  Bravest  and  strongest  of  the 
giant  race.  Vasco  de  Lobeira,  in  Amadis 
qj  Gaul. 

Balance,  according  to  Martial,  is  the 
Latin  bilanx  or  hit-laiix  (a  couple  of 
dishes  or  pans). 


BALAND. 


BALMUNO. 


61 


Balance  of  power.  The  states  of  Europe 
being  so  balanced  that  no  one  nation 
shall  have  such  a  preiionderaiice  as  to 
endanger  the  independence  of  another. 

Balance  of  trade.  The  money-value 
difference  between  the  exports  and  im- 
ports of  a  nation. 

Baland  of  Spiin.  A  man  of 
herculean  strength,  who  called  himself 
Fierabraa  (q.v.). 

Bald.  Charlc  le  Chauvt.  riharles  1 ., 
son  of  Louis  U  Uehonnuire.  (S2;j,  840- 
^77.) 

Baldassa're.  Chief  of  the  monastery 
of  St.  Jacoj>o  di  Compo.stella. — Doni- 
zetti's opera  "La  Favorila." 

Balder,  the  go<l  of  peace,  second  son 
of  Odin  and  Frigga.  He  was  killed  by 
the  blind  war-god  Hiider,  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  Loki,  but  restored  to  life  at  the 
general  reijuost  of  the  gods.  (Scan- 
dinavian M ijlholoqif. ) 

N.B.— Sy'lney  Dobell  (born  1824)  has  a 
poem  entitled  lialder,  published  in  1854. 

BalderdaBh.  Eilialdry,  jargon. 
(Spanish,  lalda,  a  trilie  ;  haldowir,  to 
insult  with  abuse;  AVcIsh,  haldorddus, 
tattling  ) 

Baldwin.  Tlie  youngest  and  cnme- 
liest  of  Charlemagne's  paladins ;  and  the 
nephew  of  Sir  Roland. 

Jjaldwin  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered  ",. 
The  restless  and  ambitious  duko  of  I!o- 
loigna,  leader  of  1,20U  horse  in  the  allied 
Christian  army.  He  was  Godfrey's  bro- 
ther ;  not  so  tall,  but  very  like  him. 

Baldwin,  the  Ass  (in  the  tale  of  "  Rey- 
nard the  Fox").  In  the  third  part  of  the 
J5east-opic  he  is  called  "  Dr.  Baldwin." 
(Old  German,  hold  friend.) 

Bale  up.  Deliver  up,  stand  and  do- 
liver.  A  pliraso  imported  from  the  A\is- 
tralian  buah- rangers.  (French,  hu liter, 
to  deliver.) 

Ba'liol  CollejfP,  Oxford,  founded, 
in  V2(Vi],  by  John  de  Haliol,  knight  (father 
to  lialiol,  king  of  the  Scots). 

Balios.  One  of  the  horses  given  by 
Nejitune  to  Pelotis  on  his  wodding-d.ay. 
It  afterwards  belonged  to  Achilles. 

Balitsa'ma.  The  re,aliu  of  B^Ii,  tlio 
Indian  Pluto. 


Balisar'da  or  lialisardo,  Roge'ro'i 
sword,  made  by  a  sorceress,  ami  capable 
of  cutting  through  enchanted  substancoH. 

With  Biilisdrdn'n  slightcft  bluwr 
Nnr  helm,  nor  shielil,  nor  ciuram  cimlJ  arnll, 
Nor  Btronuly-tempered  |iln'9,  lor  twntf-ii  niiUI. 

"  Orlando  yuru/to."  b.  iilil 

Baliverso  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
The  basest  knight  in  the  Saracen  army. 

Balk  means  the  lii^d)  ri<Igo  between 
furrows  (Saxon  and  Welsh,  Oalc};  bonce 
a  rising  ground.  .A  balker  is  one  who 
takes  up  his  position  on  an  eminence  to 
direct  herring-fishers. 

A  balk  of  timber  is  a  beam  running 
across  the  ceiling,  &c.,  like  a  ridge.  A« 
thebalk  is  the  part  not  cut  by  the  plovigh, 
therefore  "to  balk  "  means  to  leave  un- 
touched, cr  to  disappoint. 

Baikis.  Thequeeaif  Shubaor  Sabi, 
who  vis, ted  Solomon. — ''^1/  Koran,"  c.  ii. 

Balls.  The  three  golden  balls.  The 
emblem  of  St.  Nichohis,  who  is  said  to 
have  given  three  purses  of  goM  to  three 
virgin  sisters  to  enable  them  to  marry. 

As  the  cognisance  of  the  Medici  family, 
it  probably  represents  three  golden  pills 
— a  punning  device  on  the  name.  Be  this, 
however,  as  it  may,  it  is  from  the  Lom- 
barci  family  (the  first  great  money-leiidert 
in  England)  that  the  sign  has  been  ap- 
propriated by  pawnbrokers. 

Ballad  means,  strictly,  a  song  to 
dance-music,  or  a  song  sung  while 
dancing.  (Italian,  bullare,  to  dance  ;  our 
ballet,  q.v.) 

Ballads.  "  Let  me  make  the  ballaiU, 
and  uhii  will  mat/  mate  the  ta>rt." 
Andrew  Fletcher  of  Salioun  wrote  to  the 
marquis  of  Montrose,  ''1  knew  a  very  wid« 
man  of  Sir  Christoplicr  .Musgriivo's'seun- 
nient.  Ho  believed,  if  a  man  were  jHjr- 
mitted  to  mako  all  the  ballads,  he  need 
not  caro  who  should  make  the  laws." 
(1703.) 

Ballet  is  the  recital  of  some  adven- 
ture or  intrig'uo  by  gesture  and  dancing, 
lialtazari'ni,  director  of  music  to  Catba- 
rino  do'  .Modici,  was  the  inventor  of 
modern  i).-illets. 

Balmung  or  Gram.  The  sword  o( 
f-ie^friod,  forged  by  Wicland,  the  Vulc-iu 
of  the  Scanilinavians.  Wioland,  in  a 
trial  of  merit,  clove  Amil'ijts,  a  brother 
smith,  through  stool  helmot  and  armour, 
down  to  the  waist;  but  the  cut  was  no 
line  that   Amiliad    was  not  even   awar« 


62 


BALMY. 


BANDE. 


that  he  was  wounded  till  he  atleinptod 
to  move,  when  he  foil  into  two  pieces. 
(Scandinavian  Mythology.) 

Balmy.  "/  am  going  to  the  balmy" — ■ 
i.e.,  to  "Balmy  sleep;"  one  of  Dick 
Swiveller's  pet  phrases.— ZiicifJts,  "  OW 
Curiosity  Shop." 

Balnibar'bi.  A  land  occupied  by 
projectors. — Swift,  "Gulliver's  Travels." 

Baltha'zar.  One  of  the  kings  of 
Cologne — i.e.,  the  three  JIagi,  who  came 
from  the  East  to  pay  reverence  to  the 
infant  Jesus. 

Baltic.  The  Mediterranean  of  the 
north  (Swedish,  ball;  Danish,  bcelte ; 
Latin,  baUeus  ;  English,  belt),  the  sea  of 
the  "  Belts." 

Bambi'no.  A  picture  of  the  infant 
Jesus,  swaddled,  and  watched  by  angels. 
(Italian,  bambi'no,  a  little  boy.) 

Bamboe'ciades  (pron.  bam-dox'-se- 
aids).  Grotesque  scenes  in  low  life,  such 
as  country  wakes,  penny  weddings,  and 
so  on.  They  are  so  called  from  the 
Italian  word  bamboccio  (a  cripple),  a 
nickname  given  to  Pieter  van  Laer,  the 
first  Dutch  painter  of  such  scenes,  dis- 
tinguished in  Rome. 

Bamboe'eio    or    Bamboclie.       ( See 

MiCHAEL-ANGELO  DES  BAMBOCrnES.) 

Bamboo'zle.  To  cheat  by  cunning, 
or  daze  with  tricks.  It  is  a  Chinese  and 
gipsy  word,  meaning  to  dress  a  man  in 
bamboos  to  teach  him  swimming.  Like 
the  bladders  used  for  the  same  purpose 
by  little  wanton  boys,  the  apparatus  is 
dangerous  and  deceitful. 

Bampton  Lectures.  Founded  by 
the  Rev.  John  Bampton,  canon  of  Salis- 
bury. He  left  an  estate  to  the  university 
of  Oxford,  to  pay  for  eight  divinity  lec- 
tures on  given  subjects,  to  be  preached 
at  Great  St.  Mary's,  and  printed  after- 
wards. 

Ban  is  from  the  Saxon  bannan,  to 
proclaim  or  publish. 

Marriage  bans.  The  publication  of  mar- 
riage in  church  for  three  successive  Sun- 
days by  the  officiating  minister. 

To  ba7i  is  to  make  a  proclamation  of 
outlavn-y.  To  banish  is  to  proclaim  a 
man  an  eyil«L     {See  Bandit  .> 


Lever  le  ban  et  Varriire  ban.  To  levy 
the  national  array  by  proclamation.  In 
this  phrase,  the  arriire  ban  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  heiibannum,  from  here,  an  army. 

Ban'at.  A  territory  under  a  ban 
(lord),  from  the  Illyrican  word  bojan,  a 
lord.  Tho  Turks  gave  this  title  to  th( 
lords  of  frontier  provinces— hence  the 
Banat  of  Temes,  which  now  belongs  to 
Austria. 

Banbury.  Ji  Banbury-man—i.e,  a 
puritan  (Ben  Jonson) ;  a  bigot.  From  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth  to  that  of  Charles  II. 
Banbury  was  noted  for  its  number  of 
Puritans  and  its  religious  "  zeal." 

.4.5  thin  as  Banbury  cheese.  In  "Jack 
Drum's  Entertainment "  we  read,  "  You 
are  like  a  Banbury  cheese,  nothing  but 
paring ;"  and  Bardolph  compares  Slender 
to  Banbury  cheese  ("Merry  Wives,"  i.  1). 
The  Banbury  cheese  is  a  rich  milk  cheese 
about  an  inch  in  thickness. 

Banco.  Sittings  in  Banco.  In  term 
time  the  superior  courts  of  common  law 
sit  in  banco  ;  that  is,  the  judges  thereof 
occupy  their  respective  benches.  (Banc 
is  Italian  for  "  bench  "  or  "  seat  of  jus- 
tice.") 

So  much  banco — i.e.,  in  bank  money. 
The  current  money  of  Hamburg,  &c.,  is 
inferior  to  "bank  money." 

Banda'na.  A-  pocket-handkerchief. 
It  is  an  Indian  word,  properly  applied  to 
silk  goods,  but  now  restricted  to  cotton 
handkerchiefs  having  a  dark  ground  of 
Tiu-key  red  or  blue,  with  little  white 
or  yellow  spots. 

Bandbox.  He  comes  out  of  a  bandbox 
— i.e.,  he  is  so  neat  and  precise,  so  care- 
fully got  up  in  his  dress  and  person,  that 
he  looks  like  some  company  dress,  care- 
fully kept  in  a  bandbox. 

Neat  as  a  bandbox.  Neat  as  clothes 
folded  and  put  by  in  a  bandbox. 

Bande  IToire.  Properly,  the  blacJc 
band ;  motaphorically,  the  Vandal  So- 
ciety. Those  capitalists  that  bought  up 
the  church  property  confiscated  in  the 
great  French  Revolution  were  so  called, 
because  they  recklessly  pulled  down 
ancient  buihings  and  destroyed  relics  ol 
great  antiquity. 


BANDIT. 


BAKN8. 


S3 


Bandit  is  the  Italian  handito  (ban- 
ished). As  these  outlaws  very  often 
became  robbers,  the  term  soon  came 
to  siguify  banded  highwaymen. 

Bands.  Clerical  haiuls  are  a  relic  of 
the  ancient  amice,  a  square  linen  tippet 
tied  about  the  neck  of  priests  during  the 
administration  of  mass. 

Legal  hands  are  a  relic  of  the  wide  col- 
lars which  formed  a  part  of  the  ordinary 
dress  in  the  reig-n  of  Henry  VIII.,  and 
which  were  especially  conspicuous  in  the 
reirrn  of  the  Stuarts.  In  the  showy  days 
of  Charles  II.  the  plain  bands  were 
changed  for  lace  ends. 

Tlie  eiglith  Henry,  as  I  understand, 

Wa*  the  llrst  prince  that  ever  wore  a  '.jand. 

Taylor,  the  Water  Poet. 

Bandy.  /  am  not  going  to  handy  words 
with  yyu — i.e.,  to  dispute  about  words. 
The  reference  is  to  a  game  called  Bandy. 
The  players  have  each  a  stick  with  a 
crook  at  the  end  to  strike  a  wooden  or 
other  hard  ball.  The  ball  is  bandied  from 
side  to  side,  each  party  trying  to  beat  it 
home  to  the  opposite  goal.  (Bandy  is 
from  "bend;"  Saxon,  bendan;  French, 
bander ;  German,  binden;  Latin,  pondo ; 
whence  "bandy-legged.") 

Bang-up,  or  Slap-hang.  First-rate, 
thumping,  as  a  "  thumping  legacy,"  or 
"  thumping  baby."  It  is  a  slang  punning 
synonym  of  thumping  or  striking.  Slap- 
bang  is  double  bang,  or  doubly  striking. 

Bango'rian  Controversy.  A 
theological  paper-war  stirred  up  by  a 
.sermon  preached  March  31,  1717,  before 
George  I.,  by  Dr.  Hoadly,  bishop  of 
Bangor,  on  the  text  "  My  kingdom  is  not 
of  this  world."  The  best  reply  is  by 
Law,  in  a  series  of  "  Letters  to '  Hoadly." 

Banian  Day8(.Srt«-.'/««)-  Days  when 
no  meat  is  served  to  a  ship's  crew.  The 
term  is  derived  from  the  Banians,  a  class 
of  Hindu  merchants,  who  carried  on  a 
most  extensive  trade  with  the  interior  of 
Asia,  but  being  a  caste  of  the  Vaisya, 
abstained  from  theuseof  meat.  (Sanskrit, 
hanij,  a  merchant.) 

Bank,  a  table,  Ital.  ba-nco. 

Bank  of  a  Hiver,  Stand  with 
your  back  to  the  source,  and  face  to  tlie 
sea  or  outlet :  the  Uft  bank  is  on  your 
left,  and  right  bank  ou  your  ri^ht  hand. 


Bankrupt.  Money-lenders  in  Italy 
used  to  display  the  money  they  La*!  to 
lend  out  on  a  laiico  or  bench.  When  oneof 
these  money-lenders  was  unable  to  con- 
tinue business,  his  bench  or  countor  waa 
broken  up,  and  ho  himself  was  spoken 
of  as  a  bancorotlo — i.e.,  a  bankrupt. 

Banks'  Horse.  A  learned  horse, 
called  ilarocco,  belonging  to  one  Banks, 
in  the  reien  of  queen  Elizabeth.  It  is 
said  that  his  shoes  were  of  silver ;  and 
one  of  his  exploits  was  "  the  ascent  of 
St.  Paul's  steeple." 

Bankside.  Part  of  the  borough  of 
Southwark,  noted  in  the  time  of  Shake- 
speare for  its  theatres  and  retreats  of  the 
devii-moiide. 

Ban'natyne  Club.  A  literary  club 
which  takes  its  name  from  George  Ban- 
natyne,  to  whoso  industry  we  owe  the 
preservation  of  very  much  of  the  early 
Scotch  poetry.  It  was  instituted  in  ly'23 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  had  for  its 
object  the  publication  of  rare  works 
illustrative  of  Scotch  history,  poetry, 
and  general  literature.  The  club  was 
dissolved  in  1859. 

Banner  means  a  piece  of  cloth. 
(Saxon, /afta/  Latin,  paiimcs ;  Welsh, 
haner;  Italian,  bari.di^ra;  French,  ban- 
niere. ) 

An  emperor's  hanner  slioiUd  bo  Hixe  foofe  lon^e, 
and  the  same  in  hrtailth  ;  a  kinn'f  banm  r  live 
foute  ;  a  prince's  and  a  duke's  baiint'r,  four  fimle; 
a  marguys's,  an  crle's.  a_  tiscount's,  a  hnron'e, 
and  a  banneret's  bauuer  sliall  be  but  tUn.u  foot* 
8(|uare.— Pari. 

The  banner  of  the  Proplut  is  called 
Sanjak-sha-if,  and  is  kept,  in  the  Eyab 
mosque  of  Con.stantinople. 

The  two  black  banners  borne  before  the 
Califs  of  the  house  of  Abbas  were  called 
Night  and  S/iadoie. 

The  sacred  banner  of  France  is  the 
Oriflamme  {q.  v. ). 

Banners  in  churches.  These  are  sus- 
pended as  thank-olforings  to  God.  Tbo.^e 
in  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor;  Henry 
Vll.'s  Chapel,  Westminster,  kc,  are  to 
indicate  that  the  knight  whose  banner  it 
hung  up,  avows  himself  devoted  to  God's 
service. 

Ban'neret.  One  who  loads  his  va.«8als 
to  battle  under  his  own  banner.  A  knitrlit 
made  in  the  field  was  called  a  hannorot, 
because  the  chief  ceremony  was  cutting 
or  tearing  off  the  pointed  ends  of  his 
banner. 

Banus  of  Marriage.    (Sit  B.*x.) 


64 


BANQUO. 


BARRARY. 


Ban'quo.  A  Scotch  general  of  royal 
extrac-tion,  who  obtained  several  victories 
over  the  Mifjhlanders  and  Danes  in  the 
reign  of  Donald  VII.  He  was  murdered 
by  the  order  of  Macbeth,  and  his  ghost 
haunted  the  guilty  usurper. — iSkakespeure, 
"Macbeth." 

Banshee.    (See  Benshes.) 

Bantam.  A  little  bantam  cock.  A 
little,  plucky  fellow  that  will  not  be 
bullied  by  a  person  bigger  than  himself. 
The  bantam  cock  will  encounter  a  dung- 
hill cock  five  times  his  own  weight,  and 
is  therefore  said  to  "have  a  groat  soul  in 
a  little  body."  The  bantam  originally 
came  from  Bantam,  in  Java. 

Banting.  Doing  Banting.  Reducin^' 
superfluous  fat  by  living  on  meat  diet, 
and  abstaining  from  beer,  farinaceous 
food,  and  vegetables,  according  to  the 
method  adopted  by  William  Banting,  a 
London  undertaker,  once  a  very  fat  man 
{born  170(J,  dud  1«78). 

Bantlins^.  A  child.  (Irish,  handle- 
ling,  a  little  two-foot  thing. ) 

BanUB.     One  of  Actseon's  dogs.    {See 

ASBOLOS.) 

Biip  or  Bap'komet.  An  imaginary  idol 
or  symbol,  which  the  Templars  were  said 
to  employ  in  their  mysterious  rites.  The 
word  is  a  corruption  of  Mahomet. 

Bnp'tes  (2  syl.).  Priests  of  the  god- 
dess Cotyt'to,  whose  midnight  orgies 
were  so  obscene  that  they  disgusted  even 
Cotytto,  the  godde-s  of  obscenity.  They 
received  their  name  from  the  Greek  verb 
hapto,  to  wash,  because  they  bathed 
tliemsclves  in  tl-.e  most  eti'eminate  man- 
ner.— Juvenal,  ii.  91. 

Baptist.  John  the  Baptist.  IIis 
symbol  is  a  sword,  the  instrument  by 
which  he  was  beheaded. 

Barata'ria.  Sancho  Panza's  island- 
city,  over  whi'jh  he  was  appointed  go- 
vernor. The  table  was  presided  over  bj' 
doctor  Pedro  Rezio  de  Ague'ro,  who 
caused  every  disa  set  upon  the  board  to 
be  removed  without  being  tasted— some 
because  they  heated  the  blood,  and  others 
because  they  chilled  it  ;  some  for  one  ill 
effect,  and  some  for  another  ;  so  that 
Sancho  was  allowed  to  eat  nothing.  The 
word  is  from  barato  (cheap). 

The  meat  was  put  on  the  table,  and  whisked 
Away,  like  Sancho'8  inaufcuralioo  fetsi  at  B^ru- 


Barb.  An  arrow.  The  feathers  under 
the  beak  of  a  hawk  were  called  barb 
feathers  (beard  feathers).  The  point  of 
an  arrow  has  two  iron  "  feathers,"  which 
stick  out  so  as  to  hinder  the  extraction 
of  the  arrow. 

Barb.  A  Barbary  steed,  noted  for 
docility,  speed,  endurance,  and  spirit. 

BarTjari.  Quod  nonfece'runt  Bar'bari, 
fece'runt  Barberi'ni  (What  the  barbarians 
left  standing,  Barl)erini  contrived  to  de- 
stroy). Pope  Barberini  robbed  the  roof 
of  the  Pantheon  to  build  the  Baldachi'no, 
or  canopy  of  St.  Peter's.  It  is  made  en- 
tirely of  bronze,  and  weighs  ninety  tons. 

Barbarians  is  certainly  not  derived 
from  the  Latin  barba  (a  beard),  as  many 
suppose,  becauS'3  it  is  a  Greek  word,  and 
has  many  analogous  ones  (the  Chaldee 
barbar,  from  bara,  means  abro.ad ;  Irish, 
barba ;  Russian,  varvar').  The  Greeks 
and  Romans  called  all  foreigners  bar- 
barians (outsiders);  the  Jews  called  them 
Gentiles  (other  nations)  ;  th-)  Russians 
Ostiaks  (foreigners).  The  reproachful 
meaning  crept  in  from  the  natural  ego- 
tism of  man.  It  is  not  very  long  ago 
tbat  an  Englishman  looked  with  disdain- 
ful pity  on  a  foreigner,  and  the  French 
still  retain  much  of  the  same  national 
exclusiveness.    (^'ee  Wuxjjkkrerg"). 

If  I  know  not  the  meaning  of  the  voice  [wordt), 
I  shall  be  unto  him  that  speaketha  barbarinn  la 
foreigner),  and  he  that  speaketh  will  be  a  barba- 
rian unto  me.    (1  Cur.  xiv.  11.) 

Barbarossa  {Red-Beard,  similar  to 
Rufus).  The  surname  of  Frederick  I.  of 
Germany.    (1121-1190.) 

Barbary.  St.  Barbary,  the  patron 
saint  of  arsenals  and  powder  magazines. 
Her  father  deUvered  her  up  to  Martian, 
governor  of  Nicome'dia,  for  being  a 
Christian.  After  she  had  been  subjected 
to  the  most  cruel  tortures,  her  unnatural 
father  was  about  to  strike  off  her  head, 
when  a  lightning-fiash  laid  him  dead  at 
her  feet.  Hence,  those  who  invoke 
saints  select  St.  Barbary  in  thunder- 
storms.    (See  Barbe.) 

Roan  Barbary.  The  favourite  horse 
of  Richard  II. 

^  O,  how  it  yearned  my  heart  when  I  beheld 
In  London  streets  that  curoniition  flay, 
When  Bolin?broke  rude  on  roan  Barbary! 
That  horse  that  tkuu    (Rich.  11.)  ho  often  Uast 

bestrid, 
That  horse  that  I  so  carefully  have  dresoed. 

',  SKilcia>*art,  "  Rxchati  U.."  T.  3. 


BARBASON. 


BARE  BONE. 


66 


BarTjason.  A  fiend  mentioned  by 
Sbakespeare  in  the  "  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor,"  ii.  2,  and  in  "  Henry  V.,"  ii.  1. 

Barbe,  Sle.  The  powder-room  in  & 
French  ship,  so  called  from  St.  Ijarbary, 
the  patron  saint  of  artillury.     {See  li.vR- 

BABV.) 

BarTjecue  (3  syl.).  A  West  Indian 
dish,  consisting  of  a  hog  roasted  whole, 
stuffed  with  spice,  and  basted  with 
Madeira  wine.  Ajiy  animal  roasted 
whole  is  so  called. 

Oldfloid,  with  more  than  harpy  throat  subdued. 
Cries,  "Send  me,  ye  co.is,  a  wliole  hog  bHi-bscut'il !" 
l^ope,  "  JmUationi  of  Horace." 

Barbed  Steed  (a  corruption  of 
harded).  A  horse  in  armour.  (French, 
barde,  caparisoned.) 

Barbel.  Latin,  harha  (the  barbed 
fish),  so  called  from  the  dorsal  fin,  which 
is  armed  with  a  barb  or  strong  spine, 
having  an  edge  like  a  saw. 

Barber.      Evern    barber    knows    that 

iOmuilius  notuni  tousoribns.  —  /y or.).  lu 
lome  the  toiistri'nce  or  barbers'  shops 
were  the  fashionable  resort  of  loungers 
and  idlers.  Hero  every  scandal  wat, 
known,  and  all  the  talk  of  the  town  was 
repeated. 

Barber  Poet.  Jacques  Jasmin,  last 
of  the  Troubadours,  who  was  a  barber  of 
Gascony.     (17y8-18(j4.) 

Barber's  Pole.  The  gilt  knob  at 
the  end  represents  a  brass  basin,  which 
is  sometimes  actually  suspended  on  the 
pole.  The  basin  has  a  notch  cut  in  it  to 
fit  the  throat,  and  was  used  for  lathering 
customers  who  came  to  be  shaved.  The 
pole  represents  the  stafT  hold  by  persons 
in  venesection ;  and  the  two  spiral  ribbons 
painted  round  it  represent  the  two  ban- 
dages, one  for  twisting  round  the  arm 
previous  to  blood  letting,  and  the  other 
for  binding.  Barbers  used  to  be  the 
surgeons,  but  have  fallen  from  "  their 
high  estate"  since  science  has  made  its 
voice  "  to  be  heard  on  high." 

N.B. — The  "  barber- surgeons  "  still 
retain  their  ancient  "hall"  in  Monkwell 
Street,  Cripplegate, 

Barclay  ana.   {See  Berk'ans.) 
Earco'chebah.     An  antichri.-jt^ 
Shored    the  fall  of    the  Antichrist  Ba^Cfl- 
Qbchah. — Prof,  Seeley,  ICcce  Ilomo, 


Barde'satLists.  FoUowcn  of  Bar- 
de'san,  founder  of  a  Gnostic  sect  iu  th« 
secoud  century. 

Bardit.  The  ancient  German  ch&nt, 
which  incited  to  war. 

Bardolph.  One  of  Falstaff's  inferior 
officers.  Falstaff  calls  him  "the  kni^bt 
of  the  burning  lamp,"  because  his  nose 
was  so  red,  and  his  face  so  "  full  of 
meteors."  He  is  a  low-bred,  drunken 
swaggerer,  without  principle,  and  poor 
as  a  church  mou.se. — "  Af^iry  Wices  ;" 
"Henry  IV.,"  i.,u. 

We  must  have  better  assurance  for  Sir  John 
than  nrtrUolf's.  We  like  not  the  security.— Lor  J 
ilatdxdav. 

Bards.  The  oldest  bardic  composi- 
tiuns  tliat  have  been  preserved  are  of  the 
fifth  century ;  the  oldest  existing  manu- 
script is  the  "  Psalter  of  Cashel,"  a  col- 
lectinn  of  bardic  legends,  compiled  in  the 
ninth  century  by  Corranc  Mac  Culiuan, 
bishop  of  Cashel  and  king  of  Munster. 

Bard  of  Avon.  Shakespeare,  who  was 
born  and  buried  at  Stratford -upon- A  vi  in. 
Also  c.'illed  "  The  bard  of  all  times." 
(1564-1616.) 

Bard  of  Ayrshire.  Robert  Burns,  a 
native  of  Ayrshire.     (1759-1796.) 

Bard  of  Hope.  Thomas  Campbell, 
author  of  "  The  Pleasures  of  Uopo." 
(1777-184-t.) 

Bard  of  the  Imaginalion.  Mark  Akon- 
side,  author  of  '■  Plea-sures  of  the  Ima- 
gination."    (17-1-1770.) 

Bard  of  Memory.      Rogers,  author  of 

"The  Pleasures  of  Memory,"  (17G2-1855.) 

Bard  of  Olney.     Cowper,  who  resided 

at   Olney,   in   Bucks,    for   many   years. 

(1731-1800,) 

The  Bard  of  Prose.  "  lie  of  the  Hun- 
dred Tales  of  Love,"  i.e.,  Boccaccio. 
— "  Childe  Harold,"  iv.  56. 

The  Bard  of  Itydal  Mount.  William 
Wordsworth,  so  called  because  Kydal 
Mount  was  his  mountain  homo.  Also 
called  the  "  Poet  of  the  F..\-curs.on,"  from 
his  principal  poem.     (1770- 18o0.) 

Bard  of  Twickenham.  Alexander  Pope, 
who  resi'led  at  Twickenham.  (1638-1744.) 

Bare.  Sailing  under  hare  poles  mean* 
that  the  siiip  h.as  no  sail  exposed,  because 
the  wind  is  so  high. 

Barebone's  Parliament.  Th« 
parliament  convened  by  Cromwell  in 
1653  ;  so  called  from  Praise-God  liaro- 
bone,  4  fauRt'oMJ  leader,  who  ovomU  d  it. 


66 


BAREFOOTED. 


BAKNACLE. 


Barefooted.  Certain  monks  and 
nuns,  who  either  for  a  time  or  alto- 
gether ahandoned  the  use  of  shoes.  The 
Jews  and  Romans  used  to  put  off  their 
shoes  in  mourning  and  public  calamities, 
by  way  of  humiliation.  The  practice  is 
defended  by  the  command  of  our  Lord 
to  his  disciples:  "Cany  neither  purse, 
nor  scrip,  nor  shoes." — Luke  x.  4. 

Bar'guest.  a  frightful  goblin,  armed 
with  teeth  and  claws,  who  passes  along 
the  streets  at  night,  making  the  most 
horrid  shrieks,  to  scare  folks  from  their 
Bleep,     {Norlh  of  England.) 

IBarking  Dog.  A  larking  dog  will 
never  bile.  Dogs  in  their  wild  state  never 
bark  ;  they  howl,  whine,  and  growl,  but 
do  not  bark.  Barking  is  an  acquired 
habit ;  and  as  only  domesticated  dogs 
bark,  this  effort  of  a  dog  to  speak  is  no 
indication  of  a  savage  tomjier. 

Bar'laliam.  A  h?imit  who  con- 
^'ertod  Jos'aphat,  an  Indian  prince.  This 
German  romance,  entitled  Barlaham 
and  Jusaphat,  was  immensely  popular 
In  the  Middle  Ages.  It  was  written  by 
Rudolf  of  Ems  (13th  cent.). 

Barley-bree.  Ale  ;  liquor  browed 
from  barley.  (Scotch.) 

The  cock  mny  craw,  the  dnv  may  dnw. 
And  nye  we'll  taste  the  barl^v   bre,-. 
Sums,  "  Willie  Brewd  a  Peek  o'  Miut." 

Barleycorn,  John  or  Sir  John  Bar- 
leycorn. A  personification  of  malt  liquor ; 
the  term  has  been  made  popular  by 
Robert  Burns. 

Inspiring  bold  John  B.irleycnrn, 
Wbat  dangers  thou  canst  make  us  s.'nrn  ! 
Bums. 

Barley-inow.  A  heap  of  barley 
housed,  or  where  it  is  housed.  (Saxon, 
mowe,  a  heap ;  Italian,  mucchio;  Spanish, 
mticho.) 

Bar'mecide  (3  syl.).  The  word  is 
used  to  express  the  uncertainty  of  things 
on  which  we  set  our  heart.  As  the  beggar 
looked  forward  to  a  feast,  but  found  only 
empty  dishes;  so  many  a  joy  is  found  to 
be  more  iDusion  who-a  wo  come  to  partake 
of  it. 

To-morrow  I  the  mysterlouCj  unknown  gnat 
Vito  cries  aloud,  'iJemember  Barmecide  ! 
&Di  trtanble  to  bs  hapfy  with  the  rest. ' 


Bar'mecide's  Feast.  A  feast 
where  there  is  nothing  to  eat ;  any  illu- 
sion. Barmecide  asked  Schac'abac,  a 
poor,  starving  wretch,  to  dinner,  and 
set  before  him  an  empty  plate.  "  How 
do  you  like  your  soup?"  asked  the 
merchant.  "  Excellently  well,"  replied 
Schac'abac.  "Did  you  ever  see  whiter 
bread  ? "  "  Never,  honourable  sir," 
was  the  civil  answer.  Wine  was  then 
brought  in,  and  Schacabac  was  pressed 
to  drink,  but  excused  himself  by  saying 
ho  was  always  quarrelsome  in  his  cups. 
Being  over-persuaded,  he  fell  foul  of  his 
host,  and  was  provided  with  food  to  his 
heart's  content.  —  "Arabian  Nigfits,"' 
Barber's  Sixth  Brother. 

Bar'nabas.  St.  Bamnlas  Day.  June 
11.  St.  Barnabas  was  a  fellow-iabouror 
of  St.  Paul. 

Bar'nabites  (3  syl.).  An  order  of 
monks,  so  called,  because  the  Church  of 
St.  Barnabas,  in  Milan,  was  given  to 
them  to  preach  in.  They  are  also  called 
"  Canons  of  St.  Paul,"  because  the  origi- 
nal society  made  a  point  of  reading  St. 
Paul's  Epistles. 

Bar'no.by,  St.  His  symbol  is  a  rake, 
becaii?e  the  llth  of  June,  St.  Earnaby'a 
Day,  i,3  the  time  of  hay-haxvest. 

Barnaby  Lectvu'ers.  Four  lec- 
turers in  the  University  of  Cam'oridge, 
elected  annually  on  St.  Barnabas'  Day 
(June  11),  to  lecture  on  mat'uematics, 
philosophy,  rhetoric,  and  logic. 

Barnaby  Budge,  A  half-witted 
lad  whose  companion  is  a  raven. — Dickens, 
"■Barnahy  Radge." 

Bar'naele.  The  Solan  goose.  The 
strange  tales  of  this  creature  have  arisen 
from  a  tissue  of  blunders.  The  Latin 
pernac'ula  is  a  "  small  limpet,"  and  ier- 
nacula  (Portuguese  bernaca,  French  bar- 
nacke)  is  the  Scotch  bren-clake  or  "Solan 
goose."  Both  words  being  corrupted 
into  "barnacle,"  it  was  natural  to  look 
for  an  identity  of  nature  in  the  two  crea- 
tures, and  the  cirri  of  the  limpet  were 
soon  found  to  resemble  the  feathers  of  a 
bird  ;  so  it  was  given  out  that  the  goose 
was  the  offspring  of  the  limpet.  Gerard, 
in  1636,  speaks  of  "  broken  pieces  of  old 
ships  on  which  is  found  certain  spume 
or  froth,  which  in  time  breedeth  into 
shells,  and  the  fish  which  is  hatched  there- 
from is  in  shape  and  habit  like  a  bird." 


BARNACLE3. 


BARRIKIN. 


Sar'nacles.  Spectacles,  or  rather 
reading-glasses ;  so  called  because  in  shape 
they  resemble  the  twitchers  tised  V>y 
farriers  to  keep  under  restraint  unruly 
horses  during  the  process  of  bleeding, 
dressing,  or  shoeing.  This  instnimeat, 
formerly  called  a  barnacle,  consisting  of 
two  branches  joined  at  one  end  by  a 
hinge,  was  fixed  on  the  horse's  nose. 
Dr.  Latham  considers  the  word  a  corrup- 
tion of  binodes  (double-eyes). 

Barn-burners.  Ultra  radicals  or 
destructives,  who,  like  the  Dutchman  of 
8tory,  would  burn  down  tliuir  barns  to 
rid  Iherasolves  of  tho  rats. 

Barnwell,  George.  Tho  chief  ch;,- 
racter  in  a  prose  tragedy,  so  called,  by 
(leorge  Lillo.  He  was  a  London  apiJren- 
tice,  who  fell  in  with  a  wanton  in  yhore- 
ditch,  named  Sarah  Millwood,  whom  ho 
visited,  and  to  whom  he  gave  j£200of  his 
master's  money,  and  ran  away.  He  next 
robbed  his  uncle,  a  rich  grazier  at  Lud- 
low,  and  beat  out  his  brains.  Having 
spent  the  money,  Sarah  turned  him  out 
of  doors,  and  each  informed  against  the 
other.  Sarah  Millwood  and  George  Bam- 
well  were  both  hanged.— Z-iV^o,  1693-1739. 

Baro-Devel.  The  gieat  god  of  the 
g-ipsies.     His  son  is  named  Alako. 

Baron  properly  means  a  dolt,  from 
ilie  Latin  haro  (a  thorough  fool).  It  was 
a  term  applied  to  a  servingsoldier,  then 
to  a  military  chief,  and  ultimately  to  a 
iord.  Tho  reverse  of  this  is  seen  in  our 
word  slave  (a  servile  menial),  which  is  tho 
^;avouic  word  dav  (noble,  illnstrioa./y 
Baroues  vel  varronos  dicuntur  servi 
■niiitura,  qiii  utiqne  stulti.ssimi  sunt 
servi  videlioot  %\\\\ton\ra,— Scholiast.  (0V3 
Idiot.) 

Tl,e  Baron.  So  Italians  call  the  baron 
Ricasoli,  a  firsfc-rato  statesman  and  true 
patriot.  "  I  know  lands  (said  the  baron 
to  the  Italian  parliament)  whi'-h  Italy 
has  to  conquer,  but  I  know  no  ono  in 
Italy  who  either  can  or  will  give  up.' 

Baron  Munchausen.  Said  to  be 
h  satire  on  Bruce,  tho  Abyssinian  tra- 
veller, to  whom  the  work  was  dedicated. 
The  author  was  Raspe,  a  German  fugi- 
tive from  the  ofTicers  of  justice,  living  in 
Cornwall  (17S5).  The  chief  incidents 
were  com))iled  from  various  sources,  such 
as  the  "Meuda'cia  Kidic'ula"  of  J.  P. 
J,an£;e  ;     Luciau's    "  Tn:o     History    of 


Things  Discovered  in  the  Moon  ;"  "  R.v 

belais;"  and  tho  "Folhoto  do  AiuLai 
LisTjoa." 

'  Baron  of  Beef.  So  called  bocauM 
it  is  the  baron  (back  part)  of  the  ox,  called 
in  Danish  tho  rny.  It  is  not  so  called 
because  it  is  "  greater"  than  tho  sir-loio 
iq.v.). 

Barracks  means  huts  made  of  the 
branches  of  trees  (Gao'ic,  burr,  the  top 
of  anytliing ;  ban-ach,  the  top-branches 
of  trees ;  barrachad,  a  hut  made  of 
branches).  Our  word  is  plural,  indicative 
of  the  whole  collection  ;  but  tho  French 
hara'jue  is  Bius^-utar.     (See  B.K.S.) 

Barren's  Blues.  The  4lh  Foot; 
80  called  from  the  colour  of  their  facings, 
and  William  Barrell,  color,ol  of  tho  retri- 
lULuU  (1734-1739).     Also  called  "laons."' 

Barrica'de(3syl.).  To  block  up.  The 
term  rose  in  France  in  loS3,  when  Henri 
de  Guiso  returned  to  Paris  in  defiance  of 
tho  king's  order.  The  kina:  sent  for  his 
Swiss  guards,  and  the  Parisians  tore  up 
the  pavement,  threw  chains  across  th.o 
streets,  and  piled  up  barrels  filled  with 
earth  and  stones,  behind  which  they  shot 
down  the  Swiss  as  they  passed  through 
the  streets.  The  French  for  barrel  is 
ban-iqne,  and  to  barricade  is  to  stop  up 
the  streets  with  these  barrels. 

The  daif  of  the  Barricade^: 

(I.)  May  12,  \b>iX,  when  the  people 
forced  Henri  111.  to  flee  from  Paris. 

(2.)  Auj:.  27,  1C88,  the  boginuiug  of 
the  Fronde  War. 

(.3.)  June  27,  1830,  the  first  day  of  la 
'/rand  scmain  wiiich  drove  Charles  X. 
from  the  throne. 

(4.)  i<Vb.  24,  1843,  which  drove  Lonia 
I'hiUppo  to  abdicate  and  flee  to  Lnglaud. 

(r.)  Juno  23,  ISIS,  when  Allro,  Arch- 
bishofp  of  Paris,  was  shot  in  his  attempt 
to  quell  the  insurrection. 

(('.)  Dec.  2,  1?51,  tho  d.ay  of  the  coup 
d'eial,  when  Louis  Napoh  on  made  his 
appeal  to  the  people  for  re-election  to  tho 
presidency  for  ton  year.'*. 

Barrier  Treaty.  N^v.  5, 1715,  '.^ 
which  tho  Dutch  rcscr\-ed  the  right  of 
holding  garrison?  in  certain  fortresses  of 
the  Spanish  Netherlands. 

Bar'rikin.  Jargon,  words  not  undr- 
stood.  (Old  French,  Uirofan  ;  mod-  1  u 
French,  baragouin,  pblxirish.^ 


68 


BARRING-OUT. 


BASB. 


Barring-out.  A  practice  of  barring 
the  master  out  of  the  schoolroom,  in 
order  to  dictate  terms  to  him.  It  was 
once  common,  but  is  now  numbered  with 
past  customs.  Miss  Edgeworth  has  a 
tale  so  called. 

Bar'rister.  One  admitted  to  plead 
at  the  bar  ;  one  who  has  been  "called  to 
thebar."  The  bar  is  the  rail  wliich  divides 
the  counsel  from  the  audience ;  tanta- 
mount to  the  rood-screen  of  a  church, 
which  separates  the  chancel  from  the 
rest  of  thp  building.  Both  these  are 
relics  of  the  ancient  notion  that  the  laity 
are  an  inferior  order  to  the  privileg-ed 
class. 

Barrow.  A  tumulus.  It  is  the  same 
as  horou(/h,  bury,  hurg,  &c.,  and  means 
a  hill.     (Saxon,  heorg,  a  mound.) 

A  barrow  pig.  A  baronet;  so  called 
because  he  is  not  looked  upon  as  a  nol>le- 
man  by  the  aristocracy,  nor  as  a  com- 
moner by  the  people.  In  like  manner  a 
barrow  pig  is  neither  male  nor  female ; 
neither  hog  or  sow. 

Barry  Cornwall.  A  nom  de  plume 
of  Bryan  WaUer  Proctor.  It  is  an  im- 
perfect anagrnm  of  his  name.  (178K-1S74.') 

Barsa'nians.  Heretics  which  arose 
in  the  sixth  century.  They  made  their 
sacrifices  consist  in  taking  wheat  flour  on 
tlie  tip  of  their  first  finger,  and  carrying 
it  to  tlieir  mouth. 

Barthol'omew,  St.  The  symbol  of 
this  saint  is  a  knife,  in  allusion  to  the 
knife  with  which  he  was  flayed  alive. 

St.  Burtliolomew  s  Day,  August  24. 
Probably  Bartholomew  is  the  apostle 
called  "  Nathanael  "  by  St.  John  the 
Evangel  ist  ( i   45  -5 1 ). 

Bartholomeio  Fair.  Held  in  West 
Smithfield  (1133-1855)  on  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's day. 

Maesac7-e  of  St.  Bartholomew.  The 
slaughter  of  the  French  Protestants  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  IX.,  begun  on  St. 
Bartholomew's  day,  i.e.,  between  the  24th 
and  25th  August,  1572.  It  is  said  that 
30,000  persons  fell  in  this  dreadful  per- 
secution. 

A  Bartholomew  pig.  A  very  fat  person. 
At  Bartholomew  fair  one  of  the  chief 
attractions  used  to  be  a  pig,  roasted 
whole,  and  sold  piping  hct.  Falstaff 
oaUs  himself 
A  little  tidy  Bartholomew  boar-pig:.--"?  Uenry 

IV.;' m,. 


Parthram's  Dirge  (in  Sir  Walter 

Scott's  "  Border  Minstrelsy").  Sir  Noel 
Paton,  in  a  private  letter  to  me,  says : 
"  The  subject  of  this  dirge  was  coni- 
mimicated  to  Sir  Walter  as  a  genuine 
fragment  of  the  ancient  "  Border  Muse" 
by  his  friend  Mr.  Surtees,  who  is  in 
reality  its  author.  The  ballad  has  no 
foundation  in  history  ;  and  the  fair  lady, 
her  lover,  and  the  nine  brothers,  are  Hut 
the  creation  of  the  poet's  fancy."  Sir 
Noel  adds  :  "  I  never  painted  a  picture 
of  this  subject,  though  I  have  often 
thought  of  doing  so ;  the  engraving 
which  appeared  in  the  Art  Journal  was 
executfd  without  my  concurrence  from 
the  oil  sketch,  still,  I  presume,  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Pender,  the  late  M.P., 
by  whom  it  was  brought  to  the  Exhi- 
bition of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
here  "  (at  Edinburgh).     (Nov.  19,  186(3.) 

Bartol'do.  A  rich  old  miser,  who 
died  of  fear  and  penurious  self-denial. 
Fazio  rifled  his  treasures,  and  lieing  ac- 
cused 'oy  his  own  wife  Bianca,  was  put  to 
death. — Dean  Milnian,  "  Fazio." 

Bartole  (2  syl. ).  He  X:nows  his  "  Bar- 
tole"  as  well  as  a  cordelier  his  "  Dormi." 
(French.)  Bartole  was  a  lawyer  of  the  14th 
century,  whose  authority  amongst  French 
barristers  is  equal  to  that  of  Blackstone 
with  us.  The  cordeliers  were  instituted 
especially  for  preaching ;  and  the  most 
noted  reaieil  of  sermons  was  a  compi- 
lation called  Dormi,  containing  the  best 
specimens  of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centuries.  This  compilation  was  called 
"  Dormi,"  from  the  first  word  in  the 
book.     The  compilation  is  anonymous. 

Barzillai  (3  syl.).  The  duke  of 
Ormond,  a  friend  and  staunch  adherent 
of  Charles  II.  The  allusion  is  to  Barzillai, 
who  assisted  David  when  he  was  expelled 
by  Absalom  from  his  kingdom  (2  Sam. 
xvii.  27— 29). 

Barz'lKai  crowneil  with  linmiurs  nnd"iih  yenrs 

In  exile  with  hi*  eodlikp  priuci'  he  ni'iuriiod, 
lor  him  he  suH'erect.  nnd  with  liim  ratnrnrd. 

Drydtn,  "  Ahi  ilom  and  AcKUopitl." 

Bas  Bleu.    (See  Blue  Stocking.) 

Base.  The  basis,  or  that  on  which 
an  animal  walks  (Greek,  bai/io,  to  go). 
The  foot  is  the  foundation— hence,  haae 
of  a  pillar,  &c.  It  is  also  the  lowest 
part,  and  bence  the  notion  of  worthless. 
Bass  in  music  (Italian,  basso)  is  the  lowest 
part,  or  the  part  for  the  lowest  compass 
of  voice. 


BASHAW. 


BAT. 


Of 


Bashaw'.  An  arrosrant,  domineering 
man  ;  so  called  from  the  Turkisli  viceroys 
and  provincial  g'overnors,  each  of  whom 
bears  the  title  of  busck  (pacha). 

^■1  three-tailed  bashaw.  A  bpfjflerKe!?  or 
prince  of  princes  amon^;  the  Turks, 
having  a  standard  of  tlireo  horse  tails 
borne  before  liim.  The  nest  in  rank  is 
the  bashaw  with  two  tails,  anil  then  the 
bey,  who  has  only  one  horse-t-ail. 

Basil'ian  Monks.  Monks  of  the 
order  of  St.  Hasil,  who  lived  in  the  fourth 
century.  This  order  has  produced  foi'.r- 
tcen  popes,  1,805  bishops,  3,010  abbots, 
and  11,085  mart^'rs. 

Basilics  or  Badl'ica.  A  digest  of 
laws  begun  by  the  Byzantine  emperor 
Basilius  in  867,  and  completed  by  Lis 
son  Leo  the  philosopher  in  SSO. 

Basil'ica.  Originally  the  court  of 
the  Athenian  archon,  called  the  basi/ens, 
who  used  to  give  judgment  in  the  sloa 
tiujiU'los,  At  Rome  these  courts  of  justice 
bad  their  nave,  aisles,  {)orticoe3,  an<i  tri- 
bunals ;  so  that  when  used  for  Christian 
worship  very  little  alteration  was  needed. 
The  church  of  St.  John  Lat'eranatiiome 
was  an  ancient  basilica. 

Basilid'ians.  A  sect  of  Gnostic 
heretics,  followers  of  Basil'ides,  wlio 
taught  that  from  the  unborn  Father 
"  Mind"  v/as  begotten  ;  from  Mind  pro- 
ceeded "  The  Word  ;"  from  the  Word  or 
Logos  proceeded  "Understanding;"  from 
Understanding  "Wisdom" and  "Power;" 
from  Wisdom  and  Power  "  Excellencies," 
"Princes,"  and  "Angels,"  the  agents 
which  created  heaven.  Next  t)  these 
high  mightinesses  come  3G5  celestial 
beings,  the  chief  of  whom  is  Abraxas  (7. ?'.), 
and  each  of  whom  has  his  special  heaven. 
What  we  call  Ciirist  is  what  the  Basili- 
dians  term  Thejirst-bcgotlen  "Mind." 

Basilisco.  A  brasrgart ;  a  character 
in  an  old  play  entitled  ••Solynian  and 
Perseda."  Shakespeare  makes  the  Bas- 
tard .say  to  his  mother,  who  asks  him  why 
he  boasted  of  his  ill-birth,  "  Knight, 
kTiight,  good  mother,  Basilisco-like" — 
i.e.,  my  boasting  has  made  me  a  knight. 
— "  Kin;]  John"  i.  1. 

B'tsilisk.  The  king  of  serpents 
(Greek,  busileus,  a  kiny),  suppose.1  to 
have  the  power  of  "  looking  any  one 
dead  on  whom  it  fixed  its  eyes."  llence 
Dryden  makes  Clytus  say  to  Alexander, 


"  Nay,  frown  not  so  ;  you  cannot  look 
me  dead."  This  creature  is  called  a  kine 
from  having  on  its  head  a  mitre-8hap«a 
crest. 

Like  a  hour 
Pliinfl;lii!»  his  tusk  111  innsl  ff-i  KorB, 
O-  lisilwk,  when  ruiisuil,  whuse  hrPtith. 
Teeth,  .itiiis.  and  eyel):ill»   <ll  .ire  iI.hHi. 

King.  "Art  of  Lott.' 

Basilissa.  The  Venus  of  the  Tn- 
reniinos. 

Baso'cllians.  French  lawyers.  When 
the  French  purleiutui  ceased  to  be 
the  council  of  the  king,  and  confined 
itself  to  the  administration  of  justice,  a 
dist'nction  of  name  became  imperative  ; 
so  the  nol)les  or  court  party  called  them- 
selves courliers,  and  the  lawyers  took  the 
name  of  buso'chiaiut  or  king's-meu,  from 
the  Greek  basileiis  (a  king). 

Basra  has  120,000  rivers  or  streams. 

— Ki'ii  llaidal. 

Ensso  Relievo.  Low  relief 
(Italian^.  Fi^uris  cut  on  wood,  sume, 
or  marble,  wiih  very  bli;;iii  reli.  f— 
i.e.,  not,  much  raised.  It  should  bo  rilevo 
or  riliero.     (;6'ee  Alto,  Mezzo.) 

Ba'ste  (1  .syl.).  I'll  baste  your  jacket  fot 
you — i.e. ,  cane  you.  77^  </(')•«  you  a  ihorouijK 
bastini  —  i.e.,  beating.  (.Spanish,  hii-^ton, 
a  stick  ;  Italian,  bastone  ;  French,  bd.lutt,.) 

Bastille  means  simply  a  building 
( French,  bastir,  now  balir,  to  build ). 
Charles  V.  built  it  as  a  royal  ch&teau  ; 
Philippe-Augiiste  enclosed  it  with  a  high 
wall;  St.  Louis  administeretl  ju.stice  in 
the  park,  under  the  oak-troes;  Philippe 
de  Valois  demolished  the  old  chateau 
and  commenced  a  new  one  ;  Louis  XL 
first  used  it  as  a  state  prison  ;  and  it  was 
demolished  by  the  rat)ble  in  the  French 
revolution,  July  H,  1789. 

Bastina'do.  A  boating  (Italian,  hu- 
lone;  Frcncli,  ba.<iton,  now  6H^»;l,astick.)Th• 
Chinese,  Turks,  and  Persians  puni-h  of- 
fenders by  beatiuLT  them  on  the  solos  of 
the  feet.   The  Turks  call  the  pHniahiuent 

Zarb. 

Bat.  Ojy  his  own  bat.  l'>y  his  own 
ex(!rtion.s;  on  hia  own  ncconuL  A 
cricketer's  phrase. 

Bat-horses  and  Dat-mtn.  Bathoraet 
are  those  wiiieh  carry  otficem'  baggnir* 
during  a  campaitju  (KroU'h,  6d(,  a  pack- 
saddle).  Batmen  are  ilioae  who  look 
after  the  packhorson. 


70 


BATAVIA. 


BATTLE. 


Bata'via-  The  Netherlands;  so  called 
from  the  Bata'vi,  a  Celtic  tribe  who 
dwelt  there. 

Flat  Batarla'o  Killowy  grovfs. 

Wordsworth. 

Bate  me  an  ace.    (See  Bolton.) 

Bath.  Km'f/hts  of  the  Bath.  This 
name  is  derived  from  the  ceremony  of 
bathing,  which  used  to  be  practised  at 
the  inaugiu-ation  of  a  knight,  as  a  symbol 
of  purity.  The  last  kniglits  created  in 
this  ancient  form  were  at  the  coronation 
of  Charles  II.  in  1G61.  G.C.B.  stands  for 
Grand  Cross  of  t/ie  Balk  (the  first  class) ; 
K.C.B.  Knifjlii  Commander  of  the  Balk 
(the  second  class);  C.B.  Companion  of 
the  Bath  (the  third  class). 

King  of  Bath.  Ilichard  Nash,  generally 
called  Beau  Nash,  a  celebrated  master  of 
the  ccreniuiiies  at  iJalh  fur  i(J  years. 
(167i-17Gi.) 

There,  go  to  Balk  icith  you  I  Don't 
talk  nonsense.  Insane  persons  used  to 
be  sent  to  Bath  for  the  benefit  of  its 
mineral  waters.  The  implied  reproof  is, 
what  you  say  is  so  sillj',  you  ought  to  go 
to  Bath  and  get  your  head  shaved. 

Bath-kol  (daughter  of  the  voice).  A 
sort  of  divination  common  among  the 
nncient  Jews  after  the  gift  of  prophecy 
had  ceased.  When  an  appeal  was  made 
to  Bath-kol,  the  first  words  uttered  after 
the  appeal  were  considered  oracular. 

Bath'sheba.  The  duchess  of  Ports- 
mouth, a  favourite  court  lady  of  Charles 
II.  The  allusion  is  to  the  wife  of  Uriah 
the  Hittite,  criminally  beloved  by  David 
(2  S.am.  xi.).  The  duke  of  Monmouth 
Bays — 

My  TRther,  whom  with  reverencR  1  narne, 
Cliarmcd  into  ease,  is  careless  of  liis  faiMO; 
And,  bribed  witli  relly  sums  of  foreisu  gold, 
Is  growu  in  Ii:itlisliebn's  embraces  nld. 

Di-]/din'3  "Abialom  and  Achitophd." 

Ea'trachomy'omach'ia.  A  stonn 
in  a  puddle ;  much  ado  about  nothing. 
The  word  is  the  name  of  a  mock  heroic 
poem  in  Greek,  supposed  to  be  by  Pi'gres 
cf  Caria,  and  means  T/ie  Battle  of  Hie 
Frogs  and  Mice. 

Batta  or  £«»y  (Hindustanee).  Per- 
quisites ;  wages.  Properly,  an  allowance 
to  East  Indian  troops  in  the  field.  In 
garrison  they  are  put  on  half -batta, 

Battar,  Al  {the  Trenchant-).  One  of 
M.-\homet's  swords,  confiscated  fi-om  the 
Jews.whou  tliey  wore  esilod  from  Medi'na. 


Battersea.  You  must  go  to  Ballersta 
to  get  your  simples  cut.  A  reproof  to  a 
simpleton,  or  one  who  makes  a  very  fool- 
ish observation.  The  market  gardeners 
of  Battersea  used  to  grow  simjjles  (me- 
dical herbs),  and  the  London  apothecaries 
went  there  to  select  or  cut  such  as  Ihej 
wanted. 

Battle.  Professor  Creasy  says  there 
are  fifteen  decisive  battles ;  that  is, 
battles  whicii  have  decided  some  political 
change:  490,  Mar'athon;  413,  Syracuse; 
331,  Arbela;  207,  Motau'rus;  the  defeat 
of  the  Romans  by  Varus,  9;  Chalons, 
4.51;  Tours,  732;  Hastings,  10(56;  Joan 
of  Arc's  victory  at  (Jrlean^:,  1429  ;  the 
Arma'da,  1588 ;  Blenheim,  1704 ;  Pultow'a, 
1709;  Sarato'ga,  1777;  Valmy,  1792  j 
and  Waterloo,  1815. 

Battle  royal.  A  certain  number  of 
cocks,  say  sixteen,  are  pitted  together; 
the  eight  victors  are  then  pitted,  then 
the  four,  and  last  of  all  the  two ;  and 
the  winner  is  victor  of  the  battle  royal. 
Metaphorically,  the  term  is  applied  to 
chess,  &c. 

Battle  scenes.  Le  Clerc  could  arrange 
on  a  small  piece  of  paper  not  larger  than 
one's  hand  an  army  of  20,000  men. 

TVk  Battle-painter  or  Belle  Battaglie. 
(See  Michael  Axgelo.) 

Battle  of  the  Books.  A  satire,  by  dean 
Swift,  on  the  contention  among  Uterury 
men  whether  ancient  or  modern  author? 
were  the  better.  In  the  battle  the 
ancient  books  fight  against  the  modem 
books  in  St.  James's  Library. 

Battle  0^  the  Giants;  i.e.,  the  battle  of 
Jlarignan  (Ma-riii'-yarC)  in  1515,  whe'i 
Frangois  I.  won  a  complete  victory  over 
12,000  Swiss,  allies  of  the  Milanese. 

Battle  of  Uie  Herrings,  in  1428.  A  sortie 
made  by  the  men  of  Orleans,  during  the 
siege  of  their  city,  to  intercept  a  supply 
of  salt  herrings  sent  to  the  besiegers. 

Battle  of  the  Moat.  A  skirmish  or  battle 
between  Mahomet  ami  Abu  Sofian  (chief 
of  the  Koreishites)  before  iledi'na  ;  so 
called  because  the  "prophet"  had  a  moat 
dug  before  the  city  to  keep  off  the 
iuva'lers ;  and  in  the  moat  much  of  the 
fighting  took  place. 

Battle  of  the  Standard,  in  1133,  when 
the  English  overthrew  the  Scotch,  at 
Northailerton,  in  Yorkshire.  The  standard 
was  a  high  crucifix  borne  by  the  EugUsb 
on  a  wai^on. 


BA-TTLEDOLE. 


BAYADERE. 


n 


Battle  of  the  Spurt  (1302),  in  which  the 
allied  citizens  of  Ghent  and  13nii,'e6  won 
a  famous  victory  over  the  chivalry  of 
France  under  the  walls  of  Courtray. 
After  the  battle  more  than  700  gilt  spurs 
(worn  by  French  nobles)  were  gathered 
from  the  field. 

In  English  history  the  battle  of  Guine- 
gate  (1513)  is  so  called,  "  because  the 
French  spurred  their  horses  to  flight, 
almost  as  soon  as  they  came  in  sight  of 
tho  English  troops." 

Wa(/er  of  Battle.  One  of  tho  forms  of 
ordeal  or  appeal  to  the  judgment  of  God, 
in  the  old  Norman  courts  of  the  kingdom. 
It  consisted  of  a  personal  combat  between 
the  plaintiff  and  defendant,  in  the  pre- 
sence of  the  court  itself.  Abolished  by 
59  Geo.  III.,  c.  46. 

Bat'tledore  (3syl.)  means,  properly, 
a  baton  or  beetle  for  washing  linen  by 
striking  on  it  to  knock  out  the  dirt.  The 
plan  is  still  common  in  Franco.  The 
word  is  batlre  d'eau,  or  lat  d'eau-er  (a 
thing  for  beating  out  tho  water  of  wet 
linen).     (See  B.) 

Battles.  Rations  or  "commons" 
allowed  to  students  at  tho  University  of 
Oxford.  A  corruption  of  battens,  from 
the  verb  batten,  (to  feed). 

Battle  Bills.  Buttery  bills  at  the 
universities.     {See  above.) 

Baubee.  Jenny  $  haubee.  Her  mar- 
nage  portion.  The  word  means,  properly, 
ii  debased  copper  coin,  equal  in  value  to 
a  halfpenny,  issued  in  the  reign  of  James 
VI.  of  .Scotland.  (French,  bos  billon,  de- 
based copper  money).     Also  Baytbeb. 

Bauble.  A  fool  should  never  hold  a 
bauble  in  his  hand,  "'lis  a  foolish  bird 
that  fouls  its  own  nest."  The  bauble  was 
a  short  stick,  ornamented  with  ass's 
ears,  carried  by  licensed  fools.  (French, 
babiole,  &  plaything.) 

Ba'viacl,  The.  A  merciless  satire  by 
Gifford  on  the  Delia  Crusoan  poetry, 
published  1794.  The  word  is  from 
Virgil's  "Eclogue,"  iii.  9. 

fie  may  with  foxes  plouith,  p.nd  milk  he-goats, 
Who  praioea  Bavius  or  on  Majvius  dotee. 

Bavie'ca,    The  Cid's  horso. 
Ba'viuB.     Any  bad  poot.      {See  Ea- 

VIAD.) 

Ma;  gome  oboice  patron  bless  each  grey  goose 

<4<>ill. 
MfVT  every  Bavins  have  ht«  Bufo  ullll. 

i'<4W.  "iVoWc-J*  to  Uu  Hatirta." 


Baxte'riana.  Thosa  who  entertain 
the  same  religious  views  as  Richard  Bax- 
ter. The  chief  points  arc — (1 )  that  Christ 
died  in  a  spiritual  sense  for  the  elect,  and 
in  a  general  sense  for  all ;  (2)  that  there 
is  no  such  thing  as  reprobation  ;  {'6)  th.-vt 
even  saints  may  fail  from  crrace.  Dr. 
Isaac  Watts  and  Dr.  Doddridge  held 
these  views. 

Bay.  The  colour  of  a  withered  bay 
leaf. 

Bay.  Tlio  withering  of  a  bay-tree  wm 
supposed  to  be  the  omen  of  a  death. 

"Tis  thouiht  the  king  Is  dr^nd.    We'll  not  stay— 
The  bay-lrees  in  our  country  "re  wi'.li'red. 

Sliakapeare,  "  Kiehard  II.;'  II.  4. 

Bay.  Supposed  to  be  an  antidote 
against  thtinder,  because  it  was  the  tree 
of  Apollo.  Hence  Tibe'rius  and  soma 
other  of  the  Roman  emperors  wore  a 
v^'reath  of  bay  as  an  amulet,  especially  in 
thunder-storms.— P/i/iy. 

Beach  tho  bays— 
I'll  t!e  a  garland  b»re  nbnut  his  hi  al ; 
'Twill  keep  my  buy  from  liKhtnitu/. 

tht  WKi*  Dtvi, 

Crowned  with  bays,  in  sign  of  victory. 
The  general  who  obtained  a  victory 
among  the  Romans  was  crowned  with  a 
wreatli  of  bay  leaves. 

The  Queen's  Bays.  The  2nd  Dragoon 
Guards ;  so  called  because  thoy  are 
mounted  on  bay  horses.  Now  called  The 
Queen's. 

Bay  Salt  is  salt  ot  a  b.iy  colour.  It 
is  till-  salt  of  sea-water  hardened  by  the 
heat  of  the  sun. 

Bayes's  Troopa.  Dead  men  juny 
rise  anain,  like  Bayes's  lroo/)s,  or  lliesavayes 
in  die  Fantoci'ni  ("Somothincf  New  ").  I  ii 
the  "Rehearsal,"  by  George  Villiers.duke 
of  Buckingbam,a  battle  is  fought  botweoii 
foot-soldiers  and  ^'icat  hobliy-horsos.  At 
last  Drawcansir  kills  all  on  both  tiJi'.'^. 
Smith  thou  asks  how  thoy  are  to  ^,'0  off; 
to  which  JJaycs  replies,  "  Aa  thoy  came 
on — upon  thi.'ir  legs;"  upon  which  they 
all  jump  up  aiivo  ag;un. 

Bayadere  (bah-ya-dare).  A  dancing 
girl  dressed  in  Eastern  costume ;  so  called 
from  tho  "  ba  jade  res  "  of  Jndia,  whoM 
duty  is  to  dance  before  tho  inia^^os  of  the 
gods;  but  the  gramloos  employ  nitnil.ir 
dancers  for  their  private  amuMcnK-uUk. 
The  word  is  a  corruption  of  iLo  i'ortu* 
guose  biiiiudiini. 


72 


BAYARD. 


BEAM, 


^Si'yard..  Le  chevalier  tans  peur  et 
tans  rcproclie.     (1476-1524.) 

The  British  Bayard.  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 
(1554-1.584.)  ( 

The  Polish  Bayard.  Prince  Joseph 
Poniatowski.    (17(]3-1814.) 

Ba'yard.  A  horse  of  incredibio  swift- 
ness,belonging  to  the  four  sons  of  Ay'mon. 
If  only  one  of  the  sons  mounted,  the 
horse  was  of  the  ordinary  size ;  bvit  if 
all  four  mounted,  his  body  became  elon- 
gated to  the  requisite  length.  The  name 
is  used  for  any  valuable  or  wonderful 
horse,  and  means  a  "high  \ia.y"  (haii-ard). 
'—Villeneuve,  " Les  Quatre-Filz  Apiion." 

Keep  Bayard  in  the  stable— i.e.,  keep 
what  is  of  value  under  lock  and  key. 
[See  above. ) 

Bold  as  Hind  bayard.  Foolhardy. 
If  a  blind  horse  leaps,  the  chance  is  he 
will  fall  into  a  ditch.  Grose  mentions 
the  following  expression.  To  ride  bayard 
of  ten  toes — "  Going  by  the  marrow-bone 
stage "—t.e.,  walking. 

Bayar'do.  The  famous  steed  of 
Rinaldo,  which  once  belonged  to  Am'adis 
of  Gaul. 

Bayardo's  Leap.  Three  stones,  about 
thirty  yards  apart,  near  Sleaford.  It 
is  said  that  Rinaldo  was  riding  on  his 
favourite  steed  Bayardo,  when  the  de- 
mon of  the  place  sprang  behind  him  ;  but 
the  0  aimal  in  terror  took  three  tremen- 
dous leaps  and  unhorsed  the  fiend. 

Bayes,  in  the  "  Rehearsal,"  by  the 
duke  of  Buckingham,  was  designed  to 
satirise  John  Dryden,  the  poet  laureate. 
(See  Bayes's  Troops,  p.  71.) 

Bayeux  Tapestry.  Supposed  to 
be  the  work  of  Matilda,  wife  of  William 
the  Conqueror.  It  represents  the  mis- 
sion of  Harold  to  the  duke,  and  all  the 
incidents  of  his  history  from  that  event 
till  his  death  at  Hastings  in  10(36.  It  is 
called  Bayeux  from  the  place  where  it  is 
preserved.  A  drawing,  on  a  reduced 
scale,  of  this  curious  antique  is  preserved 
in  the  Guildhall  Library, 

Bayla.  The  dances  of  the  common 
people  were  so  called  in  Spain,  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  stately  court  dances,  called 
dama.  The  Bayle  were  of  Moorish  in- 
vention, tho  most  celebrated  being  La 
Sarabanda,  La  Chacona.  /fOS  Gambtlaif 
and  El  R^'r\anc  B:zr'.olc, 


Eay^onet.  So  called  from  La  Bayo- 
nettc,  a  lower  ridge  of  the  Montague 
d'Arrhune.  A  B-asque  regiment,  early  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  nmning  short 
of  powder,  stuck  their  knives  into  their 
muskets,  and  charged  the  Spaniards 
with  success.  It  is  an  error  to  derive 
this  word  from  Bayonne. 

Baad  (Saxon)  means  a  prayer.  When 
little  balls  with  a  hole  through  them  were 
used  for  keeping  account  of  the  number 
of  prayers  repeated,  the  term  was  ap- 
plied to  them  also.    (See  Beadsman.) 

St.  Cuthbert's  Beads.  Single  joints  cf 
tho  articulated  steins  of  encrinites.  They 
are  perforated  in  the  centre,  and  bear  a 
fanciful  resemblance  to  a  cross;  hence, 
they  were  once  used  for  rosaries  (beads). 
St.  Cuthbert  was  a  Scotch  monk  of  the 
sixth  century,  and  may  be  called  the  St. 
Patrick  of  the  north  of  England  and 
south  of  Scotland. 

Bead-house.  An  almshouse  for  beadd- 
men. 

Bead-roll.  A  list  of  persons  to  be 
prayed  for ;  hence,  also,  any  list. 

Beadle.  A  person  whose  duty  it  is 
to  bid  or  cite  persons  to  appear  to  a  sum- 
mons ;  also  a  church  servant,  whose  duty 
it  is  to  bid  the  parishioners  to  attend  the 
vestry,  or  to  give  notice  of  vestry  meet- 
ings. (Saxon,  bcedcl,  from  beodan,  to  bid 
or  summon.) 

Beadsman  or  Bedesman.  An  in- 
habitant of  an  almshouse,  so  called  be- 
cause in  Catholic  times  most  charities  of 
this  clas.s  were  instituted  that  the  in- 
mates might  "  pray  for  the  soul  of  the 
founder."    (See  Bead.) 

Seated  with  some  grey  lieart.iinaTi. 

(Jra'obe,  •' BorougK" 

Beak.  A  magistrate.  (Saxon  leag, 
a  gold  collar  worn  by  civic  magistrates. ) 

Beaker.  A  drinking  glass  (Gorman 
becher,  Italian  beccar,  to  swallow.) 

Eeam.  Tln-oim  on  my  lean-ends — 
driven  to  my  last  shift.  A  ship  is  said 
to  be  on  her  beam -ends  when  she  is  laid 
by  a  heavy  gale  completelj'  on  her  beams 
or  sides.  Not  unfrequently  the  only 
means  of  righting  her  in  such  a  case  is 
to  cut  away  her  masts. 

On  the  starboard  beam.  A  distant 
point  out  at  sea,  on  the  right-hand  side, 
and  at  right  angles  to  the  keel. 

Or.  the  port  beam.  A  similar  point 
on  the  left-hand  side. 


BEAN. 


On  thi  weather  learn.  On  that  side  of  a 
ship  which  faces  the  wind. 

Bean.  Every  lean  has  id  Hack. 
Nertw  tine  viliis  nas'citur,  "every  ono  has 
his  faults."  Tho  bean  has  a  black  eye. 
(Oijni  grano  ha  la  sua  sertiola.) 

lie  has  found  the  lean  in  the  cake,  he 
has  got  a  prize  in  tho  lottery,  has  conio 
to  some  unexpected  good  fortune.  The 
allusion  is  to  twelfth  cakes  in  which  a 
bean  is  buried  ;  when  the  cake  is  cut  up 
and  distributed,  he  who  gets  the  bean  is 
the  twelfth-night  king. 

Beans.  Property,  money.  (Frencj, 
liens,  goods.) 

Pythag'oras  forbade  tho  use  of  beans 
to  his  disciples;  not  the  use  of  beans  as 
a  food,  but  the  use  of  be.ans  for  political 
elections.  Magistmtes  and  other  public 
otlicers  were  elected  by  beans  cast  by  tho 
voters  iuto  a  helmet,  and  what  Py- 
thag'oras  advised  was,  that  his  disciples 
should  not  interfere  with  poUtics  or 
^  lovH  bexns" — i.e.,  office. 

Aristotle  s.ays  the  word  lean  means 
ven'ery,  and  that  the  prohibition  to 
"  abstain  from  beans"  was  equivalent  to 
"  keeping  the  body  chaste." 

I'leant  are  in  jioner,  "  Ics  ffevcs  fleurls- 
sent,"  and  this  will  accimnt  for  your 
being  so  silly.  Our  forefathers  imagined 
that  the  perfume  of  the  flowering  bean 
was  bad  for  the  head,  and  made  men  silly 
cr  light-beaded. 

Bean  Feast.  Much  the  eamo  as 
Wayz-goose  (q.v.),  a  feast  given  by  an 
employer  to  those  he  employs.  Tho 
boaii  gooso  is  next  in  size  to  the  Giey 
Lag  goose.  The  terra  comes  from  tho 
northern  counties,  whero  the  beau  (jjoose) 
is  common. 

Bean  King.  A  king  elected  by 
ballot.  The  Greeks  used  beans  in  voting 
by  ballot.     (6'ee  BkaNS.) 

Bean-King's  festival.  Twelfth-day, 
when  he  who  has  the  bean  is  king  for  the 
night.     (See  Bean.) 

Bear  A.  (Stock  Exchange),  a  fa!!,  or 
a  speciilrttDr  for  a  fall.  To  optralejitr  a 
bear.  To  realise  u  projilable  leur.  /dur- 
ing the  market  is  using  every  effort  to 
depress  tho  price  of  slocks  in  order  to  buy 
it.  The  arena  of  bears  and  bulls,  i.e.  tho 
Stock  Ji^xchange.  Vr  Wartou  sa3-s  tlie 
term  bear  c;ime  from  t!ie  proverb  of "  Sell- 
ing the  skin  before  you  liavo  caught  the 
P  * 


BEAR. 


73 


bear,"  and  referred  to  tliose  who  entered 
iuto  contracts  in  the  Sfiutli  Sea  Sclic me  to 
trausferstockataslatedpr.co.  (.b««BtLL.) 

So  was  the  huntsman  by  the  brar  oppressed, 
Wliosi"  hide  he  9'ilcl  before  hn  ciniglit  the  brasi 
WalUr,  "lialtU  vftkt  Summer  hlandt."  c.  IL 

The  Bear.  Albert,  margrave  of  Bran 
denburg.  lie  was  also  called  "Th» 
Fair."     (llOG-1170.) 

The  Great  Bear  and  Little  Bear.  The 
constellations  so  called  are  specimens 
of  a  large  class  of  blunders  founded  on 
approximate  sounds.  The  San.skrit  arch 
means  "to  be  bright;"  tho  Greeks  cor- 
rupted tho  word  into  archtos,  arktoi, 
which  means  a  bear;  so  that  the  "  bear" 
should  in  reality  be  the  "  bright  ones." 
The  fable  is  that  Calisto,  a  nymph  of 
Diana,  had  two  sons  by  Jupiter,  which 
Juno  changed  into  bear.^,  and  J  jpiter 
converted  iuto  constellations. 

The  wind  shaked  surge,  with  high  and  monstrous 

mime, 
Seems  to  cngt  water  on  the  burning  bear, 
Aud  queucli  the  guards  of  th"  en  rllii!(l  pole. 
Shakaptart.  "  VOuUo,''  II.  I. 

'Twas  here  we  saw  Calisto'a  star  reiire 
Beneath  tho  waves,  nimwrd  bv  Junoa  irc. 
Camotiu,  "  Lxaiad,"  bk.  v. 

The  Northei-n  Bear.     Russia. 
A  Bridled  Bear.     A  young  nobloraaa 
under  the  control  of  a  travelling  tutor. 

(See  BEAULEADEIt.) 

The  bloody  Bear,  in  Dryden's  poem 
calleil  "  The  Hind  and  Panther,"  means 
tho  Independents. 

The  bloody  bear,  an  independent  beast, 
Cuiicked  lo  form,  lu  groans  her  hate  expr«>.>-l 

The  Bear  and  liangid  Stajf.  A  public- 
house  sitrn  in  Smithtield,  A:c.,  in  compli- 
ment to  Warwick,  tho  king-maker,  whose 
cognisance  it  was.  Tho  first  earl  was 
Arth  or  Arthgal,  of  the  liound  Table, 
whose  cogni.«ance  was  a  bear,  because 
arth  means  a  bear  (Latin,  «)•*').  Morvid, 
tho  second  earl,  overcame,  in  single  com- 
bat, a  mighty  giant,  who  came  against 
bim  with  a  club,  v/hich  was  a  tree  puilod 
up  by  tho  roots,  but  stripped  of  its 
branches.  In  romombrauco  of  his  vic- 
tory over  tho  giant,  he  added  "  the 
rag;,'ed  staff." 

The  Bear  and  Ui«  TeaLeltU  (Katn». 
chatka).  Said  of  a  person  who  injiiict 
himself  by  foolish  rnge.  Ono  d.ty  a  boor 
entered  a  hut  in  Kauischatka,  whore  a 
kcttio  was  on  tbo  fire.  W.iRtcr  Bruin 
7cnt  to  tho  kettle,  and  Etuclling  at  it 


n 


BEAR-GARDEN. 


BEARNAT3, 


burnt  his  noso ;  being  lEfrcatly  irritated, 
he  seized  the  kottlo  with  bis  paws,  and 
squeezed  it  against  his  breast.  This,  of 
course,  made  matters  worso,  for  the 
boiling  water  scalded  him  terribly,  and 
ho  growled  in  agony  till  some  neighbours 
put  an  end  to  his  lifo  with  their  guns. 

As  the  hear  has  no  tail,  for  a  lion  he'll 
fail.  The  same  as  Ne sulor  supra  crcp'iilam, 
"letnotthe  cobbler  aspire  above  his  last." 
Robert  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester,  being 
a  descendant  of  the  \Varwick:  family, 
changedhisowncrest,  which  was  "a  green 
lion  with  two  tails,"  for  the  Warwick  crc&t, 
a  "  bear  and  ragged  staff."  When  made 
governor  of  the  Low  Countries,  he  v/as 
suspected  of  aiming  at  absolute  supre- 
macy, or  the  desire  of  being  the  monarch 
of  his  follows,  as  the  lion  is  monarch 
among  beasts.  Some  wit  wrote  under 
his  crest  the  Latin  verse,  "  Ursa  caret 
Cauda  non  queat  esse  leo." 

Your  bear  for  lion  needs  must  fail, 
Beoauso  your  true  bears  have  no  tail. 

Bear-garden.  This  -place  is  a  perfect 
hear-garden — that  is,  full  of  confusion, 
noise,  tumult,  and  quarrels.  Bear-gar- 
dens were  places  where  bears  used  to  be 
kept  and  baited  for  public  amusement. 

Bear's  Garlic.  A  translation  of 
Allium  ursi'num,  a  Latin  corruption  of 
curs-hion  or  vrs-inoii,  a  hot,  pungent 
onion.     {See  HoRSE.) 

Bear -leader.  One  who  undertakes 
the  charge  of  a  young  man  of  rank 
on  his  travels.  It  was  once  customary 
to  lead  muzzled  bears  about  the  streets, 
and  to  make  them  show  off  in  order  to 
attract  notice  and  gain  money. 

Bear!  (said  Z)r.  Pan^Ioss  to  his  pupil).  Under 
favour,  young  geutlem.m,  I  nra  the  bear-Ie.'id -r, 
bein?  RDpcmlod  your  lulor.— G.  Coimaii'j  "  Heir- 
Dt-Law." 

Beard.  Kisshig  the  heard.  In  Turkey 
wives  kiss  their  husband,  and  chikh-eu 
their  father,  on  the  beard. 

To  make  one's  beard  (Chaueer).  TFiis  is 
the  French /aire  la  harle  d  qm/r/u'wi,  and 
refers  to  a  barber's  taking  bold  of  a  man's 
beard  to  dress  it,  or  to  his  shaving  the 
chin  of  &  customer.  To  make  one's  beard 
is  to  have  him  wholly  at  your  mercy. 

To  heard  one  is  to  defy  him,  to  contr.a- 
dict  him  flatly,  to  insult  by  plucking  the 
beard.  Among  the  Jews,  no  greater 
insult  could  be  offered  to  a  man  than  to 
pluck  or  oven  touch  his  beard. 


To  laufjh  at  vnii  heard.  To  attempt 
to  make  a  fool  of  a  person — to  decoive 
by  ridiculous  exaggeration- 

"  By  tho  prophf-t !  but  he  laughs  at  ont  .<8ard»," 
ext;aim(  d  the  Paclia,  angrily.  "  These  are  fouiisb 
Men."-  ilarri/uU,  "Pacha  of  Many  'lain." 

Tax  Upon  beards.  Czar  Petor  imposed 
a  tax  upon  beards.  Every  one  above  the 
lowest  class  had  to  pay  100  rubles,  and 
the  lowest  class  had  to  pay  a  copec,  for 
enjoying  this  "luxury."  Clerks  wore 
stationed  at  tho  gates  of  every  town  to 
collect  tho  board-tax. 

Cutlin;/  the  heard.  The  Turks  think  it 
a  dire  disgi-ace  to  have  tho  beard  cut. 
Slaves  who  serve  in  the  seraglio  have 
clean  chins,  as  a  sisrn  of  their  scn'itude. 

Learded  Master  (,AIagisier  baibu,'ius) 
So  Porsius  styled  Socrates,  under  tli3 
notion  that  the  beard  is  the  symbol  of 
wisdom.    (B.C.  4GS-o99.) 

Fojona'tiis  (^Ueardud).  Constantino  IV.. 
emperor  of  Pi,ome.     (G43-6S5.) 

T/ce  Bearded.  Geoifrey  the  Crusader, 
and  Bouchard  of  the  house  of  Mont- 
morency, 

Handsome-heard.  Baldwin  IV.,  earl  of 
Flanders.    (1160-1186.) 

John  the  Bearded.  Johaun  Mayo,  the 
German  painter,  whose  beard  touched 
the  ground  when  he  stood  upright. 

Bearded  Women : 

Bartel  Grietjij,  of  Stuttgard,  bom  1562. 

The  duke  of  Saxony  had  the  portrait 
taken  of  a  poor  Swiss  woman,  remarkable 
for  her  large,  busby  beard. 

Jn  1726  a  female  dancer  appeaned  at 
Venice  with  a  large,  bu.shy  beard. 

Charles  XII.  had  in  his  army  a  woman 
whose  beard  was  a  yai'd  and  a  half  long. 
She  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Pultowa,  and  presented  to  the  Czar,  172 1. 

Mdlle.  Bois  de  Chene,  born  at  Geneva 
in  1834,  was  exhibited  in  London  in 
1852-3  ;  she  had  a  profuse  head  of  hair, 
a  strong  black  beard,  large  whiskers,  and 
thick  hair  on  her  arms  and  back. 

Julia  Paitra'ua  was  exhibited  in  Lon. 
don  in  1S57  ;  died,  1862,  at  Moscow;  waf 
embalmed  by  professor  Suckaloff  ;  ami 
tho  embalmed  body  was  exhibited  at 
191,  Piccadill}',  She  was  found  among 
tho  Digger  Indians  of  Mexico. 

Mar;;aret  of  Holland  had  a  long,  stiS 
beard.^ 

Bsarnais, it.  Henri  IV.  of  Fiance; 
60  called  from  Le  Be'arn,  his  native  cro- 
Yjaco.    (1553-1610.) 


BEASTS. 


BEATIFIC. 


76 


Beasts,  heraldk: 

CoKcliant,  Ij'ing  dovra. 

Counter-passant,  moving  in  opposite 
directions. 

JJormant,  sleeping. 

Gardant,  full-f.-icdl. 

Issuant,  rising  from  the  top  or  botlcai 
of  an  ordinary. 

NascerU,  rising  out  of  tho  middle  of  an 
ordinary. 

Pasmnl,  walking. 

Passant  gardant,  walking,  and  with 
full  face. 

Passard  regardant,  walking  and  looking 
behind. 

Rampant,  rearing. 

Regardant,  looking  back. 

Sejant,  seated. 

Salient,  springing. 

Statard,  standing  still. 

Beastly  Drunk.  It  was  an  ancient 
notion  that  men  in  their  cups  exhibited 
tho  vicious  qualities  of  beasts.  Nash 
describes  seven  kinds  of  dr\mkards  : — 

(1)  The  Ape-dimnl-,  who  leaps  and  sings  ; 

(2)  Tho  Lion- drunk,  who  is  quarrelsome  ; 

(3)  The  Sicine-drunk,  who  is  sleepy  and 
puking;  (4)  Tho  Sheep-drunk,  wise  in 
Lis  own  conceit,  but  unable  to  speak ; 
(.5)  The  Martin-drunk,  who  drinks  him- 
self sober  again  ;  (G)  Tho  Goat-drunk, 
who  is  lascivious  ;  and  (7)  The  Fox- 
drunk,  who  is  crafty,  liko  a  Dutchman 
in  bis  cujis.  Besides  these,  there  is  the 
Jfaudliii-drunk,  which  does  not  belong 
to  tho  "beasts,"  but  means  tho  man  who 
weeps  with  kindness. 

Beat.  A  track,  lino,  or  appointed 
range.  A  policeman's  heat.  TKe  man  teas 
out  of  his  heat— i.e.,  his  proper  appointed 
walk.  It  is  not  in  my  beat  — in  my  way, 
in  the  range  of  my  talents.  The  word 
me.ans  a  beaten  path. 

To  heat  in  a  game  of  skill  doo8  not  mean 
to  strike,  which  is  the  Saxon  heaian,  but 
to  bo  tho  better,  from  tho  Saxon  betan 
(to  be  tho  superior). 

To  heal  hollow  is  to  beat  wholly. 

Dead  heat.  So  completely  beaten  or 
vanquished  that  he  is  liko  one  dead — 
there  is  no  longer  any  fight  left  in  him. 

That  heats  Termagant.  Your  ranting, 
raging,  pomposity,  or  exaggeration  siir- 
passes  that  of  Termagant  (7.  v.). 

That  heats  Ban'agher.  Wonderfully 
inconsistent  and  aljsurd  — exceedingly 
ridiculous.  Banaghcr  is  a  town  in  Jro- 
l^nd,   on    the    Shannon,    in    the    King's 


County.  It  formerly  sent  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  was,  of  course,  a  famous 
pocket  borough.  When  a  member  spuko 
of  a  family  borough  where  every  voter 
was  a  man  employed  by  tlie  lord,  it  was 
not  nnusml  to  reply,  "Well,  that  Le.ata 
Banagher." 

Beat.    To  strike.     (Saxon,  heaian.') 

To  beat  or  drum  a  thing  into  one.  To 
repeat  as  a  drummer  repeats  his  strokes 
on  a  drum. 

To  heal  vp  our  supporters.  To  hunt 
them  up  or  call  them  together,  as  soldiers 
are  by  call  of  drum. 

To  heat  an  alarm.  To  give  notice  ol 
danger  by  boat  of  drum. 

To  heat  a  retreat ;  to  heat  to  arms ;  to 
beat  a  charge.  Military  terms  similar  to 
tho  al)ove. 

To  he  beat  out.  To  be  dog-tired.  Tiia 
allusion  is  to  beating  out  metal,  kc.,  in 
order  to  make  it  very  thin. 

Beat.     (French,  ahallrt,  fo  abato.) 
To    beat    down.      To    make    a    seller 
"abato"  his  price. 

Beaten  to   a  Mummy.    Beaton 

so  that  one  can  distinguish  neither  form 
nor  feature.  Diodo'rus  Sie'ulus  says  tlio 
people  of  tho  Balea'ric  Isles  "beat  with 
clubs  tho  bodies  of  tho  dead,  to  render 
them  tlexible,  in  order  that  they  may  be 
deposited  in  earthen  pots,  called  miim- 
uue"  (v.  1).  They  beat  thora  to  mim- 
mocks  (pieces). 

Beating  about  the  Bush.  Not 
coming  iluectly  to  tho  matter  in  hand, 
but  feeling  your  way  tinii<lly  by  indirec- 
tions, as  persons  be;it  bushes  to  ascertain 
if  game  is  lurking  under  them. 

Beating  the  Bounds.  On  Holy 
Thursday  or  Ascension  Day,  it  uso<l  to 
be  customary  for  tho  parish  .school  chil- 
dren, accomiianied  by  tho  clergyman  and 
parish  ofBcei-s,  to  walk  through  thoir 
parish  from  end  to  end.  Tho  boys  had 
willow  wands,  with  which  tlicy  struck 
tho  linos  of  boundary.  Before  maps 
were  tonmion,  tho  boys  wore  thus  tauglit 
to  know  the  bormds  of  their  own  parish. 
Tho  custom  still  prevails  in  many  parishes. 

Beatific  Vision.  A  visj.m  of  the 
blessed  in  tho  realms  of  heaven.  Ma- 
homet had  such  a  vision  ;  and  so  had  tUa 
apostles  Baul  an^l  John. 


76 


BEATKIOE. 


BEDPOST, 


Beatrice,  beloved  from  girlhood  by 
Dauto,  ii  uiitive  of  riorouce,  was  of  tlje 
Portinari  family.  She  ilied  aged  24. 
(12(JG- 1-290.) 

Les^bi  I  was  tlie  lai>y-love  of  Horace. 
1-uira         „  ■„  of  J'etiach 

lligliland  Mary  of  iiunis. 

Beau. 

Beau  Fielding,  called  "Ilandsomo 
Fielding"  by  Charles  II. 

Beau  Nash.  Son  of  a  Welsh  g-en- 
tlernan,  a  notorious  diner-out.  He  under- 
took the  manag^enient  of  the  bath-rooms 
at  Bath,  and  conducted  the  public  balls 
with  a  splendour  and  decorum  never  be- 
fore witnessed.  In  old  ago  ho  sank  into 
poverty.     (1674-1701.) 

Beaii  Bnanmel.  George  Brvan.  (1778- 
1840.) 

Beau  Tihhs,  noted  for  his  finery,  vanity, 
and  poverty. — In  Goldsmith's  "  Citizen 
of  the  World." 

Beau  Fielding,  whose  name  was  Hen- 
drome  Fielding.  He  died  in  Scotland 
Yard,  London. 

Bea7i  Hewitt.  The  "Sir  Fopling 
Flutter"  of  Etheredge.  —  "The  Man  of 
Mode;  or,  Sir  FopI ing  Flutter." 

Le  Beau  D'Orsny.  Father  of  Count 
D'Orsaj',  and  called  by  Byron  Jeune 
( '^pidon. 

Beau  Id'eal.  The  model  of  beauty 
or  excellency  formed  by  fancy. 

Beau  Monde.  The  fashionable 
world  ;  people  who  make  up  the  coterie 
of  fashion.     (English- French.) 

Beau  Trap.  A  loose  pavement 
under  which  water  lodges,  and  which 
gquirts  up  filth  when  trodden  on,  to  the 
annoyance  of  the  smartly  dressed. 

Beauclere ((/oocZ  scAo/rt?-)-  Applied  to 
Henry  I.,  who  had  clerk-like  accomplisli- 
ments,  very  rare  in  the  times  in  which  he 
Uved.     (1068,1100-1135.) 

Beaune's  Problem.  A  problem 
which  entitles  Florimond  de  Beaune,  the 
French  mathematician,  to  be  considered 
the  founder  of  the  integral  calculus. 
(1601-1652.) 

Beautiful.  Bcaulifid  or  fftir  as  an 
angeL  Throughout  the  Middle  Ages  it  was 
common  to  associate  beauty  with  virtue, 
and  ugliness  with  sin  ;  hence  the  expres- 
sions given  above,  and  the  following  also 
— "  Seraphic  beaiit}',"  "  Cherubic  love- 
linesa."  '■'  Ugly  as  sin,"  &c. 


Beautiful  Parricide.  Beatrice 
Cenci,  the  daughter  of  a  I'cman  noble- 
man, who  plotted  the  death  of  her 
father,  because  he  violently  defiled  her. 
(Died  1599.) 

Beauty  and  the  Beast.  The  hero 
and  heroine  of  Mdme.  Villeneuve's  fairy 
tale.  Beauty  saved  the  life  of  her 
father  by  consenting  to  live  with  the 
Beast ;  and  the  Beast,  being  disenchanted 
by  Beauty's  love,  became  a  hamlsome 
prince,  who  married  her. — Conies  Ma- 
rines,  1740. 

Beauty  of  Buttertnere.  Mary 
Robinson,  married  to  John  Hatfield,  a 
heai-tless  impostor,  executed  for  forgery 
at  Carlisle  in  1803. 

Beaver.  A  hat,  so  called  from  its 
being  made  of  beavor-skins. 

Beaver.  Tliat  i)art  of  the  helmet 
which  lifted  up  to  enable  the  waarer  to 
drink.  Siniilarly  Lever,  the  afternoon 
draught  in  the  harvest- field,  caWedfuurs's. 
(Italian,  hevere,  to  drink  ;  Spanish,  htler  ; 
Latin,  hiho ;  French,  huveur,  a  drinker; 
Armoric,  heuvrauh,  beverage,  &c.) 

Bed.  The  great  bed  of  Ware.  Abed 
t%velve  feet  square,  and  capable  of  hold- 
ing twelve  persons ;  assigned  by  tradition 
to  the  earl  of  Warwick,  the  king-maker. 

AUhouch  the  sheet  were  bi§  enough  for  the  bed 
ol  \Vare  in  Hiiiilanrt. 

Shakespeare,  "  Twelfth  Night"  iii.  J. 

You  got  out  of  bed  the  wrong  way,  or 
with  the  left  leg  foremost.  Said  of  a  person 
who  is  patchy  and  ill-tempered.  It  was 
an  ancient  superstition  that  it  was  un- 
lucky to  set  the  left  foot  on  the  ground 
first  on  getting  out  of  bed.  The  same 
snjierstition  applies  to  putting  on  the 
left  shoo  first,  a  "  fancy  "  not  yet  wholly 
exploded. 

Bed  of  Justice.    (See  Lit.) 

Bed-post.  In  the  twuikUng  of  a  bed- 
post. As  quickly  as  possible.  In  the 
ancient  bed-frames  a  movable  post  or 
staff  was  inserted  on  each  side  to  keep 
the  clothes  from  falling  off.  These 
bed-staffs  were  sometimes  used  in  self- 
defence,  and  in  making  the  bed  to  beat 
the  feathers.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 
Sir  John  Chichester  had  a  mock  skir- 
mish with  his  servant  (Sir  John  with  his 
rapier  and  the  servant  with  the  bed- 
staff),  in  which  the  servant  was  acci- 
dentally Uilled.     Wright,   io  bis   "Do- 


BEDEk. 


BEEFSTEAK 


n 


mastic  Manners,"  shews  us  a  chamber- 
maid of  the  seventeenth  century  using 
a  bed-staff  to  beat  up  the  bedding. 
"Twinkhng"  means  a  rapid  twist  or 
turn.  (Old  Frencli,  guincher ;  Welsh, 
;itring,  gwingaw,  our  urriggle.) 

I'll  do  it  instantly.  In  the  t«inklin?  of  a  bert- 

BtHfr.— .'>Aa</w<'a, "  Vvtuoso,"  lorfj 

He  would  iLive  i-'ti  U'm  down' in  the  twinkling 
of  a  btd-post— "iJjJeiais,"  done  into  English. 

Bohadil,  in  "Every  Man  in  his 
Humour,"  and  Lord  Duberley,  in  the 
"  Ileir-at-Law,"  use  the  same  expression. 

Ee'der.  A  valley  famous  for  the 
victory  gained  by  Wnhomet,  in  which 
"  he  was  assisted  by  3,000  angels,  led  by 
Gabriel,  mounted  on  his  horse  Haizum." — 
Al  Koran. 

Beder.  King  of  Persia,  who  married 
Giauha're,  daughter  of  the  most  powerful 
of  the  uuder-sea  emperors.  Queen  Labe 
hied  to  change  him  into  a  horse,  but  ho 
changed  her  into  a  mare  instead. — 
Arabian  Nights,  "  Bedtr  and  Giuiihure." 

Bedford.  Saxon,  Bedmn-farda  (for- 
tress ford)  — that  is,  the  ford  at  the  for- 
tress of  the  river  Ouse. 

Bedfordshire.  /  am  off  to  Bedford- 
thire,  i.e  ,  to  bed.  A  similar  pun  is  "to 
the  land  of  Nod." 

Bed'iver.  A  knight  of  the  Round 
Table,  and  the  butler  of  king  Arthur. 

Bedlam.  A  htnatic  asylum  or  mad- 
house ;  a  contraction  for  Bethlehem,  the 
name  of  a  religious  house  in  London, 
converted  into  a  hospital  for  lunatics. 

Tom  o'  Bedlam,     {.'see  ToM.) 

Bedlamite  (3  syl.).  A  madman,  a 
(ool,  an  inhabitant  of  a  Bedlam. 

Bedouins  (Z?e(^wuw).  The  homeless 
street  poor  are  so  called.  Thus  the 
Times  calls  the  ragged  liotiseless  boys 
"the  Bedouins  of  London."  The  Bedouins 
are  the  nomadic  tribes  of  Arabia. 

Bed'reddin'  Hassan,  in  tho  story 
of  "  Nour'eddin'  and  his  Son,"  in  the 
"Arabian  Nights." 

Comparing  herself  to  Bedreddin  IlRssnn,  whom 
ttio  vi/.ier  .  .  .  discovered  by  his  siipi^rlative  skill 
in  composini?  cream-t'.nts  witii  pepper  L'l  Ihein.— 
8cuU,  "  Heart  0/ MitUothian." 

Bee.  The  Alhmian  Bee.  Plato,  so 
called  from  the  sweetness  of  his  stylo. 
(B.C.  429-348.) 

The  Bee  of  Athens.  Soph'oclfcs,  tb" 
tragic  poet.     (B.C.  495-405.; 


Bee.  }'ou  have  a  bee  in  your  honrut  ; 
your  liead  is  full  of  bees;  full  of  devices, 
crotchets,  fancies,  inventions,  and  dreamy 
theories.  The  connection  between  bees 
and  the  soul  w.as  once  generally  main- 
tained ;  hence  Mahomet  a'lniits  bees  to 
Paradise.  ]'or{)hyry  says  of  fountainn 
they  are  "adapted  to  tho  nymphs,  or 
those  souls  which  the  aiicients  callet* 
bees."  The  moon  was  called  a  bee  by  th'- 
priestesses  of  Ceres,  and  the  word 
lunatic  or  moon-struck  still  means  one 
with  "bees  in  his  head."    (See  Maggot.) 

11  a  des  rats  dans  la  tcte. 

fn-n  -h  proTi'rli. 

To  have  a  bee  in  your  bonnet,  i.s,  iil-4r>, 
to  carry  a  jewel  or  ornament  iti  your  cap. 
(Anglo-Saxon  beh,  a  head  ornament.) 

for  pity.  Sir.  fln.1  out  that  l>e« 

That  bore  my  lovo  away.— 
"I'll  sce4(  liini'in  your  lM>miet  brar«... 
UeRKicK,  Tht  Had  J/huTj  ioDg. 

Bee-Line.  The  shortest  tiistaneo 
between  two  given  ymnis.— Americanism. 

Bees.  In  tho  empire  of  Fran',-o  tim 
royal  mantle  and  standard  were  both 
thickly  sown  with  golden  bees,  in- 
stead of  Louis  flowers,  bec»\ise  mor« 
than  300  golden  bees  were  found  in  Ihu 
tomb  of  Chil'deric,  when  it  was  oi>piied 
in  1(553.  The  modern  opinion  is  that 
what  we  cull  a  jhur  dc  lis  is  a  bee 
wiih  its  wings  outstretched.  [See  p. 
303.) 

Beef,  Ox.  The  former  is  Norman,  and 
the  latter  Saxon.  The  Normans  ha^l  tho 
cooked  meat,  and  when  set  before  thoia 
used  the  word  they  were  accustomed  to. 
The  Saxon  was  the  herdsman,  and  while 
the  beast  was  under  his  charge  called  it 
by  its  Saxon  name. 

Old  Aldermitn  Ox  continues  to  hold  h's  Sai»n 
title  Willie  li6  IB  under  the  rhnritc  i>f  •'■if<  »nd 
bondsmen:    but    hcco-nes    lif'f.   a    I'icry    frrnrlj 

fallnnt,  when  he  ariivei  b-furc  tho  ».'nh>rfiil 
uwa  thai  are  destined  to  consume  lilnu-/iw»*o* 

Weavers  heef  of  Colchester  -i.e.,  sprata, 
caught  abundantly  in  tho  neighbourhood. 
—Fuller,  "  Worthies." 

Beef-eaters.  Yeomen  of  tho  Guard; 
80  called  because  they  used  to  xvatch 
thobutTot,  and  hence  were  called  (luiYetiert 
or  boujitiers  in  .Norman- French  —  i.*., 
"waiters  at  the  side-board." 

Beef-Steak  Club  owe  I  it«  orii'in  i<3 
an  acciiiontal  dinner  taken  by  lord  rotor* 
borough  in  tho  scono  room  of  Rich,  ovor 
(k>veni  Garden    Theatre.      Tho  ohtpuAl 


78 


BEEFINGTON. 


BfiOUlNES. 


pridiron  on  which  Rich  broiled  the  peer's 
steak  is  still  preserved  in  the  palladiura 
of  the  club,  and  the  members  ha\e  it 
engraved  on  their  buttons. — History  cj 
the  (Jluhi  of  London. 

N.B— the  club  is  still  held  at  the 
I>ycoum  Thoatro. 

Beefington  or  Milor  Btefmrjlon,  in- 
troduced in  "The  Rovers."  Casiniere  is 
a  Polish  emigjaiit,  and  Beefington  an 
English  nobleman,  exiled  by  the  tyranny 
of  king  John. 

"■Will  without  power,"  snid  tho  easr.cions  Casi- 
mir  to  Milor  Bpellnsloii,  "  is  like  cliildren  playing 
at  soldiers.'"— IficuwJ'jy. 

Beelzebvib.  God  of  flies,  supposed 
to  wnrd  off  flies  from  his  votaries.  One 
of  the  gods  of  the  Philistiaus.  {See 
AcHOii.)  The  Greeks,  had  a  similar  deity, 
Zeiis  Apomx/ios.  The  Jews,  by  way  of 
reproach,  changed  Beelzebub  into  13al- 
zcbul  {(jod  of  dung'),  and  placed  him 
among  the  dfemons.  Milton  says  he 
was  next  in  rank  to  Satan,  and  stood 
"with  Atlatite'an  shoulders,  fit  to  bear 
the  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies." 
(Bk.  ii.) 

One  next  himself  in  power,  and  nmt  in  crime. 
Long  after  knuwu  in  Palestine,  ami  n:iiiieii 
Ucelzebub.  "  Parodist  Lost,"  i. 

Beer.    (S««Ale.) 

Beetle-crusher.  A  large,  flat  foot. 
The  expression  was  first  used  in  Punch, 
in  one  ol  Leech's  caricatures.  Those 
who  know  London,  know  how  it  is  over- 
run with  black-beetles  or  cockroaches. 

Befa'na.  The  good  fairy  of  Italian 
children,  who  is  supposed  to  fill  their 
stockings  with  toys  when  they  go  to  bed 
on  Twelfth  night.  Borne  oue  enters  the 
children's  boiiroom  for  the  purpose,  and 
the  wakeful  youngsters  cry  out,  '^Ecco  la 
BeJ'a'na."  According  to  legend,  Befana 
was  too  busy  with  house  affairs  to  look 
after  the  Magi  when  they  went  to  o£fer 
their  gifts,  and  said  she  would  wait  to 
Bee  them  on  their  return;  but  they  went 
another  way,  and  Befana  every  Twelfth 
night  watches  to  see  them.  The  name 
is  a  corruption  of  Epiphanla 

Beggars.  KingoflheBegqars.  Bamp- 
fylde  Moore  Carew. '  (1693-1770.) 

Beggar's  Bush.  To  go  ly  beggar's 
tmsh  (or)  Go  home  by  beggar  s  bush— i.e.,  to 
go  to  ruin.  Beggar's  bush  is  the  name 
of  a  trco  which  onco  stood  ou  the  left 


hand  of  the  London  road  from  Huntingr* 
don  to  Caxton,  so  called  because  it  was  a 
noted  rendezvous  for  beggars.  These 
punning  phnises  and  proverbs  are  very 
common. 

Beggar's  Daughter.  Bessee,  the 
beggar' s  darighter  of Bednall  Green.  Bessee 
was  very  beautiful,  and  was  courted  by 
four  suitors  at  once,  a  knight,  a  gentle- 
man of  fortune,  a  London  merchant,  and 
tho  son  of  the  innkeeper  at  Romford. 
She  told  them  that  they  must  obtain  the 
consent  of  her  father,  the  poor  blind  beg- 
gar of  Bethnal  Green.  When  they  heard 
that,  they  all  slunk  off,  except  theknight, 
who  went  to  ask  the  beggar's  leave  to 
wed  the  "  i>retty  Bessee."  The  becgar 
gave  her  Ji'i,<)(){)  for  her  dower,  and  .£100 
to  buy  her  wedding  gown.  At  the  wed- 
ding feast  he  explained  to  the  guests  that 
he  was  Henrj',  sou  and  heir  of  Sir  Simon 
do  llontfort.  At  the  battle  of  Evesham, 
the  barons  were  routed,  Montfort  slain, 
and  himself  left  on  the  field  for  dead.  A 
baron's  daughter  discovered  him,  nursed 
him  with  care,  and  married  him  ;  the 
fruit  of  this  marriage  was  "  pretty  Beo- 
see."  Henry  de  Montfort  assumed  the 
garb  and  semblance  of  a  beggar  to  escape 
tho  vigilance  of  king  Henrys  spies. — 
Percy's  "  Reliques." 

Begging  Hermits  were  of  the 
Augustine  order ;  they  renounced  all 
property,  and  lived  ou  the  voluntary  alma 
of  "  the  faithful." 

Begging  the  Question.  Assum- 
in7  a  proposition,  which,  in  reality,  in- 
volves the  conclusion.  Thus,  to  say  that 
parallel  lines  will  never  meet  because 
t'asy  are  parallel,  is  simply  to  assume  as 
a  fact  the  very  thing  you  profess  to  prove. 
The  phrase  is  a  translation  of  the  Latin 
term,  pelitio  princip'ii,  and  was  first  used 
by  Aristotle. 

Beghards.  A  religims  order  of 
St.  Francis  established  at  Antwerp  in 
1"2"28,  and  so  named  from  St.  Begghe, 
their  patroness. 

Begtash'i.  A  religious  order  in  tho 
Ottoman  empire,  which  had  its  origin  in 
the  fourteenth  century.  The  word  is 
derived  from  Hadji  Begtash,  a  dervise, 
its  founder. 

Beguines  (Beg-mna).     The  earliest 

of  all  lay  societies  of  women  united  fof 
religious  purposes.  So  called  from  their 
beguin,  or  linen  cap. 


fitoEMOTH. 


BELISAUIU3. 


u 


Behe'moth  {Ilehrew),  The  hippo- 
pot'amus,  once  thought  to  be  the  rhiuo- 
ceros.     (<Se«  Job  xl.  15.) 

Behold  1  In  plaJteil  niBil. 
Behe'moth  rears  \\ii  head. 

Behesth.  The  Elysian  fields  cf 
Persian  mythology. 

Beli'menists.  A  sect  of  visionary 
religionists,  so  callc'l  from  Jacob Behmen, 
their  founder.     (1575-1025.) 

Behram.  The  most  holy  kind  of 
fire,  according  to  Parsecisra.  {See  Ada- 
Ban.) 

Ee'jan.  A  freshman  or  greenhorn. 
This  term  is  employed  in  the  French  and 
Scotch  universities,  and  is  evidently  a 
corruption  of  bee  jaune  (yellow  beak),  a 
French  expression  to  designate  a  nestling 
or  unfledged  bird.  In  the  university  of 
Vienna  the  freshman  is  termed  leanut, 
and  in  France  footing-money  is  bejaunia. 

Bel  Esprit  {French).  A  vivacious 
wit ;  a  man  or  woman  of  quick  and  lively 
parts,  ready  at  rejarlco.  (Plural,  heavuc 
(sprits. ) 

Belch.  Sir  Toby  Bdch.  A  reckless, 
roistering,  jolly  knight  of  the  Eliza- 
bethan period.  —  Shakespeare,  "  Twelfth 
Night." 

Belcher.  A  pocket-handkerchief — 
properly,  a  blue  ground  with  white  spots. 
So  called  from  Jim  Belcher,  the  pugiiiBt 
who  adopted  it. 

Beldam.  An  old  woman;  literally, 
a  "  boaiitiful  lady."  The  French  also 
use  bd  afje  for  old  age. 

Old  men  and  beMamn  in  the  iitreeta 
Do  prophesy  upon  it  dinn'-ri'Utly. 

ahakesptart,  "  Kin'j  John,"  IT.  %. 

Eel'enus.  The  Apollo  of  the  Druids. 

Bele'ses  (3  syl.).  A  Chaldean  sooth- 
sayer and  Assyrian  satrap,  who  told 
Arba'ces,  governor  of  Me'dia,  that  he 
would  one  day  sit  on  the  throne  of  Sar- 
danapalus,  king  of  Nineveh  and  Assyria. 
His  prophecy  waa  verified,  and  ho  was 
rewarded  by  Arba'ces  with  the  govern- 
ment of  Babylon. — Byron,  " Sardana- 
palus." 

Bel'ford.  A  friend  of  Lovelaco, 
in  Richardson's  "Clarissa  llarlowo." 
These  "friends"  niatle  a  covenant  to 
pardon  every  sort  of  liberty  which  llu-y 
took  with  each  other. 


Belfry.  A  Uiilitary  tower,  pushod 
by  besiegers  against  the  wall  of  a  bo- 
sieged  city,  that  missiles  may  be  throwa 
more  easily  against  the  defenders.  (Greclc 
belos,  a  missile,  and;>/<r«o,  to  dart  forth.) 
Probably  a  church  steeple  is  called  a 
belfry  from  ita  resemblance  to  thesu 
towers,  and  not  because  b«lls  are  hung 
in  it. 

Belial  {Ihlrew).  The  worthless  or 
lawless  one— I.e.,  the  devil.  Milton,  in 
his  pandemonium,  makes  him  a  very 
high  and  distinguished  priuco  of  d.'irk- 
ness. — Panulise  Lost. 

What  concord  h.-ith  Christ  with  BoUal  f— >  Cor 
vilS. 

Bflial  came  taut— than  whom  a  iplrlt  more  lewd 
Fell  not  (torn  bearcD,  or  m  jie  gruu  to  lore 
Vice  for  it^eit. 

Uilton,  "  Paradiit  Loti'  bk.  U. 

Sons  of  Belial.      Lawless,   worthless, 

rebellious  people.   (See  above.) 

Now  the  sons  of  Eli  wero  soua  of  Belial.— I  Sam. 
11.  U. 

Belin'da,  The  heroine  of  Pope's 
heroi-comical  poem,  cntilleil  the  "itapo 
of  the  Lock."  The  poem  is  based  on  a 
real  incident: — Lord  Potre  cut  off  a  lock 
of  Miss  Former's  hair,  and  this  liberty 
gave  rise  to  a  bitter  feud  between  the 
two  noble  families.  The  poet  says  that 
Belinda  wore  on  her  neck  two  curls,  one 
of  which  the  baron  cut  off  with  a  pair  of 
scissors  borrowed  of  Clarissa.  Boiind.o, 
in  anger,  demanded  back  the  ringlet ; 
but  it  had  flown  to  the  skies  and  become 
a  meteor,  which  "  shot  through  liquid  air. 
and  drew  behind  a  radiant  trail  of  hair. 

II  to  her  »\\nTP  some  frroale  crrort  fall. 
Look  on  her  lace,  a^U  j ou'U  furKet  thrm  an. 

Uinta  It 

Belinvin'cia.  A  herb  sacred  to 
Belis,  with  the  juice  of  which  the  Uauls 
used  to  poison  their  arrows. 

Belisa'ma  (qnan  of  heaven).  The 
supremo  goddess  of  the  Gauls. 

Belisa'riUS.  Belisa'riui  begging  for 
an  fib'olitf.  Bclisa'rius,  the  greatest  of 
Justinian's  genoml.'',  being  accused  of 
conspiring  against  the  life  of  the  ompo- 
ror,  was  dejirivod  of  all  his  proiHsrty ;  and 
his  eyes  being  put  out.  bo  livc<l  a  beggar 
in  Constantinople.  The  tale  is  that  ba 
fastened  a  bag  to  his  roail-siilo  hut,  and 
had  inscribed  over  it — "  Giro  an  oUihii 
to  poor  old  Relisorius."  I'his  tra  litioo 
is  of  uo  biatoho  ralue. 


80 


BELL. 


BELL. 


BeU.  Acton,  Currer,  and  Ellis.  As- 
Bunied  names  of  Anne,  Charlotte,  and 
Emily  Bronte. 
Bell,  The  Giant.  (See  Belle.) 
In  spite  of  bell,  book,  and  candle — i.t., 
in  spite  of  all  the  oppcsition  which  the 
Christian  hierarchy  can  offer.  (See 
Cdusinq.) 

Of  the  students,  233,  in  srite  of  bell,  book,  and 
candle,  are  Caiholica.— r/ie  Times. 
Bell,  book,  and  candl«  shall  not  drive  me  hack. 
Kitvj  John,  lii.  S, 

Who  is  to  bell  the  catf — who  will  risk 
his  own  life  to  save  his  neighbours? 
Any  one  who  encounters  great  personal 
liazard  for  the  sake  of  others  undertakes 
to  "  bell  the  cat."  The  allusion  is  to  the 
fable  of  the  cunning  old  mouse,  who  sug- 
gested that  they  should  hang  a  bell  on 
the  cat's  neck  to  give  notice  to  all  mice 
of  her  approach.  "  Excellent,"  said  awise 
young  mouse,  "  but  who  is  to  undertake 
the  job  ? "    (See  Bell-the-Cat.) 

Is  there  a  man  in  all  Sp^iin  able  and  willin? 
to  bell  I  ho  cit  (t.«.,  persuade  the  queou  to  abdi- 
cate).—T.iie  rimes. 

To  bear  the  bell.  To  be  first  fiddle  ;  to 
carry  off  the  palm  ;  to  be  the  best.  Be- 
fore cups  were  presented  to  winners  of 
horse-races,  &c.,  a  little  gold  or  silver 
bell  used  to  be  given  for  the  prize. 

Jockey  and  his  horse  were  by  their  masters  sent, 

To  put  in  for  the  bell.    .    .    . 

TUey  are  to  run,  and  cannot  miss  the  bell. 

^orpi'e"  Forest  of  Varieties." 

Ringing  the  hallowed  bell.  Bells  were 
believed  to  disperse  storms  and  pestilence, 
drive  away  devils,  and  extinguish  fire.  In 
France  it  is  still  by  no  means  unusual 
to  ring  church  bells  to  ward  off  the 
effects  of  lightning.  Nor  is  this  peculiar 
to  Fr.ance,  for  even  in  1852  the  bishop 
of  Malta  ordered  the  church  bells  to  be 
rung  for  an  hour,  to  "  lay  a  gale  of  wind." 
Of  course,  the  superstitious  efficacy  of  a 
bell  resides  in  its  having  been  conse- 
crated. 

Fu'nera  plango,  ful'aura  frango,  sab'bata  pango, 
Ex'cito   lentos,  dis'sipo  ventos,  pace  oruentos. 

Death's  tale  I  tell,  the  winds  dispel,  ill-feeline  quell. 
The  slothful  shake,  the  storm-clouds  break,  the  sab- 
bath wake. 

Tolling  for  church.  A  relic  of  the  Ave 
Bell,  which,  before  the  Reformation,  was 
tolled  before  service  to  invite  worshippers 
to  a  preparatory  prayer  to  the  Virgin. 

The  Passing  Bell  is  the  hallowed 
bell  which  used  to  be  rung  when  per- 
sons were  in  extrdmis,  to  scare  away 
evil  spirite,  which  were  supposed  to  lurk 


about  the  dying  to  pounce  on  the  soul 
while  "  passing  fron  the  body  to  its 
resting-place."  A  secondary  object  was 
to  announce  to  the  neighbourhood  the 
fact  that  all  good  Christians  raii^ht  offer 
up  a  prayer  for  the  safe  passage  of  the 
dying  person  into  Paradise.  We  now 
call  the  boll  rung  at  a  person's  decease 
the  "passing  bell." 

The  Athenians  used  to  beat  on  brazen 
kettles  at  the  moment  of  a  decease  to 
scare  away  the  Furies. 

Bells.  The  Koran  says  that  bells  hang 
on  the  trees  of  Paradise,  and  are  set  in 
motion  by  wind  from  the  throne  of  God, 
as  often  as  the  blessed  wish  for  music. — 
Sale. 

Bells  as  musical 
As  those  that,  on  thegolden-shnfipd  trees 
Of  Eden,  shook  by  the  eternal  hiceze. 

T.  Moore,  "  LaXla  Ruokh,"  part  1. 

TIies7Deet  bells  of  his  intellect  are  jangled, 
out  of  tune  ("Hamlet,"  iii.  1).  A  most 
exquisite  metaphor  for  a  deranged  mind, 
such  as  that  of  Don  Quixote. 

Ringing  the  bells  haxkwards,  is  ringing 
a  muffled  peal. .  Backwards  is  often  used 
to  denote  "  in  a  contrary  direction  " 
(tout  le  contraire),  as,  "I  hear  you  are 
grown  rich." — "Yes,  backwards."  To 
riyig  a  muffled  peal,  is  to  ring  a  peal 
"  over  the  left." 

I'll  not  hang  all  my  bells  on  one  horse ; 
I'll  not  leave  all  my  property  to  one  son. 
The  allusion  is  manifest. 

Give  her  the  bells  and  let  her  fly. 
Don't  throw  good  money  after  bad ; 
make  the  best  of  the  matter,  but  do  not 
attempt  to  bolster  it  up  ;  pay  the  fellow 
his  wages,  and  dismiss  him.  When 
a  hawk  was  worthless,  the  bells  were 
taken  off,  and  the  bird  was  suffered  to 
escape  ;  but  the  advice  given  above  is  to 
"  leave  the  bells,"  and  let  the  hawk  go. 

At  three  bells,  at  five  bells,  &c.  A 
term  on  board  ship  pretty  nearly  tan- 
tamount to  our  expression  o'clock.  Five 
out  of  the  seven  watches  last  four  hours, 
and  each  half-hour  is  marked  by  a  bell, 
which  gives  a  number  of  strokes  corre- 
sponding to  the  number  of  half-hours 
passed.  Thus,  "three  bells"  denotes 
the  third  half-hour  of  the  watch,"  "  five 
bells  "  the  fifth  half-hour  of  the  watch, 
and  so  on.  The  two  short  watches, 
which  last  only  two  hours  each,  are  from 
four  to  six  and  six  to  eight  in  the  after- 
noon.    I  See  Watch.) 

Do  yon  there  hear  T    Clean  shtrt  and  s  sbave  fur 
nusterat  tlT«  bells— fiud  Hail. 


BELL. 


BELLISANT. 


81 


Bell  of  Patrick's  Will  (don  an 
eadhachla  P/mtraic)  is  six  inches  nipb, 
five  broad,  and  four  deep.  It  certainly 
was  in  existence  in  the  sixth  century.  In 
the  eleventh  century  a  slirino  was  made 
for  it  of  g-old  and  silver  filigree,  adorned 
with  jewels. 

Bell  Savage.  A  contraction  of 
Isabello  Savage,  who  originally  kept  the 
inn.  It  is  somewhat  remarkable  tliat  the 
sign  of  the  inn  was  a  pun  on  the  Christian 
name,  a  "bell  on  the  Hope"  (lioo]i), 
as  may  be  seen  in  the  Close  Roll  of  li:>:}, 
Tlie  hoop  seems  to  have  formed  a  giu-ter 
or  frame  to  most  signs. 

They  now  returned  to  their  inn.  the  fumoui  Bell 
Sayage.— i'lof^  " KenHwoilh,"  liii. 

Bell-the-Cat.  Archibald  Douglas, 
earl  of  Angus,  was  so  called.  James 
III.  made  favourites  of  architects  and 
masons;  one  mason,  named  Cochrane,  he 
created  earl  of  Mar.  Tlie  Scotch  nobles 
held  a  council  in  the  church  of  Lauder 
for  the  purpose  of  putting  down  these 
upstarts,  when  lord  Gray  asked,  "  Who 
will  bell  the  cat  ?  "  "  That  will  I,"  said 
Douglas,  and  he  fearlessly  put  to  death 
in  the  king's  presence  the  obnoxious 
minions.     {See  Bell.) 

Bella  Wilfei'.  A  lovely,  laughing, 
wilful,  sj)oilt  darling,  who  loves  every 
one,  and  whom  every  one  loves.  She 
marries  John  Rokesmith.  Bella  Wilfer 
is  one  of  the  most  charming  characters 
of  fiction.— Z^iVfe^w,  "Mutual  FrUnd." 

Belladonna  (Italian,  heandfnl  hubi). 
This  name  was  given  to  the  Deadly 
Nightshade,  from  a  practice  once  com- 
mon among  ladies  of  touching  their  eyes 
with  it  to  make  the  pupils  large  and 
lustrous. 

Bell'aston,  Ladji.  A  profligate, 
whose  conduct  and  conversation  are  a  life- 
like photograph  of  the  court  "  beauties" 
of  Louis  XV. — Fielding,  "Tom  Jones." 

Belle.  A  beauty.  The  Idle  of  ilu 
room,  the  most  beautiful  lady  in  the 
room.     [French.) 

He  leaps  lUe  a  Belle  giant,  t.e.,  tells 
the  most  marvellois  stories.  It  is  said 
that  a  giant  named  Belle  mounted  his 
sorrel  horse  at  a  place  since  called 
"  Mount  Sorrel :"  he  leaped  a  mile,  and 
tlio  spot  on  which  ho  lighted  was  called 
"  One-leap  "  (Wanlip) ;  thence  ho  leaped 
another  mile,  but  in  so  doing  burst  all 


his  girths,  whence  the  spot  was  c.\Ilo<l 
"  Burstall."  Once  more  ho  hapod  a 
mile,  but  died  from  over-exertion,  and 
tho  spot  of  his  death  and  interment  wng 
called  "  Belle-grave." 

La  lelle  France.  A  common  French 
phrase  applied  to  Franco,  as  "  Jlerry 
England"  is  to  our  own  country. 

Belle  de  Nuit  (beautit  of  the  nli//,t\ 
A  species  of  ciiiivulvulus  which  bloomd 
only  iiftor  sunsi't. 

Belles  Lcttres.  Polite  literati:re. 
(F/-t«c/i.) 

Bellefontaine,  Bentdict.  Tho  most 
wealthy  farmer  of  Grand  Vr6  {Xura 
Scotia),  and  father  of  Evangeline.  When 
the  inhabitants  of  bis  vilhuro  were  exiled, 
and  he  was  about  to  embark,  ho  died  of 
a  broken  heart,  and  was  buried  on  the 
sea-shore. — Longfellow,  "  Evangeline." 

Beller'ophon.  The  Joseph  of  G  reek 
mythology,  .Autaa,  the  wife  of  I'netns, 
being  tho  "Potiphar's  wife"  who  tempted 
him,  and  afterwards  falsely  accused  him. 
Being  successful  in  varioiis  enterj)rises, 
he  attempted  to  fly  to  heaven  on  the 
winged  horse  Petr'asos,  but  Zeus  sent  a 
gad-tly  to  sting  the  horse,  and  the  rider 
was  overthrown. 

Letters  of  Bdlcrophon.  Letters  or  other 
documents  either  dangerous  or  preju. 
dicial  to  the  bearer.  I'ratos  sent  l!ol- 
lerophon  with  a  letter  to  tho  king  of 
Lycia,  his  wife's  father,  rec<juntiiig  the 
charge,  and  praying  that  tho  be.aror 
mi^dit  bo  put  to  death. 

Pau.sanias,  tho  Spirtan,  sent  mcsson- 
gers  from  time  to  time  to  kintj  .\erxcs, 
with  similar  letters ;  the  di.seovery  by 
one  of  tho  bearers  proved  tho  ruin  of  tho 
traitor. 

Belle'rus.  nelle'rium  is  tho  Ijinds 
End,  Cornwall,  tho  fabled  land  of  the 
giant  Belle'rus. 

SiRvp'at  bj  the  table  or  r<'Mf<rii<i  old. 

UUton,  '•  Coma." 

Bellin.  The  ram,  in  the  t^ilo  of 
"Iloynaril  tho  Fox."  Tho  word  moans 
gentlene^s.  Orimin  rjus  IkI  lonitas,  pl.k. 
cidilaa.     (Ileinrich  ron  .ilhnar.) 

Bollisant.  Sister  to  king  Popin  o( 
Franco,  wife  of  Alexander,  omporor  o( 
Constantinople.  Being  aeousod  of  infi- 
delity, tho  emperor  banished  hor,  and 
she  bccamo  tho  mother  of  Valontin* 
an<l  Orson.—  Valentine  and  ih-toH. 


82 


bbllMan. 


BEMUSE. 


Bellman.  Before  the  new  police 
force  was  established,  watchmen  or  bell- 
men used  to  parade  the  streets  at  night, 
and  at  Easter  a  copy  of  verses  was  left 
at  the  chief  houses,  under  the  hope  of 
obtaining  an  offering.  These  verses  were 
the  relics  of  the  old  incantations  sung 
or  said  by  the  bellman  to  keep  off  elves 
and  hobgoblins. 

Bello'na.  Goddess  of  war  and  wife 
of  Wars.    {Roman  Mythology.') 

Her  featiirRs,  Inte  ho  exquisitely  lovely,  in- 
fIfiHicrt  witli  the  fury  of  frenzy,  resembled  those  of 
a  IJelloiia.-fiyr  Waiter  Scott. 

Bellwether  of   the   Flock.     A 

jocose  and  rather  depreciating  term 
applied  to  the  leader  of  a  party.  Of 
course,  the  allusion  is  to  the  wether  or 
sheep  which  leads  the  flock  with  a  beU 
fastened  to  its  neck. 

Belly.  The  helly  has  no  ears.  A 
hungry  man  will  not  listen  to  advice 
or  arguments.  The  Romans  had  the 
same  proverb,  Venter  non  halet  aures; 
and  in  French,  Ventre  affame  n'a  point 
d'oreilles. 

Tlie  belly  and  its  meiuhers.  The  fable 
of  Menenius  Agrippa  to  the  Roman  people 
when  they  seceded  to  the  Sacred  Mount: 
"  Once  on  a  time  the  members  refused  to 
work  for  the  lazy  belly ;  but  as  the  supply 
of  food  was  thus  stopped,  they  found 
there  was  a  necessary  and  mutual  depen- 
dence between  them."  Shakespeare  in- 
troduces the  fable  in  his  "  Coriolanus," 
i.  1. 

Belomancy  {Greek).  Di%nnation  by 
arrows.  Labels  being  attached  to  a  given 
number  of  arrows,  the  archers  let  them 
fly,  and  the  advice  on  the  label  of  the 
arrow  which  flies  furthest  is  accepted  and 
acted  on.  This  practice  is  common  with 
the  Arabs.     iSee  Ezekld  xxi.  21. 

Beloved  Disciple,  St.  John.  (John 
liii.  25,  &c.) 

Beloved  Physician.  St.  Luke. 
(Col.  iv.  14.) 

Belphegcr,  A  nasty,  licentious, 
ubsceue  fello>v.  iJel-Phegor  was  a  Mo- 
abitish  deity,  whose  rites  were  celebrated 
on  mount  Phegor,  and  were  noted  for 
their  obscenity.  The  Standard,  speaking 
of  certain  museums  iu  London,  says, 
"  When  will  men  cease  to  be  deluded  by 
these  unscrupulous  Bel'phegors?" 


Eelphoebe,  meant  for  queen  Eliza- 
beth. She  was  sister  of  Am'oret. 
E.]ually  chaste,  but  of  the  Diana  and 
Minerva  type.  Cold  as  an  icicle,  pas- 
sionless, immovable.  She  is  a  white 
flower  without  perfume,  and  her  only 
tender  passion  is  that  of  chivalry. 
Like  a  moonbeam,  she  is  light  without 
warmth.  You  admire  her  as  you  admire 
a  marble  statue.  She  is  one  of  those 
strong-minded  and  correct  virgins  who 
would  go  to  a  battle-field  and  nurse  her 
dying  lover  with  propriety.  —  Spensei', 
"Faery  Queen,"  book  iii. 

Bel'tane  (2  syl. ).  A  f ertival  observed 
in  Ireland  on  June  21,  and  in  some  parts 
of  Scotland  on  JIay-day.  A  fire  is  kindled 
on  the  hills,  and  the  young  people  dance 
round  it,  and  feast  on  cakes  made  of 
milk  and  eggs.  It  is  supposed  to  be  a 
relic  of  the  worship  of  Baal.  The  word 
is  Gaelic,  and  means  Bel's  fire;  and  the 
cakes  are  called  heltane-cakes. 

Belted  Knight.  The  right  of  wear- 
ing belt  and  spurs  was  restricted  to 
knights.  Even  to  the  present  day  knights 
of  th«  shire  are  "  girt  with  a  belt  and 
sword,"  when  the  declaration  of  their 
election  is  officially  made. 

Belted  Will.  Lord  William  Howard, 
warden  of  the  western  marches.  (1563- 
1610.) 

His  Bilboa  blade,  by  Tnarchmeo  felt. 
Hung  in  a  broad  siid  studded  belt; 
Hence,  in  rude  phrase,  the  borderers  still 
Called  noble  Howard  Belted  WHl.-ScoU. 

Belten'ebros.  Am'adis  of  Gaul  so 
calls  himself  after  ho  retires  to  the  Poor 
Rock.  His  lady-love  is  Oria'na. — "Ainadii 
o/Gatil,"  ii.  6. 

Belvedere  (hel-ve-dear).  A  sort  of 
pleasure-house  or  look-out  on  the  top  of 
a  house.  The  word  is  Italian,  and  means 
A  fine  prospect. 

Belvide'ra  (in  Otway's  "  Venice  Pre- 
served ").  Sir  Walter  Scott  says,  "  More 
tears  have  been  shed  for  the  sorrows  of 
Belvide'ra  and  Mouim'ia  than  for  those  of 
Juliet  and  Desdemona." 

And  BeMdera  pours  her  soul  in  love. 

Thornton, "  Winier." 

Bely.    A  famous  Indian  giant. 

Bemuse  (2  syl.).  To  get  into  a 
drearny,  half-intoxicated  state. 

Bemusine  himself  witb  beer.— Saia,  "  Sculiel.t 
ami  DnylieK." 


BEN. 


BENEDltBL 


8S 


Sen.    Tlio  Neptuno  of  the  Saxons. 

Big  Den  of  Westminster.  A  name  given 
to  the  large  bell,  which  wcifrhs  13  tons 
10  cwt.,  and  is  named  after  Sir  Benjamin 
Hall,  the  chief  commissioner  of  works 
whoii  the  bell  was  cast.    (1856.) 

Ben  Joclianan',  in  the  satire  of 
"  Absalom  and  Achitopbel,"  by  Drydcn 
and  Tate,  is  meant  for  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Johnson,  who  suffered  much  persecution 
for  his  defence  of  the  right  of  private 
judgment. 

A  Jew  ( Bnglishmnn]  of  humhle  parentage  wa^  he; 
By  trade  a  Levite  (cidrsyman), though  of  U>\v  dicvee. 
Part  ii. 

Bena'cus,  i.e.,  the  Lago  di  Garda. 

Benai'ah  (3  syl.),  in  the  satire  of 
"  Absalom  and  Achitophol,"  by  Dryden 
and  Tate,  is  meant  for  George  Edward 
Sackville,  called  General  Saci<ville,  a 
gentleman  of  family,  and  a  zealous  parti- 
eun  of  the  duke  of  York.  lionaiah  was 
captain  in  David's  army,  and  was  made 
by  Solomon  generalissimo.  (1  Kings  ii. 
35.) 

Nor  can  Benatah's  worth  forKOttnn  Ilo, 

or  steady  suiil  when  public  storms  n-ere  hizh; 

Whose  conduct,  while  tlie  Moors  tierce  onsets 

irindR, 
Secured  at  onoe  our  honour  and  oar  trade. 

Part  Ii. 

Bena'res  (3 syl.).  One  of  the  "most 
holy"  cities  of  the  Hindus,  equally  re- 
verenced by  them  as  Mecca  is  by  the 
Mahometans. 

Senhow,  A  dm iixil,  in  an  eng-agemout 
with  the  French  near  St.  Martha,  on  the 
Spanish  coast,  in  1701,  had  his  legs  and 
thighs  shivered  into  splinters  by  a  chain- 
shot,  but,  supported  in  a  wooden  frame, 
he  remained  on  the  quarter-dock  till 
morning,  when  Du  Casse  bore  away. 
Almey'da,  the  Portuguese  governor  of 
India,  in  his  engagement  with  the  united 
tleet  of  Cambay'a  and  Egypt,  had  his 
legs  and  thighs  sliatterod  in  a  similar 
manner ;  but,  instead  of  retreating,  hud 
himself  bound  to  the  ship's  mast,  wliere 
he  "  waved  his  sword  to  cheer  on  the 
combatants,"  till  lie  died  from  loss  of 
blood,     f'^'ce  Cynvkokko.s,  Jaai'i-.k,  &c.) 

Whirled  by  the  cannon's  rve,  In  Ehirers  torn, 
Uie  thlRhs  far  hhattertd  o'er  the  waves  are  bomo; 
Boun.t  to  the  mast  the  Rod-hke  hero  iitandK. 
'Wiv*8  his  proud  sword  and  cheers  h  s  woeful  bands; 
Thouitb  wind?  and  tctm  their  woiitud  aid  deuy. 
To  yltld  lie  knows  nut,  but  he  knows  to  dio. 

Vamotna,  "Lusiid,"  bh.  x. 


Benbow.  A  sot,  generous,  free,  idle, 
and  always  hanging  about  the  ale-house. 
He  inherited  a  good  estate,  spent  it  all, 
an<l  ended  life  in  the  workhouse.  The 
tale  is  in  Crabbo'a  "  Borough : " 

Benbow.  a  boon  companion,  lonit  apDroTr< 
By  Jovial  8>t5,  and  (»s  be  thouz^'f  •>«loired, 
W  as  Jiidsjed  as  on?  to  joy  and  rri.-i.(Sliip  pronr 
And  deemed  liUurlous  to  himself  slune. 

Letter  xn. 

Bench.  Bench  o/bi/hnps.  The  whole 
body  of  llnglish  prelatfs,  whosit  togcih'T 
on  a  bench  in  tho  House  of  Lords 

Bench  and  Ear.  Judges  and 
plcadei-s.  The  bench  is  the  seat  on  which 
a  judge  sits.  The  bar  of  a  court  was 
formerly  a  wooden  barrier,  to  seiiarate 
the  superior  from  the  lower  plea«lcrs. 
The  inferior  counsel  used  to  sit  outside 
the  barrier,  and  were  called  outer  barris- 
ters ;  but  the  superior  sat  within  th« 
barrier,  and  were  termed  t«/i?r  barristers. 
The  bar  does  not  now  exist,  but  the 
Serjeants  and  queen's  counstd  sit  in  the 
frout  rows,  and  the  juniors  behind. 

Benchers.  Senior  members  of  the 
Inns  of  Court ;  so  called  from  the  t)ench 
on  which  they  used  to  sit.  They  exercise 
t'lie  function  of  calling  students  to  the 
bar,  and  even  claim  the  right  of  expelling 
the  obnoxious. 

Bend  Sinister.  //<  hcu  a  lend 
sinister.  He  was  not  born  in  lawful 
wedlock.  In  herahtry,  a  band  running 
from  the  upper  right-hand  comer  to  the 
lower  left-hand  corner  (as  the  shield 
appears  before  you  on  paper)  is  called  a 
bend-sinister,  and  indicates  baatiudy. 

Ben'demeer'.  A  river  that  flows 
near  the  niins  of  Chil'tninar'  or  Islacliar', 
in  the  province  of  Chusistan'  in  i'orsia. 

There's  a  bower  of  rosf-'  by  Itendem.-er's  •trAim, 
A   il    Ine  niglillngale  itng*  round  It  all    Ibo  <U} 
b.iix. 

T.  yoort,  "  Lnlla  Rcokh,'  part  L 

"Bender.     Sixpence;    so  called  1  c 
cause  it  is  easily  bent. 
Ben'digO.     A  rough  fur  cap,  nanud 

from  11  uutfd  pugilist. 

Bcnedicite  ('>  syl.),  "  Bless  you :"  h 
bi'iicilictiou  used  in  the  Komau  Culhulic 
Church. 

Ben'edick.  A  voung  lord  of  Padui 
who  vows  celib.Tcy,  but  falls  in  lore  with 
Beatrice,  whom  he  marries.  — .SAfll«/)«iJ«i 
"  X'ucA  Ado  Aboul  A'oUiing,' 


u 


BENEDICT. 


BErPO. 


Be'nediet.  A  man-icd  man  ;  from  tlio 
L<atin,  hentdicl-iis  (a  hai>|)y  man),  and  a 
skit  on  the  order  of  St.  Benedict,  famous 
for  their  ascetic  hahits,  and,  of  co\irse, 
rigidly  bound  to  celibacy.  Shakespeare, 
in  "  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,"  avails 
himself  of  this  joke  in  making  Benedick, 
the  young  lord  of  Padua,  "  rail  against 
marriage,  "but  afterwards  marry  Beatrice, 
with  whom  he  falls  in  love. 

Bene'^ictines  (4  syl.).  Monks  who 
follow  tiiO  rule  of  St.  Benedict,  viz., 
implicit  ohcdience,  celibacy,  abstaining 
from  laughter,  spare  diet,  poverty,  the 
oxercise  of  hospitality,  and  unremitted 
industry. 

Een'elice  (3  sjd.).  Under  the 
Romans,  certain  grants  of  lands  made  to 
Feteran  sobiiers  were  i-alled  bene'icia,  and 
in  the  Middle  Ages  an  estate  held  ex  mero 
henejicio  of  the  donor  was  called  "a  bene- 
fice." When  the  popes  assumed  the 
power  of  the  feudal  lords  with  reference 
to  ecclesiastical  patronage,  a  "living" 
was  termed  by  them  a  benefice  held 
under  the  pope  as  superior  lord.  This 
assumption  roused  the  jealousy  of  France 
and  England,  and  was  stoutly  resisted. 

Benefit  of  Clergy.  Exemption  of 
the  clerical  order  from  civil  punislmient, 
based  on  the  text,  ' '  Touch  not  mine 
anointed,  and  do  my  prophets  no  harm" 
(I  Chron.  xvi.  22).  In  time  it  compre- 
hended not  only  the  ordained  clergy,  but 
all  who,  being  able  to  write  and  read, 
were  capab'e  of  entering  into  holy  orders. 
This  law  was  abolished  in  the  reign  of 
George  IV. 

Ben'en-geli.    (See  Hamet.) 

Benet  (French).  A  simpleton,  so 
called  from  the  ben§t  or  exorcist  of  liio 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  whose  office  is 
to  cast  out  evil  spirits  by  eau  bcidtt  (holy 
water)  or  water  from  the  "  beniticr." 

Benevolence.  A  "  forced"  gra- 
tuity, under  the  excuse  of  a  loan,  exacted 
by  some  of  the  Plantagenet  kings.  It 
was  declared  illegal  by  the  Bill  of  Kights 
in  16S9. 

Benev'olus,  in  Cowper's  "  Task,"  is 
John  Courtney  Throckmorton,  of  Weston 
Underwood. 

Bengal  Tigers.  The  17th  Foot, 
w  hose  badge  is  a  green  figer. 


Bengalese  (3  syl.).  A  native  of 
Bon:ral.     ( 

Benicia  Boy.  John  C.  Ilcenan, 
the  American  pugilist,  who  challenged 
and  fought  Tom  Saycrs  for  "the  belt" 
in  18G0 ;  so  called  from  Benicia,  in  Cali- 
fornia, his  birth-place. 

Benjamin.  The  pet,  the  youngest- 
Queeu.sland  is  the  Benjamin  of  our  colo- 
nial piissessionn.  The  allusion  is  to 
Benjamin,  the  youngest  son  of  Jacob 
(Gen.  XXXV.  18). 

Ben'jamin.  A  smart  coat ;  so  called 
from  a  tailor  of  the  name,  and  rendered 
popular  by  its  association  with  Joseph's 
"  coat  of  many  colours." 

Benjamin's  Mess.  Tlie  largest 
share.  The  alln.siou  is  to  the  baufpiet 
given  by  Joseph,  viceroy  of  Egypt,  to 
his  brethren.  "  Benjamin's  mess  was 
five  times  so  much  as  any  of  theirs." 
(Gen.  xliii.  34.) 

Benshie,  Benshee,  or  Banshee.  Each 
Highland  family  has  a  domestic  spirit, 
called  a  Benshie,  who  takes  a  lively  in- 
terest in  its  prosperity,  and  intimates 
approaching  disaster  or  death  by  wait- 
ings and  shrieks  (Irish  Celtic,  ban, 
"woman,"  and  siffhe,  "fairy").  The 
Scottish  Bodach  Glay.or  "Grey  Spectre," 
is  a  similar  superstition. 

Bent.  Inclination  ;  talent  for  some- 
thing. Out  of  my  bent,  not  in  my  way, 
not  in  the  range  of  my  talent.  Bent  on 
it,  inclined  to  it.  As  a  thing  bent  is  in- 
clined, so  a  bent  is  an  inclination  or  bias. 
Genius  or  talent  is  a  bent  or  bias. 

Tliey  fool  me  to  the  top  of  my  bent — i.e., 
as  far  as  the  bow  can  be  bent  without 
snapping. — "  Uavilel,"  iii.  2. 

Benvolio.  Nephew  to  Montague, 
a  testy,  litigious  gentleman,  who  would 
"  quarrel  with  a  man  that  had  a  hair  more 
or  a  hair  less  in  his  beard  than  he  had." 
Mercutio  says  to  him,  "  Thou  hast  quar- 
relled with  a  man  for  coughing  in  the 
street,  because  he  h.ath  wakened  thy 
dog  that  hath  lain  asleep  in  the  sun." — 
Shakespeare,  "  Romeo  and  Juliet,"  iii.  1. 

Beppo.  The  contraction  of  Guiseppe, 
and  therefore  equal  to  our  Joe.  Hus- 
band of  Laura,  a  Venetian  lady.  He  was 
taken  captive  in  Troy,  turned  Turk,  joined 
a  band  of  pirates,  grew  rich,  and,  alter 
several  years'  absence,  returned  to  his 
native  land,  where  he  discovered  his  wife 


BERCHTA. 


BERTH. 


65 


ai  a  carmviil  ball  with  her  cavaliero  ser- 
vente.  He  made  himself  known  to  her, 
and  thoy  lived  together  again  as  man  and 
wife. — Byron,,  "  Beppo." 

Bercll'ta  (Oie  white  lady).  This  fairy, 
in  Southern  Germany,  answers  to  Ilukla 
((he  gracious  lady)  of  Northern  Germany  ; 
but  after  the  introduction  of  Cliristianity, 
when  pagan  deities  were  represented  as 
demons,  Berchta  lost  her  former  charac- 
ter, and  became  &  bogie  to  frijjhten 
children. 

Eere'ans.    The  followers  of  the  Rev. 

John  Barclay,  of  Kincardineshire  (1773). 
They  bulieve  that  all  we  know  of  God  is 
from  revelation  ;  that  all  the  Psalms  refer 
to  Christ ;  that  assurance  is  the  proof  of 
faith  ;  and  that  unbelief  is  the  unpardon- 
able sin.  They  took  their  name  from 
the  Bereans,  mentioned  in  the  book  of 
the  Acts  (xvii.  11),  who  "received  the 
word  with  all  readiness  of  mind,  and 
searched  the  Scriptures  daily." 

Berecyn'tliian  Hpro.  Midas,  the 
Phrygian  king ;  so  called  from  mount 
Berocyntus,  in  Phrygia. 

Bei'encra'rians.  Followers  of  Bo- 
renger,  archdeacon  of  Angers,  the  learned 
opponent  of  Lanfranc  (eleventh  century), 
lie  said  that  the  bread  by  consecration 
did  not  become  the  very  body  of  Christ 
"generated  on  earth  so  many  years  be- 
fore, but  becomes  to  tlie  faithful,  never- 
theless, the  blessed  body  of  Christ." 

Bereni'ce  (4  syl.).  The  sister-wife  of 
Ptolemy  III.,  who  vowed  to  sacrifice  her 
hair  to  the  gods,  if  her  husband  returned 
nomo  the  vanquisher  of  Asia.  She  sus- 
pended her  hair  in  the  temple  of  the 
war-god,  but  it  was  stolen  the  first  night, 
and  Conon  of  Sanios  told  the  king  that 
tlie  winds  had  wafted  it  to  heaven,  where 
it  still  forms  the  seven  stars  near  the 
tftil  of  Tjpo,  p.alh'd  Coma  Bercn 

Berg-Folk.  Pagan  spirits  doomed  to 
live  on  the  Scandinavian  liillstill  the  day 
of  redemption.     {HcandinauiaK  myth.) 

Bergelmir.  A  frost-giant,  father  of 
the  Jiituns,  or  second  dynasty  of  giants. 
(Scandinavian,  mythology. ) 

Berkshire.  Saxon,  Bearoc- scire 
(forest-shire),  a  name  peculiarly  appro- 
priate to  this  county,  wliich  contains  tlio 
forest  districts  of  Windsor  and  Bagshot. 


Berlin  Decree.  A  decrro  Issuod  at 
Berlin  by  Napolcuii  I.,  forbidding  any  of 
the  nations  of  Europe  to  tnvio  with 
Great  BriUiin  (1806).  Tiiis  mad  fancy 
was  the  first  step  to  the  great  man's  fall. 

Berlin  Time.  The  new  Berlin  Ob- 
servatory is  41'  14"  ea.st  of  Paris,  and 
53'  35"  east  of  Greenwich.  The  ISerlio 
day  boi^ins  at  noon,  but  our  civil  day 
begins  the  midnight  preceding. 

Berliners.    The  people  of  Berlin,  in 

Prussia, 

Berme'ja,  Insula  de  la  Torre,  from 
which  Am'adis  of  Gaul  starts  when  he 
goes  in  quest  of  tlie  Enchantress- Damsel, 
daughter  of  Fin'etor  the  necromancer. 

Bernard,  St.  Abbot  of  the  monas- 
tery of  Clairvaux  in  the  twelftli  century. 
His  fanio  for  wisdom  was  very  threat,  and 
few  church  matters  were  uudortakott 
without  his  being  consulted. 

Petit  Bernard.  Solomon  Bernard,  en- 
graver, of  Lyons.     (Sixteenth  Oi-ntury.) 

Poor  Bernard.  Claude  BemirJ,  of 
Dijon,  philanthropist.     (l.'iSS  lt;41.) 

LitciiJ/u.i.  Samuel  Bernard,  capitalist. 
(ltiol-1739.) 

Le  gentil  Bernard.  Pierre  Josejih  Ber- 
nard, the  French  poet.     (1710-1775.) 

Bernardo  del  Car'pio.     One  of 

the  most  favourite  subjects  of  the  Spanish 
minstrels;  the  otlior  two  being  the  Cid 
and  Lara's  seven  infants. 

Bernesque  Poetrv.  Sorio  comio 
poetry  so  called  from  France.sco  Bcrni, 
of  Tusciiiiy,  who  greatly  excelled  in  it. 
(1490-1530.) 

Bernouilli's  Numbers  or  Xum 

hers  of  Btrutiinlli.  A  series  of  nnnilur* 
of  great  iinpurtanco  in  algcbni,  first  u>cd 
by  .James  Bernouilli,  prnfi  s-ior  of  matlie- 
matics  at  Basle.     (1G54-1705.) 

Berserker.     Grandson  of  the  night- 

h.'uiiliil  St.ukaMnr  hihI  the  beautiful, 
Al(hilii(>,  callfd  barr-.^crce  (bnrr»  of  ni.-iil) 
bfC.iuso  ho  wont  iuU)  baiilo  iinhurnosMcd. 
Ynii  gay  lliat  1  Hill  b'TS'ikcr.  .Vi.il. .li.iro- 
sark  I  CO  lo-iiii<rrow  lo  llio  war. 

llvv.  C.  Kliifc'sliy,  Uereuardtht  H'oir*. 

Berth.  He  has  (umlUd  into  a  »i« 
berth.  A  nice  situation  or  fortune,  '"he 
place  in  which  a  ship  is  nnchor-d  it 
callo  I  its  berth,  ami  tlio  s.ilc<r»  caM  it  a 
good  Qr  bad  borlh  as  tli-.-y  think  it  favour- 


BERTHA. 


BETE  NOIRE. 


able  or  otherwise.  The  space  also 
allotted  to  a  8oaman  for  his  hammock  is 
called  his  berth.  (Norman,  berth,  a 
ci-adle.) 

Bertha.  Tlie  betrothed  of  John  of 
Leyden,  but  being  a  vassal  of  count 
Oberthal,  she  was  unable  to  rnarry  with- 
out her  lord's  consent.  When  she  went 
with  her  mother  to  ask  permission  of 
marriage,  the  count,  struck  with  her 
beauty,  determined  to  make  her  his 
mistress.  She  afterwards  makes  her 
escape  from  the  castle,  and,  fancying 
that  the  "prophet"  had  caused  the  death 
of  her  lover,  goes  to  Munster  fully  re- 
solved to  compass  his  death  by  setting 
fire  to  the  palace.  She  is  apprehended, 
and  being  brought  before  the  prophet- 
king,  recognises  her  lover  in  him,  saying, 
"  I  loved  thee  once,  but  now  my  love  is 
turned  to  hate,"  and  stabs  herself. — 
Meyerheer's  opera  "  Le  Prophele." 

Berthe  au  Grand.  Pied.  IM  other  of 
Charlemagne,  and  great-granddaughter 
of  Charles  Martel ;  so  called  because  she 
had  a  club-foot. 

Eertolde  {Bar-told).  Impertwhahk 
a*  Bertohle,  i.e.,  not  to  be  taken  by  sur- 
prise, thrown  off  j-our  guard,  or  dis- 
concerted at  anylhing.  Eertolde  is  the 
hero  of  a  litlle  jeu  (Te.^prit  in  Italian 
prose,  J.  Cesare  Croce.  lie  is  a  comedian 
by  profession,  whom  nothing  astonishes ; 
and  is  as  much  at  his  ease  with  kings  and 
queens  as  with  persons  of  his  own  rank 
and  vocation. 

Bertratn.  One  of  the  conspirators 
against  the  republic  of  Venice  "  in  whom 
there  was  a  hesitating  softness,  fatal  to 
a  great  enterprise."  He  betrayed  the 
conspiracy  to  the  senate. — Buroii,  '^Ma- 
rino Faliero." 

Bertram  Risingham.  The  vassal 
of  Philip  of  Mortham.  Oswald  Wycliffe 
induced  him  to  shoot  his  lord  at  Marston 
Moor,  and  for  this  vile  deed  the  vass^^ 
demanded  of  him  all  the  gold  and 
movables  of  his  late  m.aster.  Oswald, 
being  a  villain,  tried  to  outwit  Bertram, 
find  even  murder  him ;  but  in  the  end  it 
turns  out  that  Mortham  was  not  killed, 
neither  was  Oswald  his  heir ;  for  Red- 
mond O'Xeale,  the  page  of  Rokeby,  is 
found   to    be    Mcrtham's   eou.  —  Scott, 


Bertra'mo.  Tlie  fiend-father  of 
Robert  le  Diable.  After  alluring  his  son 
to  gamble  away  all  his  possessions,  ha 
meets  him  near  the  rocks  St.  Ire'ne,  and 
Hel'ena  seduces  him  iu  the  "  Dance  of 
Love."  'When  Bertra'mo  at  last  comes 
to  claim  his  victim,  be  is  resisted  by 
Alice,  the  foster-sister  of  the  duke,  who 
reads  to  him  his  mother's  will,  and 
angels  come  to  celebrate  the  triumph  of 
good  over  evil. — Mei/erheer's  opera  oj 
"Roberto  il  Diavolo." 

Beryl  Molozane  (3  syl.).  The 
lady  beloved  by  Georgo  Geith ;  a  laugh- 
ing, loving  beauty,  all  sunshine  and  art- 
lessness,  tender,  frank,  full  of  innocent 
chatter,  helping  every  one,  and  loving 
every  one.  Her  lot  is  painfully  unhappy, 
and  she  dies.— i^.  O.  Trafford  {J.  H. 
R'.ddcll),  "George  Geith." 

Berzak  {the  interval).  The  space 
between  death  and  the  resurrection. — 
2'ke  Koran. 

Besants  or  Bezants.  Circular 
pieces  of  bullion  without  any  impression, 
supposed  to  represent  the  old  coinage  of 
Byzantium,  and  to  have  been  brought 
to  Europe  by  the  Crusaders. 

Bess.  Good  qneen  Bess.  Queen 
Elizabeth.   (lo33-lGU3.) 

Bess  o'  Bedlam.  A  female  lun.atic 
vagrant.  Bedlam  is  a  common  name  for 
a  madhouse,  and  Bess  is  a  national 
name  for  a  woman,  especially  of  tl.e 
lower  order.  The  male  lunatic  is  a  Tom 
o'  Bedlam. 

Bessemer  Iron.  Iron  refined  by 
the  process  patented  in  1S50-7  by  Mr. 
Bessemer. 

Bessus.  A  cowardly,  bragging  cap- 
tain, a  sort  of  Bob'adii  {q.v.).  —  Beaumoni 
and  Flelckcr,  "A  King  and  No  King." 

Bestials.  Books  on  zoology  were  so 
called  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

Bete  l^oire.  The  thorn  in  the 
side,  the  bitter  in  the  cup,  the  spoke  iu 
the  wheel,  the  black  sheep,  the  object  of 
aversion.  A  black  sheep  has  always 
been  considered  an  eyesore  in  a  flock, 
and  its  wool  is  really  less  valuable.  In 
times  of  superstition  it  was  looked  on  as 
bearing  the  devil's  mark. 

The  liutch  sale  of  tin  is  the  h(tt  voireo!  t!ie 
Corciah  miaors.-'/'^  Ti-nia. 


F.K  IHLEMENITES, 


BIBI.R. 


87 


Bethlemenites  (4  syl.).  Followers 
of  John  Uuss,  so  called  because  ho  used 
to  preach  in  the  church  called  Bethlehem 
of  Prague. 

Betty.  A  name  of  contempt  given  to 
a  man  who  interferes  with  tho  duties  of 
fomalo  servants,  or  occupies  himself  in 
female  pursuits ;  also  called  a  "Molly." 

SetllTDUim.  Dumsby  or  the  Capo 
of  St.  Andrew,  in  Scotland. 

The  north-inflated  tempest  foams 

O'er  Orka's  and  Betubiuui's  l.i^hcst  r^nk. 

ThoinsoH,  "  Autum;:." 

Beuves  (1  syl.)  or  Buo'vo  of  Aygre- 
mont.  The  father  of  Malagigi,  and  uncle 
of  Kinaldo. 

Bev'er.  A  "drink"  between  meals 
f Italian,  levere,  to  drink— our  leverage; 
Ijatin,  liibere—o\vc  im-hihi).  At  Eton 
tliey  have  "Bover  days,"  when  extra 
beer  is  served  to  tho  students. 

He .  .  .  will  devour  three  bre.ikfasta  . . .  ^\  Ithout 
prejudice  to  his  hcvcrs. 

JiiaumoiU  and  Fleteher,  "WonuLv.  Ual^r,"  i.  8. 

Bev'il.  A  model  gentleman  in  Steele's 
"  Conscious  Lovers." 

Wh.-\tc'er  can  deck  mankind. 
Or  chnrra  tho  heart,  lu  geueroi;<i  Bevil  shewed. 

Thomson,  "  WinUr." 

Be'vis.  Tho  horse  of  lord  Marmion. — 
Sir  Walter  Scolt. 

Bevis  of  'Southampton.  A  knight  of 
romance,  whoso  exploits  aro  recounted 
in  Drayton's  "Polyolbion."  Tho  French 
call  him  Beuves  de  Ilantone. 

Bev'y.  A  lev;/  of  ladies.  A  throng 
or  company  ;  properly  applied  to  roe- 
bucks, quail-j,  and  pheasants.  The 
word  is  allied  to  bivouac,  i.e.,  he-awahe  (to 
be  on  tlio  watch),  because  one  of  the  bevy 
is  on  the  watch  to  warn  the  herd  of 
danger. 

Bezaliel,  in  tho  satire  of  "Absalom 
and  Achitophcl,"  by  Dryden  and  Tate, 
is  meant  for  the  marquis  of  Worcester, 
aftenvards  duke  of  Beaufort. 

Bcialiel  with  fach  craco  anJ  virtue  fraufiht, 
Berene  his  lo'  V.*,  serene  his  liTe  and  tliou.  ht ; 
On  wiiom  Eo  lurt'elv  Niiiure  heared  her  store. 
There  simrce  remained  for  aits  to  give  bun  mon. 
I'trt  iL 

Bezo'nian.  A  beggar  (French,  hesoin; 
Italian,  hisogno,  want).  Sir  Walter  Scott 
adopted  in  his  "  Waverloy"  the  motto — 

Under  which  ting,  P.'ioniin  7  speak  or  die. 
iViiJ^iKiJ'^-"''.  "  -  Henry  I  /.,'■  T 


Bhava'ni.  Wife  of  Shiva.  {Hindu 
mythology.) 

Bheem  or  Bhtma.  One  of  the  five 
Pandoos,  or  brotherhoods  of  Indian  demi- 
gods, famous  for  his  strength,  lie  slew 
the  giant  Ivinchick,  anil  dragtred  hn 
body  from  the  hills,  thereby  m.akiag  the 
Kiuchick  ravine. 

Bian'ca.  Wife  of  Fazio.  ^Tien  Fazio 
became  rich,  and  got  entangled  with  tho 
marchioness  Aldabella,  she  accused  hi:n 
to  the  duko  of  Florence  of  being  privy 
to  the  death  of  liartoMo,  an  old  miser. 
Fazio  was  arrested  and  condemned  to 
death.  Bianca  now  repented  of  her 
jealous  rashness,  and  tried  to  s-avo  her 
husband,  but  failing  in  her  endeavours, 
went  mad,  a';d  died  of  a  broken  heart. 
Dean.  Milnum,  "Fazio." 

N.  B. — The  name  is  employed  by 
Shakespeare  both  in  his  "Taming  of  tho 
Shrew  "  and  also  in  "  Othello." 

Bias.      The  woiijht  in  bowls  which 

makes  them  deviate  from  the  straight 
line;  hence  any  favourite  idea  or  jii.r- 
suit,  or  whatever  predisposes  the  mind 
in  a  particular  direction. 

Bible  means  simply  a  book,  but  ia 
now  exclusively  contined  to  the  "Book 
of  Books." 

The  /readings  of  the  chapters  were  pro- 
fixed  by  Miles  Smith,  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester, one  of  the  translators. 

T/ie  divLfion  into  chapters  is  ascribed 
to  archbishop  I^an franc  in  tho  eleventh 
century,  and  archbibhop  Langton  in  tlie 
thirteenth  century,  lint  T.  H.artwell 
Home  says  the  real  author  was  cardinal 
Hugo  de  Sancto  Caro,  in  tho  thirtcouth 
century. 

The  division  into  chapters.  Tho  Jewish 
scribes  divided  the  Old  Testament  into 
6G9  varashahs  (sections) ;  subsequently 
the  rentateuch  was  portionoil  out  into 
54  lessons.  In  tho  thirteenth  century 
tho  Vulsrato  was  divided  iJiTO  chapters, 
subdivided  by  para;,Taph8  marked  A,  1!, 
C,  &c.,  l)y  Lm^^ton,  and  improved  by 
Cardinal  Hugo  de  iSancto  ('am. 

7'he  division,  into  urs's  was  bcgiiii  bY 
rabbi  Nathan  about  1H5,  and  finifhei 
by  Athias,  a  Jew,  in  18'!'2.  liol>crt 
Stephens  introduced  versos  into  hia 
Greek  Testament,  publi.shed  in  1^51. 

The  Bre/cha  Bible.  So  cjillcd  bocau«6 
Gen.  iii.  7  wa.s  rendered,  "Tlio  cvos  ol 
thota  both©  were  oponod  ....  and  Xl.cf 


88 


BIBLE. 


BIGHES. 


sewed  fiLTire-tree  leaves  together,  aod 
made  themselves  bieeclios."  By  Whit- 
tinfjham,  Gilby,  and  Saiup.ion,  1579. 

Tht  Vinegar  Bible.  So  called  because 
the  heading  to  Luke  xx.  is  given  as 
•'  The  parable  of  the  Vinegar"  (instead 
of  Vineyard).  Printed  at  the  Clarendon 
Press  in  1717. 

The  Wicked  Bihle.  So  called  because 
the  word  not  is  omitted  in  the  seventh 
commandment,  making  it,  "  Thou  shalt 
commit  adultery."  Printed  by  Barker 
and  Lucas,  1632, 

Bishop's  Bible.  The  revised  edition  of 
archbishop  Parker's  version.  Published 
156S. 

Cratimer's  Bible.  So  called  because 
archbishop  Cranmer  wrote  the  preface. 
This  was  Tindal's  Bible,  revised  by  Miles 
Coverdale.     (1540.) 

Kiiiff  James's  Bible.  The  present  ver- 
sion ;  so  called  because  it  was  undertaken 
by  command  of  James  L  Published  1611. 

Maiihews'  Bible  is  Tindal's  version ;  it 
was  so  called  by  John  Rogers,  super- 
intendent of  the  English  churches  in 
Germany.  It  was  published  with  notes 
under  the  fictitious  name  of  Thomas 
Matthews.     (1537.) 

Bible-Clerk.  A  sizar  of  the  Oxford 
university ;  a  student  who  gets  certain 
]  ecuniary  advantages  for  reading  the 
Bible  aloud  at  chapel.  The  office  is 
almost  a  sinecure  now,  but  the  emolu- 
ment is  given  to  the  sons  of  poor  gentle- 
men, either  as  a  free  gift,  or  as  the 
reward  of  merit  tested  by  examination. 

Biblia  Pau'perum  (the  poor-man's 
Bible).  Some  forty  or  fifty  pictures  of 
Bible  subjects  used  in  the  Sliddle  Ages, 
when  few  could  read,  to  teach  the  leading 
events  of  Scripture  history.  {See  Wjrrou 
OF  Hdman  Salvation.) 

Biblical.  Father  of  BUiHcal  criticism 
and  exegesis.     Origen.    (185-254.) 

Biblomancy.  Forecasting  future 
eveuts  by  the  Bible.  The  plan  was  to 
open  the  sacred  volume  at  random,  and 
lay  your  finger  on  a  passage  without 
looking  at  it.  The  text  thus  pointed  out 
was  supposed  to  be  applicable  to  the  per- 
son who  pointed  it  out.  (Greek,  biblia, 
Bible;  watt<ei«,  prophecy.)  {See  SoRTES.) 

Bib'ulus.  Colleague  of  Julius  Caesar, 
a  mere  cipher  in  office,  whence  his  name 
has  become  proverbial  for  ouo  in  office 
who  is  a  m&vo  fairJanl, 


Biceps.  A  man's  arm;  properly,  the 
protruding  muscles  of  his  arm  or  leg,  so 
called  because  it  has  two  heads.  (Latin, 
biceps,  two  heads.) 

Bick'erstafF,  Ltaac.  A  name  as- 
sumed by  dean  Swift  in  a  satirical  pam- 
phlet against  Partridge,  the  almanack- 
maker.  This  produced  a  paper  war, 
so  diverting  that  Steele  issued  tho 
"  Tatler,"  under  the  editorial  name  of 
"  Isaac  Bickerstaif,  Esq.,  Astrologer  " 
(1709).  ^  ^ 

Bidding-Prayer.     The  prayer  for 

the  souls  of  benefactors  said  before  the 
sermon ;  a  relic  of  this  remains  in  the 
pray-er  used  in  cathedrals,  univer.sity 
churches,  &c.  Bidding  is  from  head  or 
bede.  (Saxon,  biddan,  to  pray  for  the 
souls  of  benefactors.)    {See  BeaBS.man.) 

Bideford  Postman.  Edward 
Capern,  the  poet,  so  called  because  at  one 
time  he  was  a  letter-carrier  in  Bideford. 

Bidi.  A  Malabar  deity,  about  equal 
to  the  classic  Destiny. 

Bidpai.     (See  Pilpai.) 

Biel  (2  iy\.).  The  god-protector  of 
forests.     {Scandinavian  mythology .) 

Bif  rost,  in  Scandinavian  mj-thology, 
is  the  name  of  the  bridge  between  heaven 
and  earth ;  the  rainbow  may  be  consi- 
dered to  be  this  bridge,  and  its  various 
colours  are  the  reflections  of  its  precious 
stones.  (Old  Norse,  li/a-rost,  to  move 
through  space.) 

Big-bird.  To  get  the  big  bird  {i.e., 
the  goose).  To  be  hissed  on  the  stage.  A 
theatrical  expression. 

Big-en'dians.  A  religious  party  in 
the  empire  of  Lilliput,  who  made  it  a 
matter  of  conscience  to  break  their  eggs 
at  the  big  end;  they  were  looked  on  as 
heretics  by  the  orthodox  party,  who 
broke  theirs  at  the  small  end.  The  Big- 
endians  are  the  Catholics,  and  the  Little- 
endians  the  Protestants. 

Big-wig.  A  person  in  authority, 
a  "nob."  Of  course,  the  term  arises 
from  the  custom  of  judges,  bishops,  and 
so  on,  wearing  large  wigs.  Bishops  no 
longer  wear  them. 

Biggen.  A  coffee-pot  made  in  imita- 
tion of  a  Beguin  (cap). 

Bighes  (pron.  bees).  Jewels,  female 
ornameuts. 

67i^  is  all  in  her  bighes  to-daif  -i.e.,  }]i 


BIGOT. 


RILLKT.DOCX. 


fO 


full    fitr,    in   excellent    spirits,    in    good 
hun:  JUT. 

Bight.  To  hook  the  light— i.e.,  to  get 
entaiijfled.  The  bight  is  the  bend  or 
doubled  part  of  a  ro|ie,  and  when  the 
rope  of  one  anchor  gets  into  the  "bight" 
of  another,  it  gets  '"'  hooked." 

Biglow  Papers  are  by  Professor 
James  Russell  Lowell,  of  Boston,  U.S. 

Big'ot  means  simply  a  worshipper 
(Anglo-Saxon,  higan,  to  worship,  whence 
bi'ijaie,  a  religious  woman ;  German, 
bill").  M.  Bescherelle  insists  that  the 
Fnu'li'-h  word  is  a  corruption  of  the  oath 
By-God;  and  the  German  Bei  Gott,  he 
says,  confirms  it. — Jjicl.  iVation. 

Archbishop  Trench  says  it  means  the 
nuistacliiii-maii  (i.e.,  the  Spaniard),  and 
derives  the  word  from  the  Spanish  bigoteiA 
mustachio).  Jlombre  dtbigole  is  a  "  rnan  of 
resolution,"  one  that  wears  a  mustachio ; 
li'iier  big<<les  is  "to  stand  firm."  Bishop 
Hall  calls  a  pervert  to  Rome  a  "  liigot ;" 
and  we  all  know  that  Spain  is  still  the 
land  proverb  ill  for  mustachios  and 
bigotry. — SUultf  of  Words. 

The  grey  friars  were  called  in  Italy 
bigiolli,  from  bigio,  grey;  and  hizocco,  a 
word  derived  from  higiotlo,  means  hypo- 
crite. 

Bil'bilis  (Spain).  Famed  for  its 
highly-tempered  steel  blades. 

"QiYbo.  A  rapier  or  sword.  So  called 
from  Bilba'oj  in  Spain,  once  famous  for 
its  finely-tempered  blades.  Falstatf  says 
to  Ford— 

I  suffered  the  ran?9  of  three  eeveral  deaths ;  first, 
»n  iiiolera'le  fr  igit,  to  be  detected  . . .  . ;  iiexi.  to  be 

com;'ncB''i,  like  .<  good  bilbo hilt  to  i"  iut,  heil 

lo  bead  ;  and  Ibcu.  .  . ,—"  Merri/  IKiue*,"  iiL  6. 

Bilboes.  A  bar  of  iron  with  fetters 
annexed  to  it,  by  which  ttjutinous  sailors 
are  linked  together.  The  word  is  de- 
rived from  Bilbu'o,  in  Spain,  where  they 
were  first  made.  Some  of  the  bilboes 
taken  from  the  Spanish  arma'da  are  stLU 
kept  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

Bilge  Water.  Filthy  drainincrs. 
The  bilge  is  the  lowest  part  of  a  siup, 
and  as  the  rain  or  sea-water  which  trickles 
down  to  this  part  is  hard  to  got  at,  it  ie 
»pt  to  become  foul  and  very  offensive. 

Bilk.  To  cheat,  to  obtain  goods  and 
decamp  without  paying  for  them.  (Gothic, 
hilaiian,  to  mock  or  deceive.) 


Bill.  To  ptry  a  hill.  Tlie  w..rd  bib 
means  a  stick  (Fren^  h,  hiNo,  a  billet  or 
rod),  and  the  allusioc  is  to  the  custom  o( 
keeping  accounts  by  tallies,  or  nntcbcs 
cut  on  small  billet^s  of  wood.    {.See  Tai.lv.) 

.-1  true  bill.  I  confess  what  you  «ay  ii 
true.  The  case  against  the  accuaed  ii 
first  submitted  to  the  grand  jury.  If 
they  think  the  ctiarge  has  a  fair  colour, 
they  write  on  the  declaration  "A  true 
bill,"  and  the  case  is  submitted  to  the 
petty  jury.  Otherwise  they  write  "  No 
true  bill,"  and  the  case  is  at  once  dis- 
missed or  "ignored." 

Bill  of  Health.  A  dean  bill  oj 
health.  A  documeut  duly  signed  by  the 
proper  authorities,  to  lerti'y  that  when 
the  ship  set  sail,  no  infectious  diborder 
existed  in  the  place. 

A  foul  hill  of  health  is  a  document  to 
show  that  the  place  was  suffering  from 
some  infection  when  the  ship  set  s;iil.  If 
a  captain  cannot  show  a  clean  bill,  he  is 
supposed  to  have  a  foul  one. 

Bill  of  Lading.  A  d>  ictmient  siened 
by  the  master  of  a  ship  in  acknowledfj- 
ment  of  goods  laden  in  his  vessel.  In 
this  document  he  binds  him>ielf  to  deliver 
the  articles  in  good  condition  to  the  per- 
sons named  in  the  liill,  cert'iin  exceptions 
being  duly  provided  for.  These  bills  are 
generally  in  triplicate,  one  for  the  sender, 
one  for  the  receiver,  and  one  for  the 
master  of  the  vessel. 

Bill  of  Quantities.  An  abstract  of 
the  probable  cost  of  a  building. 

Bill  of  Rights.  Ihe  declaration 
delivered  to  the  prince  of  Oramre  on  his 
election  to  the  British  tlirono,  coutirming 
tiie  rights  and  privileges  of  the  people. 
(Feb.  13,  It;S9.) 

Bill  of  Sale.  When  a  person  bor- 
rows money  and  delivers  goods  as  secu- 
rity, he  gives  him  a  bill  of  sale,  that  is, 
permission  to  sell  the  iroods,  if  the  money 
is  not  returned  on  a  stated  day. 

Bills  of  Mortality  took  their  riso 
in  Ij'.'2,  when  a  great  pcstilcncB  broke 
out,  which  couiinufd  lid  Ib'Jo.  \S'» 
nsu  tlie  lei'in  ii>>w  fur  tli<<so  abstracts 
from  parish  re^jisli-rs  which  show  l)io 
lii'-llis,  ileatlis.  ttud  bapiL'iiiui  uf  ibo 
district. 

Jbillet-doUX  {billif  doo)  Fn-nrh, 
a  love-1'.-i'.er,  %  swuoi  or  «ffucliuuAt« 
Jetter. 


90 


lilLLIARDS. 


BIRDS. 


Billiards.  .\n!f.-Siix.,  hi/lg  gcards, 
».«.,  pcickot  ami  yards  [waudsj;  the 
game  wilh  "  puckold  and  wauds." 

Billingsgate.  That's  BUUngsgaie. 
Vulf^ar  and  coarso,  liUo  tlio  manners  and 
lanyuage  of  Cillingstrato  Ssh-fags. 

Pninassus  epoke  the  cant  of  DiUingsg-.te.— Kryrfcn, 
"  Art  0/  Puelry,"  c.  1. 

To  talk  BiUing^gale—i.e.,  to  slang,  to 
scold  in  a  vuljjar,  coarse  style. 

You  are  no  better  thait  a  Billiicgsgate 
fish-fag— i.e.,  you  are  as  nule  and  111- 
niauucred  as  the  women  of  l^illingsgato 
tish-market  (Saxon,  bellan,  "to  bawl," 
and  gate,  "quay,"  meaning  the  noisy 
quay).  The  French  say  "  Maubert,[' 
instead  of  Billingsgrrte,  as  Your  compli- 
meiits  are  like  those  of  the  Place  Mauhert— 
i.e.,  no  compliments  at  all,  but  vulgar 
dil-t-flinging.  The  "  Place  Maubert"  has 
long  been  noted  for  its  market. 

Billy.  A  policeman's  staff,  which  is  a 
little  bill  or  billet. 

Billy  Barlow.  A  street  droll,  a 
merry  Andrew.  So  called  from  a  half- 
idiot  of  the  name,  who  fancied  himself 
"some  great  personage."  He  was  well 
known  in  the  east  of  London,  and  died  in 
Whitechapol  workhouse.  Some  of  his 
sayings  were  really  witty,  and  some  of 
his  altitudes  really  droll. 

Billy  Wis.  An  owl.  Billy  is  a  play 
upon  the  beak  or  bill,  which  is  very  strik- 
ing- in  the  owl,  and  Wix  is  the  German 
veck  (a  wig),  alluding  to  the  "judge-like" 
appearance  of  Master  Madge. 

Bi'nary  Theory.  A  theory  which 
supposes  that  all  definite  chemical  salts 
ate  combinations  of  two  bodies, 

Bingham's  Dandies.  The  17th 
Lancers.  So  called  from  their  colonel, 
the  eail  of  Lucan,  formerly  lord  Bingham. 
The  uniform  is  noted  for  its  admirable 
fit  and  smartness. 

Bill'nacle.  The  case  of  the  mariner's 
compass,  which  used  to  be  written 
hlttade,  a  corruption  of  the  French  hoitt 
iaiguille  (box  of  the  needle). 

Birchin  Lane.  /  rraisi  send  ymi  to 
Ba-diin  Lane— i.e.,  whip  you.  The  play 
14  on  Inrch  (a  rod). 


Bird.    An  endearing  name  for  girL 

An'l  \>y  my  word,  jour  bonnie  bird 

In  danger  6li.-ill  not  tarry; 
80  tliuugh  tlie  waves  are  rui/ing  wblte, 

I'll  row  ym  o'er  tlie  /errv. 

Campbdl,  "  Lord  Uilin't  Daughter:' 

The  green  bird  tells  everjthing  a  person 
wishes  to  know.— CVtej-j/  and  Fairstar. 

The  talking  bird  spoke  with  a  human 
voice,  and  could  bid  all  other  birds  join 
in  concert. — Arabian  Nights. 

Bird.  A  little  bird  told  me  so.  From 
Eccles.  X.  20 :  "  Curse  not  tho  king,  no^ot 
in  thy  thought  ...  for  a  bird  of  the  air 
shall  carry  the  voice,  and  that  which  hath 
wings  shall  tell  the  matter."  Bellenden 
Ker  saj's  it  is  the  Dutch  Kr  Hi  t'el  baerd 
{i.e.,  By  telling  you  I  shall  betray  the 
person  who  told  me),  and  certainly  that 
is  the  meaning  implied. 

A  Bird  of  ill-omen.  A  person  who  is 
regarded  as  unlucky ;  one  who  is  in  the 
habit  of  bringing  ill-news.  The  ancients 
thought  that  some  birds  indicated  good 
luck,  and  others  evil.  Even  to  the  pre- 
sent day  many  look  upon  owls,  crows, 
and  ravens  as  unlucky  birds ;  swallows 
and  stnrks  as  lucky  ones. 

Ravens,  by  their  acute  sense  of  smell, 
discern  the  savour  of  dying  bodies  (like 
sharks),  and,  under  the  hope  of  preying 
on  them,  light  on  chimney-tops  or  flutter 
about  sick  rooms  ;  hence  the  raven  indi- 
cates  death.  Owls  screech  when  bad 
weather  is  at  hand,  and  as  foul  weather 
often  precedes  sickness,  so  the  owl  is 
looked  on  as  a  funeral  bird. 

Bird  of  Este.  The  white  eagle, 
the  cognisance  of  the  house. 

His  dazzling  way 
The  bird  of  EsW  sears  beyr.nit  the  solar  rny. 
"  JeruicUtm  Ddw.,   i. 

Birds  of  Paradise  are  described 
by  old  naturalists  as  being  destitute  of 
feet,  dwelling  ever  in  tho  air,  wafted 
about  in  the  bright  sunbeams  without 
the  mechanism  of  wings,  nourished  on 
dow  and  tho  odour  of  flowers,  like  houris 
or  the  spirits  of  paradise. 

Tavcruier  says  that  birds  of  paradise 
come  in  flocks  during  the  nutmeg  season 
to  the  south  isles  of  India.  The  strength 
of  the  nutmeg  intoxicates  them,  and, 
while  they  lie  m  this  state  on  the  earth, 
tho  ants  eat  off  their  legs,  whence  it  is 
said  that  birds  of  paradise  have  no  feet. 

Those  eMden  birds  that  in  the  spice-time  drop 
A^-.'ui  tho  eardens,  drunk  »-:ih  that  sweet  food 
Wliose  Bceut  hath  lured  them  ,";«''» he  «»mmel 
jj  qJ  T.  Sioort.  "  L-iila  Hookk,    i. 


BIRDS. 


BITELA3. 


91 


Bird's-eye  View.  A  mode  of  per- 
gpectivo  drawing  iu  which  the  artist  is 
supposed  to  be  over  the  objects  de- 
lineated, in  which  case  lie  beholds  them 
as  a  bird  in  the  air  would  see  them. 

Birmingham  Poet.  John  Freeth, 
who  died  at  the  aL,'e  of  sevonty-eiyht  in 
1808.  He  was  wit,  poet,  and  j)ublican, 
who  not  only  wrote  the  words  and  tunes 
of  song-s,  but  sang  them  also,  and  sang 
them  well. 

Bis.  Bis  dat,  qui  cito  dal  (he  gives 
twice  who  gives  promptly)— i.e.,  prompt 
relief  will  do  as  much  good  as  twice  the 
sum  at  a  future  period. 

Purple  and  lis,  i.e.,  purple  and  fine 
linen  (Latin,  h>/xsus,  fine  flax).  The 
spelling  is  sometimes  biss,  hjs,  kc. 

Biscuit  (French-Latin,  lis,  twice ; 
euit,  baked).  So  called  because  it  was 
originally  twice  evened.  The  Romans 
had  a  bread  of  this  kind. 

In  pottery,  earthenware  or  porcelain, 
after  it  has  been  hardened  in  the  fire,  but 
has  not  yet  been  glazed,  is  so  called. 

Bise.  A  wind  that  acts  notably  on 
the  nervoiis  system.  It  is  prevalent  in 
those  valleys  of  Savoy  that  open  to  the 
north. 

Bishop.  The  bishop  halh  put  his  fool 
in  it.  Said  of  milk  or  porridge  that  is 
burnt,  or  of  meat  over-roaisted.  Tyndale 
says,  "  If  the  podech  be  bunied-to,  or 
the  meato  oner  rested,  we  saye  the 
byshoi)e  hath  put  his  foto  in  the  potte," 
ind  explains  it  thus  —  "  because  the 
bishopes  burn  who  they  lust."  Such 
food  is  also  said  to  be  biskopped. 

Bishop  Barnaby.  The  May-bug, 
lady-bird,  kc. 

"Barnaby"  is  bairn-bye  or  baimie-byo, 
the  bairn's  insect,  the  child's  favourite. 

Another  suggestion  is  worth  notice — 
the  Low  Dutch  liarii-bie  (lirc-tly),  in 
alkisioa  to  tho  fiery  red  colour  of  its 
wings.  This  may  have  BugL;estcd  tho 
nursery  rhyme— 

Harnahy,  Uarnaby,  fly  nwny  homn; 

Your  liuiise  ia  on  Unj,  your  cliiKirLUi  will  burn. 

Your  house  is  on  fire  is,  "you  are  your- 
self on  fire,"  and  your  fiery  wings  will 
t)urn  your  childron.  (Ar  Ladv  ■  iliuD.) 
Bishop— -HJyeque,  H'O  same  word 
"  Episoopus,"  wlicm'o  ^■/)(.«'.  evesc,  euesipie, 
eveque i  also  'piscop,  li.fh'j) 


Bishop  Middleham  is  said  to 
have  been  always  ranting  in  praise  of 
water-drinking,  but  to  have  killed  him- 
self by  secret  intoxication. 

Bismarquer.  To  cheat ;  to  play 
foul  at  cards  or  billiards.  A  word  made 
out  of  tho  name  of  i>rinco  Bi.smarck,  the 
Prussian  minister,  whose  tricksy  policy  in 
ISUo-lSGS  roused  the  indignation  of"  all 
Europe. 

Bissextile.  Leap-year.  We  add  a 
d.xy  to  February  in  leap-year,  but  the 
lloinaus  counted  the  24lh  of  February 
twice.  Now,  the  24th  of  February  was 
called  by  tliciu  "dies  bisst-xius"  (sexlo 
calendas  Mavlias),  the  eoxtile  or  sixih 
day  before  the  1st  of  March;  and  tliis 
day  being  reckoned  twice  (lis)  iu  leap- 
year,  was  called  "annus  bisscxt.'is." 

Bisson  or  De<:^en  (blind)  is  the  Sruon 
biscn.  Shakespeare  ("Hamlet,"  ii.  2) 
speaks  of  bisson  rheum  (blinding  te;irs), 
and  in  "  Coriolanus,"  ii.  1,  "  What  harm 
can  your  bisson  conspectuities  glean  out 
of  this  character  ? " 

Biston'ians.  The  Thracians ;  so 
called  from  Biston,  son  of  .Mars,  who 
built  Eistou'ia  on  the  lake  liis'tonis. 

So  the  Rlstonlan  race,  n  madJeiiiin  tmlii, 
Exult  i\ii(l  revfil  on  the  Thracmri  plilu  ; 
^Vith  milk  their  hluodv  baiuiuels  lliey  nilay 
Or  friiin  the  lion  rcud  Ins  [iiiulMu  prt'j  ; 
On  sonio  ab.iiidiincd  savage  IliTicly  Hy, 
Seuo,  tear,  devour,  and  llinik  it  Inxurr. 

/>!«,  ••jajluuj-'bk.lL 

Bitt.  To  liU  the  cable  is  to  fast- ii  it 
round  the  '•  bill"  or  fraiuo  ni:clo  for  llie 
purpose,  and  placed  in  tho  fora  part  of 
tho  vessel. 

Bit.  Money.  The  word  is  used  in 
the  West  Indies  for  a  half  pistaroen 
(.'id.).  In  Jamaica,  a  bit  is  wurth  (id. 
English  ;  in  America,  12  J  cents  ;  in  Ire- 
land,  lOd.  In  FIngland  it  is  the  slaug 
term  for  a  fourpenny  picco. 

Bite.     A  cheat  ;  one  who  bites  ui. 

"Tho  biter  bit"  explains  tho  origin. 
Wo  say  "a  man  was  bitten"  when  he 
"  burns  his  fingers"  meddling  with  some> 
thing  whi^h  promised  well  but  turiiod 
out  a  failure. 

Bit'elas.  Sister  of  Kairlimb.  and 
daughter  of  K'.ikonaw,  tho  ape,  in  thf 
story  of  "U"_\Uiird  llif-  F)x."      Aiiin-ir. 


92 


BITING. 


BLACK. 


Biting.  A  I'aing  remarh.  Nearchoa 
ordered  Zeno,  the  dialectician,  to  be 
pounded  to  death  in  a  mortar.  When 
the  philosopher  was  nearly  bruised  out  of 
his  life,  ho  called  the  tyrant  to  his  sid«, 
as  if  to  make  an  important  commtmica- 
tion.  Nearchos  bent  over  the  mortar, 
and  put  his  ear  close  to  the  lips  of  the 
dying  man,  when  Zeno  bit  it  off.  Hence 
the  proverb,  "  A  remark  more  biting 
than  Zeno's."     (See  Bkidlk.) 

Black  for  mourning  was  a  Roman 
custom  (.Juvenal,  x.  245)  borrowed  from 
the  Rgyptians. 

Black  in  blazonry  means  constancy, 
wisdom,  and  prudence. 

Black-  in  several  of  the  Oriental  nations 
is  a  badge  of  servitude,  slavery,  and  low 
birth.  Our  word  hlacbjuard  seems  to 
point  to  this  meaning.  The  Latin  niijer 
meant  bad,  u/ipropitious.  {See  Black- 
guard.) 

Beaten  black  and  blue,  so  that  the 
skin  is  black  and  blue  with  the  marks  of 
the  beating. 

/  miixt  have  it  in  Hack  and  white,  i.e., 
in  plain  writing ;  the  paper  being  white 
and  the  ink  I'hick. 

To  sai/  black's  his  eye,  i.e.,  to  vituperate, 
to  blame.  The  expression.  Black's  the 
while  of  his  eye,  is  a  modem  corruption. 
Here  black  is  the  Latin  niyer,  meaning 
evil.  "If  thine  eye  be  evil  thy  whole 
body  is  full  of  darkness"  (Matt.  vi.  23). 
To  say  the  eye  is  black  or  evil,  is,  there- 
fore, to  accuse  a  person  of  an  evil  heart  or 
great  ignorance.     (See  Black  Pui.nce.) 

i  r..ol  may  no  all  things,  and  no  man  siy  Black'a 
his  tyt.  Tlu  "  Tell  Tale." 

Blackacre,  M'idow.  The  best  of 
VVj-cherley's  comic  characters  ;  a  ma-scu- 
line,  litigious,  pettifogging,  headstrong 
woman. —  "  The  Plain  Dealer." 

Black  Act.  9  Geo.  L  c  22  is  so  called, 
because  it  was  directed  against  the  Wal- 
tham  deer- stealers,  who  blackened  their 
faces  for  disguise,  and,  under  the  name  of 
Blacks,  appeared  in  Epping  Forest.  This 
Act  was  repealed  in  1S27. 

Black  Acts.  Acts  of  the  Scottish 
parliament  between  the  accession  of 
James  L  and  the  year  15S7,  so  ci.lled  be- 
cause they  were  printed  in  black  or  Saxon 
characters. 

Black  Art.  The  art  practised  by 
ocnjurors,  wizards,  and  others,  who  pro- 


fessed to  have  dealings  with  the  rtevlL 
Black  here  means  diabolical  or  wicked 

Black  Assize.  6th  July,  1577,  when 
a  putrid  pestilence  broke  out  at  Oxford 
during  the  time  of  assize. 

Black-balled.  Not  admitted  to  a 
cluV) ;  the  candidate  propo.^eil  is  not  ac- 
cepted as  a  member,  in  voting  hy  bal- 
lot, those  who  accept  the  person  proposed 
drop  a  white  or  red  ball  into  the  boi,  hut 
those  who  would  exclude  the  candidate 
drop  into  it  a  black  one. 

Bla,ck  Book,  A  book  exposing 
abuses  in  Church  and  State,  which  fur- 
nished much  material  for  pulitical  reform 
in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century. 
(See  Black  Books.) 

Black  Books.  To  be  in  my  block 
books.  In  bad  odour  ;  in  rlisgr.ace  ;  out  of 
favour.  The  black  books  were  those 
compiled  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  to 
set  forth  the  scandalous  proceedings  of 
the  English  monasteries,  and  were  so 
called  from  the  colour  of  their  binding. 
"We  have  similarly  the  Blue  Book,  the 
Red  Book,  and  so  on. 

Black  Cap,  or  the  Judgment  Cap, 
worn  by  a  judge  when  he  passes  sentence 
of  death  on  a  prisoner.  This  cap  is  part 
of  the  judge's  full  dress.  The  judges 
wear  their  black  caps  on  November  9, 
when  the  Lord  Mayor  is  presented  in  the 
Court  of  Exchequer.  Covering  the  head 
was  a  sign  of  mourning  among  the  Is- 
raelites, Greeks,  Romans,  and  Anglo- 
Saxons.     (2  Sam.  XV.  30.) 

Black  Brunswickers.  A  corps  of 
700  volunteer  hus.^arsunder  the  conmiand 
of  Frederick  William,  duke  of  Brunswick, 
who  had  been  forbidden  by  Napoleon  to 
succeed  to  his  father's  dukedom.  They 
were  called  "Black"  because  they  wore 
mourning  for  the  deceased  duke.  Fre- 
I  derick  William  fell  at  Quatre  Bras,  1SI5. 
One  of  Milluis,'  best  pictures  is  called 
"  The  Black  Brunswicker." 

Black  Cattle.  Oxen  for  slaughter  ; 
so  called  because  black  is  their  prevailing 
colour,  at  least  in  the  north. 

Black  Death.  A  putrid  typhus, 
in  which  the  body  turned  black  with 
rapid  putrefaction.  It  occurred  in  lo4S, 
and  carried  off  25  millions  in  Europe 
alone,  while  in  Asia  and  Africa  the  mor' 
♦■.ality  W9.S  even  greater. 


BLACBL 


BLACK. 


M 


Black  Diamonds.  Coals ;  also 
clever  fellows  of  tlie  lower  orders.  Coals 
and  diamonds  are  both  carbon. 

Black  Dog.  A  fiend  still  dreaded 
m  many  country  places.     (Sie  Doa.) 

Black  Douglas.  William  Douglas, 
lord  of  Nithsdale.    Died,  13y0. 

Black  Friars.  The  Dominicans  are 
go  called  from  the  colour  of  their  habit. 

Black  Friday.  Th-  6th  December, 
17-1'',  the  day  on  which  the  news  arrived 
ill  London  that  the  Pretender  had  reached 
Derby. 

Black-guards.  Miss  Strickland 
says  ;  "  The  scullions  and  inferior  ser- 
rants  of  the  En^dish  court  for  many 
centuries  were  clad  in  b/ark,  and  were 
familiarly  called  the  royal  black  ffuard,  or 
the  blaci< -guards  of  England." — Uchry 
VIII.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  245. 

GifFord,  in  his  edition  of  Ben  Jonson, 
says  :  "  in  all  great  houses  there  were  a 
number  of  dirty  dependents,  whose  office 
it  was  to  attend  the  wool-yards,  sculleries, 
&c.  Of  these  the  most  forlorn  were  se- 
lected to  carry  coals  to  the  kitchen.  They 
rode  with  the  pots  and  pans,  and  were  in 
derision  called  the  black -guards." 

In  the  lord  steward's  office  a  pro- 
claTiiatioQ   (May   7,    1G3;5)   begins  thus : 

"Whereas a  sort  of  vicious,  idle,  and 

masterless  boyes  and  rogues,  commonly 
called  the  Black-guard,  with  divers  other 

lewd   and    loose    fellows do    usually 

haunt  and  follow  the  court Wee  do 

hereby   strictly   charge all    those    so 

called with  all  other  loose,   idle 

men who   have   intruded   themselves 

into  bis  Majesty's  court  and  stables 

to  depart  upon  pain  of  imprisonment." 

A  mob  is  caile<l  the  fourth  regimeni  of 
Foot  Guards.  The  first  is  the  Gren.a- 
diers ;  the  second,  the  Coldstream  ;  the 
third,  the  Scotch  Fusiliers;  and  the 
fourth,  the  Black-guards. 

Black  Hole  of  Calcutta.  A  dark 
cell  in  a  prison  into  which  Suraja  Dow- 
lah  thrust  14o  British  prisoners.  Next 
morning  only  twenty-three  were  found 
alive.     (17o6.) 

Black  Horse.  Tho  7th  Dracroon 
Guards.  Their '•  facings  "  are  black.  Also 
called  "  Strawboots,"  "The  Blacks,"  and 
the  "Princess  Royal's  Dragoon  Guarda." 


Black   Jack.      Blade  Jack    ridu   a 

good  hone  (Cornish).  The  miners  call 
ulendo  or  sul(>hide  of  zinc  "  Black  Ja".k," 
the  occurrence  of  which  is  considered  by 
them  a  favourable  indication.  Tho  blende 
rides  upon  a  lode  of  good  ore. 

Black-leg.  A  swindler,  especially  in 
cards  anil  races.  So  called  fruin  game- 
cocks, whose  legs  are  always  black. 

Black  Letter.  Tlie  Gothic  or  Ger 
man  type.  So  called  because  of  its  black 
af>peaiaucc. 

Black  Letter  Day.  An  unlucky 
day  ;  one  to  be  recalled  with  regret.  The 
Romans  marked  their  unlucky  days  with 
a  piece  of  black  charcoal,  and  their  lucky 
ones  with  white  chalk. 

Black- leiUr  dogs.  Literary  antiquaries 
who  poke  and  pry  into  every  hole  anj 
corner  to  find  out  black-lettor  copies  of 
books. 

By  fell  black-letter  dow 

T.'iat  from  i.ot'nic  keiunW  phkit  struL 

Uatthiai.  "  I\irguit»  0/  Littralurt." 

Black  Lists.  Li.sts  of  insolvency 
and  bankruptcy,  for  the  private  guidance 
of  the  mercantile  community.   (See  Black 

BUOKS.) 

Black  Mail.  Money  triven  to  free- 
booters by  way  of  exempting  property 
from  depredation.  (Saxon,  ma/,  "  rent- 
tax  ;"  French  Jiiaille,  an  oMcoin  worth  '083 
farthing).  Grass  mail  was  rent  paid  for 
pasturage.  Mails  and  duties  (Scotch) 
are  rents  of  an  estate  in  money  or  other- 
wise. "  Black,"'  meaning  unlawful, 
wicked,  is  found  in  such  expressions  as 
hlack-art,  hlacL-guard,  kc. 

To  leri/  hlark  mail  now  means  to  exact 
exorbitant  charges;  thus  the  cai>8  and 
omnibuses  during'  the  Great  Exhibition 
years  "  levied  black  mail  "  on  the  public. 

Black  Man.    The  Evil  One. 

Black  Monday.  Easter  Mond.iy, 
Ai>rii  14, 13()0,  was  so  called.  Edward  III. 
was  with  his  army  lying  before  Paris, 
and  tho  day  was  so  dark,  with  mist  and 
hail,  so  bitterly  cold  and  so  windy,  th.it 
many  of  his  horses  and  men  ilied.  Mon- 
day after  Eivstcr  holidays  is  called  "  Blick 
Monday,"  in  allusion  tu  this  fatal  day. 
Launcelot  s.ays — 

It  was  not  f'>r  nothing  that  1117  note  ffell  »• 

blecdiiiK  uii  liliu'k  .M.itiil'ty  Uxl.  nt  (li  n'rl.  'k  I 
the  iDuriiiiiK.  —  •S'Aai«p«'ir«,  "  Uert\ant  0/  Venic*," 
U.b, 

February  27, 1S65,  was  so  called  in  Mol- 
bourne  from  a  terrible  bltocco  from  tli* 


04 


BLACK. 


BLADUD. 


N.N.W.,  which  produced  dreadful  havoc 
between  Sandhurst  and  Castlumaine. 

Black  Money.  Base  coin  broDjrht 
to  England  bv  foreigners,  aud  prohibited 
by  ?:award  III. 

Black  Ox.  The  Mack  ox  has  Irod  on, 
his  foot  — i.e.,  misfortune  has  come  to 
him.  Black  oxen  were  sacrificed  to  Pluto 
and  other  infernal  deities. 

Black  Parliament.  The  parlia- 
ment held  by  Henry  VIII.  in  Bridewell. 

Black  Prince.  Edward,  prince  of 
Wales,  son  of  Edward  III.  Froissart 
eays  he  was  "  styled  black  by  terror  of 
his  ai-ms  "  (c.  169k  Strutt  confirms  this 
saying  :  "  for  his  martial  deeds  surnamed 
Black" tl.-3  Prince"  (Anliqidlies).  Mcy- 
rick  savs  there  is  not  the  slightest  proof 
that  Edward,  prince  of  V/'ales,  ever  wore 
black  armour  (vol.  ii.)  ;  indeed,  we  have 
much  indirect  proof  against  the  supposi- 
tion. Thus  Shaw  (vol.  i.,  plate  31)  gives 
a  fac-simile  from  a  picture  ou  the  wall  of 
St.  Stephen's  Chapel,  Westminster,  in 
which  the  prince  is  clad  in  pili  armour. 
Stothard  says  "the  effigy  is  of  copper 
gilt."  In  the  British  JIuseum  is  an  illu- 
mination of  Edward  III.  granting  to  his 
Bon  the  duchy  of  Aquitaine,  in  which  both 
figures  are  represented  in  silver  armour 
wtth  gilt  joints.  The  first  mention  of 
the  term  "  Black  Prince "  occurs  in  a 
parliamentary  paper  of  the  second  year 
of  Richard  II.  ;  so  that  Shakespeare  has 
good  reason  for  the  use  of  the  word  in 
his  tragedy  of  that  king — 

Urnvc  Gaunt,  thy  father  and  myself 
Rescued  the  lilackl'nnce.  that  younsMai-sormen, 
trvm  forth  tbe  ranks  of  many  thousana  trench. 
'■  Richard  II.,    n.  3. 

Black  Republicans.  The  Repub- 
licans were  so  called  by  the  pro-slavery 
party  of  the  States,  because  they  resisted 
the  introduction  of  slavery  into  any  State 
where  it  was  not  already  recognised. 

Black  Rood  of  Scotland.  The 
"  piece  of  the  true  cross  "  or  rood,  set  in 
an  ebony  crucifix,  which  Margaret,  the 
wife  of  king  Malcolm,  left  at  death  to  the 
Scottish  nation.  It  passed  into  various 
bands,  but  was  lost  at  the  Reformation. 

Black  Saturday.  The  4th  August, 
1621  ;  so  called  iu  Scotland,  because  a 
violent  storm  occurred  at  the  very 
moment  the  Parliament  was  silting  to 
enforce  episcopacy  on  the  people. 


Black  Sea.  So  called  from  the 
abounding  black  rock  in  the  extensive 
coal  fields  between  the  Bos'phorus  and 
Herack'a! 

Black  Sheep  {Kdrd-IToin-lod).  A 
tribe  of  Turl^omaus,  so  called  from  their 
standards.  This  tribe  was  extirpated  by 
the  White  Sheep  (q.v.) 

A  Black  Sheep.  A  disgrace  to  the 
family;  a  inaurais  sv.jef;  a  workman  who 
will  not  join  in  a  strike.  Black  sheep 
arc  looked  on  with  dislike  by  shepherds, 
and  are  not  so  valuable  as  white  ones. 

Black  Standard.  The  dress,  tur- 
bans, and  standards  ol  lue  Abbassido 
caliphs  were  all  black. — D'Herbelol. 

Black  Swan.    {See  Kara  Avis.) 

Black  Thursday.  February  6, 
1S51  ;  so  called  in  the  colony  of  Victoria, 
from  a  terrible  bush- fire  which  thou 
occurred. 

Black  Watch.  Companies  employed 
to  watch  the  Highland.s  of  Scotland. 
They  dressed  in  a  "  black"  or  dark  tar- 
tan (1725).  Subsequently  they  were  en- 
rolled into  the  42nd  regiment,  under  the 
earl  of  Crawford,  in  ITHT.  Their  tartan  is 
still  called  "  The  Black  Watch  Tartan." 

Blackamoor.  V/ashing  the  hiacla- 
moor  Khile—i.e.,  engaged  upon  a  hope- 
less and  useless  task.  The  allusion  is  to 
one  of  iEsop's  fables  so  entitled. 

Blackness.  AH  faces  shall  gather 
blackness  (Joel  ii.  6)— i.e.,  be  downcast  in 
consequence  of  trouble. 

Blacksmith.  Tlu  learned  blacksmith. 
Elihu  Burritt,  U.S.     U^U-lbTO) 

Blad'amour.  The  friend  of  Par^idel 
in  Spenser's  "Faery  Queen."  The  poet 
had  his  eyo  upon  the  earl  of  Northum- 
berland, one  of  the  leaders  in  the  northern 
insurrection  of  1569.     (See  Pau'idel.) 

Blade.  A  knowing  blade,  a  sharp 
fellow  ;  a  regular  blade,  a  buck  or  fop. 
(Saxon,  Mad  or  bloed,  a  branch  or  sprig.) 

Bladud.  A  mythical  king  of  Eng- 
land, and  father  of  king  Lear.  He 
built  the  city  of  Bath,  and  dedicated  the 
me.liciual  springs  to  Minerva.  Bladud 
studied  magic,  "and  attempting  to  fly, 
fell  into  the  temple  of  Apollo,  and  was 
dashed  to  pieces.— ffeo/rey  of  iUnmovXL 

Ineibmstlh)'  nt  TiVvdnd'i  wen.— Thackeray. 


RLAJSE. 


BLEMMYE3. 


96 


Blaises  {Drunk  an).  Drank  as  tliope 
who  Uke  part  in  the  procession  of  iSt 
lilaiso,  patroL  saint  of  woolcombers. 

Blanche'fleur.  The  heroine  of 
Boccaccio's  prose  romcinco  called  "  II 
Filocopo."  Her  lover  FloriJs  is  Boccaccio 
himself,  and  Blanohefloiir  was  a  young- 
laily  passionately  beloved  by  hira,  the 
natural  daughter  of  kiujj  Robert.  The 
story  of  Blauchofleur  and  Floros  is  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  that  of  Doi-'i^'en 
and  Aurelius,  by  Chaucer,  and  that  of 
Diano'ra  and  Ansaldo  in  the  "  Deca- 
meron."  {See  DiAXOUA  and  Dorigen.) 

Blan'diman.  The  faithful  man- 
servant of  fair  Bellisant  ('?.■».),  who 
attended  her  when  she  was  divorced. — 
Valtnline  and  Orson. 

Blaney.  A  wealthy  heir,  ruined  by 
dissipation,  in  Crabbe's  "  Borough." 

Misery  and  mirth  arc  blended  in  Ws  face, 

Much  injiHte  vileiiessand  some  outward  eraoe; . .  , 

The  serpent's  cunning  aud  tlie  sinner's  fall. 

Letter  siv. 

Blanket.  So  called  from  Thomas 
Blanket,  who  established  a  manufactory 
for  these  goods  at  Bristol,  in  1310. 

Blare.  To  cry  v.ith  a  great  noise, 
fike  a  child  in  a  tricky  temper ;  to  bellow. 
(Old  Belgic,  hlaren  ;  Teutonic,  bhirren, ; 
Latin,  flora,  to  weep  with  noise.) 

Blarney.  None  of  your  llainieii.  Soft, 
whceiiling  speeches  to  gain  some  end  ; 
sugar-words.  Cormack  Macarthy  held 
the  castle  of  Blarney  In  1602,  and  con- 
cluded an  armistice  with  Carew,  the 
lord  president,  on  condition  of  sur- 
rendering the  fort  to  the  English  garri- 
son. Day  after  day  his  lordship  looked 
for  the  fulfilmont  of  the  terms,  but  re- 
ceived nothing  oscept  protocols  and  soft 
speeches,  till  ho  became  the  laughing- 
Btock  of  Elizabeth's  ministers,  and  the 
dupe  of  the  lord  of  Blarney. 

To  kiss  the  Blarney  Stone.  Whoever 
does  this  shall  be  able  to  persuade  to 
anything.  The  Blarney  Stone  is  tri- 
angular, lowered  from  the  north  angle  of 
the  castle,  about  twenty  feet  from  the 
top,  and  containing  this  inscription  : 
"  Cormack  Mac  Carthy  fortis  me  fieri 
fecit,  A.D.  14-ttj." 

The  word  Blarney,  which  is  lilclh-ey 
(flowery  island),  may  hnvo  given  use  to 
the  strangle  tradition. 


Blasphemous  Balfovir.  Sir  Janie« 
Balfour,  the  Scottish  judge,  was  so  called 
because  of  his  apostacy.    lie  died  158;j. 

Blatant  Beast.  "A  dreadful  fiend 
of  god.^and  men,  yvlra<l ;"  type  of  "Com- 
mon Rumour'*  or  "Slander."  He  has 
100  tongues  and  a  sting  ;  with  his  tongues 
he  speaks  things  "most  shameful,  most 
unrighteous,  most  untrue  ; "  and  with 
his  sting  "  steeps  them  in  poison."  Sir 
Calidore  muzzled  the  monster,  and  drew 
him  with  a  chain  to  Faery  Land.  After 
a  time  the  beast  broke  his  chain  and  re- 
gained his  liberty.  (Saxon,  Hatan,  to 
bellow.) — Spenser,  "  Fiury  Queen,"  bks. 
v.,  vi. 

ElayTiey's  Blooiihounda.  The 
89th  Foot  IS  so  called  because  of  their 
unerring  certainty,  and  untiring  perse- 
verance in  hunting  down  the  Irish  rebels 
in  1793,  when  the  corps  was  comm.anded 
by  lord  Blaynoy. 

Blazon,  Dlazonru.  To  blazon  is  to 
announce  with  a  trumpet,  hence  the 
Ghost  in  "  Hamlet"  says,  "  IBut  this  eter- 
nal blazon  must  not  be  to  ears  of  Hesh 
and  blood" — i.e.,  this  babbling  about 
etcmal  things,  or  things  of  the  other 
world,  must  not  be  made  to  persons  still 
in  the  llesh.  Knights  wore  wont  to  be 
announced  by  tho  blast  of  a  trumpet 
on  their  enti-ance  into  the  lists ;  the 
llourish  was  answered  by  the  heraMs, 
who  described  aloud  the  arms  and  devices 
borne  by  the  knight;  hence  to  blazon 
came  to  signify  to  "  describe  the  charges 
borne  ; "  and  blazonry  is  "  the  sciente  of 
describing  or  deciphering  arms."  (Ger- 
man, blasen,  to  blow.) 

Blcar-eyod,  Tlie.  Aurelius  Bran- 
doli'ni,  the  Itaiian  poet,  called  Jl  Lipt-o. 
{UIQ-U[)7.) 

Bleed.  To  muie  a  wan  J'w/  is  to 
make  him  pay  dearly  for  somotliiiig;  to 
victimise  hiui.  Money  is  the  life-nlood 
of  commerce. 

Blefus'ca,  An  island  severod  from 
Lillii'ut  by  a  channel  S"**!  yards  wide, 
inhabited  by  pigmies.  Swift  meant  it 
for  Franco.  — G'u//u':t'*  Truveli. 

Blemniyes  (of  Africa).  Men  sjxil 
to  have  no  head,  their  eyes  and  mouth 
being  placod  in  the  breast  i.-^'"'  -VCKi-iiA 

I.ITKB  ;    (JaoKA.  ) 


96 


BLENHEIM. 


BLOOD. 


Blenheim  Dog.  A  small  spaniel, 
socalleil  from  Blenhoira  palat^e  in  Oxford- 
shire, where  the  breed  has  been  pveserved 
ever  since  the  palace  was  built. 

Blenheim  Hoiise  (Oxfordshire). 
The  bouse  ^\ven  by  the  nation  to  the 
duke  of  Marlborough,  for  his  victory 
over  the  French  at  Hlonhcim,  in  Bavaria, 
in  the  reign  of  queen  Anue  (1704). 

TThen  Europe  freed  confessed  the  saving  power 
Of  Marlborough's  hand,  Britain,  who  sent  him 

forth, 
Chief  of  confrdi^rate  hosts,  tn  fleht  the  cause 
Of  liberty  and  justice,  ffrateful  r'lised 
Tills  palace,  sacred  to  the  leiiil4r's  famn. 

LiiUeton,  "Blenheim." 

Blessing. 

The  Pope  blesses  with  three  fingers, 
symbolical  of  the  Trinity,  in  the  name 
of  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost. 

The  inferior  orders  of  the  hierarchy 
bless  with  hotk  hands,  in  the  name  of  the 
holy  arcnangels  »nd  angels.  "Utraqna 
manus  in  benedicendo  cler'icis  inferio'ri- 
biis  necessaria  est." 

The  humblest  clerks,  such  as  deacons 
and  sacristans,  bless  with  brushes  which 
sprinkle  holy  water,  the  superiority  of 
number  making  up  for  the  iuferiority  of 
rank. 

Blest,  ru  le  blest  if  I  do  it.  I  am 
resolved  not  to  do  it.     A  euphemism  for 

CU'/St. 

Elets.  Rotten  spots  upon  apples, 
pears,  &c.  (Saxon,  blcectha,  a  blotch. 
Bletting  means  rotting.) 

Blikian'dabol  (splendid  misery). 
The  canopy  of  the  goddess  Hel  {q.v.). 

Blimber.  Miss  Blimher.  A  blue 
stocking,  who  knows  the  dead  languages, 
and  wears  learned  spectacles.  She  is 
the  da'ighter  of  Dr.  Blimber,  a  fossil 
schoolmaster  of  the  high  and  dry  gram- 
mar type. — Dickens,  "JJombey  and  Son." 

Blind.  Blind  leaders  of  the  hliiid. 
The  allusion  is  to  a  suet  of  the  Pharisees, 
who  were  wont  to  shut  their  eyes  when 
they  walked  abroad,  ami  often  ran  tlieir 
heads  against  a  wall  or  fell  into  a  ditch. 
(Matt.  XV.  14.) 

Thiit's  a  mere  hlind.  A  pretence; 
something  ostensible  to  conceal  a  covert 
design.  The  metaphor  is  from  wiudow- 
blinds,  which  prevent  outsiders  from 
seeing  into  a  room. 


A  hlind  alley.  A  "cul  de  sac,"  an 
alley  with  no  outlet.  It  is  blind  because 
it  has  no  "  eye  "  or  passage  through  it. 

A  blind  ditch.  One  which  cannot  be 
seen.  Here  blind  means  obscure,  as  a 
blind  village. 

Blind  as  a  beetle.  Beetles  are  not  blind, 
but  the  dor-beetle  or  hedge-chafer,  in  its 
rapid  flight,  will  occasionally  bump 
against  one  as  if  it  could  not  see.  (See 
Mole.) 

The  Blind:— 

Francesco  Hello,  called  II  Cieco. 

Lui'gi  Groto,  called  li  Cieco,  the  Italian 
poet.     (1541-1585.) 

Lieuteoant  James  Holman,  The  Blind 
Traveller.     (1787-1857.) 

Ludwig  III.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
L'Aveugie.     (880,  890-934.) 

John  Parry,  tlu  blind  harper,  died 
1739. 

Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green.  A 
public-house  sign  in  the  Whitechapel 
Road. — Hotten,  "History  oj Sign-boards." 
(See  Beggar.) 

Blind  Harry.  A  Scotch  minstrel  of 
the  fifteenth  century.  His  epic  of  "Sir 
William  Wallace"  runs  to  11,8'Jl  lines. 

Elindman's  Holiday.  The  hour 
of  dusk,  when  it  is  too  dark  to  work, 
and  too  soon  to  light  candles.  All  then 
are  exempt  from  work,  like  blind  men, 
who,  for  the  most  part,  keep  perpetual 
holiday. 

Blockhead.  A  stupid  person ;  one 
without  brains.  The  allusion  is  to  a 
wig-maker's  dummy  or  tete  d  pen-uqtte, 
on  which  he  fits  his  wigs. 

Your  wit  will  not  so  soon  out  as  another  man's 
will;  'tis  strongly  wedzed  up  in  a  block-lie;id.— 
Shaiej^peare,  "  Coriolanut,"  ii.  S. 

Blood.  A  rake,  a  fast  man  ;  common 
in  the  regency  of  George  IV.  A.  term 
taken  from  blood  horses. 

Blood  of  our  Savioiir.  An  order  of 
knighthood  in  Mantua,  so  cal'ed  because 
their  special  office  was  to  guard  "the 
drops  of  the  SaWour's  blood  "  preseiTcd 
in  St.  Andrews  church,  Mantua. 

Blood  and  iron  pulicy — i.e.,  war  policy. 
No  explanation  needed. 

Lairs  xrritten  in  blood.  Dema'des  said 
that  the  laws  of  Draco  were  written  in 
blood,  because  every  offence  was  punished 
by  death. 

The  field  of  blood.  Acel'dama  (Acts 
i.  19),  the  piece  of  ground  purchased  with 
the  blood-money  of  our  Saviour,  and  bo'^ 
5?art  for  the  burisJ  of  strangers. 


BLOODHOUND. 


BLUE. 


9? 


The  field  of  the  battle  of  Cannaa,  where 
Hanuibal  defeated  the  Romans,  B.C.  216. 

Bloodhound.  Fijfuratively,  one  who 
follows  up  an  enemy  with  pertinacity. 
Bloodhounds  used  to  be  employed  for 
tracking  wounded  game  by  the  blood 
spilt ;  subsequently  they  were  employed 
for  tracknj,'  criminals  and  slaves  who 
had  made  their  e.?c.apo,  aiid  were  hunters 
of  blood,  not  Luntocs  by  blood. 

Bloody,  Tlce.  Otho  IL,  emperor  of 
Germany.     (9J5,  973-983.) 

The,  Bloody  EleventA.  So  called  from 
their  having  been  several  times  nearly 
annihilated,  as  at  Alamanza,  Fontenoy. 
Roucoux,  Ostend,  and  Salamanca. 

Bloody  Assizes.  The  infamous 
Bssizes  held  by  Judge  Jeffreys  in  1685. 
300  were  executed,  more  whippfd  or 
imprisoned,  and  1000  sent  to  thn  plan- 
tations, for  taking  part  in  Monmouth's 
rebn  lion. 

Bloody  Bill.  The  31st  Henry  VIIL, 
c.  14,  which  dououticed  death  by  bringing 
or  burning  on  all  who  denied  the  doctrine 
of  transubstantialion. 

Bloody-bones.    A  hobgoblin. 

Bloody  Butcher.   (5ee  Bdtcher.) 

Bloody  Wedding.  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's slaughter  in  1572  is  so  called  bo- 
cause  it  took  place  during  the  marriage 
feast  of  Henri  (afterwards  llenri  IV.)  and 
Marguerite  (daughter  of  Catharine  do' 
Medici). 

Bloom'erism.  A  female  costume, 
so  called  from  Mrs.  Amelia  Bloomer,  of 
N«w  York,  who  tried  in  1849  to  introduce 
the  fashion. 

Blount,  Charles.  Author  of  some 
deisiical  writings  in  the  time  of  Charles 
II.    (1654-1693.) 

He  heard  of  Blount,  tLO.—Crabbt,  "Borough." 

Blouse.  A  short  smock-frock,  worn 
by  the  artisans  of  Franco;  so  called  from 
its  ordinary  colour,  which  is  blue. 

N.B.— Tho  French  mob  is  often  called 
Thehlouses.   (?  ^j^^rm. blau-los,  loi)se-blu<>.) 

Blow.  To  inform  against  a  com- 
panion;  to  "pe.ach."  Ti)o  reference  is 
to  the  announcing  of  knights  by  blast 
of  trumpet. 

To  blow  hot  and  cold  (or)  To  olow  Iwl 
and  cold  vith  the  name  breath.  To  be  in- 
cooaistout.     rii[!  allusion  is  the  fublo  of  a 


traveller  who  was  entertained  by  a  satyr. 
Being  cold,  the  traveller  blew  his  tinirer* 
to  warm  them,  and  afterwards  Mew  hig 
hot  broth  to  cool  it.  The  s;ityr,  in  irr-^ut 
indignation,  turned  him  out  of  doors,  he- 
cause  he  blew  both  hot  and  cold  with  the 
same  breath. 

/  icili.  blow  him  up  »ly  high.  Give  him 
a  good  scolding.  A  reyular  blowing  up 
is  a  thorough  jobation.  The  metaphor 
is  from  blasting  by  gunpowder. 

Blow  a  Cloud.  To  smoke  a  cii'ar  or 
pipe.  Tins  term  Wiis  in  use  in  (^ueen 
Elizabeth's  reign. 

Blo'W  Me  (an  oath).  You  be  blomd 
(an  oath),  a  play  on  the  word  Itash  me, 
which  is  a  euphemism  for  a  more  oCfcn- 
sive  oath. 

Blow  Out.  A  "tuck  in,"  or  feast 
which  swells  out  tho  paunch. 

Blown  Herrings  are  bloated  her- 
rings, so  dried  with  smoke  as  to  bloat  or 
Ewell  them.  The  French  bovjjli  (blown) 
is  analogous  to  both  expressions. 

Blowzelin'da.  A  country  maiden 
in  Gay's  pastoral  called  "  The  Shopherd'.s 
Week." 

Sweet  ts  my  toil  when  Blowzelind  is  near; 
Of  luT  bereft,  'tis  h  iiitur  nil  tlie  ycnr.  .  .  . 
Come,  Kl.iHzeliiid*.  eitse  Iby  siVfuns  desire. 
My  summer's  hIiuuuw  aud  my  winter's  lire. 
P.utural  i. 

Blubber.  To  cry  like  a  child,  with 
noise  and  slavering.  Connected  with 
tlubber,  slaver. 

Blue  or  Azure  is  tho  symbol  cf 
Divine  eternity  and  human  immortality. 
Consequently,  it  is  a  mortuary  colour- 
hence  its  use  in  covering  the  coffins  of 
young  persons.  When  u.sed  for  tho  gar- 
ment of  an  anu'ol,  it  signilios  faith  anij 
fidelity.  As  tho  dross  of  the  Virgin,  it 
indicatos  modesty.  When  worn  at  tiie 
celebrrtion  of  the  mass,  it  denotes 
humanity  and  expiation.  In  b'azunrq,  it 
signifies  cha.stily,  loyalty,  fidelity,  and  a 
spotless  reputation. 

The  Covenanters  wore  blue  aa  their 
badge,  in  oj)p,)sition  to  the  scarlut  of 
royalty.  They  bii.sud  their  choice  on 
Numlt.  XV.  3S,  "  S(>oiik  unto  tho  uhildruo 
of  Israel,  'nd  bid  theiu  that  they  niakt 
thoin  fringes  in  the  bonlars  of  their 
garments  .  .  .  and  that  they  put  \ipon 
the  fringe  ,  ,  .  a  ribiand  qj  Hut." 


98 


BLUES. 


BLUE  DEVILS. 


Triie  as  Coventry  Blue;  rofcreuce  is  i 
to  a  biuo  cloth  and  blue  tliread  made  [ 
al  Coveutry,  noted  for  its  permanent  t 
dye.  j 

True  Blue.  This  is  a  Spanish  phrase,  ! 
atid  refers  to  the  notion  that  real  aristo- 
cratic families  have  blue  blood  in  their 
veins,  while  the  blood  of  inferior  persons 
tpproachos  more  or  less  to  a  black  hue. 
(i'r'e  Sang.)  It  is  also  short  for  True  an 
Corenlry  blue,  the  Coveutry  blue  thread  j 
being  proverbial  for  its  permanent  dye. 

T)-iie  Hue  will  never  stain.     A  really 
noble  heart  will   never   dispraco   itself. 
The   reference   is    to   blue   aprons     and  i 
blouses    worn   by   butchers,     which    do   i 
not  show  blood-staius. 

'Tims  Pre'bijterian  true  Hue  (Hudibras, 
i.  1).  'i'he  allusion  is  to  the  blue  apron  ! 
which  some  of  the  Presbyterian  preachers 
used  to  throw  over  their  preaching-tub 
before  they  began  to  address  the  people. 
In  one  of  the  liump  songs  we  read  of  a 
person  going  to  hear  a  lecture,  and  the 
Bong  says — 

Wliere  I  a  tub  did  view, 
11  mis  Willi  nil  iipron  blue; 
'i'was  llie  preacher's,  1  conjecture. 

The  Blue  Rihhon  of  the  Turf.  The 
Derby.  Lord  George  Bentinck  sold  his 
Btud,  and  found  to  his  vexation  that  one 
of  the  horses  sold  won  the  Derby  a  few 
months  afterwards.  Bewailing  his  ill- 
luck,  he  said  to  Disraeli,  "Ah  !  you  don't 
know  what  the  Derby  is."  "  Yes,  I  do," 
replied  Disraeli ;  "  it  is  the  blue  ribbon 
of  the  turf,"  alluding  to  the  term  cordon 
bleu  (7  !'.). 

To  look  live.  To  be  disconcerted.  He 
vas  Hue  in  the  face :  aghast  with  wonder. 
The  effect  of  fear  and  wonder  is  to  drive 
tie  colour  from  the  cheeks,  and  give 
thorn  a  pale-bluish  tinge. 

Blues.  The  Blues  of  Constantinople 
were  a  political  party  in  the  reign  of 
Justinian,  oj; posed  to  the  Greens  of  Anas- 
ta'sius.  Ever  since  this  time  blue  has 
been  the  emblem  of  royalty  at  Rome. 

Blue-apron.  A  Hue-apron  states- 
man.  A  lay  politician,  a  tradesman  who 
interfere-  with  the  affairs  of  the  nation. 
The  reference  is  to  the  blue  apron  once 
worn  by  almost  all  tradesmen,  but  now 
restricted  to  butchers,  poulterers,  fish- 
moiig-ers,  end  eo  on. 


Bluebeard.  A  V'ogey,  a  merciloss 
tyrant,  in  Ch.arle8  Perrault's  "  Contos  du 
Temps."  The  tale  of  Bluebeard  (Cheva- 
lier Uao'il)  is  known  to  every  child,  but 
many  have  siieculated  on  the  original 
of  this  des{iot.  Some  6ay  it  was  a  satire 
on  Henry  VIII.,  of  wife-killing  notoriety. 
Dr.  C.  Taylor  thinks  it  is  a  type  of  the 
castle  lords  in  the  days  of  knight- 
errantry.  Holinshed  calls  Giles  de  lietz, 
Marquis  de  Laval,  the  original  Bluebeard. 
This  Giles  or  Gilles  lived  at  Machccoul, 
in  Brittany,  was  accused  of  murderinp 
six  of  his  seven  wives,  and  was  ultimately 
strangled  and  burnt  in  1440. 

The  Bluebenrd  chamber  of  hi3  mind.  Into  «hicb 
no  eye  but  his  own  must  louk.— CurJj^i*. 

Blue  Blood.  {See  Sang  Bleu.) 
Blue  Boa.r.  A  public-house  sign; 
the  cognisance  of  Richard  III.  In 
Leicester,  is  a  lane  in  the  parish  of  St. 
Nicholas,  called  the  Blue  Boar  Lane,  be- 
cause Richard  slept  there  the  night 
before  the  battle  of  Bosworth  Field. 

The  bristly  boar,  in  infant  eore. 
Wallows  beneath  the  thorny  slindp. 

amy, "  I'he  JJnrd." 

Blue  Book.  Parliamentary  report* 
presented  by  royalty  to  both  Houses  of 
Parliament.  Each  volume  is  in  folio,  and 
covered  with  a  blue  wrapper. 

Blue  Bottle.  A  policeman ;  so  called 
from  the  colour  of  his  dress.  Shake- 
speare makes  DoU  Tearsheet  denounce 
the  Beadle  as  a  "blue-bottle  rogue" 
(2JIe>i.IV.,v.i). 

Blue  Caps  or  Blue  BonneU.     The 

Scotch. 

lie  is  there,  too,  .  .  .  and  a  thousand  blue  cajM 
more.— .SAaitespeans,  "  1  Henry  1 1'.,"  ii.  ♦. 

England  shall  many  r.  day 
Tell  of  the  bloody  fiay. 
When  the  blue  bonnets  came  over  the  border. 
air  Walter  ScM. 

Blue-coat  SchooL  Christ's  Hos- 
pital is  so  called  because  the  boys  there 
wear  a  long  Hue  coat  girded  at  the  loins 
with  a  leather  belt.  Some  who  attend 
the  mathematical  school  are  termed 
Kina's  boys,  and  those  who  constitute 
the  highest  class  are  Grecians. 

Blue  Devils  (or)  A  ft  of  the  Hues. 
A  fit  of  spleen,  low  spirits.  Roach 
and  Esquirol  affirm,  from  obsen-ation, 
that  indiiro  dyers  are  especially  subject 
to  melancholy;  and  that  those  who  dyv> 
ocarlet    are    choleric      Paracelsus    &1bo 


BLUEOOWNS. 


BOA, 


99 


assorts  that  blno  is  injurious  to  t'uo  hoalth 
and  spirits.  Tlicro  may,  tlierofore,  bo 
more  scieuco  in  calling  melancholy  Hue 
than  is  generally  allowed.  The  German 
bUi  (lead)  which  g-ives  rise  to  our  slang 
word  blue  or  bliui/  (lead),  seems  to  bear 
upon  the  "  loadon  downcast  eyos "  of 
melancholy. 

Blue-gowns.  The  bedesmen,  to 
whom  the  kings  of  Scotland  distributed 
certain  alms.  Their  dress  was  a  cloak  or 
gown  of  coarse  blue  cloth,  with  a  pewter 
badge ;  and  their  number  was  equal  to 
that  of  the  king's  years,  so  that  an  extra 
one  was  added  every  returning  birthday. 
These  paujK-rs  were  privileged  to  ask 
alms  through  the  whole  realm  of  Scotland. 
No  new  member  lias  been  added  since 
1833.    (.See  Gaberlpnzie.) 

Blue  Hen.  Captain  Caldwell  used 
to  say  that  no  cock  could  bo  truly  game 
whose  mother  was  not  a  blue  hen.  As 
Caldwell  commanded  the  1st  Delaware 
regiment  in  the  war,  the  State  of  Dela- 
ware was  nicknamed  bhct  hen. 

Your  mother  was  a  blue  hen,  no  doubt. 
A  reproof  given  to  a  braggart.  {See  above.) 

Blue-light  Federalists.  A  name 
given  to  those  Americans  who  were  be- 
hoved to  have  made  friendly  ("blue- 
light")  sicruals  to  British  ships  in  the 
war.     (ISl-J.) 

Blue-mantle.  The  English  pur- 
Buivant-at-arms  is  so  called  from  his  offi- 
cial robe. 

Blue-noses.    The  Nova  Scotians. 

Blue  Peter.  A  flag  with  a  blue 
ground  and  white  square  in  the  centre, 
hoisted  as  a  signal  that  the  ship  is  about 
to  sail.  Peter  is  a  corruption  of  the 
French  parlir  (leave  or  notice  of  depar- 
ture), the  flag  being  hoisted  to  give  notice 
to  the  town  that  any  person  having  a 
money-claim  may  make  it  before  the 
£hip  starts,  and  that  all  about  to  sail  are 
to  come  on  board. 

Blue  Ruin.  Gin.  Called  blue  from 
its  tint,  and  ruin  from  its  effects. 

Blue  Stocking.  A  femalo  peilant. 
In  1-100  a  society  of  ladies  and  gentle- 
men was  formed  at  Venice,  distinguished 
by  the  colour  of  their  stockings,  and 
called  (hlln  caha.  It  laste.l  till  If.DO, 
when  it  appeared  in  Paris,  and  wap  the 
rage  among  the  lady  tavantet.      From 


I  France  it  came  to  England  in  1780,  when 
I  ilrs.  Mon'tague  disfdayod  the  badge  of 
the  Bas-bleu  club  at  her  evening  a.s.scn> 
blies.  Mr.  Stillingfleet  was  a  constant 
attendant  of  the  soirees,  and  went  by  the 
name  of  Blue  Stockinrjs.  The  last  of  t!ia 
clique  was  Miss  Aloncktou,  afterwards 
countess  of  Cork,  who  died  ISIO. 

Bluff  Harry  or  Hal.  Henry  VI I  f., 
BO  called  from  his  bluff  and  burly  man- 
ners.    (1-191-1547.) 

Blunderbore.  The  giant  who  wa« 
drowned,  boo.iuse  Jack  scuttled  his  boat. 
— Jack  the  GiaiU  Killer. 

Blunderbuss.  A  blunderer;  the 
pun  is  on  the  word  blunder. 

Blunt.  Silver  money,  from  the  French 
blond.  So  copper  coins  are  called  browns  ; 
goM,  yellow  boys  ;  and  the  silver  or  white 
penny  a  wyn  ( Welsh,  gwyn,  white).  There 
is  also  a  small  white  Moorish  coin  called 
blanquillo. 

Blunt,  Major-Oeneral.  An  old  cava- 
lier officer,  rough  in  speech,  but  very 
brave  and  honest,  of  good  uiiderRtandin.', 
and  a  true  patriot.  —  Shadwell,  "  The 
Volunteers." 

Bo  or  Boh,  in  old  Kunic,  was  a  fierce 
Gothic  captain,  son  of  Odin.  His  name 
was  used  by  his  soldiers  when  they  would 
fight  or  surprise  the  enemy. — Sir  William 
Temple. 

From  this  name  comes  our  bogie,  a  hob- 
goblin or  little  Qo.  (Jifford  ca-sllo  is 
called  Bo  Hall,  being  said  to  have  been 
constructed  by  bogies  or  magic.  {Set 
Bogie.) 

You,  cannot  say  Bo/  to  a  goose — i.e., 
you  are  a  coward  who  dare  not  say  bo ! 
even  to  a  fool.  When  Bon  Jonson  was 
introduced  to  a  nobleman,  the  peer  was 
so  struck  with  his  homely  appearance 
that  he  exclaimed,  "  What !  are  you 
Ben  Jonson?  Why,  you  look  as  if  you 
could  not  say  Bo!  to  a  goose."  "Bo!" 
exclaimed  the  witty  dramatist,  turning 
to  the  peer,  and  making  bis  bow. 

Bo-tree.  A  corruption  of  Bodhidni'm* 
(the  treo  of  wisdom ),  vmdor  which  Saky.i- 
muni  used  to  sit,  when  he  concocted  the 
system  called  Buddhism. 

Boo.  Pliny  says  the  word  is  from 
hof  (:i  COW),  and  arose  from  the  sunpo- 
sition  that  the  boa  sucked  the  mils  ai 
cows. 


100 


BOANERGES. 


BOB. 


Boaner'ges  (4  syl.).  A  pet  par.son  of 
the  lion  ^'enus,  who  anathematises  and 
deals  out  his  doctrines  of  election  and 
reprobation  with  fearless  assurance. 
Mrs.  Oliphant,  in  her  "Salem  Chapel," 
describes  this  popular  pulpiteer  as  one 
who  "  preaches  real  rousing-up  dis- 
courses, but  sits  down  pleasant  to  his 
tea,  and  makes  hisself  friendly." 

Jioanergen  (sons  of  thunder).  A  name 
g-iven  to  James  and  John,  the  sons  of 
Zeb'edee,  because  they  wanted  to  call 
down  "  fire  from  heaven  "  to  consume  the 
Samaritans  for  not  "receiving"  the  Lord 
Jesus  (Luke  Lx.  54;  see  Mark  iii.  17). 

Boar.  The  Boar.  Richard  IIL  ;  so 
called  from  his  cognisance. 

The  wretched,  bloody,  and  iisurplne  boar 
That  spoiled  your  summer  fields  and  fruitful  vinos; 
.  .  .  This  foul  swine  .  .  .  lies  now  .  .  . 
Near  to  the  town  nf  Leicester,  as  we  learn. 

ahakespeare,  "Richard  III.,"  v.  ». 

The  bristled  Baptist  hoar.  So  Dryden 
denominates  the  Anabaptists  in  his 
"  Hind  and  Panther." 

The  bristled  Baptist  boar,  impure  as  he  Uheape), 
But  whitened  with  the  foam  of  sanctity, 
■With  fat  pullutions  filled  the  sacred  place. 
And  mountaius  levelled  iu  his  furious  race. 

Ft.  1. 

The  wild  hoar  of  Ardennes  (Le  sanglier 
des  Ardennes),  Guillaume,  comte  do  la 
Marck,  so  called  because  he  was  fierce 
as  the  wild  boar,  which  he  delighted  to 
hunt.  Introduced  by  Sir  Walter  Scott 
as  \Villiam,  count  of  la  Marck,  in  "  Quen- 
tin  Durward." 

Boar's  Head.  The  Christmas  dish. 
Freyr,  the  Scandinavian  god  of  peace 
and  plenty,  used  to  ride  on  the  boar 
Gullinbursti ;  his  festival  was  held  at 
Yuletide  {winter  solstice),  when  a  boar 
was  sacrificed  to  his  honour. 

The  Boar's  Head.  This  tavern,  made 
immortal  by  Shakespeare,  used  to  stand 
in  Eastcheap,  on  the  site  of  the  present 
etatue  of  William  IV.  It  was  the  cog- 
nisance of  the  Gordons,  the  progenitor 
of  which  clan  slew,  in  the  forest  of 
Huntley,  a  wild  boar,  the  terror  of  all 
the  Merse.     (1093.) 

Board.  Tlie  Board  of  Trade,  Board 
of  Admiralty,  Board  of  Directors,  &c. 
So  called  from  the  custom,  still  observed 
st  the  universities,  of  writing  the  mem- 
bers' names  on  a  board.  Hence,  to  be  a 
member  is  to  have  one's  name  on  the 
board. 


To  board.  To  feed  and  lodge  together, 
is  taken  from  the  custom  of  the  univer- 
sity members,  &c.,  dining  together  at  a 
common  table  or  board. 

Board,  in  sea-phrase,  is  all  that  space 
of  the  sea  which  a  ship  passes  over  Id 
tacking.     Hence  the  phrases— 

To  make  a  good  hoard. 

To  male  a  short  hoard. 

To  male  a  stern  board, 

To  leave  the  land  on  hacl-loard,  &c. 

I'll  board  hivi  presently  ("  Hamlet," 
ii.  2).  Accost.  (French,  ahorder,  to 
accost. ) 

I  will  board  her,  tho'  she  chide  as  loud 
As  tlinntler. 

Shakegpeart,  "  Taming  of  the  Shrto,"  L  i. 

Boat.  Both  in  the  same  boat.  Both 
treated  alike  ;  both  placed  in  the  same 
conditions.  The  reference  is  to  the  boat 
launched  when  a  ship  is  a- wreck. 

To  be  represented  in  a  boat  is  the 
ordinary  symbol  of  apotheo'sis.  Many 
sovereigns  are  so  represented  on  coins. 

BoatSTvain.  The  officer  who  has 
chargeof  the  boats,  sails,  rigging, anchors, 
cordage,  cables,  and  colours.  Swain  is 
the  Saxon  sicein  (a  hoy,  servant),  Swedish 
suen.  Hence,  a  shepherd  is  a  swain,  and 
a  sweetheart  is  a  woman's  servant  or 
swain. 

Boatstoain,  The  name  of  Byron's 
favourite  dog,  buried  in  Newstead  Abbey 
garden. 

Boaz  and  Jaehin.  The  names  of 
the  two  brazen  pillars  set  up  by  Solomon 
at  the  entrance  of  his  temple  —  B^mz 
(strenr/th)  on  the  left  hand,  and  Jacbin 
IstahUity)  on  the  right  (1  Kings  vii.  21). 

Two  pillars  raising  by  their  skill  profound, 
Bocu  and  Jaehin,  thro'  the  Enst  renowned. 

Cralibt,  "Borough." 

iJob.  A  shilling,  A  contraction  of 
bawbee.     (&e  Baubee.) 

To  give  the  bob  to  any  one.  To 
deceive,  to  balk.  The  word  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  pop.  The  bob  of  a  pendulum  or 
mason's  plumb-line  is  the  weight  that 
pops  backwards  and  forwards.  The  hob 
of  a  fishing-line  pops  up  and  down  when 
fish  nibble  at  the  bait.  To  bob  for  appleg 
or  cherries  is  to  try  and  catch  them 
while  they  swing  backwards  and  for- 
wards. As  this  is  very  deeeptive,  it  is 
easy  to  see  how  the  word  signifies  to 
balk,  fcc.    [See  Bo-peep.) 


BOBADIL. 


BOGUS. 


101 


To  bob  means  also  to  thump,  and  a  bob 
is  a  blow. 

He  that  a  fool  doth  very  wisely  hit. 
Doth  very  foolishly,  althoiii^h  he  smart, 
Not  to  seem  senseless  cf  i  he  hoh. 

Shakespiare,  "At  i'&u  Liie  It,"  U.  7. 

Bear  a  hob.  Be  brisk.  The  allusion  is 
to  the  bobbing  of  apples,  in  which  it 
requires  great  agility  and  quickness  to 
avoid  a  thump  on  the  mouth. 

Bob'adil.  A  military  braegart  of  the 
first  water.  Captain  IJobadil  is  a  cha- 
racter in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  of  "Every 
Man  in  his  Humour."  This  name  was 
probably  sugrrested  by  Bobadilla,  first 
governor  of  Cuba,  who  sent  Columbus 
home  in  chains,    ike  \  ixcknt. 

Bohadil  is  the  author's  best  inTention,  and  is 
worthy  to  march  in  the  same  regiment  with 
Bessils  and  I'lsini,  Parollcs,  and  the  Copper  Cap- 
tain [g.v.).—B.  W.  Procter. 

JBobbish.  Pretty  lollish.  Pretty  well 
(in  spirits  and  health),  from  606,  brisk. 
[See  above.)     A  very  ancient  expression. 

Bobby.  A  policeman  ;  bo  called 
either  because  they  boh  or  beat  with  a 
etati,  or  because  Sir  Robert  Peel  intro- 
duced the  force,  at  least  into  Ireland. 
Probably  the  pun  has  given  currency  to 
the  word. 

Bockland  or  Bookland.  Land 
severed  from  the/o/c/a«(/,  and  converted 
into  a  private  estate  of  perpetual  in- 
heritance by  a  short  and  simple  deed  or 
bock. 

Bod.  The  divinity  invoked  by  Indian 
women  who  desire  fecundity:  Children 
born  after  an  invocation  to  Bod  must  be 
redeemed,  or  else  serve  in  the  temple  of 
the  goddess.     (Indian  ■mytkoUijy.) 

Boden-See.  The  Lake  of  Constance 
is  so  called  because  the  Bodmannn,  or 
king's  messenger  of  the  Carlovin^ian 
dynasty,  used  to  reside  in  the  vicinity. 

Bodkin.  To  ride  bodkin.  To  ride 
in  a  carriage  between  two  others,  tho 
accommodation  beint^  only  for  two.  You 
are  a  little  instrument  sheathed  like  a 
bodkin  or  small  dagger,  and  thrust  at  the 
side  of  your  compaaians. 

Ho  himself  miifht  his  quictiiB  make 
With  a  bare  buill<iri. 

ahiikeiptari,  "Ilamtet,"  iiL  1. 

Bodle.  A  Scotch  coin,  worth  the 
eixth  of  a  penny  ;  so  called  from  Both- 
well,  a  mint-master. 


Bodle'ian  Library  (Oxford).  Ho 
called  bec-ause  it  was  restored  by  Sir 
Thomas  Bodley,  in  151}?. 

Boemond  ("Jerusalem  Delivered"). 
The  Christian  king  of  Antioch  who  tried 
to  teach  his  sulijects  arts,  laws,  and 
religion.  Pj-rrhus  delivered  to  him  a 
fort,  by  which  Antioch  was  taken  by  the 
Christians  after  an  eight  mouths'  siege. 
Boemond  and  Roge'ro  were  two  brothers, 
the  sons  of  Roberto  Guiscardo,  of  the 
Norman  race. 

Eceo'tian.  A  rude,  unlettered  per- 
son ;  a  dull  blockhead.  Tho  ancient 
Boeotians  took  no  interest  in  the  Atheui.nn 
refinement  and  intellectual  greatness. 
They  loved  agriculture  and  pastoral  pur- 
suits fur  better;  so  the  witty  Athenians 
used  to  say  they  were  dull  and  thick  as 
their  own  atmosphere.  Yet  Hesiod, 
Pindar,  Corinna,  Plutarch,  Pelop'idas, 
and  Epaminon'das  were  all  Boeotians. 

Boe'thius.  Last  of  the  Latin  authors, 
properly  so  called.  Alfred  the  Great 
translated  his  "De  Conso)a.tio'ne  Philo- 
sophi.e"  into  Angla-Saxon. 

Bogie.  A  scarecrow,  a  goblin.  (Bul- 
garian, 6017,  a  god ;  Slavonic,  bogu;  Welsh, 
bw(j,  a  goblin,  our  bw^ bear.) 

The  AssjTian  mothers  used  to  scare 
their  children  with  the  name  of  Narsi's 
(Gv'bon) ;  tho  Syrians  with  that  of  Richard 
Coeur  de  Lion  ;  the  Dutch  with  lioh,  the 
Gothic  general  (  Wartoii) ;  the  Jews  with 
Liiith  ;  the  Turks  w'th  Mathias  Corvi'nus, 
the  Hungarian  king;  and  the  Eiiplish 
with  the  nameof  Luusfort((7.r.).  (.5'teBo.) 

Bo'gio  (in  "Orlando  Furioso").  One 
of  tho  allies  of  Charlemagne,  lie  pro- 
mised his  wife  to  return  within  six 
moons,  but  was  slain  by  Durdiuello. 

Bogomili.  A  religious  sect  of  the 
twelfth  century,  whose  chief  seat  was 
Thrace.  So  called  from  their  constant 
repetition  of  the  words,  "  I/ord,  have 
mercy  upon  us,"  which,  in  Bulganan,  is 
bog  (Lord),  milui  (have  mercy). 

Bogtrotters.  Irish  tramps.  So 
called  from  tlitir  skill  in  crou.sing  tho 
Irish  bogs,  from  tussock  to  tussock, 
either  as  guides  or  to  escape  pursuit 

Bogus.  Bogus  aii-rencif.  Forged  or 
sham  bills.  Bogus  Iraiuuictions.  Fraudu- 
lent trans.action3.  Tho  won!  is  a  corrii|»- 
tion  of  Borghose,  a  swindler  who  did  .1 


102 


BOHEMIA. 


BOLT. 


great  business  in  supplying  America 
with  counterfeit  bills,  bills  on  fictitious 
banks,  and  sham  mortgages. — Boston 
Daily  Courier. 

Bocjle  Swindle.  A  gigantic  swindle 
concocted  in  Paris  by  fourteen  persons, 
who  expected  to  net  at  least  a  milliou 
Btorling.     It  was  exposed  in  the  Times. 

Bohe'mia.  The  Queen  of  Bohemia. 
A  public-house  sign  in  honour  of  lady 
Elizabeth  Stuart,  daughter  of  James  I., 
v/ho  was  married  to  Frederick,  elector 
palatine,  for  whom  Bohemia  was  raised. 
into  a  separate  kingdom.  It  is  through 
this  lady  that  the  Brunswick  family  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  of  Great  Britain. 

Bohe'mian.  A  gipsy,  an  impostor. 
The  first  gipsies  that  entered  France 
came  from  Bohemia,  and  appeared  before 
Paris  in  1 127.  They  were  not  allowed  to 
enter  the  city,  but  were  lodged  at  La 
Cliapcdle  St.  Denis. 

A  slang  term  applied  to  literary  men 
and  artists  of  loose  and  irregular  habits, 
living  by  what  they  can  pick  up  by  their 
brains. 

Never  was  there  an  editor  witli  less  about 
hlin  of  the  literary  Bohemian.  A  8tro;is  cont-rsst 
to  his  unhapiiy  contempoiavy,  Chalterton.  — 
FoiinighVy  Review,  "  Faston  Liiter." 

Bohe'mian  Brethren.  A  religious 
sect,  formed  out  of  the  remnants  of  the 
Hussites.  They  rose  at  Prague  in  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  were  nicknamed 
Cave-dwellers,  because  they  lurked  in  caves 
to  avoid  persecution, 

Boi'es  (2  syl.).  Priests  of  the  savages 
of  Florida.  Each  priest  has  his  special 
idol,  which  must  be  invoked  by  the  fumes 
of  tobacco.  {Amei'ican  Indian  mythology .) 

Boiling-point.  ITe  teas  at  hoilin^j- 
point.  Very  angry  indeed.  Proper!}' 
the  point  of  heat  at  which  water,  under 
ordinary  conditions,  boils.  (212°  Fah- 
renheit, 100"  Centigrade,  80"  Reaumur.) 

Eoissere'an  Collection.  A  col- 
lection at  Stuttgart  of  the  early  specimens 
of  German  art,  made  by  the  three  brothers 
Boisser^e. 

Boiva'ni.  Goddess  of  destruction. 
(^Hiyuiti  Mythology.') 

Bo'lay  or  Boley.  The  giant  which  the 
Indians  B;iy  conquered  heaven,  earth, 
and  the  iniorao.    {Indian  mytholosy.) 


Bold.  Boldas  BeauchampC^etclx-Mza). 
It  is  said  that  Thomas  Beauchamp,  earl 
of  Warwick,  with  one  sqiiire  and  six 
archers,  overthrew  100  armed  men  at 
Hogges,  in  Normandy,  in  131G. 

This  exploit  is  not  more  incredible 
than  that  attributed  to  Captal-de-Buch, 
who,  with  forty  followers,  cleared  lleaux 
of  the  insurgents  called  "  La  Jaquerie." 
7.000  of  whom  were  slain  by  this  little 
band,  or  trampled  to  death  in  the  narrow 
streets  as  they  fled  panic  struck  (1358). 

Bole'rium    Promontory.      The 

Laud's  End. 

Bole'ro.  A  Spanish  dance ;  so  called 
from  the  name  of  the  inventoi', 

Bolingbroke.  Henry  IV.  of  England ; 
BO  called  from  Bolingbroke,  in  Lincoln- 
shire, where  he  was  born.  (IGGtj,  \Z\i'J- 
1413.) 

Bollen.  Swollen.  (Saxon,  holge.) 
Hence  "joints  bolne-big"  (Golding),  and 
"  bolno  in  pride"  (Phaer). 

The  barley  was  in  the  ear,  aai  the  flax  was  bolle4 
— Bxocl.  ix.  31. 

Bolo'gne.  Stone,  being  placed  in  the 
light,  will  imbibe  and  for  some  time  re- 
tain it,  so  as  to  illuminate  a  dark  place.— 
Richardson. 

Bolognese  School.  There  were 
three  periods  to  the  Bolognese  School  in 
painting— the  Early,  the  Roman,  and  the 
Eclectic.  The  first  was  founded  by 
Marco  Zoppo,  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  its  best  exponent  was  Francia.  The 
second  was  founded  in  the  sixteenth 
century  by  Bagnacavallo,  and  its  chief 
exponents  were  Primatic'io,  Tibaldi,  and 
Nicolo  deir  Aba'te.  The  third  was 
founded  by  the  Carracci,  at  the  close  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  and  its  best  mas- 
ters have  been  Domenichi'no.  Lanfranco, 
Guido,  Scbido'ne,  Guerci'no,  and  Alba'ai. 

Bolt.  An  arrow,  a  shaft  (Saxon, 
holla;  Danish,  holt ;  Greek,  liallo,  to  cast ; 
Latin,  pello,  to  drive).  A  door  bolt  is  a 
shaft  of  wood  or  iron,  which  may  be 
shot  or  driven  forward  to  secure  a  door. 
A  thunderbolt  is  a  shaft  cast  from  the 
clouds.     Cupid's  holt  is  Cupid's  arrow. 

The  foors  holt  is  soon  spent.  A  foolish 
archer  shoots  all  his  arrows  so  heedlessly 
that  he  leaves  himself  no  ra'^ources  ic 
case  of  need. 


BOLT. 


BONA-ROBA. 


lOS 


I mtist  holt:  be  off  like  an  arrow. 
To  bolt  food:   to  swallow   it   quickly 
wiiliout  Wiiitiii'j:  to  chew  it. 

To  holt  out  the  truth :  to  blurt  it  out. 
To  bolt,  to  sift  as  flour  is  bolted. 
I  cannot  bolt  tliis  matler  to  the  bran, 
As  IVa<hvarileii  anil  lioly  Austin  can. 

Drydiu's  version  of  tbo  Cockaiid  Fox. 

Bolt  in  Tun,  a  public-houso  sign, 
is  heraldic.  In  heraldry  it  is  api.liccl  to 
a  bird-holt,  in  pale  {icrcing  throu}j;h  a 
tun.  The  puniiinfj  crest  of  Serjeant 
Bolton,  who  died  1787,  was  "  on  a  wreath 
a  tun  erect  i)roper,  transpierced  by  an 
arrow  fosKcways  or."  Auitther  family 
of  the  saino  name  has  for  crest  "a  tun 
with  a  bird-bolt  through  it  proper."  A 
third,  harj)iug  on  the  same  string,  has 
"a  bolt  pule  in  a  tun  or."  Tho  public- 
house  sign  distinguished  by  this  device 
or  name  adopted  it  in  honour  of  some 
family  claiming  ono  of  the  devices  men- 
tioned above. 

Bolt  Upright.  Straight  aa  an 
arrow.  A  bolt  is  an  arrow  with  a  round 
knob  at  tho  end,  used  for  shooting  at 
rooks,  kc. 

Bolton.  The  Bolton  Ass.  This  crea- 
ture is  said  to  have  chewed  tobacco  and 
taken  snuff. — Dr.  Doran. 

Bate  7ne  an  ace,  qtwlh  Bolton.  Give 
mo  some  advantage.  What  you  say 
must  be  qualified,  as  it  is  too  strong. 
Ray  says  that  a  collection  of  proverbs 
were  once  presented  to  tho  Virgin  Queen, 
with  tho  assurance  that  it  contained  all 
the  proverbs  in  the  language  ;  but  the 
queen  rebuked  the  boaster  with  tho  pro- 
verb, "Bate  mean  ace,  quoth  Bolton," 
a  proverb  omitted  in  tho  compilation. 
John  Bolton  was  one  of  the  courtiers 
who  used  to  play  cards  and  dice  with 
Konry  VIII.,  and  llattered  the  king  by 
asking  him  to  allow  him  an  ace  or  some 
advantage  in  the  game. 

Bolus.  An  apothecary.  Apothecaries 
are  so  called  because  they  administer 
boluses.  Similarly  Mrs.  Suds  is  a  washer- 
woman ;  Boots  is  the  shoebhick  of  an 
inn,  4:c. 

George  Colman  adopts  the  name  for 
his  apothecary,  who  wrote  his  labels  in 
rhyme,  ono  of  which  was — 

AV'hon  tnk<:n, 

To  Ijo  weU  sliakon; 

but  tho  patient  being  shaken,  instead  of 
the  misturo,  died. 


Boniba.  King  Bomha.  A  nicknatu" 
given  to  Ferdinand  II.,  late  king  of 
Naples,  in  consequence  of  his  cruel  bom- 
bardment of  Messina  in  1848,  in  which 
the  slaughter  and  destruction  of  pro- 
perty was  most  wanton. 

Bomba  II.  is  the  iiiekname  given  to 
his  son  Francis  II.  for  bomharding  Pa- 
lermo in  18(j0.  He  is  also  called  Bonn- 
ball  no  (Little  Bomba). 

Another  meaning  equally  ai)plicable  is 
"Vox  et  pnetcr'ea  nihil,"  Bomha  being 
the  e.Nplosion  made  by  puffing  out  tho 
cheeks,  and  causing  them  suddenly  to 
collapse.   Liar,  break-promise,  worthless. 

Bombast  literally  meatis  the  por- 
duce  of  the  boml)}'.':,  but  is  applieii  to 
cotton  used  instead  of  silk  ;  hence  bom- 
base  (cotton),  bombazine  (silk  cloth  crossed 
with  wool),  fustian.  In  literature  bom- 
bast is  cotton  palmed  off  on  the  pul>lic 
for  silk.  Bomb,  the  shell  tilled  with 
gunpowder,  is  tho  bomhycla  arundo,  'ir 
cane  in  which  silk-worms  wore  curried 
from  place  to  place. 

We  liavfi  received  your  letters  full  of  love,  ,  , . 
And  in  our  maidea  council  rati'd  Ui<>in  .  ,  , 
As  bombast  and  as  lining  to  tlie  lime. 

Hhakespeare,  "Loit't  Labour't  Lost,"  v.  I. 

Bombastes    Furio'so.     One  who 

talks  big  and  uses  long  6esquii)odalian 
words;  the  ideal  of  bombast.  Ho  is  the 
hero  of  a  burlesque  opera  so  called,  by 
William  Barnes  Rhodes. 

Bombas'tus.  The  family  name  of 
Paracelsus.  lie  is  said  to  have  koiit  <t 
small  devil  prisoner  in  the  pommel  of  his 
sword. 

Homhastus  kept  a  devil's  bird 
SliMt  111  tbo  pommel  of  his  sword. 
That  taii^lil  liini  all  the  ciiniiiiii;  pranks 
Of  past  and  future  muuiiteliani;s. 

Uiuiibra$,  pt.  It.  X 

Bon  Mot  (French).  A  good  or  witty 
saying ;  a  pun  ;  a  clover  roj)artoo. 

Bon  Vivant  (French).  A  froo  liver; 
one  who  indulges  in  the  "  good  things  of 
the  table." 

Bona  Fide.  Without  subterfuge  or 
deception  ;  really  and  truly.  Laterally, 
in  goodjailh  (Latin). 

Bona-roTja.  A  courtesan  (TtAlinn). 
So  called  from  tho  smartness  of  their 
robes  or  drosses. 

Wo  ki'.ovT  H-lierc  the  honarnhas  were. 

SK.k($i,fir*.  "  )  Utnry  I  K.,'   lU.  1. 


104 


noNE. 


BONNET. 


Bone  (1  sy].).  To  filch.  Probably  a 
corrn|>tion  of  bonnet  (a  gambling  cheat, 
wlio  sharks  your  money  slyly).  A  sham 
bidder  at  an  auction  is  a  bonnet,  his  object 
being  to  nm  vip  the  price  of  the  articles. 
Tiiese  cheats  bonnet,  or  thrust,  the  bon- 
net over  the  eyes  of  their  victim,  that 
their  deception  may  not  be  detected. 

/  haue  a  bone  to  pick  xoilli.  yoa.  An 
unpleasant  matter  to  settle  with  you.  At 
the  marriaiife  banquets  of  the  Sicilian 
poor,  the  bride's  father,  after  the  meal, 
used  to  hand  the  bridegroom  a  bone, 
saying,  "  I'ick  this  bone  ;  for  you  have 
taken  iu  hand  a  much  harder  task." 

Bone  of  Contention.  A  disputed 
point ;  a  point  not  yet  settlcil.  The 
metaphor  is  taken  from  the  proverb 
about  "Two  dogs  fighting  for  a  bone," 
&c. 

Bones.  Deucalion,  after  the  deluge, 
was  ordered  to  cast  behind  him  the  hmies 
of  Ids  mother,  i.e.,  the  stones  of  mother 
earth.  Those  thrown  by  Deul■a^ion  be- 
came men,  and  those  thrown  by  his  wife, 
Fyrrha,  became  women. 

To  ninhe  no  bones  about  the  matter,  i.e., 
no  difficulty,  no  scruple.  Dice  are  called 
"bones,"  and  the  French  Jlaller  le  de  (to 
mince  the  matter)  is  the  opposite  of  our 
ex{>ression.  To  make  no  bones  of  a  thing 
is  not  to  flatter,  or  "  make  much  of,"  or 
humour  the  dice,  in  order  to  show  favour. 
I  do  not  think  the  jihrase  has  anything 
to  do  with  a  dog  that  eats  meat,  boues 
and  all. 

Boned.  I  honed  him.  Caught  or  seized 
him.     (.bee  Bone.) 

Bonese  (2  syl.).  The  inhabitants  of 
Boni,  one  of  the  Celebes. 

Bonfire.  A  beacon-fire.  (Welsh, 
ban,  a  beacon,  whence  hanffagl,  a  lofty 
blaze;  Danish,  haun ;  Scotch,  bane-JireJ) 
The  Athenceum,  Oct.  6,  18'>6,  gives  several 
quotations  from  the  materials  prepared 
for  the  Philological  Society's  English 
Dictionary,  to  show  that  the  word  moans 
a  fire  m.ade  of  bones  ;  one  runs  thus,  "  In 
the  worship  of  St.  John,  the  people  ,  .  . 
made  three  manner  of  fires:  one  was  of 
clean  bones  and  no  wooii,  and  that  is 
called  a  bonefire  ;  another  of  clean  wood 
and  no  bones,  and  that  is  called  a  wood- 
fire  •  ,  .  and  the  third  is  made  of 
wood  and  bones,  and  is  called  "  St. 
John'i  fire"    (Quaiuor  Scrnonet,   1499). 


Another  quotation  is  from  Leland's  "Col- 
lectanea," l.')50 :  "  I  have  hoard  of  a 
custom  that  is  practised  in  some  parts  of 
Lincolnshire,  where,  on  some  peculiar 
nights,  they  make  great  fires  in  the 
public  streets  .  .  .  with  bones  .  .  . 
in  memory  of  burning  their  dead."  This 
was  on  the  22nd  of  May,  or  Ascension 
Day.  Certainly  bone  is  the  more  an- 
cient way  of  spelling  the  first  syllable 
of  the  word. 

Bon'homie'.  Kindness, goodnature; 
free  and  easy  manners  ;  cordial  bene- 
volence.    (^French.) 

Bonhomme  (2  syl.  5.  Jacqves  Bonr 
homrne  {Fremh}.  A  peasant  who  ven- 
tures to  interfere  in  politics.  Hence  the 
peasants'  rebellion,  in  l^SS,  was  callea 
La  Jarquei-ie.  The  term  means  "  .Tamea 
Goodfellow;"  we  also  often  address  the 
poor  as  "  My  good  fellow." 

Bon'iface.  A  sleek,  good-temp'red, 
jolly  landlord.  From  Fanjuhar's  comedy 
01  '■  llie  Lleaux'  Stratai:em." 

A  regular  British  Boniface.— 7%«  John  BuU. 

St.  Boniface,  The  apostle  of  Germany, 
an  Anglo-Saxon,  whose  original  irame 
was  Wiiiifi-iil  or  WinfrUh.     (o30-750.) 

Bonnet.  A  pretended  player  at  a 
gaming  table,  or  bi.lder  at  an  auction,  to 
lure  others  to  play.  So  called  because 
he  blinds  the  eyes  of  his  dupes,  ju.st  as  if 
he  had  struck  their  bonnet  over  their 
eyes.     (See  BuNE.) 

A  man  who  sits  at  a  ^arain?  tahle.  and  aptiears 
to  be  playing  against  llie  taoic;  wlien  a  s'iMii:,-er 
appears  the  lionnet  general.y  \\\ns.—The  Times. 

Bonnet  Rouge.  The  red  cap  of  Liberty 
worn  by  the  leaders  of  the  French  re- 
volution. It  is  the  emblem  of  Red 
Republicanism. 

Braid  Bannet.  The  old  Scotch  cap, 
made  of  milled  woollen,  without  seam  or 
lining. 

Bonnet  Lairds.  Jjocal  magnates  of 
Scotland,  who  wore  the  Braid  Bannet. 

Glen;]arnj  Bonnet.  The  highland  bon- 
net, which  rises  to  a  point  iu  front. 

Bonnet-piece.  A  gold  coin  of  James  V. 
of  Scotland,  the  king's  head  on  which 
wears  a  bom.et.     (.Vee  BEE.) 

He  luis  a  yreen  bonnet.  Has  failed  in 
trade.  In  France  it  used  to  be  customary, 
even  in  the  seventeenth  century,  for 
bankrupts  to  wear  a  green  bonnet  (cloth 
cap). 


BONNYCLABBER. 


BOOT. 


106 


Bonnyclabber.  A  drink  made  of  beer 

and  hiitterrnilk.  (Irish,ioi/K,  niWk ■.ctahar, 
»n\  thing  that  thickens  it,  as  rennet,  &c.) 

Witn  ^■eer  anJ  hiitterni  Ik.  niiiiKle  1  tose:li»r     .  . 

To  <ir:uk  B  .oil    •    .    lK)iinv-c    if.er. 

Ben  J,.nj.n.  "  The  \'.u>  Inn,"  i  8, 

Bontemps.  Roger  Bontp^nps^Frewch). 
The  ppi-RoiiificHtifin  of  "  Never  say  die." 
Tue  phrase  is  from  Bdraiifjer. 

Vous  p«uvre6.  pJeins  d'onvie  ; 

\ Ous  liciies,  1  <;.ireux; 
VouB.  doiii  le  'har  a.'ne 

A"re^  uu  COUTH  ritriir'-nx; 
Vous.  qui  pcpiiez  peui-Otre 

l)es  t:tres  ecUiaut. 
Eh:  irai !  pieuez  imi.r  in.%itre 

Le  eroH  llu,;e'  Ifowempe.—Blra'ijer 
Sf  Door,  with  eovy  ijoaded  ; 

V  t^  .  leh,  for  m  re  who  long ; 
Y'  wliu  by  fortuu"  !■  aded, 

Fiu  1  'til  tlinig'i  e'"iiK  wioDg; 
Ve  who  by  some  aisuSkCr 

See  all  y.ur  cables  break, 
Fiuiii  hcnoi'lurlh  fur  your  master 

li.utr  Ko>;er  Uouteuips  take. 

Bonus.  A  bounty  over  and  above 
the  interest  of  a  sluire  in  any  comjiany. 
(Litin,  iuiiiu  oxaslits,  a  good  profit  or 
bounty.  The  interest  or  fruit  of  money 
put  out  in  an  invcstiJieut  was  by  the 
Romans  called  the  qmeslus.) 

Bonzes  (sing.  Bon'ze).  Indian  priests. 
In  China  they  are  the  priests  of  tlio 
Fohists  ;  their  number  is  50,000,  anci 
they  are  represented  as  idle  and  dis- 
solute. In  Japan  they  are  men  of  rank 
and  family.  In  Tumiuiu  every  pagoda 
has  at  least  two  bouzjs,  and  some  as 
many  as  fifty. 

Booby.  A  spiritless  fm  1,  who  suffers 
himself  to  be  imposed  upon.  In  the  West 
Indies  there  is  a  sort  of  pelican,  called  a 
booby,  which  allows  itself  to  he  attacked 
by  other  birds,  and  yields  to  them  the 
fish  it  has  taken  almost  without  resistance. 
In  England  the  bolau  goose  is  called  a 
booby  or  noddy. 

Liidy  lioiihii.  A  caricature  on  Richard- 
son's "  Pam'ela."  A  vulgar  upst.irt,  who 
tries  to  seduce  Joseph  Andrews. — Fuld- 
in-g,  "  Joseph  Andrews." 

A  hoohu  will  never  male  a  hnii-l:.  The 
booby  pelican,  that  allows  itself  tf  be 
lleeced  by  other  birds,  will  never  become 
a  bird  of  prey  itself. 

Book  (Saxon,  hoc;  Danish,  hnil-e ; 
Gerinau.  hiclie.  n  beech- tr^o.)  Bcech-biirk 
was  employed  for  cavviii'j;  names  on, 
before  the  iuveuti'  n  of  printing. 

Here  on  my  trunk's  «urviv1m;  frrtme, 

Curved  miiiiy  a  lonn-forKiilleii  iiame.  .  ,  . 

As  love's  own  altar,  Imu'iur  me: 

Spare,  woodman,  spnre  tlio  beechen  lr«»<». 


/Joofc.  Loeistil'-a  gave  ABtolpho,  at 
partine,  a  book  which  wonhi  tell  hira 
anythinL'  he  wanted  to  know,  and  save 
him  from  the  power  of  encliautmeut. — 
"  Orlatulii  Fiiriit.iti,"  bk.  viii. 

li'idk,  lit/l,  and  cnndle.     {See  Bell.) 

he  is  in  my  hooks  (or)  in  nil/  good  Irnoks. 
The  former  is  the  oMer  form  ;  both  mean 
to  be  in  favour.  The  word  hook  was  at 
one  time  used  more  wjilely,  a  siiiirlo  sheet 
or  even  a  list  l>eiiig  called  a  iKiok.  To 
t)e  in  my  books  is  to  he  on  my  list  of 
friends.     (.See  Bi-ack  Bodies) 

Jji-iiiff  /lim  to  book.  Make  him  give  an 
account. 

To  .<peak  by  lice  book.  With  minute 
exactness. 

To  speak  without  hook.  Without  au- 
thority. 

lie  IPCS  booked  at  liisU  Caught  and  dis- 
posed of. 

All  these  are  mercantile  terms,  and 
refer  to  hook- keeping. 

Ueicare  of  a  man  of  one  book.  Never 
attempt  to  controvert  the  statement 
of  any  one  in  his  own  special  subject. 
A  shepherd  who  cannot  read  will  kn.iw 
more  about  sheep  than  the  wisest  hook- 
worm. This  caution  is  given  by  St. 
Thomas  Aipii'nas. 

T/uU  (Lyes  not  suit  my  hook.  Does  not 
accord  with  my  arr.mgemcuts.  Tue 
reference  is  to  betting-hooks,  in  which 
the  bets  are  foriuiiliy  entered. 

Book-keeping. 

]Vasle-hook.  A  book  in  which  items  are 
not  posted  under  heads,  hut  are  Ifft 
scattered,  as  each  transaction  occurred. 
(Welsh,  gira.iyarii,  to  s&xtter ;  Spanish, 
gaslar  ;  I'ortuiruese,  ^rxavfur,  kc.) 

Ledger  (Dutch,  ieg<'n,  to  lay).  The 
book  which  is  laid  up  in  counting-houses; 
from  the  same  word  we  have  ledger  linoa 
in  fish-tackli'ig. 

Leilger  lines  in  music  are  linos  which 
lie  over  or  below  the  sUifT.  (Dutch,  legger, 
to  lie.) 

Bookworm.  One  alw.ayR  poriiii? 
over  his  books.  So  called  in  allusion  to 
the  insect  that  eats  holes  in  hooks,  and 
lives  hoth  in  and  on  its  leaves. 

Books.  Battle  of  the  hixiks.  The  Boyjo 
controver  y.     (.See  "Batti.e,  Boylk  CoN. 

TKOVEKSY.) 

Boot.  /  vill  girr  you  that  to  boot,  i.e. 
in  ad'iition.  The  Anglo-Saxon  (niot  or  fcJ 
meitiis  "comjionsation."  (Gothic,  Myon 
profit.) 


lOS 


BOOTS. 


BORDLODK. 


As  an-y  cno  shftll  he  more  powerful  ....  or 
hlxlier  in  degree,  slmll  he  tlie  more  deeply  make 
boot  for  sin.  and  pay  for  evory  misdeed.— Lau;«  0/ 
Kino  KUulrtd. 

Bool  of  a  carria(]e.  A  corruption  of  the 
French  boile,  a  box. 

Boots.  Seven-leagued  hoofs.  The  boots 
worn  by  the  giant  in  the  fairy  tale,  called 
"  The  Seven-leagued  Boots."  These  boots 
would  stride  over  seven  leagues  at  a  paco. 

I  measure  five  feel  ten  inches  unthout  my 
bools.  The  allusion  is  to  the  chopine  or 
high-heeled  boot,  worn  at  one  time  to 
increase  the  stature.  Hamlet  says  of  the 
lady  actress,  "  You  are  nearer  heaven 
than  when  I  saw  you  last,  by  the  altitude 
of  a  choiiino." — ii.  2. 

Bools.  An  instrument  of  torture  made 
of  four  pieces  of  narrow  board  nailed 
together,  of  a  competent  length  to  fit  the 
leg.  The  leg  being  placed  therein, 
wedges  were  inserted  till  the  sufferer 
confessed  or  fainted. 

AH  j'our  empirics  could  never  do  the  like  euro 
upon  Die  gout,  as  tlie  raek  in  England,  or  your 
Scutch  boots.— J/iirston,  "  Thi  MakonUnt." 

To  he  in  his  hoots.  To  bo  very  tipsy. 
(Welsh,  hozi,  prou.  hool-zi,  to  bo  saturated 
with  liquor.) 

Booth.  Husband  of  Amelia.  — i^tVW- 
ing,  "  Amelia." 

Bootless  errand.  An  unprofitable 
or  futile  message.  The  Saxon  hot  means 
'reparation' — 'overplus  to  profit;'  as 
"1  will  give  you  that  to  boot;"  "what 
boots  it  me  ?"  (what  does  it  profit  me). 

I  sent  him, 
Bootless  home  and  weather-heaten  hack. 

"1  Henry  IV.,"  iii.  1. 

Yon  have  often 
Beinn  to  tell  me  what  1  am,  but  stopped, 
And  left;  me  to  a  bootless  iiifiuisition. 

Miranda  to  Frospero,  "  The  Tempest,"  i.  J. 

Bootes  (Bo-o'-tees),  or  the  ox  driver, 
a  constellation.  According  to  ancient 
mythology,  Bootes  invented  the  plough, 
to  which  he  yoked  two  oxen,  and  at 
death,  being  taken  to  heaven  with  his 
plough  and  oxen,  was  mnde  a  constel- 
lation.   Homer  calls  it  "  the  wagoner." 

Wide  o'er  the  spacious  regions  of  the  north, 
That  see  Boijtos  urge  his  tardy  wain. 

Thomson,  "  Winter." 

Boozy.  Partly  intoxicated.  (Russian, 
busn,  mi!!ct-beer  ;  Latin,  hisa,  from  huo, 
to  till ;  Welsh,  hozi;  Old  Dutch,  buy:m,  to 
tipple ;  Coptic,  io«ja, intoxicating  drink.) 

In  Egypt  there  is  a  beer  railed  "  Boozer,"  which 
la  intoxicating.— i/oniinfl  Chronicle,  Aug.  S7,  ISii 


Bor,  in  Norfolk,  is  a  familiar  term  of 
adiiress  to  a  lad  or  young  man  ;  as, 
"  Well,  bor,  I  saw  the  morthor  you  fipoke 
of " — i.e.,  "  Well,  sir,  I  saw  the  lass.  ..." 
"Bor"  is  the  Dutch  hoer,  a  farmer  ;  and 
"  mor"  the  Dutch  moer,  a  female. 

Borach'io.  A  drunkard.  From  the 
Spanish  borach'oe  or  horrach'o,  a  bottle 
made  of  pig's  skin,  with  the  hair  inside, 
dressed  with  resin  and  pitch  to  keep 
the  wine  sweet. — Miiuheu. 

Borachio.  A  follower  of  Don  John,  in 
"  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,"  who  thus 
plays  upon  his  own  name: — 

I  will,  like  o  true  dnuikard  (JJorocfeio),  utter  all 
to  thee.    (iii.  6.) 

Bor'ak  or  .^4^  Borak  (the  lightning). 
The  horse  brought  by  Gabriel  to  carry 
Mahomet  to  tho  seventh  heaven.  It  h.-id 
the  face  of  a  man,  but  the  cheeks  of  a 
horse;  its  eyes  were  like  jacinths,  but 
brilliant  as  the  stars;  it  had  the  wings  of 
an  eagle,  spoke  with  the  voice  of  a  man, 
and  glittered  all  over  with  radiant  light. 
This  creature  was  received  into  Paradise. 
{See  Camel.) 

Bord  Halfpenny.  A  toll  paid  by 
the  Saxons  to  the  lord  for  the  privilege 
of  having  a  bord  or  bench  at  some  fair 
for  the  sale  of  articles. 

Borda'rii  or  Bonlmen.  A  class  of 
agriculturists  superior  to  tho  Villa'ni, 
who  paid  their  rent  by  supplying  the 
lord's  board  with  eggs  and  poultry. — 
Domesday  Book. 

Border  Minstrel.  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  who  traced  his  descent  to  the 
dukes  of  Bnccleuch,  the  great  border 
family.     (1771-1S3'2.) 

Tlie  Border.  'J'ho  frontier  of  England 
and  Scotland,  which,  from  the  eleventh 
to  the  fifteenth  century,  was  the  field 
of  constant  forays,  and  a  most  fertile 
source  of  ill  blood  between  north  and 
south  Britain. 

March,  march,  Ettrick  and  Teviotdale; 

■\Vliy,  my  lads,  duma  m.irch  for" aid  in  order f 
Match,  march.  Eskdale  and  Liddesrtale— 

Ail  the  blue  bonnets  are  over  the  h.u  dcr. 

air  M'alUr  Scoii. 

Bordlands.  Lands  kept  by  lords  in 
Saxon  times  for  the  supply  of  their  own 
board  or  table. 

Bordlode.  Sen-ice  paid  by  bordmes, 
or  borda'rii,  for  tho  use  of  tho  land  which 
they  occupied. 


BORE. 


BOTTLE. 


lax 


Bore.  A  tidal  wav<\  aa  those  of  the 
Hooghly,  Severn,  Trent  Qiei/gre),  Wyo, 
Solway,  Dee  (Cheshire),  Clyde,  Dornoch 
Firth,  and  Lune. 

Bore,  in  pugilistic  language,  is  one  who 
hears  or  presses  on  a  man  so  as  to  force 
him  to  the  ropes  of  the  ring  by  his  physi- 
cal weight;  figuratively,  one  who  bears 
or  presses  on  you  by  his  pertinacity. 

All  hegi?ar8  aro  liaWeto  rebuflls,  with  the  cer- 
tainty besides  ot  being  conaidered  bores. 

Pnnu  Albert,  1859. 

Eor'eal.  Having  aa  Auro'ra  Corca'lis. 

In  radiant  streams, 
Bright  OTer  Europe,  buists  tlio  Boreal  mo»n. 
J'homaon,  "Autumn." 

Bor'eas.  The  north  wind.  According 
to  mythology,  ho  was  the  son  of  Astrseus, 
a  Titan,  and  Eos,  the  morning,!|and  lived 
in  a  cave  of  Msunt  Ilajmus,  in  Thrace. 
(Greek,  horos,  voracious,  or  hoa-reo,  to 
How  with  violence ;  l^iissian,  boria,  storm; 
Hebrew,  horaack,  rapidity.) 

Cease,  rudo  Boreas !  blustering  railer. 

tieo.  Aiijc.  aieveivs. 

Borghese  {Bor-ga'-zy').  Thepriurcss 
Borr/hi'sr  \,n\\L-d  down  a  church  contiguiais 
to  her  palace,  because  the  incense  turned 
her  sick  and  the  organ  made  her  head 
ache. 

Bor'gia.    {See  Lucrezia.) 

Bormo'nia  or  Borvo.  Two  divinities 
of  the  ancient  Sequanians  and  Eduans  of 
Gaul,  who  presided  over  the  hot  springs. 
It  is  said  that  Bom-bonue-des-Bains  is 
named  from  Bormon. 

Boroon.    An  Indian  sea-god. 

Borough  English  is  where  the 
youngest  sou  inherits  instead  of  the 
eldest.  It  is  of  Saxon  origin,  and  is  so 
called  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Norman 
custom.  Wharton  says  that  the  custom 
obtains  in  the  manors  of  Lambeth, 
Hackney,  part  of  Islington,  Heston, 
Edmonton,  dc. — Law  Lexicon. 

Borowe.  St.  George  to  horowe,  i.e., 
St.  George  being  surety.  (Danish,  horgcn, 
bail ;  Swedish,  horgan,  a  giving  of  bail.) 

Borr.  Son  of  Ymer,  and  father  of 
Odin,  Ville,  Ve,  and  llertha  or  Earth. 
The  Celtic  priests  claimed  descent  from 
this  deity.     {Celtic  m>/l/iologi/.) 

Borrow.  A  pledge.  To  borrow  is  to 
♦ake  something  which  we  pledge  ourselves 
to  return. 

Yo  may  retain  lu  borrows  my  two  priests. —SiJ". 
"  I'janl^AK,"  0.  TiT.7'J,\\. 


Bortell.  1  he  bull,  in  the  tale  of  ''  Key. 
nard  the  Fox."    Ueinrkh  von  Alhnan. 

Bosh.  Nonsense  (Turkish,  both  Ink. 
enli,  silly  talk;  German,  bossch,  swipos). 
A  gipsy  word  used  in  the  "tstudent," 
V.  ii.,  p.  217.     (17GG.) 

Bossum.  One  of  the  two  chief 
deities  of  the  neirroes  on  the  {!old  Coast, 
the  other  being  Demonio.  Bossum,  the 
principle  of  good,  is  said  to  be  while; 
and  Demonio,  the  principle  of  evil, 
black.    (African  mythology.) 

Bostal  or  Borstal.  A  narrow  road- 
way up  the  steep  ascent  of  hills  or  downs. 
(Anglo-Saxon,  itorA,  a  hill ;  stigele,  a  rising 
path ;  our  stile.) 

Bot'any  means  a  treatise  on  fodder 
(Greek,  bot'ani,  fodder,  from  boshiti,  to 
feed).  The  science  of  plants  would  be 
"  phytol'ogy,"  from  phyton-logot  (plant- 
gpell). 

Botch.  A  patch.  Boicli  and  palch  are 
the  same  word  ;  the  older  form  vitiB  bodge, 
v/hence  boggle.  (Italian,  })ez:o,  pronounced 
patzo.) 

Bother,  i.e., pother  (Hibernian).  Halli- 
well  gives  us  i/o^Aej-,  which  he  says  means 
to  chatter  idly. 

Grose  siiggosts  both-ears  as  the  deriva- 
tion, and  defends  his  guess  by  the  remark 
that  when  two  persons  are  talking  at  the 
same  time,  one  on  one  side  and  one  on 
the  other,  the  person  talked  to  is  per- 
plexed and  anno}'ed.  The  fact  is  cer- 
tain, and  the  derivation  must  go  for  what 
it  is  worth. 

Sir,  cries  the  umpire,  cease  your  rother. 
The  creature's  noillier  mic  nor  t'nilirr. 

Uoyil,  "  Tht  IJhamtlMm." 

Bothio  System.  The  Scotch  system  of 
building,  liko  a  ban-ack,  all  lli<i  outhouses 
of  afariastoad,asthobyres,  stables,  kvrns, 
&o.  The  farm  men-servants  live  liorH. 
(Gaelic,  boUmg,  a  cot  or  hut,  our  ioo/A  ) 

The  bothle  systum  prevallB,  more  or  Im«.  'n  ln« 
eastern  .ind  noilli-easterndiatriois.— J.  Uttig.U.D, 

Botley  Assizes.  The  joke  is  to  a.sk 
a  Botley  man,  "  When  the  assizes  are 
coming  on  V  and  an  inuon<lo  is  supposed 
to  be  implied  to  the  tradition  that  the 
men  of  IJotloy  once  hancreiianian  becau'so 
ho  could  not  drink  so  doci>  aa  his  noiKh- 
bours. 

Bottle.  Loolinrj  f,r  a  netdlt  in  a. 
bottle  of  hay.  Looking  for  a  very  small 
article  amidst  a  mass  of  other  things 


108 


BOTTLE-CHART. 


BOUQUET. 


Bottle  is  a   fliminutivo   of    the   French 
botte,  a  bundle ;  as  holte  de  foin,  a  bundle 
of  hay. 
Ilo.ng  me  in  a  bottle.    (<See  Cat.) 

Bottle-chart.  A  cliart  to  show  the 
track  of  sealed  bottles  thrown  from  ships 
into  the  sea. 

Bottle-holder.  One  n^ho  gives  moral 
but  not  material  support.  The  allusion 
is  to  boxing  or  prize-fighting,  where  each 
combatant  has  a  bottle-holder  to  wipe  off 
blood,  refresh  with  water,  and  do  other 
services  to  encourage  his  man  to  persevere 
and  win. 

Lord  Palmerston  considered  himself  the  bottle- 

hL'lder  uf  oppressed  States.  He  was  the  steiifast 
partisan  of  Cllllsti^utinllal  liberty  in  every  part  uf 
the  world.— rA«  Timu. 

Bottle-imps.  The  Hebrew  word  for 
familiar  spirits  is  ohoth,  leather  bottles, 
to  indicate  that  the  magicians  were  wont 
to  imprison  in  bottles  those  spirits  which 
their  spells  had  subdued. 

Bottled  Beer  is  said  to  have  been 
discovered  by  dean  No  well  as  a  most  ex- 
cellent beverage.  The  dean  was  very 
fond  of  fishing,  and  took  a  bottle  of  beer 
with  him  in  his  excursions.  One  day, 
being  disturbed,  he  buried  his  bottle 
under  the  grass,  and  when  he  disinterred 
it  some  ten  days  afterwards,  found  it  so 
greatly  improved  that  he  ever  after  drank 
bottled  beer. 

Bottom.  NicJc  Boitom,  tlu  weaver.  A 
man  who  fancies  he  can  do  everything, 
and  do  it  better  than  any  one  else.  Shake- 
speare has  drawn  him  as  profoundly 
ignorant,  brawny,  mock  heroic,  and  with 
an  overtiow  of  self-conceit.  He  is  in  one 
part  of  " Midsummer  Night's  Dream" 
i-eprosented  with  an  ass's  head,  and 
Titania,  queen  of  the  fairies,  under  a 
spell,  caresses  him  as  an  Ado'uis. 

When  Goldsmith,  jealous  of  the  attention  which 
k  danoiiig  monkey  attracted,  said.  "  I  can  do 
that,"  ha  was  but  playing  Bottom.— it  O.  Whiie. 

A  ship's  bottom  is  that  part  which  is 
used  for  freight  or  stowage. 

Goods  imported  in  British  bottoms  are 
those  which  come  in  our  own  vessels. 

Goods  imported  in  foreign  bottoms  are 
those  which  come  in  foreign  ships. 

A  full  bottom  is  where  the  lower  half  of 
the  hull  is  so  disposed  as  to  allow  large 
stowage. 

A  sharp  boitom  is  when  a  ship  is  capable 
of  speed. 


Never  venture  all  in  one  bottom — i.e., 
one  ship.  "  Do  not  put  all  your  egga 
into  one  ba.'sket." 

A  horse  of  good  bottom  means  of  good 
stamina,  good  foundation. 

Bottomless.  The  bottomless  pit.  A 
ludicrous  skit  on  William  Pitt,  who  was 
remarkably  thin. 

Botty.  Conceited.  The  frog  that  tried 
to  look  as  big  as  an  ox  was  a  "botty" 
frog  {Xorfolk).  A  similar  word  is 
"swell,"  though  not  identical  in  mean- 
ing. "Bumpkin"  and  "bumptious"  are 
of  similar  construction.  (Welsh,  bot,  a 
round  body,  our  bottle ;  both,  the  boss 
of  a  shield  ;  bot/cel,  a  rotundity.) 

Bouders  or  Boudons.  A  tribe  of 
giants  and  evil  genii,  the  guard  of  Shiva. 
{Indian  mythologi/.) 

Boudoir,  properly  speaking,  is  the 
room  to  which  a  lady  retires  when  she  is 
in  the  sulks.  (French,  bonder,  to  pout  or 
sulk.) 

The  first  boudoirs  were  those  of  the 
mistresses  of  Louis  XV.     (^eeBuWEB.) 

Bougie.  A  wax  candle ;  so  called  from 
Bougiah,  in  Algeria,  whence  the  wax  was 
imported. 

Boule  or  Borde-worJc.  A  kind  of  mar- 
quetry ;  so  called  from  Andre  Charles 
Boule,  a  cabinetmaker,  to  whom  Louis 
XIV.  gave  apartments  in  the  Louvre. 
(1642-1732.) 

Boul'janus.  An  idol  worshipped  at 
Nantes,  in  ancient  Gaul.  An  inscription 
was  found  to  this  god  m  1592.  {Celtic 
mythology .) 

Bouncer.  That's  a  bouncer,  a  gross 
exaggeration,  a  braggart's  lie.  (French, 
bondir,  to  leap ;  Dutch,  bonzen ;  our 
bonnce.) 

Ue  opeskg  plain  cacnon,  fire,  and  smoke,  ani  b<><inee. 
tihakispmrt,  "  Kmg  Jiihn,"  li.  S. 

Bounty.  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  The 
produce  of  the  first-fruits  and  tenths  due 
to  the  crown,  made  over  by  queen  Anne 
to  a  corporation  established  in  the  year 
1704,  for  the  purpose  of  augmenting 
church  livings  tmder  £50  a-year. 

Bouquet.     French  for  nosegay. 
The  bouquet  of  trine,  also  called  its  nose- 
gav,  is  it-"?  Bro'aia. 


BOURBON. 


BOWING. 


1C9 


Bov.qnet  de  croite.  Splashes  of  mud, 
especi.illy  on  the  lower  part  of  tbe 
trousers. 

Bourbon.  So  named  from  the  castle 
and  seif^nioryof  Bourbon,  in  the  old  pro- 
vince of  Bourbonnais.  The  Bourbon  famity 
is  a  branch  of  the  Cap'et  stock,  through 
the  brother  of  Philippe  le  Eel. 

Bourgeoisie  {Fvev.ch).  The  mer. 
chants,  manufacturers,  and  master- 
tradesmen  considered  as  a  class.  Cito- 
yen  is  a  freeman,  a  citizen  of  the  state  ; 
bourgeois,  an  individual  of  the  Bour- 
geoisie class.  Moliere  has  a  comedy 
entitled  "Le  Bourgeois  Gentilhomme." 

Bouse,    (^ee  Boozy.) 

Boustrap'a.  Napoleon  III.  The 
word  is  compounded  of  the  first  syllables 
fiou-Iogiie,  67ra-sbourg,  Pa-ris,  .ind  al- 
ludes to  his  escapades  in  J.8-10  and  IS.SG. 

Boustroph'edoa.  A  method  of 
writing  or  printing,  alternately  from 
rieht  to  left  and  left  to  right,  like  the 
l>ath  of  oxen  in  ploughing.  (Greek, 
boits-strepho,  ox-turning. ) 

Bouts-rimes  (end-rhymes).  A  person 
writes  a  line,  and  gives  the  last  word 
to  another  person,  who  writes  a  second 
line  to  rhyme  with  it,  and  so  on.  Dean 
Swift  employs  the  term  for  a  poem,  each 
stanza  of  which  terminates  with  tbe  same 
word.  He  has  given  a  poem  of  nine 
verses,  each  of  which  ends  with  Domitilla, 
to  which,  of  course,  he  finds  nine  rhymes. 
(^French. ) 

Bovey  Coal.  A  lignite  found  at 
Bovey,  in  Devonshire. 

Bow  (to  rhyme  with /ojt;). 

Jle  luis  two  striti;;s  to  his  bow.  Two 
means  of  accomplishing  bis  object:  if 
one  fails,  he  can  try  the  other.  Tne 
allusion  is  to  the  custom  of  the  British 
bowmen  carrying  a  reserve  string  in  case 
of  accident. 

Draw  not  your  bow  till  your  an'oio  u 
fixed.  Have  everything  ready  before 
you  begin.  The  allusion  is  to  the  custom 
of  fixing  the  arrow  to  the  bowstring 
before  drawing  it. 

1/e  has  a  famous  how  vp  at  (he  castle. 
Said  of  a  braggart  or  pretender. 

To  unstring  the  bow  will  not  heal  the 
wound  (Italian).  Ken6  of  Anjou,  king  of 
Sicily,  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  Isabeau 
of  Lorraine,  adopted  iiifl  amblem  of  a 


bow  with  the  string  broken,  and  with 
the  words  given  above  for  the  motto,  by 
which  he  meant,  "  Lamentation  for  tiio 
loss  of  his  wife  was  but  poor  satisfaction." 

Bow  (to  rhyme  with  noro). 

On  the  bow.  Something  seen  over  the 
bow  of  a  ship  within  a  range  of  45°  on 
one  side  or  the  other  of  the  prow. 

Bow-bells.  Born  witldn  sound  of 
Bow-bells.  A  true  cockney.  St.  Marylo- 
Bow  has  long  had  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated bell-peals  in  London.  John  Dun, 
mercer,  gave  in  1472  two  tenements  to 
maintain  the  ringing  of  Bow-bell  every 
night  at  nine  o'clock,  to  direct  tnivellers 
on  the  road  to  town ;  and  in  1520  William 
Copland  gave  a  bigger  bell  for  the  purpo.se 
of  "  sounding  a  retreat  from  work." 
Bow  Church  is  nearly  the  centre  of  the 
city. 

Bow^-hand.  The  left  hand,  the  hand 
which  holds  the  bow. 

To  be  too  much  of  the  how-hand.  To  fail 
in  a  design ;  not  be  sulTiciently  dexterous. 

Bow-wow  Word.  A  word  in  imi- 
tation of  the  sound  made,  as  hiss,  cackle, 
murmur,  cuckoo,  whip-poor-will,  kc. 
The  word  is  suggested  by  Max  Mliller. 
I  should  prefer  mock-word,  but  onoma- 
topceia  might  be  onomapo^ia. 

Bowden.  Not  every  man  can  be  vicar 
of  Boirilen.  Not  every  one  can  occupy 
the  first  place.  Bowden  is  one  of  tl-.e 
best  livings  in  Cheshire.  (Cheshire  pro- 
verb.) 

Bow^er.  A  lady's  private  room. 
(Saxon,  bur,  a  chamber.)    (&e  BuDDuin.) 

Bower  Anchor.  The  smaller  anchor 
or  anchors  carried  at  the  ship's  bow. 

Bower  of  Bliss,  in  Wandering 
Island,  the  enchanted  residence  of  Acra'- 
sia,  destroyed  by  Sir  Guyon.—Spenur, 
"  Faery  Queen,"  bk.  it. 

Bowie  Knife.  A  lone,  stout  knife, 
carried  by  hunters  in  the  Western  states 
of  America.  So  called  from  Colonel  .litn 
Bowie,  one  of  the  most  daring  characters 
of  the  States. 

Bowing.  We  uncover  the  head  when 
wo  wish  to  salute  any  one  with  respect; 
but  the  Jews,  Turks,  Sinnioso,  kc,  un- 
cover their  feet.  The  reason  is  thiui 
With  us  the  chief  act  of  investiture  l^ 


116 


BOWLED. 


BRABAKCONNE. 


crowning  or  placing  a  cap  on  the  head  ; 
but  in  tho  East  it  is  putting  on  the  slip- 
pers. To  take  off  our  symbol  of  honour 
is  to  confess  wo  are  but  "the  liumlile 
servant "  of  tho  person  whom  we  thus 
salute. 

Bowled.  Ht  teas  botoled  out.  Was 
ousted.     A  term  in  cricket. 

Bowling.  Toni  Bowling.  The  type 
of  a  model  sailor  in  Smollett's  "  Roderick 
Random." 

Here  a  sheer  hulk  lies  poor  Tom  Bowling, 

Tlie  darling  of  the  crew.— Z>titiui. 

Bowyer  God.  The  same  as  tht; 
"  archer  god,"  meaning  Cupid. 

The  sylvan  goddess  and  the  ho-,vyer  god. 

C'umuens,  "  LutMii,"  bk,  ISo. 

Box.  I've  got  into  the  wrong  box.  I 
am  out  of  my  element.  Lord  Lytteltou 
used  to  say  he  ought  to  have  been  brought 
up  to  some  business ;  that  whenever  he 
went  to  Vaushall  and  heard  the  mirth  of 
his  neighbour-,  he  used  to  fancy  pleasure 
was  in  every  box  but  his  own.  Wherever 
he  went  for  happiness,  he  somehow  always 
got  into  the  wrong  box.  (.See  Christmas 
Box.) 

A  box  o'  the  ears.  This  is  the  Greek 
pux  (a  fist),  a  blow  with  the  fist.  A 
Doxer  is  one  who  uses  his  fists. 

For  the  b-  x  o'  the  ear  that  the  prince  gave  vou . 
he  gave  it  like  a  ru'le  prince,  and  you  tiok  it  like  a 
•ensible  loi±—Sruikespearf,"  2  Hcnrj/  IV.,"  I  2. 

Box  and  Cox.  The  two  chief 
characters  in  John  M.  Morton's  farce, 
usually  called  "Box  and  Cox." 

Box  tlie  Compass,  repeat  in  order 
the  32  p  lints.  (Span.,  ioxar,  to  sail  round.) 

Box  Days.  Two  days  in  spring  and 
autumn,  and  one  at  Christmas,  during 
vacation,  in  which  pleadings  may  be  filed. 
This  custom  was  established  in  1C90,  for 
the  purpose  of  expediting  business.  Each 
judge  has  a  private  box  with  a  slit,  into 
which  informations  may  be  placed  on 
box  days,  and  the  judge,  who  alone  h.a3 
the  key,  examines  the  papers  in  private. 

Boxing.  (Greek,  »z«r,  the  fist;  Irish, 
bugsa;  German,  budisbaum.') 

Boxing  Day.   {See  Christmas  Box.) 

Boy  Bachelor.  William  Wotton, 
D.L).,  was  admitted  at  St.  Catherine's 
Hall  before  he  was  ten,  and  took  his  B.  A. 
when  he  was  twelve  and  a-half.  (166(5- 
175W. 


Boy  Bishop.  St.  Nicholas.  From 
his  cradle  he  is  said  to  have  manifested 
marvellous  indications  of  piety,  and  was 
therefore  selected  for  the  patron  saint  of 
boys.     (Fourth  century.) 

Jioy  Bishop  The  custom  of  choosing 
a  boy  from  the  cathedral  choir,  &c.,  on 
St.  Nicholas  Day  (6th  December),  as  a 
mock  bishop,  is  very  ancient.  The  boy 
possessed  episcopal  honour  for  three 
weeks,  and  the  rest  of  the  choir  were  his 
prebends.  If  hedioddurmgthe  timoof  his 
prelacy,  he  was  buried  in  pontifwa' libus. 
Probably  the  reference  is  to  Jesus  Christ 
sitting  in  the  Temple  among  the  doctors 
while  he  was  a  boy.  The  custom  was 
abolished  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIll. 

Boyle  Conti'oversy.  A  book-bat- 
tle between  the  Hon.  Charles  Boyle,  third 
earl  of  Orrery,  and  the  famous  Bentley, 
respecting  the  "  Epistles  of  Phal'aris." 
Charles  Boyle  edited  the  "Epistles  of 
Phalaris"  in  1G95.  Two  years  later, 
Bentley  puolished  his  celebrated  "  Dis- 
sertation," to  prove  that  the  epistles 
were  not  written  till  the  second  century 
after  Christ,  instead  of  six  centuries 
before  that  epoch.  In  1699  he  published 
another  rejoinder,  and  utterly  annihi. 
lated  the  Boyleists. 

Boyle's  Law.  "The  volume  of  a 
gas  is  inversely  as  the  pressure."  If  wo 
double  the  pressure  on  a  gas,  its  volume 
is  reduced  to  one-half  ;  if  we  quadruple 
the  pre*>sure,  it  will  be  reduced  to  one- 
fourth  ;  a^nl  so  on.  So  called  from  the 
Hon.  Robert  Boyle.     (1627-1691.) 

Boyle  Lectures.  Eight  sermons  a 
year  in  defence  of  Christianity,  founded 
by  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle. 

Boz.    Cbarles  Dickens.     (1812-1870.) 

Boz,  my  signature  in  the  Momin'j  Chrsnidt  (he 
tells  us),  wiis  the  nickname  cf  a  pet  child,  a 
younger  brother,  whom  I  hud  duhbed  Moses,  in 
honour  of  the  ''Vicir  of  Wakclield;"  which, 
being  pronounced  Botis,  got  shortened  into  Boi. 

^\^lll  the  dlckc\ag  "  Boz"  could  be 

Puzzli'd  many  a  learned  elf; 
But  time  revealed  the  mystery. 

For  "  Bos"  api>eared  as  Dickens'  self. 

Epigram  in  the  "  Carthiiaian'' 

Bozzy.  James  Boswell,  the  biO" 
grapher  of  Dr.  Johnson.     (1740-1795.) 

Brabangonne.  a  Belgian  patri- 
otic song,  composed  in  the  revolution  of 
1830,  and  bo  named  from  BrabaLt,  of 
wkich  Brussels  is  tho  chief  city. 


CRABANCONS. 


DRAMBLE. 


ni 


Barbancons,  Troops  of  adven- 
tures and  bandits,  ■>vho  made  war  a 
irado,  and  lent  themselves  for  money  to 
».ay  one  who  would  pay  tliem.  So  called 
from  Brabant,  their  great  oest.  (Twelfth 
century.) 

Brace.  The  Brace  Tavern,  south- 
cast  corner  of  King's  Bench  ;  originally 
kept  by  two  brotiicrs  named  Partridge, 
i.e.,  a  brao©  of  birds. 

Brad'araant  or  Bradaman'l'e.  Sister 
of  llinaklo,  in  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furi- 
oso."  She  is  represented  as  a  most  won- 
derful Christian  Am'azon,  possessed  of 
an  irresistible  spear,  which  unhorsed 
every  knight  that  it  touched.  The  same 
character  appears  in  the  "  Orlando  luna- 
mora'to''  of  Bojardo. 

Bradley  Headstone.  An  upper 
Tillage  schoolmaster,  iron-willed,  of  most 
headstrong  purpose,  and  uncontrolled 
passion.  He  loves  Lizzie  Hexham,  and 
dogs  Wrayburn  for  several  weeks  to 
murder  him,  because  Lizzie  loves  the 
gay  gentleman  better  than  the  jiloddin;^ 
pedagogue. — Dickens,  "Mutual  Friend." 

Brad'wardine,  Rose.  The  daughter 
of  Baron  Bradwardine,  and  the  heroine 
of  Scott's  "  Waverley."  She  is  in  love 
with  young  Waverley,  and  ultimately 
marries  him. 

Brag.  A  game  at  cards.  So  called 
because  the  players  brag  of  their  cards 
to  induce  the  company  to  make  bets. 
The  principal  sport  of  the  game  is  occa- 
sioned bj'  any  player  hraggiiig  that  he 
holds  a  better  hand  than  the  rest  of  the 
party,  which  is  declared  by  saying  "  I 
brag,"  and  staking  a  sum  oi  money  on 
the  issue. — lloijle. 

Brag  is  a  good  dog,  hut  Holdfast  is  a 
better.  Talking  is  all  very  well,  but  doing 
is  far  better. 

Jaci  Brag.  A  vulgar,  pretentious 
braggart,  who  gets  into  aristocratic 
society,  where  his  vulgarity  stands  out 
in  strong  relief.  The  character  is  iu 
Theodore  Hook's  novel  of  the  same  name, 
lie  was  a  sort  of  literary  Jack  V.rn'x. 

T.  B.  Huri^n. 

Braggado'chio.  A  braggart.  One 
who  is  very  valiant  with  his  tongue,  but 
a  great  coward  at  heart.  A  barking  dog 
that  bites  not.  The  character  is  from 
Spenser's  "Fao'ry  Queen,"  and  a  typo  of 
the  ' '  Intemperance  of  the  Tongue."  After 


a  time,  like  the  jsckdaw  In  borrowed 
plumes,  Braggadochio  is  stripped  of  all  his 
"  glories  : "  his  shield  is  claimed  by  Sir 
Mai-'inel ;  his  lady  is  proved  by  the 
golden  girdle  to  be  the  false  Florimel ; 
his  horse  is  claimed  by  Sir  Guyon  ;  Talus 
shaves  off  his  beard  and  scourges  his 
squire  ;  and  the  pretender  sneaks  olf 
amidst  the  jeers  of  every  one.  It  is 
thought  that  the  poet  had  Felipe  of 
Spain  in  his  eye  when  he  drew  this  cha- 
racter,    lutr^  Uutcn,  uu  e,  iU;   V.  i. 

Bragmar'do.  When  Gargantua 
took  the  bells  of  Notre  Dame  de  Paris  to 
hang  about  the  neck  of  his  horse,  the 
citizens  sent  Bragmardo  to  him  with  a 
remonstrance.  —  Rahtlait,  "  Gargantua 
and  Pantag'i~uel," 

Bra'gi.  Son  of  Odin  and  Frigga.  Ac- 
cording to  Scandinavian  mythology,  he 
was  the  inventor  of  poetry ;  but,  unlike 
Apollo,  he  is  always  represented  as  an  old 
man  with  a  long  white  beard.  His  wife 
was  Idunna. 

Brah'ma  (Indian).  The  self-existing 
and  invisible  Creator  of  the  Universe  ;  re- 
presented with  four  heads  looking  to  the 
four  corners  of  the  world.  The  divine 
triad  is  Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Siva. 

Brahma.  One  of  the  three  beings 
created  by  God,  to  assist  in  the  creation 
of  the  world.  The  Brahmins  claim  him 
as  the  founder  of  their  religious  system. 

^Vhate'e^  In  India  holds  the  sncred  nama 
Of  piety  or  lore,  the  Kriiliniins  ci:iim  -. 
In  wildest  rituals,  vain  mid  iiainriil,  lost, 
Brahma,  their  founder,  ns  n  end  they  bnast. 
Cumoent,  "i/iukut,    bk.  Til. 

Brah'mi.  One  of  the  three  goddess- 
daughters  of  Vishnu,  representing  "crea- 
tive energy." 

Brahmin.  A  worshipper  of  Brahma, 
the  highest  caste  in  the  system  of 
Hinduism,  and  of  the  priestly  order. 

Bramble,  Matthew.  A  testy,  gouty, 
benevolent,  country  squire,  in  Smollett's 
novel  of  "Humphrey  Clinker."  Colnian 
has  introduced  the  same  character  as  Sir 
Robert  Bramble  in  his  "  Poor  Gontlo- 
man."  Sheridan's  "Sir  Anthony  Abso- 
lute "  is  of  the  same  typo. 

A'n"t  I  a  haronet  ?  Sir  K  btrt  Brtnillc.  M 
BlBckt)erry  Hall,  ill  tlie  county  of  Kmt  ?  Ti<  Um* 
yuu  shoold  know  it,  far  yoa  lisre  bc«D  nay  ciiimsy, 
two&ilcd  Tal(t-d<rchamLre  Umm  Uurty  ysafs.— 
"  Ikt  Poor  Otnlltmim,"  ill.  1. 


112 


BRAN. 


BRA2EN. 


Bran.  If  not  Bran,  il  is  Bran's 
hrolher.  If  not  the  real  "  Simon  Pure," 
it  is  just  as  good.  A  coinpliinentary 
et  pros  si, Ml.  Bran  was  Finyal's  dog,  a 
tflighly  favourite. 

Eran-new,  quite  new.  Brown  (bn/ii) 
'.lie  coliiur  of  liiini^s  burnt.  Briiu-stoue, 
i.e.,  buniiug  stoue.      I3riiu-d.     Burn-isb, 

Brand,  lie  has  the  brand  of  villain  in 
his  looh.  It  was  once  customary  to  brand 
the  ihceks  of  felons  with  an  F.  The 
custom  was  abolished  by  law  in  1S22. 

7'/«;  CUct^uol  brand,  iVc,  IIlc  btit  brand, 
&c.  That  is  the  merchant's,  or  excise 
mark  branded  on  the  article  itself,  the 
vessel  which  contains  the  article,  the 
wrapper  which  covers  it,  the  cork  of  a 
bottle,  &c.,  to  guarantee  its  being 
jrtniuine,  fif.  IMadame  (Jii'-quut,  Ol  cham- 
paguo  notoriety,  died  in  18o(j. 

Brandenburg.  Confession  of  Bran- 
denhurfi.  A  formulary  or  confession  of 
faith  drawn  up  in  the  city  of  Branden- 
burg by  order  of  the  elector,  with  the 
view  of  reconciling  the  tenets  of  Luther 
with  those  of  Calvin,  and  to  put  an  end 
to  the  disputes  occasioned  by  the  con- 
fession of  Augsburg. 

Bran'dimart,  in"OilandoFurioso," 
is  OrUuulos  broilicr-iu-law. 

Brandon,  the  juggler,  lived  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  Vlll. 

Brandons,  rghtedt-irche^.  Domiidra 
de  hrandonibas  (tJt  Valontiup's  Day). 
when  boys  used  to  carry  about  brandons 
(Cupid's  torches.) 

Brandy  ITan.  Queen  Anne,  who 
was  very  fond  of  brandy.  (16(34-1 7H.) 
On  the  statue  of  queen  Anne  in  St. 
Paul's  Chuichyard,  a  wit  wrote — 

Brandy  Nan.  Brandy  Nan,  left  in  the  lurch, 
lier  face  to  the  gin-sliop,  her  back  to  the  church. 

On  the  site  of  Dakin's  tea-shop  stood  a 
"  gin  palace  "  at  the  time. 

Brangtons,  The.  Vulgar,  malicious, 
jealous  women.  The  characters  are  taken 
from  Miss  Uumey's  novel  called  "Eve- 
lina." One  of  the  brothers  is  a  Cockney 
snob. 

Brank.  A  gag  for  scolds.  (Dutch, 
pramjke,  the  yoke  of  a  pillory.) 


Brasenose  (Oxford).     Over  the  gate 

is  a  brass  nose,  the  arms  ()f  the  college; 
but  the  word  is  a  cornijitioQ  of  bra.ien- 
hui.f,  a  brasserie  or  brewhouse.  (Laiiii, 
bruisin'ium.) 

Brass.  Imptulence.  A  lawyer  said  to 
a  troul)lesome  witness,  "Why,  man,  you 
have  bra.«s  enough  in  your  head  to  make 
a  teakettle."  "And  you,  sir,"  replied 
tlie  witness,  "  have  water  enough  is 
yours  to  till  it." 

Sampson  Brass.  A  knavish  attorney; 
servile,  affecting  sympathy,  but  making 
hi-^  clients  his  lawful  prey.—I)ickens,  "Old 
Carlusily  Shop." 

Bra,t.  A  cliild  ;  so  called  from  brat, 
a  child's  pinafore;  and  brat  is  a  con- 
traction of  braUach,  a  cloth,  also  a 
standard. 

Every  man  must  repair  to  the  brallaco  of  Ula 
lT\b(i.-ScM. 

Brave.    The  r.nvp.. 
Alfonso  IV.  of  Portugal.     (129013.'57.) 
John  Andr.   van  der  Mersch,  patriot. 
The  brave  Fleming.     (1734-1792.) 

Bra.very.  Finerj' is  the  French  ferare. 
rie.     The  French  for  courage  is  bravou,re. 

Vhat  wr-man  in  the  city  do  I  naTie 

Wlirn  I  say,  "  Tiie  ,itj-  woman  li^ars 

'i  lie  t'ost  of  princes  on  uiiwoi  (hy  shoulders?" 

^Vll0  L-au  come  in  ',ud  say  thai  I  mean  her  ':■ .  . 

Or  »  hat  19  he  of  ha.M-r  function 

That  8a>B,  ■'  His  bravery  is  not  of  my  co^t  •" 

Shakespeare,  "  A»  I'ou  Likt  It,"  ii.  7. 

Bravest  of  the  Brave.  Marshal 
Ney.  So  called  by  the  troops  of  Fried- 
land  (1807),  on  account  of  his  fearless 
bravery.  Napoleon  said  of  him,  "That 
man  is  a  lion."     (17(Jit-lS15.) 

Brawn.  The  test  of  the  brawn's  head. 
A  little  boy  one  day  came  to  the  court  of 
king  Arthur,  and,  drawing  his  wand  over 
a  boar's  head,  de  larod,  "There's  never 
a  cuckold's  knife  can  carve  this  head  of 
brawn."  No  knight  in  the  court  e.xcept 
Sir  Cradock  was  able  to  accoiiip.Lsh  the 
feat. — Perei/'s  "  Jleioques." 

Bray.     {See  Vicar.) 

Brazen.      To  brazen  out;  a  face  oj 

brass  (on  brazen-faced  fellow.  Rro-^s  i^ 
the  emblem  of  impudence,  insolence,  a  d 
self-will  ;  iron  symbolises  warfare  and 
military  adventure. 

Wh»t  a  brazenfaced  rmrlet  art  thon  I 

ShnJcetTMirt,  •'  King  Lear,"  11.  % 


BRAZEN. 


BRESSOMMER. 


118 


Brazen  Age.  Tho  ago  of  war  and 
violence.     It  followed  tbo  silver  ayt-. 

To  tlil^  next  came  in  cour-^e  the  hraren  age. 
A  warlike  offspriug.  pruinpt  to  bloody  nue. 
Not  mpio  ■  yet,     Hard  stetl  Bucoeedtd  then. 
And  stubboiu  as  the  metal  were  the  meu 

Dryden, "'  iliMiin  ,''  i. 

Bra-zen- faced.      Bold    (in    a   bad 

sen.so),  vvitliout  siiaiiio. 

Brazen  Head.  Tiip  fulIowinL'  are 
nol<-l  : — OiH'  by  Ail)ertus  Matmis,  which 
cost  liiiii  thirty  y<"ar8'  iatiDiir,  ami  was 
brokfii  into  rt  tL'iusaiKi  pieces  by  Thomas 
Aqni'nas,  his  disciple.  Oue  by  Friar 
liticon. 

Bacon  trembled  for  bis  brizen  head. 

" Ihincittd,"  ill.  1C4. 
Quoth  he.  My  heart's  not  in;ide  of  hr;is9, 
As  fiiar  baccu's  Huddle  WAa.—BiitltT,  iu  2. 

The  t.rnz'Mi  h<-ad  of  the  marqui?  de  Vil- 
ie'iia,  of  Spain. 

Atioth'-r  l)y  a  Polander,  a  disciple  of 
Escotillu,  HU   Itiilian. 

Probably  The  Invisible  Girl,  who  made 
the  tour  of  Kurope,  explains  the  mystery. 

Brazen,  Head.  A  gigantic  head  kept 
in  tlie  castle  of  the  giant  Fer'ragus, 
of  I'ortugal.  It  was  omniscient,  and 
told  those  who  consulted  it  whatever 
they  required  to  know,  past,  present,  or 
to  come. —  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Bread.  Ue  took  bread  and  salt,  i.e., 
be  took  his  oath.  Bread  and  salt  were 
formerly  eaten  when  an  oath  was  taken. 

Cast  till/  bread  upon  the  waters,  for  thou 
shall  find  it  ifttr  many  ilai/s  (Eccles. 
xi.  1).  Whnjn  the  Nile  over'iow.s  its 
banks,  the  weeds  perish  and  tho  soil  is 
disinteifrated.  The  rice-seed  being  cast 
into  the  water,  takes  root,  and  is 
found  in  due  time  growing  in  healthful 
vigour. 

Break. 

To  brtak  your  hack.  Make  you  bank- 
rupt. The  metaphor  is  from  carrying 
burilens  on  the  back. 

To  break  up  luousekeepiiig.  To  discon- 
tinue keeping  a  separate  house.  A  school 
terra. 

Breakers  Ahead.  Hidden  danger 
at  hand.  Breakers  in  the  open  sea 
a  ways  announce  sunken  rocks,  sand- 
banks, &c. 

Breche  de  Roland.  A  deep  defile 
in  the  crest  of  the  Pyrenees,  some  300 
leet  in  width,  between  two  precij)itoa8 
rock-!,  The  legend  is  that  Rolaml,  the 
paladin,  cUift  the  rock   in  two  with  hia 


sword  Durandal,  when  he  was  set  upon 
by  the  Gascons  at  Koncesvalllfs. 
Then  wuuld  1  seek  the  I'yrcnenn  breach, 
Which  Uolaiid  clove  with  huge  tHo-n.ndert  «n  ny 
U'urUtwurtA. 

Breeches.  Towearthehreecha.  Sad 
of  a  woman  who  usurjis  the  )>reroj,'ative 
of  her  husband.  Siniihr  to  TUegrei/  mart 
is  the  better  hi/rse.     {See  Urey.) 

The  phrase  is  common  to  the  French, 
Dutch,  Germans,  kc,  as  Kile  porle  Ir; 
braies.  he  vrouw  dnuigder  de  broek.  Sil 
hat  die  llosen. 

Breeches  Bible..    (See  Bible.) 

Breeze.  House-sweepings,  as  fiiiff, 
dust,  ashes,  and  so  on,  thrown  as  refuse 
into  the  dust-bin.  We  generally  limit  the 
meaning  now  to  small  ashes  and  cinders 
used  for  coals  in  burning  bricks  The 
word  is  a  corniption  of  the  French  <Ubrti 
(rubbish,  or  rather  the  part  broken  or 
rubbed  oflf  by  wear,  tear,  and  stress  of 
weather). 

Tli^  Breeze-Jly.  Tho  gad-fly  ;  so  called 
from  its  sting.  (S^ixon,  briose ;  Gothic, 
bry,  a  sting.) 

Breidablik  ( wid^  -  shining ).  The 
prdace  oi  B.illur,  which  stO"d  in  tJie 
Milky  Way.  {Scandinarian  mi/tJioli>gy.') 

Brenda  Troll.  Daughter  of  Magnus, 
and  sistet  if  MiimnTroW. —  S<:ott,"Pirate." 

Brennas.  A  I.atin  form  of  the 
Kymric  word  BrtiJdn  (a  war-chief).  Ii 
times  of  <langer  the  Druids  appointed  a 
brenn  to  lead  the  confederate  tribes  U> 
battle. 

Brent-goose.  A  barnacle  or  goose 
the  colour  of  burnt  bread.  {Brent, 
burnt. ) 

Brentford.  Like  the  two  kixg.i  oj 
Brentford  Smelling  at  one  nas^qaif.  Said 
of  jiersons  who  were  once  rivals,  hut  have 
become  reconciled.  Tho  allusion  is  to  an 
old  farce  calh-d  "  The  Uchuars;il,"  by  liio 
duke  of  Buckingham.  "The  two  kings 
of  Brentford  enter  hand  in  hand,"  and 
the  actors,  to  heighten  the  absurdity, 
used  to  make  them  enter  "bmclliug  at 
one  nosegay"  (Act  ii.,  s.  2) 

Bressommor  or  ^re»/.<Jomm«T.    The 

beam  into  which  tho  girders  iiro  frai 1. 

(Coriiiaii,  brrts,  planks  ;  tommer^n  niiustor- 
I'oam  ».«,  tho  planks'  inaster-boam.  It 
is  not  correctly  derived  from  the  Freooh 
brace  d  mur.') 


lU 


BRETWALDA. 


BRIDE. 


Bretwalda  {ruler  of  Britain').  The 
chief  of  the  kitifj^s  of  tlie  he))tarchy  who 
exorcised  a  certain  undcfineil  power  over 
the  other  rulers,  something'  like  that  of 
Huguos  Cap'et  over  his  peers. 

Brevet  Rank  is  rank  ono  degree 
higher  than  your  pay.  Thus,  a  bievet- 
major  has  tlie  title  of  major,  but  the  pay 
of  captain.  In  familiar  laug-uage,  we  say 
a  man  who  addresses  an  unmarried 
woman  as  Mrs.,  gives  her  brevet  rank. 
(French,  brevet,  a  patent,  a  concession.) 

Breviary.  An  epitome  of  the  old 
office  of  matins  and  lauds  for  daily 
service  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  at 
the  seven  different  hours,  according  to 
the  sajring  of  David,  "  Seven  times  a 
day  do  I  praise  thee." — Psalm  cxis.  164. 

Brew.  Brew  me  a  glass  of  grog,  i.e., 
mix  one  for  me.  Brew  me  a  cup  of  lea, 
i.e.,  make  one  for  me.  The  tea  is  set  to 
bieio,  i.e.,  to  draw.  The  general  meaning 
of  the  word  is  to  boil  or  mix,  the  re- 
stricted meaning  is  to  make  malt  liquor. 
(Saxon,  briivan,  to  make  broth  ;  Danish, 
brouiveii,  to  mix  ;  Welsh,  berw,  a  b©iling. ) 

Brewer.  The  Bre^cer  of  Ghent.  James 
van  Artevo!«le.     (Fourteenth  century.) 

It  may  here  be  reraarsed,  that  it  is 
a  great  error  to  derive  proper  names  of 
any  antiquity  from  modern  words  of  a 
similar  sound  or  spelling.  As  a  rule,  very 
few  ancient  names  are  tlie  names  of 
trades ;  and  to  suppose  that  such  words 
as  Bacon,  Hogg,  and  Pigg  refer  to  swine- 
herds, or  Gaiter,  Miller,  Tanner,  Ringer, 
and  Bottle  to  handicrafts,  is  a  great 
mistake.  A  few  examples  of  a  more 
scientific  derivation  will  suffice  for  a 
bint : — 

Brewer.  This  name,  which  exists  in 
France  as  Bruhiere  and  Brugiere,  is  not 
derived  from  the  Saxon  briican  (to  brew), 
but  the  French  brin/ere  (heath),  and  is 
about  tantamount  to  the  German  "  Planta- 
genet"  {broom-plant). 

Bacon  is  from  the  High  German  verb 
hagaii  (to  fight),  and  means  "the  fighter." 

PiGQ  and  Biaa  are  from  the  old  High 
German  pichan  (to  slash). 

Hogg  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  hyge  (scholar), 
from  tlie  verb  hogan  (to  study). 

Bottle  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  BotT-el 
(little  envoy).    Norse,  iorfi/  Danish,  iitti. 

Gaiter  is  the  Saxon  Oaid-er  (the 
darter).    Celtic,  gaw,  our  jroa<i. 


MirXER  is  the  old  Norse  melia,  ovs 
mill  and  mo.ul,  and  moans  a  "mauler" 
or  "fighter." 

Rl.NGEii  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  hring  gar 
(the  mailed  warrior). 

Smith  is  the  man  who  smites. 

Tanner,  German  "Thanger;"  old 
German  "  Dancgaud"  is  the  Dane-Goth. 

This  list  might  easily  be  extended. 

Briar'eoa  or  ^ge'on.  A  giant  with 
fifty  heads  and  a  hundred  hands.  Homer 
says  the  po<l.s  called  him  Eriar'cos,  but 
men  called  him  .lEgeon. — "Iliad,"  i.  403. 

Not  he  who  hrantiishofi  in  hi8  hundrpd  hands 
His  firty  swords  nnd  fifty  nliiPlds  in  fisht, 
Could  have  surpassed  the  ilnrco  ArKaiitiis'  rr.ieht, 
"  Jeruaalem  Delivered,"  hk,  vii. 
Then,  Ciilled  by  thee,  the  monster  Titan  came. 
Whom  gods  Bri»r'eo8,  men  iKgeon  name 

Fu]K.  •'  nidd,"  L 

Shakespeare  employs  the  word  as  a  di»- 
syllable : 

TAe  Briareus  of  lang-uages.  Cardinal 
Mezzofauti,  who  knew  fifty-eight  different 
tongues.  Byron  called  him  "a  walking 
polyglot ;  a  monster  of  languages ;  a 
IJriareus  of  parts  of  speech."  (1774-1849.) 

Bold  Briareus.     IlandeL    (]fiS5--l 7.5(1) 

Bribo'ci.  Inhaoitants  of  part  of 
Berkshire  and  the  adjacent  counties  re- 
ferred to  by  Cffisar  in  his  "  Comnsea- 
taries." 

Bi'ick.  -4  regular  brick.  A  jolly  good 
fellow. 

To  read  like  a  brick.     Toread  hard. 

The  word  is  University  slang,  and  comes 
round  about  thus:  A  bri.ok  is  deep  red, 
so  a  deep-read,  man  is  a  brick.  To  read 
like  a  brick,  is  to  read  in  order  to  become 
deep  read. 

A  deep-read  man  is  a  "  good  man  "  in 
University  phrase  ;  a  good  man  is  a  jolly 
fellow  with  non-reading  men  ;  ergo,  a 
jolly  fellow  is  a  brick. 

Brick -and -Mortar  Franchise. 
A  Chartist  phrase  for  the  £10  household 
system. 

Brickdusts.  The  53rd  Foot ;  so 
called  from  the  brickdust-red  colour  of 
their  facings.  Also  called  Five  and 
thre' pennies,  a  play  on  the  number  and 
daily  pay  of  the  ensigns. 

Bride.  The  bridal  wreath  is  a  relic  of 
the  coro'na  nuptia'lis  used  by  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  to  indicate  triumph. 

Bride  Cake.  A  rehc  of  the  Romao 
Confarrea'tiOj  fi  mode  of  marriage  pria- 


BRIDE. 


BRIGADORE. 


116 


tised  by  the  highest  class  in  Rome.  It 
was  performed  before  ten  witnesses  by 
the  Pon'tifox  Max'imus,  and  the  con- 
tracting^ parties  mutually  partook  of  a 
cake  made  of  salt,  water,  and  flower 
(far).  Only  those  bom  in  such  wedlock 
were  eligible  for  the  high  sacred  offices. 

Bride  (or  Weddinq)  Favours  rei)re- 
sont  the  tme  lover's  \aot,  and  symbolise 
union. 

Bride's  Maids.  A  relic  of  the  ten 
witnesses  mentioned  above.  (See  Bride 
Cake.) 

Bride's  Veil.  Tlie  Anglo-Saxons 
used  to  hold  a  veil  over  the  bride  and 
Kridegroom,  to  conceal  the  blushes  of 
Iho  lady  from  the  company.  Widows 
wore  not  veiled  on  being  re-married. 

Bride  of  Aby 'dos.  Zuleika,  daughter 
of  Giaiiir,  pacha  of  Aby'dos.  As  she 
was  never  wed,  she  should  be  called  the 
arlianced  or  betrothed. — Byron. 

Bride  of  Lammermoor.  Lucy 
Ashton.— ^(V  \V.  Scott,  "  Bride  of  Lammer- 
nujor. " 

Bride  of  the  Sea.  Venice ;  so 
called  from  the  ancient  ceremony  of  the 
doge,  who  threw  a  ring  into  tlie  Adriatic, 
Sivying,  "  We  wed  thee,  0  sea,  in  token 
of  perpetual  domination." 

Bridegi'oom  is  the  old  Dutch  gram 
(a  young  man).  Thus,  Groom  of  the  Stole 
is  the  young  man  over  the  wardrobe. 
Groom,  an  ostler,  is  quite  another  word, 
being  the  Persian  garma  (a  keeper  of 
horses),  unles.s,  indeed,  it  is  a  contracted 
form  of  stable-groom  (stable-boy).  The 
Anglo-Saxon  gome  (a  man)  was  in  use 
even  in  the  civil  wars. 

Bridegroom's  Men.  In  the  Pvoman 
marriage  by  confarreation,  the  bride  was 
led  to  the  Pon'tifox  Max'imus  by  bache- 
lors, but  was  conducted  homo  by  married 
men.  Polydoro  Virgil  says  that  a  married 
man  preceded  the  bride  on  her  return, 
bearing    a    vessel    of   gold    and    silver. 

Bridewell.  The  city  Bridewell, 
Bridge  Street,  Blackfriars,  was  built  over 
a  holy  well  of  medical  water,  calleil  St. 
Bride's  Well,  where  was  founded  a 
hospital  f)r  the  poor.  After  the  Ro- 
tormation,  Edward  VI.  chartered  this 
hospital  to  the  city  Christ  Church  was 
given  to  the  education  of  the  young,  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital  to  the  cure  of  the 
sick,  and  Bridowoll  was  made  a  peuiten- 


tiary  for  unndy  apprentices  and  vagrants. 
Strange  that  St.  Bride  or  St.  Bridget, 
the  model  of  purity  and  innocence, 
should  give  her  name  to  a  penitentiary 
and  prison  ! 

Bridge  of  Jehennam.  (5«S£ba't..< 

Bridge  of  Sighs,  which  connects 
the  palace  of  the  doge  with  the  state 
prisons  of  Venice.  Over  this  bridge  the 
"state  prisoners  were  conveyed  from  the 
judgrnent-hall  to  the  place  of  execution. 

I  xtooii  in  A'enice,  on  the  Critlge  of  Sigbi, 
A  paUce  nod  i  prison  on  euati  liand. 

"CUilde  JIaroid't  Pti'jrimaae,"  cauto  ir.  1. 

Bridgenorth,  Major  Ridph.  A 
Roundhead  in  Scott's  "  Poverii  of  the 
Peak." 

Bridgewater  Treatises.  Insti- 
tuted by  the  Rev.  Francis  Henry  Eger- 
ton,  earl  of  Bridgewater,  in  1S"25,  who 
left  the  interest  of  £8,000  to  be  given  to 
the  author  of  the  best  treatise  on  "  The 
power,  wisdom,  and  goodness  of  God,  as 
manifested  in  creation."  Eight  are  pub- 
lished by  the  following  gentlemen: — (1) 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Chalmers,  (■>)  Dr.  John 
Kidd,  (3)  the  Rev.  Dr.  Whcwcll,  (4) 
Sir  Charics  Bell,  (5)  Dr.  Peter  M.  Roget, 
(6)  the  Rev.  Dr.  Buckland,  (7)  the  Rev. 
W.  Kirby,  and  (8)  Dr.  William  Prout. 

Bridle.    To  bite  on  the  h-idle  is  iz 

suffer  great  hardships.  The  bridle  was 
an  instrument  for  punishing  a  scold  ;  to 
bite  on  the  bridle  is  to  suffer  this  punish- 
ment. 

Bridle  Road  or  Way.   A  way  for  a 

riding-horse,  but  not  for  a  horse  and  cart. 

Bridlegoose,  Judije,  who  decided 
the  causes  brought  to  him  by  the  throw 
of  dice. — Rabelais,  "OargaiUua  and  Pan- 
tag'rutl,"  iii.  39. 

Bridport.  Stabbed  with  a  Bridport 
dagger,  i.e.,  hanged.  Bridport,  in  Dorset- 
shire, was  once  famous  for  its  hempen 
goods,  and  monopolised  the  manufacture 
of  ropes,  cables,  and  tackling  for  the 
British  navy.  The  hangman's  rope  being 
made  at  Bridport  g;ive  birth  to  the 
prorerb.  — i-M/^CT-,  "  Wort/iiti." 

Brig'adore  (3  syl.).  Sir  Guyon'i 
horse,  which  had  a  distinguishing  "  black 
8j>ot  in  his  mouth." —  Si^iser,  "  FaMry 
Queen,"  r.  3. 


118 


BRiaAND. 


BRITANNIA. 


Brigand  properly  means  ligbt-ai-med 
people.  The  Briyands  were  lipht-armed, 
irregular  troops,  like  the  Bashi-Bazouks, 
and  like  them  wore  addicted  to  maraud- 
intr.  Tlio  Free  Conqmnies  of  France  were 
Brigands. 

Bngandine.  The  armour  of  a  brigand, 
consisting-  of  small  plates  of  iron  on 
quilted  linen,  and  covered  with  leather, 
hemp,  or  something  of  the  kind. 

Another  derivation  is  the  Celtic  hrigant, 
a  mountaineer,  from  hrig,  a  summit. 

Bright'3  Disease.  A  degeneration 
of  the  tissues  of  the  kidneys  into  fat, 
first  investigated  by  Dr.  Bright.  The 
patient  under  this  disease  has  a  flabby, 
bloodless  appearance,  is  always  drowsy, 
and  easily  fatigued. 

Brigians.  The  Castilians ;  so  called 
from  one  of  their  ancient  kings,  named 
Brix  or  Brigus,  said  by  monkish  fabulists 
to  be  the  grandson  of  Noah. 

Edwnrd  and  Pedro,  emulous  of  fame    .    .    . 
Tliro'  the  fierce  I'rigian^  hewed  their  bloody  way, 
Till  in  a  culd  emhiitce  the  stripliu^-s  lav. 

Cantoens,  "  Lmiad,"  v. 

Brigliado'ro  (golden  bridle).  Tlie 
name  of  Orlando's  and  also  of  Sir  Guyou's 
steed.     (See  HuRSE.) 

Brilliant  Madman.  Charles  XII. 
ofBvvedeu.     (lU82-loy7.i71S.) 

Macedonia's  madman  or  the  Swede. 

Johnson,  "  Vaniti/  of  Jhiman  Wisket." 

Brims.  Fo?t  have  brims  in  your  tail. 
You  are  restless,  you  are  always  gadding 
about.  A  brim  is  a  gad-fly,  and  when  one 
of  these  insects  gets  on  the  tail  of  an 
animal,  the  creature  is  wild  and  restless. 

Briney  or  Briny.  I'm  on  the  briny. 
The  sea,  which  is  salt  like  brine. 

Brioche  (2  syl.).  A  sort  of  bun  or 
cake  common  in  Prance,  and  now  pretty 
generally  sold  in  England.  When  Jlario 
Antoinette  was  talking  about  the  bread 
riots  of  Paris  during  the  5th  and  6th 
October,  1789,  the  duchesse  de  Polignac 
naively  exclaimed,  "  How  is  it  that  these 
silly  people  are  ^o  clamorous  for  bread, 
when  they  can  buy  such  nice  brioches  for 
a  few  sous  !"  This  was  in  spirit  not  vm- 
like  the  remark  of  our  own  princess 
Charlotte,  who  avowed  "  that  she  would 
for  her  part  rather  eat  beef  than  starve," 
and  wondered  that  the  people  should  be 
so  obstinate  as  to  insist  upon  having  bread 
when,  it  was  so  scarce 


Bris.    n  conte  di  San  Bri.s,  governor 

of  the  Louvre,  was  father  of  Valentina, 
and  leader  of  the  St.  Bartholomew  ma.s- 
Ba,(ire.— Meyerbeer' t  opera,"  G Li  L'gonotli." 

Brissotins.  A  nickname  given  to 
the  advocates  of  reform  in  the  French 
Revolution,  because  they  were  "led  by 
the  nose  "  by  Jean  Pierre  Brissot.  The 
party  was  subsequenily  called  the  Gi- 
rondists. 

Bristol  Board.  A  stiff  drawing- 
paper,  originally  manufactured  at  Bristol. 

Bristol  Boy,  The.  Thomas  Chat- 
tertou,  the  poet.  Also  called  "  The 
Marvellous  Boy  ;"  or  as  Wordsworth  h^ts 
it,  "  The  sleepless  soul  who  perished  ia 
his  pride."     (1762-1770.) 

Bristol  Milk.  Sherry  sack,  at  one 
time  given  by  the  Bristol  people  to  their 
friends. 

Bristol  Diamonds.  Brilliant  crys- 
tals of  colourless  quartz  found  in  St. 
Vincent's  Rock,  near  Bristol. 

Bristol  "Waters.  Jlineral  waters 
near  the  city  of  Bristol,  with  a  tempera- 
ture not  exceeding  7i°  ',  especially  cele- 
brated in  cases  of  pulmonary  consump- 
tion. 

Britain.  By  far  the  most  probable 
derivation  of  this  word  is  that  given  by 
Bochart,  from  tho  Phoenician  Buratanic 
(country  of  tin),  contracted  into  B'ratan'. 
The  Greek  Cassiter'ides  (tin  islands)  is  a 
translation  of  Baratanic,  once  applied  to 
the  whole  known  group,  but  now  re- 
stricted to  the  Sciily  Isles.  Aristotle, 
who  lived  some  350  years  befoi-e  the 
Christian  ei-a,  calls  the  island  Britannic, 
which  is  so  close  to  B'ratanic  that  tho 
suggestion  of  Bochart  can  scarcely  admit 
of  a  doubt. — De  Mundo,  sec.  3. 

Great  Britain  consists  of  "Britannia 
prima"  (England),  "  Britannia  secunda" 
(Wales),  and  "North  Britain"  (Scot- 
land), united  under  one  sway. 

Britan'nia  was  first  struck  on  our 
coins  by  tho  Romans.  Dharles  II.,  in 
the  year  1(j67,  revived  the  device,  and 
the  new  Britannia  was  a  fac-simile  of 
his  chert  aviie,  Barbara  Villiers,  created 
by  him  duchess  of  Cleveland.  The 
figure  was  by  Evelyn,  and  engraved  hy 
Koetier. 


BRlTOMAfiT. 


BROOM. 


117 


Brit'omart  (s^ceet  maid).  Daui^hter 
of  king  Ryence  of  Wales,  whose  desire 
was  to  be  a  heroine.  She  is  the  im- 
personation of  saintly  chastity  and  purity 
of  mind.  She  encounters  the  "  savage, 
fierce  bandit  and  mountaineer,"  without 
injury ;  is  assailed  by  "  hag  and  unlaid 
ghost,  goblin,  and  swart  fairy  of  the 
mine,"  but  "  dashes  their  brute  violence 
into  sudden  adoration  and  blank  awe." 
It  must  be  romembered  that  Britoraart 
is  not  the  impersonation  of  celibacy,  as 
she  is  in  lovo  with  an  unknown  hero,  but 
of  "virgin  purity." — Spenser,  "  Fairy 
Queen,"  bk.  iii.    Iler  niarria^'e,  bk.  v.  G. 

She  channel  at  once  and  tamed  the  benit. 
Ijcoinparable  Uriiomait.— -Scitt. 

Brit'omartis.  A  Cretan  nymph, 
very  fond  of  the  chase.  King  Minos  fell 
m  love  with  her,  and  persisted  in  liis 
advan  es  for  nine  months,  when  she 
threw  herself  into  the  sea.  (Cretan, 
britics-mariis,  sweet  maiden.) 

Brit'tany.  T/ie  damsel  of  Brittany. 
Eleanora,  daughter  of  Geoffrey,  second 
eon  of  Henry  II.,  king  of  England  and 
duke  of  Brittany.  At  the  death  of 
prince  Arthur,  she  was  the  real  heir  to 
the  crown,  but  John  confined  her  in  the 
castle  of  Bristol  till  death  (1211). 

Broach.  To  broach  a  new  suljcct. 
To  start  one  in  conversation.  Tlia 
allusion  is  to  beer  tubs.  If  one  is  flat, 
another  must  be  tapjjed.  A  broach  is  a 
peg  or  pin,  and  to  broach  a  cask  is  to 
bore  a  hoie  in  the  top  for  the  vent-peg. 

I  did  bro&ch  thin  business  to  your  hichne«8. 

ahukegpeaTt,  "Henri/  V ill.,"  ii.  4, 

Broad.  Arrow,  on  Government 
stores.  It  was  the  cognisance  of  Henry, 
viscount  Sydney,  earl  of  Romncy,  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance.     (1693-1702.) 

Broadcloth.  The  best  cloth  for 
men's  clothes.  So  called  from  its  great 
br"jadth.  It  rcijuired  two  weavers,  side 
by  side,  to  fling  the  shuttle  across  it. 

Broadside.  Printed  matter  spread 
over  an  entire  sheet  of  paper.  The 
who'e  nutet  be  in  one  type  and  one 
n>ea6\ire,  i.e.,  must  not  be  divided  into 
columns.  A  folio  is  when  the  sheet  is 
folded,  in  which  case  a  page  occupies 
only  half  the  sheet. 

In  naval  language,  it  means  the  whole 
Bide  of  a  ship  ;  and  to  "open  a  broadside 
on  the  enemy  "  is  to  discharge  ail  the  guns 
on  one  side  at  the  same  momout. 


Brobdingnag.  The  country  of  gi- 
gantic giants,  to  whom  Gulliver  was  a 
pigmy  "  not  half  so  big  as  a  round  little 
worm  plucked  from  the  lazy  finger  of  a 
maid." 

You  hixh  church  steep!*,  you  7awky  Msfr, 
Your  hu.'>baud  munt  cume  from  UrulHliiienaj;. 
Kane  U  Uura,  "  ilviu*.' 

Brobdingnag'ian.     Colossal ;   taJl 
as  a  church  sieepio.     (See  above.) 
Limbs  of  Brobdingnagian  proportions.—  TSe  Sitar. 

Broeken.  The  spectre  of  the  Brochn. 
This  is  the  shadow  of  men  and  other 
objects  greatly  magnified  and  reflected 
in  the  mist  and  cloud  of  the  mountain 
opposite.  The  Broeken  is  the  highest 
summit  of  the  Hartz  range. 

Brogue  properly  means  the  Iri.=h 
hrorj,  or  shoe  of  rough  hide.  The  apj>li- 
cation  of  brog  to  the  dialect  or  maimer 
of  speaking  is  similar  to  that  of  buskin 
to  tragedy,  and  sock  to  comedy. 

Brogues.  Trousers.  From  the  Irish 
broy,  resembling  those  still  worn  by  some 
of  the  French  cavalry,  in  which  trousers 
and  boots  are  all  one  garment. 

And  put  my  clouted  broLrnes  fio'n  off  my  ff  et 
aii^ikesiMire,  "Vi/mbeline,"  Iv.  1 

Broker.  Properly  speaking,  is  one 
who  sells  refuse.  In  German,  called 
miiklers,  that  is,  "  sellers  of  damaged 
stores."    (Teutonic,  brak  or  wrak,  rohise.) 

Brontes.     A  blacksmith  personified  ; 

one  of  the  Cyclops.      The  name  signitieb 

Thunder. 
Hut  with  such  weight,  to  frame  the  forky  brand. 
The  ponderous  hammer  fills  froo  Brnne"'  hajid. 
Buule, "  Jeruiidem  i'tlivtred."  bk.  xz. 

Bronzomar'te.  The  sorrel  horse  o( 
Sir  Launcelot  GresLve3.— Smollett,  "Ad- 
ventures." 

Brook,  Master.  The  name  assumed 
by  Ford  when  he  visits  Sir  John  Falstalf. 
The  amorous  knight  tells  M;istcr  Brook 
all  abotit  his  amour  with  Mrs.  Ford,  and 
bow  he  duped  her  husband  by  being 
stowed  into  a  basket  of  dirty  linen. 

Fi'rd  I'll  tiive  you  a  p^.ttle  c-f  burned  sack  to  pirt 
me  ret'u'jri-e  to  him,  aa<J  tell  him  my  name  i>  Brook, 
oiilv  f"r  a  jint. 

Jl'si.  My  hand,  billy  Tho'i  itialt  hiro  tgrejt 
ana  rir/rria    .  .  .  arfi  thv  nim'- »h»ll  !■«  Rr.xk. 

tiha.ktepetin,~Merrii   H'.w*  o/   H'ii»<ijror.  "U.  1. 

Broom.  A  broom  is  hung  at  tie 
mast-head  of  ships  aliont  to  be  sold,  to 
indicate  that  they  are  to  bo  swept  away. 
The  idea  is  poptiia'ly  tiken  from  Adtniral 
Tromp,  but  probably  this  allusion  in  more 


118 


BROSIER. 


BROWNIB. 


witty  than  tn;f".  The  custom  of  hanging 
up  somotlung-  to  attract  notice  seems 
very  common.  Thus,  an  old  piece  of 
carpet  from  a  window  indicates  household 
furniture  for  sale ;  a  wisp  of  straw  indi- 
cates oysters  for  sale  ;  a  bush  means  wine 
for  sale  ;  an  old  broom,  ships  to  sell, 
&c.  &c.     (See  Pennant.) 

Brosier.  Eating  one  out  of  house 
and  home.  At  Eton,  when  a  dame  keeps 
an  unusually  bad  table,  the  boys  agree 
together  on  a  day  to  eat,  pocket,  or 
waste  everything  eatable  in  the  house. 
The  censure  is  well  understood,  and  the 
hint  generally  effective.  (Greek,  broso, 
to  eat.) 

Brother  or  Frere.  A  fri.'ir  not  in 
priest's  orders.     (See  Father.) 

Brother  Benedict.  A  married  man.  (See 
Benedict.) 

Brother  Blade.  Properly,  a  fellow- 
uoldier,  but  now  any  one  of  the  same 
calling  as  yourself. 

Brotlier  Britsh.     A  fellow-painter. 

BrotJier  Chij).     A  fellow-carpenter. 

Brother  Clergyman.  A  fellow-clergy- 
nan. 

Brotlier  (M.  or  N.).    A  fellow-barrister. 

Brother  Whip,     A  fellow-coachman. 

Brother  German,  A  real  brother. 
A  uterine  brother  is  a  brother  by  the 
mother's  side  only. 

Brother  Jonathan.  ^Vhen  Wash- 
ington was  in  want  of  ammunition,  he 
called  a  council  of  officers,  but  no  prac- 
tical suggestion  could  be  offered.  "We 
must  consult  brother  Jonathan,"  said 
the  general,  meaning  his  excellency 
Jonathan  Trumbull,  tlio  elder  governor 
of  the  stato  of  Connecticut.  This  was 
done,  and  the  difficulty  was  remedied.  To 
consult  brother  Jonathan  then  became  a 
set  phrase,  and  brother  Jonathan  grew 
to  be  the  John  Bull  of  the  United  States. 
—  J.  R.  Bartlett,  "  Dictionary  of  Ameri- 
canisms." 

Brother  Sam.  The  brother  of 
Lord  Dundreary  (q.v.),  the  hero  of  a 
comedy  based  on  a  German  drama,  by 
John  Oxenford,  with  additions  and  altera- 
tions by  E.  A.  Sothem  and  T.  B.  Buck- 
stone. — Su2)2}lied  by  T.  B.  Buckstone,  Esq. 

Browbeat.  To  beat  or  put  a  man 
down  by  knitting  the  brov-'S. 


Brown.    A  copper.   {See  Blunt.) 
To  be  done  brown.      To   be  roasted, 
deceived,  taken  in. 

Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson. 

Three  Englishmen,  who  travel  together; 
their  adventures  were  published  in  Punch, 
and  were  the  production  of  Richard 
Doyle.  They  typify  the  middle-class 
English  abroad,  and  hold  up  to  ridicule 
their  gaucherio  and  contracted  notions, 
their  vulgarity  and  extravagance,  their 
conceit  and  snobbism. 

Brown  Bess  means  brown  barrel. 
The  barrels  were  browned  to  keep  them 
from  rusting.  (Dutch,  bus,  a  gun-barrel ; 
Low  German,  liisse;  Swedish,  byssa.  Our 
arquebus,  blunderbuss.)     (See  beloio.) 

Brown    Bill.     A  kind  of  halbert, 

\ised  by  English  foot-soldiers  before  mus- 
kets were  employed.  V/o  find  in  the 
mediaeval  ballads  the  expressions  "  brown 
brand,"  "  brown  sword,"  "  brown  blade," 
&c.  Sometimes  the  word  i^isty  is  sub- 
stituted for  brown,  as  in  Chaucer  :  "And 
in  his  side  he  had  a  rousty  blade;"  which 
being  the  god  Mars,  cannot  mean  a  bad 
one.  Keeping  the  weapons  bright  is  a 
modem  fashion ;  our  forefathei-s  preferred 
the  honour  of  blood-stains.  Some  say 
tha  weapons  were  varnished  with  a 
brown  varnish  to  prevent  rust,  and 
some  affirm  that  one  Brown  was  a  famous 
maker  of  these  instruments,  and  that 
Brown  bill  is  a  phrase  similar  to  Arm- 
strong gun  and  Colt's  revolver.  {See 
above.) 

8n,  with  a  band  of  bowmen  and  of  pifte*, 

Brown  bills  and  tnreetiers. 

Marlowe, ' '  Edva  rd  1 1."   icsi 

Brown  Study.  Absence  of  mind  ; 
apparent  thought,  but  real  vacuity.  The 
corresponding  French  expression  ex- 
plains it — sombre  reverie.  Sombre  and 
bntn  both  mean  sad,  melancholy,  gloomy, 
dull. 

Invention  flags,  his  brain  erows  muddy, 
Aud  black  despair  sucotoiis  iTow.i  stuJy. 

Congreve,  "An  Impotsiljlt  lliitj.' 

Brownie.  The  house  spirit  in 
Scottish  superstition.  He  is  called  in 
England  Rohin  (J oodftlloio.  At  night  he 
is  supposed  to  busy  himself  in  doing 
little  jobs  for  the  family  over  which  he 
presides.  Farms  are  his  favourita 
abode.  Brownies  are  brown  or  tawny 
spirits,  in  opposition  to  fairies,  which 
are  fair  or  elegant  oncf. 


BROWNISTS. 


BRUTE. 


110 


It  Is  not  long  b'net  oroy  family  of  considerable 
Bobsuuce  wa«  haunted  by  a  spirit  tli-jy  called 
Browny,  which  .lid  several  ^oriB  of  work;  and  this 
WM  th;  reason  wny  ihey  save  hi;n  offerings  ...  on 
what  they  called  "  Browuya  stone."— Jfaili'i,  "  Scot- 
la  nd." 

Browniota.  Followers  of  Robert 
Brown,  of  Rutlandshire,  a  violent  op- 
ponent of  the  Established  Church  in  the 
time  of  queen  Elizabeth.  The  present 
"Independents"  hold  pretty  well  tho 
same  religious  tenets  as  the  Brownists. 
Sir  Andrew  Aguecheek  says:  — 

I'd  as  lief  bn  n  Brownist  as  a  politician. 

Shakltpt-irt.  •'  TuKl/th  A'iyW, "  ill.  3. 

Bruel.  The  goose,  in  the  tale  of 
"  Reynard  the  Fox."  Tho  word  means 
liUk-roarer. 

Bruin.  One  of  the  leaders  arrayed 
against  Hmlibras.  He  was  Tal^'ol,  a 
Newgata  butcher,  who  obtained  a  cap- 
tain's commission  for  valour  at  Naseby. 
He  marched  next  Orsin  (Joshua  Gosling, 
landlord  of  the  bear  gardens,  at  South- 
wark). 

Bruin,  Sir.  The  name  of  the  bear 
in  the  famous  German  beast-epic,  called 
"Reynard  the  Fox."  (Dutch  for  hioicii.) 

Brulgruddery  {Dennis  and  3frs.). 
In  "'John  Rull,"  a  drama,  by  Colman. 

Brurnaire.  The  celebrated  18th  of 
Brumaire  (9th  November,  1799)  was  tho 
day  on  which  tho  Directory  was  over- 
thrown, and  Napoleon  established  his 
Bupreniaey. 

Brurn'magem.  Worthless  or  vei^ 
inferior  metallic  articles  made  in  imita- 
tion of  better  ones.  Birmingham,  once 
called  Brumwicham,  is  the  great  mart 
lud  manufactory  of  gilt  toys,  cheap 
jewellery,  imitation  gems,  mosaic  gold, 
and  such  small  deer. 

Erunehild.  (3  syl.).  Brunch'il'da. 
Daughter  of  the  king  of  I.-island,  beloved 
bv  Ci  uiither,  one  of  the  two  great  chieftains 
of  tho  Nibolungenlied  or  Teutonic  Iliad. 
She  was  to  bo  carried  off  by  force,  and 
Giinthera.sked  his  friend  Siegfried  to  help 
him.  Siegfried  contrivcil  the  matter  Vjy 
snatching  from  her  tho  talisman  which  was 
her  protector,  but  she  never  forgave  Lira 
for  his  treachery.  (Old  German,  bruni, 
coat  of  mail ;  hilt,  battle.) 

BrunoUo  (in  "  Orlando  Furioso").  A 
deformed  dwarf  of  Biserta,  to  whom  king 
Ag'raiuant  gave  a  ring  which  had   tho 


virtue  to  withstand  the  power  of  mae^io 
(Book  ii.).  He  was  leader  of  the  Tii.iji- 
ta'nians  in  the  Saracen  army.  He  also 
figures  in  Bojardo's  "  Orlando  Inna- 
morato." 

Bruns wicker.  A  native  of  Bruna. 
wick.    (See  Black  Brunswickeu.) 

Brush.    The  tail  of  a  fox  or  squirrol, 

which  is  hi-ushy. 
BiouW  hriisk  is  a  fellow-painter. 
Bnuh  aroay.     Get  along. 
Brush  off.      Move  on. 
He  bniihed  h)  me.    He  just  touched  me 
as   ho  wont  quickly  past.      Hence   also 
brush,  a  slight  skirmish. 

All  these  are  metaphors  from  bnishing 
with  a  brush. 

Give  it  anotlier  brush.  A  little  more 
attention ;  bestow  a  little  more  labour  on 
it ;  return  it  to  the  file  for  a  little  more 
polish.  Tho  allusion  is  to  bread  baking. 
When  bread  was  baked  under  a  tin,  if  it 
was  found  insulliciently  done,  the  house- 
wife used  to  sweep  the  hearth,  and  put  it 
down  again. 

Brut.  A  rhyming  chronicle,  aa  the 
"  Brut  d'Angleterre,"  and  "  Le  lioman 
de  Brut,"  by  Wace  (twelfth  century). 
Brut  is  the  Romance  word  bruit  (a 
rumour,  hence  a  tradition,  or  a  chronicle 
based  on  tra<lition).  It  is  by  mere  acci- 
dent that  tho  word  reseml)lo8  "Brute" 
or  "  Brutus,"  the  traditional  king.  (Set 
below.) 

Binit  d'Angleterre.  A  chronicle  of 
the  achievements  of  kinjr  Arthur  and  his 
Knights  of  the  Round  Table.  Artiiur  is 
described  as  the  natural  son  of  Uthor, 
pondragon  (or  chief)  of  tho  ancient 
Britons.  He  succeeded  his  father,  in  51(3, 
by  the  aid  of  Merlin,  who  gave  him  a 
magic  sword,  with  which  ho  conquered 
the  Saxons,  Picts,  Scots,  and  Irish. 
Besides  the  Brut  refencil  to,  several 
other  romances  record  the  txploiia  of 
this  heroic  king.     (.S«  ARTHUR.) 

Brute,  Sir  John.  A  coarse,  pot- 
valiant  knight,  ignobly  noted  for  his 
absur  lities.—  Vaabni/jh,  "  The  I'rovolud 
V,'ift." 

Brute  or  Brutu*.  in  the  mytholocrical 
nistory  of  England,  t!ie  first  king  of  the 
Britons,  was  aon  of  Sylviu.i,  (gr*nrl«nn  of 
Ascaniusnnd  grcal-praiiils-in  of  ilOiip'as). 
Iliiviiig  inadvertently  killed  his  father, 
he  first  took  n^fuge  in  Greece,  and 
then   in    liril.iin.        in    romcmbrance   u/ 


120 


BRUTUM. 


BUCEPHALOS. 


Troy,  he  called  the  capital  of  his  kintrdom 
Troy-novant  iNcwTroyi,  now  Tiondon. 

Brule,  in  Cambridge  University  slang, 
Is  a  man  who  has  not  yet  matriculated. 
Tlie  play  is  eviijcnt^  A  "  man,"  in  college 
l)hrase,  is  a  collugian  ;  and  as  matricula- 
tion is  the  sign  and  seal  of  acceptance,  a 
Bclioiar  before  thiit  ceremonj-  is  not  ft 
"man."  and  therefore  only  a  "bijjed  brute." 

From  matriculation, to  the  end  of  tne 
first  year,  a  coUeijir.n  is  called  a  Freshman.  : 
in  bis  second  year  he  is  a  Junior  Soph  ;  in 
his  third  and  last  year  a  Senior  Soph. 
Soph,  of  course,  is  the  Greek  soph-os  (a 
wise  man),  learned  in  all  the  learning  of 
the  University. 

Brutum  Fiilmen  (Latin).  A  noisy 
but  harmless  threatening  ;  an  innocuous 
thunderbolt. 

His  (the  Pope's)  denuaoiations  arc  but  a  brutum 
fulmen.— rA«  Stand  od. 

Brutus,  Junivs,  the  first  consul  of 
Rome,  condemned  to  death  his  own  two 
Bons  for  joining  a  conspiracy  to  restore 
tfj  the  throne  the  binished  Tarquin. 

The  public  Father  (Brulut),  who  the  private 

quelled. 
As  on  the  dread  tribuual  stornly  sad. 

Thornton,  "  Winter." 

The  Spanish  Bruhis.  Alphonso  Perez 
de  Guzman.     (1258-l:J20.) 

Brutus,  Marcus,  Cresar's  friend, 
joined  the  conspirators  to  murder  him, 
because  he  made  himself  a  king. 

And  then,  unhappy  Brutus,  Kind  of  heart, 

M'hdse  slfcariy  iirm,  hy  tuvful  virtue  urned. 
Lifted  the  lionian  steel  agninst  thy  friend. 

'/  honaun,  "  WtnUr." 

Bruxellois.  The  inhabitants  cf 
Brussels  or  Bruxelles. 

Brydport    Dagger.      {See    Brid- 

PORT.) 

Bub.  Drink.  Connected  with  i?(66/? — 
Latin,  hiho  (to  drink),  our  imbibe;  bubby, 
i.e..  bubo  (a  woman's  breast).  {See 
Qbub.) 

Bubas'tis.  The  Diana  of  Egyptian 
mythology  ;  daughter  of  Isis  and  sister 
of  Ilorus. 

Bubble.  A  scheme  of  no  sterling 
worth  and  of  very  ephemeral  duration — 
as  worthless  and  frail  as  a  bubble. 

The  Bubble  Act,  6  (ieorge  I.  cap.  18; 
published  1719,  and  repealed  July  5, 
1825.  Its  object  was  to  punish  the  pro- 
nH)t«rs  of  I  ubblo  schemas. 


A  bvbb/e  scheme.  A  project  for  getting 
money  from  subscribers  to  a  scheme  of 
no  value. 

A  bubble  company.  A  company  whose 
object  is  to  enrich  themselves  at  the 
ex[iense  of  subscribers  to  their  scheme. 

The  whole  scheme  [the  Fenian  raid  on  British 
America]  was  a  collapsed  hubhle.— The  Time*. 

Bubble  and  Squeak.  Cold  boil«»<l 

meat  and  greens  fried.  They  Hrst  bub- 
bled in  water  when  boiled,  and  after- 
wards hissed  or  -squeaked  in  the  fryinjf- 
pan. 

Bucca.  A  goblin  of  the  wind,  sup- 
posed by  the  ancient  inhabitants  of 
Cornwall  to  foretell  shipwrecks. 

Bue'caneer'  means  sellers  of  smoke- 
dried  meat,  from  the  Caribbean  word 
boolean  (smoke-dried  meat).  The  term 
was  first  given  to  the  Frenr-h  settlers  in 
Hayti,  whose  business  it  was  to  hunt 
animals  for  their  skins.  The  flesh  they 
smoke-dried  and  eold,  chiefly  to  the 
Dutch. 

When  the  Spaniards  laid  claim  to  all 
Amer  ca,  many  English  and  French  ad- 
venturers lived  by  buccaneering,  and 
hunted  Spaniards  as  lawful  prey.  After 
the  peace  of  Ryswick,  this  was  no  longer 
tolerated,  and  the  term  w.is  then  ap- 
plied to  any  desperate,  lawless,  piratical 
adventurer. 

Buceleueh  or  Buckclench.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition,  Kenn-th  Alac-Alpin, 
king  of  Scotland,  was  one  day  hui'tmg, 
when  a  back  stood  at  bay  in  a  certain 
glen  or  clench.  John  of  Galloway  came 
up  at  this  juncture,  seizeil  the  buck  by 
the  horns,  threw  it  on  its  back,  and, 
running  to  the  king,  laid  it  at  his  feet. 
Tiie  king  was  so  pleiised  with  the  adven- 
ture, that  he  gave  the  bold  huntsman 
perraisiion  to  add  Buck's-cleuch  to  his 
name. 

Bucen'taur.  A  monster,  half -man 
and  half-ox.  The  Venetian  state-galley 
emjiloyed  by  the  doge  when  he  went  to 
wed  the  Adriatic  was  so  called.  (Greek, 
"•oiw,  ox  ;  cenlaiiros,  centaur.) 

Buceph'alos  (bull -headed).  A  horsa 
Strictly  speaking,  the  charger  of  Ak-.^- 
ander  the  (Jreat.  bought  of  a  Thessa.ian 
for  thirteen  talents  (.i3,500). 

Trje.  true  ;  I  forsot  your  Bucephalus. 

2/u  A^iiupuiTU, 


BUCHANITES. 


BUDGE. 


121 


Buc'hanites  (3  syl.).  A  sect  of 
fanatics  who  a(ipeareil  in  the  west  of 
Scotland  in  17S3.  Tliey  were  named  after 
Mrs.  or  LucKy  Bucnan,  tlnir  founder, 
who  called  herself  "  Friend  Mother  in 
the  Lord,"  claiming  to  be  the  woman 
mentioned  in  Rev.  xii. ,  and  maintaining 
that  the  Rev.  Htisrh  White,  a  convert, 
was  the  "  man-child." 

I  never  hearl  of  alewife  that  turned  preacher, 
except  Luckie  Uuchan  in  tbe  Went. 

:-cuU,  '■  SU  Kuwint  Well,"  o.  il. 

Buck.    A  dandy.     {.Ste  below.) 

ijuck  -  Basket.  A  linen  -  haskrt. 
Tobuctvisto  wa.sh  Imcn  by  beating.  Golhic 
bock,  lo  box  or  buat ;  heuce,  also,  the 
0  ollics  so  washed.  A  buck  is  one  whose 
cloihes  are  buck,  or  nicely  got  up.  W  hen 
Cade  says  his  mother  was  "desceiuied  from 
tbe  Lacies,"  two  men  overhear  him,  and 
say,  "She  was  a  pedlar's  dau^^hter,  but 
not  beint^  able  to  travel  with  her  furred 
pack,  she  washes  bucks  here  at  homo." — 
"■llhary  VL,"  if.  2. 

Buck-bean.  A  corruption  of  hog- 
hean,  a  native  of  wet  bog- lands. 

Buckhorse.  A  severe  blow  or  slap 
on  the  face,  do  called  from  a  boxer  of 
that  name. 

Buckingham.  Saxon,  boccen-kam 
(beech -tree  villa<(e).  Fuller,  in  his 
"  Worthies,"  speaks  of  the  beech-trees 
as  the  most  characteristic  feature  of  this 
county. 

Bucklaw  or  rather  Frank  Ilayston, 
lord  of  liackUuc,  a  wealthy  nobleman, 
who  marries  Lucia  di  Latnmermoor  (Z/itcy 
Asl.toK,)^  who  had  pledi^cd  her  troth  to 
L<lt,''ar,  master  of  Ravciiswood.  On  the 
wedding.night  Lucy  murders  him,  goes 
mad,  and  dies.  —  DouizHtis  o/wa  of 
"Lucia  di  Lamniertiioor,"  Sir  Waller 
Scutt's  "Bride  of  Lammermoor." 

Buckle.  /  can't  buckle  to.  I  cannot 
give  my  mind  to  work.  The  alhision  is 
to  buckling  on  one's  armour  or  belt. 

lie  -iinnot  buckle  hid  distempered  ciuso 
Witlilu  tbe  belt  of  rule. 

6liukeii(ieare,  "  Madmlh,"  v.  i. 

Bucklersbury  (London)  was  at  one 
time  the  noted  street  for  druggists  and 
herbalists;  hence  Fit! statT  says  — 

I  ca'iD  "t  cnx.and  xaj  ihnu  art  thia  and  that,  Kko 
»  mauv  or  tiieee  liMinuK  lniwtlinrn  bull,  that  cnm« 
like  wompinnmrD  »  apparel,  oud  umell  like  U"c-iei»- 
bi:ry  m  ainiplo  time.— Shaketpiurt,  "iterry  W\i.f»  of 
ViiuUoT.-  iU.  3. 


Buckmaster's  Light  Infantry. 

The  iird  West  India  Ile^rimetit  was  .'O 
called  from  Buckmaster,  tlie  tailor,  who 
used  to  issue  "  Litrht  Infantry  imiforras  " 
to  the  officers  of  the  corps  without  any 
authority  from  the  Commander-in-Chief. 

Buckra.  Superior,  excellent.  That'i 
buch-a.  A  buckra  coat  is  a  smart  coat; 
a  buckra  man,  a  man  of  consecjuence. 
This  word  among  the  West  Indians  doca 
the  service  of  bw-ra  amon»  the  Anglo- 
Indians  :  as  buiTa  saib  (great  master, 
i.e.,  white  man),  bni-ra  khana  (a  magni- 
ficent spread  or  dinoer). 

Buckshishor  'Juisheefh.  A  gratuity, 
pour  boire.  A  tern,  common  to  India, 
Persia,  and  indeed  all  the  East. 

Buckvsrheat.  A  corruption  of  boe. 
German,  buche,  beech-wheat  ;  it  is  so 
cal  ed  because  it  is  triangular,  like  beech- 
mast.  The  botanical  name  is  Faijiy 
pjrum  (booch-wheat). 

Buddha  means  the  Wise  one.  From 
the  Indian  word  budh  (to  know).  The 
title  was  given  to  prince  Siddhartha, 
generally  called  Saky'a-muni,  the  founder 
of  Buddhism. 

Buddhist.  One  whoso  systera  of 
religion  is  Buddhism. 

Buddhism.  A  system  of  religion 
established  in  India  in  the  third  century. 
The  general  outline  of  the  system  is  that 
the  world  is  a  transient  retlox  of  deity  ; 
that  the  soul  is  a  "  vital  spark  "  of  deity; 
and  that  after  death  it  will  be  bound  to 
matter  again  till  its  "  wearer "  has,  by 
divine  contemplation,  so  purged  and 
purilied  it  that  it  is  fit  to  oe  absorbed 
into  the  divine  essence, 

Bude  or  Gurncy  Light.  The 
latter  is  the  name  of  the  inventor,  and 
the  former  the  place  of  his  abode.  Golda- 
worthy  Gurnoy,  of  Bude,  Cornwall. 

Budge  is  lambskin  with  the  wool 
dressed  outwards,  worn  on  the  edge  of 
capes,  bachelors'  hoods,  and  so  on. 
Budge  Row,  Cannon  Street,  is  «o  calkd 
because  it  was  chielly  occupied  by  budga> 
makers. 

O  rooIlohDMi  of  meo  !  that  lend  their  eus 
Tu  tliMC  buJiit-dooioii  of  tl<  atoic  fur 

ilUm.  ■■  Cofn%l.' 

The  verb  to  budge  ia  tbe  rronch 
/  oui/tr,  to  f  tir. 


122 


BUDGE. 


BULIS. 


Budge  Bachelors.  A  company  of 
men  clothed  in  loni,'  gowns  lined  with 
budge  or  lambs'  wool,  who  used  to  accom- 
pany the  Lord  Ma}  or  of  London  at  hia 
inauguration. 

Budget.  The  statement  which  tlie 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  lays  before 
the  House  of  Commons  every  session, 
respecting  the  national  income  and  expen- 
diture, taxes  and  salaries.  The  word  is 
the  old  French  bour/elie  (a  bag),  and  the 
present  use  arose  from  the  custom  of 
bringing  to  the  House  the  pajiers  per- 
taining to  these  matters  in  a  leather  bag, 
and  laying  them  on  the  table.  Hence, 
to  open  the  budget  or  bag,  i.e.,  to  take  the 
papers  from  the  bag  and  submit  them  to 
the  House.     "  Budget  of  News,"  kc. 

Cry  Budget.  A  watchword  or  shib- 
boleth.   Thus  Slender  says  to  Shallow: — 

We  have  a  nsy-wor'l  how  to  know  one  anoth-r. 
I  Ci  me  to  lier  in  shite  and  cry  mum;  ilie  cues 
1nu)i/it;  and  ly  tliat  we  know  one  anotiier. 

Hhakespiare,  "ilerru  Wives  of  Windior"  v.  2. 

Buff.  To  stand  hujf.  Stripped  to  the 
skin  like  boxers.  The  skin  is  called  huff 
by  a  kind  of  play  on  the  words  huff- 
lealher  and  Itiff,  a  military  uniform. 
They  say  in  Yorkshire,  "stand  in  buff." 

And  for  the  good  old  cause  stood  buff 
'Gainst  many  a  bitter  kick  and  culT. 

i/c<de>ra«. 

Buffer  of  a  railway  carriage  is  a  spring 
to  rebuff'  or  resist  with  a  rebound  the 
carriages  that  bear  against  it. 

.i4  regular  buffer  is  a  jovial  companion  ; 
a  hiiffet  man,  a  hffetler.  Owe  expression 
"  cupboard  love,"  which  indicates  regard 
founded  on  the  love  of  eating,  is  of  a 
similar  tj'pe. 

Buffoon  means  one  who  puffs  out  his 
checks,  and  makes  a  ridiculous  explosion 
by  causing  them  suddenly  to  collapse. 
This  beii:g  a  standing  trick  with  clowns, 
caused  the  name  to  be  applied  to  low 
jesters.  Bitfl'a  (middle-age  Latin),  "a 
slap  on  the  face,"  our  buffet.  The  Italian 
buffare  is  "to  puft"  out  the  cheeks  for  the 
purpose  of  making  an  explosion;"  our 
P"I- 

Buffoons.  Names  synonymous  with 
Buffoon  :  — 

Bobeche.  A  clown  in  a  small  theatre  in 
the  Boulevart  du  Temple,  Paris.  (1815- 
18-25.) 

Oalimafre,  A  contemporary  and.  rival  of 
the  former. 


Tabarin.  )    (Of    the    sevontfianth 

Brii.irnmhille.    )       century.) 
Grimaidi.    (1779-1837.) 

Buffs.  The  3rd  Ilcgiment  of  Foot  in 
ths  British  army,  ouco  called  the  IloUaud 
regiment.  Called '•  buffs,"  b( cause  their 
coats  wore  lined  and  faced  with  buff;  they 
had  buff  waistcoats,  buff  breeches,  and 
buff  stiickiiigs.  'J'hejaro  sometimes  called 
7V*€  Old  Buffi,  tlie  Resurreclionids,  &c. 

The  31st,  raised  in  1702,  wore  buff 
waistcoats,  breeches,  and  stockings,  and 
were  once  called  The  Young  Huffs. 

Buff  is  a  contraction  of  bujlle  or  buffalo; 
and  buff  skin  is  the  skin  of  the  buffalo 
I)ropared.  The  colotir  so  called  resembles 
the  buffalo  skin  in  hue. 

Bug.  Snug  a*  a  bug  in  a  intg.  A  ru^ 
is  a  shaggy  dog.  \German,  raucA,  shaggy ; 
Swedish,  rvgg ;  Danish,  rug,  rough;  our 
rugged.) 

Bugbear.  A  scarecrow.  Bug  is  the 
Welsh  bug,  a  hobgoblin,  called  in  Russia 
buiM.  Perhaps  bear  is  the  Welsh  barog, 
spiteful.  Sj'CDser  says,  "A  ghastly  bug 
doth  greatly  them  affear"  (Bk.  ii.  cant.  3); 
and  "Hamlet"  has  "bugs  and  goblins" 
(V.  2). 

Warwick  wa»  a  tu?  tliat  fenr^d  us  a!L 

bhaktspeaie,  " 3  Iltnrsi  1 V.,"  v.  X 
To  the  world  no  Inightvir  is  so  great 
As  want  of  ii  jiirj  and  a  email  eaie.te.—Pope. 

Buggaboo.  A  monster,  ore,  or 
goblin,  introduced  into  the  biles  of  the 
old  Italian  romancers.     (See  above. » 

Buggy.  A  light  vehicle  without  a 
hood,  drawn  by  one  horse.  A  carriage 
for  the  bourgeois. 

Buhl-work.       Cabinet-work,    inlaid 

V  ilh  bruSd  ;  su  called  from  siguor  Buuio, 
the  inventor,  who  settled  in  Paris  during 
the  reign  of  Louis  XIV. 

Build.  Make,  applied  to  dress.  iVn^ 
so  bad  a  build  after  all,  not  so  badly 
made.  A  man  of  strong  build  is  a  man 
of  robust  make.  The  metaphor  is  evi- 
dent.  A  milliner  is  jestingly  called  a 
'■  bonnet  builder." 

Builder's  Square.  Emblematic  of 
St.  Thomas,  patron  of  architects. 

Bulbul.  The  nightingnJ'^  A  Persian 
word,  familiarised  by  Tom  Mooro. 

3uli8,  mctamoriihosed  into  a  drake  ; 
and  his  son,  Egypios,  into  a  vulture- 


BULL. 


BULLY-llOOK. 


li.'3 


Bull.  One  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the 
Zodiac  (April  20  to  May  21).  The  time 
for  plouf^hiug,  which  in  Egypt  was  per- 
fonuod  by  oxen  or  bulls. 

At  IftHt  from  Aries  rolls  the  bonntcouJ  sun, 
And  the  bright  Bull  receivos  li;m. 

Thornton, "  Spnngr 

Bull.  A  blunder,  or  inadvertent  con- 
tradiction of  terms,  for  ■which  the  Irish 
are  proverbial.  The  British  J  polio, 
1740,  says  the  term  is  derived  from  one 
Obadiah  Bull,  an  Irish  lawyer  of  London, 
in  the  reijrn  of  Henry  VI I.,  whoso  blun- 
iering  in  this  way  was  notorious. 

JluU  is  a  fivc-shilling  piece.  "  Half  a 
bull"  is  half-a-crown."  From  bulla  (a 
great  leaden  seal).  Hood,  in  one  of  his 
comic  sketches,  speaks  of  a  crier  who, 
being  apprehended,  "swallowed  three 
Uogs  (shillings)  and  a  bull." 

'I' he  pope's  bull.  So  called  from  the  bulla 
or  capsule  of  the  seal  appended  to  the 
document.  Suljsequeutly  the  seal  was 
called  the  bulla,  and  thcu  the  document 
itself. 

The  edict  of  the  emporor  Charles  IV 
had  a  golden  bulla,  and  was  ihcrofori 
CJillod  tiic  golden  bull  (Set  GoLVhS 
Bull.) 

JJiUl.  A  public-house  sign,  the  cogni- 
sance of  the  house  of  Clare.  The  bull 
and  the  boar  were  signs  used  by  the  par- 
tisans of  Clare,  and  Richard  duke  of 
Gloucester  (Itichard  III.). 

To  bull  is  to  raise  the  price  of  stocks 
when  operating  for  a  sale.     {K>ee  Bear.) 

John  Bull.  An  Englishman.  Applied 
to  a  native  of  England  in  Arbuthnot's 
ludicrous  "History  of  Europe."  This 
history  is  sometimes  erroneously  ascribed 
to  dean  Swift.  In  this  satire  the  French 
are  called  Lexois  Baboon,  and  the  Dutch 
Nickolas  Frog, 

One  would  think.  In  personifying  itself,  s  nation 
vouM  .  .  .  picture  Booething  giaud,  heroic,  and  im- 
porioe ;  but  it  is  chnrmctei  istjc  of  the  peculiar  Immuur 
of  the  Luf;!ish,  and  of  their  Iutc;  fur  what  is  blunt, 
comic,  »u<i  familiar,  thai  thej  ha%e  emhulied  their 
national  oddities  in  the  lik-me  of  a  atiir  Ir.  corr<u!out 
old  fellow,  .  .  .  with  red  waietiiat.  Irnther  hncclies, 
and  a  et'iiit  o.iken  cudi;el,  .  .  .  ;whuni  they  call)  Jul>n 
Bull.—  Wathini/lon  Irving. 


Publio-house 


Bull   and    Gate.     ) 

Bull  and  Mouth. ) 
Bigns.  A  corn;ption  of  Boulogne  Gate 
or  Mouth,  adopted  out  of  compliment  to 
Henry  VIII.,  who  took  Boulogne  in  1544. 

Bull-dog3,  in  University  slang,  are 
Uio  two  niynnilous  of  the  proctor,  who 


attend  his  heels  like  dogs,  and  are  ready 
to  spring  en  any  offending  undergraduate 
like  bull-dogs.  The  best  bait  to  elud« 
their  fangs  is  to  drop  a  half-crown. 

Bull's  Eye.  A  small  cloud  sud- 
denly appealing,  seemingly  in  violent 
motion,  and  growing  out  of  itself.  It 
soon  covers  tho  entire  vault  of  heaven, 
producing  a  turmilt  of  wind  and  rain. 
(1  Kings  xviii.  44.) 

BulC$  Eye.    The  centre  cf  a  targtt. 

Bull  -  necked.  The  Bxdl-ntcltd 
Forger.  Cagliostro,  the  huge  impostor, 
was  80  called.    (1743-1705.) 

Bulletin.  French  for  a  certificate. 
An  official  report  of  an  officer  to  Lis 
sujierior,  or  of  medieal  attendants  ro- 
si)ecting  the  health  of  persons  high  in 
rank.  So  called  because  they  wore 
authenticated  by  an  official  bulla  or  seal 
(Spanish,  holeiin,  a  warrant;  Ituli.iu, 
OulUUino,  a  roll.) 

Bulling  the  Barrel  is  pouring 
water  into  a  rum-cask,  when  it  is  nearly 
emjity,  to  prevent  its  leaking.  The 
water  which  gets  impregnated  with  the 
spirit,  and  is  very  intoxicating,  is  called 
bull. 

Seamen  talk  of  bulling  the  teapot  (mak- 
ing a  second  brew),  bulling  t/ie  cojjee, 
kc.  (French,  boullir,  whence  bouilloire, 
a  tea-kettle;  bouillon,  tho  decoction  of 
meat,  to  which  vegetables,  salt,  and 
pepper  are  added. ) 

Bullion  properly  means  tho  mint 
where  bolla,  little  round  coins,  aro  made. 
Subsequently  tho  metal  in  the  mint.  As 
this  metal  was  shamefully  alloyed  in 
France  during  the  monarchy,  urliit- 
money  (billon)  came  to  signify  b.xso 
metal. 

Bully.  To  overbear  with  word.s.  A 
bulli/  is  a  blustering  monacer.  (Saxon, 
bulgian,  to  bellow  like  a  bull.) 

It  is  often  used,  without  any  mixture 
of  reproof,  as  a  term  of  oudeartnent,  a.s, 
"0  sweet  bully  Bottom." — " M idsumtner 
f^'ighCt  JJrea/H,"  iv.  2. 

Bully-rook.  A  blustering  cheat. 
Like  bulti/,  it  is  sometimes  useil  withou* 
any  olTcusivo  meaning.  Thus  the  lloid^ 
in  "  Tlio  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  ad- 
dresses Sir  Joiin  Falstaff,  Ford,  tho  p.tL'o, 
&c.,  as  bully-rooJc—"  llijvf  now,  my  bully- 
rook  ?  "  O'pial  to  "  my  fine  follow." 


121 


BUM-BAILIFP. 


BUNGAY. 


Bum-bailiff.  A  corruption  of  bund 
or  hound  bailiff.  A  bailiff  bound  by 
sureties  to  tlie  sheriff,  who  is  responsible 
for  all  his  official  acts. — Blackstone. 

Scout  me  for  him  nt  tlie  corner  of  the  orchird, 
like  a  bum-baililT.— SA'iitespsdre,  "  Twd/th  AHgU, 
lii.  4. 

Bum-boat.  A  small  boat  to  carry 
provisions  to  vessels  lying  off  shore. 

Bumble.  A  beadle.  So  called  from 
the  officious,  overbearing  beadle  in 
Dickens's  "Oliver  Twist." 

Bumbledom.  The  dominion  of  an 
overbearint,'  parish  officer,  the  arrogance 
of  parish  autliorities,  the  conceit  of  parish 
dipTiitr.     (See  nhove.') 

Bummarees.  A  class  of  middlemen 
or  tJsh-jobtiers  in  Billingsgate  market, 
who  get  a  living  by  bummareeiiij,  i.e., 
buying  parcels  of  fish  from  the  salesmen, 
and  then  retailing  them.  A  corruption  of 
bonne  marie,  good  fresh  fish,  or  the  seller 
thereof.  According  to  the  Didionnaire 
de  U Acadeniie,  maree  means  "toute  sorte 
de  poisson  de  mer  que  n'est  pas  sal^." 
Bonne  maree,  "mar^e  fraiche." 

Bumper.  A  full  glass.  Dr.  Ash  says 
a  bumcer  is  when  the  surface  of  the  wine 
humps  up  in  the  middle,  so  that  the  centre 
lies  higher  than  the  brim.  While  the 
wine  is  concave,  the  full  glass  is  only  a 
brimmer.  A  piece  of  cork  will  float  to 
the  edge  in  a  brimmer,  but  in  a  bumper 
it  will  remain  throned  in  the  centre. 

The  notion  that  the  word  is  au  hon  pere, 
meaning  "the  pope,"  and  refers  to  the 
bumpers  taken  by  the  monks  to  the  toast, 
is  wholly  untenable,  as  the  toast  would 
be  au  saiyit  pere,  and  not  au  hon  pere. 
"Pbre"  is  applied  to  any  friar  in  priest's 
orders,  and  "bou  pfere"  to  the  head  of 
a  monastery. 

Bum.pkin.  A  loutish  person.  (Dutch, 
boomken,  a  sprout,  a  fool.)  This  word 
very  closely  resembles  the  word  "  chit." 
(See  Chitty.) 

Bumptious.  Arrogant,  botty,  full  of 
mighty  airs  and  graces ;  apt  to  take 
offence  at  presumed  slights.  A  corrup- 
tion of  presumptuous,  first  into  "  sump- 
tious,"  then  to  bumptious. 

Bun.  The  Good  Friday  hot  cross 
bun,  says  Bryant,  is  derived  from  h'vn, 
the  sacred  cake  offered  at  the  Arkit-3 
temples  every  seventh  day.  Cocrops 
offered  to  Jupiter  Olympus  a  sacred 
oake  called  bom  (accusative  boun).     Thii 


consecrated  bread,  if  we  believe  what  is 
told  us,  will  never  grow  mouldy,  will 
ward  off  witches,  cure  diarrhoea,  protect 
the  house  fz'om  fire,  and  work  many  other 
wonders. 

Qood  Fridaj  comes  this  month:  the  oM  womM 

runs 
With  one  or  two  «  p-^nny  "hot  cross  buns." 
Wiiog';  viriue  is,  if  yiu  belicTe  \vh»t''<  faid, 
Tiiey'U  not  grow  aiouldy  like  the  commuii  breid. 
Poor  Hobin,  "Almanack,"  173J. 

Buncle, /oAn..  "A  prodigious  hand 
at  matrimony,  divinity,  a  song,  and  a 
peck."  He  marries  seven  wives,  loses  all 
in  the  flower  of  their  age,  is  inconsolable 
for  two  or  three  days,  then  resigns  him- 
self to  the  decrees  of  Providence,  and 
marries  again. —  The  Life  and  Opinions  of 
John  Buncle,  Eaq.,  oy  Thomas  Amory, 

John  is  a  kind  <;f  innjoeut  Henry  Vlll.  of  privat« 
Wtt.—Ltigh  Hunt. 

Bunch  of  Fives.  A  slang  term  for 
the  hand  or  fist. 

Bundle.  Bundle  of.  Get  away.  To 
bundle  a  person  off,  is  to  send  him  away 
unceremoniously.  Similar  to  pack  off. 
The  allusion  is  obvious. 

Bundle  of  Sticks,  ^sop,  In  one  of 
his  fables,  shows  that  sticks  one  by  one 
may  be  readily  broken  ;  not  so  when 
several  are  bound  together  in  a  bundle. 
The  lesson  taught  is,  that  "  Union  g^ves 
strength." 

They  now  lav  to  heart  the  lesson  of  the  bundle  of 
sticks— rfce  Timiu. 

Bundschuh.  (hiijldows').  An  insur- 
rection of  the  peasants  of  Germany  in 
the  sixteenth  century.  So  called  from 
the  hig-hlows  or  clouted  sboon  of  the  in- 
surgents. 

Bung.  A  cant  term  for  a  toper. 
"  Away  .  .  .  you  filthy  bung,''  says 
Doll  to  V\sto\.—" -IHen.  IV.,"  ii.  4. 

Brother  hung.  A  cant  term  for  a  pub- 
lican. 

Bung  up.  CTose  up,  as  a  bung  closes  a 
cask. 

Bungay.  Goto  Bungay  iciih  you/— 
i.e.,  get  away  and  don't  bother  me,  or 
don't  talk  such  stuff.  Bungay,  in  Suffolk, 
used  to  be  famous  for  the  manufacture  of 
leather  breeches,  once  very  fashionable. 
Persons  who  required  new  ones,  or  to 
have  their  old  ones  uew-seateil,  went  to 
Bungay  for  that  purpose.  Hence  rose  the 
G.int  saying,  "  Go  to  Bungay,  and  get 
your  breeches  mended,"  shortened  into 
"Go  to  Bungay  with  you  !  " 


BUNGALOW, 


BURKE. 


120 


Bung'alow  (Indian).  A  house  of  & 
single  floor.  A  d'l k-hungalow  (thatched 
bungalow)  is  a  caravansary  or  house 
built  by  tbo  government  for  t^e  use  of 
travellers. 

Bunkum.  Claptrap.  A  representa- 
tive at  Washington  being  asked  why  he 
made  such  a  flowery  and  angry  speech,  so 
wholly  uncalled  for,  made  answer,  "  I 
was  not  speaking  to  the  house,  but  to 
Buncombe,"  which  he  Represented  (North 
Carolina).  N.B. — Bunk  mea.ns  "chaff;" 
Danish,  hy^ake  (meal-tub) ;  Swedish,  hunch 
(milkpan). 

Bunsby,  Jack.  Captain  Cuttle's 
friend ;  a  Sir  Oracle  of  his  neighbours ; 
profoimdlj'  mysterious,  and  keeping  his 
eye  always  fixed  upon  invisible  dream- 
land somewhere  beyond  the  limits  of 
infinite  space. — Dickens,  "  Dombey  and 
Son." 

Burbon.  A  knight  assailed  by  a 
rabble  rout,  who  b.itter  his  shield  to 
pieces,  and  compel  hitn  to  cast  it  aside. 
Talus  renders  him  assistance,  and  is  in- 
formed by  the  rescued  knight  that  Four- 
de'lis,  his  own  true  love,  had  been  en- 
ticed away  from  him  by  Grantorto.  When 
the  rabble  is  dispersed,  and  Fourde'lis 
recovered,  BiirV)on  places  her  on  his 
steed,  and  rides  off  as  fast  as  possible. 
Burbon  is  JlenrilV.  of  France ;  Fo\irde'- 
lis,  the  kingdom  of  France ;  the  rabble 
rout,  the  Roman  Catlnolic  party  that  tried 
to  set  him  aside ;  the  shield  he  is  com- 
pelled to  abandon  is  Protestantism  ;  his 
carrying  off  Fourde'lis  is  his  obtaining 
the  kingdom  by  a  coup  after  his  reuuncia- 
tion  of  the  Prote.stint  cause. — Spenser, 
"Faery  Queen,"  v.  11. 

Burchell,  Mr.  A  baronet  who  passes 
himself  off  as  a  poor  man,  his  real  name 
and  title  being  Sir  Wilham  Thomhill. 
His  favourite  cant  word  is  "  Fudge." — 
Goldsmith,  "  Vicar  of  W'akedeld." 

Burd,  Helen.  The  Scotch  fem.ale 
impersonation  of  the  French  preux  or 
pi-ud'/wmme,  with  this  difference,  that 
she  is  discreet,  rather  than  brave  and 
wise. 

Burden  of  a  Song.  The  words  re- 
peated in  each  verse,  the  chonis  or  re- 
frain. It  is  the  French  bourdon,  the  big 
drone  of  a  bagpipe,  or  double-diapason 
of  an  organ,  used  in  forte  parts  and 
ehonises. 

Jiurden  of  Isaiah,     The  "measure"  of 


a  prophecy  announcing  a  calamity,  or  a 
denunciation  of  hardships  on  those 
agaiust  whom  the  burden  is  uttered — 
Isa.  xiii.  1,  &c. 

Burdon's  Hotel.  ^Vllitecross  Street 
Prison.  So  called  from  ilr.  Burdon,  its 
governor.    {Slauff.) 

Bure  (2  syl.).  The  first  woman,  and 
sister  of  Borr,  father  of  Odin.  (Scan- 
dinavian mytkoloyy.) 

Bureaue'racy.  A  system  of  govern- 
ment  in  which  the  business  is  carried  on 
in  bureaux  or  departments.  The  French 
bureau  means  not  only  the  ofTice  of  a 
public  functionary,  but  also  the  whole 
staff  of  officers  attached  to  the  depart- 
ment. As  a  word  of  reproach,  bureau- 
cracy has  nearly  the  same  meaning  as 
Dickens's  word,  red-tapism  (q.v.). 

Burglar  is  the  French-I^atin  hurgi- 
larron  (robber  of  a  burg,  castle,  or  house). 

Burgun'dian.  A  Burjundian  blew, 
i.e.,  decapitation.  The  due  de  Biron, 
who  was  put  to  death  for  treason  by 
Henri  IV.,  was  told  in  his  youth,  by  a 
fortune-teller,  "  to  beware  of  a  Burgun- 
dian  blow."  When  going  to  execution, 
he  a.sked  who  was  to  be  his  executioner, 
and  was  told  he  was  a  man  from  Bur- 
gundy. 

Burial  of  an  Ass.   No  burial  at  all. 

He  ehill  tx  t.iirieJ  with  the  bur  a'  of  an  sss  di  i»Tj 
and  caat  forih  btyouJ  tuc  gatea  uf  Jeiii.-aiein.— ./«r. 
zxii.  19. 

Bu'ridan's  Ass.  A  man  of  inde- 
cision;  like  one  "on  double  business 
bound,  who  stands  in  pause  whore  he 
should  first  begin,  and  both  neglects." 
Bu'ridan,  the  sohoiiistic,  Bni.1,  "  Tf  a 
hungry  ass  wore  placed  exactly  between 
two  hay-stacks  in  every  respect  eipial, 
it  wnuld  starve  to  death,  because  there 
would  be  no  motive  why  it  should  go  to 
one  rather  than  to  the  other." 

Burke.  To  murder  by  placing  some- 
thing over  the  mouth  of  the  person  at- 
tacked, to  prevent  his  eiviutr  ahirni.  So 
called  from  lUirke,  an  Irishinan,  who 
used  to  Buffdcaio  his  viciiins  and  mur- 
der them,  for  the  sdIh  piirpuso  of  si-lliug 
the  dead  bodies  l<>  siirgiMam  f^r  dibScc- 
tion.     Haugi'd  at  Edinliur^:h,  lt*"J9. 

Burkert.  Bod y-snato hers  :  those  who 
kill  fiy  burking. 

To  lurk  a  question:  to  stranclo  it  in  its 
birth.  Tlu  publication  iroi  burked:  sup- 
proaeed  before  it  was  circulated- 


126 


BURL. 


BUSIRIS. 


Burl,  Burler.  In  Cumlierlaiid  a 
hirler  is  the  master  of  the  revels  at  a 
bidden  weddiiif:^,  who  is  to  see  that  the 
giicsts  are  well  lurnishod  with  drink.  To 
burl  is  to  carouse  or  pour  out  liquor. 
(Anglo-Saxon,  bijrlian.) 

Mr.  11.  called  for  a  quart  of  beer  .  .  .  lie  told 
Die  to  Imrl  out  the  beer,  as  he  was  in  a  huri-y,  and  I 
burled  out  a  glass,  aul  pave  it  to  \\\xn. 

Tlie  l  imes,  "  Law  Repo)-U. 

Burlaw  or  Byrlaw.  A  sort  of  Lvnch- 
law  in  the  rural  districts  of  Scotland. 
The  inhabitants  of  a  district  used  to 
make  certain  laws  for  their  own  obser- 
vance, and  appoint  one  of  their  neigh- 
bours, called  the  Burlaw  man,  to  carry 
out  the  pains  and  penalties.  The  word 
is  compounded  of  the  Dutch  haur,  a 
boor  or  rustic. 

Burlesque.  Father  of  larhsqne 
fOiU-xf.  Hippo'uax  of  Ephesus.  (Sixth 
century  B.C.) 

Burlond.  A  piant  whose  legs  Sir 
Try'amour  cut  off.  —  Romance  of  Sir 
Try  amour. 

Burst.  To  inform  against  an  accom- 
plice. Slang  variety  of  "split"  (tuni 
king's  evidence,  impeach).  The  person 
who  does  this  splits  or  bursls  the  whole 
concern. 

Bury  the  Hatchet.  Let  bygones 
be  by-gones.  The  "Great  Spirit"  com- 
manded the  North  American  Indians, 
when  they  smoked  the  cal'umet  or  peace- 
pipe,  to  bury  their  hatchets,  scalping- 
knives,  and  war-clubs  in  the  ground, 
that  all  thought  of  hostility  might  be 
buried  out  of  sight. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the  American 
government,  haviii?  broai;lit  tlie  great  war  to  n 
conclusion,  aid  not  bury  the  hatchet  altogether.— 
Th*  Timei. 

Buried  was  the  bloody  hatchet ; 

Buried  was  the  d:eadful  uar-clubj 

Buried  were  all  warlike  weapons, 

And  the  wur-oiy  was  forgotten  ; 

Then  was  peace  among  the  nations. 

Longfellou),  "Hiawatha'  liii. 

Bus.    A  contraction  of  Omnibus. 

Bush.  One  bents  the  bush,  but  another 
has  the  hare,  i.e.,  one  does  the  work,  but 
another  reaps  the  profit.  The  Latins 
said.  Si/;  vos  non  vobis.  The  allusion  is 
to  beating  the  bush  to  start  game.  (See 
Beating.) 

Oood  wine  needs  no  bush.  A  good  ar- 
ticle \nl\  make  itself  known  without  being 
puffed.    The  booths  in  fairs  used  to  be 


drossod  with  Ivy,  to  indicate  that  wine 
was  sold  there,  ivy  boin?  sacred  to  JJac- 
chus.  An  ivy-bush  half  a  century  ago 
was  the  common  sign  of  taverns,  and 
especially  of  private  houses  where  beer 
or  wine  could  be  obtained  by  travellers. 
In  France,  a  peasant  who  sells  his  vine- 
yard has  to  put  a  green  bush  over  his 
door. 

The  proverb  is  Latin,  and  shows  that 
the  Romans  introduced  the  custom  into 
Europe.  "Vino  veudib'ili  hed'era  non 
opus  est "  (Columella).  It  was  also  com- 
mon to  France.  "  Au  vin  qui  se  vend 
bien,  il  ne  faut  point  de  lierre." 

Bushrangers.  Australian,  or,  more 
strictly  speaUinc^,  New  South  Wales 
highwaymen, who  range  the  bushes,  lying 
in  wait  for  travellers,  whom  they  strip  of 
all  they  have  about  them.  Gold  finders 
are  the  great  objects  of  their  attack. 

Business,  Busy.  Saxon,  hysgian,  the 
verb,  bijsig  (busy);  Dutch,  bezigen;  QlQT- 
mrvajbesorgniss  (care, management) ;  sorge 
(care) ;  Saxon,  seogan  (to  see).  From  the 
German  sorgen  v/e  get  the  French  soigner 
(to  look  after  something),  soigne,  and 
be-sogne  (businoss,  or  that  which  is  our 
care  and  concern),  wiih  besoin  (some- 
thing looked  after  but  not  found,  hence 
"  want" );  the  Italian  besognio  (a  beggar). 

Business  To-morrow.  "WTien  the 
Spartans  seized  upon  Thebes,  they  placed 
Arc'hias  over  the  garrison.  Pelop'id.as, 
with  eleven  others,  banded  together  to 
put  Archias  to  the  sword.  A  letter  con- 
taining full  details  of  the  plot  was  given 
to  the  Spartan  polomarch  at  the  banquet 
table ;  but  Archias  thrust  the  letter 
under  his  cushion,  saying,  "Business  to- 
morrow." But  long  ere  that  sun  arose 
he  was  numbered  with  the  dead. 

Bu'sirane  (3  syl.).  An  enchanter 
bound  by  Brit'omart. — Spenser,  "Faery 
Queen,"  bK.  iii.,  11.  12. 

Busi'ris.  A  king  of  Egypt,  who 
used  to  immolate  to  the  gods  all  strangers 
who  set  foot  on  his  shores.  Hercules  Aaa 
seized  by  him,  and  would  have  fallen  a 
victim ;  but  he  broke  his  chain,  and  slew 
the  inhospitable  king. 

Busi'ris,  according  to  Milton,  is  the 
Pharaoh  who  was  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea. 

Vex'd  the  Eed-Sea  coast,  whose  waves  o'erthrew 
Buslris  and  bis  Memphian  ohiralry. 

"Parad\t4  Lott,"  bk.  1, 


BUSKIN. 


BY. 


127 


Buskin.  Trag-edy.  The  Greek  tra- 
gic actors  used  to  wear  a  sanilal  some 
two  or  throo  inches  tliick,  to  elevate 
tlioir  stature.  To  this  solo  was  attached  a 
very  elegant  buskin,  and  the  whole  was 
oa.lledcotkur'nus.    (.SV«  Sock.) 

Or  what  (tliouK'i  rare)  of  Utor  a?8 
Ennobled  bath  the  b'tskiimd  atiee. 

ItUlon,  •'  n  Ptiuervio. ' 

Buss.  To  kiss.  (Welsh,  bus,  the 
human  lip ;  G.aelic,  bus,  the  mouth ; 
French,  haiser,  a  kiss.) 

Yoii  towers,  who''*  n  a^tou  tops  do  bum  the  o'ouJi, 
Mmt  kiM  their  own  foer. 

Shukespeare,  "  TroUut  and  Crestida,"  iy.  S. 

Eustericll.  A  German  pod.  H's 
idol  may  still  be  soon  at  Soudershusa, 
the  castle  of  Schwartzemburg. 

Butcher.  The  Butcher.  Achmed 
Pasha  was  called  djezzar  (the  butcher), 
and  is  said  to  have  whipped  off  the  heads 
of  his  seven  wives  all  at  once.  He  is 
famous  for  his  defence  of  Acre  against 
Napoleon  I. 

Tlie  Jiutcher.  John,  ninth  lord  Clifford, 
also  called  The  BUick;  died  1-lGl. 

Tlu  Bloody  BiUcher.  The  duke  of  Cum- 
berland, second  son  of  Georg-e  II.  So 
called  from  his  Ijarbarities  in  suppressing 
the  rebellion  of  the  young  Pretender. 

The  Itoi/alist  Bntc/ier.  131aiso  do  Mont- 
luc,  distinguished  for  his  cruelties  to  tho 
Piotestiints  in  tho  reign  of  Charles  IX. 
of  France.     (1502-1572.) 

Butter.  Soft  soap,  soft  solder  (pron. 
saw-der),  "wiping  down"  with  winning 
words.  Punch  expre.-:.sively  calls  it  "  the 
milk  of  human  kindiu-ss  churned  into 
buttor."  &>ft  vords  buller  no  parsnips. 
Saying  "  'lie  thou  fed,'  will  not  feed  a 
hungry  man."  Mere  words  will  not  find 
salt  to  our  porridge,  or  butter  to  our  par- 
snips. 

Buttercups.  So  called  because  they 
were  once  supposed  to  iucrcaso  the  butter 
of  milk.  No  doubt  tho.se  cows  give  the 
bcbt  milk  that  pasture  in  fields  whore 
buttercups  abound,  not  because  these 
flowers  produce  buttor,  for  cowa  novor 
oat  them,  but  because  thoy  grow  only 
on  sound,  dry,  old  pastures,  which  afford 
the  best  food. 

Bwtter-finffered.  Said  of  a  person 
who  lots  things  fail  out  of  his  haml.  His 
fingers  are  slippery,  and  things  slip  from 
tbem  as  if  they  were  greased  with  butter. 


Button.  A  dpcoy  in  an  auction- 
room.  So  called  bocauso  ho  buttons  or 
ties  the  unwary  to  bargains  offered  for 
sale.  The  button  fastens  or  fixes  what 
else  would  slip  away. 

T/teljuUonofthecan.  The  tip-top.  Thus, 
in  "  Hamlet,"  Guildenstem  says,  "  On 
fortune's  cap  we  are  not  the  very  button  " 
(Act  ii.,  Bc.  2),  i.e.,  the  most  highly 
favoured.  Tho  button  on  tlio  cap  was  a 
mark  of  honour.  Thus,  in  China  to  the 
present  hour  the  first  grade  of  literary 
honour  is  the  pririlege  of  adding  a  gold 
button  to  the  cap,  a  custom  adopted  in 
several  collegiate  schools  of  England. 
This  gives  the  exjiression  quoted  a 
further  force.  Also,  the  several  grades  of 
mandarins  are  distinguished  by  a  different 
coloured  button  on  the  top  of  their  cap. 

J/e  hcu  not  a/ 1  his  buttons  (Provincial), 
for  he  is  half-silly. 

Buttons.  A  page  whose  jacket  in 
front  is  reniurkablo  for  a  row  of  small 
round  buttons,  as  close  as  they  can  be 
inserted,  from  chin  to  waist. 

'  Tis  in  his  buttons.  He  is  destined  to 
obtain  the  prize  ;  he  is  the  accepted 
lover.  It  is  still  common  to  hear  l)oj-8 
count  their  buttons,  to  know  what  trade 
they  are  to  follow,  whether  tiioy  aro  to 
do  a  thing  or  not,  and  whether  some 
fayourito  favours  them.  (5«;  Bachelor.) 

Tia  in  h's  bnttonf,  he  will  '•a-ry't. 
Shukespeare,  "iUrry  Wivtt  0/  Windtor.'ilL  t, 

Butzen.    An  Indian  god. 

Buzfuz,  Serjeant.  A  diiving,  chaff- 
ing, m.asculine  bar  orator,  who  twists 
"  Chops  and  Tomato  Sauce"  into  a  de- 
claration of  love. — Dichens,  *' Pickwick 
Papers." 

Buzz.  En.[ity  the  bottle.  A  corrup- 
tion of  bouse  (to  drink). 

In  bmsinit  t  hout  'Iwai  hi<  gift  to  fXctl. 
And  uf  sll  jouj  topen  lie  bore  off  the  bell. 

Buzzard,  The,  is  meant  for  Dr.  Bur- 
net, whoso  ligure  was  lusty. 

The  noble  llnzzard  erer  pleniied  me  l>nt. 

Drjdtn,  ■'  //m>(  and  I'UnUur,-  pt  ilL 

Buzzard  called  lla>ck  hy  conrluy.  It  ia 
a  euphemism  —  a  brovot  rank  — aconi- 
plimontary  title. 

of  email  renowu.'tia  lrii»;  for.  not  10  He. 
\*  e  c.ili  1  jour  biiitAr  1 1  "  li.iwk  "  l.y  conrictr. 
Dri/i^n,     Hind  and  lPanlh$r,' iit 

By.  Moaning  ajKiinst.  "  I  know 
nothing  bv  mysolf,  yet  am  T  not  thereby 
justified.''^    (1  Cor.  iv.  4.) 


128 


BY  AND  BY. 


CABAL. 


By-and-by  now  means  a  little  time 
bonce,  l>ut  when  the  BiV)le  was  traus- 
Ifttod  it  meant  iustautly.  "  Whon  porse- 
cntion  ariseth  .  .  .  by-and-by  he  is 
dtlondod"  (Matt.  xiii.  21);  rendered  in 
Mark  iv.  17  t>y  the  word  "  iniraediatcly." 
Our  presently  means  in  a  little  time  hence, 
but  in  French  {prSsentemenl)  means  now, 
directly.  Thus,  in  France,  wo  see  T/iese 
apiirimeals  to  be  let  presently,  meaning' 
now — a  phrase  which  would  in  English 
signify  by-and-by. 

JBy-laws.  Local  laws.  From  by,  a 
boroiifrh.  Properly,  laws  by  a  town 
couiioil,  and  tearing-  only  on  the  boronefh 
or  company  over  which  it  has  jurisdic- 
tion. 

By-the-by.  En  passant,  laterally  con- 
nected with  the  main  subject.  "  By- 
play "  is  side  or  secondary  play;  "By- 
lanes  and  streets  "  are  those  which  branch 
out  of  the  main  thorouf^hfare.  The  first 
"  by"  means  passiiu/  froi,i  one  to  anotlitr, 
as  in  the  phrase  "  Day  by  day."  Thus, 
''By-theby"  is  passing-  from  the  main 
8ul)ject  to  a  by  or  secondary  one. 

By  the  way  is  an  incidental  remark 
thrown  in,  and  tending  the  same  way  as 
the  di?^oui-«e  itself. 

Byron.  The  Polish  Byron.  Adam 
Mickiewicz.     (1798-1855.) 

The  Rnssian  Byron.  Alexander  Ser- 
geivitch  Pusehkin.     (1799-1837.) 

Byzantine  Art.  That  symbolical 
system  which  was  developed  by  the  early 
Greek  or  Byzantine  artists  out  of  the 
Christian  symbolism.  Its  chief  features 
are  the  circle,  dome,  and  round  arch  ;  and 
its  chief  symbols  the  lily,  cross,  vesica, 
and  nim'us.  St.  Sophia,  at  Constan- 
tinople, and  St.  Mark,  at  Venice,  are  ex- 
cellent examples. 

Byzantine  Historians.  Certain 
Greek  historians  who  lived  under  the 
Eastern  empire  between  the  sixth  and 
fifteenth  centuries.  They  may  be  divided 
into  three  groups : — (1)  Those  whose 
works  form  a  continuous  .Mstory  of  the 
Byzantine  empire,  from  the  fourth  cen- 
tury to  the  conquest  of  Constantinople 
by  the  Turks;  (2)  genera!  chroniclers 
who  wrote  histories  of  the  world  from 
the  oldest  period  ;  and  (3)  writers  on 
lloman  antiquities,  statistics,  and  cus- 
toms. 

Byzantines.  Coins  of  the  Byzan> 
tine  empire,  generally  called  BtsanU. 


C.  This  letter  is  the  outline  of  th«- 
hollow  of  the  hand,  and  is  called  in  He- 
brew caph  (the  hollow  of  the  hand). 

C.  The  French  c,  when  it  is  to  bo 
sounded  like  «,  has  a  mark  under  it  ((j) ; 
this  mark  is  called  a  cedilla. 

Ca  Ira  (it  will  go).  Called  empha- 
tically Le  Carillon  National  ol  the  French 
Revolution  (1790).  It  went  to  the  tune 
of  the  Carillon  National,  which  Marie 
Antoinette  was  for  ever  strumming  on 
her  harpsichord. 

"  Ca  Ira"  was  the  rallying  cry  bor- 
rowed by  the  Federalists  from  Dr.  Frank- 
lin of  America,  who  used  to  say,  in 
reference  to  the  American  revolution, 
Ah!  ah  !  (a  ira,  fa  iral  ('twill  be  sure  to 
do).     The  refrain  of  the  carillon  is — 

Ha!  ha!    It  will  speed,  it  will  speed,  Ic  will  speed! 
Uesistance  is  viiin,  we  are  sure  to  succeed. 

CaaTDa  (3  syl.).  The  shrine  of  Mecca, 
said  by  the  Arabs  to  be  built  on  the 
exact  spot  of  the  tabernacle  let  down 
from  heaven  at  the  prayer  of  repentAnt 
Adam.  Adam  had  been  a  wanderer  for 
200  years,  and  here  received  pardon. 
The  shrine  was  built,  according  to  Arab 
tradition,  bj  Ishmael,  assisted  by  his 
father  Abraham,  who  inserted  in  the 
walls  a  black  stone  "  presented  to  him  by 
the  angel  Gabriel." 

Cab.  A  contraction  of  cabriolet  (o 
little  caperer),  a  small  carriage  that  scam- 
pers along  like  a  kid.  As  cabri  means, 
in  Frencli.  a  "kid,"  a  hackney  coach  is 
wittily  called  a  cabri  au  lait  (a  kid  cooked 
in  milk),  and  a  private  brougham  a  cabri 
d  la  crime  (a  kid  cooked  in  cream). 

Cabal'.  A  junto  or  council  of  in- 
triguers. One  of  the  ministries  of 
Charles  II.  was  called  a  cabal  (1670), 
because  the  initial  letters  of  its  menibere 
formed  this  acrostic :  Clifford,  Ashley, 
Buckingham,  Arlington,  and  Lauder- 
dale. Thisaccident  n  ay  have  popularised 
the  word,  but,  without  doubt,  we  bor- 
ro>ved  it  from  the  French  cabale,  "  an  in- 
trisruino:  fact  oa,"  and  H*-brew  cab'bala, 
"  secivt  kiiowJedgH."  A  junto  18  mt'relv 
an  asst-mlily  ;  Syauish.  Junta,  (a  couucilj. 
{See  Notakica;  Tammany  Ring.) 

Ill  dark  cabals  and  mighty  juntos  met. 


CABALT3TIC. 


CAD. 


129 


Cabalis'tic.  Mystic,  word-juggling. 
(See  Cabbalist.) 

Caballe'ro.  A  Spanish  dance,  grave 
and  stately  ;  so  called  from  the  ballad- 
music  to  which  it  was  danced.  TUe 
ballad  begins  — 

Esta  uache  le  mutaron  a!  caballero. 

Cabbage.  To  filch.  The  word  is 
especially  ap[iliod  to  the  pieces  of  cloth 
kept  back  by  tailors  who  "  make  up 
prentlemen's  own  materials."  As  the 
smoothing-iron  is  called  a  goose  {q.v.), 
much  wit  is  often  squandered  in  batidy- 
iiiET  about  the  words  ffoose  and  cabbage. 
(  Dutch,  kaUassen  ;  Swedish,  grabba ; 
Danish,  9)'iier,  o\xt  grab.) 

Cabbage  is  also  a  common  schoolboy 

term  for  a  literary  crib,  or  other  petty 

theft. 

Your  tailor,  InitPdd  of  utirpfls.  cnhhRi^es  whole 
y:ii(lb  ot  c\\jl\\.—Arluthnot't  "John  Hull" 

CablDala.  The  oral  law  of  tlie  Jews 
delivero'l  down  from  father  to  son  by 
word  of  mouth.  Some  of  the  rabbins 
say  that  the  angel  Raziel  instructed  Adam 
in  it,  the  angel  Japhiel  instructed  Shem, 
and  the  iingel  Zedekiol  instructed  Abra- 
ham ;  but  the  more  usual  belief  is  that 
God  instructed  Moses,  and  Moses  his 
brother  Aaron,  and  so  on  from  age  to 
age. 

CabTjalist.  A  Jewish  doctor  who 
firofcsscd  the  study  of  the  Cab'bala,  a 
mysterious  science  said  to  have  been 
delivered  fn  the  Jews  by  revelation, 
and  transmitted  by  oral  tradition.  This 
science  consisted  mainly  in  understand- 
ing the  combination  of  certain  letters, 
words,  and  numbers,  said  to  be  significant. 

Cab'inet  Ministers.  The  chief 
oflicers  of  state  in  whom  the  adminis- 
trative government  is  vested.  It  con- 
tains the  first  lord  of  the  treasury  {the 
premier),  the  lord  high  chancellor,  lord 
president  of  tlie  council,  lord  privy  seal, 
cbancoUor  of  the  exchequer,  hve  secre- 
taries of  state,  the  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  president  of  tho  board  of 
trade,  j>ostraaster-gcneral,  chancellor  of 
the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  generally  the 
president  of  the  poor-law  board,  and  the 
first  commissioner  of  public  works.  The 
five  secretaries  of  state  are  thuse  of  the 
home  department,  foreign  alFuirs,  colo- 
nies, war,  and  India.  These  ministers 
are  privileged  to  consult  the  sovereign  in 
the  private  cabinofc  of  tl,io  palaco, 
if 


Cab'inet  Pictures.  Small  pictures 
suited  for  a  cabinet  or  very  small  room. 

Cabi'ri.  Mystic  divinities  worshipped 
in  ancient  Egypt,  Phoenicia,' Asia  Minor, 
and  Greece.  Tliey  were  inferior  to  tho 
supiemegods.  (Phoenician, iaiir,  power- 
ful.) 

Cable's  Length.  100  fathoms. 

Cachecope  Bell.  A  bell  rung  at 
funerals,  when  the  pall  was  thrown  over 
tlie  coffin.  (French,  cac/u  corps,  cover 
over  the  body.) 

Ca'chet.  Letlra  de  cachet  (letters 
sealed).  Under  the  old  French  r<^gime, 
carto-blanche  warrants,  sealed  with  the 
king's  seal,  might  be  obtained  for  a  con- 
sideration, and  the  person  who  hold  them 
might  fill  in  any  name.  Sometimes  the 
warrant  was  to  set  a  prisoner  at  largo, 
but  it  was  more  frequently  for  detention 
in  the  Bastille.  During  the  adminis- 
tration of  cariiinal  Fleury,  80,000  of  these 
cachets  were  issued,  the  larger  number 
being  against  the  Jan'senists.  In  the 
reigns  of  Louis  XV.,  XV'I.,  fifty-nine 
were  obtained  against  the  one  famiiy  of 
Miraboau.  This  scandal  was  abolished 
Jan.  15,  1790. 

Cac'odae'mon.  An  evil  spirit 
(Greek,  kahos  daiinon.) 

Hie  th -e  to  hill  for  aliame,  and  leave  the  world, 
Ttiuu  caoixlsenjou. 

ii)Mke»peart,  "Richard  111.'  i.  f, 

Caeoe'thtis  (Greek).  A  "badliabit," 
as  cacuelhes  sciibeiidi  (a  mania  for  author- 
ship). 

Cac'ouac'.    An  unbeliever. 

Cac'ouac'querie.  Infidelity.  Words 
used  by  VolUiire,  ami  proljably  coined 
from  the  name  of  some  Indian  tribe. 

Ca'cus.  A  famous  robber,  repre- 
sented as  three-headed,  and  vomiting 
flames.  lie  lived  in  Italy,  and  was 
strangled  by  Hercules.  Siuicho  Pan/.a 
says  of  the  lord  Rinaldo  and  his  friends, 
"  They  are  greater  thieves  than  Cacus." 
—  JJon  Qaixo'e. 

Cad.  A  non-member  of  the  uni- 
versity. (Latin,  caiLi'ver,  a  do.id  body.) 
.Men  in  university  slang  are  sorted  unik'r 
two  groups — those  who  are  niembera  of 
the  university,  and  those  who  are  not. 
As  the  former  are  called  men,  the  others 
must  be  no  men ;  but  as  they  bear  the 
human  form,  thoy  are  human  bodic-s 
(cadt),  though  not  human  beim;8  [mtni. 


180 


CADDICE. 


CAERLEON. 


Cad.  An  omnibus  conductor.  Either 
finotbor  application  of  the  preceding 
word,  by  grouping  members  of  the  road 
craft  into  wliips  and  non-whips  ;  or  a 
couti-action  of  cadger  (a  packman).  The 
etj'moloffy  of  cad,  a  cadendo,  is  only  a  pun. 
N.B.— Tho  Scotch  cad'ie  or  cawdie  (a little 
servant  or  errand-boy},,  without  the 
diminutive,  becomes  cawd^  which  offers 
a  plausible  suggestion. 

Caddiee  or  Caddis.  Worsted  galloon ; 
8o  called  because  it  resembles  the  caddis- 
worm. 

He  hnth  ribands  of  all  the  colonrs  i'  the  rnlnbow; 
.  ,  .  oaudieecB,  cnmbiica,  lawD'<. 

Sh.ikespeare,  "K'inier's  TaU,"n.  8. 

Caddice-garter.  A  servant,  a  man  of 
m-aan  rank.  When  garters  were  worn  in 
Bight,  the  gentry  \ised  very  expensive 
ones,  but  the  baser  sort  wore  worsted 
galloon  ones.  Prince  Henry  calls  Poins 
a.  "caddice-garter."  —  "1  Henry  IV.," 
ii.4. 

Dost  hear. 
My  honest  caaois-gavter? 

Glaplhorne,  "WUin  a  Comtdblt."  in?.9. 

Cade.  Jack  Cade  Legislation,  Pres- 
sure from  without.  Tho.  allusion  is  to 
the  insurrection  of  Jack  Cade,  an  Irish- 
man, who  headed  about  20,000  armed 
men,  chiefly  of  Kent,  "to  procure  redress 
of  grievances"  (1450).  When  Bright, 
in  1866,  advised  the  favourers  of  reform 
to  march  in  a  body  to  the  House  to  en- 
force their  wishes,  the  pressure  from 
without  was  justly  stigmatised  as  "  Jack 
Cade  Legislation." 

You  tliat  love  the  comiRons,  follow  m?  ; 
Now  show  yoursplves  nica;  'lis  lor  liberty. 
W'c  will  not  leave  oue  lord,  one  gcntleninn : 
Spare  none  but  such  as  go  in  clouted  shooii. 

'■2  Henri/  VI.,"  iy.  2. 

Cadet.  Younger  branches  of  noble 
families  are  so  called,  because  their  ar- 
morial shields  are  marked  with  a  differ- 
ence called  a  cadency.  ■ 

Cadet  is  a  student  at  tho  Royal  Military 
Academy  at  Woolwich,  the  Royal  Military 
College  at  Sandhurst,  or  in  one  of  her  Ma- 
jesty's training  ships,  the  Excellent  and 
the  Britannia.  From  these  places  they  are 
eent  (aftor  passing  certain  examinations) 
into  the  army  as  ensigns  or  second  lieu- 
tenants, and  into  tho  navy  as  midship- 
men. (French,  cadet,  juuior  member 
of  a  family.) 

Cades'sia  (Battle  o/)gave  tho  Arabs 
tie  monarchy  of  Persia.   (a.D.  636.) 


Cadger.  One  who  carries  butter, 
eggs,  and  poultry  to  market;  a  packman 
or  huckster.  From  cadge  (to  carry). 
Hence  tho  frame  on  which  hav/ks  wera 
carried  was  called  "a  cadge." 

Ca'di,  among  the  Turks,  is  an  in- 
ferior judge.  "  Cadi  Lesker '  is  a  supe- 
rior cadi.  The  Spanish  Alcayde  is  the 
Moorish  al  cadi.     \kx&\Ac,the judge.) 

Cadmus  having  slain  the  dragon 
which  guarded  the  fountain  of  Dirce,  in 
Bceotia,  sowed  the  teeth  of  tho  monster, 
when  a  number  of  armed  men  sprang  up 
and  surrounded  Cadmus  with  intent  to 
kill  him.  By  the  counsel  of  Minerva,  he 
threw  a  precious  stone  among  the  armed 
men,  who,  striving  for  it,  killed  one 
another.  The  foundation  of  the  fable  is 
this  :  Cadmus  havinL'  slain  a  famous  free- 
booter that  infested  Bceotia,  his  banditti 
set  upon  him  to  revenge  their  captain's 
death ;  but  Cadmus  sent  a  bribe,  foi 
which  they  quarrelled  and  slew  each 
other. 

Cadu'cexxs  (4  syl.).    A  white  wand 
carried  by  Roman    officers    when    they 
went  to  treat  of  peace.     The  Egyptians 
adorned  the  rod  with  a  male  and  female 
serpent  twi.sted  about  it,  and  kissing  each 
other.     From  this  uso  of  the  rod,  it  be- 
came the  symbol  of  eloquence  and  also 
of    office.     In    mythology,    a    caduceus 
with   wings   is   placed   in   the   hands   of 
Mercury,  the  herald  of  the  gods,  and  the 
poets  feign  that  he  could  therewith  give 
sleep  to  whomsoever  he  chose  ;  where- 
fore Milton  styles  it    "his  opiate  rod" 
in  "Paradise  Lost,"  xi.  133. 
So  with  his  dre.id  Cdduoeus  Hermes  led 
I'rora  the  dark  regions  of  the  imprisoned  dead; 
Or  drove  in  silent  shoals  t!ie  lingering  train 
To  Night's  dull  shore  and  Pluto's  dreary  reign. 
Darwin,  "  Lovis  of  the  Planlt,"  li.  1'A. 

Cadur'ci.  The  people  of  Aquita'nia 
Cahors  is  the  modem  capital. 

Caedmon.  Cowherd  of  Whitby,  the 
greatest  poet  of  the  Anglo-Saxons.  In 
his  wonderful  romance  we  find  the  bold 
protot3'pe  of  Milton's  "Paradise  Lost." 
The  portions  relating  to  the  fall  of  the 
angels  are  most  ctriking.  The  hero  en- 
counters, defeats,  and  finally  slays  Grin- 
del,  an  evil  being  of  supernatural  powers, 

Ca'erle'on,  on  the  Usk,  in  Wales. 
The  habitual  re.^dence  of  king  Arthur, 
where  ho  bved  in  splendid  state,  sur- 
rounded by  hundreds  of  knights,  twelve 


CiESAR. 


CALATRAVA. 


181 


of  whom  ho  selected  as  Knights  of  the 
Kound  Table. 

Ccesar  was  made  by  Hadrian  a  title, 
'".onfcTrcd  on  tho  heir  presumptive  to  the 
throno  (a.D.  13S).  Dioclotian  conftrred 
the  title  on  tho  two  viceroys,  calling  the 
two  emperors  A  uf/us(us  (sacred  majesty). 
The  emperor  of  Austria  still  assumes  the 
title  of  kaiser  {g.v.). 

Thou  art  an  emperor  C;e<!sr,  kcisar.  and  Pheczar. 
aiuiktipeare,  'ilem-y  Wivet  of  Win'ttor,"  i.  3. 

No  bending  knoe  bIi.iII  call  thee  Cccs  T  now. 

ail  .ktsite  in,  "3  Uinry  VI.,'  uL  1. 

Ctcsar,  ae  a  title,  was  pretty  nearly 
equivalent  to  our  prince  of  Walu  and 
the  French  do.uphui. 

Cifsar  won  320  triumphs. 

Casar'i  wife  miist  he  above  suspicion. 
The  name  of  Porape'ia  having  been 
mixed  up  with  an  accusation  agaiust  P. 
Clodius,  Ciosar  divorced  her ;  not  be- 
cause he  believed  her  guilty,  but  because 
the  wife  of  Citsar  must  uot  even  be  sus- 
pected of  crime. — Sudonius,  "Julius 
Ciisar,"  7-1. 

Ccesar.     (See  Adt  C^SAB,  &c.) 

Julius  Cirsar's  sword.  Crocia  Mors 
(i/ellow  death). 

Cassa'rian  Operation.  The  ex- 
traction of  a  child  from  the  womb  by 
cutting.  Julius  ('assar  is  said  to  have 
been  thus  brought  into  the  world. 

Caf,  Mount.  A  fabulous  mountain 
encircling  tlie  earth,  as  a  hc(li,'e  encloses 
a  field.  The  earth,  of  course,  was  sup- 
posed to  bo  a  Ilat  plain.  (^Mahometan 
mythology.) 

Caftan  (Persian).     A  Turkish  vest. 

Cag  Mag.  Tough  old  geese  ;  food 
whicli  none  can  relish.  (Gaelic  and 
Welsh,  cag  magu.) 

Caglios'tro.  Conte  de  Caglloslro  (or) 
Giuseppe  Balsamo  of  Palermo,  a  char- 
latan who  oflered  everlasting  youth  to 
all  who  would  pay  him  for  his  secret. 
(1743-1795.) 

Cagota.  A  sort  of  gipsy  race  in 
Gas'couy  and  Bearne,  supposed  to  bo 
descendants  of  theVisigoths,  and  shunned 
BB  something  loathsome,    {iiee  CxVQUEUX, 

COLLIBEBTS.) 

Cahors.  Ururiers  de  Cohort.  In  the 
thirteenth  "ontury  there  wax  a  colony  of 


Jewish  money-lenders  settled  at  Cahors, 
which  was  to  France  what  Lombard  Street 
V7a3  to  London. 

Cai'aphas.  The  countrj'-house  of 
Caiai)has.  in  which  Judas  concluded  his 
bargain  to  betray  his  Master,  stood  on 
"The  Hill  of  Evil  Counseh" 

Cain-coloured  Beard.      Yellow. 
I  In  the  ancient  tapestries  Cain  and  Judas 
are  represented  with  j-ellow  be.ards. 

He  hath  but  a  little  wee  face,  wilh  a  little  yellow 
bear  J,  a  Cain-colourcd  bearJ.— 6'/i.jA«/>«are,  "ilo-rv 
Wives  0/  Wiyilaor,"  i  4. 

Cain'ites  (2  syl.).  Disciples  of  C.ain, 
a  pseudo-Gnostic  sect  of  tlio  second 
century.  They  renounced  the  New  Testa- 
ment, and  received  instea<l  T/ie  Gospel  oj 
Judas,  which  justified  tho  fal.=e  disciple 
and  the  cmcili.xion  of  Jesus.  Tliis  sect 
maintained  that  heaven  and  earth  were 
created  by  the  evil  principle,  and  th.at 
Cain  with  his  descendants  were  the  per- 
secuted party. 

Caius,  Dr.  A  French  physician  in 
SLikospearo's  "Merry  Wives." 

The  clipped  English  of  Dr.  Calua.— JftuaWay. 

Cains  ColUge,  Cambridge.  Elevated  by 
Dr.  John  Key  (Cains),  of  Norwich,  into  a 
college,  being  previously  only  a  hall  called 
Gouville.     (1557.) 

Cake.  A  fool,  a  poor  thing.  In 
University  slang  a  clover  man  is  callctl  a 
good  man,  and  the  opposite  is  a  bad  one 
or  a  cake.     (Greek,  kakus,  bad.) 

Cakes.  Land  of  Cakes.  Scotland, 
famous  for  its  oatmeal  cakes. 

Cal'abasll.  A  drinking  cup  or  water- 
holder  ;  so  called  from  the  calabash  nut, 
of  which  it  is  made. 

Calamity.  The  boating  down  of 
standing'  corn  by  wind  or  storm.  The 
word  is  the  Latin  ca/«mui\abialkoi  cum;. 
Hence  Cicero  calls  a  storm  Calamilo'sa 
tempes'ias  (a  corn-levelling  tomi>est). 

Calandri'no.  A  character  in  one 
of  Boccaccio's  stories,  whoso  "  misfor- 
tunes have  made  all  Europe  merry  for 
four  centuries." — Decameron. 

Calatra'va,  Ped  Cross  Knights  of. 
Instituted  at  Calatrava,  in  Spain,  by 
Sancho  III.  of  Castile,  in  1158;  tlieir 
badge  is  a  red  cro.ss  cut  out  in  tho  form 
of  lilies,  on  the  left  breast  of  a  whit« 
mantle. 


132 


CALAVA. 


CALIDORE. 


Calay'a.  The  third  paradise  of  the 
BiuduB 

Calceola'ria.  Littlo-shoe  flowers ; 
80  callod  from  thoir  reseinV>lance  to  fairy 
slippers.     (Latin,  cul'ceulus.) 

Calculate  is  from  tlio  Latin  calculi 
(peldilos),  used  by  tlie  Romans  for 
counters.  In  the  ab'acus,  the  round 
balls  were  called  cal'cnli,  and  it  was  by 
this  instrument  tlie  Roman  boys  were 
tauplit  to  count  and  calculate.  The 
Greeks  voted  \>y  f)ebbles  drojiijcd  into 
an  urn,  a  tnctbod  adopted  both  in  ancient 
Ef-'vpt  an<l  .Syria  ;  counting-  these  pebbles 
was  "  calculating"  tho  number  of  voters. 
{See  Abacus.) 

Calculators,  T/u.  Alfragan,  the 
Arabian  astronomer.     Died  i>'2(). 

Jedediah  Buxton,  of  Elmeton,  in 
Derbyshire.     (1705-1775.) 

Georjre  Bidder  and  Zerah  Colburn,  who 
exhibited  publicly. 

Cale.  jVo  vian  can  make  of  ill  acates 
good  cale,  i.e.,  good  pottage  of  bad  vic- 
tuals. Acates  (2  syl.)  are  provisions 
bought  (French,  achele) ;  hence  a  buyer 
of  food  is  an  acater  or  caterer.  Cale  is 
pottage. 

Caleb.  The  enchantress  who  carried 
off  St.  George  in  infancy. 

Caleb,  in  Drj'den's  satire  of  "Absalom 
and  Achitophel,"  is  rrieant  for  Lord  Grey 
of  Wark,  one  of  tho  adherents  of  tho 
duke  of  Monmouth. 

Caleb  Quo'tem.  A  parish  clerk  or 
jack-of- all-trades,  in  Colman's  play  called 
"The  Review." 

I  resolved,  like  Caleb  Quotem.  to  have  a  place 
4t  the  review.— HaahinirfOrt  Imng, 

Calecue'gers.  A  tribe  of  giants  in 
Indian  mythology. 

Caledo'nia.  Scotland.  A  corruption 
of  Celyddon,  a.  Celtic  word  meaning  "a 
dweller  in  woods  and  forests."  The  word 
Celt  is  itself  a  contraction  of  the  same 
word  (Celi/d),  and  means  the  same  thing. 

Sees  Caledonia  in  romantic  view. 

ThofKsoti. 
O  Caledonia,  stem  and  wild. 
Meet  uursi:  for  a  poetic  child.— Seoft, 

Calembour  {French).  A  pun ;  a 
jest.  From  the  "Jester  of  Kahlenberg," 
whoso  name  was  Wi^and  von  Thehen  ;  a 
character  introduced  in  "  Tyll  Eulen- 
ajiiegel,"  a  German  tale.    Eulenspiegel  (a 


fool  or  jester)  means  Owl's  looking-glass, 
and  may  [iroliably  have  suggested  the 
title  of  tho  famous  periodical  ca/led  the 
Owl,  tho  witty  but  satirical  "  looking- 
glass "  of  the  passing  follies  of  the  day. 
Tho  jester  of  Calemijoiirg  visited  Paris 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.,  and  soon  be- 
came noted  for  his  blun<ler8  and  puns. 

Calendar.  The  hevolutUmary  was 
the  work  of  Fabre  d'  Eglantine  and 
Mods.  Roinnio. 

The  Three.  Calendar.^.  Three  royal 
princes,  disguised  as  begging  dervi>lie8, 
the  subjfct  of  three  tales  in  tho  "Arabian 
Nighls. ' 

Calends.  1'he  first  of  every  mouth 
was  so  calk'd  by  the  Roman.s.  Varro 
says  the  term  orijrinatcd  in  the  prac- 
tice of  calling  lof/ellier  or  assembling  the 
people  on  llie  lirst  day  of  the  month, 
when  the  pontifcx  informod  them  of  the 
time  of  the  new  moon,  the  day  of  the 
nones,  with  the  festivals  and  sacred  days 
to  be  observed.  The  custom  continued 
till  A.u.c.  450,  when  the  fasti  or  calendar 
was  posted  in  public  places. 

Cal'iban.  New  or  unknown ;  as  a 
Caliban  style,  a  Caliban  language.  The 
allusion  is  to  Shakespeare's  Caliban 
("The  Tempest"),  in  which  character 
lord  Falkland, &c.,  said  that  Shakespeare 
had  not  only  invented  a  new  creation,  but 
also  a  new  language. 

Satan  had  not  tho  privilege,  as  Caliban,  to  nse 
new  phrases,  and  diction  unknown.- iir.  Bendey. 

Calibre.  A  mind  of  no  calibre:  of 
no  capacity.  A  rtiiml  of  great  calibre  :  of 
large  capacity.  Calibre  is  the  bore  of  a 
gun,  and,  figuratively,  the  bore  or  com- 
pass of  our  intelligence. 

Caliburn.  Same  as  Excalibar,  king 
Arthurs  well-known  sword. 

Onward  Arthur  paced,  with  hand 
On  Caliburn's  resistless  brand. 

Scutt,  "  Bridal  of  Triermniri.' 

Cal'ico.  So  called  from  Cal'icut,  in 
Malabar,  once  the  chief  port  and  em- 
porium of  Hindustan. 

Cal'idore  (3  syl.).  Sir  Cal'idore  is 
the  type  of  courtesy,  and  hero  of  the 
sixth  book  of  Spenser's  "  Fueiy  Queen." 
He  is  described  as  the  most  courteous  of 
all  knights,  and  is  entitled  the  "all- 
beloved."  The  model  of  the  poet  was 
Sir  Philip  Sidnej  His  adventure  is 
against  toe  BJaiant  Be:\.st,  whoin  he 
muzzles,  chains,  and  dra^  t,o  Fqiry 
Land. 


CALIGORANT. 


CALL. 


133 


giT  Oftw-alji  was  the  Calidore  of  the  Round  TaWe. 
—Soutliti/. 

Calig'orant.  An  EsTptian  fnan* 
fcml  cannilial  who  usud  to  entrap  straii;.'ers 
with  a  hi'lden  net.  This  net  was  made 
by  Vulcan  to  catch  Mars  and  Venus  ;  Mer- 
cury stole  it  for  the  purpose  of  catching 
Cliloris,  and  left  it  in  the  temple  of  Anu'- 
bis ;  Culijj'orant  stole  it  tlienco.  At  lenfrth 
Astolpho  blew  bis  niaj^ic  horn,  and  the 
giant  ran  affrighted  into  liis  own  net, 
which  dragged  him  to  the  griund. 
Whereupon  Astoli)ho  made  the  giant  his 
cn(>tivo,  and  des|)oiled  him  of  bis  net. 
This  is  an  allegory.  Caligorant  was  a 
great  sophist  and  heretic  in  the  days  of 
Ariosto,  who  used  to  entangle  j.coplo 
with  his  talk  ;  but  being  converted  by 
Astolpho  to  the  true  faith,  was,  as  it 
were,  caught  in  his  own  net,  and  both  his 
sophistry  and  heresy  were  taken  from 
him. — Ariosto,  "  Orlando  t'urioso." 

Caligraph'ic  Art.  Writing  very 
minutely  a: id  yet  clearly.  Peter  Bale, 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  wrote  in  the 
compass  of  a  silver  penny  the  Lord's 
Prayer,  the  Creed,  the  Ten  Command- 
ments, two  Latin  prayers,  his  own  name, 
the  day  of  the  month  and  date  of  the 
year,  the  year  since  the  accession  of 
qiieen  Elizatieth,  and  a  motto.  With  a 
glass  this  writing  could  be  read.  By 
photography  a  sheet  of  the  Times  news- 
paper has  lieen  reduced  to  a  smaller  com- 
pass. (Greek,  calos-'jrapho,  I  write  bcauti- 
fui'y.) 

Calig'ula.  A  Roman  emperor.  So 
called  because  he  wore  a  military  sandal 
called  a  cal'iga,  which  had  no  upper 
leather,  and  was  used  only  by  the  cora- 
moa  soldiers.     (12,  37-41.) 

"  The  word  caligm^  however."  continued  the  R»roa, 
.  .  .  "  mcuiiB,  in  its  priiiutive  sense,  sand  lU  .  and 
CahiK  C.e  ar  .  .  .  rec  iv  iliheoo.;i  otnenuf  Cali.'ula, 
leaUgiK  $ut  calvji'  levi'y'nlnm,  ijrubiii  ndo'eifetUinr 
n^n  fii'tntl  in  exercifu  Germin'ici  p  itrut  tuL  .\ud 
the  calijif  were  also  proper  lo  the  numiaric  li'idii'S; 
for  we  read  in  the  ancient  Ol'ssarium,  upon  the 
rule  of  St.  Ueiie  Met  .  .  .  that  cnlmui  were  ticl  with 
latoheta."— A'coK,  "  Wavtrltu,"  ilviii. 

Calig'ula'3  Horse.  Incita'tus.  It 
was  made  a  priest  and  consul,  liad  a 
manger  of  ivory,  and  drank  wiuo  from  a 
golden  goblet. 

Calipash,  Calipee.  W.  T.  M.,  in 
"Notes  and  Q\ierios,"  sugge.st'',  as  the 
origin  of  these  terms,  the  Greek  words 
eAa/«/<oj,  cAa/e/*«  (hard  to  deal  with,  t.«.,to 
digest). 


Caliph  or  Calif.  A  title  given  to 
the  successors  of  .Mahomet.  Among  the 
Saracens  a  caliph  is  one  vested  with 
supreme  dignity.  The  caliphat  of  15;igdad 
reached  its  highest  s]ilendi)ur  under  11a- 
rounal  l{asc'iid,ii)  the  nineleenthcentury. 
For  the  last  '2it0  years  the  appeilatinn  has 
been  swallowed  up  in  the  titles  of  .S/ti/A, 
iiultan,  Emir,  and  so  on.  (Arabic,  calaj'a, 
to  succeed.) 

Calis'ta.  The  heroine  of  llowo's 
"  Fair  Penitent." 

Calis'to  and  Areas.  Calisto  was 
an  Arcadian  nym[ih  metamorphosed  into 
a  she-bear  by  Jupiter.  Her  son  Areas 
having  met  her  in  the  chase,  wouM  have 
killed  her,  but  Jupiter  converted  him 
into  a  he-bear,  and  pLaced  them  both  in 
the  heavens,  where  they  are  recognised  as 
the  Great  and  Little  Bear. 

Calix'tines  (3  syl.).  A  religions  sect 
ct  Bohemians  in  the  fifteenth  century  ; 
80  called  from  Calix  (the  chalice),  which 
they  insisted  should  be  given  to  the  laity 
in  the  sacrament  of  the  Ijord's  Supper, 
as  well  as  the  bread  or  wafer. 

Call  of  God.  An  invitation,  ex- 
hortation, or  warning,  by  the  dispensa- 
tions of  Providence  (Isa.  x.\ii.  12)  ;  divino 
inlluence  on  the  mind  to  do  or  avoid 
something  (Hob.  iii.  1). 

Call  of  Ahraham.  The  invitation  or 
command  of  God  to  Abraham,  to  leave 
his  idolatrous  country,  under  the  proiuise 
of  being  made  a  great  nation. 

Call  lo  the  Unconverted.  An  invitation 
accompanied  with  promises  and  threats, 
to  induce  the  uncuuverted  to  receive  the 
gospel. 

Efediial  Calling.  An  invitation  to 
believe  in  Jesus,  rendered  effectual  by  the 
immediate  o|>eration  of  the  Holy  (iliost. 

Gosnel  Call.  The  invitation  of  the 
gospel  to  men  to  believe  in  Jesus,  to  the 
saving  of  their  souls. 

Call  to  Die  Pastorale.  An  invitation  to 
a  minister  by  the  members  of  a  church 
to  preside  over  a  certain  congregation. 

Call  of  the  House.  An  imperative  sum- 
mons sent  to  every  member  of  I'arliamcnt 
to  attend.  This  is  done  when  the  sense 
of  the  whole  house  is  rei]uired.  At  the 
muster,  the  names  of  the  nierabera  ar« 
cailtd  over,  and  defaulters  reported. 

Call  lo  lilt  Bar.  The  admission  of  a  law 
etuaont  to  the  pnvileiros  of  a  barrister. 
TLeuainosof  those (lualiQ^'d are  c<i//<(i i>iw. 


134 


CALL  A  BEE. 


CALVES. 


Calla'bre  or  Calaber.  A  CalaT^rian 
fur.  Ducange  says,  "At  Chicliester  tho 
'priest  vicars'  and  at  St.  Paul's  tlje 
'minor  canons'  wore  a  calal)re  amyce  ;" 
an'i  Bale,  in  his  "Imago  of  B'jth  Churches," 
nlhules  to  the  "fair  roch'.-ts  of  Haines 
(Iteniies),  and  costly  grey  amices  of  calaber 
and  cats'  tails." 

TIiR  lord  mayor  and  those  aldermen  ahovo  the 
chair  oiisiht  to  nave  their  coats  furred  with  grey 
amis,  and  also  with  chanseable  tafl'eta;  and  tliose 
below  the  chair  v.  itli  calabro  and  with  green 
falleta.— //liJion,  "New  View  of  Lon  ion." 

Callini'aclios.  Tlt4  Italian  Cal/i- 
mac/ms.  Filii)poBuonaccor8i.  (1437-1496.) 

Calling.  A  vocation,  trade,  or  profes- 
sion. The  allusion  is  to  the  calling  of  the 
apostles  by  Jesus  Christ  to  follow  him. 
In  the  legal  profession  persons  must  still 
be  called  to  the  bar  before  they  can 
practise. 

Calliope  (heatUifnl-voiced).  The  muse 
of  e[)ic  or  heroic  poetry.  Her  emblems 
Ero  a  stylus  and  wax  tablets. 

Callippie  Period.  The  correction 
of  the  Meton'ic  cycle  by  Callippos.  In 
four  cycles,  or  seventy-six  years,  the 
Metonic  calculation  was  seven  and  a-half 
in  excess.  Callippos  proposed  to  quad- 
ruple the  period  of  Metou,  and  deduct  a 
day  at  the  end  of  it :  at  the  expiration 
of  which  period  Callippos  imagined  that 
the  new  and  full  moons  returned  to  the 
same  day  of  the  solar  year. 

Callir'i-lioe  (4  syl).  The  lady-love 
of  Chie'reas,  in  Char'i ion's  Greek  romance, 
entitled  the  "  Loves  of  Chas'reas  and 
Callirrhoe,"  written  in  the  eighth  century. 

Calottis'tes    (4   syl.).     (5e«  Regi- 

UEXT.) 

Calo'yers.  Monks  in  tho  Greek 
Church,  who  follow  the  rule  of  St.  Basil. 
They  are  divided  into  cea'ohites,  who  recite 
the  oflices  from  nsi  Inight  to  sunrise ; 
an'choritcs,  who  live  in  hermitages ;  and 
reduces,  who  shut  themselves  up  in 
caverns  and  live  on  alms,  (Greek,  halo- 
gerot.) 

Calpa  (2  syl.).  Calpe  and  AVyla. 
The  two  pillars  of  Hercules.  Accor.ling 
to  one  account,  these  two  were  originally 
only  one  mountain,  which  Hercules  tore 
asunder ;  but  some  say  he  piled  up  each 
mo'.mtain  soparatc.'y,  and  poured  tho  sea 
between  theca. 


Heaves  up  hntte  Abyla  on  Afr1c'»  sand. 
Crowns  with  liiRh  CalpS  Europe's  s-ilient  strand, 
Crests  Willi  opposing?  towers  the  splendid  scene. 
And  pours  from  unis  immense  the  iKtx.  hctwecn. 
Darwin,  "Economu  of  Vegetation.' 

Cal'uinet  {the  jnace-pipi).  When 
the  North  American  Indians  make  peace 
or  form  an  alliance,  the  high  contracting 
parties  smoke  together  to  ratify  the 
arrangement. 

The  peace-pipe  is  about  two  and  a-half 
feet  long,  the  bowl  is  made  of  highly- 
polished  red  marble,  and  tho  stem  of  a 
reed,  which  is  decorated  with  eagles' 
quills,  women's  hair,  and  so  on. 

"  The  Great  Spirit,  at  an  ancientperiod 
called  the  Indian  nations  together,  and 
standing  on  tho  precipice  of  the  red 
pipa-stone  rock,  broke  off  a  piece  which 
he  moulded  into  the  bowl  of  a  pipe,  and 
fitting  on  it  a  long  re-r-d,  filled  the  pipe 
with  the  bark  of  red  willow,  and  smoked 
over  them,  turning  to  tho  four  winds. 
He  told  thum  the  red  colour  of  tho  pipe 
represented  their  flesh,  and  when  they 
smoked  it  they  must  bury  their  war- 
clubs  and  scalping-knives.  At  tho  last 
whiff  the  Great  Spirit  disappeared." 

To  present  the  calumet  to  a  stranger 
is  a  mark  of  hospitality  and  good-v%-iil ; 
to  refuse  tho  Ou.'er  is  an  act  of  hostile 
defiance. 

Wash  the  war-paint  from  your  face?, 
Wash  the  wir-stains  from  your  lingers. 
Bury  your  war-clubs  and  your  weai'Oiis ; . . , 
Smoke  the  calumet  togeiher, 
And  as  brothers  Uve  henceforward. 

Luni;/iUlow, "  Iliatsatlia,''  S. 

Cal'vary  {hare  skull),  Gol'ffotha 
(skull).  The  place  of  our  Lord's  crucifixion; 
BO  called  from  some  fanciful  resemblance 
which  it  bore  to  a  human  skull.  The 
present  church  of  "  the  Holy  Sepulchre  " 
has  no  claim  to  be  considered  the  site 
thereof ;  it  is  far  more  likely  that  the 
"mosque  of  Omar,"  or  the  dome  of  the 
rock,  occupies  the  real  site. 

Calvert's  Entire.  The  14th  Foot 
Called  Calvert  from  their  colonel.  Sir 
Harry  Calvert  (180(3-18213^,  and  entire,  bo- 
cause  three  entire  battalions  were  kept 
tip  for  the  good  of  Sir  Harry,  when  ad- 
jiitant-gener.al.  The  terra  is,  of  course, 
a  play  on  Calvert's  malt  liquor. 

Calves.  The  inhabitants  of  tho  Isle 
oj  Wiijld  are  so  calle  I  from  a  legendary 
joke  which  st.ates  that  a  calf  onco  got 
its  head  firmly  wedged  in  a  wooden  paie, 
.and,  instead  of  breaking  up  the  pale, 
tho  farm-man  cut  off  tho  calf  s  heai 


CALVES. 


CAMBRIAN. 


135 


Calves'  Head.  Tha-t  are  many 
ways  of  dressing  a  calfs  head.  Many  ways 
of  saying  or  doing  a  foolish  thing;  a 
simpleton  has  many  ways  of  showing  his 
folly;  or,  generally,  if  one  way  won't  do, 
we  must  try  another.  The  allusion  is  to 
the  great  Calves'  Head  Club  banquet, 
when  the  hoard  was  laden  with  calves' 
heads  cooked  in  sundi-y  ways  and  divers  I 
fashions.  ] 

Calves'  Head  Club.  Instituted  in 
ridicule  of  Charles  I.  The  great  annual 
banquet  was  held  on  the  30th  January, 
and  consisted  of  a  cod's  head,  to  repro- 
sont  the  person  of  Charles  Stuart,  inde- 
pendent of  his  kingly  office;  a  pike  with 
little  ones  in  its  mouth,  an  emblem  of 
tyranny  ;  a  boar's  head  with  an  apple  in 
its  mouth,  to  represent  the  kinc;  preying 
on  his  subjects  ;  and  calves'  heads  dressed 
in  sundry  ways,  to  represent  Charles  in 
his  regal  capacity.  After  the  banquet, 
the  king's  book  (Icon  Basil'ike)  was  burnt, 
and  the  parting  cup  was  "  To  those 
worthy  patriots  who  killed  the  tyrant." 

Calvin  is  said  to  have  caused  the 
der\th  of  Servo'tus,  a  heretic,  with  whom 
he  had  a  religious  controversy.  Servetus 
was  seized,  condemned,  and  burnt  to 
death,  solely  for  his  heretical  views. 
(1553.) 

Calvinism.  Tho  Cvo  moot  points 
aro — 

Predestination,  or  particular  election. 

Irresistible  grace. 

Original  sin,  or  the  total  depravity  of 
tho  natural  man. 

Particular  redemption. 

i'inal  perseverance  of  tho  saints. 

Cal'ydon.  A  forest,  supposed  in  tho 
romances  relating  to  king  Arthur  to 
occupy  tho  northern  portion  of  England. 

Calyp'SO,  in  Fe'nclon's  "  Tfld- 
maque,"  is  meant  to  represent  Madamo 
de  Montospan.  In  fairy  mythology  she 
was  queen  of  the  island  Ogyg'ia,  on 
which  Ulvsscs  was  wrecked,  and  where 
he  was  detained  for  seven  years. 

Calypso's  Isle.  Gozo,  near  JIalta. 
Called  in  classic  mythology  Ogjgia. 

Cam  and  Isis.  The  universities  of 
Cambridge  and  Oxford.  So  called  from 
the  rivers  on  which  they  stand. 

Uny  roil,  m7  Cam  nni  Isis,  prsich  It  Innv, 
"  rUe  rijjDt  dlTine  of  klogj  lo  govern  »  rotijt." 
"  UMKinil,"  iv.  137. 


Cama.  The  god  of  love  and  mar- 
riage in  Indian  mytholo^'y. 

Cama'cho,  "  richest  of  men,"  makes 
grand  }ireparations  for  his  wedding 
with  Quite'ria,  "fairest  of  women;"  but 
as  tho  bridal  party  were  on  their  way, 
Basil'ius  cheats  him  of  his  bride,  by  pre- 
tending to  kill  himself.  As  he  is  sup- 
posed to  bo  dying,  Quiteiia  is  given  to 
him  in  marriage  as  a  mere  matter  of 
form ;  but  as  soon  as  this  is  done,  up 
jumps  Basilius,  and  shows  that  his  wounds 
were  a  mere  pretence. — Cervantes,  "  Don 
Quixute,"  p.  ii.,  bk.  2,  ch.  3,  4 

Camal'dolites  (4  syl.).  A  religious 
order  of  gre.it  rigidity  of  life,  founded 
in  the  vale  of  Camal'doli,  in  the  Tuscan 
Apennines,  by  St.  liomuald,  a  Bene- 
dictine.   (Eleventh  century.) 

Camararzaman  (pi-ince)  fell  in  love 
with  Badou'ra,  jirincess  of  China,  the 
moment  ho  saw  her.  — "Arabian  Nights," 
PnTice  Camaralzaman. 

Camarilla  (Spanish).  A  clique ; 
the  confidants  or  private  advisors  of  the 
sovereign.  It  literally  means  a  small 
private  chamber,  and  is  in  Spain  applied 
to  the  room  in  which  boys  are  flogged. 

Encircled  with  a  d»n(;orous  Cimanlla.  —  T\i 
Tiriitt. 

CamTjalo's  Ring.  Given  him  by 
his  sister  Can'ace.  It  had  the  virtue  of 
healing  wounds.  {See  Cambel.) — Spenser, 
"  Fairy  Queen,"  bk.  iv. 

Cambel.  Called  by  Chaucer,  Cam'- 
balo.  Brother  of  Can'ace,  a  female 
paragon.  He  challenged  every  suitor 
to  his  sister's  hand,  and  overthrew  all 
except  Tri'amond,  who  married  the  lady. 
— Spenser,  "  Fae'iy  Queen,"  bk.  iv. 

Camber.  Second  son  of  king  Bruto, 
to  whom  Wales  was  left ;  whence  its 
name  of  Cambria. — British  Fable. 

CamTsria.  Tho  ancient  name  of 
"Wales,  or  land  of  the  Cimbri. 

Cambria's  fatal  day. 

(rr(Tif,"i?.ir(f 

CamTjrlan.  Pertaining  to  Wales; 
Welsh..     (See  above.) 

Till)  Onmhrinn  mo-intalna,  like  fsr  cinnda, 
'Jliut  sSiirl  llio  biuo  liuriz  .11,  dusky  ri.^n. 

Thornton,  "Spring." 

Camljrian  Series  (in  geology). 
The  earliest  fossiliferous  rocks  in  North 
Wales,  So  named  by  jprofessor  Sedg- 
wick. 


138 


CAMBrjd. 


CAMERONIAKS. 


Cambric.  From  Camliray,  in  France, 
where  it  is  still  llie  chief  manufacture. 

Cam'buscan'.  King  of  Sarra,  in 
the  land  of  Tartary  ;  the  model  of  all 
royal  virtues.  His  wife  was  El'feta;  his 
two  sons,  Algarsife  and  C'arn'balo ;  and 
his  daughter  Can'ace.  On  her  birthday 
(15th  Oct.)  the  king  of  Arabia  and  India 
sent  Cambuscan  a  "steed  of  brass, 
which,  between  sunrise  and  sunset, 
would  carry  its  rider  to  any  spot  on  the 
earth."  All  that  was  required  was  to 
whisper  the  name  of  the  place  in  the 
horse's  ear,  mount  upon  his  back,  and 
turn  a  pin  set  in  his  ear.  When  the 
rider  had  arrived  at  the  place  require'!, 
be  had  to  turn  another  pin,  and  the 
horso  instantly  descended,  and,  with 
another  screw  of  the  pin,  vanished  till  it 
was  agrain  required.  This  story  is  told 
by  Chaucer,  in  the  "  Squire's  Tale,"  but 
was  never  finished.  Probably  the  end  of 
the  tale  would  have  been  the  victories 
of  Cambuscan  ;  Algarsife  winning  Theo- 
dora;  and  the  marriage  of  Canace  to 
some  knight  who  overmastered  in  sinprle 
combat  her  two  brothers.  Spenser  took 
up  the  same  tale  in  his  "Faery  Queen,'' 
iv.  Milton  accents  the  -word  Cam-bus'-can. 

Him  that  left  half-told 
The  story  of  Camhnscau  bold. 

Camby'ses  (3  syl.)  A  pompous, 
ranting  character  in  Preston's  lamentable 
tragedy  of  that  name. 

Give  me  a  cup  of  sack,  to  make  mine  eyes  look 
red  ;  for  I  must  s;ieak  in  pass'O".  »"<i  I  will  do  it  iii 
king  Cambyses'  veiu — "  1  Henry  IV.,"  ii.  4. 

Camden  Society,  for  the  publica- 
tion of  early  historic  and  literary  remains, 
is  named  in  honour  of  William  Camden, 
the  historian. 

Cam'deo,      God  of   love  in  Hindu 

mythology. 

Camel.  The  name  of  Jfahomet's 
favourite  camel  was  Al  Kaswa.  Tiio 
mosque  at  Koba  covers  the  spot  whei-e 
it  knelt  when  Mahomet  tied  from  Mecca. 
Mahomet  considered  the  kneeling  of  the 
camel  as  a  sign  sent  by  God,  and  re- 
mained at  Koba  in  safety  for  four  days. 
The  swiftest  of  his  camels  was  Al  Adha. 

Camel.  The  prophet  Mahomet's  camel 
performed  the  whole  journey  from  .Jeru- 
salem to  Mecca  in  four  bounds,  for  whioj 
service  he  has  a  place  in  heaven  with 
Borak  (the  prophet's  horse),  Balaam's 
fiss,  Tobit's  dog,  and  Ketmir  (the  dog  of 
the  tsTen  sloepers). —  Cuizon. 


■eu  Camel.  "  It  is  easier  for  a  camel  to 
go  through  the  eye  of  a  needle,  than  for 
a  rich  man  to  enter  into  the  kingdom 
of  God"  (Matt.  xix.  21).  In  the  Koran 
we  find  a  similar  exprcKsion  :  "  The  im- 
pious shall  find  the  gates  of  heaven  shut; 
nor  shall  he  enter,  till  a  camel  shall  pass 
through  the  eye  of  a  needle."  In  the 
Rabliinical  writings  wo  have  a  sligtit 
variety  which  goes  to  prove  that  the 
word  "camel"  should  not  be  changed 
into  "cable,"  as  Theophylact  suggests: 
"Perhaps  thou  art  one  of  the  Pampe- 
dith'ians,  who  can  make  an  elephant  pass 
through  the  eye  of  a  needle." 

It  is  as  hard  to  come,  as  for  a  camel 
To  thread  liie  postem  of  a  needle's  eye. 

aiirikeiijjerire,  "Richard  11."  T.  S. 

Cam.eleon.  You  are  a  cameleon, 
i.e.,  very  changeable— shifting  according 
to  the  opinions  of  others,  as  the  cameleon 
changes  its  hue  to  that  of  contiguous 
objects. 

As  the  cameleon.  wlio  I?  known 

To  liave  no  ci'lours  of  its  <  wo. 

But  horrows  from  liis  iie'chhoiir's  tine 

Uis  white  or  black,  his  green  or  blue.— 7'rior. 

Cam.eilia.  A  shrub,  or  rather  genue 
of  evergreen  shrubs  ;  so  named  in  honour 
of  G.  J.  Kamel  (Latin,  CanulUus),  a 
Spanish  Jesuit. 

Cam'elot  {Somersetshire),where  king 
Arthur  held  his  court.  (.See  Wi.nciiester.) 

Camelote  (2  syl.).  Fustian,  rubbish, 
trash.  The  cloth  so  called  ought  to  ba 
made  of  go.ats'  hair,  but  is  a  mixture  of 
wool  and  silk,  wool  and  hair,  or  wool, 
silk,  and  hair,  &c.     (See  Camlet.) 

Cam.'eo.  An  anaglyph  on  a  precious 
stone.  The  anaglyph  is  when  the  figure 
is  raised  in  relief;  an  intaalio  is  when  the 
figure  is  hoUoned  out.  "The  word  cameo 
moans  an  ony,\.  and  the  most  famous 
cameo  in  the  world  is  tho  onyx  contain- 
ing the  apoth'eo'sis  of  A  iif/ti.<(iis. 

Cam'eron  Highlanders.  The 
7lUh  Pegiment  of  Infantry,  raised  by 
Allan  Cameron,  of  Errock,  in  1793. 

Cameronian    Regiment.      The 

26th  Infantry,  which  bad  its  origin  in  a 
body  of  Cameroniaus  (q.v.),  in  the  Revo- 
lution of  16S3. 

Camero'nians.  The  strictest  sect 
of  Scotch  Presbyterians,  organised  in 
1CS8,  by  Archibald  Cam'eron,  who  sui- 
fered  death  in  1680  for  his  religious  views. 
He  objected  to  the  alliance  of  church  and 

StA:i«. 


CAMILLA. 


CANCER. 


137 


Camina.  Virgin  queen  of  the  Vol- 
icians.  Virf,Ml  says  that  she  was  so  swift 
tliat  she  could  run  over  a  field  of  corn 
without  bendin?  a  sing-le  blade,  or  make 
her  way  over  the  sea  without  even  wet- 
ting her  feet. 

Not  so  when  swift  Camilla  scours  the  plnln. 
Flii^s  o'er  the  unbeudinj;  com  and  sKims  moii^ 
the  main.  Poi't. 


Camillus.  five  times  dictator  of 
Rome,  was  falsely  accused  of  erabezzlo- 
meut,  and  went  into  voluntary  exile ; 
but  when  the  Gauls  besieged  Rome,  he 
returned  and  delivered  his  country. 

Camillus,  only  vengeful  to  his  foes. 

Thornton, "  Winttr.' 

Cam'isard  or  Camisa'do.  A  night 
attack.  In  French  history  the  Camisards 
are  the  Protestant  insurgents  of  the 
C'<;vennes,  who  resisted  the  violence  of 
the  dragonnades,  after  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes.  They  were  so  called 
because  they  wore  a  camise  or  peasant's 
smock  over  their  armour,  both  to  conceal 
it,  and  that  they  might  the  better  re- 
cog:ni.se  each  other  in  the  dark.  Their 
leader  was  Cavalier,  afterw»rds  governor 
of  Jersey. 

Camlan,  Battle  of  (Cornwall),  which 
put  an  end  to  tlio  Knights  of  the  Round 
Table.  Here  Arthur  received  his  death 
wound  from  the  hand  of  his  nephew 
Modred.     (a.D.  542.) 

Camlet  is  not  connected  with  the 
word  camel  ;  it  is  a  fine  cloth  made  of 
(/itats'  hair,  called  Turkish  yarn,  and  is 
from  the  Arabic  word  chamal  (fine). 

Cam'mock.  A  s  crooked  us  a  cammock. 
The  cammock  is  a  piece  of  timber  bent 
for  the  knee  of  a  ship.     (Saxon.) 

Thou  eh  the  cammock,  the  more  it  is  bowed  the 
bcitir  ii  is;  yet  Uic  how,  the  more  it  is  bent  the 
wealier  it  waxeth.— Li<i/. 

Campa'nia.  Properly  the  Ta~ia  di 
Laiio'ro  of  Italy,  i.e.,  the  plain  country 
about  Cap'ua. 

Pisdaiuful  of  Campanin'<<  gnntlo  plains. 

IVujiiuoii, "  Summer.' 

Campeador  (Cam-pa' -dor).  The  Cid 
iq.v.). 

Can'ace(3syl.).  A  paragon  of  women, 
the  daughter  of  king  Canibuscmi',  to 
whom  the  king  of  Arabia  and  India  sent 
as  a  present  a  mirror  and  a  ring.  The 
mirror  would  toll  the  lady  if  any  man  on 
whom  Bhe  set  ber  heart  would  prove  true 
K  * 


or  false,  and  the  ring  (which  was  to  b« 
worn  on  her  thumb)  would  enable  her  to 
undorstan<l  tho  lani.niat,'o  of  birds  and 
con  verse  with  them.  It  would  also  give  the 
wearer  perfect  knowledge  of  the  medicinal 
properties  of  all  roots.  Chaucer  never 
finished  the  tale,  but  probably  he  meant 
to  marry  Can'acii  to  some  knight  who 
would  be  able  to  overthrow  her  two 
brothers,  Cam'balo  and  Al'garsife,  in  the 
tournament.  Squh-e's  Tale.  (.Vce  belota.) 
Can'ace  was  courted  by  a  crowd  of 
suitors,  but  her  brother  Cam'balo  or 
Cambel  gave  out  that  any  one  who  pre- 
tended to  her  hand  must  encounter  fum 
in  single  combat,  and  overthrow  him. 
She  ultimately  married  Tri'amond,  son 
of  the  fairy  A.g'ape. — Speiiser,  "Faery 
Queeii,"  blc.  iv.  3. 

Can'ache  (3  syl.).  One  of  ActmoD'e 
dogs.  (Greek,  "  having  a  sharp,  ringing 
voice.") 

Canada  Balsam.  Made  from  the 
Pinus  lalsamea,  a  native  of  Canada. 

Canaille  (French,  can-nay'-e).  The 
rabble,  the  roughs.  Its  primary  mean- 
ing is  the  coarse  part  of  meal,  dregs. 

Canard.  A  hoax.  Cornelissen,  to 
try  the  gullibility  of  the  public,  reported 
in  tho  papers  that  he  had  twenty  ducks, 
one  of  which  he  cut  up  and  threw  to  the 
nineteen,  who  devoured  it  greedily.  He 
then  cut  up  another,  then  a  third,  and  so 
on  till  nineteen  were  cut  up  ;  and  as  the 
nineteenth  was  gobbled  up  tiy  the  surviv- 
ing duck,  it  followed  that  this  one  duck 
actually  ato  nineteen  ducks— a  wonderful 
proof  of  duck  voracity.  This  tale  bad 
the  run  of  all  the  papers,  and  gave  a 
new  word  to  the  language. — Quetetet. 

Cancan.  Dance  the  cancan.  A  licen- 
tious free-and-easy  way  of  dancing 
quadrilles  adopted  in  the  public  gardens, 
opdra  comii)ue,  and  casi'noes  of  Paris. 
(Cancan,  tittle-tattle,  familiarity.) 

Cancel,  to  blot  out,  is  merely  "to 
make  lattice-work."  This  is  done  by 
making  a  cross  over  the  part  to  be 
omitted.  (Latin,  cancello,  to  make 
trellis.) 

Cancer  (the  Cr.ab)  appears  when  the 
sun  has  reached  his  highest  northern 
limit,  and  begins  to  go  backward  towards 
tho  south;  but,  like  a  crab,  the  return  ia 
sideways.     (June  21  to  July  23.; 


138 


CANDAULES. 


CANOBA. 


Candaules  (3  syl.).  King:  of  Lydia, 
who  oxposod  the  cliarir.s  of  his  wife  to 
Gy'ges;  whereupon  tlie  (jueen  compelled 
Gyfjes  to  assassinate  her  husband,  after 
which  she  married  the  murderer,  who 
became  kino:,  and  reigfued  twenty-eight 
yoiirB.    (71CG78.) 

Can'didate  (3 syl.)  means  "clothed 
in  white."  Those  who  solicited  the  ofSco 
of  consul,  qnrestor,  proetor,  &c.,  aniong 
the  Romans,  arrayed  themselves  in  a 
loose  white  robe.  It  was  loose  that  they 
might  show  the  people  thoir  scars,  and 
white  in  sign  of  fidelity  and  humihty. 

Candide  (2  syl.).  The  hero  of  Vol- 
taire's novel  so  called.  All  sorts  of  mis- 
fortunes are  heaped  upon  him,  and  he 
bears  them  all  with  cynical  indifference. 

Candle.  What  is  the  Latin  for  candle .» 
—  Tac'e.  Here  is  a  play  of  words  :  ta'ce 
means  hold  your  tongue,  don't  bother 
me.    (^''6  Goose./ 

To  hold  a  candle  to  the  devil.  To  aid  or 
countenance  that  which  is  wrong.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  practice  of  Roman 
Catholics,  who  burn  candles  before  the 
image  of  a  favourite  saint,  carry  them  in 
funeral  processions,  and  place  them  on 
their  altars. 

What!  irrnst  I  holJ  a  cinlle  to  my  shames  ? 
SMkispeire,  "  ileidianl  0/  Vtnice,"  ii.  6. 

Candles  used  by  Roman  Catholics  at 
funerals  are  the  relic  of  an  ancient 
Roman  custom.  In  order  to  diminish 
the  expenses  of  funerals,  candles  and 
tapers  made  of  wax  were  carried  in  the 
procession. 

The  game  is  not  worth  ilu  candle  (Le 
jou  ne  vaut  pas  la  chandelle).  Not  worth 
even  the  cost  of  the  candle  that  lights 
the  players. 

Candlemas   Day.     The    2nd    of 

February,  when,  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  there  is  a  candle  procession,  to 
consecrate  all  the  candles  which  will  be 
needed  in  the  church  during  the  year. 
The  candles  symbolise  Jesus  Christ, 
called  "the  light  of  the  world,"  and  "a 
ligiit  to  lighten  the  Gentiles."  It  was 
the  old  Roman  custom  of  burning  camiles 
to  the  goddess  Fob'rua,  mother  of  Mars, 
to  Bcare  away  evil  spirits. 

On  Cantll?ra»s  day 

Dandles  and  candiesHckt  throw  all  a-xi?. 


Candour,  Afrt.  A  type  of  female 
backbiters.  In  Sheridan's  comedy  of 
"  The  School  for  ScandaL" 

Tho  name  of  "lira.  Camlour"  has  become  one  o( 
those  furmiclable  hy-wonlH,  which  I  avi;  had  ir^ore 
power  in  nultinis  folly  and  ill-niiture  out  of  coun- 
tenance than  whole  Tolumcs  of  remoiutrnnce. 
T.  Moort. 

Caneph'orag  (in  architecture). 
Figures  of  young  persons  of  either  sez 
bearing  a  basket  on  their  head.  (Greek, 
haskel-htarers.) 

Canic'ular  Year.  The  ancient 
solar  year  of  the  Egyptians,  which  began 
and  ended  with  the  rising  of  the  Dog- 
star,  and  corresponded  with  the  over- 
flow of  the  Nile. 

Canid'ia.  A  sorceress,  who  could 
bring  the  moon  from  heaven-  Mentioned 
by  Horace. 

Your  ancient  conjurors  were  wont 
To  make  her  (t/ie  moon]  from  her  sphere  dismount. 
And  to  their  incautalions  stoop. 

"Hudibrai,''  pt.  H.  &. 

Canker.    The  briar  or  dog-rose. 

Put  down  Richard,  that  sweet  lovely  rose. 
And  plant  this  thorn,  this  canker,  Boiinahroke. 
Shakupeare,  "  1  Henry  IV.,"  i.  S. 

Cannos.  The  place  where  Han'nibal 
defeated  the  Romans  under  L.  ^Erail'ius 
Paulus.  Any  fatal  battle  that  is  the 
turning  point  of  a  great  general's  pros- 
perity is  called  his  Cannse.  Thus,  we 
say  "Moscow  was  the  Cannoe  of  Napoleon 
Buonaparte." 

Cannel  Coal.  Either  a  corruption 
of  candle  conl,  so  called  from  the  bright 
flame,  unmixed  with  smoke,  which  it 
yields  in  combustion;  or  else  Kendal 
coal,  where  it  abounds. 

Cannibal.  An  Indian  word  applied 
to  those  who  eat  flesh.  (Hindustani, 
Chaneval  or  Iha'neica'la',  an  eater  of 
flesh).  The  usual  derivation  is  Canibbee, 
corrupted  into  Caribbee,  supposed  to  be 
man-eaters.  Some  of  the  tribes  of  these 
islands  have  no  r.  At  the  present  day 
the  Battas  of  Suraa'tra,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  Fiji'  islands,  devour  human 
flesh. 

The  natives  live  in  ercat  fear  of  the  canibals  (i.«., 
Caribals,  or  people  of  Canbu).— Coiuinftui. 

Cannibals.  Leamei-a  in  ihe  art  of 
rowing  ;  those  under  training.  The  word 
is  a  pun  on  Cannot  pulls. 

Cano^ba.  The  Indian  Apollo,  or  god 
of  insi'iiRtion, 


CANOE. 


CANTERBURY. 


159 


Canoe'.  A  boat.  (German,  lahn, 
a  boat ;  Old  French,  cane,  a  ship,  and 
canol, a,  boat;  Latiu, ca«/ia,  a  hollow  stem 
or  reeJ  ;  oiir  cane,  can,  a  jug;  cahnon, 
canal,  &c.) 

Canon.  The  canons  used  to  be  those 
persons  who  resided  in  the  buildings  con- 
tigwous  to  the  cathedral,  employed  either 
in  the  daily  service,  or  in  the  educatioTi 
of  the  choristers.  The  word  is  Greek,  and 
means  "model"  or  "  choice  men." 

Canon.     A  divine  or  ecclesiastical  la^. 

Or  tliat  the  Everltuilin?  had  nut  fitted 
ilU  Cituuii  'guiiist  self-slaughter. 

i-hakespeare.  "  Hamlet,"  1. 1. 

Can'on  Law.  A  collection  of  eccle- 
siastical laws  which  serve  as  the  rule  of 
church  government.   {See  Canonical.) 

Canon'ical.  Canon  \3  a  Greek  word, 
and  means  the  index  of  a  balance,  hence 
a  law. 

Tli.e  sacred  canon  means  the  accepted 
books  of  Holy  Scripture,  wliich  contain 
the  inspired  laws  of  salvation  and  mo- 
rality ;  also  called  The  Canonical  Booh. 

Canon'ical  Hours.  The  times 
within  which  the  sacred  ofiRcos  may  be 
performed.  In  the  Iloman  Catholic 
Church  they  aro  seven— viz.,  matins, 
prime,  tierce,  se.xt,  nones,  vespers, 
and  complino.  Prime,  tierce,  sest,  and 
Donos  aro  the  first,  third,  sixth,  and  ninth 
hours  of  the  day,  counting  from  six  in 
the  morning.  Compline  is  a  corruption 
of  completo'Hum  (that  which  completes 
the  services  of  the  day).  The  reason 
why  there  are  seven  canonical  hours  is 
because  David  says,  "  Seven  times  a  day 
do  I  praise  thee"  (Psalm  c.xix.  164). 

Canon'ical  Punishments  are 
those  which  the  church  is  uathoriied  to 
inflict. 

Canonicals. 

The  pouch  on  the  gown  cf  an  M.D., 
designed  for  carrying  drugs. 

The  coif  ol  a  sorjeant-at-law,  designed 
for  concealing  the  tonsure. 

The  lambskin  on  a  U.A.  hood,  in  imi- 
tation of  the  l(jga  can'diita  of  tho  Romans. 

The  i<ri;i7J  of  an  Oxford  undergraduate, 
to  show  the  wearer  is  still  in  leading 
itrings. 

The  (ippel  on  a  barrister's  gown,  mean, 
for  a  wallet  to  carry  briefs  in. 

The  proctors'  and  pro-proctors'  tippet, 
for  paj'crs-a  «ort  of  sabretache. 


CanoTpic  Vases.  Used  by  the 
Egyptian  priosts  for  the  viscera  of  boilioa 
ambalmed,  four  vases  V/cing  )>rovidod  for 
each  body.  So  called  from  Cano'pus,  in 
ICiTvpt,  where  they  wero  first  used. 

Cano'pus.  Tlie  Egyptian  god  of 
water.  Tho  Clialdeans  worshippecl  fire, 
and  sent  all  the  other  gods  a  challenge, 
which  was  accepted  by  a  priest  of  Cano'- 
pus. The  Chal-leans  lighted  a  vast  fire 
round  the  goil  Canopus,  when  the  Egyp- 
tian deity  spouted  out  torrents  of  water 
and  quenched  the  fire,  thereliy  obtaining 
the  triumph  of  water  over  firo. 

Can'opy  properly  means  a  ffnat  eiir. 
tain.  Ilerod'otus  tells  us  (ii.  95)  tliat 
the  fishermen  of  the  Nile  used  to  lift 
their  nets  on  a  polo,  and  form  thereby 
a  rude  sort  of  tent  under  which  they 
slept  securely,  as  gnats  will  not  pass 
through  the  meshes  of  a  net.  Subse- 
quently tho  tester  of  a  bed  was  so  cal'oil, 
and  lastly  tho  canopy  borne  over  kings. 
(Greek,  konops,  a  gnat.) 

Cant.  Mock  humility.  Alexander 
and  Andrew  Cant  maintained  that  all 
those  who  refused  the  "Covenant"  ought 
to  be  excommunicated,  and  that  those 
were  cursed  who  made  use  of  the  prayer- 
book.  These  same  Cants,  in  their  irrace 
before  meat,  used  to  "  pray  for  all  those 
who  Buffered  persecution  for  their  reli- 
gious opinions."— J/«-cii»iiti  I'ublicus, 
No.  ix.     (l()tii.) 

Canteen'  means  properly  a  wine- 
cellar.  Then  a  rcfre.^hment-houso  in  a 
barrack  for  the  use  of  the  soldiers.  Then 
a  vessel,  holding  about  thrco  pints,  for 
the  use  of  soldiers  on  the  march.  (Latin, 
can'tina.) 

Canterbury.  Canterbury  is  the  higher 
rack,  but  Winchester  the  bfller  maiiijcr. 
Canterbury  is  tho  higher  see  in  rank,  but 
Winchester  the  one  which  produces  tho 
most  money.  This  was  tho  i-eply  of  WU 
Ham  Edimrton,  bishop  of  Wiuchestor, 
when  offered  tho  archliishoprio  of  Can- 
terbury.    (13iJG.) 

Canterbiu'y  Tales.  Chaucer  sup- 
posed that  ho  was  in  company  with  a 
party  of  j)ilgrims  going  to  Canterbury 
to  p.ay  thoir  devotions  at  the  shriiio  of 
Thomas  h  Ueckot.  Tho  party  ftsscmbled 
at  an  inn  in  South  wark,  called  the  Tabard, 
and  there  i^grced  to  tell  one  tale  each. 


IM 


CAX\'AS. 


CAPITE. 


both  in  going  and  returning.  He  who 
toll!  the  best  talo  was  to  ho  treated  with 
a  supper  on  their  homeward  journey. 
The  work  is  incomploto,  aud  we  have 
none  of  the  tales  told  in  the  homeward 
route. 

A  Canle\hury  Tale.  A  cock-and-bull 
story;  a  romance.  So  called  from  Chau- 
cer's "Canterbury  Tales." 

Canvas  means  cloth  made  of  hemp. 
To  canviis  a  subject  is  to  strain  it  throuj^h 
A  hem[>  strainer,  to  sift  it;  and  locani:ms 
a  horuHtjk  is  to  sift  the  votes.  (Latin, 
ea/i'ualiis,  hemp.) 

Ca'ora.  A  river,  on  the  banks  of 
which  are  a  people  whose  heads  grow 
beneath  their  shoulders.  Their  eyes  are 
in  their  shoulders,  and  their  mouths  in 
the  middle  of  their  breasts. — Uackluyt, 
"  Voi/oye,"  1598.  rialeitfh,  in  his  "  De- 
scription of  Guiana,"  gives  a  similar 
accnuut  of  a  race  of  men.    iSee  PiLkmmyes. 

The  Anthropopiiaji  and  men  whose  beads 

Uo  grow  beU'-atU  tlieir  sliuiiMers. 

Skukesijeare,  "  Olhello,"  i.  3. 

Cap.  Wearing  the  cap  awl  lelJs. 
Said  of  a  person  who  is  tiie  butt  of  the 
company,  or  one  who  excites  lauichter  at 
his  own  expense.  The  reference  is  to 
licensed  jesters  formerly  attached  to 
noi>ieinen's  establishments.  Their  head- 
gear was  a  cap  with  bells. 

/  cap  to  tlait,  i.e.,  assent  to  it.  The 
allusion  is  to  a  custom  observed  in  France 
amongst  the  jvidges  in  deliberation. 
Those  who  assent  to  the  opinion  stated 
by  any  of  the  bench  signify  it  by  lifting 
their  toijue  from  their  heads. 

Cap  ill  hand.  Submissively.  To  wait 
on  a  man  cap  in  hand  is  to  wait  on  him 
like  a  servant,  ready  to  do  his  bidding. 

Cap-a-pie  is  the  Spanish  capa  y 
pazn  (helmet  and  sword),  meaning  fully 
equipped.  The  general  etyraoloo^y  is 
the  French  cap  d  pie,  but  the  French 
phrase  is  de  pied  en  cap. 

Armed  at  all  points  exactly,  cap-a-pe. 

StKkeiiii  ire,  "  ILimlet,'  L  1 
I  am  courtier,  cip-a-pe. 

Shaktspeure,  "  WiiUer't  Talt^n.  3. 

Cap  of  Liberty.  When  a  slave 
was  manumitted  by  the  Romans,  a  small 
red  cloth  cap,  called /;(/'« («,  was  placed 
on  his  head.  As  soon  as  this  was  done, 
ha  was  termed  lHjerti'iius  (a  freedman), 
and  his  name  was  registered  in  the  city 
tribes.  When  Saturni'nus,  in  2d3,  pos- 
wssed  himstslf  of  the  capitol,  he  hoisted 


a  cap  on  the  top  of  his  spear,  to  indi. 
cato  that  all  slaves  who  joined  his 
standard  should  be  free.  When  iMa'rius 
incited  the  slaves  to  take  up  arms  against 
Sylla,  he  employed  the  same  symbol; 
aud  when  Ciesar  was  murdered,  the 
conspirators  marched  forth  in  a  body, 
with  a  cap  elevated  on  a  spear,  in  token 
of  liberty.    {See  Liberty.) 

Cap  of  Maintenance.    A  cap  of 

dif^itv  anciently  belonging  to  the  rank 
of  duke  ;  the  fur  cap  of  the  Lord  Mayor 
of  London,  worn  on  day?  of  state ;  a  cap 
carried  before  the  British  sovereigns  at 
their  coronation.  Maintenance  here 
means  defence. 

Capfull  of  Wind.  Olaus  Magnus 
tells  us  that  Eric,  king  of  Sweden,  was  so 
familiar  with  evil  spirits  that  what  way 
soever  he  turned  his  cap,  the  wind  would 
blow,  and  for  this  was  he  called  Windi) 
Cap.  The  Laplanders  drove  a  profitable 
trade  in  selling  winds  ;  but  even  so  iat»  as 
1814,  Bessie  Millie,  of  Pomo'na  (Orkney 
Islands),  helped  out  her  living  by  selling 
fuViiurablH  winds  to  mariners  fur  (lie  snialj 
sum  of  sixpence,     (y.  Mont.  St  iliciiel.) 

Cape.  Spirit  of  tlut  Cape.  (<S« 
Adamastor.) 

Capel  Court.  A  speculation  in 
stocks  of  such  magnitude  as  to  affe -t  the 
money  market.  Capel  Court  is  the  name 
of  the  place  where  transactions  in  the 
stocks  are  carried  on. 

Caper  Merchant.  A  dancing, 
master,  who  cuts  "capers." 

Capet  (Cap-pay).  Hugues,  the 
founder  of  the  French  monarchy,  was 
surnamed  Cap'ettiS  (clothed  with  a  capot 
or  monk's  hoodt,  because  he  always  wore 
a  clerical  costume,  as  abbot  of  St.  Martin 
de  Tours.  This  was  considered  the  family 
name  of  the  kinofs  of  France ;  hence  Louis 
XVI.  was  arraigned  before  the  National 
Convention  under  the  name  of  Luuis 
Capet. 

Capital.  Political  capital  is  some- 
thing employed  to  serve  a  political  pur- 
pose. Thus,  the  Whigs  make  political 
capital  out  of  the  errors  of  the  Tories, 
and  vice  versd. 

He  tripd  to  ma;:c  ^lapital  out  of  hU  riral't 
discoinfilui-e— Tfc<  Tirnet. 

Cap'ite  Censi.  The  lowest  rank  of 
Roruan  citizens.    So  called  because  thev 


CAJ'lfULARElS. 


CahaCoc. 


141 


were  counted  simply  hy  (he  poll,  as  tbey 
had  no  taxable  property. 

Capit'ulares  (4  syl.).  The  laws  of 
the  first  two  dynasties  of  France  were 
8o  called,  becatise  they  were  divided  iuto 
chapters.     (French,  capiiulaire.) 

Capon.  A  fish  out  of  the  cmip.  So 
called  by  thoso  friars  who  wished  to 
evade  the  Friday  fast  Hy  eatin?  chickens 
instead  of  fish.     (See  Yar.muUTH.) 

Cap'ricorn.  Called  by  Thomson,  in 
his  "Winter,"  "the  centaur  archer." 
Anciently  the  winter  solstice  occurred 
on  the  entry  of  the  sun  into  Capricorn  ; 
but  the  stars  bavins:  advanced  a  whole 
sipn  to  the  east,  the  winter  solstice  now 
falls  at  the  sun's  entrance  into  S.atjit- 
tarius  (the  centaur  archer),  so  that  the 
poet  is  strictly  right,  thoujrh  we  vulgarly 
retain  the  ancient  classical  manner  of 
speaking.  Ca[iricomus  is  the  tenth,  or, 
strictly  speaking,  the  eleventh  sign  of 
the  Zodiac.     (Dec.  21— Jan.  20.) 

Captain.    Capilano  del  Popolo,  i.e., 

Gr.ril.aldi.     (1807.) 

'J'he  Great  Caj/tain  (el  gran  capita'uo). 
Gonzalvo  di  Uur'dova.     (1463  151.x) 

Manuel  Comne'nus  of  Treb'izond. 
(UiiO,  I143-118U.) 

Captious.  Fallacious,  deceitful  ; 
now  it  means  ill-tempered,  carping. 
(Latin,  caplio'sju.) 

I  kiimv  I  love  in  vain,  strive  a?»lnst  hope; 
let  in  this  c.iptions  and  intpmlile  sieve, 
I  still  ponr  in  tlif  ualiTs  (.f  niv  lnvp 

aluiketpeare,  "AU'i  WiMthat  i,ndt  \\'M,'L3. 

Cap'ua.  Capria  corrvpted  Hannibal. 
Ltixury  and  self-indulgence  will  ruin 
anyone.  Hannibal  was  everywhere  vic- 
torious over  the  liomans  till  he  took  up  his 
winter  quarter-*  at  Capua,  the  most  luxu- 
rious city  of  Italy.  When  he  left  Capua 
his  star  began  to  wane,  and  ere  long  Car- 
thage was  in  ruins,  and  himself  an  exile. 

Cap'uchin.  A  nickname  given  to 
a  bninch  of  Franciscans  from  the 
"cap'uce"  or  pointed  cowl  which  ».hey 
wore,  in  imitation  of  Si   Francis. 

Cap'ulet.  A  noble  liouso  in  Vero'p<\, 
the  rival  of  that  of  Mon'tatrue  (:-!syl.); 
Juliet  is  of  the  former,  and  Romeo  of  the 
latter.  Lady  Capulet  is  the  beau-ideal 
of  a  proud  It.alian  matron  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  The  ex|ire.';sion  so  familiar, 
"  the  tomb  of  all  the  Capulets,"  is  from 
Burk e.  — Sha iespeare,  " Romtoand  JMlitt" 


Caput  Mor'tuum.  Latin  for  hmd 
of  the  dead,  used  by  the  old  chetnists  to 
designate  the  residuum  of  chemicals, 
when  all  their  volatile  matters  had  es- 
caped. Anythintr  from  which  all  that 
rendered  it  valuable  has  been  taken 
away.  Thus,  a  learned  scholar  paralysed 
is  a  mere  caput  morttium  of  his  former 
self.  The  French  "  Directory  "  towards 
its  close  was  the  mere  caput  mortuum  of 
a  governing  body. 

Caqueux.  A  sort  of  gipsy  race  iu 
Brittany,  similar  to  the  Cagots  of  Gas- 
cony,  and  CoUiberts  of  Poitou. 

Car'abas.  lie  is  a  man/u  is  of  Car  alias. 
A  fossil  nobleman,  of  unbounded  pro- 
tensions  and  vanity,  who  would  fain 
restore  the  slavish  foolery  of  the  reiirn  of 
Louis  XIV.;  one  with  Fortunatus's  piirse, 
which  was  never  empty.  The  character 
is  taken  from  Perrault's  tale  of  "Puss  in 
Boots." 

Prttres  que  nous  vengeons 
Levez  la  dime  ct  pnriaKCoas ; 
Et  toi,  pCMpIc  animal, 
I'ortc  eiicor  le  lAi  feudal.    ,    .    , 
Chaponiibas!    Cliaiieaii  his  I 
Gloire  au  mariiuis  de  Caruhas  < 

Biianffer,  :318i. 

Caracalla.  Aurenius  Antoni'nus  was 
so  called  because  he  adopted  the  Gaulish 
caracalla  in  preference  to  the  Roman 
toga.  It  was  a  large,  close-fitting, 
hooded  mantle,  reaching  to  the  heels,  and 
alit  up  before  and  liehind  to  the  waist. 
Aure'lius  was  himself  born  in  Gaul. 

Carac'ci.  Founder  of  the  eclectic 
school  in  Italy.  Luis  and  his  two  cousins 
AugustinandAnnibale.founrled  the  school 
called  Incammina'ti  (j)r(>^ressive),  which 
had  for  its  chief  principle  the  strict 
observance  of  nature.  Luis  (1.'>54-I'il9), 
Augiistin  (1558-lGul),  Anuibale  (15C0- 
161  »9). 

The  Caracci  of  France.  Jean  Jouvonet. 
who  was  paral^'sed  on  the  right  side,  and 
painted  with  his  left  hand.   (It)47-1707-) 

Tlie  Anuibale  Caracci  of  the  KcUclie 
School.  Bernardino  Camjii,  the  Italian, 
is  so  called  by  Ijinzi.     (1622-1590.) 

Carack.  A  ship  of  great  bulk, 
constructed  to  carry  heavy  freight*. 
(Sjianisli,  caraca.) 

Car'adoc.  A  Knight  of  the  Rouni 
Tabic,  iinteil  for  being  the  husband  of  tlia 
only  lady  in  the  (pieeu's  train  whe  co  ild 
wear  "the  mantle  of  matrimonial 
edelity." 


142 


CARAITE3. 


CARD. 


Car'aites  (3  bjI.).  A  roligiouB  sect 
amonjf  tlio  Jews,  who  rigidly  adhered 
to  tlio  words  nnd  loiters  of  Scriiiture, 
regardless  of  metaphor,  kc.  Of  course, 
llioy  rejected  the  rabbinical  interprota- 
tions  and  the  Cab'bala.  The  word  ia 
derived  from  Carcnm,  equivalent  to  scrip- 
turarii  (textuaii.sh). 

Carat  of  Gold.  So  called  from  the 
caiat  seed,  or  seed  of  the  Abyssinian 
coral  flower,  formerly  employed  inweiph- 
iug  gold  and  precious  stones.  Hence  the 
expressions  "'22  carats  fine,"  "18  carats 
fiiio,"  i:c.,  meaning  that  out  of  24  parts, 
22  or  18  aro  gold,  and  the  rest  alio}'. 

Here's  the  note 
llovf  much  your  clmin  we  glis  to  tlio  u'.ir.ctt  carat. 
a'wkesiteare,  "  Comedi/  0/  Jirrora,'  it.  1. 

Carbineer'  or  Carabineer.  Properly 
a  skirmisher  or  light  horseman,  from  the 
Arabic  carahine.  A  carbine  is  the  light 
musket  used  by  cavalry  soldiers. 

Carbona'do.  A  chop  ;  mince-meat. 
Strictly  speaking,  a  carbonado  is  a  ])iece 
of  meat  cut  crosswise  for  the  gridiron. 
(Latin,  carlo,  a  coal.) 

If  he  do  come  in  my  way,  90 ;  if  he  do  not.— if  I 
eome  in  hi*  villin^ly.  let  him  make  a  carbunailo  of 
me.  ahukupcure,  "1  Henru  J  V.,"  v.  3. 

Carbona'ri  means  charcoal-humcrs, 
a  name  assumed  by  a  secret  political 
society  in  Italy,  which  rose  in  1820. 
Tht-ir  place  of  muster  they  called  a 
"  hut;  "  its  inside,  "  the  place  for  selling 
charcoal ; "  and  the  outside,  the  "  f  ore.'t." 
Their  political  opponents  they  called 
"  wolves."    {See  Chakbonneuie.) 

Car'canet.  A  small  chain  of  jewels 
for  the  neck.    (Fr.,  carcan,  an  iron-collar.) 

Around  the  white  necks  of  the  nymphs  who  danced 
Uung  carcanets  of  unent  pearls. 

T.  Moore,  "  iKiUa  Rookh,"  pt.  1. 

Carcase.  The  shell  of  a  bouse  before 
the  floors  are  laid  and  walls  plastered  ; 
the  skeleton  of  a  ship,  a  wreck,  kc. 
The  body  of  a  dead  animal,  so  called  from 
the  Latin  caro-cassa  (lifeless  flesh). 

The  Goodwins.  I  think  Ihey  call  the  place;  a 
very  danserons  lint  nad  fatal,  where  the  carcases 
of  many  a  tall  8liip  lie  bun-il. 

6liaktspeare,  "Merchant  of  Venice'  iil.  1. 

Card.  In  Spain,  spades  used  to  be 
columbines;  clubs,  rabbits;  diamonds, 
pinks;  and  hearts,  roses.  The  present 
name  for  spades  is  efvados  (swords) ;  of 
clubs,  bastos  (cudgels)  ;  of  diamonds, 
uiueroi  (square  pieces  of  money  used  for 
paying  wages)  j    of   hearts,   cojios  (cha- 


The  French  for  spades  is  pioue  (pike- 
men  or  soliliers) ;  for  clubs,  trijle  (clover, 
or  husbandiiion) ;  of  diamonds,  carreaux 
(bviilding  tiles,  or  artisans) ;  of  hearts, 
chcur  (choir-men,  or  ecclesiastics). 

The  English  sp.ades  is  the  French  form 
of  a  pike,  and  the  Spanish  name ;  the 
clubs  is  tho  French  trefoil,  and  the 
Spanish  name;  the  hearts  is  a  corruption 
of  c/iarur  into  cccur,     (-See  Vilaue,) 

lie  is  the  card  of  our  house.  The  man 
of  mark,  tho  most  distingue.  Osric  tells 
Hamlet  that  Laer'tes  is  "the  card  and 
calendar  of  gentry"  (v.  2).  Tho  card  is 
the  card  of  a  compa.5S,  containing  all  its 
points.  Laertes  is  the  card  of  gentry,  in 
whom  may  be  seen  all  its  points.  We 
also  say,  "a  queer  card,"  moaning  an 
odd  fish. 

To  speak  by  the  card.  To  speak  by  the 
book ;  be  as  precise  as  a  map  or  book.  A 
merchant's  e.xpression.  The  card  is  the 
document  in  writing  containing  tho 
agreements  made  between  a  merchant 
and  the  captain  of  a  vessel.  Sometimes 
the  owner  binds  himself,  ship,  tackle, 
and  furniture  for  due  performance,  and 
the  captain  is  bound  to  deliver  the  cargo 
committed  to  him  in  good  condition.  To 
speak  by  the  card  is  to  speak  according 
to  the  indentures  or  written  instructions. 

Law    ...    is  the  c.ird  to  guide  the  world  by. 
Hvoker,  "  Ecc.  Pol,"  p.  ii.  sec.  5. 

We  must  speak  bj  the  carJ,  or  equivocTtion  will 
undo  us.  ak'^keiiteare.  "  iiamlel,''  t.  1. 

That  teas  my  best  irtimp  card.  My  best 
chance.  The  allusion  is  to  loo,  whist, 
and  other  games  played  with  cards. 

Coui-i  cards.  So  called  because  of  their 
heraldic  devices.  The  king  of  clubs 
originally  represented  the  arms  of  the 
pope  ;  of  spades,  the  king  of  France  ;  of 
diamonds,  the  king  of  Spain  ;  and  of 
hearts,  the  king  of  England.  The  French 
kings  in  cards  are  called  David  (spades), 
Alexander  (clubs),  Cresar  (diamonds', 
and  Charles  (hearts),  representing  the 
Jewish,  Greek,  Roman,  and  Prankish 
empires.  The  queens  or  dames  are  Ar- 
gine—i.e.,  Juno  (hearts^,  Judith  (clubs), 
Eachel  (diamonds),  and  Pallas  (spades), 
representing  royalty,  fortitude,  piety,  and 
wisdom.  They  were  likenesses  of  Marie 
d'Anjou,  the  queen  of  Charles  VII. ; 
Isabeau,  the  queen-mother ;  Agnes  Sorel, 
tho  queen's  mistress ;  and  Joan  d'Arc, 
the  dame  of  spades,  or  wax. 


CARDINAL. 


CARNEY. 


143 


Hi  fill  thai  he  held  lU  cardi  in  his  ovn 
hands.  That  he  bad  the  whip-end  of 
the  stick  ;  that  he  had  the  upper  hand, 
and  could  do  as  ho  liked.  The  allusion 
is  to  games  played  with  cards,  such  as 
whist. 

Jle  played  his  cards  xctll.  He  acted 
judiciously  and  skilfully,  like  a  whist- 
player  who  plays  his  hand  with  judgment. 

Cards.  Lookup,  the  great  Bath  player, 
died  plajing  his  favourite  game  of 
"  Double  Dummy." 

Cardinal  Points  of  the  Com- 
pass. Due  north,  west,  east,  and  south. 
So  called  because  they  are  the  points  on 
which  the  intermediate  ones,  such  as 
N.E.,  N.W.,  N.N.E.,  &a,  hinge  or  b»ii,> 
(Latin,  cardo,  a  hinge.) 

Cardinal  Virtues.  Justice,  pru- 
dence, temperance,  and  fortitude,  on 
which  all  other  virtues  hang  or  depend. 

Cardinals.  Hinges.  (Latin,  carrfo.) 
The  election  of  the  pope  "hinges"  on 
the  voice  of  the  sacred  college,  and  on 
the  pope  the  doctrines  of  the  Church 
depend  ;  so  that  the  cardinals  are  in  fact 
the  hinges  on  which  the  Christian  Church 
turns. 

Cardinal's  Red  Hat.  Bayle  says 
Sun-day  is  the  day  of  the  sun,  Home  the 
city  of  Sundays  or  the  holy  cit}-,  and 
cardinals  the  princes  of  the  Roman 
Chtirch,  and  therefore  of  the  sun.  Red 
is  the  colour  of  the  sun.  Others  assert 
that  Innocent  IV.  made  the  cardinals 
wear  a  red  hat  "in  token  of  their  being 
ready  to  lay  down  their  life  for  the 
gospel." 

Car'duel  or  Kartel.  Carlisle.  The 
place  where  Merlin  prepared  the  Round 
Table. 

Carcme  (2  syl.).  Lent;  a  corruption 
of  quadvagesima  (quadrago'me). 

Caricatures  mean  "  sketches  over- 
drawn." (Italian  caricatu'ra,  from  cari- 
cu'ri,  to  overcharge.) 

Carillons,  In  France,  are  chimes  or 
tunes  played  on  bells  ;  but  in  England  the 
suites  of  bells  that  play  the  tunes.  Our 
word  carol  approaches  the  French  mean- 
ing nearer  ihan  our  own.  The  best 
chimes  in  the  world  are  those  in  I.es 
Hallu,  at  Bruges. 


Cari'nae.  Women  hired  by  the 
Romans  to  weep  at  funerals;  so  called 
from  Caria,  whence  most  of  them  came. 

Carle  or  Carting  Sunday  {Pea  Sun- 
day) is  the  octave  preceding  Palm  Sun- 
day ;  so  called  because  the  special  food  of 
the  day  was  curling — i.e.,  peas  fried  in 
butter.  The  custom  is  a  continuation  of 
the  pagan  bean-feast. 

Carlovin'gianDyn'asty.  SocaUcJ 
from  Car'olus  or  Charles  Martel. 

Carludovi'ca.  A  Panama  hat, 
made  of  the  Carludovica  pal'mata ;  eo 
called  in  compliment  to  Carlos  IV.  of 
Spain,  whose  second  name  was  Ludovic. 

Carmagnole.  A  red  republican 
song  and  dance  in  the  fir?t  French  revo- 
lution ;  so  called  from  Carraag'nola,  in 
Piedmont,  the  great  nest  of  the  Savoy- 
ards, noted  for  Etreet  mtisic  and  dancing. 
The  refrain  of  "Madame  Veto,"  the 
Carmagnole  song,  is,  '•  Dansons  la  Car- 
magnole—rive  le  son— du  canon  !"  The 
word  was  subsequently  applied  to  other 
revolutionary  songs,  such  as  "C'aira,"  the 
"  Marseillaise,"  the  "  Chant  du  Depart." 
Besides  the  songs,  the  word  is  applied  to 
the  dress  worn  by  the  Jacobins,  consisting 
of  a  blouse,  red  cap,  and  tri- coloured 
girdle  ;  to  the  wearer  of  this  dress  or 
any  violent  revolutionist ;  to  the  Bpeeohos 
in  favour  of  the  execution  of  Louis  XVI., 
called  by  M.  Barriere  dis  CarmagnoUs ; 
and,  lastly,  to  the  dance  performed  by 
the  mob  round  the  guillotine. 

Car'melites  (3  syl.).  The  monks  of 
Mount  Carmel,  the  monastery  of  which 
is  named  Eli'as,  from  Elijaii  the  prophet, 
who  on  Mount  Cannel  told  Ahab  that 
rain  was  at  hand. 

Car'milhan.  The  phantom  ship  on 
which  the  Kobold  of  the  Baltic  sits  when 
ho  appears  to  doomed  vessels. 

Cai'min'ative.  A  charm  medicine. 
Magic  and  charms  were  at  one  time  the 
chief  "medicines,"  and  the  fact  is  per- 
petuated by  the  word  carminative,  among 
others.     (Latin,  carmen,  a  charm.) 

Carmi'ne  (2  syl.).  The  dye  made 
from  the  carmes  or  kermes  insect. 

Carnation.  "Flesh-colour."  (Latin, 
caro  camis,  flesh.) 

Car'ney.  To  wheedle,  to  keep  carea- 
ing,  and  calling  another  cara  (dear). 


144 


CARNIVAL, 


CARtHAGENA- 


Car'nival  means  "  Goodhj-e  meat." 
This  festival  ends  on  Asli-Wednesday, 
when  the  Lent  fast  begins-  (Latin, 
carnem-vale.) 

Carot'id  Artery.  An  artery  on  each 
side  of  the  neck,  sui ■posed  by  the  aneients 
to  be  the  seatof  drowsiness,  \)rought  on  by 
Rn  increased  flowoflilood through  it  to  the 
head.    (Greek,  caro'lkos,  inducing  sleep.) 

Carou'se  (2  syl.).  Mr.  GifFord  says 
the  Danes  called  their  large  driukintj  cup 
a  rouse,  and  to  rouse  is  to  drink  from  a 
rouse  ;  ca-rouse  is  gar-rouse,  to  drink  all 
up,  or  to  drink  all— a.«.,  in  company. 
The  king  doth  wake  to-uight,  and  takes  his  rouse. 
Hhakespeare,  " UanM,"  i.  4. 

Carouse  the  Hunter  s  Hoop.  Drinking 
cups  were  anciently  marked  with  hoops, 
by  which  every  drinker  knew  his  stint. 
Shakespeare  makes  Jack  Cade  promise 
his  friends  that  ".seven  halfpenny  loaves 
shall  be  sold  for  a  penny  ;  and  the  three- 
hooped  pot  have  ten  hoops."  Pegs  or 
pins  {q.v.)  are  other  means  of  limiting 
the  draught  of  individuals  who  drank  out 
of  the  same  tankard. 

Carp  is  formed  from  the  Latin  carp-io 
(that  which  snatches  at  the  bait). 

Carpathian  Wizard.  Proteus 
(2  syl.),  who  lived  in  the  island  of  Car'- 
pathos,  between  Rhodes  and  Crete.  He 
was  a  wizard  and  prophet,  who  could 
transform  himself  into  any  shape  he 
pleased.  He  is  represented  as  carrying 
ft  sort  of  crook  in  his  hand. 

By  the  Carpathian  wizard's  hook. 

Milton,  "C'cmiM." 

Carpet.  Such  and  such  a  question  is 
on  the  carpet.  The  French  sur  le  lapis  (on 
the  table-cloth),  i.e.,  before  the  house, 
under  consideration.  The  qtiestion  has 
been  laid  on  the  table-cloth  of  the  house, 
and  is  now  under  debate. 

Solomon's  carpet.  The  Eastern  writers 
say  that  Solomon  had  a  green  silk  cjirpet, 
on  which  his  throne  was  placed  when  he 
travelled.  This  carpet  was  large  enough 
for  all  his  forces  to  stand  upon  ;  the  men 
and  women  stood  on  his  ri.L'bt  hand,  and 
the  spirits  on  his  left.  When  all  were 
arranged  in  order,  Solomon  told  the  wind 
where  he  wished  to  go,  and  the  carpet 
with  all  its  contents  rose  in  the  air,  and 
alighted  at  the  place  indicated.  In  order 
to  screen  the  party  from  the  sun,  the 
birds  of  the  air  with  outspread  wings 
formed  a  canopy  over  the  whole  party. — 
Sale,  "  Koran."     (See  leloie.) 


The  magic  carpel  of  Tangu,.  A  carpet 
to  all  aj)pearances  worthless,  but  if  any 
one  sat  thereon,  it  would  transport  him 
instantaneously  to  the  place  he  wished 
to  go.  So  called  because  it  came  from 
Tangu,  in  Persia.  It  is  sometimes  termed 
Prince  Ilottsain's  carpet,  because  it  came 
into  his  hands,  and  he  made  use  of  it. — 
Arabian  JS'ights,  "Prince  Ahmed."  (See 
above. ) 

Carpet  Knight.  One  dubbed  at 
court  by  favour,  not  having  won  his  spurs 
by  military  service  in  the  field.  Mayors, 
lawyers,  and  other  civilians  knighted  as 
they  kneel  on  a  carpet  before  their  sove- 
reign. 

Carpocra'tians.  The  Gnostic  sect 
so  called  from  Carpoc'rates,  who  flourished 
in  the  middle  of  the  second  century.  They 
maintained  that  the  world  was  made  by 
angels,  that  only  the  soul  of  Christ 
ascended  into  heaven,  and  that  the  body 
will  have  no  resurrection. 

Car'riages.  Things  carried,  luggage. 

And  after  those  days  we  took  up  our  carriage*,  and 
went  up  to  Jerusalem.— .4rt»  x\i.  15. 

Car'rona'des  (3  syl.).  Short  guns 
invented  by  Mr.  Gascoigne,  director  of 
the  Carron  foundry  in  Scotland.     (1779.) 

Carry  Coals.    {See  Coals.) 

Carte  Blanche  (French).  A  blank 
sheet  of  paper  signed  by  the  giver,  but 
left  to  be  filled  in  by  the  receiver,  with  a 
sum  of  money  drawn  on  the  bank  account 
of  the  giver.  Power  to  act  at  discretion 
in  an  affair  placed  under  your  charge. 

Carte  de  Visite  (French).  A 
visiting  card,  now  generally  applied  to  a 
photographic  likeness  on  a  card  for  the 
albums  of  friends,  &c. 

Carte'sian  Philosophy.  The  philo- 
sophical system  of  Rene  Descartes  (Latin, 
Carte'siiu),  of  La  Haye,  in  Touraine.  The 
basis  of  his  system  is  cog'ito  ergo  mm, 
thought  must  proceed  from  soul,  and 
therefore  m.an  is  not  wholly  material; 
that  soul  must  be  from  some  Being  not 
material,  and  that  Being  is  God.  As  for 
physical  phenomena,  they  must  be  the 
result  of  motion  excited  by  God,  and 
these  motions  he  termed  vortices.  (1596- 
1650.) 

Carthage'na.  Capital  of  New  Gr»- 
na'da,  in  South  America,  unsuccessfuUy 
attacked  in  1747  by  admiral  Vernon. 


CARTHAGINEM. 


CA3SIBELAN; 


145 


■Wasteful,  forth 
Walks  the  dire  power  of  pestilent  disease  . . . 
Such  US.  of  late,  at  Cartlianeim  niieiiclicrt 
T)ie  liriUsh  lire.    You,  KiiUant  Vernon,  saw 
Tie  miserable  sctne  ;  yo\i,  pitying,  saw 
To  Infant-wealiuesa  sunk  llie  warrior's  nrm. 

Thornton,  "  Summer." 

Carth.ag'inein  esse  Delendam 
(censeo)  were  the  words  with  which  Cato 
the  Elder  conchidcd  every  speech  in  the 
Roman  senate.  They  are  now  proverbial, 
and  mean,  "That  which  stands  in  the 
way  of  cvir  greatness  must  be  removed  at 
all  hazaris." 

Carthu'sians.  Founded,  in  1086, 
by  St.  Bruno,  of  Cologne,  who,  with 
six  companions,  retired  to  the  solitude  of 
Ij.1  Chartreuse,  near  Greno'ble,  in  Vienne. 

Cartoons.  Des!f,'ns  drawn  on  carlone 
(pasteboard),  like  those  of  Raffaelle,  for- 
merly at  Hampton  Court,  but  now  at 
Kensington  Museum.  They  were  bought 
by  Charles  I.,  and  are  seven  in  number: 
"The  Miraculous  Draught  of  Fishes," 
"Feed  my  Lambs,"  "  The  Beautiful  Gate 
of  the  Temple,"  "Death  of  Anani'as,'" 
"El'ymastlieSorcerer,"  "  Paul  at  Lystra," 
and  "Paul  on  the  Mars  Hill." 

Cartridge  Paper  was  originally 
manufactured  for  soldiers'  cartridges. 
The  word  is  a  corruption  of  cartouche, 
from  carta  (paper). 

Ca'rus.  Slow  Cams,  in  Garth's  "Dis- 
pensary," is  Dr.  'J'yson.     (IGI'JITUS.) 

Carya'ttis,  Caryatides.  Figures  of 
women  in  Greek  costume,  used  iu  archi- 
tecture to  suj'port  entablatures.  Ca'rya, 
in  Arca'dia,  sided  with  the  Persians  in  the 
battle  of  Thermop'ylaB;  in  consequence 
of  which  the  victorious  Greeks  destroyed 
the  city,  slew  the  men,  and  made  the 
women  slaves.  Praxiteles,  to  perpetuate 
the  disgrace,  employed  figures  of  Caryan 
women  with  Persian  men,  instead  of 
columns. 

A  single  figure  is  called  a  Caryat'id. 
{See  Ati-antes.) 

Caryat'ic  Order.  Architectiire  in 
wliich  Caryat'idiis  are  introduced  to 
support  the  entablature. 

Cas'ca.  A  blunt-witted  Roman,  one 
of  the  conspirators  at^ainst  Julius  Crosar. 
—Shakespeare,  "Julius  Cccsar." 

Case-hardened.  Impenetrable  to 
all  sense  of  honour  or  shame.  The 
allusion  is  to  iron  which  is  case-hardened 


by  putting  it  into  an  iron  box,  with  a 
cement,  and  exposing  it  for  several  hours 
to  a  red  heat. 

Cashier'  (2  syl.).  To  dismins  an 
officer  from  the  array,  to  discard  from 
society.  (French,  casser,  to  break ; 
Italian,  ccusa're,  to  blot  out.) 

Casi'no.  Originally,  a  little  casa  or 
room  near  a  theatre,  where  persons  might 
retire  after  the  play  was  over,  for  dan- 
cing or  music. 

Casket  Homer.  Alexander  the 
Great's  edition,  with  Aristotle's  correc- 
tions. After  the  battle  of  Arhe'la,  a 
golden  casket,  studdt-d  with  jewels,  was 
found  in  the  tent  of  Dari'us.  Alexander 
being  asked  to  what  purpose  it  should 
be  applied,  made  answer,  "There  is  but 
one  production  in  the  world  worthy  of 
so  costly  a  depository;"  and  placed 
therein  his  edition  of  Homer,  which 
received  from  this  circumstance  the  term 
of  Casket  Homer. 

Caspar.  A  huntsman  who  sold 
himself  to  Za'miel,  the  Black  Hunts- 
man. The  night  before  the  exjii ration 
of  his  lease  of  life,  ho  nargained  for  three 
years'  respite  on  coudition  of  bringing 
Max  into  the  power  uf  the  evil  one. 
Zaniiel  replied,  "  To-morrow  either  he  or 
you."  On  the  day  appointed  for  the  trial- 
shot,  Caspar  places  himself  inatree.  Max 
is  told  by  the  prince  to  aim  at  a  dove. 
The  dove  flies  to  the  tree  where  Ca.>;par 
is  concealed.  Max  shoots  at  the  dove, 
but  kills  Caspar,  and  Zaniiel  comes  to 
carry  off  his  victim.—  Weber's  Optra  of 
"  Der  Freiscl'iilz." 

Cassan'dra.  Daughter  of  Priam, 
gifte>l  with  the  power  of  prophecy  ;  but 
Apollo,  whom  she  had  offended,  brought 
it  to  pass  that  no  one  believed  her  pre- 
dictions. —  Shakespeare,  "  TroUus  and 
Cresfida." 

Those  who  foresee  and  prrdict  the  rlnwDfaU. 
meet  with  the  Tile  of  Cmsamlra.— r**  Timtt. 

Cassa'tion.  The  court  of  casfaiinn, 
in  France,  is  the  court  wliieh  cs\n  nisser 
(or  ipiash)  the  jud>:inentof  other  courts. 

Cassi.  I  nhabitants  of  Ca!»sio  hundred, 
Hertfordshire,  referred  to  by  Cie-sar  in 
his  "Commentaries." 

Cassib'elan.  Gr©.it-uncle  to  Cym- 
beline.  Ho  granted  Catsar  a  yearly 
tribute  of  3. WO  pouDda.— <S/ia^e//>ear«, 
"  Cymbtlint.' 


146 


CASSIO. 


CAT. 


Cassio  (in  Shakespoaro's  "Othello"). 
Michael  Cassio  was  a  Florentine,  and 
Othello's  lioutenant.  lago  made  bim 
drunk,  and  then  set  on  Roderi'g'o  to 
quarrel  with  him.  Cassio  wounded 
Itoderigo,  and  a  brawl  ensued,  which 
aroused  Othello.  Othello  suspended 
Cassio,  but  Ingo  induced  Desdemo'na  to 
plead  for  his  restoration.  This  interest 
in  Cassio  being  resjarded  by  the  Jloor  as 
a  confirmation  of  Desdemona's  illicit  love, 
hinted  at  broadly  by  lago,  provoked  the 
jealoiisy  of  Othello.  After  the  death  of 
the  Moor,  Cassio  was  appointed  governor 
of  Cyprus. 

Cassiopeia  (the  lady  hi  the  chair). 
The  chief  stars  of  this  constellation  form 
the  outline  of  a  chair.    The  lady  referred 
to  is  the  wife  of  Ce'pheus,  king  of  Ethi- 
opia ;  having  had  the  audacity  to  com- 
pare her  beauty  with  that  of  the  Nereides, 
she  was  exposed  to  be  devoured  by  a  sea- 
monster,  but  was  liberated  by  Perseus. 
That  starred  Ethiop  queen,  that  strove 
T"  set  luT  bejiuty's  pi-iiise  above 
The  sea-nymphs,  and  their  po.vers  offended. 
ittllon, "  n  Pemeroso.' 

Castagnette,  Cajylain.  A  hero 
noted  for  having  his  stomach  replaced 
by  Desgenettes  by  a  leather  one.  His 
career  is  ended  by  a  bomb,  which  blows 
him  into  fragments.  An  extravaganza 
from  the  French  of  Manuel. 

Cas'taly.  A  fountain  of  Parnassus 
eacred  to  ilie  Rluses.  Its  waters  had  the 
power  of  inspiring  with  the  gift  of  poetry 
those  who  drank  of  them. 

Tlie  drooping  M\ises  (5tr  Industry) 

Brought  to  another  Castnlle, 
Where  Isis  many  a  famous  nursliiia;  breeds. 
Or  where  old  Cam  soft  paces  o'er  the  le.i 
la  peusive  mood. 

Thortiton,  "  Castlt  of  IndoUntt,"  e&nto  1. 

"  Isis"  means  the  University  of  Oxford, 
and  "Cam"  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
BO  called  from  the  rivers  on  which  they 
stand. 

Caste  {race).  The  Portugtiese  casta. 
In  Sanskrit  the  word  used  for  the  same 
purpose  is  vama  (colour).  The  four 
Hindu  castes  are  Brahmuis  (the  sacred 
order),  Shalnya  (soldiers  and  rulers), 
Vaisy'a  (husbandmen  and  merchants), 
Sudra  (agricultural  labourers  and  me- 
chanics). The  first  issued  from  the 
mouth  of  Brahma,  the  second  from  his 
arms,  the  third  from  his  thighs,  and  the 
fourth  from  his  feet.    Below  these  come 


thirty-six  inferior  classes,  to  whom  the 
Vedas  are  sealed,  and  who  are  held  cursed 
in  this  world  and  without  hope  in  the 
next.  The  Jews  seem  to  have  enter- 
tained the  same  notion  respecting  the 
common  people,  and  hence  the  Sanhe- 
drim B.iy  to  the  officers,  "This  people, 
wlio  know  not  the  law,  are  cursed."  (John 
vii.  49.) 

To  lose  caste.  To  lose  position  in  so- 
ciety. To  get  degraded  from  one  caste 
to  an  inferior  one. 

Castle.  Castle  in  the  air.  A  splendid 
edifice,  but  one  which  has  no  existence. 
In  fairy  talcs  we  often  h.ave  these  castles 
built  at  a  word,  and  vanishing  as  soon, 
like  that  built  for  Aladdin  by  the  Genius 
of  the  Lamp.  These  air-castles  are 
called  by  the  French  Cluileaux  d' Espagne, 
because  Spain  has  no  chateaux.  We  also 
find  the  expression  C/iAteauz  en  Asie  for 
a  similar  reason. 

Castle  of  Indolence.  In  the  land 
of  Drowsiness,  where  every  sense  is 
steeped  in  enervating  delights.  The 
owner  of  the  castle  was  an  enchanter, 
who  deprived  all  who  entered  his  domains 
of  their  energy  and  free-will. — Thomson, 
"  Castle  of  Indolence." 

Castlewood  (ZJca^-ix).  The  heroine 
of  "  Esmond,"  by  Thackeray. 

Castor  and  Pollux,  what  we  call 
comazants.       Electric   flames    sometimes 
seen  in  stormy  weather,  playing  about 
the  masts  of  ships.     If  only  one  flame 
showed  itself,  the  Romans  called  it  Ilelen, 
and  said  that  it  portended  that  the  worst 
of  the  storm  was  yet  to  come ;  but  two 
or  more   luminous    flames    they    called 
Castor  and  Polliu,  and  said  that  they 
boded  the  termination  of  the  storm. 
But  when  the  sons  of  Led.i  she  I 
Their  star-lamps  on  our  vessel's  heai*.. 
The  storm-winds  cease,  the  troubled  aprB7 
yalls  from  the  rocks,  cloud*  floe  away. 
And  on  the  bosom  of  the  deep 
la  j-eace  the  angry  billows  sleep- 

Horace,  "  OJrt,"  L  12 

Castor's  Horse.  Cyll'aros.  Virgil 
ascribes  him  to  Pollux.     (Geor.  iii.) 

Cas'uist  (3  syl.).  One  who  resolves 
casus  conscientia  (cases  of  conscience). 
M.  le  Fevre  calls  casuistry  "the  art  of 
quibbling  with  God." 

Casus  Belli  (Latin).  A  ground  for 
war ;  a  plea  for  going  to  war. 

Cat.  Superstition  sly  called  a  "f»- 
miliar,"  from  the  mediaeval  superstitioo 


CAt. 


CAT. 


147 


that  Satan'a  favourite  form  was  a  black 
cat.  Hence  "  witelios"  were  said  to  have 
a  cat  as  their  familiar. 

Cat.  A  synil>ol  of  liberty.  The  Roman 
gofbloss  of  Liberty  was  rejiresented  as 
hoiJing  a  cup  in  one  hand,  a  broken 
Bcejitre  iu  the  other,  and  with  a  cat  lying 
at  her  feet.  No  animal  is  so  great  an 
enemy  to  all  constraint  as  a  cat. 

Cal.  Held  in  veneration  by  the  Egyp- 
tians under  the  name  of  .^lu'rus.  This 
deity  is  represented  with  a  human  body 
and  a  cat's  head.  Diodo'rus  tells  us  that 
whoever  killed  a  cat,  even  by  accident, 
was  by  the  Egyptians  punished  by  death. 
According  to  Egyptian  tradition,  Diana 
asstimed  the  form  of  a  cat,  and  thus  ex- 
cited the  fury  of  the  giants. 

The  London  Review  says  the  Egyptians 
worshipped  the  cat  as  a  symbol  of  the 
moon,  not  only  because  it  is  more  active 
after  sunset,  but  from  the  dilation  and 
contraction  of  its  orb,  symbolical  of  tho 
waxing  and  waning  of  the  night-goddess. 
{See  I'uss.) 

Cat.  A  sort  of  tripod  for  holding  a 
plate  before  the  fire.  It  is  so  called 
because  in  whatever  position  it  is  placed, 
three  of  the  spokes  hold  tho  plate,  an<i 
three  rest  on  tho  ground.  As  tho  cat 
always  lights  on  its  feet,  so  this  plate- 
holder  will  stand  in  any  direction. 

Cat.  The  tackle  of  a  ship  is  so  called, 
being,  probably,  the  abbreviation  tac 
inverted.  We  have  several  such  inver- 
sions. 

Cat-o-  nine-laih.  A  whip  with  three 
lashes,  used  for  punishing  olfenders,  and 
briefly  called  a  cat.  The  punishment  was 
first  used  on  board  ship,  where  ropes 
woiild  be  handy,  and  several  ropes  are 
called  cats,  as  cat-harpings,  for  bracing 
the  shrouds  ;  cat-falls,  which  pass  over 
the  "  cat-head,"  and  communicate  with 
tho  "  cat-block,"  &c.  The  French  for  a 
"  cat-o'-nino-tails"  is  martinet  (j.v.). 

Tlu:  Kilkenny  cats.  Tho  story  i,->,  that 
two  cats  fought  in  a  sawpit  so  ferociously, 
that  when  the  battle  was  over,  only  the 
tail  of  each  was  left.  This  is  an  allegory  of 
the  municipalities  of  Kilkenny  and  Irish- 
town,  who  contended  so  stoutly  about 
boundaries  and  rights  to  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  that  they  mutally 
impoverished  each  other— ate  up  each 
other,  leaving  only  a  tail  behind. 

Tho  faction  srows  in  Intenaity  dnily  . . .  and  the 
Kiliicuny  ciil'<i?lit  is  r.ipiillyBpproaclilng  the  TitiU 


Wliittingion  and  Hi  eat.  A  cat  is  a 
ship  formed  on  the  Norwegian  model, 
having  a  narrow  stem,  projecting  quar. 
ters,  and  deep  waist.  It  is  strongly  built, 
and  used  in  the  coal  trade.  Harrison 
speaks  of  it  as  a  "cat"  or  "catch." 
According  to  tradition,  Sir  Richard 
Whittington  made  his  money  by  tradinu[ 
in  coals,  which  ho  conveyed  in  his  "cat 
from  Newca.stle  to  London.  The  black 
faces  of  his  coal-heavers  gave  rise  to  the 
t;xle  about  the  Moors.  In  confirmation 
of  this  suggestion,  it  may  bo  adiled  that 
Whittington  was  lord  mayor  in  1397,  and 
coal  was  first  made  an  article  of  trade 
from  Newcastle  to  London  in  1331. 

A  cat  has  nine  lives.  A  cat  is  more 
tenacious  of  I'fe  than  other  animals, 
because  it  generally  lights  upon  its  feet 
without  injury  ;  the  foot  and  toes  being 
padded  so  as  to  break  the  fall.  {Set 
Ni.N-E.) 

Tub.  AVhat  wouldst  thou  have  with  m<" » 
ifer.  Good  king  of  cats,  notliins;  iml  one  of  yiur 
nine  lives  .  Romeo  and  Jului,"  iii.  1. 

IlaTig  me  in  a  buttle  like  a  cat  ("Much 
Ado  About  Nothing,"  i.  1).  In  olden 
times  a  cat  was  for  sport  enclosed  in  a  bag 
or  leather  bottle,  and  hung  to  the  branch 
of  a  tree,  as  a  mark  for  bowmen  to  shoot 
at.  Steevons  tells  us  of  another  sport : 
"A  cat  was  placed  in  a  soot-bag,  and 
hung  on  a  line  ;  the  players  had  to  beat 
out  the  bottom  of  the  bag  without  get- 
ting besmudged  with  smoke,  and  he  who 
succeeded  in  so  doing  was  allowed  to 
hunt  the  cat  afterwards. 

lie  grins  like  a  Cheshire  cai.  Cheese 
was  fonnerly  sold  in  Cheshire  moulded 
like  a  cat.  Tho  allusion  is  to  the  grin- 
ning eheese-cat,  but  is  applied  to  persons 
who  show  their  teeth  and  guras  when 
they  laugh. 

Let  the  cat  out  of  tlie  hag.  It  was  for- 
merly a  trick  among  countryfolk  to  sub- 
stitute a  cat  for  a  sucking-pig,  and  bring 
it  iu  a  bag  to  market.  If  any  greenhorn 
chose  to  buy  a  "  pig  in  a  poke"  without 
examination,  all  very  well;  but  if  he 
opened  the  sack,  "he  let  tho  cat  out  of 
the  bag,"  and  the  trick  was  diacloood. 

Sick  as  a  cat.  Cats  are  very  subject 
to  vomiting.  Hence  the  vomit  of  a 
drunkard  is  called  "a  cat,"  and  the  act 
of  discarding  it  is  called  "  shooting  the 
cat." 

Some  .  .  .  are  mad  if  they  behold  a  cai 
("  Merchant  of  Venice,"  vf.  1).  Henri  III. 
of  Franco  swooned  if  he  caught  sight  if 


148 


Cat. 


CATCALL. 


a  cat,  and  Napoleon  I.  showed  a  morbid 
liorrorof  tlie  same  "harmless,  necessary" 
creature.    (See  Antipathy,  Pig.) 

To  hell  (he  cat     (.See  15EI.L.) 

To  turn  cat-in-pan.  To  turn  traitor, 
to  bo  a  turn-coat.  The  jihraso  seems  to 
be  the  French  tourner  cCiU  en  peine  (to 
turn  sides  in  trouble).  I  do  not  think  it 
refers  to  turning  pancakes. 

When  flcorgp  in  p\i(lrtin!;-time  cnme  o'er. 

And  inniieiMte  nir^ii  lunkfil  lii;;,  sir, 
I  turned  ii  c:il-in-p:in  once  nioi'e. 

And  so  became  a  Whig,  sir. 

"  Vicar  of  Bray." 

Touch  not  a  cat  but  a  glove.  Here  "but" 
is  used  in  its  orig-inal  meaning  of  "be- 
out"  i.e.,  wilhoui.  (F(ir  ainithi'r  ejcnmple 
of  "bul"  im-iuiiiig  u-UJioiil,  see  Aims 
iii.  7).  The  words  are  the  motto  of 
Mackintosh,  whose  crest  is  "cat-a- 
mo  ntaiii  salient  giiardant  proper  ;" 
supporters,  two  cats  proper.  The  ^^-hole 
is  a  pun  on  the  word  Catti,  the  Teutonic 
settlers  of  Caithness,  i.e.,  Catti-ness, 
and  mean,  "Touch  not  the  clan  Cattan 
or  Alountain  Cat  without  a  glaive."  The 
same  words  are  the  adopted  motto  of 
Grant  of  Hallimlalloch,  and  are  explained 
by  the  second  motto,  ense  et  an'imo. 

What  can  you  liave  of  a  cat  hut  her 
thin  t  The  thing  is  useless  for  any  pur- 
pose biit  one.  In  former  times  the 
cat's  fur  was  used  for  trimming  cloaks 
and  coats,  but  the  flesh  is  utterly  use- 
less. 

Who  ate  the  cat  t  A  gentleman  who 
had  his  larder  frequently  assailed  by 
bargees,  bad  a  cat  cooked  and  placed 
there  as  a  decoy.  It  was  taken  like  the 
other  food.i,  and  became  a  standing  jest 
against  these  larder  pilferers. 

Cat  and  Dog.  They  live  cat  and 
doq.  They  are  always  snarling  and  quar- 
relling, as  a  cat  and  dog,  whose  aversion 
to  each  other  is  intense. 

It  is  raining  cats  and  dogs.  A  per- 
ver.sion  of  the  word  cdtafZi;/)*  (a  waterfall). 
It  is  raining  catadupes  or  cataracts.  Mr. 
Ford  ingeniously,  though  not  with  much 
probability,  suggests  the  Greek  cata  doras 
(contrary  to  experience),  i.e.,  in  an  un- 
usual manner.  Dean  Swift,  describing  a 
fall  of  rain,  says  the  kennels  were  over- 
flowed, and  that 

Dead  puppiu.  stinking   sprats,  all  drenched   in 

mud  . 
Drowved  fat',   nnc"    tumip-tors.   cnme   tumbling 

down  lUe  flood.  "  A  Ciii/ ShoiKr." 


Cat  and  Fiddle,  a  piibllc-houne 
sign,  is  a  corntption  either  of  the  French 
Catherine  la.  fidile,  wife  of  czar  Peter  the 
Great  of  Paissia ;  or  of  Caton  le  fidele, 
meaning  Caton,  governor  of  Calais. 

Cat  and  Kittens.  A  public-house 
sign,  alluding  to  the  pewter-pots  so 
callefl.  Stealing  these  pots  is  terme'i 
"  Cat  and  kitten  sneaking."  We  still 
call  a  large  kettle  a  kitchen,  and  speak 
of  a  soldier's  kit.  (Saxon,  cytel,  a  pot, 
pan,  or  vessel  generally.) 

Cat  and  Tortoise,  or  Boar  and 

Sow.     Names  given  to  the  testu'do. 

Cat's  Cradle.  A  child's  pl.ay,  with 
a  piece  of  twine.  Corrupt  for  cratch- 
cradle  or  manu'er  cradle,  in  which  the 
infant  Saviour  was  laid.  Cratch  is  the 
French  creche  (a  rack  or  manger),  and  to 
the  present  hour  the  racks  which  stand 
in  fields  for  cattle  to  eat  from  arc  called 
cratches. 

Cat's  Paw.  To  he  made  a  cat's  paii 
of— i.e.,  the  tool  of  another,  the  medium 
of  doing  another's  dirty  work.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  fable  of  the  monkey 
who  wanted  to  get  from  the  fire  some 
roasted  chestnuts,  and  took  the  paw  of 
the  cat  to  get  them  from  the  hot  ashes. 

I  liad  no  intention  of  hecomins  a  cat's  p.iw  to 
draw  European  chestnuts  out  of  ttie  fire. 

Com.  Rodyert. 

At  sea,  light  air  during  a  calm  causing 
a  ripple  on  the  water,  and  indicating  a 
storm,  is  called  by  sailors  a  cat's  pare, 
and  seamen  affirm  that  the  frolics  of  a  cat 
indicate  a  gale.  These  are  relics  of  a 
superstition  that  cats  are  witches  oi 
daemons  in  disguise. 

Cat's  Sleep.  A  sham  sleep,  like 
that  of  a  cat  watching  a  mouse. 

Cat  Stane.  Battle  stone.  A  mono- 
lith in  Scotland  (sometimes  falsely  called 
a  Druidical  stone).  The  Norwegian  term, 
bauta  stein,  means  the  same  thing.  (Celtic, 
caih,  battle.) 

Cat-call.  A  tin  whistle.  Theancienta 
dinded  their  dramas  into  four  parts: 
the  pro'tasis  {indoduction').  epit  asis  {con- 
tinuation), cat,is'tasis(f/('ma.r),  and  catas'- 
trophe  {conclusion  or  denouemeiU).  The 
cat-call  is  the  call  for  the  cat  or  catas- 
trophe. 

Sound,  soond  jt  rtoli,  be  thr  cat-call  dnn?b. 
•■  DxinCiad,'  i.  sat 


CATGUT. 


cathahixe. 


149 


Catgut.    A  cormpiion  ot  gut -cord. 

Cat-kins.  The  in lloroscence  of  bazel, 
birch,  willow,  and  some  other  trees ;  so 
called  from  their  resemblance  to  a  cat's 
tail. 

Cat-lap.  Weak  tea,  only  fit  for  the 
cat  to  lap. 

Cat-water  (Plymouth).  This  is  a 
remarkaMe  instance  of  mis-translation. 
The  castlo  uttho  mouth  of  the  Plym  used 
to  be  called  tlie  Chateau  ;  but  some  one, 
tliinkinjj  it  would  bo  better  to  Anglicise 
the  French,  divided  the  word  into  two 
parts— cAa<  (cat),  eau  (water). 

Catacomb.  A  subterranean  place 
for  the  liurial  of  the  dead.  The  Persians 
have  a  city  they  call  Comb  or  Cooni,  full 
of  mausoleums  and  the  septilchres  of 
the  Persian  saints.  (Greek,  kaia-kumhe, 
a  hollow  place  underground).  {See 
KooM.) 

Cataian  (3  syl.).  A  native  of  Cathay 
cr  China ;  outlandish,  a  foreigner  gano- 
rally,  a  liar. 

I  will  uot  liel  eve  su'h  »  Catainn,  tlioucli  the  priest 
o'  the  towu  com^^  tiulcil  liirn  for  *  tru  ■  \n  in. 

aiuilir-spenre,  "  ilerry  Wivti,"\i.\. 

Cataphryg'ians.  Christian  here- 
tics, which  arose  in  the  second  century; 
BO  called  because  the  first  came  out  of 
Pkrifjlti.  They  followed  the  errors  of 
.Monta'uus. 

Catarrh.  A  down-running;  from 
the  Greek  katarreo  (to  How  down). 

Cataa'trophe  (4  syl.).  A  turning 
upside  down.  (Greek,  kala-xt.replio).  A 
tragedy  begins  all  sunshine,  but  at  the 
close  all  the  briglit  prospects  are  over- 
thrown. A  comedy  begins  overcast  with 
troubles,  but  at  the  close  all  the  troubles 
aie  surmounted, and  every  bad  character 
is  cast  down. 

Catch.  To  lie  at  the  catch.  To  lie  in 
wait  to  lind  one  iri})ping.  The  allusion 
18  lo  a  fowler  lying  in  wait  to  catch  the 
bird  that  ventures  into  his  net. 

Catch  a  Tartar.  The  biter  bit. 
Grose  says,  an  Irish  soldier  in  the  im- 
perial service,  in  a  battle  against  the 
Turks,  shouted  to  his  cumrado  that  he 
had  caught  a  Tartar.  "  J5riug  him  along, 
then,"  said  his  mate.  "  Hut  ho  wou't 
come,"  cried  Paddy.  "  Then  come  along 
yourself,"  said  his  comrade.     "  Arrah  I" 


replied  Paddy,  "  I  wish  I  could,  but  h» 
won"t  let  mo." 

Woarolilfthemfin  whohoastPilofhavinjriiMKht 
a  T.irwr,  wlK-n  tlm  faot  was  that  the  Tartar  had 
cauxlil  him.— Cauliont  fur  the  Timet. 

Catch-penny.  A  worthless  article 
puffed  off  to  catch  the  peimies  of  those 
who  are  foolish  enough  to  buy  them. 

Catchpole.  A  constable ;  a  law 
officer  whoso  business  it  was  to  apprehend 
crimmals.  Polo  or  poll  means  head, 
person  ;  and  the  word  means  one  who 
catches  persons  by  the  poll  or  neck 
This  was  done  by  means  of  an  instrument 
something  like  a  shepherd's  crook. 

Cacchi'pol»s.  from  eatrh  and  pole,  bera'ise  thfiso 
ottlcers  lay  hold  of  a  mi'i  8  m'ck.— (*t£i(/'j  "New 
Teiicimeai"  (.\cts  xvi.,  Uloiaoru). 

Catechu'men  {kat'y-ku  men).  One 
tauoht  by  word  of  moutii  (Greek,  kate- 
ckou'meiins).  Those  abovit  to  be  l)aptised 
in  the  early  Ciiurch  wero  first  taught 
by  word  of  mouth,  and  then  catechised 
on  tiieir  religious  faith  and  duties. 

Cater-cousin.  An  intimate  friend; 
a  remote  kinsman.  (French,  qualre- 
cocsin,  a  fourth  cousin.) 

His  master  ami  he  (savin;  your  worship's  reve 
reuuel  arc  a  arcp  oaier  cuu^ius 

SU<ikeaii!'ire,  '  Merchant  of  K«iii<r«  "  ii.  1 

Caterwauling.  The  wrawl  of  cats 
in  rutting  times  ;  any  hideous  noise. 
Topsel  gives  caiwvalliinj,  to  "  wrall "  or 
"  wrawl,"  to  rail  or  quarrel  with  a  loud 
voice  :  hence  the  Yorkshire  e.xpression, 
"  raising  a  wrow,"  moaning  a  row  or 
quarrel.  There  is  also  the  arcliaic  adjec- 
tive wraw  ^aiiL'^ry).  Catcr-waul,  there- 
fore, is  the  wawl  or  wrawl  of  cats ;  the 
er  being  cither  a  plura4,  similar  to 
"childer"  (children),  or  a  corrupted 
genitive. 

Whtt  a  ca'Twaiiliru  .lo  yiii  keep  here! 

SluJceniairt  "  Twtl/ih  M^U.'  ii.  1 

Cath'arists.  The  last  surviving  sect 
of  the  Gnostics,  so  called  from  their  pro- 
fosseil  piirit;/  of  faith.  (Greek,  kath'aro.f, 
pure).  They  maintained  that  matter  is 
the  source  of  all  evil ;  that  Christ  had 
not  a  real  body;  that  the  human  Viody 
is  incapal)le  of  newness  of  life,  and  that 
the  sacraments  do  not  convoy  grace. 

Cath'arine.  To  hvaid  St.  Catharin4\ 
tresses.     To  livo  a  virgin. 

Thou  art  too  fair  ta  be  left  to  brnld  St.  Oatharlne'r 
ioBjT/cn.if,  "ZTianyf'ii* 


ISO 


CATHAY. 


CAUDLE, 


St.  Catharine's  Wheel.  A  wheel-win- 
dow, sometimes  allod  a  rose-window, 
witli  radiating  divisions ;  a  sort  of  fire- 
work. St.  Catharine  was  a  virgin  of 
royal  descent  in  Alexandria,  wbopublicly 
confessed  the  Christian  faith  at  a  sacri- 
ficial feast  appointed  by  the  emperor 
Maxim i'nus  ;  for  which  confession  she 
was  put  to  death  by  torture  by  pieans  of 
a  wheel,  like  that  of  a  chaff-cutter. 

Cathay'.  China,  or  rather  Tartary, 
the  capital  of  wliich  was  Albrac'ca,  ac- 
cording to  "Orlando  Furioso."  It  was 
called  Khita'i  by  the  Tartars,  and  China 
was  first  entered  by  Europeans  in  the 
middle  ages  from  the  side  of  Tartary. 

Better  fifty  years  of  Eurore  tlmn  a  cycle  of  Cathay. 
'Jeniij/svn,  "  Lockslei/  lluU." 

Cathed'rse  Molles  (Latin).  Luxu- 
rious women.  Properly,  soft  chairs.  The 
cathedra  was  a  chair  for  women,  like  our 
ottoman  ;  and  Juvenal  applies  the  soft 
chair  used  by  women  of  dainty  habits  to 
the  women  who  use  them. 

Catholic.    The  Catholic. 

Alfonso  I.,  king  of  Astu'rias;  Ferdi- 
nand IL  of  Ar'agon  and  V.  of  Castiie, 
husband  of  Isabella ;  Isabella,  queen  of 
Castile,  wife  of  Fcrdiuand  ."  I.  of  Ar'agon, 
fee. 

Cathol'icon.  A  panaee'a  (Greek, 
katholicon  ia'ma,  a  universal  remedy.) 

Meanwhile,  permit  me  to  recommend. 
As  the  matter  admits  of  no  delay. 
My  wonderful  calliulicon. 

Limgftlkw,  "  The  OMfn  Le.wid,"  I. 

Catilines  and  Cethe'gi,  The. 
Synonyms  for  conspirators  who  hope 
to    mend    their    fortunes    by    rebellion. 

The  intrigues  of  a  few  impoverished 
Catilines  and  Cethegi.  Motley,  Dutch 
Repulhc. 

CatO.  He  is  a  Cato.  A  nian  of  simple 
life,  severe  morals,  self-denying  habits, 
strict  justice,  brusque  manners,  blunt  of 
speech,  and  of  undoubted  patriotism, 
like  the  Roman  censor  of  that  name. 

Cato  -  Street  Conspiracy.  A 
scheme  entertained  by  Arthur  Thistlo- 
■wood  and  his  fellow-conspirators  to 
overthrow  the  government,  by  assassina- 
ting the  Cabinet  ministers.  So  called 
from  Cato  Street,  where  their  meetings 
were  held.     (1820.) 

CatFiip  or  Ketchup.  The  Eastern 
hHiah  ,soy  sauce). 


Cat'ual.Chief  minister  of  the  Zam'orin 
or  ancient  sovereign  of  India. 

re?lrt  with  ht^h-phimed  nobles,  by  the  flood 
Tlic  flr»t  ■,{reat  minister  of  India  ttooi, 
IllH  iiume  "  the  C'atiKil  "  in  India'i  tonitue, 

Camoint,  "  Lutiad,"  bk.  Til. 

Catum,  Al  (the  strong).  A  bow 
which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Mahomet 
when  tho  property  of  the  Jews  of  Medi'na 
was  confiEcated.  In  the  first  battle  the 
prophet  drew  it  with  such  force  that  it 
snapped  in  two. 

Caucasians,  according  to  Blumen- 
bach's  ethnological  system,  represent 
the  European  or  highest  type  of  the 
human  race.  So  called  from  Cau'casns, 
the  moimtainous  range.  Whilst  the 
professor  was  studying  ethnology,  ho  was 
supplied  with  a  skull  from  these  regions, 
which  he  considered  the  standard  of  the 
human  typo. 

Cau'eus.  A  meeting  of  citizens  in 
America  to  agree  upon  what  members 
they  intend  to  support,  and  to  concert 
measures  for  carrying  out  their  political 
wishes.  Tho  word  arose  from  the  caulkers 
of  Boston,  who  had  a  dispute  with  the 
British  soldiers  a  little  before  the  Revo- 
lution. Several  citizens  were  killed,  and 
meetings  were  held  at  the  caulkers'  house 
or  calk-house,  to  concert  measures  for 
redress  of  grievances. 

The  whole  Feninn  a.Tair  ia  merely  a  caucus  in 
disguise.— rh*  Times. 

At  a  Republican  Cuneressioral  caucus  held  oa 
.Saturday  l.ist,  a  hostile  fcili  '^  was  mauifested  to 
wards  I'resideut  Johusou.— 7/i«  Timet. 

Caudine  Forks.  A  narrow  pass  in 
the  mountains  near  Capua,  now  called 
the  Valley  of  Arpaia.  It  was  here  that 
the  iiuniau  army,  under  the  consuls  T. 
Veturius  Calvi'nus  and  Sp.  Postu'mius 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Samuites,  and 
were  made  to  pass  under  the  yoke. 

Ilfird  as  it  was  to  abandon  an  enterprise  so  very 
dear  to  him  ....  he  did  not  hesitate  to  take  the 
inore  prudent  course  of  passing  under  («ie»  the 
Ciudine  Forks  of  the  Slonroe  doctrine,  and  leav« 
llaxiniilian  .ind  the  iTcnch  bondholdera  to  their 
fate.— StunuarU,  -Nov.  \7,  laOi. 

Caudle  (Mrs).  A  curfciin  lecturer. 
The  term  is  derived  from  a  series  of 
papers  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  which  were 
published  in  Punch.  These  papers  re- 
present Job  Caudle  as  a  patient  sufferer 
of  the  curtain  lectures  of  his  nagging 
wife. 

Caudle  is  any  sloppy  mess,  especially 
that  sweet  mi.\ture  given  by  nurses  to 
gossips  who  call  to  see  the  baby  during; 


CAUL. 


CAVE. 


151 


the  firBt  month.  The  word  simply  moans 
something  warm.  (LAi'm,  calidus;  French, 
chaudeau;  Italian,  caldo.) 

CauL  The  membrane  on  the  heads 
of  some  new-bom  infants,  supposed  to 
be  a  charm  against  death  by  drowning. 

Cauline,  Sir  (2  syl.).  A  knight  who 
lived  in  the  palace  of  the  king  of  Ireland, 
and  "  used  to  sorvo  the  wine."  Ho  fell 
in  love  with  Christabollo,  the  king's 
daughter,  who  plighted  her  troth  to  him 
eecretly,  for  fear  of  the  king.  The  king 
discovered  the  lovers  in  a  bower,  and 
banished  Sir  Cauline.  After  a  time  an 
eldridge  came,  and  demanded  the  lady 
in  marriage.  Sir  Cauline  slow  the 
"  Soldain,"  but  died  of  the  wounds 
received  in  the  combat ;  and  the  fair 
Christabelle  died  of  grief,  having  "  burst 
her  gentle  hearto  in  twayno."  —  Peixy'i 
"  Jieliques,"  iv. 

Cau'rus  or  Co'rus.  The  west-north- 
west wind,  which  blow  from  Caurus 
(ArgestU^;). 

The  erouiid  liy  piereins;  Caurus  seared. 
Thotnson,  "  CatiU  0/  Iiuiolence,"  cauto  11. 

Cau'tolous.  Cautious,  cunning, 
treacherous.  (I^atin),  cauteta;  FreuclJ, 
canteleux.) 

Cauglit  n Ith  cnutc'Ious  biits. 

Hhiiketpiure,  '■  CorioUinut,"  iv.  1. 

Swear  priests,  and  cowards,  and  meu  cautiloui. 

Siuikeepe^re,  "  Jidiut  Cftnar,"  li.  1. 

Cau'ther  (AL).  The  lake  of  Paradise, 
the  waters  of  which  are  sweet  as  honey, 
cold  as  snow,  and  clear  as  crystal.  Ho 
wlio  once  tastes  thereof  will  never  thirst 
again.— r/ie  Koran. 

Caution  Money.  A  sum  of  .£15 
paid  bcforo  entering  college,  by  way  of 
security.  This  monoy  is  deducted  from 
the  account  of  the  hist  term,  when  only 
the  balance  has  to  bo  paid. 

Caut'ser.    {&-<  Cautheb.) 

Cava.  CaVix'i  traitor  sire.  Cava  or 
Florinda  was  the  daughter  of  St.  Julian. 
It  was  the  violation  of  Cava  by  Roderick 
that  brought  about  the  war  between  the 
Goths  and  the  Moors.  St.  Julian,  to 
avenge  his  da\ightor,  turned  traitor  to 
Roderick,  and  induced  the  Moors  to 
invade  Spain.  King  Roderick  was  slain 
at  Xo:vs  on  the  third  day.     (a.d.  711.) 


Cavalie'r  (3  syl.).  A  horseman. 
Whence  a  knight,  a  gentleman.  (Latin, 
caballui,  a  horse.) 

The  Cavalier. 

Eon  de  Beaumont,  the  French  soldier  ; 
Chevalier  d' Eon.     (1728-1810.) 

Charles  Broydel,  the  Flemish  landscape 
painter.     (1677-17-lt.) 

Francesco  Cairo  (Cavaliere  del  Cairo), 
historian.     (1598-1G74.)  _ 

Jean  le  Clerc,  U  checalier.    (1537-1633  ) 

J.  Bapt.  Marini,  Italian  poet;  11  cava- 
liere.     (15G9-1(J25). 

Andrew  Michael  Ramsay.    (1C86-17'13.) 

Cavalier'  or  Chevnl'ier  de  St.  George. 
James  Francis  Edwnrd  Stuart,  called 
"the  Pretender,"  or  "  the  Old  Pretender." 
(1683-1705.) 

Tlie  Young  Cavalier  or  the  Bonnie 
Chevalier.'  Charles-Edward,  the  "Young 
Pretender."    (1720-1788.) 

Cavalie'rs.  Adherents  of  Charles  I. 
Those  of  the  opposing  Parliament  party 
were  called  Roundheads  (q.v.). 

Cavalier  Servente,  called  for- 
merly in  Italian  cicisbe'o,  and  in  Spanish 
corle'jo.  A  gentleman  that  chaporones 
married  ladies. 

Coach.  snrvRuls,  gondola,  he  goes  to  call, 
Aud  curries  fau  and  tippet,  gluvps  and  rhanl. 
BU'on, "  lierpo." 

Cavall'.  "  King  Arthur's  hound  of 
deepest  mouth." — IdylU  of  i/ie  King, 
"Enid." 

Cave  in.  Shut  up,  have  done.  I'll 
cave  in  his  head  (break  it).  His  fortune 
has  caved  in  (has  failed).  The  bank  has 
caved  in  (cx)me  to  a  smash).  The  affair 
caved  in  (fell  through).  Common  Ameri- 
can expressions. 

In  the  lead  diggings,  after  a  shaft  has 
been  sunk,  the  earth  round  the  sides  falls 
or  caves  in,  unless  properly  boarded;  and 
if  the  mine  does  not  answer,  no  care  ia 
taken  to  prevent  a  caving  in. 

Cave  of  Achadh  Aldai.  A 
cairn  in  Ireland,  so  called  from  Aldai, 
the  ancestor  of  the  Tuatha  de  Danaan 
kings. 

Cave  of  Mammon.  The  abode  of 
the  god  of  wealth  in  Spenser's  "  Faery 
Queen"  (ii.  1). 

Cave-dwellers.     [See     Boiicmiak 

BllKTUllKN.) 


152 


CAVEAT. 


CENOBITES. 


Cav'eat.  To  enter  a  caveat.  To  ob- 
ject to.  It  is  a  law  term,  and  means  a 
notice  to  stay  legal  proceedings.  (Latin, 
caveat,  lot  him  proceed  at  his  peril.) 

Cav'ell.  A  parcel  or  allotment  of 
land,  measured  t>y  a  cord  or  cable. 
(German,  kabel,  whence  kavdn,  to  assign 
by  lot." 

Cav'iare  (3  syl.).  Caviare  to  the 
general.  Above  the  taste  or  comprehen- 
sion of  ordmary  people.  Caviare  is  a 
kind  of  pickle  made  from  the  roe  of  stur- 
geons, much  esteemed  in  Muscovy.  It  is 
a  dish  for  the  great,  but  beyond  the  reach 
of  the  general  public. — "Hamlet,"  ii.  2. 

All  popular  talk  about  lacustrine  villaees  and 
Bint  imiplenieiits  .  .  .  ia  caviare  to  the  multitude. 
—Pall  Mail  GutetU. 

Ce'an.     The  Cean  poet.     Simon'idee, 

of  Ce'os. 

The  Ceat  and  the  TPian  muse. 

Bijron,  "Don  Juan." 

Cecil'ia,  St.  A  Roman  lady,  who 
un.lerwent  martyrdom  in  the  third  cen- 
tury ;  she  is  the  patron  saint  of  the  blind, 
being  herself  blind  ;  she  is  also  patroness 
of  musicians,  and  " inventor  of  the  organ. " 

At  lensih  Divine  Cedlia  came, 
Iin entrees  i>f  the  vocal  frauic. 

Dri/den,  "  Alexander's  Feast." 

According  to  tradition,  an  angel  fell  in 
love  with  her  for  her  musical  skill,  and 
used  nightly  to  visit  her.  Her  husband 
saw  the  heavenly  visitant,  who  gave  to 
both  a  crown  of  martyrdom  which  he 
broutrht  from  Paradise.  Pryden  and 
Pope  have  written  odes  in  her  honour, 
and  both  speak  of  her  charming  an  angel 
by  her  miisical  powers — 

He  iTimoiheuat  raised  a  mortal  to  the  skies, 
She  {CtcUia)  brought  an  annel  riowu. 

Dri/den,  "  Alexander's  pMSi." 

Ced,  Ked,  or  Cendwen.  The  Arkit« 
goddess  or  Ceres  of  the  Britons. 

I  was  tirst  modelled  into  the  form  of  a  pure  man 
In  the  hall  a'  L'urmHen.  who  sulijected  me  to 
penance.— TuZi^Mii  {Davits' s  Translation). 

Ce'dar.  Curzon  says  that  Solomon 
cut  down  a  cedar,  and  buried  it  on  the 
spot  where  the  pool  of  Bethes'da  used  to 
stand.  A  few  days  before  the  crucifixion 
this  cedar  floated  to  the  surface  of  the 
pool,  and  was  employed  as  the  upright 
of  the  Saviour's  cross.— ilonastet'ies  of 
thi  Levant. 

Cee'lict  (St.)  or  St.  Calixtvs,  whose 
rfii!/  is  the  14th  of  October,  the  day  of  the 
battle  of  Hastings. 


Brown  Willis  tells  us  there  was  a  tablet 
once  in  Battle  parish  church,  with  these 
words — 

This  place  of  war  is  Battle  called,  heoausk  in  battle 

here 
Quite  conquered  and  o'erthrown  the  English  nation 

were. 
This  slaughter  happened  to  them  upon  St.  Ceelict'i 

day,  4c. 

Celestial  City.  Heaven  is  so  called 
by  John  Bunyau  in  his  "  Piigrim's  Pro- 
gress." 

Celes'tial  Empire.  China;  so 
called  because  the  first  emperors  were 
all  celestial  deities. 

Celes'tians.  Followers  of  Celes'tius, 
disciple  of  Pela'gius.  St.  Jerome  calls 
him  "a  blockhead  swollen  with  Scotch 
pottage " — Scotch  being,  in  this  case, 
what  we  now  call  Irish. 

Cel'estines  (3  syl.).  A  religious 
order  founded,  1254,  by  Pietro  Moro'ne, 
afterwards  pope  Cerestino  V.  Suppressed 

1778. 

Celia,  Ui^avenliness).  Mother  of  Faith, 
Hope,  and  C'litrity.  She  lived  in  the 
hospice  called  Holiness. — Spen4er,"Faery 
Queen,"  bk.  i.  10. 

Celia  or  Ccelia.  A  common  poetical 
name  for  a  lady  or  lady-love.  Thus, 
Swift  has  an  ode  in  which  Strepbon 
describes  Cilia's  dressing-room. 

Five  hours,  and  who  c:)n  do  it  less  in, 
B;  baught;  Cselia  spent  in  dressiug. 

Celt.  A  piece  of  stone,  ground  arti- 
ficially into  a  wedge-like  shape ;  with  a 
cutting  edge.  Used,  before  the  employ- 
ment of  bronze  and  iron,  for  knives, 
hatchets,  and  chisels.  (Latin,  celt  is,  a 
chisel.) 

Vel  celte  sculpautur  in  silice  (or  miglit 
be  graven  on  flint  with  a  celt).  Job.  six.  2-L 

Cem'etery  properly  means  sleeping- 
places.  The  Jews  used  to  speak  of  death 
as  sleep.  The  Persians  call  their  ceme- 
teries "The  Cities  of  the  Silent."  The 
Greeks  thought  it  unlucky  to  pronouncs 
the  name  of  death.   (Greek,  koimeterion.') 

Cenimag'ni.  The  inhabitants  of 
Norfolk,  Suffolk,  and  Cambridge ;  re- 
ferred to  by  CiJesar  in  his  "Commen- 
taries." 

Cen'obites  (3  syl.).  Monks.  So 
called  because  they  live  in  common. 
H  ermits  and  anchorites  are  not  cenobites, 
as  they  live  alone,    (Greek,  l-oinobiota.') 


CENSORIUS. 


CESTUa 


153 


Censo'rius    et    Sap'iens.     Cato 

Major  was  so  called.     (D.c.  2:J4-149.) 

Cent  Nouvellea  Nouvelles. 
French  imitations  of  Granuc'ci,  Males- 
pi'ni,  and  Caniiie:,'-'t;i,  Italian  tale-vriters 
of  the  seveutoenlh  century. 

Cen'taur  (2  syl.),  A  huntsman.  The 
Tbessalian  centaurs  were  half-horses, 
half-incn.  They  were  invited  to  a  mar- 
riafje  fea.st,  and,  being  intoxicated,  be- 
haved with  great  rvnieness  to  the  women. 
The  Lap'ith;!.'  took  the  women's  jiart,  fell 
on  the  centaurs,  and  drove  them  out  of 
the  country. 

Feaati  that  Ttesaalian  centaurs  never  knew. 
Tlujmson,  "Aulumn.' 

Cento.  Foetry  made  up  of  lines  bor- 
rowed from  established  authors.  Auso'- 
nius  has  a  nuptial  idyll  composed  from 
verses  selected  from  Virgil.  (Latin, 
cento,  patchwork.) 

Central  Sun.  Tliat  body  or  point 
about  which  our  whole  system  revolves. 
Madler  believes  that  point  to  be  eta  in 
Taurus. 

Cen'tre.  In  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly 77ie  Centre  were  the  friends  of  order, 
in  the  Fenian  rebellion,  186t),  the  chief 
movers  were  called  Head  Centres,  and 
their  subordinates  Centres, 

Centum'viri.  A  court  under  whose 
jurisdiction  the  Romans  placed  all  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  testaments  and  in- 
heritances. It  consisted  of  three  repre- 
sentatives from  each  of  the  thirty-five 
tribes ;  the  full  complement,  therefore, 
was  105. 

Centu'rion.  A  Roman  officer  who 
nad  the  command  of  ItiO  men.  His 
badgo  was  a  vine- rod.  (Latin,  centum, 
a  hundred.) 

Century  White.  John  White,  the 
nonconformist  lawyer.  So  called  from 
his  chief  publication,  "The  First  Cen- 
tury of  Scamlalous,  Malignant  I'riests, 
made  and  admitted  into  Beneficea  by 
the  Prelates,"  &c.     (1500-1645.) 

Ce'pheus  (2  syl.).  One  of  the  north- 
em  constellations,  which  takes  its  name 
from  Cepheus,  king  of  Ethiopia,  husband 
of  Cassiope'ia  and  father  of  Androm'cda. 

Ce'quiel  (3  syl.).  A  spirit  who  trans- 
ported Torral'ba  from  Vail  adolid'  to 
Home  and  back  again  in  an  hour  and  a 
'<a.»Xi.—  I'eUicer. 


Cerau'nium.  The  opal.  So  called 
by  the  ancients'  from  a  notion  that  it  was 
a  thunder-stone.  (Latin,  ceraunium  ; 
Greek,  ierau'nios.) 

CerTjerus.  A  grim,  watchful  keeper, 
governess,  guardian,  kc.  Cerberus,  ac- 
cording to  Roman  mytholo;:y,  is  tlie 
three-headed  dog  that  keeps  the  en 
trance  of  the  infernal  regions.  Hercules 
dragged  the  monster  to  earth,  and  then 
let  him  go  again.     (i'<«Soi'.) 

Never  siifr»re<l  to  stir  hpyoni  I  lie  wntchful  eyes 
of  a  gr.ui  Ci;i  Ileitis.— LoKdon  lUidtto. 

Cer'don.  The  bo  dost  of  the  rabble 
leaders  in  the  encounter  with  Hudibras 
at  the  bear-baiting.  The  character  is 
modelled  from  Ilewson,  the  one-eyed  cob- 
bler, who  was  a  colonel  in  the  Rump  army 
and  a  preacher.— "//«(/ ('irtw,"  pt.  i.  2. 

Cei'do'nians.  A  sect  of  heretics, 
established  by  Cerdon  of  Syria,  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  pope  Hygi'nus,  and  main- 
tained most  of  the  errors  of  the  Mani- 
chees. 

Cerenioniou.s  {The).  Tetcr  IV.  of 
Aragon.     (lyi^,  1336-lo37.) 

Cer'emony.  When  the  Romans  fled 
before  Brennus,  one  Albi'nus,  who  was 
carrying  his  wife  and  children  in  a  cart 
to  a  place  of  safety,  overtook  at  Janic'u- 
lum  the  Vestal  virgins  bemling  under 
their  load,  took  them  up,  and  conveyed 
them  to  Coere,  in  Etru'ria.  Here  they 
remained,  and  continued  to  perform  their 
sacred  rites,  which  were  consequently 
called  "  Coere- monia." — Livy,  v. 

Ce'res  (2syl.).  Com.  Ceres  was  the 
Roman  name  of  Af other- Earth,  the  pro- 
tectress of  agriculture  and  of  all  the 
fruits  of  the  earth. 

D.-.rk  frowning  teatba  grow  hri.'tit  with  Cpria' 
store.  Tkomsun,  "Autumn." 

Cerin'thians.  Disciples  of  Cerin'- 
thus,  a  heresiarch  of  the  first  century. 
They  denied  the  divinity  of  Christ,  but 
held  that  a  certain  virtue  descended  into 
him  at  bapti.sm,  which  filled  him  with 
the  Holy  (jhost. 

Cess.  Measure,  as  ex-cess,  exctSB-iva. 
Out  of  (.ill  ces3  moans  exces>ively. 

"he  poor  jade  i>  wrun<  In  the  withers  out  of  all  cfsa. 
ahiikitpturt,  "  1  Hen'D  1 1'.,"  U.  L 

Ces'tUS,  in  Homer,  is  the  girdle  of 
Venus,  of  magical  power  to  move  to 
ardent  lore.  In  "Jerusalem  Delivered," 
Ar'mida  wore  a  similar  cestus  made  of 


1(4 


CHABOUK. 


CHAM. 


potent    spells    to    win    to     irresistible 

amorous  love. 

In  thifl  was  cyery  nrt,  and  every  chnrm 
To  win  the  wisest,  ntiil  i  lie  coldiflt  wiirm; 
Fund  lovp,  the  genili;  vow,  the  g»y  desire, 
The  kind  dec  it.  the  ^till  reviving  fire, 
I'ersiiuBive  speech,  and  mure  perMiasive  sighs, 
Silence  thai  epoko,  nnd  elommnce  of  eyes. 

J'ope,  "  Ilomtr't  Iliad,"  xiv. 

Cliaboiik.  A  long  whip,  or  the 
ajijilication  of  whips  aud  rods  ;  a  Persian 
and  Chinese  punishment. — Dubois. 

Draic  forwHrd  lli:it  likir,  nnd  cut  Ids  rob<?  into 
txttprs  on  bis  b:ick  "ith  your  chabouUs.— i'cuU, 
"  The  Swgeon'a  Daughter,''  c.  xiv. 

If  tliat  m  ■ii;irch  did  not  give  the  cbabuK  to  Fera- 
niiirz,  there  would  be  anendof  ;iU  legitimate  govern- 
ment in  I{uch;iri:t— J',  iliore,  "  Lalla  Hookh." 

The  criticism  of  the  chahuk.  The  applica- 
tion of  whips  or  rods.   (Persian.) — Dubois. 

Chad-pennies.  Pennies  paid  at  the 
cathedral  of  Lichfield,  dedicated  to  St. 
Chad,  on  Whit  Sunday,  in  aid  of  the 
repairs. 

CliafF.  A  n  old  bird  is  not  to  be  caught 
vjith  chajf.  An  experienced  man,  or  one 
with  his  wits  about  him,  is  not  to  be 
deluded  by  humbug.  The  reference  is 
to  throwing  chaff  instead  of  bird-seed 
to  allure  birds. 

You  are  chaffing  me.  Making  fun  of 
me.  You  are  trying  to  rooM  me  (French, 
echauffer,  to  cook,  chaff,  or  rex).  A 
singular  custom  used  to  exist  in  Notts 
and  Leicestershire  some  half  century 
A'jco.  When  a  husband  ill -treated  hisi 
wife,  the  villagers  emptied  a  sack  of 
chair  at  his  door,  to  intimate  that 
"thrashing  was  done  -within,"  which 
some  think  to  be  the  origin  of  the  word. 

Chair.  When  members  of  the  House 
of  Commons  and  other  debaters  call  out 
"Chair,''  they  mean  that  the  chairman  is 
not  properly  supported,  and  his  words 
not  obeyed  as  they  ought  to  bo.  Another 
form  of  the  same  expression  is,  "  Pray 
support  the  chair." 

Groaning  chair.     The  chair  in  -which 
a  woman  is  confined  or  sits  afterwards 
to    receive    congratulations.      SimiUirly 
"groaninircake"  and  "groaning cheese" 
fu-a  the  cake  and  cheese  which  used  to 
ba  provided  in  "Goose  month." 
For  a  nurse,  the  child  to  dandle, 
SuK."*!",  so;i)i,  spicnd  pots,  and  r.iiidle. 
A  groauijig  chair,  and  eke  a  cr.ndlc. 

Poor  Robin  I  AXmatwick,  1676. 

Chalced'ony  \kaU-ed'on>h.  A  pre- 
cious stone,  consisting  of  half-tr.insparent 
quartz  .'n  colled  from  Chalce'don,  in  Asia 
ilinorWhere  it -was  fii'st  found     '.tschicf 


varieties  are  agate,  camclian,  cat's  eye, 
chrysoprase,     flint,     hornstone,      onyx, 

I<lasma,  and  sard. 

Chaldee's  (Kal-dees).  The  Land  of 
the  Chaldeei.     Babylo'uia. 

Chalk.  I'll  chalk  out  your  "pathfor  you 
—  i.e.,  lay  it  down  or  plan  it  out  as  a 
carpenter  or  ship-builder  plana  out  his 
work  with  a  piece  of  chalk. 

Chalk  it  up.  Put  it  down  to  my 
credit.  The  allusion  is  to  the  old  custom 
of  keeping  a  tally  on  which  what  was  not 
paid  for  was  chalked  down.  This  method 
of  keeping  scores  especially  prevailed 
wit'u  publicans  and  in  weekly  milk -bills. 

/  beat  him  by  long  chalks.  Thoroughly. 
In  allusion  to  the  ancient  custom  of 
making  the  merit  marks  with  chalk, 
before  lead  pencils  were  so  common. 

Walk  your  chalks.  Get  you  gone. 
Lodgings  wanted  for  the  royal  retinue 
used  to  bo  taken  arbitrarily  by  the 
marshal  and  sergeant-chamberlain,  the 
inhabitants  were  sent  to  the  right  about, 
and  the  houses  selected  were  notified  by 
a  chalk  mark.  When  Mary  de  Medicis, 
in  1633,  came  to  England,  Sieur  de  Labat 
was  employed  to  mark  "all  sorts  of 
houses  commodious  for  her  retinue  in 
Colchester."  The  same  custom  is  re- 
ferred to  in  the  "  Life  and  Acts  of  Sir 
WiUiam  Wallace,"  in  Edinburgh.  The 
phrase  is  "  Walk,  you're  chalked,"  cor- 
rupted into  Walk  your  chalks. 

I  can  walk  a  chalk  as  well  as  you, 
I  am  no  more  drunk  than  you  are.  Tne 
allusion  is  to  the  ordeal  on  board  ship  of 
trjdng  men  suspected  of  drunkenness. 
Tiiey  were  required  to  walk  along  a  Une 
chalked  on  the  deck,  w^thout  deviating 
to  the  right  or  left. 

Challenging  a  Jury.  This  may 
be  to  object  to  all  the  jurors  from  some 
informality  in  the  way  they  have  been 
"arrayed"  or  empannelled,  or  to  one  or 
more  of  the  jurors,  from  some  real  or 
Biipposed  disqualification  or  bias  of  judg- 
ment. The  word  "  challenge"  is  Norman, 
and  is  exactly  equiv.ilent  to  "  call  out ; " 
hence  we  say  captain  A  challenged  ©r 
called  out  captain  B. 

Cham  (kam).  The  sovereign  prinoe 
of  Tartary,  now  written  "khan." 

Fetch  you  n  hair  off  the  gTf:at  Cham's  heard.— 
Siuikiipiare,  "  Much  Ado  Aloul  yoUting,"  u.  1. 

The  great  Cham  of  literature.  Dr  Sarr.uel 
.Johnson,    (1709-1784.) 


CHAMBRE. 


CHAOS. 


156 


Chambre  Ardente  (French),  meta- 
phorically, moans  a  severe  test;  literally, 
a  "fiery  chamber."  It  was  an  inquisi- 
torial court  of  Fr.ince,  so  called  because 
the  general  punishment  awarded  was 
death  by  fire.  Devised  by  cardinal  de 
Lorraine,  15o9. 

Champak'.  A  strong  aromatic 
plant  very  ofTeusivo  to  bees,  worn  in  the 
black  hair  of  Indian  women, 

Cham'perty  (Latin,  campi  parlitio, 
division  of  the  laud)  is  a  bargain  with 
some  person  who  undertakes  at  his  own 
cost  to  recover  property  on  condition  of 
receiving  a  share  thereof  if  ho  succeeds. 

Cham'pion  of  England.  A  person 
whoso  office  it  is  to  ride  up  Westminster 
Hall  on  a  coronation  day,  and  challenge 
any  one  who  disputes  the  right  of  succes- 
sion. The  ollice  was  established  by 
William  the  Conqueror,  and  was  given  to 
Marmion  and  his  male  descendants,  with 
the  manor  of  "  broad  Scrivelsby."  De 
Ludlow  received  the  office  and  manor 
through  the  female  line  ;  and  in  tlie  reign 
of  Richard  11.  Sir  John  Dynioke  suc- 
ceeded through  the  female  line  also. 
Since  then  the  office  has  continued  in 
the  Dymoke  family. 

These  Lincoln  lands  tha  Conqnpr,->r  gave, 
That  Eri^.aiid'a  glove  they  ini^lit  convey 

To  kniKht  renowned  nmonsst  llic  hra\o^ 
The  o.'iron  bold  of  Fontency. 

^11  .lui/Jo-^YormuH  LuUad  modernited. 

Champs  de  Mars.  The  March 
meetings  held  by  Clovis  and  his  imme- 
diate followers,  sometimes  as  mere 
pageants,  for  the  amu.'^craent  of  the 
freedmen  who  came  to  olFcr  homage  to 
their  lord,  and  pay  their  annual  gifts; 
sometimes  for  business  purposes,  espe- 
cially when  the  king  wished  to  consult 
his  warriors  about  some  expedition. 

Cliamps  de  Mai.  The  same  as  the 
Champs  do  Mars  (q.v.),  transferred  after 
755  to  the  mouth  of  M.ay.  Napoleon  I, 
revived  these  meetings  during  the 
"Hundred  Days"  (June  1,  1S15). 

Chan'cel  moans  a  lattice-screen. 
In  the  Roman  law-courts  the  lawyers 
wore  cut  off  from  the  i>ublic  by  such  a 
screen,     (ha-iin,  cancellus.) 

Chan'cellor.  The  scribe  who  eat 
with  the  emperor  in  the  chancel,  cut  off 
from  the  populace  by  the  screen. 

Chan'cery.  The  part  of  tha  court 
occupied  by  the  lawj-ers 

To  gel  a  man's  'aaJ   into  chancery  it 


to  get  it  under  your  arm,  where  you  can 
pummel  it  as  long  as  you  like,  and  ho 
cannot  get  it  free  without  great  difficulty. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  long  and  exhausting 
nature  of  a  chancery  suit.  If  a  man  once 
gets  his  bead  there,  the  lawyers  punish 
him  to  their  heart's  content. 

Change.  Rlnjing  the  changes,  repeat- 
ing the  same  thing  in  different  way.  The 
allusion  is  to  beil-ringing. 

Take  your  change  out  of  that  Said  to  a 
person  who  insults  y(>u,  when  you  give 
him  a  "quid  pro  quo,"  and  tell  him  to 
take  out  the  change.  It  is  an  illusion  to 
shopping  transactions,  where  you  settle 
the  price  of  the  arlicle,  and  put  the  sur- 
plus or  change  iu  your  pocket. 

Changeling  (2  syl.).  A  peevish, 
sickly  child.  The  notion  used  to  be  that 
the  fairies  took  a  healthy  child,  and  left 
in  its  place  one  of  their  starveling  elves 
which  never  did  kindly. 

Oh,  that  It  conid  be  proved 
That  gome  nixht-lripi'ina  fairy  had  excliiinijed. 
In  criirtlc-ciothes,  our  cliildnn  aa  they  lay; 
And  called  mine  Percy,  his  I'lantagenet ! 
Tliea  would  I  have  hia  Ilarry.nnd  he  mine. 

iihuktspeaTe,  "  1  Henry  JV.,"  Ul, 

Chant  du  Depart.  After  the  Mar- 
seillaise, the  most  celebrated  song  of  t!i9 
first  French  Revolution.  It  was  written 
by  M.  J.  Chcnier  for  a  public  festival, 
held  June  11,  1794,  to  commemorate 
the  taking  of  the  Bastille.  The  music  is 
by  Me'hul.  A  mother,  an  old  man, 
a  child,  a  wife,  a  girl,  and  three  war- 
riors sing  a  verse  in  turn,  and  the  sen- 
timent of  each  is,  "  We  give  up  our 
claims  on  the  men  of  France  for  the  good 
of  the  Republic."     {See  Caiuiagnole.) 

L&  republiriue  noas  appclle, 
i-aclions  vaiiicre  ou  -achons  perlr  i 

Un  Frai  pais  duil  vivre  pour  ello. 
four  ellc  uu  Franyaiadoit  inourir. 

il.  J.  CV.<-.ii«r. 

The  republic  inritcs. 
Let  ui  ciinqucr  or  fall ; 
For  France  I'renci.meu  lird. 
And  can  die  at  her  oaU. 

Chan'ticleer  (3  syl.).  The  cock,  in 
the  talc  of  "Reynard  the  Fox,"  and  in 
Chaucer's  "  Nouuo  Prestos  Tale."  Tha 
word  means  "shrill-singer." 

My  lunjf'  heean  to  crow  like  chanticleer. 

AViuJl'tq>e<ir<,  "^l  I'uu  Likt  il,"  li.  7. 

Cha'OS  {la'oa).  Confusion  ;  that  con- 
fused mass  of  elemental  subtances  sup- 
posed to  have  existed  before  God  reduced 


15fl 


CHAP. 


CHARLES. 


creation  into  order.     Tho  poot  Ilosiod  ia 

the  tirst  extant  writer  that  .sj)eaks  of  it. 

Mclit,  uncollecti'd,  tlirou«ti  the  cnaot.  urged 

Its  iMriiil  wii.v  ;  nor  orrtnr  .vol  li.id  (ii-nwii 

His  lovely  trniii  frum  uut  tin-  (iiihious  irlnom, 

Thomson,  "  Aufumn.- 

Cliap,  as  A  clever  chap,  a  good  sor'. 
of  chap,  &c.;  meaninyf  a  boy  or  young' 
man,  or  a  man  with  whom  you  arc  very 
familiar.  (French,  chape  and  chapeau, 
either  "  hat"  or  "  man ;"  Latin,  caput. ) 

Chapeau  or  Chapel  de  Roses. 
C'est  un  petit  mariay^e,  car  qiiand  on  de- 
mande  ce  qu'un  pcre  doune  a  une  fille, 
et  qu'on  veut  repondre  qu'il  donne  peii, 
on  dit  qu'il  lui  donne  un  chapeau  de 
roses.  Les  roses  sont  consacres  a  Venus, 
aux  Graces,  et  ii  rAinciiu  .  — /-t*'  Uri/jiuts 
de  quiflqucs  Coutujnes  Ancitnnes,  1672. 

N.B.  — Chapel  is  what  we  now  call  a 
ch;ipelet  or  chaplet. 

Chapel  is  the  chest  containing  relics, 
or  the  shrine  thereof.  (Latin,  capa.) 
Anotlier  etymology  is  capefl-a  (a  hat  or 
cope).  The  kings  of  Franco  in  war  car- 
ried St.  Martin's  cope  into  the  field,  and 
kept  it  in  a  tent  as  a  talisman.  The 
place  in  which  tho  cope  was  kept  was 
called  the  chnpelle,  and  the  keeper  thereof 
tho  chaplain. 

Chapel.  The  "caucus"  of  journeyman 
printers  assembled  to  decide  any  point 
of  common  interest.  The  chairman  is 
called  the  "father  of  the  chapel."  This 
term  is  a  relic  of  Caxton's  establishment 
ia  Westminster  Abbey.  (See  Friaes, 
Monks.) 

Chap'eron.  A  lady's  attendant  and 
protector  in  public.  So  called  from  tho 
Spanish  hood  worn  by  duennas.  (English- 
French.) 

Charbon'nerie  Demoerat'ique. 
A  new  Carbona'ri  society,  founded  in 
Paris  on  the  principles  of  Babenf.  The 
object  of  these  republicans  was  to  make 
Paris  the  centre  of  all  political  move- 
ments,    (^ee  Carbonari.) 

Charicle'ia.  The  lady-love  of  The- 
ag'enes  in  the  exquisite  erotic  Greek  ro- 
mance, called  "  The  Loves  of  Theagenes 
and  Charicle'ia,"  by  Heliodo'ros,  bishop 
of  Trikka,  in  the  fourth  century. 

Charing  Cross  is  the  cross  erected 
to  the  chere  reuie  (dear  queen)  Elear.or, 
^•ife  of  Edward  L,  who  died  at  Herdeiie, 
near  Lincoln,  and  was  buried  at  West- 
minster.   In  every  town  where  the  corpse 


rested,  the  king  caused  a  cross  "  of  cun- 
ning workmanship"  to  bo  erected  in  re- 
membrance of  her.  There  were  probably 
fourteen  altot^ether ;  Imt  only  three  ro- 
maii.-viz.,  Waltham,  Northam[>ton,  and 
Gcddington,  iu  Northamptonshire.  In 
front  of  the  South  -  Eastern  Railway 
station,  Strrjnd,  is  a  model  of  Charing 
Cross  of  the  original  dimensions.  Tho 
ori<rinal  one  built  of  Caen  stone  by  Ed- 
ward L  was  voted  down  by  the  Long 
Parliament  in  1G47.  Cheapside  Cross 
was  demolished  in  1643. 

Char'iot.  According  to  Greek  my- 
tholoi'-y,  the  chariot  was  invented  by 
Erichtho'nius  to  conceal  his  feet,  which 
were  those  of  a  dragon. 

Sciitprt  in  car,  h.v  Irm  constructed  firsi 
To  hide  his  hideous  feet. 

Rote,  "  Oilarvlo  Furioio,'  xxxviu  27. 

Chariot  of  the  Gods.  So  the 
Greeks  called  Sierra  Leo'ne,  a  ridsre  of 
mountains  of  great  height.  The  Portu- 
guese Serra  Lioa  means  "the  Rock  of 
Lions." 

Her  palmy  forests,  minslin?  with  the  skies, 
Loona's  rugged  steep  heluiid  us  Hies. 

CKttuiens,  "  Lunid,"  bk.  S. 

Charity  begins  at  Home.    "Let 

them  learn  first  to  show  piety  at  home  " 
(1  Tim.  v.  4). 

Chariva'ri.  The  clatter  made  with 
pots  and  pans,  whistling,  bawling,  hiss- 
ing, and  so  on.  Our  concert  of  "  m:irrow- 
"oones  and  cleavers  ;"  the  German  Katzerv- 
mujirk,  got  up  to  salute  with  ridicule  un- 
equal man-iages.  Punch  is  our  national 
Charivari,  and  clatters  weekly  against 
political  and  social  wrong-sidedness. 

Charlatan  means  a  babbler.  (Ita- 
lian, ciarta're,  to  babble;  ci'irlafa'no^  a 
quack  ;  Spanish,  diarlar,  to  prate  ;  Latin, 

ffUi'i'ulo') 

Charlemagne.  His  nine  wives  were 
Hamiltrude,  a  poor  Frenchwoman,  who 
bore  him  several  children  ;  Desidera'ta, 
who  was  divorced;  Hildegarde,  Fastraiie 
(Qaughter  of  count  Rodolph,  the  Saxonl, 
and  Luitgarde  the  German,  all  three  of 
whom  died  before  him ;  Maltegarde ; 
Gersuindo,  the  Sason;  Regina;  and 
Adalinda. 

Chiirlemaqne's  Peers.  {See  Paladiks.) 

Charlemagne's  Sicord.      La  Joyeuse. 

Charles  and  the  Oak.  When 
Charles  II.  fled  from  the  Parliamentary 
army,  he  took  refuge  in  Boscobel-house  ; 
but  when  he  deemed  it  no  longer  safe  to 


CHARLES. 


CHEAP. 


187 


remain  there,  he  concealed  himself  in  an 
oak.  Dr.  Stukeley  says  that  this  tree 
"  stood  just  by  a  horse-track  passingr 
through  the  wooa,  ami  the  king,  with 
Colonel  Carlos,  climbed  into  it  by  means 
of  the  hen-roost  ladder.  The  family 
reached  them  victuals  with  a  nut-hook.'' — 
"  lliuerarium  Curio'sum,"  17vi4,  iii.,  p.  67. 

Charles's  Wain  The  constellation 
called  tliu  Great  Bear,  which  forms  the 
outline  of  a  wheelbarrow  or  rustic  wagon. 

Charlies.  The  old  night  watch,  be- 
fore the  police  force  v/as  organised  in 
1829.  So  called  from  Charles  I.,  in  whose 
reign  the  system  was  re-organised. 

Charlotte  Elizabeth.  Mrs.  Tonna. 
(17'J21s4(3.) 

Charm  means  a  song.  Incantation 
is  singing  on  or  against  some  one.  En- 
chant is  the  same.  Verses  supposed  to 
have  a  baleful  efYect  on  those  against 
whom  they  are  sung.    (Latin,  car/nen,.) 

Charon's  Toll  {ccve'-un).  A  coin, 
about  equal  to  a  poL.n3',  placed  in  the 
nioutli  or  Land  of  the  dead  to  pay  Charon 
for  ferrying  the  spirit  across  the  rivor 
Styx  to  the  Elysian  fields. 

Chartism.  The  political  system  of 
the  (Jliartists,  who,  in  1838,  demanded 
the  J'eii/ile's  Cluirter,  consisting  of  five 
principles :  universal  sullrage,  annual 
parliaments,  stipendiary  members,  vote 
by  ballot,  and  electoral  districts. 

Charyb'dis  {KariVdis).  A  whirlpool 
on  the  coast  of  Sicily.  Scylla  and  Cha- 
ryl'dis  are  employed  to  signify  two  equal 
dantrers.  Thus  Horace  says  an  author 
trying  to  avoid  Scylla,  drifts  into  Cha- 
ryl)di8— t.e.,  seeking  to  avoid  one  fault, 
falls  into  another. 

Tliiia  when  I  shun  Scylla  your  father,  I  full  Into 
Chiir.vlirtis  your  mother.— 6"A<ii«J«j>ear«,  "  Merehini 
l/  Venict"  111.  5. 

Chas'ca.  The  name  under  which  the 
Peruvians  used  to  adore  the  planet 
A  enus. 

Chase.  An  iron  frame  used  by  printers 
for  holding  suflicient  type  for  one  side  of 
;i  sheet.  Tiietypois  first  sot  up  letter  by 
letter  in  the  "composing  stick,"  and  is 
then  transferred  to  the  "  calley,"  whore  it 
appears  in  columns.  It  is  next  divided 
into  pages,  and  tiien  transferred  to  the 
chase,  where  it  is  held  tight  by  quoin.s, 
or  small  wedges  of  wood.  The  word  is 
French,  chaise  (a  frame) ;  our  case-ment. 
(See  Stick.) 


Chas'idim  and  Zad'ikim.  After 
the  Babylonish  c:ii>tivity  the  Jews  wera 
divided  into  two  groups— those  who  ac- 
cepted and  those  who  rejected  the  Persian 
innovation.  The  former  were  called 
pielUls  (chasidim),  and  the  latter  upriglUt 
(zadikim). 

Chasseurs  de  Vincennes 
(French).  The  duke  of  Orleans*  rilla 
corps  ;  so  calletl  because  they  were  gar- 
risoned at  Vin-cnnes.    (1835.) 

Chaste  (TIte).  Alfonso^II.,  king  of 
Asturias  and  Leon.  ( Born  753,  crowned 
7ifl,  abdicated  835,  died  842.) 

Chat.  2^i<l  d'une  sowis  dans  I'oreilU 
dun  cluit.  A  mare's  nest.  This  French 
phrase  is  the  translation  of  a  line  in 
Wynkin  de  Worde's  "  Amusing  Ques- 
tions," printeil  in  English  in  1511.  "  Ue- 
viand:  What  is  that  that  never  was  and 
never  will  be?  Response:  A  mouse's 
nest  in  a  cat's  ear."  (^>e  Mare's  Nest.) 
Chateaux  en  Espagne.  A  castle 
in  the  air,  something  that  e.xists  only  in 
the  imagination.  In  Spain  there  are  nr 
chAteaux.     (&«  Castlk.) 

Chat'telin's.  A  fashionable  coffee- 
house  in  the  reign  of  Cuarles  II. 

Chatter-box.  A  talkative  person. 
The  Germans  h%ve  plamler  tasche  (chatter- 
bag).  Shakespeare  speaks  of  the  clack- 
dish.  "His  n.se  was  to  put  a  ducat  in 
her  clack-dish  "("  Measure  for  Measure," 
iii.  2)— i.e.,  the  box  or  dish  used  by 
beggars  for  collecting  alms,  which  the 
holder  clatters  to  attract  attention.  We 
find  also  chatter- basket  in  old  writers, 
referring  to  the  child's  rattle. 

Chatter  Pie.  Same  as  cbattor-box. 
The  pie  means  the  magpie. 

Chauvin.  A  blind  idolater  of  Napo- 
leon tliH  Great.  The  name  is  taken  from 
Les  Aides  dc  Camp,  by  Bayard  and  l)u- 
nianoir,  but  wa.s  popularised  in  Charel'u 
"Conscrit  Chauvin." 

CJtaitrinism.  A  blina  idolatry  of 
Napoleon  the  Great.  Now  it  nvans  a 
blind  idolatry  of  France  and  Frenchmen. 

Chawed  up.  Done  for,  gone  to  the 
bad,  good  for  nothing.  Like  a  quid  of 
tol)acco,  which  has  boon  "cliawud"  till 
all  the  goodness  if.  «Ttracte<l  from  it 

Cheap  JacK.  Not  cheap,  moaninj; 
low-priced,  but  che.ap  meaning  8.alo,  as  in 
"  chapman,"   "Cheap  side,"   &c.     J»ck 


I5€ 


CHEATER. 


CHERY. 


is  a  term  applied  to  inferior  pcr«ons,  to. 
(Saxon,  chepe,  a  market.)    (/See  Jack  ) 

Cheater  (2  syl.)  originally  meant  an 
.EjcAca^or  or  officer  of  thokinp^'s  exchequer 
appointed  to  receive  dues  and  taxes.  The 
present  use  of  the  word  shows  how  tbeso 
officers  wore  wout  to  fleece  the  people. 
(Ute  Catch  POLE.) 

Cheatly.  A  rascal  who,  by  reason 
of  debt,  does  not  stir  out  of  Whitefriars, 
but  there  inveigles  young  heirs  of  entail, 
helps  them  to  money  iii)on  great  dis- 
advantage, and  is  bound  for  them.  A 
le«d,  impudent  debauchee  about  town. 
—  Shadwell,  "Squire  of  Alsatia." 

Chech,  co.lled  also  stone-chest,  kist- 
vaen  (a  sepulchral  monument  or  crom- 
lech). 

We  find  a  rude  chech  or  flat  stone  of  an  oval 
form,  about  three  .vnrrls  in  length,  five  feet  over 
where  broadest,  and  ten  or  twelve  inches  thiol;.— 
Camden. 

Cheek  Mate  (Kiruj  dead).  Sheik 
means  kin^,  and  maltarra  Spanish  means 
to  kill.  Hence,  Sheik  mate;  Spanish, 
xaque  de  mate;  German,  schach  matt; 
Italian,  scacco  malio.     (See  CliEss.) 

Chedise'tros  (Ked'ix'lros).  One  of 
Action's  dogs.     (See  Canacue.) 

Cheek  by  Jov/l.  In  intimate  con- 
tabulation;  tete-t-tete.  Jowl  is  the 
Saxon  ceole  (cheek),  Irish  ffial. 

I'll  eo  with  thee,  cheek  by  iovf\.—Sh(xketpearc, 
"  ifidmmmer  A'iglU's  Dream,"  iii.  2. 

Cheek.  i\'une  of  your  cheek.  None 
of  your  insolence.  Cheek,  jowl,  and  jaw 
are  only  varieties  of  the  same  word;  so 
that  "none  of  your  cheek"  and  "  none  of 
your  jaw"  were  at  one  time  interchange- 
able ;  but  now  the  former  implies  more 
impudence  and  insolence  of  demeanour, 
and  the  latter  more  scolding  or  word 
irritation. 

Thus,  W6  say  a  man  is  very  cJiechj, 
meaning  that  he  is  vain -glorious  and 
presumptuous,  depreciating  others  by 
words  and  demeanour. 

Cheese.  It  w  not  the  cheese.  Not  the 
right  thuig  ;  not  what  I  should  choose. 
( .\nglo-Saxon,  ceosaii,  to  choose ;  Ger- 
man, kiesen;  French,  choisir;  Persian, 
chiz;  Hindu,  cheez,  thing.)  Chaucer 
says,  "To  cheese  whether  she  wold  him 
marry  or  no." 

Now  thou  might  clicese 
How  thou  couctizt  to  oal  me,  now  thou  knowst 
all  mi  names.  P.  Ploughman,  "  Vision.' 

He  ii  quite  the  cheeit  (or)  just  the  cheese 


— i.e.,  quite  the  thin(j.  By  a  double  re- 
finement wo  got  the  slang  varieties.  That's 
vrime  Slillon,  or  dov.hU  Ulo'tter — i.e.,  slap 
Dang  up.     (^See  above. ) 

Cheesewring  (Cornwall).  A  mass 
of  eight  stones,  towering  to  the  height 
of  thirty-two  feet:  so  called  because  it 
looks  like  a  gigantic  cheese-press.  This 
is  jiTobably  a  natural  work,  the  effect  of 
some  convulsion.  The  Kilmarth  Hocks, 
and  part  of  Hugh  Lloyd's  Pulpit,  present 
somewhat  similar  piles  of  stone. 

Chef  d'CEavre.  A  master-piece. 
(French.) 

Cheleule.  A  god  of  the  Patagonians, 
but  inferior  to  Set'ebos,  the  suj.remo  devil. 

Chem'istry  iken'istn/)  is  from  the 
Arabic  kiniia,  whence  al-kimia  (fha  occult 
art),  from  kamai  (to  conceal).  Chemia 
occurs  in  the  Lexicon  of  Suidas.  To  spell 
tho  word  with  a  3/  is  an  error,  arising 
from  the  notion  that  it  is  derived  from 
tho  Gneco- Latin  chyo  (to  fuse). 

Che'mo3  or  Che'mosh  (liee'mosh). 
The  war-god  of  the  Moabites;  god  of 
lust. 

Next,  Cheraos,  the  obscene  dread  of  Moab's  soua. 
From  Ai-'oer  to  Ne'no,  and  the  wild 
Of  southmost  Ab'anni. 

Miiion,  "  ParadiM  Lost,"  bk.  1. 

Chennap'pa.  The  city  of  Chen- 
napjni.  So  Madras  is  called  by  the 
natives. 

Chequers.  A  public  house  sigr, 
the  arms  of  Fitzwarrcn,  the  Lead  (.f 
which  house,  in  the  days  of  the  Henries, 
was  invested  with  the  power  of  licensing 
vintners  and  publicans. 

Cherone'an     or     C'heronean      S.i^re 

(Kerone'an).     Plutarch,  who  was  born  at 

Chaerone'a,  in  Bceotia.     (4(3-120.) 

This  praise,  0  Cheronean  b:i?p.  is  thine. 

BtaUii, "  ilinttrd." 

Cher'ubims.  The  11th  Hussars  are 
so  called,  by  a  bad  pun,  because  their 
trousers  are  of  a  cherry  colour. 

Chery  and  Fair-Star.  Cbery 
was  the  son  of  a  king's  brother  and 
Brunotta  ;  Fair-star  was  the  daughter  of 
the  king  and  Blond'ina,  the  two  fathers 
being  brothers,  and  the  two  mothers 
Bisters.  They  wore  cast  on  the  sea 
adrift,  but  were  found  and  brought  up 
by  a  corsair  and  his  wife.  Ultimately 
they  are  told  of  their  birth  by  a  green 
bird,  and  marry  each  other.    This  tale  is 


COESHIRF. 


CniCHI-VACHE. 


1£9 


imitated  from  "The  Sisiors  who  Envied 
tlieir  Younger  yister,"  in  the  "  Arabian 
Nights."  N.B.— The  name  is  from  tiie 
French  dur  (dear),  aud  is_ about  equal  to 
"  deary"  or  "dear  one.'"  It  is  quite 
wrong  to  spoil  it  with  a  double  r. — 
Contesse  (JCAulnoy,  "Fairy  Tales." 

Cheshire  ia  the  Latin  castra-shire, 
called  bj'  the  Romans  Deca'iia  casira  (the 
camp  town  of  Deva,  or  Dee-mouth). 

Chess,  called  by  the  Hindus  chelur- 
anga  (the  four  angas)— i.e.,  the  four 
members  of  the  army — viz.,  elephants, 
horses,  chariots,  and  foot-soldiers  ;  called 
by  the  ancient  Persians  chetrang.  The 
Arabs,  who  have  neither  c  wot  g,  called 
it  shelranj,  which  modem  Persians  cor- 
rupted into  sacchi,  whence  the  Italian 
scacchi,  German  schack,  French  ec/tec,  our 
c/.ew.    (See  Check  ?il ATE.) 

Ches'terfield,  lauded  by  Thomsoa 
in  his  "  Winter,"  is  the  fourth  earl, 
author  of  "  Chesterfield's  Letters  to  his 
Son."    (1694-1773.) 

Clusterjicld  House  (London)  was  built 
by  Isaac  Ware  for  Philip,  fourth  carl 
of  Chesterfield.     {See  above.) 

Chet'owaik  (North-Amorian  In- 
dian).    The  pUjvcr. 

AH  the  wild  fcuvis  sini?  them  to  him. 
In  tlie  raoorliiiids  aiiu  the  fi'iihinds, 
In  the  melancholy  marshes  : 
Chelowuik,  the  I'lovrr,  san«;  thera. 
LongftUov, "  liiuvxiwi  "  (riitrudiictioa). 

A  Cheval  (French.)  Troops  are  ar- 
rauired  d  (7,cr<// wlien  ihoy  comni;ind  two 
roads,  as  Wellington's  army  at  Waterloo, 
which,  being  at  the  apex  of  two  roads, 
commanded  that  between  Charleroy  and 
lirussols,  as  wuU  as  that  to  Mens, 

The  Weitorn  t'owors  will  assuredly  never  permit 
ItUHiiia  to  plAco  herself  ajj.iiri  «i  eh/val  bolwecn  the 
Ottoman  empire  and  ;  ersia — Tfit  'hints. 

Chevalier  D'Industrie,  a  man 
wlio  lives  by  hi.s  wits. 

Tlenlcheur  de  faiivettos,  chavalier  dd  Tordro  de 
rindu.<(tiio.  qui  va  chorclier  q  >clque  bon  nid.  quclquo 
ftmmo  qui  lui  fa.i.'^o  na  fortune. 

(lon/jnm  on  fh.-mmt  prcdijieui  (1713.) 

ChevauxdeFrise  (French.)  Horses 
of  Frii-slaud.  A  beam  liiled  with  spikes  to 
keep  off  horses;  so  called  from  its  use  in 
the  siege  of  (jron'ingeu,  Friebland,  in  15D1. 
A  somewhat  similar  engine  had  been  used 
before,  but  was  not  called  by  the  same 
name.  In  German  it  is  ''A  Spanish 
borsi^maii  "  (ein  Sjmnlscher  Jieiter). 

Cheveril.  He  h^is  a  chereril  con- 
tcifnce.  Uuo  tliat  will  easily  Btretch  like 
cLeveril  or  kid  leather. 


Oh,  here's*  wit  of  eheveril,  that  ftrelchei  from  aa 
Inch  narrow  ij  an  ell  Lroi-L-.b'/i'ii«ip«cire,"iiunua 
and  JuiUt,"  ii.  i. 

Your  Boft  cheveril  comcience  would  reccire, 
XI  ;ou  mijht  please  to  eirtch  it. 

S'tikaptart,  "  iltnry  VIII.,"  li- 1. 

Chevy  Chase.  There  had  long 
been  a  rivalry  between  the  families  of 
Percy  and  Douirlas,  which  showed  itself 
by  incessant  raids  into  each  other's  ter- 
ritory. Percy  of  Northumberland  one 
day  vowed  he  would  hunt  for  three  days 
in  the  Scottish  border,  without  conde- 
scending to  ask  leave  of  earl  Dongl.is. 
The  Scotch  warden  said  in  his  anger, 
"  Tell  this  vaunter  he  shall  find  one  day 
more  than  sufficient."  The  ballad  called 
"Chevy  Chase"  mi.xes  up  this  hunt  with 
the  battle  of  Otterburn,  which,  Dr.  Percy 
justly  observes,  was  "a  very  different 
event."  Chevy  Chase  means  the  chase  or 
hunt  among  the  '■  Cliyviat  hyls." 

To  louder  strains  he  raised  his  voice,  ti  tell 
What  wuful  wars  iu  "Chevy  Cha.  e'  bcfi-U, 
When  Percy  drove  the  d-er  with  honn  l.ind  hoiu. 
Wars  to  t)e  wept  by  childreii  yet  unburn. 

Gai/,  "  roitorai  VI.' 

Chiabreres'co  (Italian),  Poetry 
formed  on  the  Creek  model;  BO  called 
from  Gabriel  Chiabre'ra,  surnamed  the 
"  Pindar  of  Italy  "  (155'2-1637). 

Chia'ro-oscu'ro  {ke-ar'-ro).  Light 
and  shadow  jutliciously  distributed  in  a 
picture.  The  word  is  compounded  of  two 
Italian  words  meaning  light  (and)  shadow. 

Chib'ia'bos.  The  musician ;  the 
harmony  of  i.ature  personified.  He 
teaches  the  birds  to  slug  and  the  brooks 
to  warble  as  they  How.  "  All  the  many 
sounds  of  nature  borrow  sweetness  from 
his  singing. " 

Very<ie;irto  Il-nwatha 

Was  the  Kin'le  (Jliibiahoa.  . 

tor  his  gentl'Miesa  he  love i  him, 

Aud  the  magic  of  his  siugiM;. 

Lono/eliow,  " I] iuxcntha,"  tL 

Chich'i-vache  (3  syl.).  French  for 
the  "sorry  cow,"' a  monster  that  lived 
only  on  good  women— all  skin  and  bone, 
because  its  food  was  so  extromeiy  scarce. 
The  old  English  romancers  invented 
another  monster,  which  they  called 
Bycorn,  as  fat  as  the  other  was  loan ; 
but,  luckily,  ho  had  for  food  "good  and 
enduring  husbands,"  of  which  there  ia  no 
lack. 

O  noble  wyTe',  fiil  of  heigh  pruden'ce, 
Let  noon  humilitie  your  tonnes  navln  • 

Ne  lat  D'l  clerk  have  cau»e  or  diliRen'oa 
T..  write  ..(  y..ii».t..ry  o(  inch  iiiir>.i>lo 

A...(  <;n«.-l,le..,  lac-iful  and  kymle, 
Led  (.'biL'lii  vrnclig  yi>\i  nwulse  In  hirantmile. 

Chaucer,  "  L'Envoj/<  dt  Chauc*r,"  r.  jOti 


ISO 


cnrcKEN. 


CHILLON. 


Chicken.  She's  no  chicken.  Not 
young.  The  youno;  child  as  woU  as  the 
young  fowl  is  called  a  chicken  or  chick. 

To  cniint  your  chirken.i  ere  they  are 
Aa<c/;#(^(IIudiliras).  To  anticipate  profits 
before  they  come.  One  of  .i^isop's  fables 
describes  a  market-woman  saying  she 
would  get  so  much  for  her  egirs,  with 
the  money  she  would  buy  a  goose  ;  the 
goose  in  time  would  bring  her  so  much, 
with  which  she  would  buy  a  cow,  and  so 
on  ;  but  in  her  excitement  she  kicked 
over  her  basket,  and  all  her  eggs  were 
broken.  Tlie  Latins  said,  "  Don't  sing 
your  song  of  triumph  before  you  have 
won  the  victory"  (urUe  vido'riam  can'ere 
U-inmphum),  "Don't  crow  till  you  are 
out  of  the  wood"  has  a  similar  meaning. 

Chicken-hearted.  Cowardly. 
Young  fowls  are  remarkably  timid,  and 
nin  to  the  wing  of  the  hen  upon  the 
slightest  cause  of  alarm. 

Childe,  as  chihh  Harold,  childe  of  Elle- 
childe  Waters,  chihle  Ro!aiul,  chUde  Tris- 
tram, ckiide  Arthur,  <fcc.  ;  atio  Childeric 
(Child-eric),  Childehert{ch\]t\e- bert),  Chil- 
peric  (chilli  p'-eric).  In  all  these  cases 
the  word  "childe"  is  a  title  of  honour, 
tike  the  infante  and  infanta  of  Sjiain.  In 
the  time.s  of  chivalry,  the  noble  youths 
who  were  candidates  for  knighthood 
were,  during  their  time  of  probation, 
called  infaiis,  valets,  damo'/sels,  and 
hiicheliers.  Childe  or  infant  was  the  term 
given  only  to  the  most  noble.  The  Saxon 
aiiht  means  both  child  and  kniErlif. 

Childe  Harold.  A  man  sated  of 
the  world,  who  roams  from  place  to  place 
to  flee  from  himself.  The  "childe"  is, 
in  fact,  Lord  Byron  himself,  who  was 
only  twenty-one  when  he  began,  and 
twenty-eight  when  he  finished  the  poem. 
In  canto  i.  (1809),  he  visited  Portugal 
and  Spain  ;  in  canto  ii.  (1810),  Turkey 
in  Europe  ;  in  canto  iii.  (1816),  Belgium 
and  Switzerland  ;  and  in  canto  iv.  (1817), 
Venice,  Rome,  aod  Florence. 

Children.  The  children  m  the  wood. 
A  N'>rfolk  gentleman  on  his  deathbed 
left  <  little  son,  three  years  old,  and  a 
still  younger  daughter,  named  Jane,  to 
the  care  of  his  wife's  brother.  The  I'oy 
was  to  have  £;iO0  a  year  when  he  came 
of  age,  and  the  girl  .£500  as  a  wedding 
portion;  but  if  the  children  died  pre- 
viously, the  uncle  was  to  inherit.  After 
twelve  months  had  elapsed,   the  uncle 


hired  two  ruffians  to  murder  the  two 
babes.  As  they  went  along  one  of  the 
ruffians  relented,  and  killed  his  fellow  ; 
then  putting  down  the  children  in  a  wood, 
loft  them.  The  poor  babes  gathered 
blackberries  to  allay  their  hungor,  bvit 
died  during  the  night,  and  "  Rol>in  Red- 
breast" covered  them  over  with  straw- 
berry  leaves.  All  things  went  ill  with 
the  cruel  uncle;  his  sons  died,  his  barns 
were  fired,  his  cattle  died,  and  he  hi uself 
perished  iu  gaol.  After  the  lapse  of  seven 
years,  the  ruffian  was  taken  up  for  high- 
v/ay  robbery,  and  confessed  the  whole 
affair.     I'ercy's  Iceliques,  iii.,  ii.,  18. 

Thfii  sad  he  suri?  "The  Children  in  the  Wood." 
(Ah  !  Ijarliar  >U3  uucle,  8t:iiii."<l  with  infant  tilood!) 
How  t'l.ic'kt'ernes  they  pliicke  I  in  rtcseris  wild. 
And  fearte-iB  at  the  itlittenu?  fiileirou  smiled  ; 
Tlieir  little  curpse  the  lohm-i-ilbreifct  fuund, 
AndBtrewed  with  pious  bill  the  ieave>  a'^oaud 

Gay,  "  Pcutvrai  Vl." 

Children.  Three  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  at  a  birth.  It  is  said  that  the  counters 
of  Hecnf-berg  accused  a  begL'ar  of  adul- 
tery because  she  carried  twins,  where- 
upon the  beggar  prayed  t^at  the  countess 
might  carry  as  many  children  as  there 
are  days  in  the  year.  According  to  the 
legend,  this  happened  on  Good  Friday, 
I'iZ').  All  the  males  were  named  John, 
and  all  the  females  Elizabeth.  The 
countess  was  forty-two  at  the  time. 

Chile'nos.    People  of  Chili. 

Chilian.  A  native  of  Chili,  pei-t;im- 
ing  to  Chili,  &c. 

Chil'iastS  (kil'iasts).  Another  word 
for  Milteii'ariaiis;  those  who  believe  that 
Christ  will  come  again  to  this  earth, 
and  reign  a  thousand  years  in  the 
midst  of  his  saints.  (Greek,  chilicu,  a 
thousand.) 

Chillon'.  Prisoner  of  Chilian.  Fran- 
fois  de  Bonnivard,  of  Lnnes.  Lord 
Byron  makes  him  one  of  six  brothers,  all 
of  whom  suffered  as  martyrs.  The  father 
and  two  sous  died  on  the  battle-field; 
one  was  burnt  at  the  stake  ;  three  were 
incarcerated  in  the  dungeon  of  Chillon, 
near  the  lake  of  Gene'va — of  these,  two 
died,  and  Francois  was  set  at  liberty  by 
"  the  Eeaniais."  Byron  says  that  Bon- 
nivard has  left  traces  of  his  foot^^teps  in 
the  pavement  of  the  dungeon.  He  was 
put  in  prison  for  "  republican  principles  " 
bv  the  dukc-bishop  of  Savoy.  (1496- 
1670.^ 


CHILMINAR. 


CHIVALRY 


161 


Chilminar'andBalbec.  Two  cities 
built  by  tho  Genii,  acting  under  tlie 
orders  of  Jan  ben  Jan,  who  governed  the 
worl<l  long  before  the  time  of  Adam. 
Cliilijiinar,  or  tiio  "  Forty  Pillars,"  is 
Persej>'olis.  These  two  cities  were  V)uilt 
us  lurking  places  for  the  Genii  to  hide  in. 

Chiltern  Hundreds.  To  accept  the 
C/iilteni  Hundreds  is  to  resign  one  s  se:it 
in  Parliament.  The  steward  of  the 
Chiltern  Hundreds  is  an  ofKcer  of  the 
crown,  api)oiiitod  to  protect  the  people 
of  Hucks  from  the  robbers  of  the 
Chiltern  hills.  This  office  is  now  a  sine- 
cure, but  as  a  member  can  only  resign 
his  sent  by  accepting  office,  he  accepts 
this  sinecure,  which  he  immediately 
vacates  for  the  benefit  of  others.  The 
8towardshi|)  of  the  manors  of  East  Hen- 
dred,  Northslicad,  and  Heinpholme,  are 
other  sinecure  offices  made  use  of  for 
the  same  pur^iose. 

Chimoera  (kim^ra).  An  illusory 
fancy,  a  wild,  incongruous  scheme,  a  castle 
in  the  air.  Homer  describes  the  chimiera 
as  a  monster  with  a  goat's  body,  a  lion'u 
head,  and  a  dragon's  tail. 

Chin.  (Greek,  (/e?i-i«/  Latin,  (7ffn.-a/ 
Persian,  jdiii;  German,  kinn ;  Dutcii, 
km;  Saxou,  citiiie.) 

Chine'se  (2  syl.\  A  native  of  China; 
t.be  language  of  China ;  pertaining  or 
special  to  China. 

Chingachcook.  The  Indian  chief 
in  Feniinoro  '  'oopor's  "  Last  of  the 
Mohicans,"  "  Pathlinder,"  " Deerslayer," 
and  "Pioneer."  Called  in  French  Le 
Gros  Serpent. 

Chink  or  Jink.  Money ;  so  called 
because  it  chinks  or  jingles  in  th'i  purse. 

Thus,  if  a  person  is  asked  if  he  has 
money,  ho  rattles  that  which  he  has  in 
his  purse  or  pocket. 

Uave  chink*  In  thy  purse.— ru.ss.?r. 

Cliintz  mean§  spotteil.  The  cotton 
pooils  originally  manufactured  in  the 
East.    (Persian,  cAinc,  spotted,  stained.) 

Chios  (Ki'(i3).  The  vian  of  Chios. 
Homer,  who  lived  at  Chios,  near  the 
/^Cgo'an  Sea.  Seven  cities  claim  to  be 
his  place  of  birth — 

Smyrna,  Bhorto^,  CQi'opbon,  Sal'Mpls,  ChlQ.-), 
Arnoa,  Athe'iim.  —  rirro, 


Chin.  C'/iip  of  the  old  block.  A  son 
<>r  child  of  the  same  stuff  as  his  father. 
The  chip  is  tlm  sami»  wood  as  the  hloch. 
Burke  applied  the  wnriU  t<>  W.    Pitt. 

Brother  ehip.  Properly  a  brother  car- 
penter, but  in  its  extiended  meaning 
applied  to  any  one  of  the  same  vocation 
as  ourselves. 

Chir'achee'.    Chariot.    (C/iatuer.) 

Cicle'aius  (ilnewi/)  liilinif'n  )ii«   chir;ichfe. 
"  Cumpl.  0/  Man  a^-d  /ur.ui." 

Chi'ron  (Kl'ron).  The  centaur  who 
taught  Achilles  music,  medicine,  and 
hunting.  Jupiter  placed  him  in  heaven 
among  the  stars,  where  ho  is  called 
Sagitta'rius  {the  Archer). 

Cld'ron,  according  to  Dantii,  has  watch 
over  the  lake  of  boiling  blood,  in  the 
seventh  circle  of  hell. 

ChiseL  /  chUeHcl  him  means,  I 
cheated  him,  or  did  liiin  out  of  some- 
thing. As  the  chisel  cuts  pieces  out  of 
wood  very  noitly  and  cleverly,  so  the 
skilful  cheat  outs  a  "chip"  from  the 
person  chiselled. 

Chitty-faced.  Baby-faced,  lean.  A 
chit  IS  a  chilli  or  spr)\it.  lioth  chit  and 
chilty-fiiced  are  ter  us  of  contempt. 
(Saxon,  cith,  a  twig,  ha.) 

Chivalry. 

The  palailins  of  Charlom.'igne  were  .all 
scattered  by  the  battle  of  iioncesvalles. 

The  champions  of  Did'erick  wore  all 
ass.assinated  at  the  instigation  of  Chriem- 
hil'ila,  the  bride  of  Ez/.ol,  king  of  tl  e 
Huns. 

The  Knights  of  the  Round  Table  were 
all  extirpated  by  the  fatal  battle  of 
Camlan. 

Chivalri/.  The  six  following  clauses 
may  be  considered  almost  a.s  a-xioms  of 
the  Arthu'rian  romances: — 

(1)  Tiiero  w.as  no  braver  or  more  noble 
king  than  Arthiir. 

(2)  No  fair.T  or  more  faithless  wife 
than  Guin'iver. 

(:<)  No  truer  pair  of  lover,*  than  Tristan 
and  Iseult. 

(4)  No  knight  more  faithfiil  than  Sir 
Kaye. 

(5)  None  so  bravo  and  amorous  as  Sir 
Laun'eelot. 

(ti)  None  so  virt'ious  as  Sir  Gal'fthad. 

The  jlixrer  of  Chimlr;/.  William 
I)ou;rl.as,  lord  of  Liddosdalo.  (14th  coo- 
tury.) 


162 


CHIVY. 


CHRISOME. 


Clliv'y.  A  chnso  in  the  scliool 
grame  of  "Prisoners'  Base"  or  "Prison 
Cars."  So  called  from  Chevy  Chase 
iq.v.).  One  boy  sots  a  chivy,  by  leaving 
his  bar,  when  one  of  the  op]iosite  si<le 
chases  him,  and  if  he  succeeds  in  touch- 
ing him  before  lie  reaches  "heme,"  ho 
becomes  a  prisoner. 

Chlo'e  (filo'ee).  The  shepherdess  be- 
loved by  Dapb.nis  in  the  pastural  romance 
of  Longus,cutillod  "Daphuisand  Chloe." 
St.  Pierre's  tale  of  "  Paul  and  Virginia" 
is  founded  on  tho  exquisite  romance  of 
Longiis.    Prior  calls  MrsOentlivo  ''Cloo." 

Chce'reas  (Ke'rcas).  The  lover  of  Cal- 
lir'rhoe,  in  Cha'ri ton's  Greek  romance, 
callled  the  "  Loves  of  Chcereas  and  Cal- 
lir'rhoe."    (Eighth  century.) 

Clicko.  May  this  piece  of  bread  cliolce 
me,  if  w/iui  I  say  is  not  true.  In  ancient 
times  a  person  accused  of  robberj'  had  a 
piece  of  barley  bread,  on  which  the  mass 
had  been  said,  given  him  to  swallow.  He 
put  it  in  his  mouth  uttering  tho  words 
given  above,  and  if  he  could  swallow  it 
without  being  choked,  he  was  pronounced 
innocent.  Tradition  ascribes  the  death 
of  the  earl  Godwin  to  choking  with  a 
piece  of  bread,  after  tliis  solemn  appeal. 

Choke-pear.  An  argimient  to  which 
there  is  no  answer.  Robbers  in  Hol- 
land at  one  tim.e  made  use  of  a  piece 
of  iron  in  the  shape  of  a  pear,  which 
they  forced  into  the  mouth  of  their  vic- 
tim. On  tuniiug  a  kej-,  a  number  of 
springs  thrust  forth  points  of  iron  in  all 
direction."?,  so  that  the  instrument  of  tor- 
ture could  never  be  taken  out  except  by 
means  of  the  key. 

Chon.    The  Egj'ptian  Hercules, 

Choudar'avali.  The  daughter  of 
Vishnu.     (IJi)ulu  mythology.) 

Chop'ine  (2  syl.).  A  high-heeled 
shoe.  The  Venetian  ladies  used  to  wear 
"  high-heeled  shoes  like  stilts."  Hamlet 
says  of  the  actress,  "  Your  ladyship  is 
nearer  to  heaven,  than  when  I  saw  you 
last,  by  the  altitude  of  achopine"  (act 
ii.  8.  2).  (Spanish,  chapin,  a  high  cork 
shoe.) 

Chop  liOf^C.  To  bandy  words  ;  to 
altercate.  Lord  Bacon  says,  "  Let  not 
the  council  chop  with  the  judge." 

ilownow,  how  now,  chop  lo?ie!    What  is  this? 
"  Proud,"and  "'I  thaiikiuu,"aiAi"l  Ihaukyouuot," 
And  yot  "  Dot  procd." 

^'kaiAypeare,  "  Rcnmo  and  Jiiliet."iu.  5. 


Chops.  Do'icn  in  the  chops — i.e., 
down  m  the  mouth  ;  in  a  melancholy 
state ;  with  the  mouth  drawn  down. 
Chop  or  chap  is  Saxon  for  mouth  ;  we 
still  say  a  pig's  cb.ap. 

Clioreu'tsa  iKoru'lee).  A  sect  of 
heretics,  who,  among  other  errors,  per- 
sihto'l  in  keeping  the  Sunday  a  fakt. 

Chouans  (2  syl.),  French  insurgenta 
of  tho  riO)alist  party  during  the  Revo- 
lution, .lean  Cottercau  was  their  leader, 
nick-named  choiian  (owl),becau£3e  he  was 
accustomed  to  warn  his  companions  of 
danger  by  imitating  the  screech  of  as. 
owl.  Cottereau  was  followed  by  George 
Cadoudal. 

Chouse  (1  syl.).  To  cheat  out  of 
something.  Gifford  says  the  intoq)reter 
of  the  Turkish  embassy  in  England  is 
called  chiaus,  and  in  1009  this  chiaus 
contrived  to  defraud  his  govorament  of 
,£4,000,  an  enormous  sum  at  that  period. 
From  the  notoriety  of  the  swindle  the 
word  chiaus  or  to  choicse  was  adopted. 
What  do  you  think  of  me— 
That  I  am  a  cliimts? 

Den  Jomon,  "Alch>/mUi."    (1810.) 

Chriera-hil'da  or   Chriem-hild. 

A  woman  of  unrivalled  b.eiuty,  sister  of 
Gunther,  and  beloved  by  Siegfried,  the 
two  chief  heroes  of  the  Nibelungen- 
lied.  Siegfried  gives  her  a  talisman  taken 
from  Gunthor's  lady-love,  and  Gunther, 
in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  induces  H.agen  to 
murder  his  brother-in-law,  Chriemhild  in 
revenge  marries  Ezzcl,  king  of  the  Huns  ; 
invites  the  Nibeliings  to  the  wedding 
feast ;  and  there  they  are  all  put  to  the 
sword,  except  Ha^en  and  (Junther,  who 
are  taken  prisoners,  and  put  to  death  by 
tho  bride.     (.5c«  Kriemhild.) 

Chriscme  {l-risu/n) s'guifies properly 
"the  white  cloth  set  by  the  minister  at 
baptism  on  the  head  of  the  newly 
anointed  with  chrism  (i.e.,  a  compo- 
sition of  oil  and  balm).  In  the  Form 
of  Private  Baptism  is  this  direction : 
"  Then  the  minister  shall  put  the  white 
vesture,  commonly  called  the  chrisome, 
upon  the  child."  The  child  thus  bap- 
tised is  called  a  chrisom  or  cbrisom 
child.  If  it  dies  within  the  mouth,  it  is 
shrouded  in  the  vesture ;  and  hence,  in 
the  bills  of  mortality,  even  to  the  year 
172o,  infants  that  died  within  the  month 
were  termed  chrisoms. 

A'  made  a  flna  end,  and  ^erj.  awcy  an  It  had 
t>£fen  *?#  chrisom  chCd.— S/uii«i)f.ire.  •'  Benry  V.^ 


CHIirSTABEL. 


CRRISTOPIIEa 


1(53 


Christabel  (Krii'taleT).  Tbo  hero- 
ine of  Coleridge's  fragraontary  poem  of 
that  uanie. 

Christabel] e  (Kri/idbeT).  Daughter 
of  a  "  bonnio  king  "  in  Ireland.  She  foil 
in  love  with  Sir  Cauliae  {q.v.). 

Christendom  (Krut'-en-dum)  gene- 
rally  means  all  Christian  countries;  but 
Shakespeare  uses  it  for  baptUm,  or 
"Christian  citizenship."  Thus,  ia  "King 
John,"  the  young'  prince  says — 

Pv  my  Christendom ! 
So  were  I  out  of  prison,  and  kept  s'lccp, 
I  should  be  merry  as  the  day  13  \v.\t. 

Act  IV.  e.  1. 

Christian  (firis'ttun).  The  hero  of 
John  Biinyan's  allegory  called  "The  Pil- 
grim's Progress."  lie  flees  from  the  "  City 
of  Destruction,"  and  journeys  on  to  the 
"Celestial  City."  He  starts  with  a  heavy 
burden  on  his  back,  but  it  falls  off  when 
he  stands  at  the  foot  of  the  cross. 

Christian.  A  follower  of  Christ.  So 
called  first  at  Antioch  (Acts  xi.  26). 

Most  Christian  Doctor.  John  C'harlier 
de  Gerson.    (1363-14-29.) 

Most  C/irislian  King.  The  style  of  tbo 
king  of  France. 

Pepin  lo  Brcf  was  so  styled  by  pope 
Stephen  IH.    (7H-7G8.) 

Charles  le  Cbauvo  was  so  styled  by  the 
council  of  Savouni6res.     (823,  810-877.) 

Louis  XI.  was  so  styled  by  pono  Paul  il. 
(1123,  M(;i-M83.) 

Since  which  time  it  has  been  uni- 
Torsally  adopted  in  Franco.     (14'J9.) 

And  thou.  O  Gnul,  with  gnudv  Iroplitcs  plumed, 
"  Uost  Christian  Klnz."    Alaa  f  In  viiiii  .•issiimi-J, 
Cainoou,  "  Lutiad,"  bk.  vii. 

Founder  0/ Christian  Eloquence.  I.ouis 
Bourdalouo,  the  French  preacher.  (1C32- 
1704.) 

Chriatian'a  {KriM'nn'a).  The  wife 
of  Christian,  whost  :rteil  with  her  cbiMrcn 
and  Mercy  from  the  "  City  of  Destruc- 
tion" long  after  her  husband.  Khe  was 
placed  under  the  guiiiance  of  Mr.  Oreat- 
lleart,  and  went,  therefore,  in  "silver 
slippers "  along  the  thorny  road.— 
Bunyan,  "  The  Pilijrim'i  Progress,"  pt.  ii. 

Christmas  {firiil'mas).  "Christmas 
oomos  but  on(-eajcar."— rAojHttj  lusser. 

Christmas  Box.  A  small  gra- 
tuity given  to  servants,  kc,  on  FJ^'xing 
day  ^ the  day  after  Christmas  day).  In 
the  early  days  of  Christi  inity  boxes  were 
placed  in  churches  for  promiscuous  cha- 


rities, and  opened  on  Christmas  Day. 
The  contents  were  distributed  next  day 
by  the  priests,  and  called  the  "dole  of 
the  Christmas  box,"  or  the  ''  box  money." 
It  was  customary  for  heads  of  houses  lo 
give  small  sums  of  money  to  their  sub- 
ordin.ites  "to  put  into  the  box,"  before 
ma.ss  on  Christmas  Day. 

Somewhat  later,  apprentices  carried  a 
box  round  to  th.eir  master's  customers 
for  small  gratuiftes.  The  custom  since 
183G  has  been  gradually  dying  out. 

Gladly  the  bo.v,  with  Christrras  bo.\  in  hand, 
Throuzliout  the  town  h-s  dev;ous  route  pursuai, 
And  cf  liis  m  aster's  customers  implores 
The  yearly  mito. 

OiristmoM. 

Christmas  Carols  are  in  com- 
memoration of  the  song  of  Itie  angels  to 
the  shepherds  at  the  nativity.  Durand 
tells  us  that  the  bishops  with  the  clergy 
used  to  sing  carols  and  play  games  on 
Christmas  day.  (Vv'clsh,  carol,  a  lova- 
song;  Italian,  caroAty  kc.) 

Christmas  Day.  Transferred  from 
the  6th  of  January  to  the  i.jth  of  Decem- 
ber by  Julius  I,     (337-3.02.) 

Christmas    Decorations.      The 

great  feast  of  Saturn  was  held  in  Decern- 
ber,  when  the  people  decorated  the  tem- 
ples with  such  green  things  as  they  could 
find.  The  Christian  custom  is  the  same 
transferred  to  Ilim  who  was  bom  in 
Bethlehem  on  the  2."ith  of  the  same 
month.  The  holly  or  holy-tree  is  called 
Christ's-tliorn  in  Germany  and  Scandi- 
nnvia,  from  its  use  in  church  decorations 
and  its  p-.itting  forth  its  berries  at  Christ- 
mas time.  Tlie  early  Christians  gave 
an  emblematic  turn  to  the  custom,  refer- 
ring to  the  "  righteous  branch,"  and  jus- 
tifying the  custom  from  Isa.  Ix.  13 — "The 
glory  of  Lebanon  shall  come  unto  thee , 
the  fir-tree,  the  pine-tree,  and  the  box 
together,  to  beautify  the  place  of  my 
sanctuary." 

Chris'tolytes  (Kris'. to-Utes).  A  sect 
of  Christians  that  a()pcared  in  the  sixth 
century.  They  maintained  that  when 
Christ  descended  into  hell,  he  left  his 
soul  and  body  there,  and  rose  only  with 
his  heavenly  nature. 

Christophcr(-*?<.).  The gi.mt carried 
a  child  over  a  brook,  and  said,  "Chyldo, 
thou  hast  put  me  in  grete  peryll.  I 
miiiht  bcro  no  greater  burden.  To 
which  the  child  answered,  "  Marvel  thou 
nothing,  for  thou  Last  borne  all  tho  world 


164 


CHRONICON. 


CICERO. 


npoD  thee,  an)  its  sins  likewise."  This 
is  an  alleffory :  Ciiristopher  moans  cross- 
leaver — i.e.,  Jesus  Christ;  the  child  is 
the  offspring  of  Adam ;  the  river  is  death. 
The  saint  is  called  a  giant  because  the 
Redeemer  was  equal  to  so  great  a  burden. 

Chron'icon  ex  Chron'ieis  is  by 
Florence,  a  mou'c  of  Worcester,  the  ear- 
liest of  our  Enirlisb  chroniclers.  It  be- 
gins from  Creation,  and  goes  down  to 
1119,  in  which  year  the  author  died  ;  but 
it  was  continued  Ity  another  hand  to 
1141.  Printed  in  4to  at  London,  1592. 
Its  chief  value  consists  in  its  serving  as 
a  key  to  the  Saxon  chronicle. 

Chronon-hoton-thol'ogos  (Kro- 
non,  &c.).  A  burlesque  pomposo  in 
Henry  Carey's  farce,  so  called.  Any 
one  who  delivers  an  inflated  address. 

Aldiborontophoscophoniio,  where  left  you  Chr> 
nouhotontbo  "goB?— H.  Carey. 

Chrysa'or  (krisa'or).  Sir  Artegal's 
eword,  "  that  all  other  swords  excelled." 
—Spenser,  "  Faery  Queen." 

Clirys'alis  (krys'alis).  The  form 
which  caterpillars  assume  before  the)' 
are  converted  into  butterflies.  The 
chrj^salia  is  also  called  an  aure'lia,  from 
the  Latin  aurum,  gold.  The  external 
covering  of  some  species  has  a  metallic, 
golden  hue,  but  others  are  green,  red, 
black,  &c.     (Greek,  chi-usos,  gold.) 

Cliubb  (Thomas).   A  deistical  writer, 
who  wrote  upon  miracles  in  the  first  half 
of  the  eighteenth  centui-y. 
He  heard  of  Blount,  of  llandeville,  and  Chuhb. 
Crabb, "  Sorouijh." 

Clium.  A  crony,  a'  familiar  com- 
panion,_properly  a  bedfellow.  (Armoric, 
chom ;  French,  chCrtur,  to  roet ;  Saxon, 
ham  ;  our  home. 

Church.  The  etymology  of  this 
word  is  generally  assumed  to  be  from 
the  Greek  Kunou  oikos  (house  of  God)  ; 
but  this  is  most  improbable,  as  the  word 
existed  in  all  the  Celtic  dialects  long  be- 
fore the  introduction  of  Greek.  No 
doubt  the  word  means  "a  circle.'' 
The  places  of  worship  among  the  German 
and  Celtic  nations  were  always  circular  : 
witness  the  cromlechs  of  Stonehenge, 
Avebury,  Silbury  Hill,  Stanton  Drew, 
&c.,the  dolmens  of  Brittany,  and  the  relic 
shrines  of  Indi\  ^AVelsh,  cyrch  ;  French, 
cirque;  Scotch,  ^-iVyt ;  Grrek,  i-i'r)t-o»,  &c. ) 

High,  Low,  and  Broad  Church.  Dr. 
South  says,  "  The  High  Church  are  those 


who  think  highly  of  the  church  and  lowly 
of  themselves  ;  the  Low  Ciiurch  those 
who  think  lowly  of  the  church  and  highly 
of  themselves."  The  Broad  Church  are 
those  who  think  the  church  is  broad 
enough  for  all  religious  parties,  and  their 
own  views  of  religion  are  chieHy  of  a 
moral  nature,  their  doctrinal  views  being 
so  rounded  and  ela-stic,  that  they  can 
come  into  collision  with  no  one. 

Church  Militant  and  Church  Tri- 
umphant. The  church  on  earth  means 
the  whole  body  of  believers,  who  are  said 
to  be  "  waging  the  war  of  faitli"  against 
"the  world,  the  flesh,  and  the  devil."  It 
is  therefore  militant,  or  in  warfare  ;  but 
some  have  gone  to  their  rest,  and  have 
entered  into  glory,  having  fought  the 
fight  and  triumphed—  these  belong  to  the 
"  church  triumphant"  in  beavan. 

Church  Porch  (The)  was  used  in 
ancient  times  for  settling  money  trans- 
actions, paying  dowries,  rents,  and  pur- 
chases of  estates.  Consequently  it  was 
furnished  with  benches  on  both  sides. 
Hence,  lord  Stourton  sent  to  invite  the 
Hartgills  to  meet  him  in  the  porch  of 
Kilmington  church  to  receive  the  .£2,000 
awarded  them  by  the  Star  Chamber. — 
Lord  de  Puis,  "  Tower  of  London." 

Churching  of  Women.  In  imi- 
tation  of  the  Jewish  custom  of  purifica 
tion.  The  Virgin  Mary  went  up  to  be 
purified  and  to  make  her  offering  (Luke 

ii.  22,  &c.). 

Chuz'zlewit  (Martin).  The  hero  of 
Dickens's  novel  so  called.  Jonas  Chuzzlo- 
wit  is  a  type  of  mean  tyranny,  delighting 
in  petty  cruelty. 

Chyndo'nax.  A  chief  Druid,  whose 
tomb,  with  a  Greek  inscription,  was  dis- 
covered near  Dijon,  in  1598. 

Cie'ero.  So  called  from  the  Latin 
deer  (a  wart  or  vetch).  Plutarch  says, 
"a  flat  excrescence,  on  the  tp  of  hi? 
nose,  gave  him  this  name."  His  real 
name  was  Tully. 

The  British  Cicero.  William  Pitt,  earl 
of  Chatham.     (1708-177S.) 

The  Cicero  of  the  British  Senate.  Georg€ 
Canning.     (1770-1827.) 

The  Christian  Cicero.  Lucius  Coelius 
Lactantius,  a  Christian  father,  who  died 
330. 

The  Cicero  of  France,  Jean  Baptists 
MassiUon.    (16(33-1742.) 


CICERONE. 


CIRCLE. 


165 


La,  Buiicke  de  Cleeron.  Philippe  Pot, 
prime  minister  of  Louis  XI,  (1-128- 
1494.) 

The  Cicero  of  Germany.  Johann  III., 
elector  of  Brandenburg.     (1455-1499.) 

T/ie  German  Cicero.  Johann  Sturm, 
printer  and  scholar.     (1507-1589.) 

Cicero'ne  (4  sy].).  A  guide  to  point 
out  objects  of  interest  to  strangers.  So 
called  in  the  same  way  as  Paul  was  called 
by  the  men  of  Lystra  "  Mercu'rius,  be- 
cause he  was  the  chief  speaker"  (Acts 
xiv.  12).  Cicero  was  the  speaker  of 
speakers  at  Rome ;  and  certainly,  in  a 
party  of  sight-seers,  the  giiide  is  "  ttie 
chief  speaker."  It  is  no  compliment  to 
the  great  orator  to  call  the  glib  patterer 
of  a  show-place  a  Cicero ;  but  we  must 
not  throw  stones  at  our  Italian  neig-h- 
bours,  as  we  have  conferred  similar 
honour  on  our  great  epic  poet  in  chang- 
icg  "Grub  Street"  into  "Milton  Street" 

CicisTDeo  (dtt-chiz-heo).  A  dangler 
about  women  ;  the  profe.ssed  gallant  of  a 
married  woman.  Also  the  knot  of  silk 
or  ribbon  which  is  attached  to  fans, 
walking-sticks,  umbrellas,  &c.  Cicis- 
beitm,  the  practice  of  dangling  about 
wjmen. 

Cicle'nius  or  Ci/Ue'nitu.  Mercury. 
So  called  from  mount  Cylle'ne,  in  Pelo- 
ponne'sus,  where  he  was  bom. 

Cid.  Arabic  for  lord.  Don  Roderi'go 
Layuez,  Ruy  Diaz  (son  of  Diaz),  count  of 
Bivar'.  He  was  called  "  mio  cid  el  cam- 
p(«ador,"  my  lord  the  cliiunpion.  (1025- 
109!>).     C'Truptiou  of  Said. 

The  Portuguefe  Cid.  Nunez  Alva'rez 
Perei'ra,  general  diplomatist.  (13G0- 
1431.) 

The  Cid' s  horse.    Babie'ca.    (3or4  8yL] 

The  Cid^s  sipord.  Colad.i.  The  sword 
taken  by  the  cid  Roderi'go  from  king 
Bucar  v/as  called  Tizo'na. 

Cid Ilamel Ijcnnujeli.  Tbesuppo.'sititious 
author  of  "Don  Quixote's  Adventiu-es." 

Ci-devant  (French).  Former  ,  ci 
times  gone  by.  As  Ci-devanl  governor — 
I.e.,  once  a  governor,  but  no  longer  so. 
Ci-deranl  philosophers  means  philosophers 
ol  former  days. 

CilTaros.  The  name  of  Castor's 
horse.     {See  IlonsE.) 


Cimmer'ian    Boa'phorus. 
strait  of  Kaffa. 


The 


Cimmer'ian  Darkness.  Hornet 
Biijtposes  the  Cimmerians  to  dwell  in  a 
land  "beyond  the  ocean-s;tream,"  where 
the  sun  never  shone. — "  Odys.,"  xi.  14. 

In  dark  Cimmetian  desert  ever  dwell. 

MUion,  "L'Aiteirri." 

Cincho'na  or  Quinine.  So  named 
from  the  countess  del  C'inchon,  wife  o£ 
the  conde  del  Cinchon,  vicero}'  of  Peru, 
whence  the  hark  was  first  sent  to  Europe. 
(See  Peruvian  Bark.) 

Cincinna'tus,  tbe  Roman,  was 
ploughing  his  field,  when  he  was  sa- 
luted as  Dictator.  After  he  had  con- 
quered the  Volsci  and  delivered  his 
country  from  danger,  he  laid  down  his 
offi..e  and  returned  to  his  plough. 

AndCUicinnatui,  awfiU  from  the  plonzh. 

Thotmon,  "  Winler," 

The  Cincinnalus  of  the  Amo-icwnt, 
George  Washington.     (1732-1799.) 

Cinderella  {lilUe  cinder  girl),  hero- 
ine of  a  fairy  tale.  She  is  the  drudge  of 
the  house,  dirty  with  housework,  while 
her  elder  sisters  go  to  fine  balls.  At 
length  a  fairy  enables  her  to  go  to  the 
prince's  ball ;  the  prince  falls  in  love  with 
her,  and  she  is  discovered  by  means  of  i» 
glass  slipper  which  she  drops,  and  whicli 
will  fit  no  foot  but  her  own. 

'i:\iQ  glass  slipper  is  a  strange  mistrans- 
lation  of  pnninxitle  en  vair  (a  fur  slipper), 
not  en  verre.  H.  ('.  Porrault,  Conies  de  ties. 

Cinque  Cento,  Infeiior  or  de- 
graded art.  Tlie  words  are  Italian  for 
500.  With  1500  the  great  schools  of  art 
had  closed. 

Cipher.     Dr  Wbe well's  riddle  is — 

A  headless  m&n  li&d  a  leUer  (o)  to  write. 

lie  who  read  It  (n/iu^/io  l>ad  lost  lii»  si.lit 

The  dumb  repeated  U  (immj/A/)  word  f.r  word. 

And  deaf  was  the  maa  who  U:>iened  and  Ueiird  (ikn^U.) 

Cir'ce  (2  syl.).  A  sorceress.  She 
lived  in  the  island  of  yE;ea.  When 
Ulysses  landed  there,  Circe  turned  his 
companions  into  swine,  but  Ulysses 
resisted  this  metamorphose  by  virtu©  of 
a  herb  called  moly,  given  him  by  Mercury. 

Who  knows  not  Tiroe, 
The  dauifhter  of  the  Sun,  whose  chiinncd  cup 
Whoever  tasted  lost  his  iipnidit  shape, 
And  dow>' ward  fell  'Jilo»KruvellinK  swine' 

Uilton,  "  t'omut." 

Circle  of  tnioa.  A  white  rainbow 
or  huninous  ring  sometimes  seen  in 
Alpine  regions  opposite  the  aun  in  foggy 
weather. 


166 


CIRCUIT. 


CITY. 


Circuit.  The  journey  made  tliroiiph 
the  counties  of  Great  Britain  by  the 
judges  twice  a  year.  There  are  six  cir- 
cuits in  England,  two  in  Wales,  and 
three  in  Scotland.  Thoso  in  England 
are  called  the  Homo,  Norfolk,  Midland, 
Oxford,  Western,  and  Northern  ;  those  of 
Wales,  the  North  and  South  circuits  ;  and 
thoso  of  Scotland,  the  Southern,  Western, 
and  Northern. 

Circumcell'ians.  A  sect  of  the 
African  Don'atists  in  the  fourth  century  ; 
80  called  because  they  rambled  from  town 
to  town  to  redress  grievances,  forgive 
debts,  manumit  slaves,  and  set  them- 
selves up  as  the  oracles  of  right  and 
wrong.  (Latin,  circum-cello,  to  beat 
about.) 

Circumeised  Bretliren  (in  "  Hu- 
dibras").  They  were  Prynue,  Bertie  or 
Burton,  and  Bastwick,  who  lost  their  ears 
and  had  their  noses  slit  for  lampooning 
Henrietta  Maria  and  the  bishops. 

Circumloeu'tion  Office.  A  term 
applied  in  ridicule  to  our  public  offices, 
because  each  person  tries  to  shuffle  olf 
everyact  to  someone  else,  and  before  any- 
thing is  done  it  has  to  pass  through  so 
many  departments,  that  every  fly  is 
crushed  on  a  wheel.  The  term  was  in- 
vented by  Charles  Dickens,  and  appeai-s 
in  "Little  Dorrit." 

Ciric-Sceat  or  Chvirch-Seot.  An 
ecclesiastical  due,  paid  chiefly  in  corn, 
in  the  reig-n  of  Canute,  &.C.,  on  St. 
Martin's  Day. 

Cisse'ta.   One  of  the  dogs  of  Actaeon. 

Cist  or  Cyst.  Properly  a  bladder 
(Greek,  cystis),  but  generally  used  for  a 
stone  chest  containing  the  remains  of 
those  who  are  buried  in  barrows. 

Cister'cians.  A  religious  order,  so 
called  from  the  monastery  of  Cister'cium, 
near  Dijon,  in  France.  The  abbey  of 
Cistercium  or  Citeaux  was  founded  by 
Robert,  abbot  of  Moleme,  in  Burgundy, 
at  the  close  of  the  eleventh  century. 

Cities.  The  Cities  of  the  Plain. 
Sodom  and  Gomorrah. 

Abram  dwe  led  in  t1:e  land  of  Canatn,  and  Tiot 
dwelled  iu  the  cities  of  the  plain,  and  pitohed  hia 
teut  toward  SuJom.— G'on.  xiiu  li. 

T/ie  Seve7i  Cities.  Egypt,  Jerusalem, 
Babyloa,  Athens,  Rome,  CoQstantinople, 


and  either  London  for  commerce  or  Farii 
for  beauty. 

Citizen  King.  Louia  Philippe  of 
Franco.  So  called  because  he  waa 
elected  king  by  the  citizens  of  Paris. 
(Born  1773,  reigned  1830-1848,  died  IS.vU.) 

City  of  David.  Jerusalem.  So 
cilled  in  compliment  to  King  David. 
(2  Sam.  V.  7,  9.) 

City  of  Destruction,  This  world, 
or  rather,  the  world  of  tlio  unconverted. 
Banyan  makes  Christian  flee  from  the 
"City  of  Destruction"  and  journey  to 
the  "  Celestial  City,"  by  which  he  alle- 
gorises the  "walk  of  a  Christian  "  from 
conversion  to  death. 

City  of  Grjd.  The  church  or  whole 
body  of  believers  ;  the  kingdom  of  Jesus 
Christ,  in  contradistinction  to  the  city  of 
the  World,  called  by  John  Bunyan  the 
City  of  Destniction.  The  phrase  is  that 
of  St.  Augustine. 

City  of  Lanterns.  A  supposititious 
city  in  Lucian's  "  V^erre  Historic,"  situate 
somewhere  beyond  the  zodiac. 

City  of  Palaces.  Agrippa,  in  the 
reign  of  Augustus,  converted  liomo  from 
"  a  city  of  brick  huts  to  one  of  marble 
palaces." 

Calcutta  is  called  the  "City  of  Palaces." 
Modern  Paris  well  deserves  the  compli- 
ment of  being  so  called. 

City  of  Refuge.  Medi'na,  in 
Arabia,  where  Mahomet  took  refuge 
when  driven  l)y  conspirators  from  Mecca. 
He  entered  the  city,  not  as  a  fugitive,  but 
in  triumph,  a.D.  C22. 

Cities  of  Refuge.  Moses,  at  the  com- 
mand of  God,  set  apart  three  cities  on 
the  east  of  Jordan,  and  Joshua  added 
three  others  on  the  west,  whither  any 
person  might  flee  for  refuge  who  had 
killed  a  human  creature  inadvertently. 
The  three  on  the  east  of  Jordan  were 
Bezer,  Kamoth,  and  Golan  ;  the  three  on 
the  west  were  Hebron,  Shecbem,  and 
Kedesh.    (Deut.  iv.  43;  Josh,  xs-1 — 8.) 

City  of  the  Great  King— 1.«., 
Jerusalem.     (Ps.  xlviii.  2;  Matt.  y.  35.) 

City  of  the  Sun.  A  romance  by 
Campanella,  siinihir  to  the  "  FiOpublic  ' 
of  Plato,  the  "Utopia"  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  and  the  "  Atlantis  "  of  Lord  Bacon. 
C15t5S-1639.) 


CIVIL. 


claj^encieux. 


1^7 


Civil  List.  Now  applied  to  expenses 
proper  for  the  maintenauco  of  the  sove- 
reiijn's  bouschoM  ;  but  before  tlio  reign 
of  William  III.  it  embraced  all  tbo  heads 
of  public  expenditure,  except  th-jso  of 
the  army  and  navy. 

Civil  Service  Estimates  (C.S.E.) 
include  the  n  itioiial  expenses  for — 
Public  wjrks. 
Siilarios. 
Law  expenses. 
I'Mucation,  science,  and  art. 
Colonial  ami  consular  oxi)ons?s. 
Pensions. 
Miscellaneous. 

Civila'tion.  Intoxication.  A  Cork 
orator  at  a  debating  society  was  speakinp 
on  the  state  of  Preland  before  it  was  added 
to  England,  and  said,  "  Sir,  the  Irish  had 
no  civilation— cilivation,  I  mean — no 
civilatiou,"  and  sat  down,  too  far  gone  to 
pronounce  the  word  civilisation. 

Clabber  tapper's  Hole.  Near 
Oravesend  ;  said  to  be  so  called  from  a 
freebooter  ;  but  more  likely  the  Celtic 
Caer-ber  I'arher  (water- town  lower  camp). 

Clack  Dish.  Some  two  or  three 
centuries  ago,  beggars  used  to  proclaim 
their  want  by  clacking  the  lid  of  a  wooden 
dish. 

"(!rin  you  think  I  ^-et  my  liTins  by  i.  \jc\\  and 
clack  dish  '• " 
"...     lli>w>  th.it  ?" 
"  Why,  begsi'ig.  sir."         "Pamihj  of  Lops."  (1i)08.) 

Claire  (St.).  A  religious  order  of 
women,  the  second  that  St.  Francis  in- 
stituted. It  was  founded  in  r213,  and 
took  its  name  from  its  first  abbess,  Claire 
of  Assise. 

Clak-ho-har'yali.  At  Fort  Van- 
couver, the  luediuiu  of  intercourse  is  a 
Bii.'ciure  of  Canadian  French,  English, 
Indian,  and  Chinese.  An  Eiiglisliraangoes 
by  the  name  of  K inl-skoali,  a  corrujjtion  of 
king  George  ;  an  American  is  called  Bus- 
ton  ;  and  the  ordinary  salutation  is  clak- 
ho-liaiijah.  This  is  explained  by  the  fact 
that  the  Indians,  frequently  hearing  a 
trader  named  Clark  addressed  by  Lis 
companions,  "Clark,  how  are  you?" 
imagined  this  to  be  the  correct  English 
form  of  salutation. —  Taylor,  "  Words  and 
I'lacu." 

Clam.  Belter  clam  tluin  qo  to  tht 
union.    Bettor  be  pinched  or  half -starved. 


(Clam  is  the  Gorman  klemmen,  to  pinch  ; 
Danish,  klemmer  ;  omt  clammy,  sticliy.) 

I  could  not  lot  him  cinm.  I  waa  clammini;  my- 
self, mii'aiu.— iSAa^ow  0/  Aihlyint. 

Clap-trap.  Something  introihiced 
to  win  aippLauso  ;  something  really  worth- 
less, but  sure  to  take  with  tbo  ground- 
lings. It  is  a  trap  to  catch  a  round  of 
applause. 

■  Clapper.      A   plank  bridge  oror  a 
stream ;  a  ferry-gate. 

Clapper  Claw.  To  jangle  and  claw 
each  other  about.  (Dutch  and  Gorman, 
kUippen,  to  strike,  clatter.) 

Now  thr.y  Rre  cliippnr-clawiiie  one  another;  Ml 
go  luuk  on.—"  Trodui  arvl  Ciessida,"  v.  i. 

Clapper-dudgeons.  Abrammen 
(17. •!'.).  The  clapper  is  the  tongue  of  a 
bell,  and  in  cant  language  the  humaa 
"tongue."  Dudgeon  (\Vclsli,  dyf/en) 
means  resentment,  and  in  slang  language 
one  who  resents,  a  madman.  A  clapper- 
dudgeon  is  a  madman,  patterer,  or  beg- 
gar. 

Clapping  the  prayer-books,  or 
stamping  the  feet,  in  the  lioman  Catho- 
lic church,  on  Good  Friday,  is  designed  tc 
signify  the  abandonment  of  our  Saviour 
by  his  disciples.  This  is  done  wh'-n 
twelve  of  the  thirteen  burning  candles 
are  put  out.  The  noise  comes  from  within 
the  choir. 

Claque ;  Claqueurs.  Applause  by 
clapping  the  hands ;  persons  paid  for 
doing  so.  JI.  Sauton,  in  1820,  estal)lished 
in  Paris  an  oflice  to  ensure  the  success  of 
dramatic  pieces.  He  was  the  first  to 
organise  the  Parisian  claqxie.  The  manager 
sends  an  order  to  his  otHco  for  any  num- 
ber of  clatjueurs,  sometimes  for  500,  or 
even  more.  The  class  is  divided  into 
commi3sair.<,  (Im^ -who  commit  the  pieces 
to  memory,  and  are  noi.sy  in  pointing 
out  its  merits ;  rienrs,  who  laugh  at  the 
puns  and  jokes  ;  pleureurs,  chiefly  women, 
who  are  to  hold  their  pockct-haudkorchiefa 
to  their  eyes  at  the  moving  jjarts  ;  clui- 
touilleurs,  who  are  to  knep  the  audience 
in  good  humour;  and  bissenrs,  who  arc 
to  cry  (hi.')  (incoro.  The  liomans  had 
their  Laudicumi  (7. v.). 

Clarencieux  (3  syl.).  The  first  of  thi 
two  provincial  king-at-arm.''.,  the  other  is 
Norroy  \norlJt  king).  So  named  from  the 
duke  of  Clarence,  third  son  of  Edward 
III.,  who  first  boio  the  oQioo. 


168 


CLARENDON. 


CLEMENT. 


Clarendon.  The  consiUutioTU  of 
Clarendon.  Laws  made  by  a  general 
council  of  nobles  and  prelates,  held  at 
Cl.irendon,  in  Wiltshire,  in  1 164,  to  check 
the  [lOwer  of  the  church,  and  restrain  the 
prerc^g-atives  of  ecclesiastics.  These 
famous  ordinances,  sixteen  in  number, 
define  the  limits  of  the  patronage  and 
jurisdiction  of  the  pope  in  these  realms. 

Claret.  The  wine  so  called  does  net- 
receive  its  name  from  its  colour,  but  the 
colour  so  called  receives  its  name  from 
the  wii.e.  The  word  tneans  clarified 
wine  {vinnm  clare'liim).  What  we  called 
hippocras  was  called  clar^tum,  which  was 
a  liquor  made  of  wine  and  honey  clarified. 

Classics.  The  best  authors.  The 
Romans  were  divided  by  Scr'vius  into  six 
classes.  Any  citizen  who  belonged  to 
the  highest  class  was  called  class' kux,  all 
the  rest  were  said  to  be  infra  claxsem. 
From  this  the  best  authors  were  termed 
class'ici  aucio'res  (classic  p.uthors) — i  e., 
authors  of  the  best  or  first  class.  The 
high  esteem  in  which  Greek  and  Latin 
were  held  at  the  revival  of  letters  ob- 
tained for  these  authors  the  name  of 
classic,  emi>hatically ;  and  when  other 
first-rate  works  are  intended  some  dis- 
tinctive name  is  added,  as  the  English, 
French,  Spanish,  &c.,  classics. 

Claude  Lorraine.  Claude  Gelee, 
the  French  landscape  painter,  who  was 
born  at  the  Chftteau-de-Chamage,  in 
Lorraine.     (1600-1682.) 

Claus  (Santa).  The  Kriss  Kringle 
of  the  Dutch,  and  the  St.  Nicholas  of  the 
Germans  [q.v.'). 

Clause.  Lelter-claxise,  a  close  letter, 
sealed  with  the  royal  signet  or  privj'- 
seal  ;  in  opposition  to  lelters-palent,  which 
are  left  open,  the  seal  being  attached 
simply  as  a  legal  form.  ("  Clause,"  Latin 
cluusus,  shut,  closed.  ''  Patent,"  Latin 
patens,  spread,  open.) 

Ciavileno.  The  wooden  horse  on 
which  Don  Quixote  got  astride,  in  order 
to  disenchant  the  infanta  Antonoma'sia 
and  her  husband,  who  were  shut  up  in 
the  tomb  of  queen  Magun'cia,  of  Can- 
day'a.  It  was  the  very  horse  on  which 
Peter  f  f  Provence  carried  off  the  fair 
Magalo'na;  it  was  constructed  by  Merlin, 
and  was  governed  by  a  wooden  pin  in 
the  forehead.  (The  word  means  VVooden 
Peg.)—" Don  .']««-o<e,"pt.  ii.,  bk.  3,  c.  4, .'5. 


Claw  means  the  foot  of  .'H  animal 
armed  with  claws;  a  hand.  To  claw  \i 
to  lay  one's  hands  upon  thine".  It  also 
means  to  tickle  with  the  hand  :  hence  to 
please  or  flatter,  puff  or  praise.  CUiie 
vte  and  I  will  claw  then,  means,  "  praise 
n)e,  ami  I  will  praise  you." 

Lnuwh  when  I  .im  merry,  and  cUw  in  man  in  bil 
humour.  Shaketpeait.  " M'Cti  Ado, ''  Jtc..L  S. 

Claw-backs.  Flatterers.  Bishop 
Jewel    speaks    of    "  the    pope's    cluw- 

backs." 

Clay 'more  or  Glay'more  (2  syl.)  ie 
the  Celtic  f/laifia.  bent  sword)  and  mawr 
(large),     (^ee  Morglay.) 

Clean  Bill.  To  exhibit  a  clean  bill 
of  ItcaUh.    {See  Bill  of  Health.) 

Cleaned.  Cleaned  out.  Impoverished 
of  everything.  De  Quincey  says  that 
Richa'd  Bentley,  after  bis  lawsuit  with 
Dr.  Colbatch,  "must  have  been  pretty 
well  cleaned  out." 

Clearing  House.  A  building  in 
Lombard  Street,  set  ariart,  since  1775, 
for  interchanging  bankers'  cheques  and 
bills.  Each  bank  sends  to  it  daily  all 
the  bills  and  cheques  r.ot  drawn  on  its 
own  firm ;  these  are  sorted  and  dis- 
tributed to  their  resp^-tive  houses,  and 
the  balance  is  settled  by  transfer  tickets. 
The  origin  of  this  establishment  was  a 
post  at  the  comer  of  Birehin  Lane  and 
Lombard  Street,  where  banking  clerks 
met  and  exchanged  memoranda. 

Railway  lines  have  also  tbeir  "  Clear- 
ing Houses,"  for  settling  the  "tickets" 
of  the  different  lines. 

Clelia.  A  vain,  frivolous  female 
butterfly,  with  a  smattering  of  everj'- 
thing.  In  youth  she  coquetted ;  and, 
when  youth  was  passed,  tried  sundry 
ways  of  earning  a  living,  but  always 
without  success.  It  is  a  character  in 
Crabbe's  "Borough." 

Clelie.  A  character  in  Madame  Scu- 
dori's  ri.raance  so  railed.  't)"-;  novel 
is  a  type  of  the  buckram  formality  of 
Louis  "XIV.  It  is  full  of  high-flown 
compliments,  theatrical  poses,  and  cut 
and  dry  sentiments. 

Clement  (5^).  Patron  saint  of  tan- 
ners, being  himself  a  tanner.  His  symbol 
is  a  pot,  because  the  '23rd  of  Novemlter, 
St.  Clement  s  Day,  is  the  day  on  widch 
the  early  Danes  used  to  go  about  begging 
for  ale. 


CLEMENTINA. 


CLERIMOND. 


139 


Clementi'na  (The  Lady)..  In  love 
with  Sir  Charles  Graudison,  who  marries 
llanii't  Biiou. — Richardson,  "Sir  Charles 
Graudison." 

Clen'cher.  /  luivegiven  him  a  clencher. 
(See  Clincu.) 

Cleom'brotos  (4  syl.).  A  philoso- 
pher who  so  admired  Plato's  "  Phwdon" 
that  he  jumped  into  the  sea  in  order  to 
exchange  this  life  for  a  better.  He  was 
called  Ambracio'ta  of  Avibra'cia,  from 
the  place  of  his  birth. 

He  who  to  enjoy 
Plato's  elysium,  leaped  into  the  sea, 
Cleombrotus. 

"Puradite  Lott' iii. 

Cleon.  The  personification  of  f,'lory 
in  Spenser's  "  Faery  Queen." 

Cleopatra  and  her  Pearl.   It  is 

said  that  Cleopatra  made  a  banquet  for 
Antony,  the  costliness  of  which  excited 
his  astonishment  ;  and  when  Antony 
exi)rcssed  his  surprise,  Cleopatra  took  a 
pearl  ear-drop,  which  she  dissolved  in  a 
stionji:  acid,  and  firank  to  the  health  of 
the  Iioman  triumvir,  saying,  "My 
draught  to  Autou)- shall  far  exceed  it." 
There  are  two  difficulties  in  this  anec- 
dote— the  first  is,  that  vinegar  would  not 
dissolve  a  [learl ;  and  the  next  is,  that 
any  stronger  acid  would  be  wholly  unfit 
to  drink.  Probably  tho  solution  is  this: 
the  pearl  was  sold  to  some  merchant 
whose  name  was  synonymous  with  a 
strong  acid,  and  the  money  given  to 
Antony  as  a  present  by  the  fond  queen. 
The  pearl  melted,  and  Cleopatra  drank 
to  the  health  of  Antony  as  she  handed 
him  tue  money.     (.S'ee  Guksham.) 

Clergy.  The  men  of  God's  lot  or 
inheritiiuco.  In  St.  Peter's  first  epistle, 
V.  3,  the  church  is  called  "  God's  heri- 
tage "  or  lot.  In  tho  Old  Testament  the 
trioe  of  Levi  is  called  the  "  lot  or 
lioritage  of  tho  Lord."  (Greek,  cleros ; 
Latin,  cIitus  and  cUricus,  whence  Norman 
cierex  and  cUrkus  ;  French,  clerye.) 

Jienefit  of  Clergy.    {See  Benefit.) 

Cler'gyTnen.  The  dislike  of  sailors 
to  clergymen  on  board  ship  arises  from 
an  association  with  tho  history  of  Jonah. 
Sailors  call  them  a  kiule  canjo,  or  kittlish 
cargo,  meaning  dangerous.  Probably 
the  disastrous  voyage  of  St.  Paul  con- 
i^.riJittlic  prejudice. 
C   » 


Clerical  Titles. 

(1)  Pauso.v.  The  person  who  in 
parish  suits  represents  the  parish.  ( Latin, 
'perso'na. ) 

A  good  man  wns  ther  of  rrli^onn, 
Ad4  was  &  pule  i-eiii'>uu  of  a  u>uu. 

Cliaucet,  ••  Iitl.  u/  Caiittrbur})  Talet." 

(2)  Clerk.  As  in  ancient  times  the 
clergymin  v/as  about  the  only  person 
who  could  write  and  read,  the  word 
clerical,  as  "  clerical  error,"  came  to 
signify  an  eiTor  in  spelling.  As  tho 
respondent  in  church  was  able  to  read, 
ho  received  tho  name  of  clei-k,  and  the 
assistants  in  writing,  kc,  are  so  termed 
in  business.  (Latin,  cUr'icus,  a  clergy- 
man.) 

(3)  Curate.  One  who  has  the  cure 
of  souls.  As  the  cure  of  the  parish  used 
to  be  virtually  entrusted  to  the  clerical 
stipeniiiary,  the  word  curate  was  appro- 
priated to  this  assistant. 

(4)  Rector.  One  who  has  tho  par- 
sonage and  the  tithes.  Tho  man  who 
rules  or  guides  the  parish.  (Latin,  "a 
ruler.") 

(5)  "Vicar.  One  who  does  the  "duty" 
of  a  parish  for  the  person  who  receives 
the  tithes  —  generally  a  layman,  and 
therefore  not  qualified  to  officiate,  (j^tin, 
vicarius,  a  deputy. ) 

(tj)  IxcuMisENT  aud  Perpetual  Cvr 
ATE  are  now  termed  Vicars.  The  oihei 
terms  are  abolished. 

'.•  The  French  cure  equals  our  vickr,  and  tl.eli 
tUaire  our  curate. 

Clerical  Vestments. 

(1)  White.  Emblem  of  purity,  worn 
on  all  feasts,  saints'  days,  and  sacra- 
mental occasions. 

(2)  Red.  The  colour  of  blood  and  of 
fire,  worn  on  the  days  of  martyrs,  and 
on  Whit  Sunday,  when  the  Holy  Ghost 
came  down  like  tongues  of  tire. 

(3)  Green.  Worn  only  on  days  which 
are  neither  feast-s  nor  fasts. 

(4)  Purple.  Tho  colour  of  mourning, 
worn  on  Ailvent  Sundays,  in  Lent,  aud 
on  Ember  days. 

(5)  Black.  Worn  on  Good  Friday,  and 
when  masses  are  said  for  the  dead. 

Oakeley,  "  0/i  the  Mass." 

Cler'imond.  Niece  of  the  Green 
Knight  iq.v.),  bride  of  Valentine  the 
brave,  and  sister  of  Fcr'ragns  the  giant. 
—  VaietUine  and  Orson. 


170 


CLEHK. 


CLOD-nOPPER. 


Clerk,  A  Bcliolar.  Honoo  heau-clerc. 
{file  (Jlehical  Titles.) 

Al!  tb«  clerks, 
I  me.in  tho  loarnod  onea,  in  Clirlstlan  klngdoim 
liavottutLr  iroo  voices. 

Shakr.'reart   "  Ucnry  i'lli,"  11.  2. 

St.  Nicholas's  Clerhi.  Thieves.  An 
eqnivoqiio  ou  the  word  Nick. 

I  (lilnU  there  cime  prancing  down  tho  hill  a  couple 
Ol  St.  Nichula.>'8  clerks. 

Itowtty^  *'  MaUh  at  ituMght"  1633. 

Clerk-ale  and  Cliurch-alo.  Mr. 
Douco  says  tho  word  "ale"  is  usod  ia 
such  composite  words  as  bride-alo,  clerk 
alo,chnrch-alo,  lamb-alo,  Midstiinmer-ale, 
Scot-alo,  Wliitsun-ale,  &c. ;  for  revel  or 
feast,  ale  being  the  chief  liquor  given. 

Tm    multitude     ctill    (Churcli-alo  SundayJ    tlieir 

revolyng  d;vy,  which    rt.iy    is    spent  In    bullji.'ating3, 

bparbealiiii;,    .    .    .    dicying,    .    .  and  drunken- 
ri  ess.— >r.  K,tht,  1570. 

Clerkly.     Cleverly  ;  like  a  schohir. 

1  thanli  you.  j^cntle  scrv.ant:    'tU  voi-y  clorltly  dono. 
Sfiakespfars,  "  Two  GentUineH  of  Vtroti'i,"  id- !• 

Clifford  (Poul).  A  higliwayman,re- 
foriued  by  tho  power  of  love,  in  Sir  L. 
Bulwer  Lytton's  novel  so  called. 

Climae'terie.  It  was  once  believed 
that  7  and  9,  with  their  multiples,  were 
critical  points  in  life;  and  6.3,  which  is 
produced  by  muUiplying  7  and  9  together, 
was  termed  the  Grand  Climacteric,  which 
few  persons  succeeded  in  outliving. 

There  are  two  Toara,  the  seventh  and  the  ninth, 
that  commonly  bfint^  great  changes  in  a  ra.in's  lifo, 
and  great  dangers  ;  wlicrcforc  6  i,  that  cont.iins  holli 
these  nuiiiliers  multiplied  together,  comes  out  without 
he.ips  of  dangers — Lt-i'inif^  Lemnius. 

Climacterio  Years  are  7th  and 
9th,  with  their  multiples  by  the  odd 
numbers  3,  5,  7,  9 -viz.,  7,  9,  21,  27,  35, 
45,  49,  G.3  and  8],  over  which  astrologers 
supposed  Saturn,  the  malevolent  planet, 
presided.     {See  Nine.) 

Climax  means  a  slair  (Greek),  applied 
to  the  la.st  of  a  gradation  of  arguments, 
each  of  which  is  stronger  than  tho  pre- 
ceding. The  last  of  a  gradation  of  words 
of  a  similar  character  is  also  called  a 
climax. 

Clinell.  To  bond  the  point  of  a  nail 
after  it  is  driven  home.  The  word  is 
Bometimos  written  t7e)icA, from  tho  French 
clenche,  the  lift  of  a  latch.  (Dutch, 
kliideii,  to  rivet.) 

That  was  a  clencher.  That  argument 
was  not  to  bo  gainsaid ;  that  remark 
drove  tho  matter  home,  and  fixed  it  "  as 
«  nail  in  a  sure  place," 


A  lie  is  called  a  clencher  or  clincher 
from  tlio  tale  about  two  swaggerers,  one 
of  whom  said,  "lie  drove  a  nail  right 
through  the  moon."  "Yes,"  said  the 
other,  "  I  remember  it  well,  for  I  went 
tho  other  side  and  clenched  it."  The 
French  say,  Je  lui  ai  lien  rive  son  clou  (i 
have  clinched  his  nail  for  him). 

Clin'ker  (Humphry).  Ilero  of  Smol- 
lett's novel  so  called.  The  general  scheme 
of  "Oliver  Twist"  resembles  it.  Hum- 
phrey is  a  workhouse  boy,  put  out 
apprentice;  bat,  being  afterwards  re- 
duced to  great  want,  he  attracts  the 
notice  of  Mr  Bramble,  wlio  tiikes  him 
into  his  service,  turns  out  to  bo  Bramble's 
natural  son,  and  falls  in  love  with  Wini- 
fred Jenkins,  iliss  Bramble's  maid. 

Clio  was  one  of  tho  nine  Muses,  the 
inveutress  of  historical  and  heroic  poetrj-. 

Clio.  Addison  is  so  called  because  his 
papers  in  tho  "  Spectator  "  are  signed  by 
one  of  the  four  letters  in  this  word,  pro- 
bably tho  initial  letters  of  Chelsea, 
London,  Islington,  Oilice.     {See  Nota- 

RICA.) 

Cli'quot  (of  Punch  celebrity).  A 
nickname  of  Frederick  William  IV.  of 
Prussia;  so  called  from  his  fondness  of 
champagne.     (1795,  18-10-1661.) 

Cloaci'na.  Goddess  of  sewers.  (Latin, 
cloa'ca,  a  sewer.) 

Then  Clo.icina,  goddess  of  the  tide. 
Whose  satjlo  otre.-inis  bojieath  the  city  glide. 
Indulged  the  modish  flame  ;  the  town  .siie  r.ved 
A  mottal  scavenger  slie  saw,  fehe  loved. 

Utxti,  *'  Tn.-ia,"  ii. 

Clock.  So  church  bells  were  once 
called.  (German,  ^/wi-e;  French,  c/oc/re , • 
Medieval  Latin,  cloca.) 

Clock.  Tho  talc  about  St  Paul's  clock 
striking  thirteen  is  given  in  Walcott's 
"  Memorials  of  Westminster,"  and  refers 
to  John  Hatfield,  who  died  1770,  aged 
102.  Ho  was  a  soldier  in  the  reign  of 
William  III.,  and  was  brought  before  a 
court-martial  for  falling  asiiep  on  duty 
upon  Windsor  terrace.  In  proof  of  his 
innocence  he  as.«ortod  that  he  heard  St. 
Paul's  clock  strike  thirteen,  which  state- 
ment was  coulinned  by  several  witnesses. 

Clod-hopper.  A  farmer,  who  hops 
or  walks  amongst  tho  clods.  The  cavalry 
call  the  infantry  clodhoppers,  because 
they  have    to    walk  ir.stcad    of    riding 

horseback. 


CLoa. 


OLYM. 


171 


Cleg  Almanac.  A  primitive  al- 
ii  ftnac  or  oaleijilar,  called  in  Scandinavia 
a  Runic  staff,  from  the  Rwnic  characters 
usad  in  its  numerical  notation. 

Cloister.  He  retired  into  a  cloister, 
a  monastery.  Almost  all  monasteries 
used  to  have  a  cloister  or  covered  walk, 
which  generally  occupied  the  four  sides 
of  a  quadrangle. 

Clootie.  Atil(l  Clootie.  Old  Nick. 
The  Scotch  call  a  cloven  hoof  a  cloot,  so 
that  Auld  Clootie  is  Old  Cloven-foot. 

Cloricla'no  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
A  humble  Moorish  youth,  who  joins  Mo- 
do'ro  ia  seeking  tho  body  of  king  Dar- 
dinello  to  bury  ii.  ^[edo'ro  being 
wounded,  Cloridano  rushed  madly  into 
tho  ranks  of  the  enemy  and  was  slain. 

Clorin'da  (in  "Jerusalem  De- 
livered ").  A  female  knight  who  came 
from  Persia  to  oppose  the  Crusaders, 
aiid  was  appointed  by  Al'adino  leader  of 
all  the  Pagan  forces.  Tancrcd  fell  in 
luve  with  her ;  but  not  knowing  her  in  a 
night  attack,  slew  her  after  a  most 
dreadful  combat.  Before  she  died  she 
received  Christian  baptism  at  the  hands 
of  Tancred,  who  mouraed  her  death 
with  great  sorrow  of  heart.  —  Bk.  sii. 

Sena'jHis  of  Ethiopia  (a  Christian)  was 
her  father,  but  her  being  born  white 
alarmed  her  mother,  who  changed  her 
babe  for  a  black  cliild.  Arso'tt-s,  the 
eunuch,  was  entrusted  with  the  infant 
Clorinda,  and  as  ho  was  going  through  a 
forest  ho  saw  a  tiger,  dropped  the  child, 
and  sought  safety  in  a  tree.  The  tiger 
took  the  babe  and  suckled  it,  after  which 
Arsetiis  left  Ethiopia  with  the  child  for 
Egypt. 

Clo'ten.  A  vindictive  lout  who  wore 
his  dagger  in  his  mouth.  Ho  fell  in 
love  with  Im'ogen,  but  his  love  was  not 
reciprocated.— ^7(ft/-c.7.)ra7-e,  "  Cymheline." 

Cloth  {The).  The  clergy;  thus  we 
talk  of  "having  respect  for  tho  cloth." 
Formerly  tho  clergy  used  to  wear  a  dis- 
tinguishing costume,  mado  of  grey  or 
black  cloth,  by  which  they  might  bo 
recognised. 

Clotha'rilis  or  C/othaire  (in  "Jcru- 
Balem  Delivered").  At  the  death  of 
Hugo  he  takes  the  load  of  the  Franks, 
but  is  shot  by  Clorinda  with  an  arrow 


(bk.  xi).  After  his  death,  his  troops 
moak  away  and  leave  tho  Christian  army 
(bk.  xiii.). 

Cloud  (^St.).  Patron  saint  of  nail- 
smiths,  by  a  play  upon  the  French  word 
clou,  a  nail. 

J/e  w  uniler  a  cloud.  Under  suspicion, 
iu  disrepute. 

To  blow  a  cloud  !b  to  smoke  a  cigar  or 
pipe. 

Cloven  Foot.  To  slmo  the  cloven 
foot — i.e.,  to  show  a  knavish  intention  ;  a 
base  motive.  The  allusion  is  to  Satan, 
represented  with  the  legs  and  feet  of  a 
goat ;  and,  however  he  might  disguise 
himself,  he  could  never  conceal  his  cloven 
feet.     {See  Bag  o'  Nails,  Goat.) 

Keal  grief  littlo  influenced  its  composition 
....  iiiid  tliu  cloven  fuot  peeps  out  in  some 
letters  written  by  him  at  tlie  period.— 5J.  JameSt 
Maeatine. 

Clover.  Ile't  in  clover.  In  luck,  in 
prosiserous  circumstances,  in  a  good 
situation.  Tho  allusion  is  to  cattle  sent 
to  feed  in  clover  fields. 

Clowns.  The  three  most  celebrated 
are  .Jose()h  GrimaMi  (1770-1S37),  tho 
French  Carlin  (1713-1783),  and  Richard 
Tarlton,  in  tho  days  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
who  acted  at  the  galleried  inn  called  the 
"Belle  Sauvage." 

To  sit  with  Tarlton  on  an  nlchnnse  slijne. 

Biihop  Hull,  "  Satirc$.'' 

Club.  A  society  of  persons  who  club 
together,  or  form  them.selves  into  a  knot 
or  lump.  (Welsh,  c'ojm  and  dob;  Ger- 
man, klopfel;  Danish,  kluhbe,  &c.) 

Club-bearer  {The).  Poripho'tiis,  the 
robber  of  Ar'golis,  so  called  because  he 
murdered  his  victims  with  an  iron  club. 

Club-law.  The  law  of  might  or 
compulsion  through  fear  of  chastisetuent. 

Clue.  /  have  not  yel  got  the  clue;  to 
give  a  due — i.e.,  a  hint.  A  clue  is  a  ball 
of  thread  (Saxon,  dcow).  The  only  mode 
of  finding  the  way  out  of  the  Cretan 
labyrinth  was  by  a  skein  of  throad, 
which,  being  laid  along  the  proper  route, 
indicated  tho  right  path. 

Clu'ricaune  (3  syl.).  An  elf  of  evil 
dispo>ition  who  usually  aiijicars  as  a 
wrinkled  old  man,  and  has  knowledge  of 
hid  treasures.     (^Irixk  mi/t/a>!oy>/.) 

Cljrm  of  the  Clough  with  Adam 
Boll  and  William  of  Oloudcsly  were 
noted  outlaws,  wboeo  skill  in  arcliory 


172 


CLYTIB. 


COBBLER. 


rendered  tbom  as  famous  in  the  north 
of  England  as  lloMn  Hood  and  Little 
John  in  thu  midland  counties.  Their 
place  of  resort  was  in  Englowood  Forest, 
near  Carlisle,  N.B.— Euglewood  means 
firewood.  (Uyni  of  the  Clough  means 
Clement  of  the  Clilf, 

Clyt'ie  (3  syL).  A  wator-nymph,  in 
love  with  Apollo.  Meeting  with  no  re- 
turn, she  was  changed  into  a  sunflower, 
which,  traditionally,  still  turns  to  the  sun, 
following  him  through  his  dailj'  course. 

Cneph.  The  name  under  which  the 
Egyptians  adoro  the  Creator  of  the 
vorld. 

Co.  A  contraction  of  company ;  as 
Smith  and  Co. 

Coaeh  {A).  A  private  tutor.  To  he 
coached  up :  to  be  taught  by  a  private 
tutor  for  examination.  The  term  is  a 
pun  on  getting  on  fast.  To  get  on  fast 
you  take  a  coach  ;  you  cannot  get  on  fast 
without  a  private  tutor — ergo,  a  private 
tutor  is  the  coach  you  take  in  order  that 
you  may  get  on  quickly.  (^University 
tlanq.) 

To  dine  in  the  coach.  In  the  cap- 
tain's private  room.  The  coach  or  couch 
of  a  ship  is  a  small  apartment  near  the 
stem,  the  floor  being  formed  of  the  aft- 
most  part  of  the  quarter-deck,  and  the 
roof  by  the  poop. 

Coach  Away.  Got  on.  Properly, 
drive  your  coach  off. 

CoaL  Hot  as  a  coal.  A  corruption 
of  the  French  "caille"  {Chaud  comine 
un  entile,  hot  as  a  quail).  The  quail  is 
remarkable  for  its  hot  temperament  and 
its  amorous  tendencies.  The  expression 
has  now  a  more  obvious  allusion,  but 
was  in  use  before  the  employment  of 
coals  for  domestic  purposes. 

Coals.  To  haul  over  the  coals.  To 
bring  to  task  for  short-comings ;  to 
ecold.  At  cue  time  the  Jews  were 
"bled"  whenever  the  kings  or  barons 
wanted  money ;  and  one  very  common 
^oi-ture,  if  they  resisted,  was  to  haul 
them  over  the  coals  of  a  slow  fire,  to 
give  them  a  "roasting."  {See  "Ivanhoe," 
where  Front-de-Boeuf  threatens  to  haul 
Isaac  over  the  coals.) 

Coals.  "Gregory,  o'  my  word,  we'll 
not  carry  coals" — i.e.,  submit  to  be  "put 
upon  "  ("  Fiomoo  and  Juliet,"  i.  1).  So 
in  '•'  Every  Man   out   of    his  Humour,"' 


"  Hero  comoH  one  that  will  carry  coals, 
ergo,  will  hold  my  dog."  The  allusion  ia 
to  the  dirty,  laborious  occupation  of 
coal -carriers.  Giflord,  in  his  edition  of 
Bon  Jonson,  says,  "Of  those  {i.e.,  scul- 
lions, &c. ),  the  most  forlorn  wretches 
were  selected  to  carry  coals  to  the 
kitchen,  halls,  &c."    {See  Blackquakd.) 

To  carry  coals  to  Xewcaslle.  To  do 
what  is  superfluous.  As  Newcastle  is  the 
great  coal-field,  it  would  be  quite  super- 
fluous to  carry  coals  thither.  The  Fremh 
say,  Porter  de  I'eau  d  la  riviere  (to  carry 
water  to  the  river).  The  Latin  equiva- 
lent is  "To  carry  wood  to  tLie  forests.' 

Coal  Brandy.  Burnt  brandy.  The 
ancient  way  to  set  braiidy  on  tire  was  to 
drop  ill  it  a  live  or  red-hot  coal. 

Coalition  Government.  A  go- 
vernment formed  by  various  parties,  by 
a  mutual  surrender  of  principles.  The 
administration  of  lord  North  and  Charles 
Fox,  1783,  was  a  coalition,  but  it  fell  to 
pieces  in  a  few  months. 

Coast  Men  of  Attica.    The  mer- 

chant  clas^  who  hved  along  the  coast- 
lands  [Par'ali). 

Coat.  Txirnirug  on^s  coat  for  luck.  It 
was  an  ancient  superstition  that  this  was 
a  charm  against  evil  spirits.     {See  TuUN- 

COAT.) 

William  found 
A  means  for  our  deliverance  :  "  Turn  your  elokkt,'' 
Quoth  liee,  "  for  Pucke  is  busy  in  these  oak.  s  " 

Bishop  Corbett,  "Jter  Boreali." 

Coat  of  Arms.  A  surcoat  worn  by 
knights  over  their  armour,  decorated 
with  devices  by  which  heralds  described 
the  wearer.  Hence  the  heraldic  device 
of  a  family.  Coat-armour  was  invented 
in  the  Crusading  expeditions,  to  distin- 
guish the  various  noble  warriors  when 
wrapped  in  complete  steel,  and  it  was 
introduced  into  England  by  Richard  Lion- 
lieart. 

Cobalt.  From  the  German  Eohold 
(a  gnome).  The  demon  of  mines.  This 
metal  was  so  called  by  miners,  becaus^i 
it  was  long  thought  to  be  useless  and 
troublesome.  It  was  consequently  at- 
tributed to  the  ill  offices  of  the  mine 
demon. 

Cobbler.  Let  not  the  collier  o-cers'ep 
his  last  (Ne  su'tor  ultra  crep'idam).  Let 
no  one  presume  to  interfere  in  matters 
of  which  he  is  ignorant.  The  tale 
goes   that   a    cobbler    detected   a   fault 


COBIIAM. 


COCK. 


173 


in  the  Bhoe-latcbet  of  one  of  Apelles' 
paintings,  and  the  artist  rectified  tha 
fault.  The  cobbler,  thinking  himself 
very  wise,  next  ventured  to  criticise  the 
legs  ;  but  Apelles  answered,  "  Keep  to 
your  trade"  —  you  understand  about 
shoes,  but  not  about  anatomy. 

CobTiam,  referred  to  by  Thomson  in 
his  "  Autumn,"  was  Sir  Richard  Temple, 
created  lord  Cobham  in  1714. 

Cob-nut.  A  nut  with  a  tuft.  (Welsh, 
coh  or  cop,  a  tuft;  German,  kopf,  the 
head.) 

Cob'web.  Coh,  Teutonic  for  "spider." 
Dutch,  spinnekop  ;  Saxon,  atter-cop  (poi- 
sonous spider) ;  Chaldee,  kojri  (spider's 
wob). 

Coek.  Mahomet  found  in  the  first 
heaven  a  cock  of  such  enormous  size, 
that  its  crest  touched  the  second  heaven. 
The  crowing  of  this  celestial  bird  arouses 
every  living  creature  from  sleep  except 
man.  The  Moslem  doctors  say  that  Allah 
lends  a  willing  ear  to  him  who  reads  the 
Koran,  to  him  who  prays  for  pardon, 
and  to  tlio  cock  whoso  chant  is  divine 
melody.  When  this  cock  ceases  to  crow, 
the  day  of  judgment  will  be  at  hand. 

(Jock.  Dedicated  to  Apollo,  the  sun- 
god,  because  it  gives  notice  of  the  rising 
of  the  sun.  It  was  dedicated  to  Mercury, 
because  it  summons  men  to  business  by 
its  crowing. 

A  cock  on  church  spires  is  to  remind 
men  not  to  deny  their  Lord,  as  Peter 
did,  but  when  the  cock  crew  he  "  went 
out  and  wept  bitterly."  Peter  Le  Neve 
afTirms  that  a  cock  was  the  warlike 
ensign  of  the  Goths,  and  therefore  used 
in  Gothic  churches  for  ornament. 

Bi/  cock  nndpt'e,  sir,  you  shall  not  array 
tonight  ("2  ilenry  IV.,"  v.  1).  We 
meet  with  cock's  bones,  cock's  wounds, 
cock's  mother,  cock's  bod)/,  cock's  passion, 
&c.,  where  we  can  have  no  doubt  that 
the  word  is  a  minced  oath,  and  stands 
for  the  sacred  name  which  should  never 
be  taken  in  vain.  The  Pie  is  the  table 
ar  rule  in  the  old  Roman  offices,  showing 
1  ow  to  find  out  the  service  for  each  day, 
called  by  the  Greeks  pi'nax  (an  index). 
The  latter  part  of  the  oath  is  equivalent 
to  "the  Mass  book." 

Cock  of  Ifie  North.  The  duke  of  Gor- 
don. So  called  on  a  monument  erected 
to  his  honour  at  Fochabers,  in  Aberdeen- 
shire.    (Di«dl83o.) 


Cocks.  The  French  are  so  called 
from  a  pun  made  in  the  reign  of  Nero, 
acainst  whom  tlie  Gauls,  under  Julius 
Vindex,  conspired.  It  was  witti'y  said 
that  the  emperor  would  be  disturbed  by 
the  crowing  of  a  Gallus  (Gaul  or  cock). 
The  pleasantry  took,  and,  as  there  were 
certain  marks  of  resemblance  between 
the  two,  the  nickname  became  porpciu- 
atod. 

Cock  of  the  Walk.  The  dominant 
bully  or  master  spirit.  The  place  where 
barn-door  fowls  are  fed  is  called  the  xcalk, 
and  if  there  is  more  than  one  cock  they 
will  fight  for  the  supremacy  of  this  do- 
main. 

Cock  and  Bottle.  A  put)lic-houe« 
sign,  meaning  draught  and  bottled  ale 
may  be  had  on  the  premises.  The  "cock" 
here  means  the  tap.  It  does  not  mean 
"  The  Cork  and  Bottle."    Coq  en  bataille  f 

Cock  and  Bvill  Story.  A  corrup- 
tion of  a  coiicocttd  and  iulh/  story.  The 
catch-pennies  hawked  about  the  streets 
are  still  called  cocks— i.e. ,  concocted 
things.  Bully  is  the  Danish  bullen  (ex- 
aggerated), our  hull-rush  (an  exaggerated 
rush),  bidl-frog,  &c. 

Another  etymology  maybe  suggested : 
The  idol  Ncrgal  was  the  most  cotnmon 
idol  of  the  ancient  Phoenicians,  Indians, 
and  Persians,  ai:d  Nergal  means  a  dung- 
hill cock.  The  Egyptian  bull  is  equally 
notorious  under  the  name  of  O-i'ris.  A 
cock-and-bull  story  may  therefore  mean 
a  myth,  in  reference  to  the  mythologii  al 
fables  of  Nergal  and  Osiris.  A  third 
suggestion  refers  to  Jabies,  where  dumb 
animals  are  made  to  speak  and  act  like 
human  beings.  The  French  equivalents 
are  faire  tm  coq  ii  Pane  and  un  coute  dt 
ma  mire  I'oie  (a  niulher  goose  tale.) 

Cock  a-hoop  or  Cock  a-hotip.  Tc 
sit  cock  a-houp.  Boastful,  defiant,  like  a 
game-cock  with  his  lioupe  or  crest  erect. 
(French,  coq  d  huppe.) 

And  ImTiiiK  routeil  a  whole  troop, 
With  ?ic'.ory  wm  pork  a-hiv  p. 

JiuUer,  -  Uudibrat'  L  t. 

Cock  Boat  or  Coclle  Boat.  A 
small  boat  maiie  of  a  wicker  frame,  and 
covered  with  leather  or  oil-clo'h.  Th« 
Welsh  fishers  used  to  carry  them  on  their 
backs.  (Welsh,  ocnrgle,  a  coracle ; 
French,  cache,  a  passage  boat ;  Irish. 
coca;  Italian,  cocca;  Latin,  cochlea  ; 
Greek,  kocklos,  a  cockle.) 


174 


COCK-CKOW. 


C0CKLE3. 


Cock-crow.  I'he  Hebrews  divided 
the  night  into  four  watclics :  1,  The 
"  bcginninp  of  the  watches  "  or  "  even  " 
(Lam.  ii.  19) ;  2,  "  The  middle  watch  " 
or  "midnight"  (Judg.  vii.  19)  ;  3,  "Tlio 
cock-crowing;"  4,  "The  morning  watch" 
or  "dawning"  (Exod.  xiv.  24). 

Ye  know  not  when  the  master  of  ttie  hcuoe 
cometli,  at  even,  or  at  mifiniKlit,  or  at  the  co^k-cruw- 
ing,  or  in  tho  moruiug.— J/iiiA  xiii.  35. 

Apparitioiis  vanish  at  coch-croiv.  This 
is  a  Chri-stian  superstition,  the  cock  being 
the  watch-bird  placed  on  church  spires, 
and  therefore  sacred. 

Tlie  morning  cork  crew  lo;nl. 
And  at  Die  a xind  it  {Ihi  Ghost)  shrunk  in  haete  away, 
And  vauiohed  from  oui'  Bieht, 

Shakespeare,  "  Hamlet,"  L  2. 

Coek-fighting  was  introduced  into 
Britain  by  the  Romans.  It  was  a  favourite 
eport  both  with  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

Cock  Lane  Gliost.  A  tale  of  ter- 
ror without  truth ;  an  imaginary  tale  of 
horrors.  In  Cock  Lane,  Stockwcll  (17'J2), 
certain  knockings  were  heard,  which  Mr. 
Parsons,  the  owner,  declared  proceeded 
from  the  ghost  of  Mrs.  Kcmt,  who  (ho 
wished  people  to  suppose)  had  been  mur- 
dered by  her  husband.  All  London  was 
agog  with  this  story ;  but  it  was  found 
out  that  the  kuockings  were  produced 
by  a  girl  employed  by  Parson^,  and  were 
made  by  rapping  on  a  board  which  she 
took  into  her  bed.  Parsoi.s  was  con- 
demned to  stand  in  the  pillory.  (See 
Stockwell  Ghost.) 

Cock-pit.  The  judicial  committee 
of  the  privy  council  is  so  called,  because 
the  council-room  is  built  on  the  old  cock- 
pit of  Whitehall  palace. 

Great  consultntions  at  the  cockpit  about  battles, 
duels,  victories,  and  what  iiox,.—Foor  Robin  a  Alma- 
nack, 1730. 

Cock  Sure  is  cochi/  sure  —  pertly 
confident.  We  call  a  self-contident, 
overbearing  pig  a  cocky  fellow,  from 
the  barnyard  despot ;  but  Shakespeare 
employs  the  phrase  in  the  sense  of  "  sure 
as  the  cock  of  a  firelock." 

We  steal  ss  in  a  castle,  cofksure. 

i.'i  .kisi)t^ire,  "1  Ui:iru  1 V,"  il.  1. 

Cockade.  The  men-servants  of  the 
military  wear  a  small  black  cockade  on 
their  hat,  the  ilanoveriau  badge.  The 
Stuart  cockade  was  white.  At  the  battle 
of  Sherra-Muir,  in  the  reign  of  George  I., 
the  English  soldiers  wore  a  black  rosette 
In  their  hata.     la   the  eong   of  Sherra- 


Muir,  the    English  soldiers   aro   called 
"  the  red-coat  lads  wi'  black  cockades." 

The  word  cockade  is  the  "aid  of  the 
cock,"  the  thing  that  helps  to  cock  the 
military  hat.  Subsequently,  loops,  laces, 
and  ribbons  were  used  for  the  purpose 
as  well  as  rosettes. 

Black  enters  into  all  the  German  cock- 
ades: thus  the  AiiMnan  is  black  and 
yellow;  the  Prussian  black  and  white; 
the  Hanoverian  all  black ;  the  Be/f/ian 
black,  j-ellow,  and  red.  The  French 
before  tho  revolution  was  white. 

To  mount  the  cockade.  To  become  a 
soldier.  From  time  immemorial  the 
partisans  ofdifferent  leaders  have  adopted 
some  emblem  to  show  their  party ;  in 
1767  an  authoritative  regulation  deter- 
mined that  every  French  sol.iier  should 
wear  a  white  cockade,  and  in  1782  the 
badge  was  restricted  to  the  military. 
The  phrase  given  above  is  common  both 
to  England  and  Franco. 

Cockaigne  (Land  of).  An  imaginary 
land  of  idleness  and  luxury.  The  subject 
of  a  burlesque,  probably  "the  earliest 
specimen  of  English  poetry  which  we 
possess."  London  is  generally  so  called, 
but  Boileau  applies  the  phrase  to  Paris. 
(^See  Cockney.) 

Coek'atrice  (3  syl.).  A  monster  with 
the  wings  of  a  fowl,  tail  of  a  dragon,  and 
head  of  a  cock.  So  called  because  it 
was  said  to  be  produced  from  a  cock's 
egg  hatched  by  a  serpent.  According  to 
legend,  the  very  look  of  this  monster 
would  cause  instant  death.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  crest  with  which  the  head 
is  crowned,  the  creature  is  called  a  ba- 
silisk, from  the  Greek  bcisitiskos  (a  little 
king).  Isaiah  says,  "  Tho  weaned  chiK' 
shall  put  his  hand  on  the  cockatrice' 
den "  (xi.  8),  to  signify  that  the  most 
noxious  animal  should  not  hurt  the  most 
feeble  of  God's  creatures. 

Figuratively,  it  means  an  insidioua, 
treacherous  person,  bent  on  mischief. 

Tliey  will  kill  one  another  bv  the  looK,  like  rooVa- 
trie.  s.  Shake<ipeare,  "  Tieel/lh  A'iclU,'  iii.  i. 

Cock'er.  According  to  Cocker.  All 
rigid  according  to  Cocker.  Cocker  pub- 
lished an  arithmetic  in  the  reij;n  of 
Charles  II.,  which  was  very  popular.  Tlie 
phrase  was  popularised  by  Murphy  in 
his  farce  called  "  The  Apprentice." 

Cockles.  To  cry  cochlea.  To  be 
hanged  ;  from  the  gurgling  nciso  made 
in  sirangulaticn. 


COCKLE. 


COGOESHALL. 


176 


Cockle  Hat.  A  [lilmim's  bat. 
M'arburtoD  says,  iis  tlio  ciiiof  places  of 
dovotion  wcro  bfyond  sea,  or  on  tho 
coasts,  pilgrims  used  to  put  cocklc-sht^Us 
iijiou  their  hals,  tn  iiidieato  tiiat  tliey 
v/LMO  pilgrims.  Cocklos  are  symbols  of 
yt.  James,  patrou  saiut  of  Spain, 

And  how  shall  I  your  true  !i:Te  know 

from  maiiv  niuitlicr  yiio  ? 
Oil,  by  his  oioUle  h:it  nii>l  slafT, 

And  bv  h'a  satirliil  ohuon. 
Pnumoil  ami  Fklchrr,  "  Tlit  Friar  of  Orders  Grey." 

Cockle  Shells.  Favourito  tokono 
Worn  by  pilgrims  iu  thoii"  bats.  Tiio 
polished  side  of  tho  shell  was  scratched 
wiih  Some  rude  drawing  of  tho  "blessed 
Virgin,"  the  crucitixion,  or  some  other 
subject  connected  with  the  pilgrimago. 
Ijeiiig  blessed  by  the  priest,  they  were 
considered  amulets  against  spiritual  foes. 

Cockney.  A  Londoner.  Camden 
s.-vys  tlie  '1  hanies  was  once  called  tlio 
t  ".Jckucy,  and  ilierefore  a  Cockney  means 
simply  one  wlio  lives  on  the  banks  of  tho 
TiiamcB.  (Saxon,  coc,  "anything  thit 
shoots  out,"  a  "  spout,"  and  ea  or  e>j, 
"running  water.") 

Wedgwood  su-'gi'Sts  cocJcer  (to  fondle), 
and  says  a  cockernoy  or  cockney  is  one 
pampered  by  city  indulgence,  in  contra- 
distinction to  rustics  hardened  by  out- 
door work.  (Dnlch,  Ico/:cln,  to  pamper; 
French,  coqiiellncr.  to  dangle.) 

Chambers  in  bis  "Journal,"  deiives 
tho  wo'.d  from  a  French  poem  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  called  "  The  Land  of 
(Jocagnc,"  wliero  the  houses  were  made 
of  barley-sugar  and  cakes,  tho  streets 
jiaved  with  pastry,  and  tho  sliops  sup- 
plied goods  without  requiring  money  in 
pavmeut.  The  French,  at  a  very  early 
period,  called  the  Kiiglish  cocagne  men — 
i.e.,buiis-vivanls  (beef  aiul  pudding  men). 

Pry  to  it,  mi:iclc  as  llio  cucUnojr  did  to  the  eols> 
wh.ii  tho  iiul  tlio:u  hilu  tl^o  p.ir.ti-  nhvo. 

bliukcsi<ari,  "  Ltar  "  11.  i 

Cockney  SchooL  Leigh  Hunt, 
Ila/.litf,  hlirilov,  and  Keats;  so  called 
by  Lockhart,  1817. 

If  1  may  1m>  pcriniltcd  to  1  avo  the  honour  of 
tliri^li'nint;  it,  it  may  b,'  hcntfrurlli  b-  n.'fi-rred  to 
i-y  tlio  (losigjiatii'ii  of  lb)  ■' lociintfy  Suliool."— /. , 
'•  JJIi^ku^iii  .l/.iy.:im«,"  OcU,  1817. 

Cockswain.  The  swain  or  servant 
of  tho  cock  or  boat,  together  with  its 
crew.  (Saxon,  swan  or  sweiii,  a  youth  or 
servant,    aud  cock-,  a  boat.     (A^'ee  CocK- 

UOAT.) 


Cocy'tus  (/io-/ty-;i«).  One  of  Uio  Svo 
rivers  of  boll.  Tho  word  means  the 
"river  of  lamentation.  (Uroekj  kOkv.'o, 
to  weep.) 

CocyttiJ,  named  of  laimntntion  loud 
Ucaid  oil  the  rueful  stream. 

ililUin.  "  I'ar^idist  Vott"  II. 

Codds.  Codgers.  Tliackei-ay  8.iy9, 
"The  Ci.stcrcian  lads  call  tho  jioor 
brethren  of  tho  Chartor-houso  codds/ 
adding,  "but  I  know  not  whereforo." 
They  are  coliers  or  cod</en,  who  live  in 
alms-cots.  Wo  still  h.ivo  tho  words  coles 
and  dovocods.  "  Cotter"  is  tho  Norman 
cotier,  a  word  wliich  occurs  hundreds  of 
times  in  Domosd.iy  Book,  but  is  spelt  in 
throo  or  four  dillorent  ways. 

CoollOl'ns.  Small  howitzers  of  about 
4j  inches  calibre;  so  called  fr^m  baron 
van  Coo'horn,  of  llollaud. 

Coe'nobites  (3  syl.).  Monks  who  live 
in  common,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
hermits  or  anchorites.  (Greek,  koiaos- 
0io3.) 

Coour  de  Lion. 

llichard  I.  of  England  ;  so  called  from 
tho  prodigies  of  personal  valour  per- 
formed by  him  in  the  Holy  Laud.  (1157, 
1180-1199.) 

Louis  VIII.  of  France,  more  frequently 
called  Le  Lion.     (1187,  12-J:3-]2.!t).) 

Bolaslas  1.  of  Poland,  also  called  "The 
Intrepid."     (992-1025.) 

Cofiee.    Tho  Turkish  word  ia  Kaubi. 

Coffee.  In  Ardennes  ten  cups  of  coHeo 
are  taken  after  dinner,  and  each  cup  has 
its  special  name.  (1)  Caf(5,  (2)  Gloria,  (3) 
Pousse  Caf6,  (4)  Goutte,  (5)  Kegoutlo, 
(6)  Sur-goutto,  (7)  Rincotto,  (8)  Ro- 
riucctto,  (9)  Sur-rincetto,  and  (10)  Coup 
do  I'etrior. 

Gloria  is  coffee  with  a  small  gloss  of 
brandy  in  lieu  of  milk;  all  the  following 
have  more  and  moro  I'eau  do  vie ;  auJ 
tho  last  is  the  "  stirrup-cup." 

Coffin.    A  raised  crust,  liko  t)ie  lid 

of  a  basket.     Ilcuce  Shakespeare  speaks 

of  a  "custard  cofTin"  ("  Taming  of  the 

Shrew,"    iv.    3).       (Greek,    kvjik  inoi,    a 

ba.sket.)    (-SV*  Mahomkt's  Cukkin.) 

Of  the  piutic  s  colBn  will  I  rear. 

Sliakt-ptar;  -  Tilut  Aiidfumcut,"  x.  ». 

Cog'geshall.  A  Co<ipeskaU  job.  The 
saying  is,  that  tho  Co^T^fsitull  folk  wanted 
to  divert  the  current  ot  a  stream,  and 
tixod  hurdles  in  tho  b«d  of  it  for  the  pur- 
pose.    Another  taJe  is  that  &  mad  dog 


173 


COGITO. 


COLLEGE. 


bit  a  wlinelbarrow,  and  the  ppoplo,  fear- 
ing it  wouUi  fro  mm],  cliaiuod  it  up  ia  a 
bhod.     {'See  Gotham.) 

Coffito.  Ergo  Sum.  "I  tliink, 
«nd  tniTcforo  must  Lave  existeuce." 
Descartes. 

Coif  (1  syl;)-  The  coif  of  the  serif,i,nt- 
at-iavv  is  a  relic  of  his  ecclosiasticFil  cha- 
racter. The  orif^inal  Berjoants-at-law 
wero  clerical  lawj-ers,  and  the  coif  is 
the  representation  of  the  tonsure. 

Sajeants  of  Ihe  Coif.  Serjeants-at-law. 
(See  above.) 

CoifFe.  II  est  ni  coiffi.  Ho  is  bom 
with  a  silver  spoon  in  his  mouth  ;  bom 
to  fortune. 

Qulques  enfsni  vienncnt  mi  itionde  are'!  une 
pelli  ule  .  .  que  I'cn  apiHile  dii  nom  de  coelFe  ;  ct 
qne  Ton  croit  estre  ini"  mar'iue  de  boQlieur.  Ce  qui 
t  do'ini  lifu  mi  pioverlie    fr :in(;'ois.     .  /J  ««i  ni 

«of/(5.-"  Ti\iiti  dea  S:iperst.,"  lV,Ti>. 

Coins  (Any lo- Saxon). 

The  most  ancient  is  the  little  silver 
scgatta ;  next  the  pennj/,  also  of  silver, 
the  chief  coin  of  the  Heptarchy,  with  its 
half  and  qnarter(halfpenny  and  farthing). 
Those  of  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  are  the 
be.'t. 

Coke.  To  cry  cole.  To  cry  pecca'vi  : 
<:o ask  for  mercy.  Ruddiman  says  "coke" 
is  the  sound  which  cocks  utter  when  they 
are  beaten. 

Col'bronde  or  Colhrand.  The  Danish 
i-'iant  slain  by  Sir  Guy  of  Warwick.  By 
the  death  of  this  piant  the  land  was 
delivered  from  Danish  tribute. 

I  am  not  Ssmsin,  nor  Sir  Guy, nor  Colbraad,  to 
Clow  'em  down  before  mn. 

Shakespear€,  "  Bmry  Vlll.,"  v.  4. 

Cold  Blood.  A  cold-blooded  murder 
is  one  committed  without  provocation,  or 
after  ill-temper  has  had  time  to  subside. 
In  rage  the  blood  is  said  to  boil,  and 
the  roused  blood  gives  a  red  tinge  to  the 
head,  hands,  kc. 

Asa  rule,  all  invertebrate  animals,  and 
all  fishes  and  reptiles,  are  called  cold- 
blooded, because  the  temperature  of 
their  blood  never  exceeds  90^  Fall. 

We  also  call  insensible  persons  cold- 
blooded, because  their  passions  cannot 
be  excited. 

Cold  Drawn  Oil.  Castor  oil,  ob- 
tained  by  pressure  in  the  cold. 

Cold  Shoulder.  To  sfmc  (or)  give  one 
Ike  cold  shoulder,  is  to  assume  a  distant 
maDuer  towards  a  perron,   to  indicate 


that  you  wish  to  cut  his  acquaintance. 
The  reference  is  to  a  cold  shoulder  of  mut- 
ton served  to  a  stranger  at  dinner;  there 
is  not  much  of  it,  and  even  what  is  left  ia 
but  moderate  fare. 

Cold  Steel.     Tlie  pertuasion  of  cold 

sfeel  is  perstiasion  enforced  at  the  point 
of  the  sword  or  bayonet. 

Cold  Water  Ordeal.    An  ancient 

method  of  testing  the  guilt  or  innocence 
of  the  common  sort  of  people.  The 
accused,  being  tied  under  the  arms,  was 
thrown  into  a  river.  If  he  sank  to  the 
bottom,  he  was  held  to  be  guiltless,  and 
drawn  up  by  the  cord  ;  but  if  he  floated, 
the  water  rejected  him,  because  of  his 
giiilt. 

Cold  Without.  An  elliptical  ex- 
pression, meaning  spirits  mixed  with 
cold  water  withotU  sugar. 

Coldbrand.    (See  CoLBnoNDE.) 

Coldstream  Guards.  So  called 
bejausf"  the  regiment  was  first  raised  at 
Coldstream,  in  Berwickshire,  by  General 
Monk,  in  1660,  with  the  object  of  bring- 
ing back  Charles  II.  to  the  throne. 

Cole  (Kiiir;\  A  legendary  British 
king,  described  as  "a  merry  old  soul," 
fond  of  his  pipe,  fond  of  his  glass,  and 
fond  of  his  "  fiddlers  three."    K.r.  (Joi'l  i. 

Colem.i'ra  (3  syl.).  A  poetical  name 
for  a  cook  ;  being,  of  course,  compounded 
of  coal  and  mire. 

"  Coul  d  I  "  hs  cried,  "  eipress  hovf  hrieht  a  erace 
Ado  na  thv  morainB  hnn  Is  and  well-waslie  I  fac«, 
TiKiu  wouldst.  Colemira,  erant  what  I  ini  lore. 
And  yield  me  love,  or  wash  ;hy  face  uo  more." 

ShenMi'Tie,  "  Colemira.  an  Edoffut." 

Colin  Clout.  A  name  which  Spt-nsor 
assumes 'D  "The  Shepherd's  Calendar," 
and  in  the  pastoral  entitled  "  Colin 
Clout's  come  Home  again,"  which  repre- 
sents his  return  from  a  visit  to  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  "  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean." 

Colin  Tampon.  The  nickname  of 
a  Swiss,  as  John  Bull  is  of  an  Enarlish- 
man,  Brother  Jonathan  of  a  North 
American,  and  Monsieur  Crapaud  of  a 
Frenchman. 

College  Port.  TTio  worst  species  ol 
red  wine  that  can  be  manufactured,  and 
palmed  off  upon  young  men  at  college. 
It  is  chiefly  made  from  potatoes,  sloes, 
and  logwood.     (See  Widows'  Port.) 

■We  »U  know  what  ooreM  port  is  lilte  —  T/w  Titrui. 


COLLAPSE. 


COLOUR. 


177 


Collapse.  Ttte  srhtme  collapsed. 
Came  to  nothing-.  An  inflated  Walloon  i-: 
sai'i  to  collapso  when  the  pas  has  escaited 
and  the  sides  fall  together,  or  pucker 
into  wrinkles.  As  a  collapsed  balloon 
will  not  mount,  a  collapsed  scheme  will 
not  go  ofF, 

Collar.  To  collar  one  is  to  seize  one 
by  the  collar. 

Oiil  of  collar.  Out  of  work,  out  of 
place.  The  allusion  is  to  a  horse,  which 
has  a  collar  on  when  put  to  work. 

Colliberts.  A  sort  of  gipsy  race  in 
Poitou,  Maine,  and  Anjou,  similar  to  the 
C'aqois  of  Gascony  and  the  Caqiteux  of 
Brittany. 

CoUu'thians.  A  religiou."?  sect  which 
rose  in  the  fourth  century;  bo  called 
from  Collu'thos  of  Alexandria,  their 
founder. 

Colly  my  Cow.  A  corruption  of 
Calaiiios,  the  most  ancient  of  Spanish 
ballads.  Calainos  the  Mot  asked  a 
damsel  to  wife,  who  said  the  price  of 
winning  her  should  be  the  heads  of  the 
three  paladins  of  Charlemagne,  named 
llinaldo,  Roland,  and  Olivier.  Calainos 
wt'utto  Paris,  and  challenged  the  paladins. 
First  Sir  Haldwin,  the  youngest  knight, 
accepted  the  challenge,  and  was  over- 
thrown; then  his  uncle  Roland  went 
against  the  Moor,  and  smote  him. 

Collyrid'iana.  A  sect  of  Arabian 
Christians,  cliietly  women,  which  first 
appeareil  ia  373.  They  worslii|)pcd  the 
Virgin  Mary,  and  made  offerings  to  her 
in  a  twisted  cako,  called  a  collyrit. 
(Greek,  kollara,  a  little  cako.) 

Cologne.  The  three  kings  of  Cologne. 
The  three  magi,  called  Caspar,  Melchior, 
ami  Baltha'zar.  They  are  called  by  other 
names,  but  those  given  are  the  most 
generally  accepted. 

Colon.  One  of  the  rabble  leaders  in 
"Iludiliras"  was  Noel  I'orryan  or  Nod 
Purry,  an  ostler,  who  loved  bear-baiting, 
but  was  a  very  strait-laced  Puritan,  of 
low  morals. 

Colophon.  The  end  of  a  book. 
Col'ophon  was  a  city  of  lo'iiia,  the  inha- 
bitants of  which  wore  such  excellent 
horsemen,  that  they  would  turn  the  scale 
of  battle  to  the  side  on  which  thoy 
fought;  houco  the  Greek  phrase,  To  ould 


a  colopho' iiian,  means  "to  put  a  finishing 
stroke  to  any  matter."  In  the  early 
times  of  printing,  the  statement  contain- 
ing the  date,  place,  printer,  and  edition 
was  given  at  the  end  of  the  book,  aud 
was  calLd  the  colophon. 

The  volume  was  unlnjurei  .  .  .  from  tUTe-pig*  to 
oolopiiun.  -.icoU,"  The  AiUiquari/." 

Coloquin'tida.  Bltter-applo  or  colo- 
cj-nth.     (Greek,  kolokunlkis.) 

The  food  that  to  him  now  Is  luseioiu  as  locusta, 
shall  be  to  hiiu  shortly  a^  bitter  as  colo  pimtiJik. 

SKal-tspinre,  "  UlhelUi,"  i.  3. 


As  a  colossal 


Colossal.     Gigantic, 
scheme.    (^See  bdow.) 


Colossos  (Latin,  coloasu-s).  A  giant. 
The  Kho  lian  Colossos  was  a  gigantic 
statue  of  brass,  r2ij  feet  high,  exe- 
cuted by  Chares.  It  is  said  that  ships 
could  pass  full  sail  under  the  legs  of 
this  statue,  but  the  notion  of  a  striding 
statue  rose  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
is  due  to  Blaise  de  Vigcn(!re,  who  was 
the  first  to  give  the  c/f/  d'eeuvre  of 
Chares  this  impossible  position.  The 
comte  de  Caylus  has  deiuotistrated  that 
the  Apollo  of  Rhodes  was  never  planted 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Rhodian  port,  that  it 
was  not  a  striding  statue,  and  that  ships 
never  passed  under  it.  Neither  Strabo 
nor  PliLy  makes  mention  of  any  of  these 
things,  though  both  describe  the  gigantic 
statue  minutely.  Philo  (the  architect  of 
Byzantiun),  third  century)  has  a  treatise 
on  the  seven  wonders  of  tho  world,  and 
says  that  the  Colossos  stood  on  a  block  of 
white  marble,  and  Lucius  Ampellius,  in  a 
similar  treatise,  says  it  stood  in  a  car, 
TickcU  outherods  Herod  in  the  following 
lines  :— 

So.  near  rroud  Ilhcles.  acrops  the  rai;in?  flood. 

Stuneiiilouii  lonn  '.  tlic  v  i«t  Oolu-iin  9:0  id, 

While  at  one  foot  the  tliron^ini;  Killey»  ri  !<■, 

A  whole  lioiir'8  a\\  scnroe  rc.iohcd  the  furtlier  tid«  | 

Betwixt  Ills  brazen  thi^;tiH,  in  loose  array. 

Tea  thoiuuQii  streameiii  on  tiie  billosra  play. 

C/i  the  P'  otptct  of  Ptiitt- 

Ile  doth  besirida  the  n.iTow  world  like  a  Colossus. 
Shakaptart,"  J uliu*  C'usar,"  L  ;. 

Colour.     The  symbolism  of  colour — 

Black  and  hrovm,  dcslb  iiiJ  sorrow. 

frr«n,  fickleness. 

Jliiie  conniaiicy. 

H'hile  pur  ly. 

I'eiloic,  jealousy. 

Puri^le,  royally. 

In  railway  syiidwls,  rod  signifies  danger 
or  Mop,  grcon  caiUion,  and  whito  clear  or 
safe. 


173 

COLOURS. 

Colours. 

National  eoloun — 

GieBt  Brilfim 

Ped  and  blue. 

Amciica,  \i,ii. 

BtnrK  on  blue,  xchitc  uith  red 

ftrij'eK. 

Au^tr)»...    _ 

Rfil,  u/tite.  and  red. 

>!nvarin 

Ued. 

Dcnu.ark 

Jied,  with  white  crott. 

I'lancc 

litur,  vhite.  and  red. 

Kelhorlaiiiis . 

lied,  white,  ami  blue. 

rortuRal 

Jilue  and  white. 

PruBsiik 

While. 

liussia   „.    .. 

White,  with  blue  crcfs. 

Spain      

Red,  yellow, anl  red. 

Sutd'^n  ..     .. 

I'.lue,  with  yellow  crost. 

b'.viuttland... 

lied,  with  white  crots. 

Colpoi'teur'.  A  hawker  or  perllar ; 
80  caUeti  because  lie  carries  his  basket  or 
pack  round  his  neck.  The  term  is  nioro 
especially  applied  to  hawkers  of  books. 
(Latin,  coUum,  tho  neck;  2)or(o,io  carry.) 

Colt  (To).  To  befool,  to  gull.  (Italian, 
coUo,  from  the  verb  coglie're,  to  catch ;  our 
cog,  to  cheat. ) 

Colt's  Foot  (TussHa'rro  far'fara)  iis 
"  calt's  futtcr"  or  "cold's  food" — i.e., 
food  for  colds  and  coughs.  The  Latin 
word  Uissilago  is  (ussis,  a  cough ;  and 
lag'anum,  a  sort  of  lozenge. 

Colt's  Revolver.  A  riflo  to  which 
a  revolving  chamber  piorocu  with  five  or 
rjoro  barrels  is  attached,  each  of  which 
is  brought  in  rotation  to  the  orifice  of 
the  rifie  by  the  motion  of  the  trigger. 
This  instrument  was  patented  by  colonel 
Samuel  Colt,  U.S.,  in  1835. 

Colts-tooth.  The  love  of  youthfiil 
pleasure.  A  corruption  of  Chaucer's 
word  "coltish"  (skittishness). 

IleT  merry  danciag-rtays  nre  done  ; 
Sbe  lias  a  colt's-tool'.i  stiU,  1  wansnt. 

King,  "  Orphiui  and  Eurj/dicl." 

WeU  faid.  Lord  Sands  ; 

Vour  colt'stootli  is  not  ens'  yet, 

Shaki^iiew e,  " lltnri/  VlU.,"i.3. 

Col'unabine  (3  syl).  The  sweetheart 
of  Harlequin,  and,  like  him,  supposed  to 
be  invisible  to  mortal  eyes.  Coiumhi'na 
in  Italian  is  a  pet  name  for  a  lady-lovo, 
and  means  a  little  dove,  a  young  coquette, 

Columbus.     His  signature  was— 
S  i.t.  Servidor 

S.  A.  S.  Sus  Altczas  Sacras 

X.  M.  Y.  Jesus  Maria  Isabel 

Kpo.  FERENS  Christo-pher 

El  Almirante  El  Almiranto. 

Jn  English,  "Servant— of  their  Sacred 
Highnesses— Jesus  Mary  and  Isabella 
—  Christopher  —  the  Admiral."—  C'apl. 
Beciur. 


COMEDY. 


Co'ma  Bcreni'ces  ( !  ryl. ).  Bercni'c«5, 
daughter  of  ilagas,  kirig  of  C>ro'ne,  and 
wife  of  I'tolcmy  IV.  Sho  dedicated  her 
beautiful  hair  for  bor  luisband'a  sate 
return  from  his  Syrian  expedition.  This 
hair  was  made  ono  of  thd  coiif>tcllationa. 
(6'c6  Belinda.) 

Com'azants,  called  St.  Elmo  fires 
by  the  French,  Castor  and  Pollux  by  the 
llomans.  A  celestial  light  seen  occa- 
sionally to  play  round  mast-heads,  &c. 
(Latin,  co'ma,  hair.) 

Comb.  Re>jnanV$  wonderful  comh. 
This  comb  existed  only  in  tho  brain  of 
Master  Fox.  He  said  it  was  made  of  the 
Pan'thera's  bone,  the  perfume  of  which 
was  so  fragrant  that  no  one  could  resist 
following  it ;  and  tlie  wearer  of  the  comb 
was  always  cheerful  and  merry. — "  Rey- 
nard the  Fox,"  ch.  xii. 

To  comh  yoiir  noddle  m(h  a  ihree-hgged 
stool  ("  Taming  of  the  Shrow,"  i.  1),  is  to 
beat  you  about  tho  head  with  a  stool. 
Many  stools,  such  as  those  used  by  milk- 
maids, are  still  made  with  tliree  legs  ;  and 
these  handy  weapons  seem  to  have  been 
n.sed  at  one  time  pretty  freely,  especially 
by  angry  women. 

Com.e  and  take  them..  The  reply 
of  Leon'idas,  king  of  Sparta,  to  the  mes- 
sengers sent  by  Xerxes  to  Thermo{)yl;e. 
Xerxes  said,  "Go,  and  tell  those  madmen 
to  deliver  up  their  arms."  Leonidas 
replied,  "Go,  and  tell  Xerxes  to  come 
and  take  them." 

Come  Atlier  (pron.  ar-tker)  means, 
when  addressed  to  horses,  "come  hilhcr" 
— i.e.,  to  tho  left,  tho  side  on  which  the 
teamsman  walks,    (i'es  Woo'iSH.) 

Come  it  Strong.  Lay  it  on  thick  ; 
exaggerate  as  much  as  you  like.  It  ia 
a  musical  expression  :  the  leader  tells 
the  violin-players  to  come  it  strong — i.e., 
to  play  loud  or  forte  ;  to  exaggerate  the 
notes  as  much  as  possible.  (See  Draw  it 
Mild.) 

Comedy  means  a  village-song  (Greek, 
iome-Ode),  refcrriiig  to  the  village  merry- 
makings, ia  which  comic  songs  still  take 
a  conspicuous  place.  Tho  Greeks  hid 
certain  festal  processions  of  groat  licen- 
tiousness, held  in  houuur  of  i^iouu  sios. 
in  the  suburbs  of  their  cities,  and  termed 
ko'moi  or  village-revels.  On  these  occa- 
sions  an  odo  was  gererr.lly  sung,   and 


COMET. 


COMPLEXION. 


179 


this  odo  was  the  foundation  of  Greek 
cornedy.     (.S«eTnAOEDY.) 

The  Father  of  Comedy.  Aristopli'anes 
the  Athenian.     (B.C.  4ii-3S0.) 

Comet  Wine.  A  term  of  praise  to 
sigTiify  wine  of  superior  quality.  A  notion 
prevails  that  the  grapes  in  comet  years 
are  better  in  flavour  than  in  other  years, 
either  because  tho  weather  is  warmer 
and  ripens  them  better,  or  because  tho 
comets  themselves  exercise  some  chemical 
influence  on  them.  Thus,  wine  of  the 
years  1811,  182'3,  1839,  1845,  1652,  1858, 
1861,  &c.,  have  a  repiute. 

The  old  gentleman  jet  nurses  enme  ffvr  bottlcnof 
Ihe  fa:ii0U3  core'  year  (i.e.,ljll),  emFbatically  cailsJ 
comet  wine.— r/i«  7'iiiK*. 

Coming  Roiind.  Heiscoming round. 
Kecoverinij  from  sickness,  recovering 
from  a  fit  of  tho  sulks,  returning  to 
friendship.  Death  is  the  end  of  life,  and 
therefore  recovering  from  "gickness  nigh 
unto  death"  is  coming  back  to  health,  or 
coming  round  the  comer. 

Coramen'dam.  A  Ihnnfj  in  com- 
mendam  is  a  living  held  by  a  bishop  till 
an  incumbent  is  appointed.  When  a 
clergyman  accepts  a  bishopric,  he  loses 
all  his  previous  preferment;  but  in  order 
that  those  livings  may  not  be  uncared 
for,  they  are  commended  by  the  crown  to 
the  caro  of  the  new  bishop,  till  they  can 
be  properly  transferred. 

Commendation  Winepence.  A 

bent  silver  ninciionce,  supposed  to  bo 
lucky,  and  commonly  used  in  tho  seven- 
teenth century  as  love-token.s,  tho  giver 
or  sender  using  these  words,  "  From  my 
love,  to  my  lovo."  Sometimes  the  coin 
was  broken,  and  each  kept  a  part. 

Like  commendation  nTnepcnc,  crookel. 
Vi'itli "  lo  iiHd  from  my  love."  t  lo'ikeJ. 

Btil.er,  "  Uudil/rm,"  i.  1. 

fKf'trt    M  this  dlvidef,  thus  are  we  torn  in  tWAl'i. 

KiUu.  Aud  im  lliu  mc<:(F,  thus  may  we  niccl  ugju. 

C(i;/,"  H'liut  d'jt  CiM  III" 

Committee.  A  commiUee  of  the  whole 
house,  in  parliamentary  language,  is  when 
the  s[.eakcr  leaves  tho  chair,  and  all  tho 
members  form  a  committee,  where  any 
one  may  Fpeak  once  or  more  than  onc«. 
In  such  ca.sc;s  the  chair  is  occupied  by 
the  chairman  of  committees,  elected  with 
each  new  parliament. 

A  standing  commiUee,  in  parliamentary 
language,  is  a  committee  which  continues 
to  tho  cud  of  tho  current  session.    To 


this  committee  are  referred  all  qucstiomi 
which  fall  within  the  scope  of  their  ap- 
pointment. 

Commons.  To  put  one  on  short  com- 
7nons.  To  stint  him,  to  give  him  scanty 
meals.  In  the  University  of  Cambridge 
tho  food  provided  for  each  student  at 
breakfast  is  called  his  commons;  hence 
food  in  general  or  meals. 

Common  Sense  does  not  mean  that 
good  sense  which  is  common,  or  com- 
monly needed  in  the  ordinary  affairs  of 
life,  but  the  sense  v>-hich  is  common  to  all 
the  five,  or  the  point  where  tho  five 
senses  meet,  supi)oscd  to  bo  the  seat  of 
the  soul,  where  it  judges  what  is  pre- 
sented by  the  senses,  and  decides  the 
mode  of  action.     (See  Sev£N  Skxses.  ) 

Companion  Ladder.  The  ladder 
leading  from  the  "companion"  to  the 
cabin.  The  "  companion"  is  the  lid  o^ 
the  staircase,  or  the  porch  or  penthouso 
which  accompaaiei  it . 

Companions  of  JeTiu.  The  Chonaru 

were  so  called,  from  a  fanciful  analoL'y 
between  their  self-imposed  task  and  that 
appointed  to  Jehu,  on  being  set  over  the 
kingdom  of  Israel.  Jehu  was  to  cut  oflf 
Aliab  and  Je/.'ebel,  with  all  their  house, 
and  all  the  priests  of  Baal.  The  Chouans 
were  to  cut  off  all  who  assassinated  Louis 
XVI.,  and  see  that  his  brother  (Jehu) 
was  placed  on  the  throne. 

Comparisons  are  Odorous.  So 
says  Dogberry.  — Much  A  do  about  ^^'othing, 
iii.  i. 

We  own  your  terse?  nre  mt'lodloin, 
ISut  then  cumparisuui  arc  oJioos. 

Suijt^  *'Antn-er  to  6hei  tdan't  *  Simile,'  " 

Complexion  litcrallj- means  '"wh:!! 
enibra'.cs  or  contains,"  and  the  ideii 
implifs  that  the  colour  of  the  skin  cor- 
responds to  the  habit  of  body,  aud  the 
habit  of  body  answers  to  the  elemeul 
which  predominates.  If  firo  predominates, 
the  person  is  bilioiis  or  fidl  of  bile;  if 
air,  he  is  satiffuine  or  full  of  blood  ;  if 
earth,  the  bfdy  is  melancholic  or  full  of 
black  bile;  if  water,  it  is  phlei/matic  or 
full  of  phlegm.  Tho  first  is  hot  and  dry, 
the  second  hot  and  moist,  the  lhi."-d  coid 
atid  dry,  aud  the  last  mui^t  and  cold  like 
water. 

i'ls  111.  tlio'  dlOlcrent  your  comrlcxlons  uro  (le.,  itlt- 

pttjitiQiii).  Jtri/Jeu 

Cretans,  thro*  mere  complexion  lie. 

Pitt,  "  Hymn  of  t'lJldiitacAu*.* 


180 


COMPLINE. 


CONDOTTIERI. 


Com'pline  (2  syl.).  Tho  last  service 
of  tho  day  in  tlie  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
First  appointed  l>y  the  abbot  Benedict  in 
the  sixth  century.  'I'he  word  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  completu'iium. 

Com'rade  (2  syl.).  The  name  of 
Fortu'uio's  fairy  horse.  It  ate  but  ouco 
a  week  ;  knew  the  past,  present,  and 
future  ;  and  spake  with  the  voice  of  a 
man.—  Grimm's  Goblins,  "  Forlunio." 

Com'radGS  (2  syl. ).  Those  who  sleep 
in  the  same  bed-chamber.  It  is  a  Spanish 
military  term  derived  from  the  custom  of 
dividing  soldiers  into  chambers.  The 
proper  spelling  is  canwades,  men  of  the 
same  cam'era  (chamber). 

Co'mus.  God  of  revelry.  Milton 
represents  him  as  a  male  Circe. 

Tliis  nymph  {Cvxe),  that  gazed  upon  hia  {Bacthm) 

clasteimg  locks 

Had  by  him,  ere  he  parted  thence,  a  son, 
Much  lilce  liis  fatlier,  but  liis  mutiicr  more, 
Whom  therefore  she  brought  up,  and  Conius  "tailed. 
ilMon,"  Corti'M." 

Comus,  The  elder  brother  in  this 
domestic  drama  is  meant  for  lord  vis- 
count Brackle}',  eldest  son  of  John,  earl 
of  Bridgewater,  president  of  Wales.  The 
younger  brother  is  Mr.  Thomas  Egerton. 
The  lady  is  lady  Alice  Egertou. — Milton. 

Con  Amo're  (Italian).  With  heart 
and  soul;  as,  "' He  dxAii  con  amo're,"  i.e., 
lovingly,  with  delight,  and  therefore  in 
good  earnest. 

Co'nan.  The  Thensi'tes  of  «  Fingal ;" 
brave  even  to  rashness.  He  made  a  vow 
never  to  take  a  blow  without  returning 
it ;  and  when  he  descended  into  the  in- 
fernal regions,  the  arch-fiend  gave  him  a 
cuff,  which  Conan  instantly  returned, 
saying,  "  Claw  for  claw." 

"  B'ow  for  hlow,"  as  Conan  said  to  the  deTil.— &oa, 
•'  Waverlei/,"  c.  x.\ii. 

Concert  Pitch.  The  degree  of 
sharpness  or  flatness  adopted  by  a 
number  of  musicians  acting  m  concert, 
that  all  the  instruments  may  be  in  ac- 
cord. Generally,  a  particular  note  is 
selected  for  the  standard,  as  A  or  C  ;  this 
Eote  is  put  into  the  proper  pitch,  and  all 
other  notes  are  regulated  by  it. 

Con'cierge  (3  syl.).  A  door-porter. 
When  Hugh  Capet  took  up  his  abode  in 
Paris,  he  added  two  large  buildings  to 
the  pala'-fi — a  jirison  and  a  stable.     Over 


tho  former  he  placed  a  keeper,  called 
thecomas  des  Oier<jts ;  over  tho  latLcr  an 
officer  called  the  cornto  de  I'Etable. 
Now,  co)icierf)t  means  a  "door-)>orter," 
and  concieirjerie  a  "prison."  The  title 
comte  de  I'Ktable  became  in  time  con- 
nelahle,  and  gave  us  our  word  "  constable. " 

Conclave  (2  syl.).  A  set  of  rooms, 
all  of  which  are  entered  by  one  common 

key  (Latin,  con  cla'vis).  The  word  is 
applied  to  the  little  deal  cells  erected  in 
some  large  apartment  for  the  cardinals 
who  meet  to  choose  a  now  pope,  because 
the  long  gallery  of  tho  Vatican  between 
the  cells  and  the  windows  of  the  palace 
is  common  ground  to  all  the  conclavists. 
The  assembly  itself  is,  by  a  figure  of 
speech,  also  called  a  conclave. 

Conelama'tio,  amongst  the  ancient 
Romans,  was  similar  to  the  Irish  howl 
over  tho  dead  ;  and,  as  in  Ireland,  women 
led  the  funeral  cortege,  weeping  osten- 
tatiously and  gesticulating.  "One  not 
howled  over  "  (corpits  nondum  conclama!' 
turn)  meant  one  at  the  point  of  death ; 
and  "one  howled  for"  was  one  given  up 
for  dead  or  really  deceased.  Virgil  tells 
us  that  the  ululation  was  a  Phoenician  cus- 
tom ;  and  therefore  he  makes  the  palace 
ring  with  howls  when  Dido  burnt  herself 
to  death. 

Lamentis,  ffemltuque,  et  foemlnoo  ululato. 
rut.i  frtinunt.  ■'  Aiiriti,"  iv.  967. 

Concord  is  Strength.    The  wise 

saw  of  Periander,  "tyrant"  of  Corinth. 
(B.C.  6G5-5S5.) 

Concor'dat.  An  agreement  made 
between  a  ruler  and  the  pope  relative 
to  the  collation  of  benefices.  As  the 
Concordat  of  1801  between  Napoleon 
Bonaparte  and  pope  Pius  VII.  ;  the 
Concordat  of  151(5  between  Fran9ois  I. 
and  pope  Leo  X.  to  abolish  the  "prag- 
matic sanction;"  and  the  Germanic 
Concordat  of  141S  between  Frederick 
III.  and  pope  Nicholas  V. 

Con'dign.  Latin,  cnndignus  (well- 
worthy) ;  as  condign  punishment — i.e., 
punishment  well  deserved. 

In  thy  con'dign  praise. 
Shakcspeart,"  Loces  Lainiui-'i  Los?,"  t.  2. 

Condottie'ri.  Leaders  of  military 
adventurers  in  the  fifteenth  centur}'.  The 
most  noted  of  these  brigand  leaders  in 
Italy  were  Guarnie'ri,  L^ndo,  Frances'co 
of  Carmair'nola,   and    Francesco   Sforza 


CONFEDERATE. 


CONSCIENCE 


181 


Giac'omo  Sforza,  son  of  Francesco,  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Milan, 
and  succeeded  his  father-iu-law. 

Confed'erate  States.  The  eleven 
states  which  revolted  from  the  Union  in 
the  late  American  Civil  War  (18GM866)— 
riz.,  Georgia,  North  and  South  Caro- 
li'na,  Virgin'ia,  Tennessee',  Alaba'ma, 
Louiaia'ua,  Arkan'sas,  Mississip'pi,  Flo- 
rida, and  Texas. 

Confederation  of  the    Rhine. 

Sixteen  German  provinces  in  ISOti  dis- 
solved their  connection  with  Germany, 
and  allied  themselves  to  France.  At  the 
downfall  of  Napoleon  in  1814  this  con- 
federation melted  away  of  itself. 

Confession.  John  of  Nep'omuc, 
canon  of  Prague,  suffered  death  rather 
than  violate  the  seal  of  confession.  The 
emperor  Wenceslas  ordere<l  him  to  he 
tlirown  off  a  bridge  into  the  Sloldau,  bo- 
cause  he  refused  to  reveal  tlie  confession 
of  the  empress,  lie  was  canonised  as 
St.  John  Nepomu'cen. 

Confis'cate  (3  syl.).  To  forfeit  to 
the  public  treasury.  (Latin,  con  fisciis, 
with  the  tribute  money.) 

If  thou  dost  shed  one  drop  of  Christian  blood, 
Thy  lauds  and  ^oods  aie.  iiy  the  la»8  0f  Venice, 
Conliiicat«  to  ihe  state  of  VeDice. 

ahakttpeartf  '*  Jlerchant  u/  Venicef"  i?.  1. 

Conge  d'Elire  (Norman-Prench, 
L'ave  to  elect).  A  royal  warrant  given  to 
the  dean  and  chapter  of  a  diocese  to  elect 
the  person  nominated  by  the  crown  to 
their  vacant  see. 

Con'gleton   Bears.     The  men  of 

Congleton.  It  is  said  that  the  Congleton 
parish  clerk  sold  the  church  bible  to  buy 
a  bear. 

Congrega'tionalists.  Those  Pro- 
testant I)issent«rs  who  maintain  that 
each  congregation  is  an  independent 
community,  and  has  a  right  to  make  its 
own  laws  and  choose  its  own  minister. 
They  rose  in  the  time  of  queen  Elizabeth. 

Con'greve  Rockets.  So  called 
from  Sir  William  Cougreve,  eldest  son  of 
lieut.-colonel     Sir    William      Congreve. 

(1772-1828.) 

Con'jugal.  What  pertains  to  eon- 
lugiis  (yoke-fellows).  In  ancient  times  a 
yoke  (jni/um)  was  put  on  a  man  and 
woman  by  way  of  marriage  ceremony, 
and  the  two  were  said  to  be  yoked 
together  by  marriage. 


Con'jnring  Cap.  I  must  put  on  my 
eonjuring  cap — i.e.,  your  question  re- 
quires deliberate  thought,  and  I  must 
reflect  on  it.  Eric XIV.,  kingof  Sweden, 
was  a  great  admirer  of  magic,  and  had  an 
"  enchanted  cap  "  made,  either  to  keep 
his  heail  warm  or  for  mystiKcation.  He 
pretended  to  have  power  over  the  ele- 
ments ;  and  when  a  storm  arose,  his  sub- 
jects used  to  say,  "  The  king  has  got  on 
his  conjuring  cap." 

Conqueror.    The  Conqnn-or. 

Alexander  the  Great.  The  conqueror 
of  the  icorld.     (B.C.  35'J,  336-3-23.) 

Alfonso  of  Portugal.  (1094,  1137- 
1185.) 

Aurungzebe  the  Great.  A  lemgir.  The 
most  powerful  of  the  Great  Moguls. 
(1618.  1659-1707.) 

Jamos   I.  ofAragon.  (1206,1213-1276.) 

Othman  or  Osinan  I.  Foimder  of  the 
Turkish  power.     (125'J,  1299-1326.) 

Francisco  Pizarro.  C'unnuixliulor.  So 
called  because  he  conquered  Peru,  (1475- 
1541.) 

William,  duke  of  Normandy.  So  called 
because  he  obtained  England  by  conquest. 
(1027,  1066-1087.) 

Conquest  (TIce).  The  accession  of 
William  I.  to  the  crown  of  England.  So 
called  because  his  right  depended  on  his 
conquest  of  Harold,  the  reigning  king. 
(1066.) 

Con'rad  (Lord).  Afterwards  called 
Lara,  the  corsair.  A  proud,  ascetic,  but 
successful  captain.  Hearing  that  the 
sultan  Seyd  was  about  to  attack  the 
pirates,  Conrad  assumeil  the  disguise  of 
a  dervise  and  entered  the  palace,  wliile 
his  crew  set  fire  to  the  sultan's  fleet 
The  trick  being  discovered,  Conra<i  was 
taken  prisoner,  but  was  released  by  Gul- 
naro,  the  sultan's  favourite  concubine, 
whom  he  had  rescued  from  the  tlaming 
palace.  Gulnare  escaped  with  the  cor- 
sair to  the  Pirates'  Isle,  and  when  Con- 
rad found  Mcdo'ra  dead,  ho  luft  the 
island,  and  no  one  knew  wliither  he 
went.  The  rest  of  his  adventures  are 
recorded  under  liis  new  name  of  Lara. — 
Bi/ron,  "  T/u  C'ormir." 

Conscience  {Court  of).  Established 
for  the  recovery  of  small  debts  in  Lon- 
don and  other  trading  places.  They 
were  superseded  by  county  courts. 

^Vh7  should  not  Conscience  hare  Taoation, 
A.4  well  IIS  other  co':rt.«  o'  the  iiatKU? 


1% 


CONSCRIPT. 


CONSTANTINR. 


Conscript  Fathers.  Tbo  Homan 
genato.  So  called  because  tlioir  names 
wore  written  in  the  senate's  register. 
(Latin,  con  scriplus,  written  together.) 

Consen'tes  Dii.  The  twelve  chief 
Eotnan  deities — 

Jupiter,  Apollo,  Mars,  Neptune,  Mer- 
cury, and  Vulcan. 

Jimo,  Vesta,  Minerva,  Ceres,  Diar^a, 
and  Venus. 

Conservative  (4  syl.).  A  medium 
Tory— one  who  wishes  to  preserve  the 
union  of  Church  and  State,  and  not 
radically  to  alter  tho  constitution.  The 
word  was  first  used  in  this  souse  in  1830, 
in  the  January  number  of  the  Quarlerlij 
Review — "Wo  have  always  been  con- 
scientiously attached  to  what  is  called  the 
Tory,  and  which  might  with  more  pro- 
priety be  called  the  Conservative  party." 

Consolidated  Fund.  A  repository 
of  public  money,  pledged  for  the  pay- 
ment of  Government  expenses.  Till 
1816  the  exchequers  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  were  kept  separately,  but  they 
were  formed  that  year  into  a  common 
fund,  out  of  which  is  paid  tho  interest  of 
the  national  debt,  the  civil  list,  and  tho 
salaries.  If  any  surplus  remains,  it  is 
applied  to  the  mutual  benefit  of  the 
united  kingdoms. 

Consols  (a  contraction  of  Consoli- 
dated Annuities).  In  1751  an  Act  was 
Eassed  for  consolidating  several  stocks 
earing  an  interest  of  o  per  cent.  These 
who  supply  the  funds  receive  interest  for 
their  money  (about  3  per  cent.),  but  if 
they  want  the  principal,  they  must  got 
some  one  to  take  their  place.  This 
new  man  hands  over  the  value  of  the 
stock,  and  has  his  name  substituted  in 
the  books  for  the  previous  holder. 

Con'sort  is,  properly,  one  whose  lot 

is  cast  in  vilh  another.     As  the  queen 

does  not  lose  by  marriage  her  separate 

existence,  like  other  women,  her  husband 

is  called  a  consort,  because  he  consorts 

with  the  queen. 

Wilt  thou  bo  our  consort? 
Shakespeiiie,  "  Two  G^nt'.e<!len  oj  Vfrona," Iv.  I. 

Con'stable  (Latin,  comes  •  sfah'uU) 
moans  "  blaster  of  the  Horse."  The  con- 
stable of  England  and  France  was  at 
one  time  a  military  officer  of  state,  next 
In  rank  to  the  crown.    (See  Concieuge.) 

To  ovcn-u7i  or  outrun  the  conftahle.    To 


J 


J 


Y 


get  into  debt;  spend  more  than  one's 
income;  to  talk  about  what  you  do  not 
understand.    (Stelelow.) 

Quoth  Iluillliras,  Friend  Ralph  thonhact 
Outrun  ihe  eoDstnble  at  last ; 
For  thou  liast  fallen  on  a  new 
liigpute,  as  eenselese  as  untrue. 

livlUr,"  Itxidihras,"  i.i. 

Who's  to  pay  the  conslalle  t  "Who  is  to 
pay  the  scored 

The  constable  arrests  debtors,  and,  of 
course,  represents  tho  creditor  ;  where- 
fore, to  overrun  the  constable  is  to 
overrun  your  credit  account.  To  pay 
the  constable  is  to  give  him  the  money 
due,  to  prevent  an  arrest. 

Constable  de  Bourbon.  Charles, 
due  do  Bourbon,  a  powerful  enemy  of 
Frangois  I.  He  was  killed  while  heading 
the  assault  on  Rome.     (1527.) 

Constantino's  Cross.  In  Latin, 
vinces  in  hoc;  in  English,  By  this  conquer. 
It  is  said  that  Constantino,  on  his  march 
to  Rome,  saw  a  luminous  cross 
in  the  sky,  in  the  shape  and  with 
tho  motto  here  given.  In  the 
night  before  the  battle  of  Saxa 
Rubra,  a  vision  appeared  to  him 
in  his  sleep,  commanding  him  to 
inscribe  them  on  the  shields  of  his  sol- 
diers. He  obeyed  the  voice  of  the  vision, 
and  prevailed.  Tho  monogram  is  XPiffroc 
(Christ).<Sec  Gibbon  Z>t'c/JH«  ^Ffi//,cli.xi,x.n. 

This  may  be  called  a  standing  miracle 
in  legendary  history  ;  for,  besides  An- 
drew's cross,  and  the  Dannebrog  or  red 
cross  of  Denmark  (q.v.),  we  have  the 
cross  which  appeared  to  don  Alonzo 
before  the  battle  of  Ourique  in  1139, 
when  the  Moors  were  totally  routed  with 
incredible  slaughter.  As  Alonzo  was 
drawing  up  his  men,  the  figure  of  a  cross 
appeared  in  the  eastern  sky,  and  Christ, 
suspended  on  the  cross,  promised  the 
Christian  king  a  complete  victory.  This 
legend  is  commemorated  by  the  device 
assumed  by  Alonzo,  in  a  field  argent  five 
escutcheons  az^ire,  in  the  form  of  a  cross, 
each  escutcheon  being  charged  with  five 
bezants,  in  memory  of  the  five  wounds  oi 
Christ. 

Constantino  Tolman  (Comw.ill). 
A  vast  egg-liko  stone,  thirty-three  feot 
in  length,  eighteen  in  width,  and  four- 
teen in  thickness,  placed  on  the  points  of 
two  natural  rocks,  so  that  a  man  may 
creep  under  it.  The  stone  upheld  weighs 
750  tons. 


CONSTITUENT. 


COOKS. 


183 


Constit'uent  Assembly.  Tho  first 
of  the  national  assemblies  of  the  French 
Kovolution.  ^o  called  bociuse  it  took 
an  oath  never  to  separate  till  it  had 
friven  to  France  a  constitution.  (17i>3- 
1791.) 

Constit'uenta.  Tliose  who  consti- 
tute or  elect  ruembers  of  Parliament. 
^ Latin,  constWuo,  to  place  or  elect,  &c.) 

Constitution.  The  fundamental 
laws  of  a  state.  It  may  bo  cither  des- 
potic, aristocratic,  democratic,  or  mixed. 

Constitu'tiona  of  Clar'endon. 
{See  Clarkndon.) 

Con'strue.  To  translate.  It  means 
to  set  in  ordor,  one  with  another — i.e.,  to 
sot  an  En^'li.-h  word  in  tho  placo  of  a 
foreign  word,  and  to  by  the  whole  sen- 
tence in  good  grammatical  order. 

Consuelo  (4  syl.).  Tho  impersona- 
tion of  moral  purity  in  tlie  midst  of 
temritationa.  The  heroine  of  George 
Sana's  novel  of  tbo  same  nfimo; 

Contango.  The  sum  paid  by  a 
speculator  on  a  "bull  account"  {i.e.,  a 
speculation  on  tho  rise  in  tlio  price  of 
certain  stock),  to  defer  completing  tho 
bargain  till  tho  next  scttliug  day.     {See 

BaCKWAIkDATION.) 

Con'template  (3  syl.).  To  inspect  or 
watch  the  temple.  The  augur  among  the 
Uomans  having  taken  his  stand  on  tho 
(Japit'olino  Hill,  marked  out  with  his 
wand  tho  space  in  tho  heavens  ho  in- 
tended to  consult.  This  space  he  callc  1 
tlie  templum.  Ilaving  divided  his 
templum  into  two  parts  from  top  to 
bottom,  ho  watchod  to  see  wliat  wiuld 
occur ;  the  watching  of  the  templum  was 
called  contemplatin;/. 

Contempt'  of  Court.  Refusing  to 
conform  to  the  rules  of  the  law  courts. 
Direct  contempt  is  an  open  insult  or  re- 
sistance to  tho  judge  or  others  officially 
emplo3-ed  in  tho  court.  (Jotisequenlial 
contempt  is  that  which  tends  to  obstruct 
the  liusiness  or  lower  the  dignity  of  tho 
court  by  indirection. 

Contenenient.  A  word  used  in 
Magna  Charta,  expressive  of  chattels 
necessary  to  each  man's  station,  as  tho 
irms  of  a  gontlonian,  tho  merchandise  of 
a  trader,  or  tho  ploughs  and  wagons  of  .t 
peasant. — Hall  a  m. 

Contentment  is  True  Riches. 
The  wise  saw  of  Dcmoc'ritoa,  the  laugh- 
ing philosopher.     (P.O.  509  4U0.) 


Confont  Is  wtalth,  the  riches  of  the  mind ; 
And  happy  lie  who  can  9iich  rieliCT  6nJ. 

Urydrn,"  Wift  of  liath't  TaU." 

Continence  of  a  Scip'io.     It  it 

said  thcc  a  beautiful  princess  fell  into 
tho  hands  of  Scipio  Africa'uus,  and  he 
refused  to  see  her,  "  lest  ho  should  be 
tempted  to  forget  his  principles." 

Continental  System.  A  name 
given  to  Napoleon's  plan  for  shutting  out 
Great  Britain  from  all  commerce  with 
tho  continent  of  Europe.  He  forl.'ade 
under  p\iiu  of  war  any  nation  of  Europe 
to  receive  British  exports,  or  to  send 
imports  to  any  of  tho  British  dominions. 
It  began  Nov.  21,  130G. 

Contin'gent  (A).  The  quota  of 
troops  furnished  by  each  of  several  con- 
tracting powers,  according  to  agreement. 
The  word  properly  means  tho  nuroVif-r 
which  falls  to  the  lot  of  each  ;  hence  wo 
call  a  fortuitous  event  a  contingency. 

Contre  Temps  (French).  A  mis- 
chance,  something  inopportune.  Lite- 
rally, "  out  of  time." 

Conven'ticle  means  a  "  little  con- 
vent," and  was  originally  applied  to  a 
cabal  of  monks  against  the  election  of  a 
proposed  abbot.  The  application  of 
ch;ipel  and  conventicle  to  the  places  f> 
worship  used  by  dissenters  is  certainly 
very  unsuitable.     (^Ve  Chapel.) 

Conversation  Sharp.  Richard 
Sharp,  the  critic.     (1759-18:35.) 

Con'nyger  or  Con'nigry.  A 
warren  fur  conies,  a  cony-burrow. 

Convey.  A  polite  terra  for  steal. 
Thieves  are,  by  a  similar  euphemism, 
called  conve>/trs. 

Conycy.  the  wise  It  c.-ill.  Stoal !  foh  !  a  fico  for  the 
phrase.— S/io*£j;)fnif,'Mfrii  1/  ICiitJ  0/  It'titdsor,''  L  S. 

Cooing  and  Billing,  like  Philip 
and  Mary  on  a  shilling.  The  reference  is 
to  coins  struck  in  tho  year  1555,  in  which 
Mary  and  her  consort  are  placed  face  to 
face,  and  not  check  by  jowl,  tho  usual  way 

still  amoious.  an  i  fond,  and  l)il  in?, 
Like  I'hilip  ai.d  Jl.iry  nn  a  shiUinu. 

"  Jlttdibiat,"  pt.  i'J.  L 

Cooking  Applied  to  Man.  Some  are 
toasted,  done  brown,  cut  up,  well  roasted 
and  well  bastoiL  Some  are  in  a  stow, 
ethers  iu  a  jiicklo,  some  are  made  mince- 
meat of,  others  have  thuir  goose  cooked 
for  thorn. 

Cooks.  Alhmffl'us  Rfilrms  that  conks 
were  tlio  first  kings  of  tho  earth. 

Iu  tho  luxurious  ages  of  ancient  Grceca 


184 


COOKED. 


COPTS. 


Sicilian  cooks  were  most  esteemed,  and 
received  very  high  waj^es.  Among  them 
Trimal'cio  was  very  celebrated.  It  is 
paid  that  he  conld  cook  the  most  common 
fish,  and  ^rivo  it  tho  tlavour  and  louk  of 
thb  most  highly  esteemed. 

In  the  jiiilmy  days  of  Rome,  a  clnef 
cock  Lad  i.Si)0  a  year.  Antony  gave  the 
cook  who  arranged  his  banquet  for 
Cleopatra  the  present  of  a  city. 

Vatcl,  who  killed  himself  1(J71,  during 
a  banquet  given  V)y  the  prince  de  Conde 
to  the  king  at  Chantilly,  because  the 
lobsters  for  the  turbot  sauce  did  not 
arrive  in  time. 

Cart>me  was  a  very  celebrated  French 
cook,  called  the  Regenerator  of  Cookery. 
(1784-1833.) 

Ude,  Gi)ufft5,  and  So3-er  are  names  of 
considerable  celebrity  as  cooks. 

Cooked.  Tlte  hooks  have  been  cooled. 
Tho  ledger  and  other  trade  Vjooks  have 
been  tampered  with,  in  order  to  show  a 
balance  in  favour  of  the  bankrupt.  The 
term  was  first  used  in  reference  to 
George  Hudson,  the  railway  king,  under 
whose  chairmanship  the  Eastern  Counties 
Railway  accounts  were  falsified.  The 
allusion  is  to  preparing  meat  for  table. 

Coon.  A  gone  coon.  One  who  has  no 
hope,  one  completely  done  for.  Colonel 
Crockett  was  out  racoon-shootingin  North 
America,  when  he  levelled  his  gun  at  a 
tree  where  an  "old  coon "  was  concealed. 
Knowing  the  colonel's  prowess,  it  cried 
out,  in  the  voice  of  a  man,  "  Hallo,  there  ! 
air  you  colonel  Crockett?  for  if  you  air, 
I'll  jist  come  down,  or  I  know  I  am  a 
gone  'coon." 

Cooper.  Half  stout  and  half  porter. 
The  term  arises  from  the  practice  at 
breweries  of  allowing  the  coopers  a  daily 
portion  of  stout  and  porter.  As  they  do 
not  like  to  drink  porter  after  stout,  they 
mix  the  two  together. 

Cooper's  Hill.  Near  Runnymede 
and  Egliam.  Both  Denham  and  Pope 
have  written  in  praise  of  this  hill. 

If  I  can  be  to  thee 
A  poet,  thou  Parnassus  art  to  tne.—Bi,i}u.rr . 

Coot.  A  silly  old  coot.  SUtpid  as  a 
cooi.  Common  American  expressions. 
The  coot  is  a  small  water-fowl,  which 
buries  its  head  in  mud  when  it  is  pur- 
sued, thinking  no  one  can  see  it,  as  it 
cannot  itself  see. 

Bald  cw  a  coot.  The  coot,  or  water 
hen,  has  a  bald  forehead. 


Cop.  To  throw,  as  cop  it  here.  Tbj 
word  properly  means  to  beat  or  strike 
as  to  cop  a  shuttlecock  or  ball  with  i 
bat  (Creek,  copto,  to  beat)  ;  but  la 
Norfolk  it  means  to  "  hull "  or  throw. 

Coper'nican  System  is  that  which 

rci>rcscnts  the  sun  at  rest  in  the  centre, 
and  all  the  planets  revolving  round  it. 
So  called  after  Nicolas  Copcr'nius,  the 
Prussian  astronomer  (1473-1543). 

Copes'mate  (2  syl.).  A  companion. 
"Copesmateof  ugly  night"  ("Rape  of 
Lucreeco"),  a  mate  who  copes  with  you. 

Cophet'ua.  An  imaginary  king  of 
Africa,  of  great  wealth,  who  "  disdained 
all  womankind."  One  day  he  saw  a 
beggar-girl  from  his  window,  and  fell  in 
love  with  her.  He  o.sked  her  name  ;  it 
was  Penel'ophon,  called  by  Shakef-peare 
Zenel'ophon  ("Love's  Labour's  Lost,"iv. 
1).  They  lived  together  long  an<l  hajipily, 
and  at  death  were  universally  lamented. 
— Percy  s  "  Reliques,"  bk.  ii.  ti. 

King  Copheiualove'l  the  bei'gftr-rraM. 

Shakespeare,  "  Romeo  and  Juliet,"  il.  1. 

Copper.  Give  me  a  copper^^e.,  a 
piece  of  copier  money.  /  liuve  no 
coppers — no  halfpence. 

Coppei     Captain.       Brnmm.igem 

captain,  a  "General  von  Poffeuburgh." 
Michael  Perez  is  so  called  in  •' Kuie  a 
Wife  and  have  a  Wife,"  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher 

To  this  copper-captain  we;  oonSded  the  command 
of  the  troops.—  W.  Irving. 

Copperheads.  Secret  foes.  Cop- 
perheads are  poisonous  serpents  of 
America  that  give  no  warning,  like  rattle- 
snakes, of  their  attack.  In  the  great 
civil  war  of  the  United  States  the  term 
was  applied  by  the  Federals  to  the  peace 
party,  supposed  to  be  the  covert  friends 
of  the  Confederates. 

Cop'ple.  The  hen  killed  by  Reynard, 
in  the  tale  of  "  Reynard  the  Fox." 

Cops.    Copperheads  (q^.v.). 

Copts.  The  Jacobite  Christians  of 
Egypt,  who  have  for  eleven  centuries 
been  in  possession  of  the  patriarchal 
chair  of  Alexandria.  The  word  is  pro- 
bably derived  from  Coptos,  the  metro- 
polis of  the  Theba'id.  These  Christians 
conduct  their  worship  in  a  dead  languai'e 
called  "Coptic"  (the  language  of  the 
Cojpts). 


COPUS. 


CORDELIERS. 


185 


Co'pus.  A  drink  made  of  beer,  wiue, 
and  sjiice  heated  together,  and  served  ia 
a  "  loving-cup."  Dog  Latin  for  cupeUon 
Uippoc'ratis  (a  cup  of  hijipocras). 

Copy.  T/wt's  a  vicre  copy  of  your 
countenance.  Not  your  real  wish  or 
meaning,  but  merely  one  you  choose  to 
present  to  mo.  You  do  not  show  nie  the 
real  draft,  but  a  doctored  copy.  Perhaps 
the  word  "  copy  "  is  the  Spanish  capa  (dis- 
guise), a.s  la  cupa  ik  reliijioH  (the  disguise 
of  religion) ;  so  in  Portuguese,  com  capa 
tie  .  .  .  (under  pretence  of  .  .  .). 

Copyhold  Estate.  Part  of  a 
ttjanor,  held  for  a  term  at  the  lord's  will, 
and  the  terms  copied  into  the  court-roll 
or  diicurnent  kept  in  the  manor-house  for 
these  purposes.  As  all  copyholds  derive 
their  force  from  custom  only,  no  new 
ones  can  be  created  now.  Indeed,  none 
have  been  created  since  the  reign  of 
Rich.ard  11. 

Copyright.  The  right  of  an 
author  to  his  works  for  the  term  of  liis 
natural  life,  or  for  forty-two  years  from 
publication.  For  the  benefit  of  sur- 
vivors, the  heirs  may  claim  the  right 
either  for  the  residue  of  the  forty-two 
years,  or  for  seven  years  from  his  de- 
cease. 

The  five  copies  of  a  copyright  work 
are  thus  disposed  of  :— A  cojiy  is  sent  to 
the  British  Museum,  the  liudleian  of 
Oxford,  the  University  library  of  Cam- 
bridge, the  Advocates'  library  of  Scot- 
land, and  the  library  of  Trinit)',  Dublin. 

Co'rah,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  "  Ab- 
salom ami  .\chitophel."  is  meant  for  Dr. 
Titus     Oates    (Numbers    xvi.).       North 
describes  him  as  a  short  man,  extremely 
ugly :   if    his   mouth   is  taken    for    tl:e 
centre,    his  chin,    foreheaii,  and   cheek- 
bones wo\ild  fall  in  the  circumferenco. 
Sutilc  «  cn^  lu»  ejf'S,  liis  Toice  wa»  lmr«li  and  loud  ; 
.■-are  siune  lie  neiihrr  clioicnc  wii-.,  Mor  iiouj  ; 
Ui-<  l"iii!  chill  pio»eJ  his  wit;  hu  saiul-like  grate 
A  church  vermiliuti.  anil  a  Mu!ie«'  face. 
Mis  mcuior}',  nuracuU.usly  Kre  ii. 
Cuuid  ploU,  uctfilmi.-  ni»n  »  i  elitf,  rereit 

l)rt/Ueii,  ■'  AOiitlifin  and  A<rliUop'i«l." 

Coral  Beads.  The  Romans  used  to 
hang  I)ead8  of  red  coral  on  the  cradles 
and  round  the  neck  of  infants,  to  "pro- 
serve  and  fasten  their  teeth,"  and  save 
them  from  "  the  falling  sickness."  It 
was  considered  by  soothsayers  as  a 
charm  against  lightning,  whirlwind,  ship- 
wreck,   and    fire.       I'aracelsus    says    it 


should  be  worn  round  the  neck  of  chil- 
dren as  a  preservative  "against  tils, 
sorcery,  charms,  and  poison."  The  coral 
bells  are  a  Roman  Catholic  addition,  the 
object  being  to  frighten  away  evil  spirits 
by  their  jinglo. 

Cural  is  good  eo  he  hinced  »hoat  the  neck  of 
children  ...  to  ^rtserve  iliejn  fnim  the  f»  ling 
sicki  cmi.  It  hi>t>i  also  eoine  )<prcial  oym'a'hy  with 
iiiiurc.  fr  the  (<«  c"rai  .  .  .  will  turn  pale  and 
wau  if  tlie  pal  I J  ihat  wears  it  be  sick,  aud  it  come* 
to  ii«  former  colour  a-'Sin  aN  tl:ey  reiCTer.— /"io*, 
"  Jturi  lluuit  <j]  A'l  (iiiU  .Vii(ur«. " 

Cor'al  Master.  A  juggler.  So 
calleil  by  the  Spaniards.  In  ancient 
times  the  juggler,  when  he  threw  olf  his 
mantle,  apjieared  in  a  tight  scarlet  or 
coral  dress. 

Co'ran  (C'opped).  One  of  the  dogs  of 
AcUeon.     (.See  ClSSETA. ) 

Cor'anach.  Lamentation  for  the 
dead,  as  anciently  practised  in  Ireland 
and  Celtic  Scotland.  (Gaelic,  cornJi 
rdiiaich,  crying  together.) 

Cortant.  The  rook,  in  the  tale  of 
"  Reynard  the  Fox."  (Latin,  corcas  ; 
French,  C(w6e««,)    lleiurich  von  Alkm.ir. 

Corbf-tt.  The  punningarmorial  device 
of  this  family  is  two  cwhuixuc  or  ravens. 

Corceca  {Blind-htarl).  Superstition 
is  so  named  in  Spenser's  "  Faery  Queen.  ' 
.^bessa  tried  to  make  her  umlerstanil 
that  danger  was  at  hand ;  but,  being 
blind,  she  was  dull  of  comprehension. 
At  length  she  was  induced  to  shut  her 
door,  and  when  Una  knocked  would  give 
no  answer.  Then  the  lion  boko  down 
the  door,  and  both  entered.  The  moan- 
ing is  that  England,  the  lion,  broke 
down  the  door  of  Superstition  at  the 
Kefornia'iou.  CorcPca  means  Romanism 
in  Knglaiid. —  Hk.  i.  3. 

Cordelia.  The  youngest  of  Lear's 
three  davightcrs,  and  the  only  one  that 
loved  him. — Shakefpeare,  "  King  Lear." 

Cordeliers  |signifiesj  "cord- 
wearers."  CeiUiiu  Franciscan  friars, 
i.e.,  who  wear  ro\iiid  th-'ir  waist  a, 
thong  of  knotted  cord  instead  of  a  girdle. 
In  the  reign  of  St.  Louis,  these  Minorito 
monks  repulsed  an  army  of  intidels,  and 
the  king  asked  who  those  (jens  de  curdtlut 
(corded  people)  were.  FroiP  this  they 
received  their  appellation. 

During  the  Uovolution.  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  of  the  movement  party  whs 
80  called,  because  they  held  their  meet- 


188 


CORDON. 


CORN  LAW. 


ings  in  tlio  chapel  of  a  Franciscan  monas- 
tery. Dan  toil,  Hdbert,  Chaumette, 
Camillo  Desmoulins,  and  Marat  were 
members  of  this  club,  which  was  opposed 
to  the  Jacobins. 

Cordon  Bleu  (French).  A  knight 
of  the  ancient  order  of  the  St.  Esprit 
(Holy  Ghost).  So  called  because  the 
(locoration  is  suspended  on  a  blue  ribbon. 
It  was  at  one  time  the  highest  order  in 
the  kingdom. 

Cordon  Bleu.  A  first-rate  cook.  The 
comraandour  de  Souv6,  comte  d'Olonne, 
and  some  others,  who  were  cordons  bleus 
(i.e.,  kniarhts  of  St.  Esprit),  met  together 
as  a  sort  of  club,  and  wore  noted  for  their 
well-appointed  dinners.  Hence,  when 
any  one  had  dined  well  he  said,  "  Bien, 
c'est  un  vrai  repas  de  cordon-bleu  ; "  and 
a  superior  cook  was  one  of  the  cordon 
bleu  type,  or,  briefly,  a  "  cordon  bleu." 
(kJee  above.) 

Cordon  Eouge  (French).  A  cheva- 
lier of  the  order  of  St.  Louis,  the  deco- 
ration being  suspended  on  a  red  ribbon. 

Grand  Cordon.  A  member  of  tlie  Legion 
d'honneur,  whose  cross  is  attached  to  a 
■jrand  or  broad  ribbon. 

Cord'uroy'.  A  corded  fabric,  origi- 
nally made  of  silk,  a)id  worn  by  tho  kings 
of  Franco  in  the  chase.  (French,  cord 
dii  roi/.') 

Corduroy  Road.  A  term  applied  to 
roads  in  tho  backwoods  and  swampy 
districts  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
formed  of  the  halves  of  trees  sawn  in 
two  longitudinally,  and  laid  transversely 
across  the  track.  A  road  thus  made 
presents  a  ribbed  appearance,  like  the 
cloth  called  cordui-oy. 

Cord'wainer.  Not  a  twister  of  cord, 
but  a  worker  in  leather.  Our  word  is 
the  French  cordoiiannier  (a  maker  or 
worker  of  cordouati) ;  the  former  a  cor- 
ruption of  Cordovanier  (a  worker  in  Cor"- 
dovan  leather). 

Corflam'bo.  The  impersonation  of 
sensual  passion  in  Spenser's  "  Faery 
Q,ueen."    i3k.  I'w-,  $. 

Co'ri.    Cape  Com'orin. 

Corin'eus  (3  syl.).  A  mythical  hero 
in  the  suite  of  Brute,  who  conquered  the 
giant  Golimagot,  for  which  achievement 
the  whole  western  horn  of  England  was 
allotted  him.  Ho  called  it  Corin'ea,  and 
the  people  Corin'cans,  from  his  own  name. 


Id  meed  of  theee  treat  eoniimta  b;  th'm  i!Ot, 
Corin  ua  li&l  t'lat  ptoviiic"  utrnjtt  went 

To  l:im  ii^eij  uiid  for  lili  wortliy  lot. 
AVhicli  of  Ills  inme  and  uiemuraMe  gent. 

He  caliei  Coruwull. 

SpfHHr,"  Fr.lry  Queen,'  it  10. 

Corinth.  A'o<  every  one  can  (jo  to 
Corinth — i.e.,  not  every  one  can  alfor<l 
such  extravagance.  The  reference  is  to 
La'is,  a  courtesan  of  Corinth,  who  made 
those  who  visited  her  pay  most  extrava- 
gantly for  her  favours.  Horace  says,  "  It 
does  not  fall  to  the  lot  of  every  m.in  to 
go  to  Corinth,"  meaning,  not  every  man 
is  fleeced  of  his  money  by  women  of  low 
character. 

Corinth's  Pedagogue.  Dionys'ios 
the  younger,  on  being  banislied  a  second 
time  from  Syracuse,  went  to  Corinth  and 
became  schoolmaster.  He  is  called 
Dionysios  the  tyraiit.  Hence  lord  Byron 
says  of  Napoleon — 

Corinth's  pcdasjosno  hatb  now 
Trausterred  Uis  by-word  to  thy  brow. 

CWe  to  A'apoleon. 

Corin'thian  {A ).  A  licentious  liber, 
tine.  The  immorality  of  Corinth  was 
proverbial  both  in  Greece  and  Rome.  To 
Corin' thianise  is  to  indulge  in  licentious 
conduct. 

Corinthian  Tom.  The  sporting  rake 
in  Pierce  Egan's  "Life  in  London."  A 
"Corinthian"  was  the  "fast  man"  of 
Shakespeare's  period. 

I  am  no  proud  Jack,  like  Falstaff:  but  a  Co- 
riathian,  a  lad  of  rceitle,  a  good  hos ,—Shixkesptai t, 
"1  Henrv  IV.."  ii.  4. 

Corin'thian  Order.  The  most 
richly  decorated  of  tlie  five  orders  of 
Greek  architecture.  The  shaft  is  fluted, 
and  the  capital  adorned  with  acanthus 
leaves.     (See  Acanthus.) 

Coriola'nus.  The  chief  character 
of  Shake.speare's  play  so  called. 

Corked.  Thit  wine  is  corked— i.e., 
tastes  of  the  cork. 

Cor'moran'.  The  Comisb  giant  who 
fell  into  a  pit  twenty  feet  deep,  dug  by 
Jack  the  Giant-killer,  and  filmed  over 
with  grass  and  gravel.  The  name  means 
cormorant  or  gi-eat  eater.  For  tiiis 
doughty  achievement  Jack  received  a 
belt  from  king  Arthur,  with  this  in- 
scription— 

Tins  is  the  vK'.l.iTit  Cornish  man 
That  slew  the  giaal  C(.r:ncran. 

Jack  tin  iiiani-lriUer. 

Corn -Law  Rhymer.  Eb^nezsr 
Elliott,  who  wrote  philippics  against  the 
com  laws.    (1781-18i9.) 

Is  not  the  corn -law  rhjTner  sklready  a  kins?— 
Cur'.t/U. 


CORNER. 


CORPUSCULAR. 


187 


Corner  (The).  Tattersall's  horse- 
Btores  and  betting-rooms,  which  were  at 
one  time  at  the  corner  of  Ilyde  Park,  are 
now  removed  to  Knightsbridge  Green. 

Cornette.  Porter  la  corneite.  To  be 
domineered  over  by  the  woman  of  the 
house;  to  bo  a  Jerry  Sneak.  Tbo  cor- 
nette is  the  mob-cap  anciently  worn  by 
the  women  ot  Franco.  Pvrte)'  les  cidotlei 
(to  wear  tho  breeches)  is  the  same  idea  ; 
only  it  shows  who  has  the  mastery,  and 
not  who  is  mastered.  In  the  latter  case 
it  means  tho  woman  wears  the  dress  of 
the  man,  and  assumes  his  position  in  tho 
house.  Probably  our  expression  about 
"  wearing  the  horns  "  rray  be  referred  to 
tho  "cornette"  rather  than  to  the  stag 
or  deer. 

Corn'grate  (2  syl.).  A  term  given 
in  Wiltshire  to  the  soil  in  the  north- 
western border,  consisting  of  an  irregular 
mass  of  loose  gravel,  sand,  and  limestone. 

Cornish  Hug.  A  hug  to  overthrow 
you.  The  Cornish  men  were  famous 
wrestlers,  and  tried  to  throttle  their 
antagonist  v/ith  a  particular  lock,  called 
the  Cornish  hug. 

Cornish  Language  was  virtually 
extinct  150  years  ago.  Doll  Pentreath. 
the  last  person  who  could  epeak  it,  died 
at  the  Hixo  of  91,  in  1777. — SoUs  and  Q. 

Cornish  Wonder  ( The).  John  Opie, 
of  Cornwall,  tho  painter.     (17ol-1607.) 

Cornu-co'pia.  {See  AiiALTn.EA'8 
Horn.) 

Cornwall.  {See  Barry,  Corikeus.) 

Coronation  Chair  consists  of  a 
stone  80  enclosed  as  to  form  a  chair.  It 
is  a  talisman,  and  the  notion  is,  wherever 
this  stone  is,  royalty  will  bo  upheld  ; 
but  with  tho  removal  of  the  stone  will  bo 
tho  fall  of  royalty  in  that  nation. 

It  was  probably  the  stouo  on  which 
tho  kings  of  Ireland  were  inaugiu-ated  on 
the  hill  of  Tara.  It  was  removed  by 
Fergus,  son  of  Eric,  to  Argyleshire,  and 
thence  by  king  Kenneth  (in  tho  ninth 
century)  to  Scone,  where  it  was  enclosed 
in  a  wooden  chair.  Edward  I.  transferred 
It  to  Westminster. 

Tlio  monkish  legend  says  that  it  was 
tho  very  stone  which  formed  "Jacob's 
pillow." 

The  tradition  is,  "  Wherever  this  stone 
is  found,  there  will  reign  some  of  the 
Scotch  race  of  kingG." 


Coronach.  The  funeral  howl  of  the 
Highlanders,  called  by  tho  Irish  ululoo. 

Cor'oner  means  properly  the  crown- 
officer;  in  Saxon  times  it  was  his  duty  to 
collect  the  crown  revenues  ;  next  to  take 
charge  of  crown  pleas ;  but  at  present  to 
uphold  tho  paternal  solicitude  of  the 
crown  by  searcliing  into  all  cases  of  sud- 
den or  suspicious  death.  (Vulgo,  crowner. 
Latin,  coro'na,  tho  crown.) 

But  18  tliie  law  ? 
Ay,  marry,  is't :  crovwitr's  quest  law. 

Shakeijytart,  "  Jl;ml<il,"  t.  I. 

Cor'onet.  A  crown  inferior  to  the 
royal  crown.  A  duke's  coronet  is  adorned 
witli  strawberry  leaves  above  the  band  ; 
that  of  a  marquis  with  strawljcrry  leaves 
alternating  with  pearls ;  that  of  an  earl 
has  pearls  elevated  on  stalks,  alternating 
with  leaves  above  the  hand  ;  that  of  a 
viscount  has  a  string  of  pearls  above  the 
band,  but  no  leaves  ;  that  of  a  buion  has 
only  four  pearls. 

Coro'nis.  Daughter  of  a  king  of 
Pho'cis,  changed  by  Atho'na  into  a  crow. 
There  was  another  Coro'nis,  loved  i>j 
Apollo,  and  killed  by  him  for  infidelity. 

Corps  Legislatif  (French).  Tbo 
lower  CUSP  <H  t'lf  l^iT'r>ph  loirisln'iirn. 
The  firi:t  assembly  so  called  was  wtiea 
Napolei.n  I.  substituted  a  corps  legisiutif 
and  a  tribunal  for  the  two  coviuciis  of  tlia 
Directory,  Dec.  "i,  171'9.  The  next  was 
the  corps  legishitif  and  conseil  d'e'tat  of 
1S07.  The  third  was  tho  corps  Icgislatif 
of  750  deputies  of  1819.  The  legislative 
power  under  Napoleon  III.  was  vested 
in  the  emperor,  the  senate,  and  the  corpt 
kyidalij.    (1652.) 

Corpse  Candle.  The  ignis  fatuus  is 
so  called  by  the  Welsh,  because  it  was  sup 
posed  to  forbode  death,  and  to  show  the 
road  that  the  corpse  would  take.  Also  a 
large  candle  used  at  lake  or  liche  wakes— 
i.e.,  watching  a  corpse  before  interment. 

Corpus  Christi  (lodji  oj  Christ).  A 
festival  of  tho  Church,  kept  on  the  fi  rst 
Thursday  after  Trinity  Sunday,  in  hen  oui 
of  the  eucharist.  There  is  a  college  both 
at  Cambridge  and  Oxford  so  named. 

Corpus'cular  Theory  is,  thnt 
matter  is  only  divisible  to  its  elementni 
point  called  an  atom,  and  that  atoms  are 
the  corpuscles  of  which  everything  ia 
made.  The  .system  was  anciently  taught 
in  Greece  by  Loucipjws  and  Douioc'riloe, 
{See  ATomo.) 


188 


CORRECTOR. 


COTERIE. 


Corrector.    (5ee  Alexander.) 

Ccrre'ggio.  TlieCorre' tjijlo  ofSadptors, 
Joan  Uoujon,  who  was  slain  in  tho  mas- 
sacre of  St.  Bartholomew.    (1.510-1572.) 

Corrouge.  Tbo  sword  of  Sir  Ot'uel, 
in  mediaival  romance. 

Corrugated  Iron.  Sheet  iron 
coated  with  zinc.  It  is  called  corrugated 
or  wrinkled  because  the  sheet  is  Biado 
wavy  by  the  rollers  between  which  it  has 
to  pass. 

Corruptie'olae.  A  sect  of  heretics 
of  the  sixth  century,  who  maintained 
that  Jesus  Christ  was  cm^rnptilU. 

Corruption  of  Blood.  Loss  of 
title  and  entailed  estates  in  consequence 
of  treason,  by  which  a  man's  blood  is 
attainted,  and  his  issue  sutlers. 

Corsair'  means  properly  "  one  who 
gives  chase."  Applied  to  tho  pirates  of 
the  northern  coast  of  Africa.  (Italian, 
c(y)'so,  a  chase.) 

Cors'ned  means  tho  "cursed  mouth- 
ful." It  was  a  piece  of  bread  "conse- 
crated for  exorcism,"  and  given  to  a 
person  to  swallow  as  a  test  of  his  guilt. 
The  words  of  "  consecration "  were, 
"  May  this  morsel  cause  convulsions  and 
find  no  passage  if  the  accused  is  guilty, 
but  turn  to  wholesome  nourishment  if  he 
is  innocent."  (Sason,  corse,  curse;  sna:d, 
mouthful.) 

Cor'tes  (2  syl.).  The  Spanish  or 
Portuguese  parliament.  The  word  means 
"  court  officers." 

Corti'na.  The  skin  of  the  serpent 
Pytho,  wliich  covered  the  tripod  of  the 
Pythoness  when  she  delivered  her  oracles. 

Corvi'nus  (j-aven),  Ja'nos  Hun'yady, 
governor  of  Hungary,  is  so  called  from 
the  raven  in  his  shield. 

There  were  two  Romans  so  called — 
viz.,  Vale'rivis  Max'imus  Corvi'mis  Mes- 
sa'la,  and  V'ale'rius  Messa'la  Corvi'nus. 

Marcus  Vale'rius  was  called  "  Corvus" 
(raven)  because,  in  a  single  combat  with 
a  gigantic  Gaul,  during  the  Gallic  war,  a 
raven  flew  into  the  Gaul's  face,  and  so 
harassed  him  that  he  could  neither  de- 
fend himself  nor  attack  his  adversary. 

Cor 'y don.  A  swain ;  a  brainless, 
love-sick  spooney.  It  is  one  of  the 
ehepherds  m  Virgil's  eclogues. 


Coryphae'us.  T/u  Corypfunu  of 
Orammaruins.  Aristarchos  of  Sam'o- 
thraco.  A  coryphajus  was  the  leader  of 
tho  Greek  chorus ;  hence  the  chief  of  a 
department  in  any  of  the  sciences  or 
fine  arts.  Aristarchos,  in  the  second 
century  B.C.,  was  the  chief  or  prince  of 
gramuiarians.  (Greek,        karuphaios, 

leader.) 

Cor5rphee.  A  ballet-dancer.  (.See 
above.) 

Cos'miel  (3  syl ).  Tho  genius  of  the 
world.  He  gave  to  Theodidac'tus  a  boat 
of  asbestos  in  which  he  sailed  to  the  sim 
and  planets. — Kircher,  "  Ecstatic  Journey 
to  IIeav(7i." 

Cosmop'olite  (4  syl.).  A  citizen  of 
the  world.  One  who  has  no  partiality  to 
any  one  country  as  his  abiding-place ; 
one  who  looks  on  the  whole  world  wit.h 
"an  equal  eye."    (Greei,  cosmos-poli' les.) 

Cos'set.  A  house  pet.  Applied  to 
a  pet  lamb  brought  up  in  the  house  ; 
any  pet.  (Saxon,  cot-seat,  cottage- 
dweller  ;  German,  kossat.) 

Cos'tard.  A  clown  in  "  Love's 
Labour's  Lost"  (Shakespeare),  who  apes 
the  court  wit  of  queen  Elizabeth's  time, 
Viut  misapplies  and  miscalls  like  Mrs. 
Malaprop  or  Master  Dogberry. 

Cos'termonger.  A  seller  of  eat- 
ables about  the  streets,  properly  an  apple- 
seller  (from  costard,  a  sort  of  apple,  and 
mongtr,  "  a  trader  ;  "  Saxon,  raangian, 
"to  trade").  The  word  is  still  retained 
in  iron-monger,  cheese-monger,  fish- 
monger, news-monger,  fell-monger,  &c. 

Cote-hardi.  A  tight-fitting  tunic 
buttoned  down  the  front. 

He  waa  clothed  in  &  cotn-liarrti  upon  the  g7«e  of 
Almajne  [Ge>~nuvi<i).—Gtoff>oidila  Tour,  "  Landrv" 

Cotereaux  (French).  The  king  of 
England,  in-itated  at  the  rising  in  Brit- 
tany in  the  twelfth  century,  sent  the 
Braban(;ous  (q.v.)  to  ravage  the  lauds  of 
Raoul  de  Fougeres.  These  cut-throats 
carried  knives  {couieaux)  with  them, 
whence  their  name. 

Co'terie'  (3  syl.).  A  French  word, 
originally  tantamount  to  our  "guild,"  «i 
society  where  each  paid  hi<  quota — ie., 
his  quote-part  or  gild  {share').  The 
French  word  has  departed  from  its 
original  meaning,  and  is  now  applied  to 
an  exclusive  set,  more  especially  of 
ladies. 


COTnJ.ON. 


COUP 


18S- 


Cotillon  (co-til'-yon)  means  properly 
tho  "  under-potticoat."  The  word  was 
tppliod  to  a  brisk  dance  by  eiglit  persons, 
iu  v/hich  the  ladies  held  up  their  gowns 
and  showed  their  uuder-petticoats. 

Cotset.  The  lowest  of  bondsmen. 
So  called  from  col-seal  (a  cottage  dweller). 
These  slaves  were  bound  to  work  for 
tiioir  feudal  lord.  Tho  word  occurs  fre- 
quently in  "  Domesday  Bt>ok." 

CotSWOld  Lion.  A  sheep,  for  which 
Ootswold  hills  are  famous.  Fierce  a»  a 
CotsKold  lion  (ironical). 

Cottage  Orne  (French).  A  cottage 
vesidcDco  belonyiiig  to  persons  in  good 
clrcuiijstances. 

Cotton.  To  cotton  to  a  person.  To 
clinjr  to  one  or  take  a  fancy  to  a  person. 
To  stick  to  a  person  as  cotton  sticks  to 
c-ur  clothes. 

Cotton  Lord.  A  great  cotton  lord. 
A  rich  Manciiester  cott'.n-manufexcturcr, 
A  real  lord  in  wealth,  style  of  living, 
equipage,  and  tenantry. 

Cotto'nian  Library,  in  the  British 
Museum.  Collected  by  Sir  R.  Cotton, 
aiul  added  to  by  his  son  and  grandson, 
after  which  it  was  invested  in  trustees  for 
the  use  of  the  public. 

Cotyt'to.  The  Thracian  goddess  of 
immo<losty,  worshipped  at  Athens  with 
nocturnal  rites. 

Hnil !  gitdit^tot  Eoctumal  uport, 
DaTA-vuiled  Outytto. 

UOton,  "  CoTKxa.' 

CouTDeren.    God  of  wealth  in  Hindu 

mythology. 

CouleuT  de  Rose  (French).  Highly 
coloureil ;  too  favourably  considered  ; 
overdrawn  with  romantic  embellish- 
r.''unts,  like  objects  viewed  through  glasa 
tinted  with  rose  pink. 

Coulin.  A  British  giant,  pnrs\ied 
by  I)ebon  (one  of  the  coinpaiiion.s  of 
Brute)  till  he  came  to  a  chasm  1^52  feet 
across,  which  he  leaped  ;  but  slipping  on 
Ihe  opposite  side,  ho  fell  back  into  the 
chasm  and  was  killed.— iSptTiser,  '^  Fairy 
Qitccn." 

Councils.  (Ecumenical  Councih. 
There  are  twenty-one  recogniaed :  rino 
Eastern  and  twelve  Western. 

TiiK  Ni.sE  Eastk.un  :  (1)  Jorusalem; 
C8  and  8)  Nice,  3;'o,  787  ;  (3,  6,  7,  ») 


Constantinople,  3S1,  553,  681,  869;  (i^ 
Ephesus,  431  ;  (5)  Chalcedon,  451. 

TheTwelvkWkstkrn  :  (10.  11, 12, 13, 
19)  Lat'eran,  1123,  1139, 1179, 1215, 1517  ; 
(14,  15)  Synod  of  Lyon,  1245,  1274  ;  (16) 
Svnod  of  Vienne,  in  Dauphin^,  1311  ;  (17) 
Constance,  1414;  (18)  Basil,  1431-1443; 
(2U)  Trent,  1545-1563;  Vatican,  1869. 

Counter-caster.  One  who  keepi 
accounts,  or  casts  up  accounts  l>y  coun'. 
ers.  Thus,  iu  "The  Winter's  Tale,"  the 
Clown  says,  "  Fifteen  hundred  shorn  ; 
what  comes  the  %v(H)1  to  ?  I  cannot  do  't 
wiL'aout  counters  "  (Act  iv. ,  s.  3). 

And  wh.tt  «'U  het 
Forsooth,  a  great  arithinrticion  .  .  . 
Anil   I  .  .  .  must  \ie  lit-les'J  .init  ralined 
By  debitor  auil   ciei!it<ir,  this  ct.iiniercister. 

aiialutpeare,  •'  Othello."  L  L 

Counter-jumper.  A  draper's  as- 
sistant, who  jumps  over  the  counter  to 
go  from  one  part  of  the  shop  to  another. 

Counterpane.  A  comiptioa  of 
coHiitrrpoint,  from  the  Latin  cu/'cita  (a 
wadded  wrapper,  a  quilt).  When  the 
stitches  were  arranged  in  patterns  it  wa« 
called  cid'dia  piiiicta,  wliich  iu  French  be- 
came courle-pviiUe,  corrupted  into  coittre- 
pointe,  counttr-puiht,  where  point  is  pro- 
nounced "poyn,"  corrupted  into  "  paue." 

Country.  Father  of  his  country. 
{See  Father.) 

Country -dance.  A  corruption  of 
the  French  cnntre  da>u':e  (a  dance  where 
the  partners  face  each  other). 

Coup  {coo).  He  made  a  good  coup. 
A  good  hit  or  haul.    (French.) 

Coup  de  pied  de  Cdne  (kick  from  the 
ass's  foot).  A  blow  given  to  a  vanquished 
or  fallen  man  ;  a  cowardly  blow;  an  in- 
sult offered  to  one  who  has  not  the  power 
of  returning  or  revengii;g  it.  The  allu- 
sion is  to  the  fable  of  the  sick  lion  kicked 
by  the  ass.     (French.) 

Coup  d'Etat  (French)  means  n 
state  stroke,  and  the  term  is  ai)plied  to 
one  of  those  bold  measures  taken  by 
goveniment  to  prevent  a  supposed  or 
artual  il.mtrer ;  as  when  a  lartre  body  of 
men  are  arrested  suddenly  for  fear  they 
should  overturn  tho  government. 

The  famous  coup  dHai,  by  which  Louis 
Napoleon  became  possessed  of  absolute 
power,  took  place  oq  the  2d<1  of  Deoeio- 
ber,  1851. 


190 


COUP. 


COUTE. 


Coup  de  Grace.  Finisliing  stroke. 
In  boxing,  the  victor  pivcs  a  blow,  called 
the  grace-stroke,  which  is  not  returned. 
All  the  other  blows  were  given  in  battle, 
but  the  grace-stroke  is  given  iu  sign  that 
the  battle  is  over.     {French.) 

Tlio  Tuvl<B  dealt  the  coup  de  gi  ftoo  to  the  Eastern 
emvirn.— Times. 

Kaii  RiissrU'slnst  escBpnde  liMS  civen  1h8  coup 
de  gittce  lo  his  repute.— i'aW  Mall  Gazettt. 

Coup  de  Main  (French).  A  siidden 
stroke;  a  stratngcra  whereby  sonicthiug 
is  eiToctcd  suddenly.  Sometimes  called 
a  coup  only,  as  "  The  coup  [the  scheme] 
did  not  answer." 

rondrii  is  not  to  be  taken  by  a  coup  de  main.— 
F-Mic  Opinion. 

Coup  d'CEil  (French).  A  view ; 
glance;  prospect ;  effect  of  things  in  the 
mass. 

These  principles  are  presented  at  a 
single  coup  d'osil. 

The  coup  d'ccil  was  grand  in  the  ex- 
treme. 

Coup  de  Soleil  (French).  A  sun- 
stroke, any  malady  produced  by  exposure 
to  the  sun. 

Courage.      Anglo-Norman,  corage. 
(Latin,  cor,  heart ;  ago,  to  do.) 
But  screw  your  courage  to  the  stickins-place, 
And  we'll  not  fail. 

Shakespeare, "  Macbeih,"  1.  7. 

Court  originally  meant  a  coop  or 
sheep-fold.  It  was  on  the  Latium  hills 
that  the  ancient  Latins  raised  their  cors 
or  cohors,  small  enclosures  with  hurdles 
for  sheep,  &c.  Subsequently,  as  many 
men  as  could  he  cooped  or  folded  together 
were  called  a  corps  or  cohort.  The 
"  cors"  or  cattle-yard,  being  the  nucleus 
of  the  farm,  became  the  centre  of  a  lot 
of  farm  cottages,  then  of  a  hamlet,  town, 
fortified  place,  and  lastly  of  a  royal  resi- 
dence. 

Court.  A  short  cut,  alley,  or  paved 
way  between  two  main  streets.  (French, 
court,  "  short,"  as  2^''e»-dre  un  chemin 
court,  "  to  take  a  short  cut.) 

Court-cupboard.  The  buffet  to 
hold  rtagons,  cans,  cups,  and  beakers. 
There  are  two  in  Stationers'  Hall.  (.Sc5 
"  Romeo  and  Juliet,"  i.  5.) 

Court  Fools.    iSee  Fools.) 

Court  Plaster.  The  plaster  of 
which  the  court  ladies  made  their  patches. 
These  patches,  worn  on  the  face,  were  cut 
into  the  shape  of  orescenta,  stars,  circles, 


diamonds,  hearts,  crossed ;  and  coroo 
ovcH  went  so  f.ar  as  to  j'.atch  their  face 
with  a  coach  and  four,  a  ship  in  full  sail, 
a  chiteau,  &c.  This  ridiculous  fashion 
was  in  vogue  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I., 
and  in  the  reign  of  Anne  was  employed 
as  the  badge  of  political  partisanship. 
(See  Patches.) 

Yourli!.ick  ptttchcgyoii  wear  variously. 
Sonic  cu I  Mic-l.ir?.  31)1110  in  lioli-i:iCK.ii.'<  «nnnc  loif  njet 
Lcaunioiil  &  i  letcher,  "  £UUr  UtvUr,"  lii.  ■_'. 

Court  of  Love.  A  judicial  court 
for  deciding  affairs  of  the  heart,  esta- 
blished in  Provence  during  the  palmy 
days  of  the  Troubadours.  The  following 
is  a  case  submitted  to  their  judgment : 
A  lady  listened  to  one  admirer,  squeezed 
the  hand  of  another,  and  touched  with 
her  toe  the  foot  of  a  third.  Query, 
Which  of  these  three  was  the  favoured 
suitor  ? 

Cour'tesy.  Civility,  politeness.  It 
vv-as  at  the  courts  of  princes  and  great 
feudatories  that  minstrels  and  pages 
practised  the  refinements  of  the  age  in 
which  they  lived.  The  word  originally 
meant  the  manners  of  the  coui  t. 

Cousin.  Black  stone  says  that  Henry 
IV.,  being  related  or  allied  to  every  earl 
in  the  kingdom,  artfully  and  constantly 
acknowledged  the  connection  in  all  pub- 
lic acts.  The  usage  has  descended  to 
his  successors,  though  the  reason  has 
long  ago  failed. — ''  Commentaries,"  i.  SOS. 

Cousin-german.  The  children  of 
brothers  and  sisters,  first  cousins  ;  kins- 
folk. (Latin,  germa'nus,  a  brother,  one 
of  the  same  stock.) 

There  is  three  cousia-permans,  that  has  ccf/r.ed 
all  t!ie  hosts  of  Keari  n,,',  ii(  JIaiiienI  ea-l,  of  lule- 
brook,  of  hiirfes  nnd  mouej.—lihaktspeari,"ilii'if 
Wwcs  0/  Wi'tdiur,"  iv.  5. 

Cousin  Michael  (or)  Michel.  Tlie 
Germans  are  so  called,  as  the  Americans 
are  called  brother  Jonathan,  and  tie 
English  John  BuU.  Michel,  in  Old  G(  r- 
man,  means  "gross;"  Saxon,  viiccl ; 
Scotch,  micJde.  Cousin  Llicbol  tiicana 
cousin  gourmand,  or  gross  fcctlcr,  and 
is  meant  to  indicate  a  slow,  heavy,  simple, 
unrefined,  coarso-fceding  pcoj-io. 

Coute  que  Coflte  (French).  Cost 
what  it  may,  at  any  price,  be  the  ccn- 
sequccees  what  they  may. 

His  object  Is  to  serve  his  party  coBte  due  oollo 
— Standard, 


COVE, 


COXCOMB. 


\yi 


Cove(lsyl.).  An  individual;  ussxjlash 
cove {o.svve\]),&ri(m  cove{!\  msn  whose  posi- 
tion and  character  is  not  quite  palpable), 
&  gentry  cove  (a  e-ciitlornan),  a  don-ni/ cove 
(a  very  knowing  individual),  &c.  Cove 
is  tho  German  i-op/  (an  individual). 

Cov'enantcrs.  A  term  applied,  dur- 
ing tho  civil  wars,  to  the  Scotch  presby- 
terians,  who  united  liy  "solemn  league 
and  covenant "  to  resist  the  encroach- 
ments of  Charles  I.  on  religious  lib'crty. 

Cov'entry.  To  send  otie  to  Cwenlri/. 
To  take  no  notice  of  him  ;  to  let  him  live 
and  move  and  have  his  being  with  you, 
but  pay  no  more  heed  to  him  than  to  the 
ulie  winds  which  you  regard  not.  This 
is  a  military  term,  according  to  Messrs. 
Chambers  ("Cyclopredia"):  The  citizens 
of  Coventry  had  at  one  time  so  great  a 
dislike  to  soldiers,  that  a  woman  seen 
speaking  to  one  was  instantly  tabooed. 
No  intercourse  was  ever  allowed  between 
the  garrison  and  the  town  ;  hence,  when 
&  soldier  was  sout  to  Coventry,  he  was 
cut  ort'  from  all  social  intercourse. 

(lutton,  in  his  "  History  of  Birming- 
ham," gives  a  different  version.  Ho  says 
that  Coventry  was  a  stronghold  of  the 
parliamentary  party  in  tho  civil  wars, 
and  that  all  troublesome  and  refractory 
royalists  wore  sent  there  for  safe  custody. 

Tho  former  explanation  meets  the 
general  scope  of  tho  phrase  the  better. 

Cov'er.  To  break  cover.  To  start 
from  tho  covert  or  temporary  lair.  The 
usual  earth-holes  of  a  fux  being  covered 
up  tho  night  before  a  hunt,  tho  creature 
makes  some  gorse-l>ush  or  other  cover  its 
temporary  resting-place,  and  as  soon  as 
it  quits  it  the  hunt  begins. 

Cov'erley.  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley.  A 
member  of  an  hj^iothetical  club  in  the 
"SpocUitor,"  "who  lived  inSoho  Square, 
when  ho  was  in  town."  Sir  Itoger  is  the 
typo  of  an  English  squire  in  tho  reign  of 
queen  Anna.  He  figures  iu  thirty  papers 
of  tho  "  Spci'tiitor." 

iuseiislhle   to   his   iinpretondiii!? 
i.il/lo   Hcakncsscs  ;   his  moUisly, 


Who   can    hn 
virtues   imd   nin 


ttpiierosUy,    ho»nilalil,v. 


Ill    ecceiiti'io    whims  ; 


Tho  resijccl  for  fiig  ii'i-'litmura,  and'the  affecllJu 
of  his  domestics  t—llmliU. 

Cov'etous  Man.  A  Tantah.is  {.j.r.). 

In  tho  full  (Iwl  stands  Tan'tnliis.  his  Fkin 
WashC'l  o'er  in  vaiii,  lor  ever  iliy  WithiiL 
He  catches  at  the  si  ream  with  BTceily  lips- 
Prom  his  touuhei]  mouth  the  wnnt^n  torrent  slips. ,. 
Change  lut  the  name,  this  fih'e  is  thy  slory  : 
Thoii  in  a  flood  of  useless  wmUli  dost  glory. 
tt  hioh  thou  canst  only  touch,  hut  ueviT  taite. 
Coi'iei/,  "JJurun,"  satire  L 


Cow.  The  cow  that  nourished  Ymir 
with  four  Elroaras  of  milk  was  called 
Audhumla.  This  cow,  by  licking  tho 
frost-covered  stones,  produced,  the  first 
day,  a  man's  hair ;  tho  second  day,  a 
man's  head  ;  and  the  third  day,  a  com- 
l>Ieto  human  being,  named  Burl.  (iSca/i- 
dinavian  myikology.) 

The  com  icAOu-s  not  the  worth  of  her  tail 
till  she  losea  it,  and  is  troubled  with  flies, 
which  her  tail  brushed  off. 

What  wo  have  we  prize  not  to  tho  worth 

Whiles  we  enjoy  it;  hut  heiiii<  lack'd  und  lost, 

Vihy.  then  we  rack  the  val'ie. 
Shakespeare,  "  iluch  Ado  Atxjui  A'otfiino,"  It.  1. 

Curst  cows  have  short  horns.  (&e  CURST.) 

Coward  (anciently  written  culvard) 
is  either  from  tho  French  conard,  ori- 
ginally written  cnlrert,  from  cuher  (a 
pigeon),  pigeon  -  livcred  being  still  a 
common  e.^pression  for  a  coward ;  or 
else  from  the  Latin  culum  vei^tcre,  to 
turn  t.ail  (Spanish,  coharde;  Portuguese, 
covarde ;  Italian,  codardo,  "a  coward  ;" 
Latin,  rniKte,  "atail").  A  beast  fO!ca)y/< f?, 
in  heraldry,  is  one  drawn  with  its  cotio  or 
tail  between  its  legs.  Tho  allusion  is  to 
tho  practice  of  beasts,  who  sneak  off  in 
this  manner  when  they  are  cowed. 

Tho  etymoloiry  from  tho  Italian  ciio're 
tardo  (slow  or  faint-hearted)  is  not  ten- 
able. 

Cowper.  Called  "Author  of  'The 
Task,' "  from  his  principal  poem.  (17oI- 
IbOO.) 

Cowper  Law,  a  corruption  of 
Cv.par,  kc,  is  trying  a  man  after  execu- 
tion. Similar  expressions  are  Jedwood, 
Jcddart,  and  Jedburgh  justice.  Cowper 
justice  had  its  rise  from  a  baron-baile  in 
Coupar-Angus,  before  heritable  juris, 
dictions  wero  abolished.  (^See  LvDroLiD 
Law.) 

Cowper  Law,  ns  we  say  In  Scotland— hans;  a 
man  (list,  and  then  Judge  him.  —  tord  dt  lioe, 
"  Toieer  0/  London." 

Coxcomb.  An  empty-headed,  vain 
person.  Tho  ancient  licensed  jesters 
were  so  called  because  they  wore  a  cock's 
comb  in  their  ca|)S. 

Coxciimhg.  an  ever  empty  race. 
Are  tr.iuipets  of  their  own  iliwmce. 

Lst  me  hire  him  too;  here's  my  coxcoinK 

ahnUfpftirt,  "  A'liij;  Ltitr,"  L  «. 

The  Prince  of  Coxcomli.  Chailug 
Joseph,  princo  do  Ligno.    (1535-1 01 1.) 

Kich.Trd  II.  of  England  is  somotimea 
called  ilio  Coxcomb.     (13RG,  J377-1400.) 

Henri     111.    of     Franco     was     ciiloJ 


19*2 


COYSTRIL. 


CRAPAUD. 


le  Mignnn,  •which  mrans  pretty  well  the 
saniH  ihiiiK.     (1'''51,  1574-15S'J.) 

Coys'tril,    Cnystrel,    or   Kestrel.      A 
degenerate  hawk  ;  hence,  a  paltr)'  fellow. 
Holinshed  says,  "cost«rols  or  bearers  of    | 
the  arms  of  barons  or  knights  "  (vol.  i.,    1 
p.   162);   and  again,   "women,  lackeys, 
and  costerels  are  considered  as  the  un-    ! 
warlike  attendants  on  an  army"  (vol.  iii.    ; 
272).     Each  of  the  life  guard's  of  Henry    ; 
VIII.  had  an  attendant,  called  a  coystrel    j 
or  coystril.     Some  think  the  word  is  a    j 
corruption  of  costerel,  which  they  derive    ' 
from  the  L^itin  cotereltus  (a  pea.sant) ;  but 
if  not  a  corruption  of  kestrel,  I  should 
derive  it  from   costrel  (a   small   wooden 
bottle  used  by  labourers  in  harvest  time). 
"  Vasa  quiedam  quae  costrelli  vocantur." 
— Matthtv)  Paris. 

He's  a  coward  ami  a  coyitril  that  will  not  drink 
to  my  niece. — Shakespeare^  '*  Tu-eljih  Xight^"  L  'i. 

Cozen.  To  cheat.  (Armoric,  couq- 
tyf.ia  ;  Russian,  hosno'lei;  Arabic,  gavisa  ; 
Llhiopic,  chasawa  ;  our  chouse. ) 

I  think  it  no  »in 
To  cozen  him  thnt  would  unjustly  win. 
Shakespeare,"  All!  Jt'ell  that  Ends  H'eN,"  ir.  2. 

Crab  (A).  An  ill-temper':4  fellow; 
Bour  as  a  crab-apple. 

To  catch  a  crab,  in  rowing.  This  occurs 
when  an  oarsman  feathers  his  oar  uuder 
water.  He  is  not  ab'e  to  lift  his  oar  out; 
it  is  held  fast,  and  tlie  "way"  of  the  boat 
pushes  liim  backwards. 

Crab-cart.  The  main  shell  or  cara- 
pace of  a  crab.  So  coiled  because  it  is 
used  very  commonly  b^^  children  for  a 
toy-cart,  a  piece  of  string  being  tied  to 
it  to  drag  it  about. 

Crabshaw  (7'mo%).  The  servant 
of  Sir  Launoelot  Greaves's  squire.—  .Snio^ 
hit.  ••  Adftiitart:S  oj  Lannctlot  Grtaces." 

Crack,  as  a  crack  man,  a  first- 
rate  fellow  ;  a  crack  hand  at  cards,  a 
first-rate  player  ;  a  a-ack  article,  an  ex- 
cellent one.  This  is  University  slang, 
being  a  translation  of  the  Latin  crepo  (to 
boast  of,  to  crack  up,  or  crack),  as  ffeyms 
a-epat  Lucretius  (he  cracks  or  boasts  of 
his  ancestry). 

Indeed,  la  I  "tii  a  noble  cliild  ;  a  crack,  madam. 
Shakispeare,  "  Coriolanus.-  i   3. 

To  crack  up  a  person.  To  praise  him 
Highly.     (^See  above.) 

In  a  crnri;  instantly.  In  a  snap  of  the 
fingers,  crep'itu  diglto'rum  (iu  a  crack  of 
the  fingers). 


Crack  a  Bottle — i.e.,  drink  one. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  mischievous  pranks 
of  the  drunken  frolics  of  times  gone  by, 
when  the  bottles  and  glasses  were  Vjroken 
during  the  bout.  Miss  Oldhuck  says,  in 
reference  to  the  same  custom,  "  We 
never  were  glass-breakers  in  this  house, 
Mr.  Lovel "  ("Antiquary");  meaning 
they  were  not  bottle-crackers,  or  given 
to  dnuiken  orgies.     (Hee  Crcsh.) 

Dear  T.iin,  this  hrown  jug  that  now  foama  with  mild 

ale. 
From  which  I  n  iw  drink  t )  sweet  Nan  of  the  Vale, 
Wa-i  once  Toby  F  Ip'.t's.  a  tljir-ty  ol'l  «f>ul 
As  e'er  cracked  a  iHJttle,  or  f  i-homed  a  bowl. 

O'Kufe.  "  Pour  i'oidier." 

Cracker.  A  corruption  of  Oreel 
Fire.  French,  feu  G7-ecq>ie  ;  Middle  A  .re 
perversion,  creyke.     (See  GREEK  Fire.) 

Cracknells  (from  the  French  craqve- 
lin).    A  hard,  brittle  cake. 

Craigmillar  Castle.  So  called 
from  Henry  de  Craigmillar,  who  built 
the  castle  in  the  twelfth  century. 

CraTcys  of  "War.  Cannons  were  so 
called  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 

Cram.  To  tell  what  is  not  true.  A 
a'ammer,  an  untruth.  The  allusion  is  to 
stuffing  a  person  with  useless  rubbish. 

Crambo.  Repetition.  So  called  from 
a  game  which  consists  in  some  one 
setting  a  line,  which  another  is  to  rhyme 
to,  but  no  one  word  of  the  first  line  must 
occur  in  the  second. 

Crane  means  long-shanks.  (TVelsh, 
gar,  ' '  the  shanks,"  whence  our  gaiter  and 
garter).  Garan  is  the  long-shanked  bird, 
contracted  into  g'ran,  crane  ;  lieron  is 
another  form  of  the  same  word. 

Cranke  (1  syl.).  An  Abram  man 
{q.v.).  So  called  from  the  German 
krank  (sickly),  whence  cranky,  "  idiotic, 
foolish,  full  of  whims."  and  cranke  (simu- 
lated sickness).  These  beggars  were 
called  crankes  becau.se  they  pretended 
madness  and  sickness  to  excite  com- 
passion. 

Cran'nock.  An  Irish  measure  which, 
in  the  days  of  Edward  II.,  contained 
either  eight  or  sixteen  pecks. 

OrannocuB  contine'it  xvj  pecks.  Crannoco  ocnti- 
uent«  octo  fecki— Exchequer  0/ Ireland  {Rec\. 

Cra'paud.  or  Johnny  Crapaud.  A 
Frenchman  ;  as  John  Bull  is  an  English- 
man. So  called  from  the  device  of  the 
ancient  kings  of  France,  '•  three  toails 
erect,    saltunt."      (Guillim's    "  Display 


CRAPE. 


CREOLE. 


198 


of  Heraldrie,"  1611).  Nostrada'mus,  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  called  the  French 
ucrapauds."    (&'«  FnoGS.) 

Les  ancieiis  a'upauds  prendeivnt  Sara 
iNostrada'mus).  Sara  is  the  word  Aras 
reversed,  and  when  the  French  under 
Louis  XIV.  took  Aras  from  the  Spaniards, 
this  verse  was  quoted  as  a  prophecy. 

Crape,  IJawn.  A  saint  in  crape  is 
luice  a  saint  in  laion.  Crape  (a  sort  of 
oornbaziue  or  alpat-a)  is  the  stuff  of 
which  cheap  clerical  f?owns  are  made ; 
the  better  sort  are  of  silk.  Pope  means, 
a  ]>()or  ])crson  who  can  only  afford  a 
stuff  gown,  would  be  looked  at  with 
thrice  as  much  veneration  if  he  became 
a  V>i>hop,  and  wore  episcojial  lawn. 

Cravat'.  A  corruption  of  Crabat  or 
Croiit.  It  was  introduced  into  France  by 
.'^otiie  French  officers  on  their  return  from 
Germany  iu  1630.  The  Croiits,  who 
guarded  the  Turkish  frontiers  of  Austria, 
aud  acted  as  scouts  on  the  flanks  of  the 
iirmy,  wore  linen  round  their  necks,  tied 
in  front,  and  the  officers  wore  muslin  or 
silk.  When  France  orL'aiiised  a  regiment 
on  the  model  of  the  Croats,  these  linen 
neckcloths  were  imitated,  and  the  regi- 
ment was  called  "  The  Royal  Cravat." 

Cra'ven  means  "your  mercy  is 
craved."  It  was  usual  in  former  times 
to  decide  controversies  by  an  appeal  to 
battle.  The  combatants  fought  with 
batons,  and  if  the  accused  could  cither 
kill  his  adversary  or  maintain  the  fight 
till  sundown,  ho  was  acquitted.  If  ho 
wished  to  call  off,  he  cried  out  "Craven  !  " 
and  was  held  infamous,  while  the  defend- 
ant was  advanced  iohouonr.—  Blacksione. 

Crawley.  Crooked  as  Crawley  (or) 
Crawley  brook,  a  river  in  Bedfordshire. 
Tb^it  part  called  the  brook,  which  runs 
into  tiie  Ouse,  is  so  crooked  that  a  boat 
would  have  to  go  eighty  miles  in  order 
to  make  a  progress  direct  of  eighteen. 
—Fuller,  "  Worthies." 

Cr  a,y' on  { Geo  if rey).  The  nom  de  plume 
under  which  Washington  Irving  pub- 
li.slied  "The  Sketch  Book."     18JU. 

Crazy  Crow.  Porter  to  the  Dublin 
theatre  in  the  reign  of  George  II.,  noted 
tor  his  stentorian  voice,  which  "  frightful 
as  great  Etna  roared." 

Cra:y    iSally   of  Epsom.      A   drunken 
impostor,  who  was  so  potted  and  sought 
after  that  nhe  soon  rodo  in  bcr  carriage, 
a 


Cre'dence-table.    The  table  near 

the  altar  on  which  the  bread  and  wine 
are  deposited  before  they  are  consecrated. 
In  former  times  food  was  placed  on  a 
credence-table  to  be  tasted  previously  to 
its  being  sot  before  the  guests.  This 
was  done  to  assure  the  guests  that  the 
meat  was  not  poisoned.  The  Italian 
a-edt)ua're  means  to  taste  meats  placed 
on  the  aeden'za.  (Italian,  la  credema, 
a  shelf  or  builet ;   Greek,  krtas,  food.) 

Credit  Foncier  (French).  A  com- 
panj'  licensed  to  borrow  money  for  city 
and  other  improvenu'uts  connected  with 
estates.  A  board  of  guardians  may  form 
such  a  compan}',  aud  their  security  would 
be  the  parisii  rates.  The  money  bor- 
rowed is  rejiaid  by  instalments  with  in- 
terest. The  word/o«cter means  "landed," 
a.s  impCt  foncier  (land  tax),  bien  foncier 
(landed  property),  and  so  on. 

Credit  Mobilier  (French).  A 
company  licensed  to  take  in  hand  all 
sorts  of  trading  enterprises,  sucli  as  rail- 
ways, and  to  carry  on  the  business  of 
stock-jobbers.  The  word  mohilitr  means 
personal  property,  general  stock,  as  bien 
mohilicr  (personal  chattels),  mobilier  vij 
et  mort  (live  and  dead  stock). 

Crelcenpit.  A  fictitious  river  near 
Ilusterloe,  according  to  the  invention  of 
Master  Reynard,  who  calls  on  the  Hare 
to  attest  the  iscL—  Reynard  the  Fox. 

Cremo'na.  An  organ  stop,  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  Italian  connorne,  which  is 
the  German  trummhorn,  an  organ  sto]) 
of  eight  feet  pitch  ;  so  called  from  a 
wind-instrument  made  of  wood,  and 
bent  outwards  in  a  circular  arc  (krunun 
horn,  crooked  horn). 

Cremo'nas.  Violins  of  the  greatest 
excellence.  So  called  from  Cremo'na, 
where  for  many  years  lived  some  makers 
of  tiiem  who  have  gained  a  world-wide 
notoriety,  such  as  An'drca  Ania'ti  and 
Antonio  his  son.  .Anto'nius  Stradiva'rius 
his  pupil,  and  Giuseppe  (Juamo'ri<is  tt'P 
pupil  of  Stradiva'riu.s.  Cremona  has 
long  since  lost  its  reputation  for  this 
manufacture. 
Ill  gilvlsvlTa  sllul;  oiuio'rajntn  mor'liin  enno. 
(A  mfU')  on  a  Cremona.) 
Spei-chloss.  nlive,  I  hciiid  tho  roallinn-il  throux; 
Now,  lieiii!!  di-ail,  1  eiiiulnlu  thoir  loiij. 

Cre'ole  (2  syl.).  The  descondanU  o( 
white  people  bom  in  Mexico,  South 
America,  and  the  West  Indios.    As  these 


m 


CREPIDAM. 


CRIKEY. 


people  are  of  a  very  mixed  race,  the  word 
signifies^  one  between  a  white  and  a 
negro. 

Creole  dialects.  The  various  jargons 
spoken  by  tlio  West  India  slaves, 

Crep'idam.  Supra  crep'idam.  Med- 
dling with  what  does  not  concern  one; 
putting  one's  spoke  into  another  man's 
wheel ;  minding  business  which  does  not 
concern  you.     {See  Cobdler.) 

Cres'cent.  Tradition  says  that 
"Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander,  meet- 
ing with  great  difficulties  in  the  siege  of 
Byzan'tium,  set  the  workmen  to  under- 
mine the  walls,  but  a  crescent  moon  dis- 
covered the  design,  which  miscarried ; 
consequently  the  Byzantines  erected  a 
Btatue  to  Diana,  and  the  crescent  became 
the  symbol  of  the  state." 

Another  legend  is  that  Othman,  the 
sultan,  saw  in  a  vision  a  crescent  moon, 
which  kept  increasing  till  its  horns  ex- 
teniled  from  east  to  west,  and  ho  adopted 
the  crescent  of  his  dream  for  his  stan- 
dard, adding  the  motto,  Donee  rep'/edt 
whem. 

Cres'cit.  Crescit  sub  pon'dere  Virtus 
(Virtue  thrives  best  in  adversity).  The 
allusion  is  to  the  palm-tree,  which  grows 
better   when  pressed  by  an  incumbent 

weight. 

CresssU'e  (2  syl.).  A  wooden  instru- 
ment used  in  the  Romish  Church  during 
I'assion  week  instead  of  bells,  to  give 
notice  of  Divine  worship.  The  mystery 
of  the  Cresselle  represents  Christ  praying 
on  the  cross. 

Cres'set.  A  beacon  light;  properly 
"a  little  cross."  So  called  because  ori- 
ginally it  was  surmounted  by  a  little 
cross.     {French,  croiselte.) 

Cress'ida,  daughter  of  Calchas  the 
Grecian  priest,  was  beloved  by  Troi'lus, 
one  of  the  sons  of  Priam.  They  vowed 
eternal  fidelity  to  each  other,  and  as 
pledges  of  their  vow  Tro'ilus  gave  the 
maiden  a  sleeve,  and  Cressid  gave  the 
Trojan  prince  a  glove.  Scarce  had  the 
vow  been  made  when  an  exchange  of 
prisoners  was  agreed  to.  Diomed  gave 
up  three  Trojan  princes,  and  was  to 
receive  Cressid  in  lieu  thereof.  Cressid 
vowed  to  remain  constant,  and  Tro'ilus 
swore  to  rescue  her.  She  was  led  off  to 
tlio  Grecian's  tent,  and  soon  gave  all 
iier  «fTeolicinsto  Diomed.  nav,  even  b.\de 


him  wear  the   sleeve  that  Tro'ilus  had 
given  her  in  token  of  her  love. 

As  false 
Aa  nir,  as  water,  wind,  or  namly  earth, 
Aa  fox  t<j  larnli,  ag  wolf  to  heifer's  calf, 
J'nrd  to  the  hind,  or  step-dame  to  her  son ; 
"  Vea,"  let  them  say,  to  stick  the  heart  of  falsehood, 
"  A.s  fnlse  ni  Cressid." 

t,)iakey:rnrc,  "  Troitut  and  CrtlnHa,"  iii.  S. 

Cressvvell  {Madame).  A  woman  of 
infamous  character  who  bequeathed  ^10 
for  a  funeral  sermon,  in  which  nothing 
ill  should  be  sa,id  of  her.  The  duke  of 
Duckingham  wrote  the  sermon,  which  was 
as  follows :  "  All  I  shall  say  of  her  is 
this— she  was  bom  leell,  she  married 
u-eU,  lived  wcU,  and  died  u-eU ;  for  she 
was  born  at  Shad-well,  married  to  Cress- 
well,  lived  at  Clerk  en- well,  and  died  in 
Bride-well." 

Cressy  {Battle  of).  Won  by  Edward 
III.  and  the  Black  Prince  over  Philippe 
VI.  of  France,  August  26,  1346. 

Cressy  wM  lost  by  kickalmwe  and  soup  meagre. 

Fei.loii,"  Prot.  toUiiuthern't  Sraitan  Dnmt." 

Crestfallen.  Dispirited.  The  allu- 
sion is  to  lighting  cocks,  whose  crest 
falls  in  defeat  and  rises  rigid  and  of  a 
deep  red  colour  in  victory. 

Shall  I  seem  crestfallen  in  my  father's  slijhtf 
ahakfspemi," Richard  //.,"  i.  L 

Cre'ticus.  Metellus,  the  Roman 
general,  was  so  called  because  he  con- 
quered Crete  (Candia). 

Cre'tini.sm.  Prevalence  of  goitre; 
idiotcy.  So  called  from  the  Cretins  of 
the  Alps.  The  word  is  a  eomiption  of 
Christian  {Ckretitn),  because,  being  bap- 
tised, and  only  idiots,  the}'  were  "  washed 
from  original  sin,"  and  incapal)ie  of 
actual  sin.  Similarly,  idiots  are  called 
innocents. 

Crex.  White  bullace.  (Dutch,  .iTtfcie, 
cherry ;  Latin,  cer'asum.") 

Crib.  To  steal  small  articles.  (Saxon, 
cryhh ;  Irish,  grih ;  our  grab,  grapple^ 
grip,  gripe,  &c.) 

A  literal  translation  of  a  classic  author 
used  surreptitiously  by  a  student  is 
called  a  crib.  The  allusion  in  this  case 
to  the  stupidity  rather  th.an  to  the  dis- 
honesty of  the  act  may  punningly  refer 
to  some  such  quotation  as  Imbrem  t« 
cribru»i  gerSre  (pouring  water  into  a 
sieve;. 

Crieliet,  A  game  with  bat  and  ball. 
(Saxon,  cryce,  a  stick  or  club.) 

Cri  key.  A  profane  oath  ;  a  per- 
verted turm  of  the  word  C'M-iai. 


CRILLON. 


CRITIC. 


l»ft 


Ci*illon.  Where  veri  the",  Crillont 
Cri'.lon,  surnainerl  thi  Brave,  in  his  old 
ajje  went  to  church,  and  listened  in- 
tensely to  the  story  of  the  CruciBxion. 
[n  the  middle  of  the  narrative  ha  grew 
excited,  and.  unable  to  con fiin  himself, 
cried  out,  "  Oi'i  etaii  tu,  CriUaA?"  (What 
were  you  abcmt,  Crilion,  lo  allow  oi  such 
thiugd  as  these?) 

N.  13. —Louis  de  Berton  des  IJalbes  ae 
Crilion  was  one  of  the  greatest  captains 
of  the  sixteenth  jentury.  Bom  in  Pro- 
vence, 1541 ;  died  1615. 

Crimp.  A  decoy  ;  a  man  or  -woman 
that  is  on  the  look-out  to  decoy  the  un- 
wary. It  is  more  properly  applied  to  an 
agent  for  supiilyino:  ship-stores,  but  these 
ag'ents  are  generally  in  leaijue  with  pub- 
lic-houses and  private  lodging-houses  of 
low  character,  into  which  thoy  decoy  the 
sailors  and  clear  them  out  under  one 
pretence  or  another.  (Welsh,  crimpiaw, 
to  scpueze  or  pinch.) 

Crip'ple.  A  battered  or  bent  six- 
pence ;  so  called  because  it  is  hard  to 
make  it  go. 

Crip'plegate.  St.  Giles  is  the  patron 
saint  of  cripples  and  beggars,  and  was 
bi;-nself  a  criiiplo.  Churches  dedicated 
to  this  saint  are,  therefore,  in  the  suburlis 
of  lari^e  towns,  as  St.  Giles  of  London, 
Norwich,  Cambridge,  Salisbury,  &c. 
( 'ripplegate,  London,  was  so  called  before 
the  Conquest,  from  the  number  of  crip- 
ples who  resorted  thither  to  beg. — SUnce. 

Cris'-cross  Row  {Ch-ist-cross  row). 
The  ABC  horn-book,  containing  tt;o 
aljihabot  and  nine  digits.  The  most 
ancient  of  these  infant-school  books  hail 
the  letters  arran>;ed  in  the  form  of  a 
Latin  cross,  with  \  at  the  top  and  Z  at 
the  bottom  ;  b-.it  afterwards  the  letters 
were  arranged  in  lines,  and  a  -t-  was 
placed  at  the  beginning  to  remind  the 
learner  that  "  The  fear  of  the  Lord  is  the 
beginning  of  wisdom." 

Mortula  ne'er  «liill  knoir 
More  Ihnj  contained  of  nM  the  Cliris'-cro*"!  row. 
Iickul.  "  The  Horn  Hook.' 

Crish'na.  An  incarnate  deity  of 
perfect  beauty.  King  Canz.i  being  in- 
formed that  a  child  of  the  family  of  Do'- 
vaci  would  overturn  his  throne,  gave 
orders  to  destroy  all  the  male  inf:itit8 
that  Were  born.  When  Crislina  was 
born,  his  nurso  attempted  to  poison  him, 
but  failed,  and  the  mother  and  child  fled, 
&nd  were  t.'vkrn  c«ro  of  by  a  sbepherd, 


As  he  grew  up,  his  beiuty  was  so  divine 
that  all  the  princesses  of  Hindustan  felJ 
in  love  witli  him,  and  even  to  the  present 
hour  he  is  the  Apollo  of  India  and  the 
"  idol  of  women."  His  images  are  al- 
ways painted  a  deep  azure  colour. — iiir 
W.  Johci.    {See  Kama.) 

Cri'sis  properly  moans  the  "ability 
to  judge."  liippoc'rates  said  that  all 
diseases  had  their  periods,  when  the 
humours  of  the  body  ebbed  and  flowed 
like  the  tide  of  the  sea.  These  tidal 
days  ho  called  critical  cUit/s,  and  the  tide 
itself  a  a-isis,  because  it  was  on  these 
days  the  physici.an  could  determine 
whether  the  disorder  was  taking  a  good 
or  a  bad  turn.  The  seventh  and  all  it» 
multiples  were  critical  days  of  a  favour- 
able character.  (Greek,  kriuo,  to  jud;je 
or  determine.) 

Cris'piii.  A  shoemaker.  St.  Crispin 
was  a  shoemaker,  and  was  therefore 
chosen  for  the  patron  saint  of  the  craft. 
It  is  said  that  two  brothers,  Crispin  and 
Crispian,  born  in  Rome,  went  to  SoissonS, 
in  France  (a.d.  30;3),  to  propagate  the 
Christian  religion,  and  maintained  them- 
selves wholly  by  making  and  memling 
shoes.  Probably  the  tale  is  fabulous, 
for  cre}7i3  is  Greek  for  a  shoe,  Latin 
crepid-a,  and  St.  CrepisorCrepiil  became 
Crepiu  and  Crespiu. 

Si.  Crismn's  Day.  The  25th  of  Octo- 
ber, the  day  of  the  battle  of  Agincourt. 
Sh.akespeare  makes  Crispin  Crispian  one 
per.son,  and  not  two  brothers.  Hence 
Henry  V.  says  to  his  soldiers — 

And  Oispjii  frtspinn  shnll  ne'er  eohj.  .. 
JUit,  Weill  il  shall  bo  loiucinbored. 

Aci  Iv.  g.  v 

St.  Crispin's  Holiday.  Every  Monday, 
with  those  who  begin  the  working  week 
on  Tuesday ;  a  no-work  day  with  shoo- 
makers.    (^V<;  Crispin.) 

Crite'inon.  A  standard  to  judge  by. 
(Greek,  h-ino,  to  judgii.) 

Crit'ic.  A  judge;  an  arbiter.  (Greek, 
hrlnn,  to  juflge.) 

Critic.  A  captious,  malignant  critUj 
is  called  a  Z(/ihi8  {q.v.). 

A  Bosiu  Critic.  — i.e.,  V\.in6  le  Bosau. 

**  Aij<i  wl.atof  thidnev  haok  thawho'ewnrM  niiVti 
iukIi  '.  rout  a'lout  ?"  "tih,  "In  nut  of  ail  pluii;b,  iiiy 
lor.l ;  qirt<  an  irre«iiW»r  tlim<  1  iiut  ouinf  ili«  niixlet 
:it  the  li'ur  («ni<  r«  u  a  rmlit  au^'t.  1  had  my  rule 
md  conipawfs  HI  n  y  p«>.:krt."     '  Kioclli-iit  criuol  " 

"Aim  fur  i!ie  epic  p<xn>  jour  lordship  bido  m"  look 
at,  upon  taK'n«  the  length,  brtadth,  heigiiL  au4 
depth  of  it,  an  I  trjiuf  tliMi  ftl  home  upoa  lt.  )4M| 


I8<f 


CROAKER. 


CROP. 


icalo  of  I!oB«u'«.  'lii  out,  my  lori.  in  every  on*  of  ite 
i.meii<!ioD8."       AdmiraWe  coiinnisRcur  I  "—SUrnf. 

Prince  of  Critics.  Aristiirclios,  of  iiy- 
rantivim,  who  coiupilod  the  rhapsodies  of 
Homer.     (Second  century  u.c.) 

Stop-watch  Crili4^. 

"And  how  did  (Jarrick  «reak  the  «oliliiqiiy  laiit 
n^ght?"  "Oh,  fiRftiiist  all  rule,  my  lord,  moit  uu- 
(tru'iimatically.  Bitwixt  llie  substantive  and  tlie  ad- 
jective, which  sliould  agrtc  logctlipr  in  uuml^er,  case, 

»nJ  i:euder,  ho  made  a  oreaoh.  tl.ns stopping  a»  if 

the  point  wanted  settlins;  and  betwixtt  he  Dominntive 
oime,  wliichyour  lunlcliip  knows  eliould  (jovcrn  the 
verb,  he  suspended  his  voice  in  the  epilo-ue  a  do/eu 
times,  three  ncunds  and  three-tilths  liy  attop-watch, 
ciy  lord,  eacli  tune."  "  liut  iu  Buspeiidiiid  his  vuioe, 
w».s  the  scnee  suspended  .An't'l  Jiid  iiu  exiress  ou 
ol  attitude  or  rountenauce  t;il  up  the  chasm  ?  Was 
the  eye  silent  ?  Did  you  narrowly  look  ? "  "I  looked 
only  at  tho  (.top-watch,  my  lord."  '  rxottllent  ob- 
leiver  \"—Sttnu. 

Croak'er  (2  syl.).  A  raven,  so  called 
from  its  croak;  one  who  takes  .a  despond- 
ing view  of  thing's.  Goldsmith,  in  his 
"Good-natured  Man,"  has  a  character 
so  named. 

Croc'odile  (3  syl,).  A  symbol  of 
deity  among  the  Egyptians,  because  it 
i,sthe  only  aquatic  animal,  says  Plutarch, 
which  has  its  eyes  covered  with  a  thin 
tran.sparent  membrane,  by  reason  of 
which  it  sees  and  is  not  seen  ;  so  God 
sees  all,  himself  not  being  seen.  To 
this  he  subsei]uently  addu  another  reason, 
saying:  "The  Egyptians  worship  God 
gymbolically  in  the  crocodile,  that  being 
the  only  animal  without  a  tongue,  like  the 
Divine  Logos,  which  standeth  not  iu 
need  of  speech."—  " De  hide  el  Osiride," 
vol.  ii.,  p.  381. 

Croc'odile.  The  marsh  crocodile  is 
ftfraid  of  man,  and  hides  its  snout  in 
mud  when  alarmed,  thinking  itself  per- 
fectly secure.     {Ste  Eoobt,  Ostkich,) 

Croc'odile.  The  humming  bird  and 
lapwing  enter  fearlessly  into  the  stretched 
mouth  of  the  crocodile,  and  the  creature 
never  injures  them.  Paul  Lucas  says 
he  has  seen  this,  and  that  the  birds  pick 
the  crocodile's  teeth. —  Voyage  fait  en 
1714.     (&e  Fonda,) 

Crocodile's  Eye. 
the  morning. 


Hieroglyphic  for 


Croc'odile's  Tears.  Hypocritical 
tears.  The  tale  is,  that  crocodiles  moan 
and  sigh  like  a  person  iu  deep  distress, 
to  alii. re  travellers  to  the  spot,  and  even 
shed  tears  over  their  prey  while  in  the 
net  of  devouring  it. 

All  Uie  ircmrnful  crocodile 
y^  iih  torrovr  siisroi  relentiQ£pa<seii(crt. 
Sh"iut>&fre.  "  -1  Utivy  Vl."  1:1.  J. 


CrotJSUS.  RichasCrcesun.  CrcRHiiskir-g 
of  Lydia  was  so  rich  and  powerful,  that 
all  the  wise  men  of  Greece  were  drav.n  to 
his  court,  and  his  name  became  pr(j- 
verbial  for  wealth.     (B.c,  .''^60-546.)     \,^t 

GYGK3.) 

Crora'eruach'.  Chief  idol  of  the 
L-ish  before  the  preaching  of  St.  Patrick. 
It  was  a  gold  or  silver  image  surrounded 
by  twelve  little  brazen  ones. 

Cromlech..  A  large  stone  resting  ot 
two  or  more  others,  like  a  table.  (Welsh, 
a'om,  "  bent ;"  llec,  "a  flat  stone.") 

Weyland  Smith's  cave  ( Berkshire),  Tre 
vethy  stone  (Cornwall),  Kit's  Coty  House 
(Kent).  Irby  and  Mangles  saw  twenty- 
seven  structures  just  like  these  on  the 
banks  of  the  Jordan  ;  at  Plas  Newydd 
(Anglesey)  are  two  cromlechs ;  in  fern- 
wall  they  are  numerous ;  so  are  they  in 
Wales  ;  seme  few  are  found  in  Ireland,  as 
the  "  killing  stone"  in  Louth.  In  Brit- 
tany, Denmark,  Germany,  and  some 
other  parts  of  Europe,  cromlechs  are  to 
be  found. 

Cro'nian  Sea.  The  north  polar 
sea.  Pliny  says,  "  A  Thiile  unius  diei 
navigatio'ne  mare  cojicretum,  a  nonnullis 
crouiifi/iappella'tur."— ".Va<iira///i><ary," 
IT.  16. 

As  when  two  p  .!ar  winds,  blovia^  a'_Ttt«* 
i:pou  tlie  Croniau  ^ea. 

itilton,  "Paradiss  Luit,"  i.  29(J. 

Cro'ny.  A  familiar  friend.  A  >i  old 
crony  is  an  intimate  of  times  gone  by. 
Probably  crone  with  the  diminutive  ie  for 
endearment,  and  equivalent  to  "  dear  old 
fellow,"  "dear  old  boy." 

Crook  in  the  Lot.  TAere  w  a 
crook  in  the  lot  of  every  one.  There  is 
vexation  bound  up  in  every  person's  lot 
of  life,  a  skeleton  in  the  cupboard  of 
every  house.  A  crook  in  a  stick  is  a 
bend,  a  part  where  the  stick  does  not  run 
straight,  hence  a  "shepherd's  crook." 
When  lots  were  drawn  by  bits  of  stick,  it 
was  desirable  to  get  sticks  which  were 
smooth  and  straii.'ht ;  but  it  is  very  hard 
to  find  one  without  a  crook,  knot,  or 
some  other  defect.  Boston  has  a  book 
entitled  "The  Crook  in  the  Lot." 

Crooked  as  Crawley.  {Sm 
Crawlet.) 

Crop  up  (or)  out.  To  rise  out  of, 
to  appear  at  the  stirface.  A  mining  term. 
Strata  which  rise  to  the  surface  are  said 
t<3  crop  out.  We  alec  say,  such  and  sudj 
a  subject  crops  up  frorc  time  to  time — i',  e., 


CilOQUEMlTAlNfi. 


CROtALUM. 


197 


rises  to  the  surface  ;  such  and  such  a 
thing'  crops  out  of  what  you  were  saying 
•  -i.e.,  is  apropos  thereof. 

Croquemitaine  {croak-mii-tain'),  the 
bo^ie  raised  by  fear.  The  romance  so 
called,  in  three  parts.  The  first  relates 
the  bloody  tournament  at  Fransa-,  be- 
tween the  cham] lions  of  the  Moorish 
kin-?  Marsillns  and  the  paladins  of  Char- 
lemagne. The  second  is  t!ie  siepe  of 
Sara^ossa  by  Charlemagne.  The  third 
is  the  allcfjory  of  Fear- Fortress.  The 
epilogiie  is  the  disaster  at  Roncesvalles. 
The  author  is  M.  TEpine.  There  is  an 
English  version  by  Tom  Hood,  illustrated 
by  Gustavo  Dord  (18G7).  (See  Fear- 
Fortress,  MiTAINK,  &c.) 

Cross.  The  cross  is  said  to  have 
been  made  of  fo'ir  sorts  of  wood  (palm, 
cedar,  olive,  and  cypress)  to  signify  the 
four  quarters  of  the  globe. 

LigQH  cnicia  palma,  cedrus,  cuprcssui,  oli'va. 

We  are  accustomed  to  consider  the 
sign  of  the  cross  as  wholly  a  Christian 
gyiubol,  originating  with  the  crucifixion 
of  our  Redeemer  :  this  is  quite  erroneous. 
The  ancient  Jigyptians  employed  the 
same  as  a  sacred  symbol,  ami  wo  see  on 
Greek  sculptures,  &c.,  a  cake  with  a 
cross ;  two  such  buns  were  discovered  at 
Horcula'neum. 

The  ju/lijmenl  of  the  Cross.  An  ordeal 
in.stituted  in  the  reign  of  CTjarlemagne. 
The  plaintiff  and  defendant  were  re- 
quired to  cross  their  arms  upon  their 
breast,  and  lie  who  could  hold  out  the 
longest  gained  the  suit. 

Even/  one  must  bear  his  own  cross.  His 
own  burden  or  troubles.  The  allusion 
is  to  the  Jewish  law  that  the  person  con- 
demned to  be  crucified  was  to  carry  his 
cross  to  the  place  of  execution. 

Cross,  ill-tempered,  is  the  Anglo- 
Sa.xon  criiu^i. 

Ai«yii  Uigiinil)  hem  km  he  keiic  an  1  erous. 

Cursor  .l/un-ii. 

Cross  and  Ball,  so  universally 
marked  on  Egyptian  figures,  is  a  circle 
and  the  letter  r.  The  circle  signifies 
ilie  eternal  preserver  of  the  world,  and 
the  T  is  the  monogram  of  Thoth,  the 
Egj'ptian  Mercury,  meaning  wisdom. 

The  coronation  orb  is  a  sphere  or  ball 
surmounted  by  a  cross,  an  emlilem  of 
empire  introduced  in  representations  af 
our  Saviour.  In  this  case  the  cross 
stands  abmie  the  ball,  to  si:;nify  that  the 
spiritual  power  is  above  the  tcnjiioral. 


Cross  and  Pile.  Money;  pitch  and 
toss.  Ililaire  lo  Gai  tells  us  that  some  of 
the  ancient  French  coins  had  a  cross,  and 
others  a  column,  on  the  reverse ;  the 
column  was  called  a  pile,  from  which 
coines  our  word  "  pillar,"  and  the  phrase 
"  pile  driving."  Scaliger  says  that  some 
of  the  old  French  coins  had  a  ship  on  the 
reverse,  the  arms  of  Paris,  and  that  pile 
means  "a  ship,"  whence  our  word 
"  pilot." 

A  man  rniv  now  iu-tifinb^y  throw  up  crcraanJ  pile 
for  bis  upiiiioua.— LocAre,  "  Uwmun  VtultrtUin-nna" 

Cross  or  Pile,  heads  or  tails.  The 
French  s&y pile  ouface.  The  "  face"  or 
cross  wastheoirc'r.'eof  the  coin,  the  "pile" 
was  the  reverse  ;  butata  later  period  the 
cross  was  transferred  to  the  reverse,  as 
in  our  fioriiis,  and  the  obverse  bore  a 
"head  "  or  "  poll." 

Marri.'ige  il  worst  than  croM  I  win,  p'le  vou  lunt. 
:>hadu;M,^^  JSpsnm  W<U».' 

Cross  nor  Pile.  I  have  neither  cro.'ss  nor 
piU.  Not  a  jienny  in  tlie  world.  The 
French  phra.se  is,  N'avoir  ni  croix  ni 
pile  (to  have  neither  one  sort  of  coin  nor 
another). 

Whacum  had  neither  cross n'>r  pile. 

JlulUr,  ••  JiudWrai.'  pt.  U.  S. 

Cross  Buns.    (5eeBuNs.) 

Cross-grained.  Patchy,  ill-tem- 
pered, self-willed.  Wood  must  be 
worked  with  the  grain  ;  where  the  grain 
crosses  we  get  a  knot  or  curling,  which 
would  be  very  hard  to  work  uniform 
with  the  rest. 

Cross-patch.  A  peevish,  cross- 
grained  child.  A  patch  is  a  paltry 
fellow ;  a  patchv  j)crson  is  one  who  is 
uncertain  in  temper  :  he  is  like  a  garment 
in  which  the  pattern  runs  one  way  and 
the  p.atch  another,  or  like  a  patch  of  now 
cloth  in  an  old  garment,  which  destroys 
the  drape  and  greatly  disfigures  the 
garment. 

Cross-roads.  The  practice  of  bury- 
ing in  cross-roads  is  due  to  the  ancient 
practice  of  erecting  a  cross  at  puch 
places.  Those  who  were  excluded  from 
holy  rites  were  [>iously  buried  at  the  foot 
of  the  cross  erected  on  the  public  road, 
as  the  place  next  in  .sanctity  to  conRe- 
crated  ground. 

Crot'alum.  Asortof  ca,9tanet,  r.-\ttlo<i 
in  dancing.  Aristopha'nes  calls  a  great 
talker  krol'alon  (a  clack). 


198 


CROTCHET. 


CEOYSADO. 


Crot'chet.  A  whim  ;  a  fancy ;  a 
twist  of  the  mind,  like  tlio  crotch  or 
crome  of  a  stick.     {See  Chook.) 

The  duke  hath  crotchets  in  him. 

Shakesj'i-nre,  "  Measure  for  Memurc,"  iii.  5. 

Croto'na's  Sage.  Pytha'goras.  So 
called  because  at  Crotona  he  established 
his  first  and  chief  school  of  philosophy. 
Such  success  followed  his  teaching,  that 
the  whole  aspect  of  the  town  became  more 
moral  and  decorous  in  a  marvellously 
short  time.     About  b.c.  640. 

Crow.  As  llie  crow  files.  The  shortest 
route  between  two  given  places.  The 
crow  flies  straight  to  its  point  of  desti- 
uauiju.  (J.dliHl  lue  bfe-luic  in  America, 

To  crow  over  one  is  to  exult  over  a  van- 
quished or  abased  person.  The  allusion 
is  to  cocks,  who  always  crow  when  they 
have  vanquished  an  adversary. 

I  must  ])lxick  a  crovi  will',  you  ;  I  have  a 
srow  to  ■pick  ivith  you.  I  am  displeased 
with  you,  and  must  call  you  to  account. 
1  have  a  small  complaint  to  make  against 
you.  In  Howell's  proverbs  (1651))  we 
lind  the  following,  "  I  have  a  goose  to 
pluck  with  you,"  used  in  the  same  sense ; 
and  Chaucer  has  the  phrase  "  Pull  a 
finch"  but  means  thereby,  to  cheat  or 
filch.  Children  of  distinction  among 
the  Greeks  and  Romans  had  birds  for 
their  amusement,  and  in  their  boyish 
quarrels  used  to  pluck  or  pull  the  feathers 
out  of  each  other's  pets.  Tyu'darus,  in 
bis  "Captives,"  alludes  to  this,  but 
instances  it  with  a  lapwing.  In  hiero- 
glyphics, a  crow  symbolises  contention, 
discord,  strife. 

If  a  crow  lelp  us  In,  sirrah,  we'll  pluck  &  crow 
tffcether.— £'iaAf,«/)€'i>-£-,  "  Comedy  of  Errors,"  iii.  1. 
If  not,  resolve  before  we  go 
Tbut  you  ani  I  must  pull  a  crow. 

liuller,  "  Hudibnis,"  \t.  it  1 

Crow.    ^Vhy  black.     (.See  Raven.  ) 

Crowbar.  A  bar  with  a  crook,  used 
for  leverage.  (Saxon,  ^to/;/ Welsh,  cnf^; 
Gothic,  Kruifj  ;  our  aook.) 

Crowd.    A  fiddle.    (Welsh,  cnoth.) 

0  tweet  consent,  between  a  crowd  and  a  Jew's 
harp  1  Ljljj. 

Crowde'ro.  One  of  the  rabble 
leaders  encountered  by  lludibras  at  a 
bear-baiting.  The  original  of  this  cha- 
racter was  one  Jackson  or  Jephwn,  a 
milliner,  who  lived  in  the  New  Exchange, 
Strand.  He  lost  a  leg  in  the  service  of 
the  Roundheads,  and  was  reduced  to  the 
necessity  of  fiddling  from  alehouse  to 


alehouse  for  his  daily  bread.  The  word 
means  fiddler,     (.b'ee  CnowD.) 

Crowns.  In  heraldry  nine  crowns 
are  recognised:  The  oriental,  the  tri- 
umphal or  imi)oria],  the  diadem,  the 
obsidional  crown,  the  civic,  the  crown 
vallery,  the  mural  crown,  the  naval,  anl 
the  crown  celestial. 

The  Blockade  Crown  (coro'na  obsidio- 
naTis),  presented  by  the  Romans  to  the 
general  who  liberated  a  beleaguered 
army.  This  was  made  of  grass  and  wild 
flowers  gathered  from  the  spot. 

A  Camp  Crown  was  given  by  the 
Romans  to  him  who  first  forced  his  way 
into  the  enemy's  camp.  It  was  made  of 
gold,  and  decorated  with  palisades. 

A  Civil  Crown  was  presented  to  him 
who  preserved  the  life  of  a  civis  or  Roman 
citizen  in  battle.  This  crown  was  made 
of  oak  leaves,  and  bore  the  inscription, 
H.O.C.S.— 1.«.,  hostem  occi'dit,  ci'vum 
serva'vit  («  foe  he  slew,  a  cdizen  saved), 

A  Mural  Crown,  was  given  by  the 
Romans  to  that  man  who  first  scaled  the 
wall  of  a  besieged  town.  It  was  ma<le 
of  gold,  and  decorated  with  battlements. 

A  Naval  Crown  was  by  the  Romans 
given  to  him  who  won  a  naval  victory. 
It  was  made  of  gold,  and  decorated  with 
the  beaks  of  ships. 

An  Olive  Crown  was  by  the  Romans 
given  to  those  who  distinguished  them- 
selves in  Viattle  in  some  way  not  specially 
mentioned  in  other  clauses. 

An  Ovation  Cro ic n  {coro'-na,  ovalis) 
was  by  the  Romans  given  to  the  general 
who  vanquished  pirates  or  any  despised 
enemy.     It  was  made  of  myi-tlc. 

A  Triumphal  Crown  was  by  the  Romans 
given  to  the  general  who  obtained  a  tri- 
umph.  It  was  made  of  laurel  or  bay 
leaves.  Sometimes  a  massive  gold  crown 
was  given  to  a  victorious  general.  {See 
Lauuel.) 

Crown  of  the  IDast— i.e.,  Antioch, 
cajiital  of  Syria,  which  consisted  of  four 
walled  cities,  encompassed  by  a  common 
rampart,  which  "enrounded  them  like  a 
coronet."  It  was  also  surnained  "the 
beautiful." 

Crowner.    Coroner. 
The  crowner  hath  set  oa  her,  anJ  Ccds  it  ChrLttiaa 
\mxidi.— Shakespeare,  "  Haiuiel,"  V.  1. 

Crowquill  {Alfred)  is  Alfred  Ilonry 
Forrester.     (18Uo-i872.) 

Croysa'do.  The  Great  Cro'^''ado. 
General  lord  Fairfax. — Hudibias, 


cnoziER. 


CRUSTED. 


1P9 


Cro'zier  (or)  Cro'sier.  An  archbishop's 
stall"  termiuates  in  a  floriated  cross,  wiiilo 
a  l<ishop's  crook  has  a  curved,  bracken- 
liko  licad.  A  bishop  turns  his  crook 
otUwards,  to  denote  his  wider  authority  ; 
an  aljbot  (whose  crook  is  the  sarao  as  a 
bishop's)  carries  it  turned  inwiuds,  to 
show  that  Lis  jurisdiction  is  limited  to 
his  own  inmates.  When  walking-  with  a 
bisliop,  an  abbot  covers  his  crook  with  a 
veil  hanging  from  the  knob,  to  show  that 
his  authority  is  veiled  in  the  presence  of 
his  superior. 

Cru'cial.  A  crucial  test.  A  very 
severe  and  undeniable  one.  The  allusion 
is  to  a  fancy  of  lord  Bacon's,  who  said 
that  two  different  diseases  or  sciences 
miirht  nm  parallel  for  a  time,  but  would 
ultimately  cross  each  other :  thus,  the 
plague  might  for  a  time  resemble  other 
diseases,  but  when  the  hubo  or  boil  ap- 
peared, it  would  assume  its  specific  cha- 
racter. Ileace  the  phrases  instan'lia  cTucis 
(a  crucial  or  unmistakable  symptom),  a 
crucial  experiment,  a  crucial  e.xamjilo,  a 
crucial  question,  &.c. 

Crude  Forms  in  grammar  ;  the 
roots  or  essential  letters  of  words.  The 
words  are  crude  or  unfinished. 

Cruel  {TM.  Pedro,  king  of  Castile. 
(i;534,  1350-131)9.) 

I'edro  I.  of  I'ortuL'al ;  also  called  le 
JufAkUr.    (1320,  1357-1367.) 

Cruel  Garters.  Garters  made  of 
worsted  or  yarn. 

Hal  ba I  loot;,  lie  wears  cruel  gart«r8. 

Sltuktliiairt,"  Kiifj  Lnir,"  U.  i. 

Wearlug  "f  tV.k,  why  art  ttiou  «o  cruel  ? 

"Woman'ta  H'lalheicock.-'    (1812.) 

Crump.  Dou't  yon  wUk  you  may  (/et 
it,  Mrs.  Crump  J "  Grose  says  Mrs. 
Crump,  a  farmer's  wife,  was  invited  to 
dme  with  lady  Coventry,  who  was  very 
deaf.  Mrs.  Crump  wunlud  some  beer, 
but  awed  by  the  purple  and  plush,  said, 
in  a  half  whisiier,  "  I  wish  I  had  some 
beer,  now."  Mr.  Fhiiikcy,  conscious 
that  ills  mistress  could  not  hear,  replied 
in  the  sarao  u^ide,  "  Dou't  you  wish  you 
may  got  it?  "  At  this  the  farmer's  wife 
ruse  from  table,  and  helped  her.self. 
Lady  Coventry,  of  coiisc,  demanded  the 
reason,  and  tlio  anecdote  soon  became 
a  standing  joke. 

Crusades  (2  syl.).  Holy  ware  in 
which   the   warriors   wore   a  cross,  and 


fought,  nominally  p*-  lea-st,  Tor  thn 
honour  of  the  cross.  Each  nation  had 
its  special  colour,  which,  says  Matthew 
Paris  (i.  416),  was  nd  for  Franco  ;  w.'iitt 
for  England  ;  (/reen  for  Flanders  ;  for  Italy 
it  was  blue  or  azure  ;  for  Spain,  ffules  ; 
for  Scotland,  a  St.  Andrew's  cross  ;  lor 
the  Knights  Templars,  red  on  white. 
The  seven  Ci'usades. 

1.  (1096-1100.)  Preached  up  by  I'ctor 
the  Hermit.  Led  by  Godfrey  of  Bouillon, 
who  took  Jerusalem. 

2.  (1147-114".'.)  At  the  instigation  of 
St.  Bernard.  Led  by  Louis  VII.  and  tiie 
em))oror  Conrad.  To  secure  the  union 
of  Etir'ipe. 

3.  (11S9-1193.)  Led  by  Kichard  Lwn- 
heart.  For  knightly  distinction.  This 
was  against  Saladiu  or  Salah-Eddin. 

4.  (12o2  1204.)  Led  liy  Baldwin  of 
Flanders  and  the  doge.  To  glorify  the 
Venetians. 

5.  (1217.)  Led  by  John  of  Bricnno, 
titular  king  of  Jerusalem.  To  suit  his 
own  purpose. 

6.  (122S-1229.)  Led  by  Frederick  II. 
To  suit  the  purposes  of  the  pope. 

7.  (1248-1254)  and  8  (12(>8-1270.)  To 
satisfy  the  religious  scruples  of  Louis  IX. 

Crush.  To  crush  a  bottle— i.e.,  drink 
one.  Prom  the  Italian  croscia're  (to 
decant).  Shakespeare  has  also  burst 
a  bottle  in  the  same  sense  (Induction 
of  "Taming  the  Shrew ").     (5te  Cuack.) 

Come  and  crush  a  cup  of  wine. 
Sluikesi>tart,  "  liunuo  and  Juliet,"  1. 1. 

To  crush  a  fly  on  a  wheel.  To  crack  a 
nut  with  a  steam-hammer  ;  to  employ 
power  far  too  valuable  for  the  purpose 
to  be  accomplished.  The  wheel  referred 
to  is  the  rack. 

Cru'.soe  (-4).  A  solitary  man;  the 
only  inhabitant  of  a  place.  The  tale  of 
Defoe  is  well  known,  which  describes 
Ilobiuson  Crusoe  as  ca.st  on  a  desert 
island,  where  bo  employs  the  most  ad- 
mirable in„'enuity  in  providing  for  hia 
daily  wants. 

Whence  crccrini!  forth,  t)  Dutj's  call  he  ytcliLs, 
Auil  strulls  the  Cruaue  of  llie  Imirly  litlU. 

Uluomjield,  "  Funner'i  Wj(/.» 

Crusted  Port.  When  port  ia  first 
bottled  its  fermentation  is  not  complete  ; 
in  time  it  precipitates  alcohol  onthesido/i 
of  tho  bottle,  where  it  forms  a  crust. 
Crusteil  port,  therefore,  is  p(irt  wuich 
has  complotud  its  fcrmeutatiou. 


200 


CRUSTY. 


CUDDY. 


Crus'ty.  Ill-tempered,  apt  to  take 
offonce  ;  fiom  cms  (wrathful) ;  our  a-oss. 

Asorn  lagninet)  hem  w»g  he  kfne  and  crons, 
And  saiii,  "Oo  h  out  of  my  Fader  Iioub." 

Cttraor  Mutidi. 

Crutclied  Friars  is  the  liatin  cm- 
tia'ti  (crossed) — i.e.,  having  a  cross  em- 
broidered on  their  dress.  They  were  of 
the  Trinitarian  order. 

Cry.  Oreal  cry  and  lilLle  U'ool.  This 
is  derived  from  the  ancient  mystery  of 
"  David  and  Abigail,"  in  which  Nabal 
is  represented  as  shearing  his  sheep,  and 
the  Devil,  who  is  made  to  attend  the 
churl,  imitates  the  act  by  "  shearing  a 
hog."  Originally  the  proverb  ran  thus, 
"  (ircat  cry  and  little  wool,  as  the  devil 
said  when  he  sheared  the  hogs."  N.B. — 
Hudibras  alters  the  proverb  into  "  All 
cry  and  no  wool." 

Crystal  Hills.  On  the  coast  of  the 
Caspian,  near  Badkn,  is  a  mountain 
which  sparkles  like  diamonds,  from  the 
Bea-glass  and  crystals  with  which  it 
abounds. 

Crystalline  (3  syl.).  The  CrystaUi-iu 
sphere.  According  to  Ptolemy,  beyond 
the  firmament  or  sphere  of  the  fixed 
stars  comes  the  crystal'line  sphere,  which 
oscillates  or  has  a  shimmering  motion 
which  interferes  with  the  regular  motion 
of  the  stars. 

They  pass  the  I'laneti  seven,  and  pass  the  "  fixed." 
And  tn.'>t  crystal  line  B;>here,  whose  balance  weighs 
The  trepidation  talked  (oi ). 

MiXton,  "Paradise  Lost,"  iii. 

Cub.  An  ill-mannered  lout.  The 
cub  of  a  bear  is  said  to  have  no  shape 
until  its  dam  has  licked  it  into  form. 

A  bear's  a  sayage  beast,  of  all 
JloBt  uiily  and  unnatural ; 
Whelped  without  form  until  the  dam 
Has  licked  it  into  shnpe  and  frame. 

Butler,  "  Hvaibrae,'  i.  3. 

CuTsittop'olis.  The  Warwick  and 
Eccleston  Square  districts  of  London  ;  so 
called  from  Cubitt  the  builder. 

Cucking-stool  or  ChoMng- stool,  for 
ducking  scolds,  is  not  connected  with 
choke  (to  stifle),  but  the  French  choquer  ; 
hence  the  archaic  verb  cucl  (to  throw), 
and  one  still  in  use,  chuck  (chuck-farth- 
ing). The  cuckiug-stool  is  therefore  the 
chucking-stool,  the  stool  which  is  chucked 
or  thrown  into  the  water. 

Mow,  if  one  cuckius-Btoo!  was  for  each  srold, 
Hornt  towni,  I  fear,  would  not  their  Dumbers  hold, 

••Poor  Ituiiu."     (174S.» 

Cuckold.    {See  Act^koj?.) 


Cuckold  King  {The).  Mark  of 
Cornwall,  whose  wife  Yseult  intrigued 
with  Sir  Tristram,  one  of  the  Knights  of 
the  Hound  Table. 

Cuckold's  Point.  A  ppot  on  the 
river-side  near  Deptford.  So  called  from 
a  tradition  that  king  John  made  there 
successful  love  to  a  labourer's  wife. 

Cuckoo.  Cuckoo  oats  and  woodcock 
hft>/  make  the  farmer  run  au-ay.  If  the 
spring  is  so  backward  that  the  cuckoo  is 
heard  when  oats  are  sown ;  and  the 
autumn  so  wet  that  woodcocks  come 
over  before  the  eddish  hay  is  cut,  the 
farmer  must  suffer  great  loss. 

Cuckoo.  A  cuckold.  The  cuckoo  oc- 
cupies the  nest  and  eats  the  eggs  of 
other  birds  ;  and  Dr.  Johnson  says,  "  It 
was  usual  to  alarm  a  husband  at  the 
approach  of  an  adulterer  by  calling  out 
'  Cuckoo,'  which  by  mistake  was  applied 
in  time  to  the  person  warned."  Green 
calls  the  cuckoo  "the  cuckold's  quirister' 
("  Quip  for  an  Upstart  Cotu-tier,"  1620). 
"This  is  an  instance  of  how  words  get  in 
time  perverted  from  their  original  mean- 
ing. The  Romans  used  to  call  an  adul- 
terer a  "cuckoo,"  as  "To  cuc'ulum  uxor 
ex  lustris  napit"  (Plautns,  "Asin.,"  v.  3), 
and  the  allusion  was  simple  and  correct ; 
but  Dr.  Johnson's  explanation  will  hardly 
satisfy  any  one  except  himself  for  the 
modern  perversion  of  the  word. 

The  cuckoo  then,  on  every  tree, 

Mooka  married  Eiea;  for  thus  sings  be, 
Cuckoo ! 

Cuckoo  !  cuckoo  !    O  word  of  fear, 

Uui'le.Tsinij  to  a  married  e:ir! 

i:f:nk<^speare,*'  Love's  Labour's  Lost.'*  v.  t 

Cuckoo  Spit.  A  spume  found  oc 
lavender  bushes,  rosemary,  fly-catch,  and 
some  other  plants.  It  proceeds  from  a 
small  insect,  which,  like  the  cochineal, 
exudes  a  foam  for  its  own  warmth  and 
protection  during  its  state  of  transition. 
The  term  "cuckoo"  is  synonymous  with 
spring  or  cuckoo-timo. 

Cu'cumber  Time.  The  dull  season 
in  the  tailoring  trade.  The  Germans  call 
it  Die  saure  Gurken  Zeil  (i)ickled  g':.erkin 
time).  Hence  the  expression  Tailors  are 
vegetarians,  because  they  live  on  "cucum- 
ber" when  without  work,  and  on  "cab- 
bage "  when  in  full  employ. — Notet  and 
Qwries.     (^Sce  ( JiucitKix.) 

Cuddy.  An  ass;  a  dolt.  A  gipsy 
term,  from  the  Persian  gvxlda  and  the 
Ilindustance  ghudda  (an  ass). 

Haft  Eot  thy  tireakfa^,  brother  cnddy 


CUE. 


CUNSTANCE. 


201 


Cue  (1  syl.).  The  tail  of  a  sentence 
(Frencb,  queue),  the  catch-word  which 
indicates  when  another  actor  is  to  speak  ; 
a  hint ;  the  state  of  a  person's  temper, 
as,  "  So-and-so  is  in  a  good  cue  (or)  bad 
cue." 

V.'hen  my  cue  comc«,  rail  me.  and  I  will  sniwer.— 
Sf.ukf>)>tar',  "  Midiuniiiiei-'.'ijht  t  Vream,"  iv.  1. 

Cuffey.  A  nei^ro.  A  generic  name 
for  the  race.  Ciiffen  and  Cudden  are 
dilferent  forms  of  the  same  word,  also 
written  Cuddy  (a  dolt,  ass),  applied  to 
slaves,  who  are  used  like  a^scs. 


Cui  Bono?  What  practical  use  is 
it?  wliat  would  be  pained  thereby? 
Literally,  to  what  or  whom  is  it  a  gain? 
The  qui'Stion  of  judge  Cassius,  Cicero, 
Pro  JJilone,  12,  §  o2. 

Cuirass.  Sir  Arthur's  cuirass  was 
"carved  (f  one  emerald,  centred  iu  a 
Bun  of  silver  rays,  that  lightened  as  ho 
breathed."—  Tennyson,  "Elaine." 

Cviish'es  or  Cuisses  (2  syl.).  Armour 
for  the  thighs.  (French,  cuisse,  the  thigh. ) 

BoOD  o'er  his  thighs  he  r'ao  d  the  onishes  hright. 
"Jei-U£iiltm  Ddivtred."  bk.  xi. 

Jlii  cuisses  on  his  IhiKhB,  gallantly  arincl. 

bUttkf^pcare,  "  1  Uinry  II'.,"  iv.  1. 

Cul  de  Sac  (French).  A  blind  alley, 
or  alley  blocked  up  at  one  end  like  a 
K;\ek.  Figuratively,  an  argument,  &c., 
that  loads  to  nothing. 

Culdees.  A  religious  or  Icr  of  Ireland 
and  Scotland,  said  to  have  boeu  founded 
ill  the  sixth  century  by  St.  Columba.  So 
called  from  the  Gaelic  ci/Ue-di;e  (a  house 
of  cells)  or  O'ille  De  (servants  of  God). 
Giraldus  Cambrensis,  going  to  the  Latin 
for  its  etymology,  according  to  a  custom 
unhappily  not  yet  extinct,  derives  it  from 
cvlu-deiis  (to  wor.ship  God). 

Cul'minate  (3  syl.).  Come  to  a  crisis. 
The  ]ia.ssa^re  of  a  celestial  body  over  the 
meridian  at  the  upper  transit  is  called  its 
culmination.     (Latin,  cubaen,  the  top.) 

Cul'prit.  Anciently,  when  a  person 
pleaded  "  not  guilty,"  the  clerk  pro- 
nounced these  words,  Qu'U  paroit  (may 
it  apjiearso  !).  It  is  an  outrage  to  ilcrive 
it  from  the  Latin  culpa  and  French  prit ; 
a  horse  and  an  ass  are  never  yoked  to 
gather  in  philology. 

Culross    Girdles.    The  thin  plate 
of  iron  used  in  Scotland  for  the  manu- 
H  * 


facture  of  oaten  cakes  is  called  a  "girdle,* 
for  which  Culross  was  long  celebrated. 

Locks  HUil  b.'in,  plongli-graith  Kod  hKirow-tceth  I 
«nd  why  not  grates  and  firetronjre.  m.i  Calroii 
girdles  ?-iS«.«,  -J'ciir  itaid  of  Perth," o.  ii. 

Cul'ver.  Pigeon.  (Old  English,  col- 
ver;  Latin,  columba;  hence,  culver-house, 
z.  dove-cote.) 

On  liquid  wins 
The  sounding  uuiver  shoocs. 

Tltuiiiton, "  Sjirino." 

Cul'verin  properly  means  a  serpent 
(Latin,  coluhri'nus,  the  col'uber),  but  is  ap- 
plied to  a  long,  slender  piece  of  artillery 
employed  iu  the  sixteenth  century  to 
carry  balls  to  a  great  distance.  Queen 
Elizabeth's  "Pocket  Pistol"  in  Dovei 
castle  is  a  culverin. 

Cul'verkeys.  The  keys  or  flowers 
of  the  culver  or  columba— i.e.,  colum- 
bine. 

Cumberland  Poet  (TAe).  William 
Wordsworth,  bom  at  Cockermouth 
(1770-lSoO.) 

Cuncta'lor  {tlte  dela>/er).  Quintus 
Fa'bius  Max'imus,  the  koman  general 
who  batHed  Hannibal  by  avoiding  direct 
engagements,  and  wearing  him  out  by 
marches,  countermarches,  and  skirmishes 
from  a  di.stauce.  This  was  the  policy 
by  which  DiiLjiiesclin  forced  the  English 
to  abandon  their  possessions  in  France 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  V.  (le  Sage). 

Cu'neilbrm.  Letters.  Letters  like 
wedges  (Latin,  cu/neus,  a  wedt;o).  Ther-e 
sort  of  letters  occur  in  old  Persian  and 
Babylonian  inscriptions.  They  are  some- 
times called  Arrow-headed  characters,  and 
tho~e  found  at  Babylon  are  called  nail- 
htiiJ<:d.  This  species  of  writing  is  the 
mu.'^t  ancient  of  which  we  have  any 
knowledge. 

Cu'no.  The  ranker,  father  of  A.^ratha, 
in  Weber's  opera  of  "Dor  Freischiiti!." 

Cu'nobelin's   Gold  Mines.    C.v 

vorns  in  the  chalk  beds  of  Little  Thnr- 
rock,  Essex.  So  called  from  the  tradition 
that  king  Cu'nobolin  hid  in  them  his  gold. 
Thoy  are  sometimes  called  Dane-holes, 
because  tliey  were  used  as  lurking  placet 
by  the  Norsemen. 

Cunstance.  A  model  of  llosigna.- 
tion,  daiiirhter  of  the  emperor  of 
Rome.  Tho  sultan  of  Syria,  in  order  to 
have  her  for  his  wife,  renounced  his  re- 
lij^ion  and  turned  Christian  ;  but  t!io 
sultan's     mother    murdered     him,    and 


202 


CUNTUR. 


CURRANT. 


turned  Cunstanco  adrift  on  a  raft.  After 
a  time  tho  raft  stranded  on  a  rock 
near  Nortliumberlaud,  and  tho  con- 
stivble  rescued  Cunstance,  and  took 
her  home,  where  she  converted  his 
wife,  Hcrmogild.  A  young  lord  fell 
in  love  with  her ;  but  his  suit  being 
rejected,  he  murdered  Hormegild,  and 
laid  the  charge  of  murder  against  Cun- 
stanco. King  Ella  adjudc;od  the  cause, 
and  Cunstance  being  proved  innocent, 
he  married  her.  While  E  la  was  in  Scot- 
l.and,  Cvmstance  was  cm  fined  with  a 
boi',  named  Maurice  ;  and  Ella's  mother, 
angry  with  Cunstance  for  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  Christian  religion,  put  her  on 
a  raft  adrift  with  her  baby  boy.  They 
were  accidentally  found  by  a  senator, 
and  taken  to  Rome.  Ella  having  dis- 
covered that  his  mother  had  tui-ned  his 
wife  and  child  adrift,  put  her  to  death, 
and  went  to  Rome  in  pilgrimage  to  atone 
for  his  crime.  Here  he  fell  in  with  his 
wife  and  son.  Maurice  succeeded  his 
g-randfather  as  emperor  of  Rome,  and  at 
tho  death  of  Ella,  Cunstance  returned  to 
her  native  land.— C/uutc«-,  "  Tht  Man  of 
Lawes  Tale." 

C'antur.  A  bird  worshipped  by  the 
ancient  Peruvians.  It  is  generally  called 
the  "  condor,"  and  by  the  Arabians  the 
"  roc." 

Cup.  We  musl  drink  llu  cup.  We 
must  hear  tho  burden  awarded  to  us,  the 
sorrow  which  falls  to  our  lot.  The  allu- 
sion is  to  the  words  of  our  Lord  in  tho 
garden  of  Gethsom'atie  (Matt.  xxvi.  39 ; 
also  XX.  'IT).  One  way  of  putting 
criminals  to  death  in  ancient  times  was 
by  poison ;  Socrates  had  hemlock  to 
drink.  In  allusion  to  this  it  is  said  that 
Jesus  Christ  tasted  death  for  every  man 
(Heb.  ii.  9). 

Many  a  slip  Hioixt  Ih^  cup  and  the  lip. 
(See  Ancjeus.) 

Cup  Tosser.  A  juggler  (French, 
ioueur  de  go'oelet).  The  old  symbol  for  a 
juggler  was  a  goblet.  The  phrase  and 
symbol  are  derived  from  the  practice  of 
jugglers  who  toss  in  the  air,  twist  on  a 
stick,  and  play  all  sorts  of  tricks  with 
i>'oblot8  or  cups. 

Cu'par.  lie  that  will  to  Cupar  maun 
to  Cupar.  He  that  will  have  his  own 
way,  nmst  have  it  even  to  his  injury. 
The  reference  is  to  the  Cisterci.-iTi  monas- 
tery, founded  here  by  Malcijlm  1 V. 


Cupboard  Love.  Love  from  in- 
terostod  motives.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
love  of  children  to  some  indulgent  per- 
son who  gives  them  something  nice  from 
her  cupboard. 

Cuplioard  lore  is  seldom  true.— Poor  Sobin. 

Cupid  and  Psyche.  An  exquisite 
episode  in  the  "  Golden  Ass  "  of  Apu- 
le'ius.  It  is  an  allegory  representing 
the  progressof  thesoul  to  perfection.  Jlrs. 
Tighe  has  a  poem  on  tho  same  subject; 
and  Moli6re  a  drama  entitled  "Psyche." 
;'.  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise    (.May.) 

Cur.  A  fawning,  mean-spirited  fel- 
low ;  a  crop-tailed  dog  ( Latm,  curtus, 
crop-tailed;  French,  court;  our c«r<).  Ac- 
cording to  forest  laws,  a  man  who  had 
no  right  to  the  privilege  of  tho  chase 
was  obliged  to  cut  off  the  tail  of  his  dog, 
for  if  a  dog  has  no  rudder-tail  he  cannot 
hunt  game.  Hence  a  degenerate  dog  or 
mail  is  called  a  cur. 

What  would  you  hare,  you  curs, 
Ti.at  like  nor  peace  nor  war  ? 

Slickcspenre,  "  Curiulantu,"  i.  \. 

Ctirate.    (,See  Clerical  Titles.) 

Curchus.  A  divinity  worshipped  by 
the  ancient  Prussians.  It  presided  over 
food  and  drink. 

Cure  de  Meudon— 1.«.,  Rabelais, 
who  was  first  a  monk,  then  a  leech,  then 
prebend  of  St.  Maur,  and  lastly  cure  of 
Moudon.     (1483-1553.) 

CiU'Tew  Bell.  The  bell  rung  in  tha 
reigns  of  William  I.  and  II.  at  sunset, 
to  give  notice  to  their  subjects  that  they 
were  to  put  out  their  tires  and  candles 
(French,  coiivre  feu,  cover-fire).  Tlie 
klokans  in  Abo,  oven  to  the  present  day, 
traverse  the  towns  crying  the  "  go-to- 
bod  time."  Those  abroad  are  told  to 
"  make  haste  home,"  and  those  at  home 
to  "put  out  their  fires." 

The  curfew  tolls  the  knell  of  parting  day. 

Curinud'geon(3  syL)is  Saxon  ceorl- 
niodijun  (churlish-miuded).  Dr.  John- 
son gives  the  derivation  of  this  word 
thus,  "  cceur  mechant,  unknown  corre- 
spondent." Dr.  Ash,  in  his  dictionary, 
s.ays,  " C(rur,  unknown;  mechant,  corre- 
spondent,"  a  blunder  o'^ly  paralleled  by 
the  schoolboy  translation  of  the  Greek 
me  genoilo  by  me  (God)  genoito  (forbid) 
(Luke  XX.  6). 

ClU'rajlt.  A  corruption  of  Corinth, 
hence   called    by  Ju'venal    Corinihi'aca 


CURRENT. 


CUSTARD. 


208 


Miw;  unless,  indeed,  it  is  a  vitiated  form 
of  the  Greek  koi-umb  (a  bunch  of  grapes, 
a  cluster). 

Current.  The  drift  of  the  current  is 
llic  rate  per  hour  at  which  the  current 
runs. 

The  setting  of  the  ciurent  is  that  point 
of  the  compass  towards  which  the  waters 
of  the  current  run. 

Currer  Bell.  The  nom  de  plume  of 
Charlotte  Broiiie. 

Curry  Favour.  The  French  courir, 
to  hunt  aftor,  to  seek, as  courir  une  charge, 
cuurlrks  sermons,  to  be  a  sermon  hunter,  <tc. 

Curse.  The  word  so  translated,  Job, 
ii.  9.,  means  ''  salute,"  "  say  f^ood  by'e  to," 
aiiil  lieiico  may  mean  either  bless  or  reject. 

Xot  u'orth  a  curse.  Worth  nothing,  not 
w..rth  a  fig.  Curse  moans  a  wild  cherry 
'Lerse')\  German,  ^-/wcA. 

Wsilcm  aod  wilt  nnwe  ia  n^t  worili*  a  kcne.— 
Kijiiti-t  L<ineel'ind, "  PUri  PloughDiun." 

Ciu'se  of  Scotland.  The  nine  of 
iiaiMonds.  The  two  most  plausible 
suggestions  are  these  :—  1.  The  nine  of 
diamonds  in  the  game  of  pope  Joan  is 
called  the  pojie,  the  antichrist  of  the 
Scotch  reformers.  2.  In  the  game  of 
cumMe,  introduced  by  f(Uoen  Warj',  it  is 
tlio  great  winning  card,  and  the  game 
was  the  curse  of  Scotland,  because  it 
wa-i  the  ruin  of  so  many  families. 

(.ithor  suggestions  are  these.  3.  The 
v.-ord  "curse"  is  a  corruption  of  crow,  and 
the  nine  of  diamonds  is  so  arranged  as 
to  form  a  St.  Andrew's  Cross  ;  but  as  the 
nine  of  hearts  would  do  as  well,  this  ex- 
[ilunation  must  be  abandoned.  4.  Some 
s^ay  it  was  the  card  on  which  the 
"  lintcher  Duke"  wrote  his  cruel  order 
after  the  battle  of  Collo'dcn  ;  but  the 
tunn  must  have  been  in  vogue  at  the 
period,  as  the  ladies  nicknamed  Justice- 
Clerk  Ormistono  "The  Nine  of  Dia- 
monds" (1715).  5.  Similarly  wo  must 
rejoct  the  .suggestion  that  it  refers  to 
l!io  arms  of  Dalrymiile,  earl  of  Stair — 
viz.,  or,  on  a  saltiro  azure,  nine  lozenges 
of  the  hrst.  The  earl  was  justly  held  in 
abhorrence  for  tho  mas.sacre  of  Glencoe  ; 
80  also  was  Colonel  I'acker,  who  attended 
Charles  I.  on  the  scalfold,  and  had  for 
his  arms  "gules  a  cross  lozongy  or." 

Cursing  by  Bell,  Book,  and 
Caudle  is  reading  tho  anathema  in  tho 
chui'ch,  aad  at  tbo  cloao  castii:g  tho  Bible 


on  tho  ground,  tolling  the  bell,  and  ex- 

tinguisliing  all  the  candles,  saying,  "  Fiat, 
fiat!  Do -to  the  Book;  quench  the 
candles  ;  ring  tho  bell.     Amen,  amen." 

Cui'St.  Curst  cows  luive  curt  horns. 
Angry  men  cannot  do  all  the  mischief 
they  wish.  Curst  means  "angry"  or 
"fierce,"  from  tho  Dutch  korsel,  and 
curt  is  "short,"  as  in  curt-mantle,  curt- 
hose.  The  I^xtin  proverb  is  '■' Dal  Deut 
imiiii'ti  cor'nua  curta  bovi." 

You  -(re  railed  plain  K.nte, 
And  bonny  Kate,  auJ  fumttim-.s  Kate  tlie  runt 
HUake^iienre,"  Tamm/  vj  the  .^/i.rw,"  ii  l 

Curtail.  To  cut  short.  (French, 
court  tailU,  short  cut.) 

Ctu'tain  Lecture.  The  nagging  of 
a  wife  after  her  husband  is  in  bed.  The 
lectures  of  Mrs.  Caudle  in  Punch  are 
first-rate  caricatures  of  these  "  small 
cattle." 

Curta'na.  The  sword  of  Edward 
the  Confessor,  which  having  no  point, 
was  tho  einlilom  of  mercy.  The  royal 
sword  of  England  was  so  called  to  the 
reign  of  Henry  III. 

l!al  when  Curtftiia  will  not  do  the  deed 
Vou  lay  tho  iMiiiitlcss  clcrtfy-weapou  I'y, 
Aud  to  t!ie  laws,  y  iir  »wo:d  of  ju^iice.  fly. 
Dri/den,  "  Hind  and  Fanllicr'  pt.  il. 

Curtliose  (2  syl.).  Robert  II.,  due 
<lo  Normandio.     (1087-1134.) 

Curtis'e  (2  syl.).  The  little  honnd, 
in  the  tale  of  "Reynard  the  Fo.x." 
(iiigh  German,  hirz;  French,  courle, 
short  or  small.) 

Curtmantle.  The  surname  of 
Henry  11.  lie  introduced  tho  Anjoii 
mantle,  which  was  shorter  than  tho  robe 
worn  by  his  predecessors.  (1133,  1154- 
1159.) 

CiU-ule  Chair.  Properly,  a  chariot 
chair,  an  ornamental  stool  placed  by  the 
llomaus  in  a  chariot  for  the  chief  magis- 
trate when  he  went  to  attend  the  council. 
.\s  dictators,  consuls,  prajtors,  cennors, 
and  the  chief  ediles  occupied  such  a 
chair,  tlioy  were  termed  cutuU  raa^ps- 
trat'js  or  ciiru'les. 

Curzon  Street  (London).  Named 
after  tho  ground  landlord,  (Joorge 
Augustus  Curzon,  third  viscount  Howe, 

Custard.  A  slap  on  tho  hand  with 
a  ferula.  The  word  should  bo  cidititl, 
unless  a  play  ie  meant.  (Latin,  cusds,  a 
club  or  stick.) 


204 


CUSTARD. 


CUT. 


Custard  CofSn.    {Ste  Coffin.) 

Cus'tomer.  A  man  or  acquaintnnco. 
A  ruiii  customer  is  one  better  left  alone, 
as  he  is  likely  to  show  fight  if  interfered 
with.     A  shop  term. 

ITere  t^e  mnn.v  r^f  lier  oM  cnstomcra. 
Shakifpmre. '"  i't^iSKie  for  J/<u«U' e," It.  3. 

Gustos  Rotulo  rum  (keeper  of  the 
rolls).  The  chief  civil  officer  of  a  county, 
to  whose  custotly  are  committed  the 
records  or  rolls  of  the  sessions. 

Cut.  To  renounce  acquaintp.nce.  Th.or^ 
are  four  sorts  of  cut — • 

(1.)  The  cut  direct,  which  is  to  start 
direct  across  the  road  when  the  ob- 
noxious person  draws  ne.ir. 

(2.)  The  cut  induai,  to  look  another 
way,  and  pretend  not  to  see  him. 

(3.)  The  cut  s'uhlime,  to  admire  the  top 
of  some  t.all  edifice  or  the  clouds  of 
heaven  till  the  person  cut  has  passed  by. 

(4.)  Theciif  infernal,  to  stoop  and  adjust 
your  boots  till  the  party  has  gone  past. 

There  is  a  very  remarkable  Scripture 
illustration  of  the  word  cut,  meaning 
Ivj  renounce  :  "  Jehovah  took  a  staff 
and  cut  it  asunder,  in  token  that  he 
would  break  his  covenant  with  his  people  ; 
and  he  cut  another  staif  asunder,  in  token 
that  he  would  bre.ak  the  brotherhood  of 
Judah  and  Israel.    (Zech.  xi.  7 — 14.) 

lie  has  cut  his  eye-teeth.  lie  is  wide 
awake,  he  is  a  knowing  one.  The  eye- 
teeth  are  the  canine  teeth,  just  under 
the  eyes,  and  the  phrase  means  he  can 
bite  as  well  as  bark.  Of  course,  the  play 
is  on  the  word  "  eye,"  and  those  who 
have  cut  their  eye-teeth  are  wide  awake. 

Cut  your  wisdom  teeth.  Wisdom  teeth 
are  those  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  jaws, 
which  do  not  make  their  ajipcarance  til! 
persons  have  come  to  years  of  discretion. 
When  persons  say  or  do  silly  thing-s,  the 
remark  is  made  to  them  that  "  they  have 
not  yet  cut  their  wisdom  teeth,"  or 
reached  the  years  of  discretion. 

Cii.t  the  knot.  Break  through  an 
obstacle.  The  reference  is  to  the  Gor- 
dian  knot  iq.v.)  shown  to  Alexander, 
with  the  assurance  that  whoever  loosed 
it  would  be  made  ruler  of  all  Asia ; 
whereupon  the  Macedonian  cut  it  in  two 
mi\\  his  sword,  and  claimed  to  have  ful- 
nlled  the  prophecy. 

/  must  ait  my  stick — i.e.,  leave.  The 
Irish  usually  cut  a  shillelah  before  they 
start  on  an  espeuition.    Punch  gives  tlie 


following  witty  derivation: — "Pilcrima 
on  leaving  the  Holy  Lancl  used  to  oit  a 
palm  stick,  to  prove  that  they  had  really 
been  to  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  So  brother 
Francis  would  say  to  brother  Paul, 
'  Where  is  brother  Benedict ? '  'Oh 
(says  Paul),  ho  has  cut  his  stick  I ' — i.e., 
he  is  on  bis  way  home."     (See  CuT. ) 

I'll  cut  your  comb  for  you.  Taka 
your  conceit  down.  The  allusion  is  to 
the  practice  of  cutting  the  combs  of 
capons. 

He'll  cut  up  well.  He  is  rich,  and  his 
property  will  cut  into  good  slices. 

Cut  a  Dash.  Make  a  show.  Cut  is 
the  French  couper,  better  seen  in  the 
noun  coup,  as  a  grand  coup,  a  coxrp  de 
maitre  (a.  masterly  stroke),  so  "to  cut" 
means  to  make  a  masterly  coup,  to  do 
something  to  be  looked  at  and  talked 
about.  Dashing  means  striking  —  i.e., 
showy,  as  a  "dashin=;  fellow,"  a  "dash- 
ing equipage."  To  cut  a  dash,  is  to  get 
one's-self  looked  at  and  talked  about  for 
a  showy  or  striking  appearance. 

Cut  and  Dry.  Already  prepared. 
"  He  had  a  speech  all  cut  and  dry."  The 
allusion  is  to  timber  cut,  dry,  and  fit  for 
use. 

Cut  Away.  Be  off  at  once.  This  is  a 
French  phrase,  couper  (cut  away) — i.e.,  to 
break  through  the  enemy's  ranks  by 
cutting  them  down  with  your  swords. 

Cut  it  Short.    {See  Audley.) 

Cut  of  his  Jib.  The  contour  or  e» 
pression  of  his  face.  This  is  a  sailor's 
phrase.  The  cut  of  a  jib  or  foresail  of  a 
ship  indicates  her  character.  Thus,  a 
sailor  says  of  a  suspicious  vessel,  he 
"  does  not  like  the  cut  of  her  jib." 

Cut  Out.  He  is  cut  out  for  a  sailor. 
Has  natural  propensities  suited  for  the 
vocation.  The  allusion  is  to  cutting  out 
cloth,  he,  for  specific  purposes. 

/  mean  to  cut  him  out.  To  excel 
him,  to  carry  off  the  prize  he  is  aiming 
at.  A  sea-phi-ase,  taken  from  cutting 
out  a  ship  from  the  enemy's  port. 

Cut  Short  is  to  shorten.  "Cut 
short  all  intermission  "  ("Macbeth,"  iv. 
3).  To  cut  it  short  means  to  bring  to  an 
end  what  you  are  doing  or  saying. 

His  life  was  cut  shoii.  He  died  pre- 
maturely. Tlie  allusion  is  to  At'ropos, 
one  of  the  three  Parcse,  cutting  the 
thread  of  life  spun  by  her  sister  Clo'tho^ 


cutpurse. 


CYCLOPEAN. 


206 


Cutpvirse.  Now  called  "picltpocket." 
Tho  two  words  are  of  bistorical  value. 
When  purses  were  worn  suspended  from  a 
pirdle,  thiaves  cut  tLo  striug  by  which 
the  purso  was  attacbed ;  but  when 
pockets  were  adopted,  and  purses  were 
no  longer  hung  on  the  gi''dlo,  the  thief 
was  no  longer  a  cut-purse,  but  became  a 
picki)ocket. 

To  have  an  open  car,  a  quI-W  eye,  and  a  nimble 
hand,  ia  necessary  fjr  a  cut-purse.  —  SAf. If 4;>tar<, 
**  H'tntrrs  Tule."  iv.  3. 

Afo/l  Cutpurse.  Mary  Frith,  the  heroiue 
of  Jliddlcton's  comedy  called  "The 
Roaring  Girl."     (See  Moll.) 

Cuthbert.  St.Cuthha-Csheadi:.  Joints 
of  the  articulated  stems  of  encrinites, 
used  for  rosaries.  St.  Cuthbert  was  a 
Scotch  monk  of  the  sixth  century,  and 
may  be  termed  tlie  St.  Patrick  of  Great 
Brit.ain.  He  is  sai<l  to  sit  at  night  on  a 
rock  in  Holy  Island,  and  to  use  the  o]>po- 
site  rock  as  his  anvil  while  he  forges  the 
en'trochites  (en'-iio-kiles).     {See  Bead.) 

On  a  rock  of  Lindisfam 
Bt.  Cutliliert  tit-,  fini  toiN  to  frime 
The  Bea-bom  beaui  Ihat  In^ar  his  name. 

SwU,  "  ilai-mion.' 

St.  Cutkhcn's  Stane.  A  granite  rock  in 
Cimiberland. 

St.  Culhberl's  Well.  A  spring  of  water 
close  by  St.  Cuthbert's  stane. 

Cuthbert  Bede.  A  nom  de  plume 
of  the  Rev.  Edward  Bradley,  author  of 
"  Verdant  Green."    {Born  1^27.) 

Cutler's  Poetry.  Mere  jingles  or 
rhymes.  Knives  had,  at  one  time,  a 
distich  inscribed  on  the  blade  by  means 
of  aqua  fortis. 

■Whose  vofy  waq. 
For  all  the  world,  like  cutler  s  luttry 
Upon  a  knife, 

SUnkriiiturc,  "  lUrrckant  of  yenict,'  y.  L 

Cutting  off  with  a  Shilling.  The 
Romans  used  to  set  a.sido  testaments  if 
they  passed  over  natural  offspring  with- 
out mention  ;  but  if  any  legacy  was  left, 
it  was  proof  that  the  testator  did  what 
was  done  purposely.  From  this  arose 
the  notion  that  it  is  necessary,  for  a  testa- 
ment to  be  valid,  to  leave  the  htir  a 
shilling  at  least. 

Cuttle.  Captain  Cuttle.  Ai\  eccen- 
tric, kind-liearted  sailor,  simple  as  a 
child,  credulous  of  every  tale,  and  gene- 
rous a«  the  8un.     He  is  immortalised  by 


the  motto  selected  by  "Notes  and 
Queries,"  "  When  found  make  a  note  of." 
—Dickens,  "  Domhey  and  .b'ow." 

Unfortnimtely,  I  neglected Capt.-iinCuttle'a  adyice, 
and  :ini  n.w  uuatde  tofinJ  it.— U'.  //.  Hutk.  "  AV{<i 
anil  (iiierie*." 

Cutty  Pipe.  A  short  clay  pipe. 
Scotch,  cutti/  (.short),  as  cutty  spoons, 
cutty  sark,  a  cutty  (little  girl),  kc,  a 
cutty  gun. 

Cuve'ra  (3  syl.).    The  Indian  Plutus. 

Cwt.  is  C  wt. — i.e.,  C.  caitum,  wt. 
leeiffht,  meaning  hundred-weight,  v.  Dwl 

Cy  cie.  A  period  or  series  of  events 
or  numbers  which  recur  everlastingly  in 
precisely  the  same  order. 

Cycle  of  tlu>  moon,  called  "  Metou's 
Cycle,"  from  Jlcton,  who  discovered  it,  is 
a  period  of  nineteen  years,  at  the  expira- 
tion of  which  period  tho  phases  of  the 
moon  repeat  themselves  on  the  same 
identical  days  as  they  did  nineteen  years 
previously. 

Cycle  oj  the  sun.  A  period  of  twenty- 
eight  year.',  at  the  expiration  of  wliicb 
time  the  Sunday  letters  recur  and  pro- 
ceed in  the  same  order  as  they  did 
twenty-eight  years  previously. 

The  iHalonic  cycle  or  great  year 
is  that  space  of  time  which  elapses 
before  all  the  stars  and  con.stellations  re- 
turn to  any  given  state.  Tycho  Brahe 
calculated  this  period  at  25,816  years, 
and  Riccioli  at  25,920. 

Cyclic  Poets.  Inferior  epic  poets. 
On  the  de.athof  Homer  a  host  of  minstrels 
caught  the  contaL;-ion  of  his  poems,  and 
wrote  continuations,  illustrations,  or 
additions  thereto.  Those  poets  were 
called  cyclic  because  they  confined  them- 
selves to  tho  cycle  of  the  Trojan  war. 
The  chief  were  Strasi'nos,  Arcti'nos, 
Les'c\i^s,(Les-keys),  Ag'ia.s,  and  Eu'garaon. 

Cyclopas'dia.  The  tiring  cyclopcediix. 
Lougi'nus,  so  culled  for  his  extensive  in- 
formation.    (213-273.) 

Cyclo'pean.  Huge,  massiro,  like  the 
c\ciops  of  classic  mythology. 

Cyclo'pean  Masonry.  GJenerallv 
applied  to  the  oil  I'elasgic  ruins  of 
Greece,  such  as  the  Gallery  of  Ti'rynB, 
the  Gate  of  Lions,  the  Treasury  of 
Athens,  and  t'lo  Tombs  of  Phoro'nens 
and  D&n'aoj.  They  &re  said  to  hart 
been  the  work  of  the  yolops  (g.v.). 


206 


CYCLOPS. 


CYPRESS. 


Cyclops.  GL-xnts  with  oiily  ono  eye, 
and  tb.at  in  tlio  centre  of  tlioir  forehead, 
whose  business  it  was  to  forge  iron  for 
Vulcan.  They  were  probably  Pelasgiaus, 
who  worked  in  quarries,  and  attached  a 
Jantem  to  their  forehead  to  give  them 
light  underground.  The  lantern  was 
their  one  eye  as  hig  as  the  full  moon. 
(Greek,   "circular-eye.")     [See  Arimas- 

PIANS.) 

RcMised  with  tlie  eouiid,  tlie  mishty  family 
Of  oiie-cj'ed  brothers  liastsa  to  the  shore. 
And  gather  rouud  the  bellowinB  I'olyi  lieme. 
AtidiiPH,  "MMon  Imita'nir 

Cyll'aros,  according  to  Virgil,  was 
the  celebrated  horse  of  Pollux  ("  Geor.," 
iii.  &0),  but  according  to  Ovid  it  was  Cas- 
tor's steed  ("Met.,"  xii.  408). 

He,  0  C'Stor,  was  a  coureer  worthy  thee  .  .  . 
Coal-Mack  his  colour,  hut  like  jet  it  shone ; 
His  lega  and  flowing  tail  were  white  alone. 

Dryden,  "  Omi's  Mtlamorphoie,"  xiL 

Cyllo.  One  of  the  dogs  of  Actreon. 
It  moans  "bait"  or  "lamo."  (SeeCoRAN.) 

Cyuibeiinc.  {&e  Imogen  ;  Zink- 
chaO 

Cymodoce  (The  garden  of),  Sark. 
Name  of  a  poem  by  Swinburne,  188i). 

C.yinoL'h'le3.  A  man  of  prodigious" 
might,  brother  of  Pyroch'les,  son  of 
Malice  (Acra'tes)  and  Despite,  and 
husband  of  Aora'sia,  the  enchantress.' 
He  sets  out  to  encounter  Sir  Guyon,  but 
is  ferried  over  the  Idle  Lake  by  Wanton- 
ness (Phaj'dria),  and  forgets  himself;  he 
is  slain  by  king  Arthur  (canto  viii. ).  The 
word  means,  "one  who  seeks  glory  in 
troubles." — S/}enser,  "Faery  Qiti-eii,'" ii. 5. 

Cyneegi'ros.  It  is  said  that  whec 
the  Pei-siinis  woic  pushing  off  from  shore 
after  the  battle  of  Mar'athon,  Gyna)gIfos, 
the  brother  of  ^Ssciiylos,  the  poet,  seized 
one  of  their  ship.s  with  his  right  hand, 
which  was  instantly  loppod  off;  ho  thcu 
grasped  it  wi.h  his  left,  which  was  cut 
off  also;  lastly,  h«  seized  hold  of  it  with 
his  teeth,  and  lost  his  head.     v.  Benhow. 

Cynic.  A  snarling,  cnurlish  person, 
like  a  cynic.  The  cynics  wore  so  called 
because  Antis'thenes  held  his  school  in 
the  gymnasium  called  Cynosar'ges,  set 
apart  for  those  who  were  not  of  pure 
Athenian  blood.  Cynosarges  moans  white 
dog,  and  was  so  called  becatjss  a  white  dog 
once  carried  aws.}'  part  of  a  viot  m  which 
Dioaie'v  B  ^TSl,s  offcriug-  to  HcrculSs      '!'h8 


sect  was  often  calleii  the  Dog-soct ;  and 
the  effigy  over  DiogSneV  pillar  was  a  dog, 
with  this  inscription  : — 
"Say  dof?,  I  prny,  what  ptuard  you  in  that  tomb  ?" 

"A  doe."— "Uis   name? "— •' DioKeues."— "i'loia 
far?" 
"Sino'rii!."— "  What !  who  made  a  t.ib  his  h'm»  ?" 

"  Tlie  same  ;  now  dead.  amoDg.^t  the  stars  a  olftf." 

Cynics.  The  chief  were  Antis'thenes 
of  Athens  (the  founder),  DiogSnes, 
Onesic'ritos,  Mon'imos,  Cra'tcs  and  bis 
wife  Hippai^chia,  Metroc'les,  Menip'pos, 
and  Jlorjedo'mos  the  madman. 

Cy'nosiire  (3  syl.).  The  polar  star, 
the  observed  of  all  observers.  Greek  for 
dog's  tail,  and  applied  to  the  constellation 
called  Ursa  Minor.  As  seamen  guide 
their  ships  by  the  north  star,  and  observe 
it  well,  the  word  "cynosure"  is  used  for 
whatever  attracts  attention,  as  "  The 
cynosure  of  neighbouring  eyes"  {Milton}, 
especially  for  guidance  in  some  doubtful 
matter,  as  — 

Ilichmcnd  was  the  cynosure  on  v.-hieh  .ill  northern 
eyi-3  were  fixe  I  (in  the  American  \rar).—Thl  Timet. 

Cyn'tliia.  The  moon  ;  a  surname  of 
Ar'temis  or  Diana.  The  Roman  Diana, 
who  represented  the  moon,  was  called 
Cynthia  from  mount  Cynthus,  where  she 
was  born. 

And  from  embit'led  clouds  emerging  sIo'.t 
Cynthia  came  riding  on  her  silver  ear. 

Beattie."  Minstrel." 

Cynthia.  Pope,  speaking  of  the  in- 
constant character  of  woman,  "matter 
too  soft  a  lasting  mark  to  bear,"  says  — 

Come  then,  the  colours  and  the  (rround  prepare  I 

I)i|i  in  tlie  rainbow,  trick  her  off  in  air ; 
Choose  a  tirm  cloud,  before  it  fall,  anl  in  it 
Catch,  ere  she  change,  the  Cyutliia  of  the  minute. 
Kp-.itU  ii.  17— 2u. 

Cypress  {The)  is  a  funeral  tree,  and 
was  dedicated  by  the  Romans  to  Pluto, 
because  when  once  cut  it  never  g^rows 
again. 

Cj-pressc  garlands  are  of  great  account  at  fuueralls 
amongst  the  ceiitUer  §ort,  hut  roserairy  au  i  bayt-a 
r.  e  used  by  the  commons  both  at  iuueralls  and  wed- 
di '(.'s.  They  :ire  plants  which  fade  not  a  good  while 
f.fter  they  are  gathered  .  .  .  and  intimate  that  the 
remembrance  of  the  piesent  solemnity  might  not  dye 
presently.— C't>/«;5,  ^^ Introditctwn  to  tUt  Kuowiedj/t  oj 
Plants." 

Tl(£  magic  cypress  Iranch.  In  the  opera 
of  "Roberto  il  Diav'olo,"  after  the 
"  dance  of  love,"  in  which  Hel'eua 
seduces  the  duke,  ho  removes  the  cypress 
hranch,  which  has  the  power  of  imparting 
to  him  whatever  he  wishes.  With  this 
he  onter.s  the  palace  of  Isabella,  princess 
of  Sicily,  and  transfixes  the  princess  and 
bo-  attendants  in  a  magic  sleep,  but  after- 


CYPRIAN. 


DAFFODIL. 


207 


wards  repenting,  breaks  the  branch,  and 
is  dragged  away  by  the  guards. 

Cyp'rian.  A  woman  of  loose  morals. 
So  called  from  the  island  Cyprus,  one  of 
the  chief  seats  of  the  worsbip  of  Venus, 
honco  called  Cyp'ria. 

Cyp'rios.  One  of  Actseon's  dogs.  It 
moans  tlie  dog  from  Cyprus.  {See  Cyl- 
LoroTEs. ) 

Cyp'riotes(3  syl.).  Natives  of  tho 
isle  of  Cyprus. 

Cjrrena'ic  School.  Founded  by 
Aristi])pos  of  Cyre'ne,  in  Africa.  Tho 
chief  dogma  of  this  philosopher  was  that 
pleasure  and  pain  are  the  criterions  of 
what  is  good  and  bad. 

Cyre'nians.  Philosophers  of  a 
school  foiuided  by  Aristip'pos  at  Cyrene, 
a  Grecian  colony  on  the  northern  coast 
of  Africa.  They  were  an  offshoot  of 
tlio  E;iicuro'ans. 

Cyrus  is  no  proper  name,  but  a  title. 
His  name  was  Kobad,  but  when  he 
ascended  the  Persian  throne  he  assumed 
the  royal  title  of  kai  (mighty),  and  was 
railed  Ivai-Kobad.  His  son  who  succeeded 
him  was  Kai-Kaus,  and  his  grandson  Kai- 
Khosru  {Ci/rus  the  Great). 

Cyze'nis.  The  infamous  daughter  of 
Diomed,  who  killed  every  one  that  fell 
into  her  clutches,  and  made  fathers  eat 
their  own  children. 


D.  This  letter  is  the  outline  of  a  rude 
archway  or  door.  It  is  called  in  Hebrew 
daletk  (a  door). 

D  or  d,  indicating  a  penny  or 
pence,  is  the  initial  letter  of  the  i^atin 
dena'rius,  a  silver  coin  equal  to  SJd. 
during  the  commonwealth  of  Home,  but 
in  the  Middle  Ages  about  equivalent  to 
our  penny.  The  word  was  used  by  the 
Romans  for  money  in  general. 

D  stan<Ls  for  500,  which  is  half  O) ,  a 
form  of  m  or  a\,  which  stand.3  for  milk. 

D  stands  for  5,000. 

D.O.M.  Datiir  om'nihiii  mwi  (It  is 
allotted  to  all  to  die). 

D.T.  DeliHum  trtmens.  So  called  by 
the  "  India-going  people." 


Tlicy  get  a  look,  after  a  touch  of  D.T.,  wliicb 
Dothinit  else,  Ibatl  know  of, can  give  '.\\tia,—Ini\an 
TaU.    ' 

Da  Capo  (pron.  car-po)  or  D.C. 
From  tho  beginning,  that  is,  finish  with  a 
rcj)etition  of  tho  £rst  strain.  A  term  in 
music.     {Italian.) 

Dab.  Clever,  skilled;  as  "a  ila>>- 
hand  at  it ;  a  cornipt  contraction  of  tho 
Latin  adepUis  (an  adept).  Apt  is  another 
form. 

An  Kton  strirliiiR,  training  for  tlie  law, 
A  uuiiue  at  learuing,  but  n  dib  at  t&w  [marhUi'^. 
^ttoiu,  "Logic;  or,  Ute  Biltr  Ilii  " 

Daba'ira.  An  idol  of  tho  savages  of 
Pan'ama',  to  whoso  honour  slaves  are 
burnt  to  death.     {Atnerkan  mythologij.) 

DablDat  {the  Beast).  The  Beast  of 
tho  Apocal\-pse,  wliich  the  Mahometans 
say  will  appear  with  Antichrist,  called  by 
them  da<j'yial.     (Rev.  xix.  19;  xx.  10.) 

Dabble.  To  dalhle  in  the  fund.% ;  to 
dabble  in  politics— i.e.,  to  do  something 
in  them  in  a  small  way.  (Dutch,  dabbelen, 
our  dip  and  tap.) 

Dab'chick.  A  small  water-fowl. 
Dab  is  a  corruption  of  dtp,  the  old 
participle  of  dip,  and  chick  (any  j'oung 
or  small  fowl),  literally  the  dipping  or 
diving  chick. 

Dab'is.  A  colossal  idol  of  brass 
worshipped  in  Japan. 

Dad  or  Daddy.  Father.  The  per- 
son who  acts  as  father  at  a  wedding  ;  a 
stage-manager.  Tho  superintendent  of 
a  casual  ward  is  termed  by  the  inmates 
"Old  Daddy."— ^  Night  in  a  Work- 
house,  bi/  an  Amateur  C'asiud  {J.  Green- 
xvood). 

In  the  "  Fortunes  of  Nigel  "  by  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Steenie,  duke  of  Buckingham, 
calls  king  James  "  My  dear  dad  and 
gossip."  (Welsh,  tad;  Irish,  (aid,  an- 
cient ;  Sanskrit,  tada ;  Hindu,  dada.) 

Dse'dalos.  A  Greek  who  formed  the 
Cretan  laljyrinth,  and  made  for  himself 
wings,  by  means  of  which  ho  llew  from 
Crete  across  the  Archipcl'ago.  He  is  said 
to  have  invented  tho  saw,  the  axe,  the 
gimlet,  and  other  carpenter's  tools. 

Daffodil.  A  corruption  of  asphodel 
(French,  d'aspodile).  It  was  once  called 
affadil. 

And  the  rcsc«.  and  the  pr^aiei,  and  the  <lalfy-dowD< 
a-dillie«.— 'jri'vn  o/  Uturiiei;. 

Flour  of  raffo'iil  is  a  cure  for  mailRru  Utd.  U& 
lAncoln  C^Uudral.  t.  i'i*. 


s^ 


DAG. 


f)kr&i. 


Dag  {day).  Son  of  Natt  or  iiijjht. 
(Scandinavian  mythology.) 

Dagger  or  Long  Cross  (t),  used  for 
rofererice  to  a  note  after  the  asterisk  (*), 
hi  a  Eoman  Catholic  character,  originally 
emploj'ed  in  church  books,  prayers  of 
exorcism,  at  benedictions,  and  so  on,  to 
remind  the  priest  where  to  make  the 
sign  of  the  cross.  This  sign  is  soinetimes 
called  an  obelisk,  that  is,  "a  spit." 
(Greek,  ob'elos,  a  spit. ) 

Daqqer,  in  the  city  arms  of  London, 
commemorates  Sir  William  Walworth's 
dagger,  with  which  he  slew  Wat  Tyler 
in  1381.  Before  this  time  the  cogni- 
sance of  the  city  was  the  sword  of  St. 
Paul. 

Brave  Walworth,  knight,  lord  mayor,  thxt  elsw 

Hehellkius  Tyler  in  hia  aiarint  s  ; 
The  king  therefore,  did  give  l-.im  in  iieu 
Thedage'Tto  thecity  armea. 
FoMTth  i'ear  of  Richard  11.  (13S1),  Fithmonjsra  Uiiii. 

Dagger-ale  is  the  ale  of  the 
"  Dagger,"  a  celebrated  ordinarj'  in 
Kolborn. 

My  lawyer's  clerk  I  lishted  on  last  night 
In  Holbom.  at  the  "  Dagger." 

Ben  Jonson,  "  The  Alchemist. 

Daggle -tail  or  Dro/^gle-tail.  A 
Biovenly  woman,  the  bottom  of  whose 
dress  trails  in  the  dirt.  Dag  (Sason) 
means  loose  ends,  mire  or  dirt;  whence 
dag-locks,  the  soiled  locks  of  a  sheep's 
fleece,  and  dug-icool,  refuse  wool. 

Dagobert.  King  Dagohert  and  St, 
Eloi.  There  is  a  French  song  very 
popular  with  this  title.  St  Eloi  tells 
the  king  his  coat  has  a  hole  in  it,  and  the 
king  replies,  "0"est  vrai,  le  tien  est  bon; 
prete-le  moi."  Next  the  saint  complains 
of  the  king's  stockings,  and  Dagobert 
makes  the  same  answer.  Then  of  his 
wig  and  cloak;  to  which  the  same 
answer  is  returned.  After  seventeen 
complaints,  St.  Eloi  said,  "My  king, 
death  i.s  at  hand,  and  it  is  time  to  con- 
-esa,"  when  the  king  replied,  "  Why  can't 
jou  confess,  and  die  instead  of  mc .'  " 

Da'gon (Hebrew,  dag  On,ihe  fish  On.) 
The  idol  of  the  Philistines;  half  woman 
and  half  fish.     (■S'ee  Atergata.) 

Da^ou  his  name ;  sea-moni'er,  upward  man 
And  downward  fish  ;  yet  had  his  temple  huh 
Bear'd  iu  Azo'tuB,  dreaded  throu:.'h  the  ooiist 
Of  Palestine,  in  Gath  and  As'caloa. 
And  Accaron  and  Gaza's  frontier  bounds. 

Milton,  "  Paradise  Lost,"  bk.  i.  4«a. 

Deig'ocet  (Sir).  In  the  romance  "  La 
Mort  d'Arthura"  ha  is  called  the  fool  of 


king  Arthur,  and  was  knighted  by  the 

king  himself. 

I  remember  at  "ile-End  Green,  when  I  lay  at 
Clement's  Inn.  I  was  th«u  Bir  Dagonet  in  Arthur'! 
»hjw  [JustUt  ShuXiavi).—"  2  Henry  IV.,"  iii.  2. 

Daguer'reotype  (4  Fyl.).  A  photo- 
graphic process.  So  named  from  M. 
Dai'uerre,  who  greatly  improved  it  in 
1839. 

Da'gun.  A  god  worshipped  in  Pegu. 
When  Kiak'iak  destroyed  the  world, 
Dagun  reconstructed  it.  (Indian  Ptyiho- 
logy.) 

Dahak.  The  Satan  of  Persia.  Ac- 
cording to  Persian  mythology,  tho  ages 
of  the  world  are  di%'ided  into  periods  of 
1,000  years.  When  the  cycle  of  "  chil- 
isms"  (1,000  year  periods)  is  complete, 
the  reign  of  Ormuzd  will  begin,  and  men 
will  be  all  good  and  all  happy  ;  but  this 
event  will  bo  preceded  by  the  loosing  of 
Dahak,  who  will  break  his  chain  and 
fall  upon  the  world,  and  bring  on  man  the 
most  dreadful  calamities.  Two  prophets 
will  appear  to  cheer  the  oppressed,  and 
announce  the  advent  of  Orrauz.d. 

Dahlia,.  A  flower.  So  called  from 
Andrew  Dahl,  the  Swedish  botanist. 

Dai'both  (3  syl.).  A  Japanese  idol  of 
colossal  size.  Each  of  her  hands  is  full 
of  hands.     [Japanese  mylkology. ) 

Dailsoku  (4  syl.).  The  god  invoked 
specially  by  the  artisans  of  Japan.  JHe 
sits  on  a  ball  of  rice,  holding  a  hammer 
in  his  hand,  with  which  he  beats  a  sack  ; 
and  every  time  he  does  so  the  sack  be- 
comes full  of  silver,  rice,  cloth,  and  other 
useful  articles.     {Japanese  myi/iology.) 

Dai'mio.  The  264  feudal  lords  of 
Japan,  eighteen  of  which  are  independent 
in  their  own  dominions.  The  temporary 
sovereign  is  called  the  Tycoon. 

Daimonogi'ni  (6  syl.).  A  deity 
greatly  venerated  in  Japan. 

Dai'ni2-no-Ilai.  The  Japanese 
sun-god. 

Dainty,  strictly  speaking,  means 
a  venison  pasty,  from  the  French,  dain 
(a  deer),  whence  the  Old  French,  daiit, 
(delicate,  nice).  I  do  not  think  it  means 
something  toothsome,  as  if  from  detu ; 
Welsh,  dant;  French,  dent. 

Dai'ri  (3  syl.).  Chief  pontiff  of  the 
Japanese,  also  called  Ten-Sin  (son  d 
heavoa. ) 


DAIRY. 


DAME. 


•jm 


Ds.iry.  The  ry,  ric,  or  dominion  of  a 
dey—i.e.,  a  farm-woman. 

Th»  d»y  or  farm-womin  en^cre'l  with  her  riit''h»TS. 
to  deliTer  themiltt  forthefam.ly.— *Vo«,  "Fair  itaiJ 
c/  Perth,"  c.  siiii. 

Da'is.  The  raised  floor  at  the  head 
of  a  dining-room,  desi'j^ned  for  gnests  of 
distinction  (French,  dais,  a  canopy).  So 
called  because  it  used  to  bo  decorated 
with  a  canopy.  The  proverb  "Sous  le 
dais"  means  "in  the  milst  of  grandeur." 

Dai'sy.  Ophelia  gives  the  queen  a 
daisy  to  signify  "that  her  light  and 
fickle  love  ought  not  to  expect  constancy 
in  her  husband."  So  the  daisy  is  ex- 
plained by  Greene  to  mean  a  Quip  for  an 
upstart  courtier. 

The  word  is  Day's  eye,  and  the  flower 
is  so  called  because  it  closes  its  pinky 
lashes  and  goes  to  sleep  when  the  sun 
sets,  but  in  the  morning  it  expands  its 
petals  to  the  light.     (See  Violet.) 

Da-isy-roots,  like  dwarf-elder  berries, 
are  said  to  stunt  the  growth  ;  hence  the 
fairy  Milkah  fed  her  royal  foster-child 
on  this  food,  that  his  standard  might  not 
exceed  that  of  a  pigmy.  This  super- 
stition arose  from  the  notion  that  every- 
thing had  the  property  of  bestowing  its 
own  speciality  on  others.  ("^ee  Fern 
Seed.) 

She  robbed  dwarf-eHTS  of  their  fragrant  fruit. 
And  ft-il  him  early  with  the  daisy  ro  (t. 
Wlience  through  his  veins  tiie  ru^'^rful  jnici  r£n. 
And  formed  the  be  luteous  mbiUitHrt  of  m;in. 

TkkM,  "  Kensingttjn  Oardtna." 

Dai'tyas.  The  demons  of  Hiudu 
mythology. 

Dak'sha,  in  Hindu  mythology,  is  a 
priest  to  whom  Siva  gave  a  ram's  head, 
out  of  revenge,  because  he  did  cot  invite 
the  god  to  his  grand  sacrifice. 

Dala'i-Lama  (jjrand  la  ma).  Chief 
of  the  Tartar  priests — a  sort  of  living 
deity. 

Dal'dah..  Mahomet's  favourite  white 
mule. 

Dalga.r'no  {LorcT).  A  heartless  profli- 
g:at6  in  Scott's  "  Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Dalget'ty  {DvgaldT).  Jeffrey  calls 
him  "a  compound  of  captain  Fluellcn 
and  Bob'adil,"  but  this  is  scarcely  just. 
Without  doubt,  he  ha.s  all  the  pedantry 
and  conceit  of  tho  former,  and  all  the 
vulgar  assurance  of  the  latter ;  but, 
anlike  Bobadil,  he  is  a  man  of  real 
courage,  and  wholly  trustworthy  to  those 


who  pay  him  for  the  service  of  his  sword, 
which,  like  a  thrifty  mercenary,  he  lets 
out  to  the  highest  bidder.—  Scott,  "Legend 
of  Montrose." 

Neither  Schiller,  Strada.  Thuaniis,  Monroe,  nor 
Dup.id  Da!set:y  makes  any  meutiou  of  \l.—Cj>lyit. 

Dalmat'iea  or  Dalmai'ic.  A  white 
robe,  open  in  front,  reaching  to  the 
knees ;  worn  at  one  time  by  deacons 
over  the  alh  or  stole,  when  tho  Eucharist 
was  administered.  It  is  in  imitation  of 
the  regal  vest  of  Dalma'tia,  and  was 
imported  into  Rome  by  the  emperor 
Com'modus.  A  similar  robe  was  worn 
by  kings,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  at  corona- 
tions and  other  great  solemnities,  to 
remind  them  of  their  duty  of  bountiful- 
ness  to  the  poor.  The  riyht  sleeve  was 
plain  and  full,  but  the  left  was  fringed 
and  tasselled.  Deacons  had  broader 
sleeves  than  sub-deacons,  to  indicate 
their  duty  to  larger  generosity ;  for  a 
similar  reason,  the  sleeves  of  a  bishop 
are  larger  than  those  of  a  priest.  Tho 
two  stripes  before  and  behind  were  to 
show  that  the  wearer  should  exercise  his 
charity  to  a.11. 

Dam'age.  What's  tli^  damage  t  WHiat 
have  I  to  pay?  how  much  is' the  bill? 
The  allusion  is  to  the  law  assessing 
damages  in  remuneration  to  the  plaintiff. 

Dam'ask  Linen.  So  called  from 
Damascus,  where  it  was  originally  manu- 
factured. 

Damaskeening.  Producing  upo:; 
steel  a  blue  tinge  an(rornanientai  figures, 
sometimes  inlaid  with  gold  and  silver, 
as  in  Damascus  blades.  So  called  from 
Damascus,  which  was  celebrated  in  ili? 
Middle  Ages  for  this  class  of  ornamentai 
art. 

Dambe'a  or  Demhe'a.  A  lake  in 
Gojam,  Abyssinia,  the  source  of  the 
Jih^  Nile.  Captain  Spek)  traced  tho 
White  Nile  to  lake  Victoria  N'Yau^a, 
which,  no  doubt,  is  fed  by  the  Mountains 
of  the  Moon. 

He  C.h':  .\':U)  thro'  the  lurid  lake 
Of  fair  Dami,ea  rullB  his  infant  sirei.rn 

Tlm:ntjn,  "  HunDiier  ' 

Dame  du  Lac.  A  fay,  nan)ed 
Vivienue,  who  plunged  with  the  infant 
I^ancelot  into  a  lake.  This  lake  was  a 
kind  of  mirage,  concealing  the  demesnes 
of  the  laily  "  en  la  marcho  do  la  petite 
Bretaigne."     (.S'se  ViviSNUE.) 

En  ce  lieu  .  .  .  aroit  m  diune  moult  da  b«iUM 
maii!oc9  ct  moult  rishea  ;  et  au  plain  dossouba  ell« 
atuit  uue  geoM  iietiU  riviut. 


210 


DAMIENS. 


DAN  AIDES. 


Damiens'  lied  of  Stoel-  K.  F. 
Daiiiit'iiH,  in  17o7,  attempted  tho  life  of 
Louis  XV. —  Goldsmith,  "  The  Traveller." 
Ho  was  taken  to  the  Conciorgerio  ; 
an  iron  bed,  which  likewise  served  as  a 
chair,  was  prepared  for  him,  and  to  this 
he  was  fastened  with  chains.  He  was 
then  tortured,  and  ultimately  torn  to  , 
pieces  by  wild  horses. — SmoUet,  *^  llist.  ' 
of  EiKjland"  v.  12,  p.  39. 

Dain[n].  Dam,  an  Indian  coin, 
t=  tho  2oth  part  of  a  paisa.  Hence 
Not  worth  a  dam.     (JSte  Eap.) 

Dam'ocles'  Sword.  Evil  foreboded 
or  dreaded.  Dam'ocles,  the  sycophant  of 
Dionysius  the  elder,  of  Syr.icuse,  was  in- 
vited by  the  tyrant  to  tr\'  the  felicity  he  so 
much  envied.  Accordingly,  he  was  set 
down  to  a  sumptuous  banquet,  but  over- 
head was  a  sword  suspended  by  a  hair. 
Damocles  was  afraid  to  stir,  and  the  ban- 
quet was  a  tantalising  torment  to  him.  — 
Cicero. 

These  fears  liang  like  Oamocles'  aword  over  every 
feast,  and  make  enjoyment  impossible — Chamber*' 
"  Cyd'fadia" 

JDa'mon  and  Musido'ra-  Two 
lovers  in  Thomson's  "  tjummer."  One 
day  Damon  caught  Musidora  bathing, 
and  his  delicacy  so  won  upon  her  that 
she  promised  to  be  his  bride. 

Da'mon  and  Pyth'ias.  Insepar- 
able friends.  They  were  two  Syracu'sian 
youths.  Damon  being  condemned  to 
death  by  Dionysius  the  tyrant,  obtained 
leave  to  go  home  to  arrange  his  atfairs 
if  Pythias  became  his  security.  Damon 
being  delayeil,  Pythias  was  led  to  exe- 
cution, but  his  friend  arrived  in  time  to 
save  him.  Dionysius  was  so  struck  with 
this  honourable  friendship,  that  he  par- 
doned both  of  them. 

Dam'sel.    {See  Domisellus.) 

Dani'son.  A  corruption  of  Damas- 
cene, a  fruit  from  Damascus. 

Dam'yan  (a  syl).  A  "silke  squyer," 
•whose  illicit  love  was  accepted  by  May, 
the  youthful  bride  of  January,  a  Lom- 
bard knight,  sixty  years  old..— Chaucer, 
"  The  Marchaundes  Tale." 

Ean.  A  title  of  honour,  common 
with  tho  old  poets,  as  Dan  Fhoebus,  Dan 
Cupid,  Dan  Neptune,  Dan  Chaucer,  ic. 
(Spanish,  don ;  Armenian,  daiiua.) 

From  ban  to  litt^'' ihcba.  From  one  end 
of  the  kingi-lom  to  tho  other;  all  over 
the  world;  everywhere  The  phrase  is 
scriptural,  Dan  being  the  most  northern 
and  Beersheba  the  most  southern  city  of 
Uie  Holy  Land.     "Wc  have  a  gimilar  ex- 


pression, "  From  Jobs  o'  Groats  to  the 
Land's  End." 

Dan  Tuclcer.  Out  o'  de  'icay,  old 
Dan  Tvcltr.  1"he  first  governor  of  fier- 
rnu'da  was  Mr.  Moore,  who  was  succeeded 
by  captain  Daniel  Tucker.  These  islands 
were  colonised  from  Virginia. 

Dan'ace  (-3  syl.).  The  coin  placed 
by  the  Greeks  in  tho  mouth  of  tho  dead 
to  p.ay  their  passage  across  the  ferry  of 
the  Lower  World. 

Dan'ae.  An  Argivo  princess  wliom 
Zeus  (.Jupiter)  seduced  under  the  form 
of  a  shower  of  gold,  while  she  was  con- 
fined in  an  inaccessible  tower. 

Da,na'ides  (4  syl.).  Daughters  of 
Dan'aos  (king  of  Argos).  They  were 
fifty  in  number,  and  married  the  fifty 
sons  of  .li-gyptos.  They  all  but  one 
murdered  their  husbands  on  their  wed- 
ding-night, and  were  punished  in  the 
infernal  regions  by  having  to  draw  water 
everlastingly  in  sieves  from  a  deep  well. 
This  is  an  allegory.  The  followers  of 
Dan'aos  taught  tbe  Argives  to  dig  wells 
and  irrigate  their  fields  in  the  Egyptian 
manner.  As  the  soil  of  Argos  was  very 
dry  and  porous,  it  was  like  a  sieve. 

The  names  of  the  fifty  Danaides  and 
their  respective  husbands  are  as  follows : 

Actaa  1    ..        ..   wife  of  Per  iphas. 

Adianta  ..        „       iJalpli'i  ou. 

Ad\t.i     ..         ..        „        Wenal'ces. 

Apa  ve    ..        ..        „       l.ycoB 

Aaiyinoa'e       ..        r,        Jiiucel';!do8. 

Anaxib'ia        ..        „       Archeia'os. 

Antod'ica        ..        .,       Clytos. 

Astei-'ia ,       Clioetos. 

Autho'lea         ..        „       Cisseus. 

Autoin'ats.      ..        .,       Arohite'los. 

Autoii'oe  ..        ,.        Earvl'ocb.s 

Bry'cea  ..        ..        „        Cliiho'i'ioa. 

Callid'ice         ..        r,       Pancii'o:i. 

Cela'no  ..        ..        „        Ilyxo'tioi 

Chrvsip're      ■•        -        Chrjsip'pct. 

ChrysothtU'.:*  „       Astern. 

Cleodo'ra         ..        „       Lixos. 

Cieopat'rs        ..        ..       Agriior. 

Clio        Asier'ije. 

Cri'omo'dia     ..        .,       Antipaph'.M 

Damo'uii  ..        „        Ainynio.'. 

Dioxip'pe        .>        ,.       .^gytcsi. 

Electra..         ..        ..       I'ei  is'tutrj^e. 

Er'ato Bro'roios. 

Eui  he'no        ..        „        Hyper&ioa. 

Euryd'icij        ..        „       iJryas. 

Evip'pe    .        -•       n       Iranros- 

Glauca   ..        ..        „       Alois. 

Glaucip'pa      ..        >        Pot'amon. 

Gdr^a     ..        ..        „       llyppoth'ooi 

Gore'ophun      ..        «       I'ro'teus. 

Helciti..  „       Cftfsos. 

llippodarai'a  ..       „       later. 

Hippodica      ..        ,,      Idraa. 

Hif  pome  lUBe  „       Alcmenots. 

Hyperip'pa      .-        ...        Hippocoris'uR. 

Hyi>»r;nn.:s'lr.i         «       Euche'nor. 

Iphimedu'sa   ..        .,       Euche'iior. 

Muestra  ..        ^        i'^'<i^ 

Ocjp  e'o         •>       •        L«ftrapo& 


DANA03. 


DANDER. 


211 


Ol'mB    .. 
Pharte  .. 

I'ii&i  ga .. 
Pire'ue  .. 
Portar'ca 
Bhoda  .. 
Kho'dia.. 
Stbeu'ela 
etygna  .. 
Thea'uo. 


ArheHoe. 
E  irjd'amas. 
Idinuu. 
AzJiptule'tnc-a. 
(E'lieus. 

iiiDjorvtos. 

Cliiilce  loa. 
Stlicn'eloa. 
p)  yc'or. 


Dan'aos.   According  to  the  "Roman 
de  Rose,"  Denmark  means  the  country 
of    Dan'aos,   who    settled    here   with   a 
colony  after  the  siege  of  Troy,  as  Brutus 
is  said  by  the  same  sort  of  Namo-legcud 
to  have  settled  in  Britain.      Saxo-Ger- 
man'icus,  with   equal  absurdity,    makes 
Dan  the  sr^n  of  Humble,  the  first  king,  to 
account  for  the  name  of  the  country. 
Danaw.    The  Danube.     {Gt^rman.) 
To  pass 
Riieae  or  the  Dan  iw. 

MMon.  "  Paradiis  l^at,"  bk  J. 

Dance.  The  Spanish  dajiza  was  a 
grave  and  stately  court  dance.  Those 
of  the  seventeenth  centui^  were  called 
the  Turdion,  Paho'na,  MacUniia  Orleans, 
Pkdeliiiha'o,  El  Rei/  Don  A  loiizo,  and  £1 
Caba/ie'ro.  Most  of  the  names  are  taken 
from  the  ballad-music  to  which  they 
were  danced. 

The   light  dances  were   called  Bayle 

The  best  known  national  fiances  are 
the  taraii'tella  of  the  Neapolitans ;  the 
bolero  and  fandaiujo  of  tha  Spaniards  ; 
the  mazoxirek  and  krakoweck  of  Poland  ; 
the  cosack  of  Russia ;  the  redo'wac  of 
Bohe'mia ;  the  quadrille,  cotillon,  and 
contre  danse  of  the  French ;  the  vialtz 
and  gallopade  of  Germany  ;  and  the  reel 
of  Scotland. 

Dance.  When  Handel  was  asked  to 
poiut  out  the  peculiar  taste  of  the  dif- 
ferent nations  of  Europe  in  dancing,  he 
ascribed  the  minuet  to  the  French,  the 
sar' aland  to  the  Spaniard,  the  arietta  to 
the  Italian,  and  the  hornpipe  and  the 
moi'ris- dance  to  the  English. 

What  do  you,  dance!— i.e.,  What  tribe 
do  you  belong  to?  A  South  African 
phrase,  where  each  tribe  has  its  peculiar 
dance.  — Livingstone. 

Dance  of  Death.  A  series  of  wood- 
cuts, said  to  be  by  Hans  Holbein  (L')33), 
representing  Death  dancing  after  all 
sorts  of  persons,  beginning  with  Adam 
and  Eve.  He  is  beside  the  judge  on  his 
bench,  the  priest  in  the  pulpit,  the  nun 
in  her  cell,  the  doctor  in  his  study,  the 
bride  and  the  begirir,  the  king  and  the 
liU'ant  ;  but  us  "  swallowed  up  at  liist." 


This  is  often  called  the  Dance  Moi-cforz, 
from  a  German  who  wrote  verses  on 
the  bubjectv  some  think  it  is  from  the 
Arabic  word  maka'lir  (a  churchyard). 

On  the  north  side  of  Old  Sl  Paul's 
was  a  cloister,  on  the  walls  of  whioh  waa 
fainted,  at  the  cost  of  John  Carpenter, 
town  clerk  of  London  (loth  cent.),  a 
"Dance  of  Death;"  or,  "Death  leading 
all  the  estiito,  with  speeches  of  Dt-ath, 
and  answers,  by  John  Lydgate"  (Stoio). 
The  Death-Dance  in  the  Dominican 
Convent  of  Baslo  was  retouched  by 
Holbein. 

J'll  lead  you  a  pre'jy  dan/re — i.e.,  I'll 
bother  or  put  you  to  trouble.  The 
French  say,  Donnei-  le  bal  d  qnelqu'wi. 
The  reference  is  to  the  complicated  dances 
of  former  times,  when  all  followed  the 
leader. 

To  dance  attendar.ce.  To  wait  obso- 
qniously,  to  be  at  the  beek  and  call  of 
another.  The  allusion  is  to  the  :»ncient 
custom  of  weddings,  where  the  bride  ot, 
the  wedding  night  had  to  dance  with 
every  guest,  and  play  the  amiable, 
though  greatly  annoyed.  In  1857,  I 
"  assisted  "  at  a  wedding  in  Paris,  where 
this  custom  was  most  strictly  observed. 

Then  must  the  poore  ^•^y  Is  kept  f  ote  with  a 
da:inc<;r9,  and  refuse  none,  how  tca'^bed,  foule, 
Iroucken,  ruie,  and  eliameless  soeTer  be  !)«.— 
Vhrieten,  "State  ■/  J/nt/imoiij/,"  1513. 

I  had  thought 
They  had  parted  fo  much  honesty  among  thera 
(Ac  le:iEt,  eood  manners),  as  not  thus  to  suffer 
A  m:-.n  ofliis  plaie.  and  so  near  oui'  tavou'. 
To  dance  atteunauce  on  their  lordships'  i  leasuru. 
i'AjiAcajieuie,  "  Henri/  Vlll.,"  T.  i 

Dancing-water  {The),  which  beau- 
tifies ladies,  makes  them  young  again, 
and  enriches  them.  It  fell  in  a  cascade 
in  the  Burning  Forest,  and  could  only  be 
reached  by  an  underground  passage. 
Prince  Chery  fetched  a  bottle  of  this 
water  for  his  beloved  Fair-star,  but  was 
aided  by  a  dove. — "  Fairy  Tales,"  by  the 
Comtesse  <r A  v.lnoy.  (See  Yellow  Water.) 

Dandeli'on.  A  flower.  The  word 
is  a  corruption  of  the  French  dent  de  Um 
(lion's  tooth).  Also  called  Leon'todoK 
(lion-tooth,  Greek),  from  a  supposed 
resemblance  between  us  lo.ivoa  and  the 
teeth  of  lions. 

Dander.  Ts  your  dandrr  vr>  or  riz ) 
Is  your   angry  passion   up?     The  word 

"dander"  is  a  corniption  of  d anger, 

the    d being,    of    course,    au    oath. 

This  is   generally  coosiderad  to   ba  sn 


212 


DAKDIE. 


DARBIES. 


AniericaDism  ;  but  Halliwell  gives,  in  hie 
Archaic  Dictionary,  hotli  dander  (anf,'er) 
fttirt  dandy  (distracted),  tlie  former  cotn- 
naon  to  several  counties,  and  tlie  latter 
peculiar  to  Somersetshire. 

Dandle  Dinmont.  A  jovi.al,  tmo- 
hearted  store -farmer,  in  fair  Walter 
Scott's  "Guy  Mannering." 

Daildin  (George).  A  French  cit,  who 
/riarries  a  eprip;  of  noliility,  and  lives 
with  his  wife's  jiarcnts.  Madame  apjieals 
on  all  occasions  to  her  father  and  mother, 
who,  of  course,  t>akc  her  pnrt  a^'aiust  her 
husband.  Poor  George  is  in  a  sad  plight, 
and  is  for  ever  lamenting?  liis  fate  with 
the  expression,  Voii*  Cnrez  voidu,  George 
Dandin  ("Tis  your  own  fault,  Qoorge 
Dandiu).  Geors^e  Dandin  stands  for  any 
one  who  marries  above  his  sjihcre,  and 
is  pecked  by  his  wife  and  mother-in-law. 
The  word  means  "a  ninny." — Moliere't 
comedy  so  called. 

I'errin  Dandin.  A  sort  of  Lynch 
judge  in  PvaV)elai.s,  who  seated  himself 
on  the  trunk  of  the  first  tree  he  came  to, 
and  there  decided  the  causes  submitted 
to  him. 

Dan'diprat  or  Dandi'prat,  according 
to  Camden,  is  a  small  coin  isstied  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VII.  Applied  to  a  little 
fellow,  it  is  about  equal  to  our  modern 
expression,  a  little  "twopenny  ha'penny" 
fellow. 

Dandy.  A  cozcomb ;  a  fop.  The 
feminine  of  dandy  is  either  dandilly  or 
dandizttie. 

Dan'dyism.  The  manners,  &c.,  of  a 
dandy  ;  like  a  dandy.  (French,  dandin, 
a  ainny,  a  vain,  conceited  fellow.) 

Dangle.  A  theatrical  amateur  in 
.Sheridan's  "  Critic."  It  was  designed 
!or  Thomas  Vaughan,  a  playwright. 

Dan'nebrog,  or  Danebrog.  The 
old  thi'^  of  Dehiruuk.  The  icuiition  is 
that  Waldeuiiir  II.  of  Denmark  saw  in 
the  heavens  a  fiery  cross  which  be- 
tokened his  victory  over  the  Estho'niana 
(1219).  This  story  is  very  similar  to 
that  of  Constantiue  (g.r.),  and  of  St. 
Andrew's  Cross.     (.S'ee  Andrkw,  St.) 

The  order  0/  Daiicbrog.  The  second 
jf  the  Danish  orders.  Brog  means 
''cloth"  or  banner. 

Dan'nocks.  Hedging- gloves.  A 
coiTuption  of  Toumay,  where  they  were 
prigfinally  manufactured. 


DansTcer.  A  Dane.  Denmark  used 
to  be  called  Danske.  Hence  Polo'niua 
says  to  Pvcynaldo,  "  Inquire  me  first  what 
Daiiskers  are  in  Paris." — "  Hamlet,"  ii.  1. 
Dante  and  Be'atri'ce— i.e.,  Bea- 
trice Portina'ri,  who  was  only  eight  years 
old  when  the  poet  first  saw  her.  His 
abiding  love  for  her  was  chaste  as  snow 
and  pure  as  it  was  tender.  Beatrice 
married  a  nobleman  named  Simo'ne  de 
liardi,  and  died  j'oung,  in  1290.  Dante 
married  Gemma,  of  the  powerful  house 
of  Dona'ti.  lu  the  "Divi'na  Comme'dia." 
;  he  p. «;t  is  conducted  lir.si  by  \  ir^ii  (i\  lio 
represents  human  reason)  throU:,'h  hell 
and  purgatory;  then  by  the  spirit  of 
Be'airi'ce  (who  represents  the  wisdom  of 
faith);  and  finally  by  St.  Bernard  (who 
reiire.sonts  the  wisdom  from  on  high). 

Dantes'que  (2  sy'l.).  Dante-like; 
that  is,  a  minute  life-like  representation 
of  the  infernal  horrors,  whether  by  words 
as  in  the  poet,  or  in  visible  form  as  in 
Dorics  illustrations  of  the  "  Inferno." 

Daphne.  Daughter  of  a  river-god, 
loved  by  Apollo.  She  fled  from  the 
amoroTis  god,  and  escaped  by  being 
changed  into  a  laurel,  thenceforth  the 
favourite  tree  of  the  sun-god. 

Nay,  bdy.  sit    If  I  but  wave  tiiis  n  and. 
Your  nervfs  are  all  cliam'd  up  iu  alabaster. 
And  you  a  statu.^,  or.  as  Dapbne  wa«, 
Koot-buuiid,  that  fled  Apollo. 

Miilon,  "  ComMa." 

Daph'nis.  A  Sicilian  shepherd,  who 
invented  pastoral  poetry. 

Daph'nis.  The  lover  of  Chloe  in  the 
exq^ii.site  Greek  pastoral  romance  of 
Longos,  in  the  fourth  century.  Daphnis 
was  the  model  of  Allan  Kamsay's  "  Gentle 
Shepherd,"  and  the  tale  is  the  basis  cf 
St.  Pierre's  "  Paul  and  Virginia." 

Dapper.  A  little,  nimble,  spruce 
youngclerk  in  Ben  Jensen's  "Alchemist." 

Dap  pie.  The  name  of  Sancho 
Pauza's  donkey  in  Cervantes'  romance 
of  "  Don  Quixote."  Bailey  derives 
dapple  from  the  Teutonic  dapper 
(streaked  or  spotted  like  a  pippin).  A 
dapple-grey  horse  is  one  of  a  light  grey 
shaded  with  a  deeper  hue  ;  a  dapple  hay 
is  a  light  bay  spotted  with  bay  of  a 
deeper  colour. 

DarlDies  (2  syl.).  Handcuffs.  A 
contraction  of  Johnny  Darbies,  which  ia 
a  corruption  of  the  French  gem-damus 
(policemen). 

I  slipped  my  d^orbiea  one  morning  in  Mny. 

Ban-ison  AinaaoriK 


DARBY. 


DAUPHIN. 


213 


Darby  and  Joan.  A  loving,  old- 
fashioneo,  virtuous  couple.  The  names 
belong  to  a  ballad  written  by  Henry 
Woodfall,  and  the  characters  are  those 
of  John  Darby  of  liartliolomew  Close, 
who  died  1730,  and  bis  wife,  "  As  chaste 
as  a  picture  cut  in  alabaster.  You  might 
sooner  move  a  Scythian  rock  than  shoot 
fire  into  her  bosom."  Woodfall  served 
bis  apprenticeship  to  John  Darby. 

rciliaps  sorio^  day  or  other  w«  may  ba  Darby  and 
/oan — Zt-rii  LytUn, 

DarTbyites  (3syl.).  The  Plymouth 
Brethren  are  so  called  on  the  continent 
from  Mr.  Darby,  a  barrister,  who  aban- 
doned himself  to  the  work,  and  was  for 
years  the  "  organ  "  of  the  sect. 

Darics  (or)  State'ies  Dari'ci.  Cele- 
brated Persian  coins.  So  called  from 
Dari'us.  They  bear  on  one  side  the 
head  of  the  king  and  on  the  other  a 
chariot  dr.awn  by  mules.  Their  value 
is  about  twenty-five  shillings. 

Dari'us.  A  classic  way  of  spelling 
Danuresk  (king),  a  Persian  title  of 
royalty.  Guslitasp  or  Kishtasp  assumed 
the  title  of  darawesh  ou  ascending  the 
throne,  and  is  the  person  generally 
called  Darius  the  Great. 

Darius.  Seven  princes  of  Persia 
agreed  that  he  should  be  king  whose 
horse  neighed  first;  as  the  horso  of 
Uarius  was  the  first  to  neigh,  Darius  was 
proclaimed  king. 

Dari'tis,  coiKjuerod  by  Alexander,  was 
Dara,  surnanied  kuchek  (the  younger). 
When  Alexander  succeeded  to  the  throne, 
Dara  sent  to  him  for  the  trihuto  of  golilou 
cg^s,  Vjut  the  Maceilonian  returned  for 
answer,  "The  bird  which  laid  them  is 
llown  to  the  other  world,  where  Dara 
mu.st  seek  them."  The  Persian  king 
then  sent  him  a  bat  and  ball,  in  ridicule 
of  his  youth;  but  Alexander  told  the 
messengers,  with  the  bat  ho  wovdd  beat 
the  ball  of  power  from  thoir  master's 
hand.  Lastly,  Dara  sent  him  a  bitter 
melon,  as  emlilem  of  the  grief  in  store 
for  him  ;  but  tlio  JIacedonian  declared 
that  he  v/onld  make  the  shah  eat  his  own 
fruit. 

Dark  Agjcs.  The  era  between  the 
death  of  CharlemaL,'-no  and  the  close  of 
tho  Carlovingian  dynasty  was  certainly 
the  most  barren  of  learned  men  of  any  ago 
in  lnBtc)ry. 


Darley  Arabians.  A  breed  of 
English  racers,  from  an  Arab  stallion 
introduced  by  Mr.  Darley.  This  st<\llion 
was  the  sire  of  the  "  Flying  f.'hilders," 
and  great-grandsire  of  "  Eclipse." 

Darmade'vedsyl.).  God  of  virtue; 
rcpi(^sented  by  the  Indians  as  an  ox. 
{Indian  myllwloyi/.) 

Dart.    (&«  ABARI8.) 

Darwinian  Theory.  Charles 
Darwin,  grandson  of  the  poot,  jMiblished 
in  1859  a  work  entitled  "Origin  of 
Species,"  to  prove  that  the  numerous 
si>ecios  now  existing  on  tho  earth  sprang 
oritrinally  from  ono  or  at  most  a  few 
primal  forms  ;  and  that  the  present 
diversity  is  duo  to  special  development 
and  natural  selection.  Those  plants  and 
creatures  which  are  be.st  s\iilcd  to  tho 
conditions  of  their  existence  survive  and 
become  fruitful ;  certain  or^'ans  called 
into  play  by  peculiar  conditions  of  life 
grow  with  their  growth  and  .strengthen 
with  their  strength  till  they  become  so 
much  a  part  and  parcel  of  their  frames 
as  to  be  transmitted  to  their  offspring. 
The  conditions  of  life  being  very  diverse, 
cause  a  groat  diversity  of  organic  de- 
velojuuent,  and,  of  course,  every  such 
diversity  which  has  become  radical  is  the 
parent  of  a  new  species. 

Daughter.  Greek,  thugaler,  con- 
tracted into  thuyter;  Dutch,  doijter ; 
GeiMiau,  toc/tUr;  Persian,  dor/itar ; 
Sau.skrit,  du/iitcr;  Saxo;i,  doktcr,  kc. 

Dau'phin.  Tho  heir  of  tho  French 
crown  under  the  Valois  an.l  Bourbon 
dynasties.  Guy  VIII.,  count  of  Vioune, 
was  the  first  so  styled,  because  he  wore 
a  dol/i/un  as  his  cognisance.  Tiio  title 
descended  in  ;l:o  family  till  1340,  when 
Humbert  II.,  lU  la  Tour  de  Pim,  sold  his 
.seignourio.  call.?  1  tho  Dauphin^,  to  king 
Philippe  Vr.  (  lo  Valoisi,  on  condition 
that  tho  heir  of  France  assumed  tho 
title  of  le  duuphin.  The  first  French 
prince  so  c.r.lod  was  Jean,  who  suc- 
c'.'cded  Philippe  ;  and  the  last  was  the 
due  d'-VngiiUiemo,  sou  of  Charles  IX., 
who  renounced  tho  title  in  18o0. 

Grand  Daiiphiii.  Louis,  due  <le  Bour- 
gogne,  oldest  son  of  Louis  XIV.,  for 
whose  use  w.as  published  the  Litin 
classics,  entitled  "Ad  usum  Delpbl'ni." 
(1G6M711.) 

Second  or  Lillle  Dattphin.  Loula,  son 
of  the  Grand  Dauphin.     (1G82-1712.) 


2U 


DAVENPORT. 


DAY. 


Dav'enport  {The  Brothefn)  from 
America.  Two  irajtostors,  who  professed 
that  spirits  would  untie  them  when 
bound  with  cords,  and  even  tliat  spirits 
played  all  sorts  of  instruments  in  a  dark 
cabinet.  The  imposition  was  exposed  in 
1865. 

David,  in  Dryden's  satire  called 
"Absalom  and  Achitopliel,"  represents 
niiarles  II. ;  Absalom,  his  beautiful  but 
vi-bellious  son,  represents  the  duke  of 
Monmouth ;  Achitophel,  the  traitorous 
co\:nsellor,  is  the  earl  of  Shaftesbury  ; 
Bari.illa'i,  the  faithful  old  man  who  pro- 
vicied  the  king  sustenance,  was  the  duke 
of  Ormond ;  Hushai,  who  defeated  the 
counsel  of  Achitophel,  was  Hyde,  duke 
.if  Rochester ;  Zadok  the  priest  was 
r'ancroft,  archbishop  of  Canterbury ; 
Shimo'i,  who  cursed  <be  king  in  his 
Right,  was  Bethel,  the  lord-mayor,  &c. 
&c.  (2  Sara.  xvii. — xix.). — Dryden,  "  Ah- 
saUnn  and  Achitophd." 

Dai'id  {SI.)  or  Dewid,  was  son  of 
Xantus,  prince  of  Coreticu,  now  called 
Cardiganshire ;  he  was  brought  up  a 
priest,  became  an  ascetic  iu  the  Isle  of 
V/ight,  preached  to  the  Britons,  con- 
futed Pela'gius,  and  was  preferred  to  the 
see  of  Caerleon,  siuco  called  St.  David's. 
He  died  544     {See  Taffy.) 

St.  David's  (Wales)  was  originally 
called  Mene'via  (i.e.,  main  aw,  narrow 
water  or  frith).  Here  St.  David  received 
his  early  cducntion,  and  when  Dyvrig, 
archbishop  of  Caerleon,  resigned  to  him 
his  see,  St.  David  removed  the  archi- 
opiscopal  residence  to  Mene'via,  which 
was  henceforth  called  by  his  name. 

Da'vus.  Davus  sum,  non  CEdipus  (I 
nni  a  plain,  simple  fellow,  and  no  solver 
of  riddles,  like  Gildipus).  The  words  are 
from  Terence's  '•  Au'dria,"  i.  2,  23. 

Da.vj''.  I'll  ttd-e  rtvf  davy  of  ii.  I'll 
lake  mj'  "affidavit"  it  is  true. 

Davy  Jones's  Locker.  He's  gone 
to  Lkivy  Jones's  Locker — i.e.,  he  is  dead. 
Jones  is  a  corniption  of  Jonah  the  pro- 
['het,  vvho  was  thrown  into  the  sea. 
Locker,  in  seaman's  phi-ase,  means  any 
receptacle  for  private  stores  ;  and  dntfy 
is  a  ghost  Or  spirit  among  the  West 
Indian  negroes.  So  the  wliole  phrase  is, 
"  He  is  gone  to  the  place  of  safe  keeping, 
where  duily  J<  nah  was  sent  to." 

This  same  Dmy  Jones,  ecconting  to  the  mythology 
of  eail.iis.  is  the  licnd  that  prcei  tss  gvor  «il  tfee  s»;l 


spirits  iif  the  d«p.  &nil  itsesn  In  Vdrioii'  theppg  . 
W'-.raiufr  th»  dcfote  1  wretch  of  death  nr!  woe. 

SmolUU,  "  J'trii/r.tu  I'ukU'  liiL 

Da'vy's  Sow.  Drunk  as  Davy's  sow. 
Grose  says  : — One  David  Lloyd,  a  Welsh- 
man, who  kept  an  ale-hou.se  at  Hereford, 
had  a  sow  with  six  legs,  which  was  an 
oViject  of  great  curiosity.  One  day 
David's  wife,  having  indulged  too  freely, 
lay  down  iu  the  sty  to  sleep,  and  a  cora- 
]. any  coming  to  see  the  sow,  David  led 
them  to  the  sty,  saying,  as  usual,  "There 
is  a  sow  for  you  !  Did  you  ever  see  the 
like?"  One  of  the  visitors  replied, 
"  Well,  it  is  the  drunkenest  sow  I  eve/ 
beheld."  Whence  the  woman  was  evet 
after  called  "  Davj-'s  sow."  —  Classical 
Dicdoiiary  of  th6  Vulgar  Tongue. 

DavV30n  [Bully).  A  noted  London 
sharper,  who  sw.aggered  and  led  a  most 
abandoned  life  abuui  lUacktriars,  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  1 !.   (.9"/-- J  i  mm Y  Dawsox. 

r.ully  r)nw<:o'i  kicked  by  half  the  toim.  a-id  half 
the  town  kicked  by  IJul'.j  Dauson.  —CluirUtt  Lamb. 

Day.  When  it  begins.  (L)  With 
sun-set:  The  Jews  in  their  "  sacred  year," 
and  the  Church — hence  the  eve  of  feast- 
Uay.s  ;  iho  aucicul  Bhtons  "  lion  die'ruir 
uu'meruni,  ut  nos,  sed  noo'tium  com'pu- 
tant,"  says  Tacitus— hence  "se'nnight" 
and  "  fort'night ;  "  the  Athenians,  Chi- 
nese, Mahometans,  cvC,  It.alians,  Aus- 
trians,  and  Bohemians.  (2.)  With  sun- 
rise: The  Babylonians,  Syrians,  Persians, 
and  modem  Greeks.  (3.)  With  noon: 
The  ancient  Egyptians  and  modem  as- 
tronomers. (4.)  With  midnight:  The 
En^^-lish,  French,  Dutch,  Germans,  Spa- 
nish, Portuguese,  Americans,  &c. 

/  hai'e  lost  a  day  (Per'didi  diem)  was 
the  exclamation  of  Titus,  the  Roman  em- 
peror, when  on  one  occasion  he  could 
call  to  mind  nothing  done  during  the 
past  day  for  the  beuefit  of  liis  subjects. 

Day    of    the   Barricades.      (See 

B.VUliIC.iDES.) 

Day  of  the  Dupes,  in  French 
history,  was  November  11th,  1630,  when 
Marie  da  Me'dicis  and  Gaston  due 
d'Orleans  extorted  from  Louis  XIII.  a 
promise  that  he  would  dismiss  his 
minister,  the  cardinal  Richelieu.  The 
cardinal  went  in  all  speed  to  Versailles, 
the  king  repented,  and  Richelieu  became 
more  powerful  than  ever.  Marie  da 
Me'dicis  and  Gaston  were  the  dupes 
who  had  to  pay  dearly  for  thoir  short 
triumph. 


DAY-DREAM 


DEAF. 


215 


Day-dream.  A  dream  of  the 
imagination  when  the  eyes  are  awake. 

Daylights.  The  eyes,  which  let 
day-light  into  the  scnsorium. 

Daye-pring.  The  dawn  ;  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Messiah's  reign. 

The  dayfiprins  from  oa  bigh  hath  Tisited  us.— 
Luke  i.  7iJ. 

Daysman.  An  umpiie,  judge,  or  in- 
tercessor. The  word  is  da'is-inan  (a  man 
who  sits  on  the  dais)  ;  a  sort  of  Hi  de 
pis'.ke.     Hence  Piers  Ploughman— 

And  at  tlie  day  of  doom 
At  the  bcKbt  lieys  sit. 

De  Facto.  Actually,  in  reality;  in 
opposition  to  de  jure,  lawfully  or  right- 
fully. Thus  John  was  de  facio  king,  but 
Arthur  was  so  da  jure. 

De  Profundis  (Out  of  the  depths). 
Tiie  13Uth  Psalm  is  so  called  from  the 
(irst  two  words  in  the  Latin  version.  It 
is  sung  by  Roman  Catholics  when  the 
dead  are  committed  to  the  grave. 

Dead.  Dead  as  a  door-nail.  The  door- 
nail is  the  plate  or  knob  on  which  the 
knocker  or  hammer  strikes.  As  this  nail 
is  knocked  on  the  head  several  times  a 
day,  it  cannot  be  supposed  to  hare  much 
life  left  in  it. 

Fnhttiff.  What !  is  the  old  king  dead  P 
FUUyl    As  nail  in  door. 

Hhakespeare,  "  2  Henry  IV.,"  v.  3. 

Dead  as  a  he^-ring.    (See  Herring.) 

Dead  Heat.  A  nice  to  be  run  again 
between  two  horses  that  have  "  tied." 
A  heal  is  that  part  of  a  race  run  without 
stopping.  Two  or  more  heats  make  a 
race.  A  dead  heat  is  a  heat  which  goes 
for  nothing;  it  is  dead,  as  if  it  liad  never 
taken  place. 

Dead  Languages.  Languages  no 
longer  spoken.  They  belong  to  the  dead, 
ami  not  to  the  living. 

Dead  Letter.  A  written  documeut 
of  no  value ;  a  law  no  longer  acted 
upon.  Also  a  letter  which  lies  buried  in 
the  post-office  because  the  address  is  in- 
correct, or  the  person  addressed  cannot 
be  found.  Such  letters  are  all  the  same 
as  if  they  existed  not. 

Dead  Lift.  /  am  at  a  dead  lift.  In 
a  strait  or  difficulty  wtiei-e  I  greatly 
need  help ;  a  hopeless  exi,'ency.  A  dead 
lift  is  the  lifting  of  a  dead  or  inactive 
body,  which  mu-it  bo  'loco  by  sheer  furco. 


Dead  Lights.  Strong  wooden  shut- 
ters to  close  the  cabin  vrindows  of  a  ship^ 
so  called  because  they  deaden  or  kill  tho 
daylight. 

Dead  Lock.  A  lock  which  has  no 
spring  catch. 

Thingfi  src  at  a  dtnd-lock.— Tftj  Tinia. 

Dead  Men.  Empty  bottles.  Dotan 
amour/  the  dead  men  let  me  lie.  Let  me 
get  so  into.xicated  as  to  slip  from  my 
chair,  and  lie  under  the  table  with  the 
empty  bottles.  The  expression  is  a  wit- 
ticism on  the  word  spirit.  Spirit  means 
life,  and  also  alcohol  (the  spirit  of  full 
bottles);  when  the  spirit  is  out  the  man 
is  dead,  and  wiien  the  bottle  is  empty  its 
spirit  is  departed. 

Dead  Men's  Shoes.  Waiting  foi 
dntd  men's  shoes.  Looking  out  for  lega- 
cies ;  looking  to  stand  in  the  place  of 
some  m.oneyed  man,  when  he  is  dead  and 
luried. 

Dead  Ilopes.  Those  which  are  fixed, 
or  do  not  run  on  blocks;  so  called  because 
they  have  no  activity  or  life  in  them. 

Dead  Sea.  So  the  Romans  called 
the  "  Salt  Sea."  Jose'phus  s.ays  that 
the  vale  of  Siddim  was  changed  into 
the  Dead  Sea  at  the  destruction  of  So- 
dom ("  Antiq.,"  i.  8,  3,  &c.).  The  water 
is  very  salt,  and  of  a  dull  green  colour. 
Few  fish  are  found  therein,  but  it  is  not 
true  that  birds  wliich  venture  near  its 
vapours  fall  down  dead.  The  shores  are 
almost  barren,  but  hyenas  and  other  wild 
beasts  lurk  there. 

Dead  Set.  //*•  made  a  dead  set  at  her. 
A  pointed  or  decided  determination  to 
bring  m.atters  to  a  crisis.  The  allusion 
is  to  a  setter  dog  that  has  discovered 
game,  and  makes  a  dead  set  at  it. 

To  lie  at  a  dead  set  is  to  be  set  fast,  or 
locked  in,  so  as  not  to  bo  able  to  move. 
Tlie  allusion  is  to  machinery. 

To  make  a  dead  set  upon  some  one  is  to 
attack  him  resolatcly,  to  set  upon  him  ; 
tue  allusion  being  to  doga,  bulls,  &c.,  set 
on  each  other  to  fight. 

Dead  "Weight,  Tho  weight  of  some- 
thing witliout  life  ;  a  burden  that  docs 
nothing  towards  easing  its  own  weight  ; 
a  person  who  oncumliers  u-:  and  renders 
no  asfistanco.    {See  Dead  Lift.) 

Deaf.  Deaf  as  a  vhite  cat.  It  is  soid 
that  while  cats  are  deaf  and  stupid. 


21S 


DEAF. 


DECAMP, 


Deaf  Adder.  "The  deaf  aflJcr 
stoppeth  her  ears,  and  will  not  hearken 
to  the  voice  of  the  charmer,  charm  he 
never  so  wisely  "  '^Ps.  Iviii.  4,  5).  Captain 
Bruce  says,  "  If  a  viper  enters  the  house, 
the  charmer  is  sent  for,  who  entices  the 
serpent,  and  puts  it  into  a  bn.£t.  I  have 
seen  poisonous  vipers  twist  round  the 
bodies  of  these  psylli  in  all  directions, 
without  having  their  fangs  extracted." 
According  to  tradition,  the  asp  stops  its 
ears  when  the  charmer  utters  his  incanta- 
tion, by  applying  one  ear  to  the  ground 
and  twisting  its  tail  into  the  other. 

Deal.  A  portion.  "  A  tenth  deal  of 
fiour."— Exod.  xxix.  40.  (German,  theil  ; 
Sason,  d(£l ;  Irish,  dail ;  Enirlish,  dale.) 

To  dtal  the  cards  ia  to  give  each  his 
dole  or  portion. 

JJeal-fisli.  So  called  because  the 
dorsal  fiu  resembles  a  deal-board. 

Dean  (the  Latin  Decduus).  The  chief 
over  ten  prebends  (ir  canons. 

The  Dean  (11  Fiora'no).  Arlotto,  the 
Italian  humorist.     (1395-1483.) 

Jonathan  Swift,  dean  of  St  Patrick. 
(16G7-174.i.) 

Deans  (Effie).  In  Scott's  "  Heart  of 
Midlothian  "  is  Helen  Walker.  She  is 
abandoned  by  her  lover,  Geordie  liobert- 
son  [Staunton],  and  condemned  for 
child-murder. 

Jtanie  Dtans-  Ilalf-sistcr  of  E(Se 
Deans,  who  walks  all  the  way  to  Loudon 
to  plead  for  her  sister.  She  is  a  model 
of  good  sense,  strong  affection,  and  dis- 
interested heroism.     (See  Walker.) 

We  follow  Pilgrim  through  hn  progress  wifi  an 
Intsie-t  uut  iufcrior  to  that  with  »hioh  »e  follow 
Mizal'etli  fiiini  Sil'eiia  to  Mi.i»oo-j,  and  }e»\^i2 
t'ettUh  fi'i.m  t:diuburgh  to  Loudoii.-ix)C.i  il'tfaui-.j;. 

Dear.  Oh,  dear  vie  I  A  corruption  of 
Oh,  Deusmeust  Equiv,alent  to  the  French 
(>h,  moil   DicuJ  and  the  Italian  0,  niio 

hi:,!   kc. 

Dearest.  Most  hateful,  as  dearest 
foe.  The  word  dear,  meaning  "  beloved," 
is  the  Saxon  dei/r  (dear,  rare)  ;  but  dear, 
"hateful,"  is  the  Saxon  deriaii  (to  hurt), 
Scotch  dere  (to  auno}'). 

Would  I  liad  met  mr  dearest  foe  in  hearen, 
Or  sver  I  had  Bten  tliat  day,  Horatio. 

Shukesi>eare, "  Uamlet,"  i.  2. 

Death,  according  to  Milton,  is  twin- 
keeper,  with  Sin,  of  Hell-gate. 

The  other  shape. 
If  shape  It  might  be  called  that  Nhape  had  none 
Dist'iieuishalile  in  member,  joint,  or  lim'i  ; 
Or  Bubsiauce  might  le  cMil:ed  that  shadow  seemed  ;.. 
Tfc»  likejiese  of  a  kin'Jily  ci  own  ba  i  on. 


Death.    {See  Black.) 

Death  stands,  Like  Mercuries,  in,  c»ci-y 
wail.     {See  Mekcuiiy.) 

Till  death  us  do  part.     {See  Dkpart.) 

Angel  of  Death.  {See  Abou-Jauia, 
Azrael.) 

Death  in  the  Pot.  Duriug  a  dearth 
in  Gilgal,  there  was  made  for  the  sons  of 
the  prophets  a  pottage  of  wild  herbs, 
some  of  which  were  poisonous.  When 
tlie  sons  of  the  prophets  tasted  the  pot- 
tage, they  cried  out,  "  There  is  death  in 
the  pot."  Then  Elisha  put  into  it  some 
meal,  and  its  poisonou.s  qualities  were 
counteracted.     (2  Kings  iv.  40.) 

Death-bell.  A  tinkling  in  the  ears, 
supposed  by  the  Scotch  peasantry  to  an- 
nounce the  death  of  a  friend. 

O  lady,  'tis  dark,  an'  I  heard  the  death-bell, 
Au'  i  dareiia  gnc  ynnder  for  gowd  cor  fee. 

Jamm  Huj/g, "'  Mountain  Hard." 

Deaths-man.  An  executioner;  a 
person  who  kills  another  brutally  but 
lawfully. 

Grsat  Uector's  deaths-man. 

Heywood,  "Irun  Act." 

Debateable  Land.  A  tr.act  of  land 
between  the  Esk  and  Sark,  claimed  by 
both  England  and  Scotland,  and  for  a 
long  time  tho  subject  of  dispute.  This 
tract  of  land  was  the  hotbed  of  thieves 
and  vagabonds. 

DelDon.  One  of  the  heroes  who  ac- 
companied Brute  to  p.rita:n.  Accoi'ding 
to  Dritisb  fable,  Devonshire  is  the  county 
or  share  of  Debou.    (^See  Devonshikk.) 

Debonair'  {Le  Dehonnaire).  Louis  I. 
of  France,  sometimes  called  in  English 
The  Meek,  son  and  successor  of  Charle- 
magne ;  a  man  of  courteous  manners, 
cheerful  temper,  but  effeminate  and  da- 
ftcient  in  moral  energy.    (778,  814-84i0.) 

Debris.  The  deh'is  of  an  army. 
The  remn.ants  of  a  routed  army.  Debris 
means  the  fragments  of  a  worn-dowa 
rock.  It  is  a  geological  term  {deh-iser, 
to  break  down). 

Decam'eron.  A  volume  of  tales  re- 
lated in  ten  da>/s  (Greek,  deka,  kem'era), 
as  the  "  Decameron  of  Boccac'cio,"  which 
contains  100  tales  related  in  ten  days. 

Decamp'.  He  decamped  inthemidd/e 
of  the  ni'jht.  Left  without  paying  his 
debts.  A  military  term  from  the  Latin 
de-campus  (from  the  field) ;  French,  di- 
cainvtr,  to  march. 


DECEMBER. 


DEFAULT. 


217 


December.  (Latin,  the  tenth  monlh.) 
So  it  was  when  the  year  began  in  Jfarch 
with  the  vernal  equinox;  but  since  Janu- 
ary and  February  have  been  inserted 
before  it,  the  term  is  quito  incorrect. 

Deception. 

Doubtless  llie  pleasure  is  03  groat 
Of  being  chtiited  as  to  cheat; 
As  lookers-on  tefl  mcst  delight 
That  leant  perceive  a  juRcler's  Bicii?ht, 
And  cli;l  the  lew  they  undcritaod 
The  more  they  admire  hio  slmsiit  of  ha^d. 
tititUr,'^  litidibrui,"  pt.  ii.  3. 

Deci'de  (2  syL)  means  "to  l:nock 
out."     Several  things  being  set  before  a 

Corson,  he  knocks  out  all  but  one,  which 
6  selects  as  the  object  of  bis  choice.  A 
decided  man  is  one  who  quickly  knocks 
oi:t  every  idea  but  the  one  be  intends  to 
adhere  to. 

Decirao.  A  man  in  decimo~i.e.,  a 
hobby-do-hoy.  Johnson  uses  the  phrase 
in,  decimo-sexto. 

Deck.  To  sweep  tlie  deck.  To  clear 
off  all  the  stakes.  A  pack  of  cards  piled 
in  order  is  called  a  deck. 

To  deck  is  to  decorate  or  adom. 

i  thought  thy  bride-bed  t '  have  decked,  eweet  maid, 
Aud  Di>l  have  strewed  thy  prave. 

Shiiktsprure,  "  Uamltt,"  V.  I. 

Clear  the  decks— i.e.,  get  otit  of  the 
way ;  your  room  is  belter  than  your 
company ;  I  am  going  to  be  very  busy. 
A  sea-term.  Decks  are  cleared  before 
action. 

Decollete  (da-coal-ta).  Nothing  eren 
decollete  should  he  u(le7-ed  in  the  presence  of 
ladies— i.e.,  bearing  the  least  semblance 
to  a  double  entendre.  D6collet6  is  the 
French  for  a  "  dress  cut  low  about  the 
bosom." 

Decoy  Duck.  A  bait  or  lure  ;  a 
duck  taught  to  allure  others  into  a  net, 
and  emj>loycd  for  this  purpose. 

Decrepit.  Unable  to  make  a  noise. 
It  refers  rather  to  the  mute  voice  and 
silent  footstep  of  old  age  than  to  its 
broken  strength.    (Latin,  de-crepo.) 

Dec'uman  Gate.  The  gate  where 
the  10th  legion  was  posted.  It  was 
opposite  the  Praslorian  gate,  and  fur- 
thest from  the  enemy. 

Dedalian.  Intricate  ;  variegated. 
8o  called  from  Dte'dalos,  who  made  tho 
Cj  etan  labyrinth, 


Dedlock  (.Sir  Leicester).  An  honour- 
able and  tnithful  gentleman,  but  of  such 
fossilised  ideas  that  no  "tongue  of  man" 
could  shake  his  prejudices.  —  "  Bleal 
House,"  hy  Charles  Dickens. 

Dee  (Z)r.  John).  A  man  of  vast 
knowledge,  whose  library,  museum,  and 
mathematical  instruments  were  valued 
at  £2,000.  On  one  occasion  the  populace 
broke  into  his  house  and  destroyed  tho 
greater  piart  of  his  valuable  collection, 
under  the  notion  that  Dee  held  inter- 
course with  the  devil.  IIo  ultimately 
died  a  pauper,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
eighty-one,  and  was  buried  at  I\Iortlake. 
He  professed  to  be  able  to  raise  tho  dead, 
and  hail  a  magic  mirror,  afterwards  in 
Horace  Walpole's  collection  at  Straw- 
berry Hill.     (1527-1608.) 

Dee  Mills.  If  you  had  the  rent  of 
Det  i/tV/.t,  you  would  spend  it  all.  Deo 
Mills,  in  Cheshire,  used  to  yield  a  very 
large  annual  rent.     (  Cheshire  jyrovi'rb.) 

There  "as  a  jolly  miller 
I.ivod  on  the  river  Dt-e; 
ile  worUod  and  sung  from  morn  to  night  — 

No  lark  so  blithe  aa  he ; 
And  this  the  biir'len  ot  his  sou^ 

For  ever  used  to  b«  - 
"  I  care  for  nobody,  no,  not  I, 
If  nijbody  cares  lor  me." 

Mtcktntaff,-  Love  in  a  VMagr."  (1762.) 

Deer.  Supposed  by  poets  to  shed 
tears.  The  drops,  however,  which  fall 
from  their  eyes  are  not  tears  from  the 
lachrymal  glands,  Viut  an  oily  secretion 
from  tho  inner  angle  of  tho  eye,  close  to 
the  no.se. 

A  poor  Bequeatered  stag  .  .  . 
Sid  come  to  lanidiiab  . . .  and  t  he  biK  round  lean 
Coursed  one  another  down  his  innocent  nose 
In  piteuUB  ilianc. 

Shakespea''f,  **At  I'ou  Like  It,"  ii.  i 

Deerslayer.  The  hero  of  a  novel 
so  called,  by  F.  Cooper.  Ho  is  tho  beau- 
ideal  of  a  man  without  cultivation — 
honourable  in  sentiment,  truthful,  and 
brave  as  a  Hon  ;  pure  of  heart,  and  with- 
out reproach  in  conduct.  The  character 
appears,  under  different  names,  in  five 
novels — "Tho  Deerslayer,"  "The  Path- 
finder," "The  La.st  of  the  Mo'hicans," 
'•'The  Pioneers,"  and  "The  Prairie." 
(See  Natty  Bumpo.) 

Deev-Binder.  Ta^.I;u^a\  king  of 
Persia,  who  defonti^l  the  Dccv  king  and 
tho  tierce  Demrush,  but  was  slain  by 
Houndkonz,  another  powerful  Deev. 

Default.  Judgment  by  default  is 
when  tho  defendant  does  not  appear  in 


218 


DEFEAT. 


DELLA. 


couit  on  the  day  ai^pointed.  Tho  jnrlcro 
gives  senteuoo  in  favour  of  the  plaiutilf, 
not  because  the  plaintiff  is  right,  but 
(rom  the  defavilt  of  the  defendant. 

Defeat.  "  What  though  the  field  be 
lost,  all  is  not  lost." — Paradise  Lost. 

"All  is  lost  but  honour"  {Tout  est 
perdu,  r.iadame,  fws  l'konne;ir)  is  what 
t'rautjois  I.  is  said  to  have  written  to  his 
mother,  after  the  battle  of  I'avi'a  in  1525. 

Defen'der  of  the  Faith.  A  title 
given  by  pope  Leo  X.  to  Henry  VIII.  of 
Eiigland,  in  1521,  for  a  Latin  treatise 
"On  the  Seven  Sacraments."  Many 
previous  kings,  and  even  subjects,  had 
been  termed  "  defenders  of  the  Catholic 
faith,"  "  defenders  of  the  church,"  and 
so  on,  but  no  one  had  borne  it  as  a  title. 
The  sovereign  of  Spain  is  entitled  Calko- 
lie,  and  of  France  Most  Christian. 

Cod    bless   the  king  1      I    mean     the     "fsith'i    da- 
fender  1" 

God  bless No  harm  In  bless'n^  ihe  Tretender. 

But  who  Pretender  is,  or  who  is  kiiig— 
God  bless  U3  ail  I  that'i  quite  anutlier  thing. 

John  Bfrom  (aA»r(AanJ  Writer}. 

Degen'erate  (4  syl.)  is  to  be  worse 
than  the  parent  stock.    (Latin,  degemis.) 

De'iani'ra.  Wife  of  Hercules,  and 
the  inadvertent  cause  of  his  death. 
Nessos  told  her  that  any  one  to  whom  she 
gare  a  shirt  steeped  in  his  blood,  would 
love  her  with  undying  love  ;  she  gave  it 
to  her  husband,  and  it  burnt  him  to 
death.  De-i-a-ni'-ra  killed  herself  for 
grief. 

Dei'ph'obus  (i  syl.).  One  of  the 
sons  of  Priam,  and.  next  to  Hector,  the 
bravest  and  boldest  of  all  the  Trojans. 
On  the  death  of  his  brother  Paris,  he 
married  Helen  ;  but  Helen  betrayed  him 
to  her  first  husband,  Menela'os,  who  slew 
him.  —  Homer' t  "Iliad"  and  Virgid 
^^^ueid." 

Dejeuner  a  la  Fourchette 
(French).  Breakfast  with  forks ;  a  cold 
collation  ;  a  breakfast  in  the  middle  of 
the  day,  with  meat  and  wine ;  a  lunch. 

Delec'table  Moimtains  {Tlie),  in 
Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress,"  are  a 
range  of  mountains  from  which  the 
"  Celestial  City "  may  be  seen.  They 
are  iu  Immanuel's  land,  and  are  covered 
with  sheep,  for  which  Immanuel  had 
died. 


Delf,  or  more  correctly  Deffi,  a  com- 
mon sort  of  pottery  made  at  Delft  in 
Holland. 

Delia,  of  Pope's  lin-e,  "Slander  or 
poison  dread  from  Delia's  rage,"  was 
Lady  Deloraine,  who  married  W.  Windam 
of  Carsham,  and  died  1714.  The  person 
said  to  have  been  poisoned  was  Mis:s 
Mackenzie.— (S(!/tVf,?  and  iipidks,  i.  81. 

Delia  is  not  better  knoim  to  eur  yard- 
dog— i.e.,  the  person  is  so  intimate  and 
well  known  that  the  yard-dog  will  not 
bark  at  his  approach.  It  is  from  Virgil, 
who  makes  his  shepherd  Menalcas  boast 
"That  his  sweetheart  is  as  well  known 
to  his  dog  as  L»e!ia  tho  shei^herJess." — 
Ed.  iii. 

Delib'erate  (4  syl.)  is  to  weigh 
thoroughly  in  the  mind.  (Latin,  de  libro.) 

Delight  is  "  to  make  light."  Hence 
Shakespeare  spea'Ks  of  the  disembodied 

soul   as    "the   delighted    spirit 

blown  with  restless  violence  round  about 
the  pendant  world"  ("Measure  for 
Measure,"  iii.  1).  So  again  he  says  of 
gifts,  "the  more  delayed,  delighted" 
("  Cymbelinc,"  v.  5),  meaning  the  more 
light  or  worthless  the  longer  they  are 
delayed.  Delighted,  ia  the  sense  of 
"pleased,"  means  light-hearted,  with 
buoyant  spirits. 

Tlie  delight  of  mankind.  So  Titus,  the 
Roman  emperor,  was  entitled.    (79-81). 

Delir'i'ain.  From  the  Latin  lira  (tho 
ridge  left  by  the  plough),  hence  the  verb 
de-lira'r'e,  to  make  an  irregular  ridge  or 
balk  in  ploughing.  iJeli'rus  is  one  whose 
mind  is  not  properly  tilled  or  cultivated, 
a  person  of  irregular  intellect ;  and  de- 
lirium is  the  state  of  a  person  whose 
mental  faculties  are  like  a  field  full  of 
balks   or   irregularities.    {See  Pkevaui- 

CATION.) 

Delia  Crus'cans  or  Delia  Crus'cr.Ti 
School.  So  c;illed  from  Crusca,  the 
Florentine  academy.  The  name  is  ap- 
plied to  a  school  of  poetry  started  by 
some  young  Englishmen  at  Florence  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
These  siily,  sentimental  affectations, 
which  appeared  in  "The  World"  and 
"  The  Oracle,"  created  for  a  time  quite  a 
furor.  Tlie  whole  affair  was  mercilessly 
gibbeted  in  the  "Baviad"  and  "Miitviad" 
of  Mr.  Gifford. 


DELOS. 


DEMON. 


21J 


DelOLi.  A  floating:  island  ultimately 
mado  fast  to  the  bottom  of  the  sea  by 
Posei'dou  (Neptimo).  Apollo  havinfr  be- 
come pussessor  of  it  by  exchange,  made 
it  his  favourite  retreat, 

Delphi  or  De/phos.  A  town  of 
Pho'cis,  famous  for  its  oracle.  So  called 
from  its  twiu  peaks,  which  the  Greeks 
called  brothers  (adelphoi). 

DelpMn  Classics.  A  set  of  Latin 
classics  edited  in  France  by  thirty-nine 
scholars,  under  the  superintendence  of 
Moutausier,  Bossuet,  and  Huet,  for  the 
use  of  the  son  of  Louis  XIV.,  called  the 
Q raiul  Dauphin.  They  are  of  no  value 
except  for  their  indexes. 

Del'ta.  The  island  formed  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  which  usually  assumes 
a  triangidar  form,  like  the  Greek  letter 
called  iielta;  as,  the  delta  of  the  Nile, 
the  delta  of  the  Danube,  Rhine,  Ganges, 
Indus,  Aiger,  Mississippi,  Po,  and  so  on. 

Del'uge.  After  me  On  Deluge  ("Aprfes 
moi  le  Deluge").  When  I  am  dead  the 
deluge  may  come  for  aught  I  care.  Gene- 
rally ascribed  to  Prince  Mettemich,  but 
the  prince  borrowed  it  from  Mdrae.  Pom- 
padour, who  laughed  off  all  the  remon- 
strances of  ministers  at  her  extrav&!>nnce 
by  sajnng,  "Ajirfes  nous  le  deluge" 
(Ruin  if  you  like  when  we  are  dead  and 
gone). 

Deluges  (3  syl).  The  chief,  besides 
that  recorded  in  the  Bible,  are  the  fol- 
lowing :— The  deluge  of  Fold,  the  Ciunese ; 
the  Salyavra'la  of  the  Indians  ;  the 
XUiUh'ncs  of  the  Assyrians  ;  the  Jlc.xican 
deiugi";  and  liie  Greek  deluges  of  Deu- 
caliun  and  Ogyijes. 

De'marus.  The  Jupiter  of  the 
Phainicians. 

Demi-monde.  Lorettes,  courtezans. 
Le  bfau  vionde  means  "  fashionable  so- 
ciety," and  demi-vionde  the  society  only 
half  acknowledged. 

Cemi-monde  implies  not  onlT  recu(?nilio^  an4  a 
•f'lfrij,  but  a  ceriaiu  sociei  luuidiig.  —  Saturday 
Ucvieio. 

Dem.i-rep.  A  woman  whoso  charac- 
ter has  been  blown  upon.  Contraction  of 
demi-repulation. 

Demitir'gus  (Greek),  in  the  language 
of  Platonists,  means  that  Mysterious 
agent  which  made  the  world,  and  all  that 
It  contains.     The  Logos  or  Word  spoken 


of  by  St.  John,  in  the  first  chajiter  of  bis 
gospel,  is  tho  Demiurgus  of  Platonisiug 
Christians. 

Detaobilisa'tion  of  troops.  The 
disKfganisation  of  them,  tho  disarming 
of  them.  This  is  a  French  milit.Ty  terra. 
To  "  mobilise  "  troops  is  to  render  them 
liable  to  be  moved  on  sen-ice  out  of  their 
quai-tors  ;  to  "demobilise"  them  is  to 
send  them  home,  so  tliat  they  caiuiot  be 
moved  from  their  quarters  against  any 
one. 

Dem.oc'racy.  A  republican  form  of 
government,  a  commonwealth.  (Greek, 
dtmus  -  kratca,  iho  luie  of  tho 
people. 

Democ'ritOS.  The  laughing  philo- 
sopher of  Abde'ra.  He  should  raiher  bo 
termed  the  deriding  philosopher,  because 
he  derided  or  laughed  at  people  for  their 
folly  or  vanity.  It  is  said  that  ho  ]>ut 
out  his  eyes,  that  he  might  think  more 
deeply. 

Democritus,  dear  droU.  revisit  earth. 
And  with  our  follies  glut  thy  heljiiieued  mir'h. 
Prior. 

Democ'ritOS  Junioi:  Robert  Burton, 
author  of  "The  Anatomy  of  Melan- 
chuly.     (1576-1640.) 

Demod'ocos.  A  minstrel  who,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  sang  the  amours  of 
Mars  and  Venus  in  the  court  of  Alcin'oos, 
while  Ulysses  was  a  guest  there. 

Demogorgon.  A  terrible  deity, 
whose  very  name  was  capable  of  produc- 
ing the  most  horrible  effects.  Hence 
Milton  speaks  of  "the  dreaded  name  of 
Demogorgon"  ("Paradise  Lost,"  ii.). 
This  tyrant  king  of  the  elves  and  fays 
lived  on  the  Himalayas,  and  once  in  five 
years  summoned  all  his  subjects  before 
him  to  give  an  account  of  their  steward- 
ship. Spenser  (Bk.  iv.  '2)  says,  ''Ue 
dw.Ils  in  the  d^-ep  abyss  where  the  3 
fatal  bisters  dwell." 

Must  I  call  yo'ir  inai'er  to  mj  aid. 
At  wlmse  dr?=d  name  the  trenit.hns-  furies  tju  •){«, 
Hell  eUudfl  ali.'uil.td.  aud  Ciirth's  fnuiulatiuiia  eh.-iko  T 

i:jue,'-Lut;iit  t  rharsaiia  Vl.- 
When  tht  moou  ari>eii, 
(Then)  ITU"-!  Demoeorgon  wilkehis  round. 
And  if  he  bait  a  fairy  Iru;  in  Imht, 
lie  drives  the  wretili  before,  and  lashes  iuto  uifcht. 
Diydcti,  •'  Iht  iluucr  and  the  Ltn/.' 

Demon  of  Matrim.onial  Unhap- 
piness.  Asmode'us,  who  slew  tho  seven 
husluiiids  of  Sara.  —  Tobil. 

Prince  of  Demoitt.  Asmode'us.  --Tal- 
rnvd. 


220 


OEMOSTHENES. 


DEPINGES. 


Demoa'thenes'  Ijantern.  A  cho- 
ra'pric  monument  erected  by  Lysic'rates, 
in  Athens.  A  "tripod"  was  awarded  to 
every  one  in  Athens  who  produced  the 
best  drama  or  choral  piece  of  his  tribe. 
The  street  in  whicli  Demosthenes'  Lantern 
stood  was  full  of  these  tripods. 

Demy'.  A  size  of  paper  between 
royal  and  crown.  Its  size  is  20  in.  by 
15  in.  It  is  from  the  French  word  demi 
(half),  and  means  demi-royal  (a  small 
royal),  royal  being  24  in.  by  19  in.  The 
old  water-mairk  is  a  fleur-de-lis. 

Den.  Evening.  God  ye  good  den  t — 
i.e.,  God  (give)  ye  good  evening. 

Dena'rius.  A  Roman  silver  coin, 
equal  in  value  to  ten  ases  (deni-ases). 
The  word  was  \ised  in  France  and  Eng- 
land for  the  inferior  coins,  whether  silver 
or  copper,  and  for  ready  money  gene- 
rally. 

7>/!nr('».'--7)ei  (God's  penny).  An  earnest 
of  a  bargain,  which  was  given  to  the 
church  or  poor. 

Denarii  St.  Petri  (Peter's  pence).  One 
penny  from  each  family,  given  to  the 
pope. 

iJenaviics  tertivs  comita'tii.r.  One-third 
of  the  pence  of  the  county,  which  was 
paid  to  the  earl.  The  other  two-thirds 
belonged  to  the  crown.     {See  D.) 

Denich'i  or  De'nix.  A  Japanese 
Idol,  with  three  heads  and  forty  hands. 
The  heads  symbolise  the  sun,  moon,  and 
elements,  and  the  forty  hands  the  bounty 
of  nature. 

Dennis  [John),  called  the  "best, 
abused  man  in  England."  Swift  and 
Pope  satirised  him.     He  is  called  Zoilus. 

Den'izen.  A  made  citizen— i.e.,  an 
alien  who  has  been  naturalised  bj'  letters 
patent.  (Old  French,  doiunson.,  free  gift). 

Denouement.  (Frmc/t.)  The  un- 
tying of  a  plot,  tlie  winding  up  of  a  novel 
or  plaj.     (^Denouer  to  unknot.) 

Denys  (St.),  according  to  tradition, 
carried  his  head,  after  martyrdom,  for  six 
miles,  and  then  deliberately  laid  it  down 
on  the  spot  where  stands  the  present 
cathedral  bearing  bis  name,  This  absurd 
kale  took  its  rise  from  an  ancient  paint- 
ing, in  which  the  artist,  to  represent  the 
martyrdom  of  the  bishop,  drew  a  headless 
body ;  but,  in  order  that  the  trunk  might 


be  recognised,  placed  the  head  in  front, 
between  the  martyr's  hands. 

Sir  Denys  Brand,  in  Crabbe's  "Bo- 
rough," is  a  country  magnate  who  apes 
humility.  He  rides  on  a  sorry  Virown 
pony  "  not  worth  £5,"  but  mounts  his 
lackey  on  a  race-horse,  "twice  victor  for 
a  plate."  Sir  Denys  Brand  is  the  type  of 
a  character  by  no  means  uncommon. 

De'odand  means  something  "  given 
to  God  "  (di?o-dandv.ra).  This  was  the 
case  when  a  man  met  with  his  death 
through  injuries  inflicted  by  some  chattel, 
as  by  the  fall  of  a  ladder,  the  toss  of  a 
bidl,  or  the  kick  of  a  horse.  In  such  cases 
the  cause  of  death  was  sold,  and  the  pro- 
ceeds given  to  the  church.  The  custom 
was  based  on  the  doctrine  of  purgatory. 
As  the  person  was  sent  to  his  account 
without  the  sacrament  of  extreme  unction, 
the  money  thus  raised  served  to  pay  for 
masses  for  his  repose.  Deodaads  were 
abolished  September  1,  1846. 

Depart.  To  part  thoroughly ;  to 
separate  effectually.  The  marriage  ser- 
vice in  the  ancient  praj'er-books  had, 
"till  death  us  depart,"  or,  "  till  alimony 
or  death  us  departs,"  a  sentence  which 
has  been  corrupted  into  "till  death  up 
do  part." 

B'fore  they  se'tle  hjimls  sn.i  liearte. 
Till  aliniouy  ur  death  departs. 

hulUr,  ••  Hitdihrat,"  ilL  3. 

Depart'ment.  France  is  divided 
into  departments,  as  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  are  divided  into  counties  or 
shires.  From  1768  it  was  divided  into 
governments,  of  which  thirty-two  were 
grand  and  eight  j'l'i^^-  In  1790,  by  a 
decree  of  the  Constituent  Assembly,  it 
was  mapped  out  de  novo  into  eighty- 
three  departments.  In  1804  the  numb'  r 
of  departments  was  increased  to  107,  and 
in  1812  to  130.  In  1815  the  territory  was 
reduced  to  eighty-six  departments,  and 
continued  so  till  18*30,  when  Savoy  and 
Nice  were  added.  The  present  number 
is  eighty-six. 

Dep'inges  (2  syl.)  or  Deep'ings.  A 
breadth  of  netting  to  be  sewed  on  a 
hoddy  (net)  to  make  it  sufficiently  large. 
Sometimes  the  breadth  is  called  a  depth, 
and  the  act  of  sewing  one  depth  on 
another  is  called  d(ej>ening  the  net.  In 
1574  the  Dutch  settlers  at  Yarmouth 
were  required  "  to  provide  themselvea 
with  twine  and  dopinges  in  foroicrn 
places." 


DEPUTATIONS. 


DEUCALION. 


221 


Deputations.  The  year  of  the  clepv^ 
Icitions.  The  eighth  of  the  Heilj'rah, 
after  Mahomet's  victory  over  the  Arabs 
near  Taif,  when  ilepntations  from  all 
parts  flocked  to  do  him  homage. 

Depute  (2  syl.).  To  tlejnito  means 
to  prune  or  cut  off  a  part;  deputation 
is  the  part  cut  off.  A  deputation  is  a 
slip  cut  off  to  represent  the  whole. 
CLatin,  depu'io.) 

Der  Froischvitz.  The  moat  Ger- 
man and  best  cf  Weber's  operas.  (See 
Freischl'Tz.) 

Derbend  (iron  <jates).  The  defile  be- 
tween the  Caspian  and  the  Black  Sea, 
once  fortified  by  a  wall,  and  closed  by 
iron  gates. 

lieyond  the  CasiMan's  Iron  Gntos. 

Derby  Stakes.  Started  by  Edward 
Smith  Stanley,  the  twelfth  earl  of  Derby, 
in  1780,  the  year  .after  his  establishment 
of  the  Oaks  stakes  (^.D.). 

The  Dciby  Day  is  the  day  when  the 
Derby  stakes  are  run  for ;  it  is  t!io 
second  Wednesday  of  the  great  Epsom 
Spring  Meeting,  in  May. 

Deri've  (2  syl.)  means  "back  to  its 
channel  or  source"  (Latin,  de  rivo).  The 
Latin  rivus  (a  river)  does  not  mean  the 
stream  or  current,  but  the  source  whence 
it  flows,  or  the  channel  through  which  it 
runs.  As  Ulpian  says,  "  Fous  sive  locus 
per  longitu'dincm  deprossus,  quo  aqua 
decurrat." 

Der'rick.  A  hangman  ;  a  temporary 
crane  to  remove  goods  from  the  hoKl  of 
a  vessel.  So  called  from  Derriclc,  the 
Tyburn  hangman  early  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  who  for  more  than  a 
hundred  years  gave  his  name  to  gibbets. 
(See  Hancman.) 

lie  rides  circuit  with  the  devil,  and  Derrick  must 
b«  hia  liost.  aiid  Tybunie  the  iuu  at  which  he  Kill 
hiht.—"  liMmim  oj  J.„„Ujh.-'     (IdlB.) 

Derry  Down.  This  choi-us,  says 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  is  not  only  as  old  as 
the  hejitarchy,  but  even  as  the  Dniidical 
times.  It  was  the  chorus  to  the  hymns 
sung  by  the  Druids  when  they  went  in 
Kiand  procession  to  gather  niistlctoo. — 
"  /i^anhoe,"  c.  xvii.     (iJtrry,  a  grove.) 

Der'wentwa'ter.  <Oord  Derveni- 
vaiei's  Lii/htg.  The  Auro'ra  borealis  ; 
so  called  from  Jauios,  earl  of  Derwent- 
Water,  Heheadod  for  rebellion  24th  Feb.. 


1716.     It  is  said  that  the  northern  lighta 
were  unusually  brilliant  on  that  night. 

Desdemo'na  (in  Shakespeare's 
"  Othello '  ).  Daughter  of  Brabantio. 
She  tell  in  love  with  Othello,  and  eloped 
with  him.  lago,  acting  on  the  jealous 
temper  of  the  Moor,  made  him  believe 
that  his  wife  had  an  intrigue  withCassio, 
and  in  confirmation  of  this  statement 
tohl  the  -Moor  that  she  had  given  Cassio 
a  pocket-handkerchief,  the  fact  being 
that  lago's  wife  had  purloined  it.  Othello 
asked  his  bride  for  it,  but  she  was  un- 
able to  find  it ;  whereupcn  the  Moor 
murdered  her  and  then  sUbbed  himself. 

She  .  .  .  was  ready  tn  listen  nv.d  weep,  like  Desds- 
lii<>u;i,  at  thu  stories  u£  hi*  diiiaei'i  aud  cauiljaigus.— 
TnacLeray. 

Desmas,  Dysmas,  or  Demos  {St.), 
Tiie  peniieut  liiief  is  called  by  this 
name  in  the  ancient  mysteries.  In  the 
ajjocryijlial  Go^-pcl  of  \icoJemus  the  peni- 
tent thief  is  called  Dysmas,  and  in  the 
Story  of  Joseph  of  ArinuitLea  Dcnias ; 
the  other  tijief  in  both  places  is  called 
(Jestas,  not  Gesmas.  Longfellow  calls 
the  penitent  thief  Titus,  and  the  other 
Dumauhus  {q.v.). 

Despair.  The  Giant  Despair,  in 
Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress,"  lived  in 
"  Doubting  Castle." 

Dessert'  moans  simply  the  cloth  re- 
moved (French,  desservir,  to  clear  the 
cloth) ,  and  dessert  is  that  which  comes 
after  the  cloth  is  removed. 

Destruction.  Prince  of  Destruction. 
Tamerlane  or  Timour  the  Tartar.    (1335, 

loGO-1405.) 

Des'ultory.  Those  who  rode  two  or 
more  horses  in  the  circus  of  Rome,  and 
used  to  leaf)  from  one  to  the  other,  were 
called  de.'-u/to'res  ;  hence  desidlor  came  in 
Latin  to  mean  one  inconstant,  or  who 
went  from  one  thing  to  another;  and 
d'.'sul'iory  means  after  iha  itniunerof  a  de- 
Bullor.    DcsuHliT  aiiwris,  &  u\A\e  coquette. 

Detest'  is  simply  to  witness  agaiaet. 
(Latin,  de-testor.) 

Deucalion  {See  Bone.s.) 
Deucalion  X  Flood.  According  to  Greek 
mythology,  Deucalion  was  a  king  of  I'hes- 
s.a!3',  in  whose  reiy:n  the  whole  world  w.as 
covered  with  a  deluge  in  consequence  of 
the  great  impiety  of  man.   (Se«  DELOUEa.) 


822 


DEUCE. 


DEVIL, 


Deuce  and  In'cubus.  The  night- 
mare. In'cubus  is  the  Latin  in'cubo  (to 
lie  on),  and  deuce  is  the  Greek  duso  (to 
sit  on).  Niffhtmaros  were  by  the  Celts 
supposed  to  be  caused  by  demons  called 
Dusiens  sitting  on  the  chest  of  a  sleeper. 
St.  Austin,  in  his  "  Do  civita'te  Dei," 
mentions  them— "  Quosdam  dic'mones, 
quos  du'sios  Galli  nun'cupant"  (xv.  23). 
Dr.  Whit;vker  says  Deuce  was  a  goddess 
nymph  of  the  Brigan'ti'Js ;  but  Sharon 
Turner  says  it  appeared  to  men  as  a 
female,  and  to  women  as  a  male  daemon. 

Deuce.  The  Deuce  is  in  you;  Deuce 
take  you  ;  What  the  Deuce  is  the  mailer  i 
These  all  refer  to  the  dremon  Deuce, 
mentioned  above.  (See  Play  the  Dkuce.  ) 

Deuce.  The  two  of  cards  or  dice 
(French,  deux).  The  three  is  called 
"Tray"  (French,  trois ;  Latin,  tres). 

A  sentleinan  being  pumhed  by  a  butcher'a  tray. 
eiclaimeil,  "Deuce  lake  the  tray."  "  Wc-U,"  Siiid 
Ihe  boy,  "  I  fion't  know  how  the  douce  is  to  take  the 
tray."— Jest  Book. 

Deus  (2  syl. ).  Deus  ex  ma'china.  The 
intervention  of  a  god  or  some  unlikely 
event  in  order  to  extricate  the  ditRcvilties 
into  which  a  clumsy  author  has  involved 
himself ;  any  forced  incident,  such  as  the 
arrival  of  a  rich  uncle  from  the  Indies  to 
help  a  young  couple  in  their  pecuniary 
embarrassments.  To  prove  that  the 
.  stars  are  inhabited  because  God  is  omni- 
potent is  to  bring  in  a  deus  ex  via' china. 
Literally,  it  means  "  a  god  (let  down 
upon  the  stage  or  flying  in  the  air)  by 
machinery." 

Deutas.  The  good  genii  of  Indian 
mythology.  They  dwell  at  Sorgon,  the 
paradise  of  the  demi-gods. 

De'va's  Vale.  The  valley  of  the 
river  Dee  or  Deva,  in  Cheshire,  cele- 
brated for  its  pastures  and  dairy  produce. 

He  cho^e  a  farm  in  Pcva's  vale. 
Where  his  long  alleys  peepci  upon  the  main. 
r/io7)i*on,  "  VuitU  of  twUiUnci,"  caaio  ii. 

Deven'dren,  king  of  the  demigods, 
who  lived  in  Sorgon  (paradise),  where  he 
presided  over  330,000  divinities.  lie  is 
represented  full  of  eyes,  and  with  four 
hands,  and  sits  on  an  elephant.  {iRdian 
mythology.) 

Devil.  Represented  with  a  cloven 
foot,  because  by  tlie  IJabbiuical 
■write  ra  he  is  called  seirissim  (a 
goat.)  As  the  go, it  is  a  type  of 
•ncleanness.    the     prince     of     unclean 


ppirits     is     aptly     represented     under 
this  emblem. 

The  Devil  among  the  Tailors.  On  Dow- 
tun's  benefit  at  the  11  aymiirket,  some  7000 
journeynipn  tailors  couirregated  in  and 
aiound  thn  thoatre  to  prevent  ;i  burlesque 
called,  The  Tailors:  a  Tragedy  for  varm 
weather,  which  they  considered  insulting 
to  the  triido.  Fairburn's  edition  of  this 
play  is  headed  "The  Devil  among  the 
Tiiilors,"  and  contains  an  account  of  this 
frac.is.  (See  also  Biographia  Dramatira, 
article  Tailors.)  There  is  a  Scotch  reel 
so  called. 

A  Printer's  Devil.  Formerly  the  buy 
who  took  the  printed  sheets  from  the 
tympan  of  the  press.  Old  Moxon  says, 
"  They  do  commonlj'  so  black  and  bedaub 
themselves  that  the  workmen  do  jocosely 
call  thom  devils."  The  errand  boy  is  now 
so  called.  It  is  said  tliat  Aldo  iManuzio, 
Venetian  printer, pmplo3'ed  a  black  slave, 
thought  to  bo  an  imp. 

I.  Aldo  Manuiio.  printer  to  the  Doge,  have  tins  d.iy 
iM-nde  public  exposure  of  the  printer's  deviL    AM  wh« 
tiink  he  ia  not  flesh  and  l)',ood  may  come  and  pinch  him, 
Prodamatum  of  Aldo  Manuzio,  1 J90 

Robert  the  Devil,  of  Normandy.  {See 
KoBEiiT  Le  Diable.) 

The  French  Denl.  Jean  Bart,  an  in- 
trepid  French  sailor,  born  at  Dunkirk. 
(165017('2,) 

The  White  Devil  of  Walla' chia.  George 
Castrio'ta  was  ho   called  by  the  Turks. 

(1404-1467.) 

Cheating  tlie  Devil.  Mincing  an  oath  ; 
doing  evil  for  gain,  and  giving  part  of 
the  profits  to  the  church,  kc.  It  is  by 
no  means  unusual  in  monkish  traditions. 
Thus  the  "  Devil's  Bridge "  is  a  single 
arch  over  a  cataract.  It  is  said  that  his 
Satanic  majesty  had  knocked  down  seve- 
ral bridges,  but  promised  the  abbot 
Giraldus  of  Einsiedel  to  let  this  one 
stand,  provided  the  abbot  would  consign 
to  him  the  first  living  thing  that  crossed 
it.  When  the  bridge  was  finished,  the 
abbot  threw  across  it  a  loaf  of  bread, 
which  a  hungi-y  dog  ran  after,  and  "the 
rocks  re-echoed  with  peals  of  laughter  to 
see  the  devil  thus  defeated."  —  Long- 
fellow, "  Golden  Legend,"  v. 

Rabelais  says  that  a  farmer  once  bar- 
gained with  the  devil  for  each  to  have  on 
alternate  years  what  grew  under  and 
over  the  soil.     The  c.inuio  farmer  sowwl 


DEVIL. 


DEVIL. 


2SS 


carrote  and  turnips  when  it  ttm  his  turn 
to  have  the  under-soil  share,  and  wheat 
and  barley  the  year  following. 

Oone  to  the  Devil.  To  ruin.  The  Devil 
and  St.  Dunstan  was  the  sign  of  a  public- 
house,  No.  2  Fleet  St.,  much  frequented 
by  lawyers.  When  thoy  went  to  (iiiitier. 
they  placed  a  notice  on  their  door,  "Gone 
to  tlie  Devil,"  and  as  those  who  neglected 
their  work  were  constantly  absent  from 
their  rooms,  the  expression  came  to  sig- 
nify "Gone  to  the  bad." 

Dined  tr>-.lay  with  l><:  GartU  and  Mr.  Addison  at 
tUe  Dev:!  'J'afern.  near  Temple  Bar,  aud  Gurtli 
tr.  ^itii— Swift,  "  LMtr  lo  HU'Mir 

Son  of  tlie  Di'vil.  Ezzeli'no,  chief  of  the 
Gibelins,  and  governor  of  Viconza,  was  so 
called  for  his  infamous  cruelties.  1215- 
1259.) 

Fierce  Eielin,  that  most  inhuman  lord. 
Who  shall  be  deemed  by  men  the  child  of  hell. 
Rati,  "  O'JjnJo  lurioia,"  ii\.Z'X 

Talk  of  the  devil  and  he's  sure  to  come. 
Said  of  a  person  who  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  conversation,  and  who  unex- 
pectedly makes  his  appearance.  An 
older  proverb  still  is,  "Talk  of  the  dule, 
an  he'll  put  out  his  horns  ;"  but  the 
modem  euphemism  is,  "  Talk  of  an 
angel,  and  you'll  see  its  wings."  If 
"  from  the  fulness  of  the  heart  the 
mouth  speaketh,"  their  heart  must  bo 
full  of  the  evil-one  who  talk  about  him, 
and  if  the  heart  is  full  of  him  he  cannot 
be  far  oft". 

Since  therefore  'tis  to  combat  evil, 
'T;8  lawful  to  employ  tka  Devil. 
Forthwith  ths  iievit  did  appear. 
For  name  him  and  he's  alwayn  near. 

Prior,  "  JJatis  C'urriJ." 

The  Devil  and  hi.i  Dam.  The  devil 
and  his  demons.  This  expression  occurs 
six  times  in  Shakespeare.  (See  foitrth 
aHicle  further  on. ) 

TIu  Devil  and  Dr.  Faviifii.i.  Faust 
was  the  first  printer  of  Bibles,  aud 
issued  a  large  number  in  imitation  of 
those  sold  as  manuscripts.  These  he 
passed  off  in  Paris  as  genuine,  and  sold 
for  sixty  crowns  apiece,  the  usual  price 
being  500  crowns.  The  uniformity  of 
the  books,  their  rapid  sui)ply,  and  their 
unusual  cheapness,  excited  astonishment. 
Information  was  laid  as'ainst  him  for 
magic,  and  in  searching  his  lodgings  the 
brilliant  rod  ink  with  which  his  copies 
were  adorned  w.as  declared  to  bo  his 
blijod.  lie  was  charged  with  dealings 
with  the  devil,  and  condemned  to  bo 
burat    lUivo.      To   w,ve   himself,  he  re- 


vealed his  secret  to  the  Paris  Parlement, 
and  his  invention  became  the  admiration 
of  the  world.  N.  B. — This  tradition  is  not 
to  be  accepted  as  history. 

T/ii  Devil,  and  Tom  M'alker.  An  Ame- 
rican proverb,  used  as  a  caution  to 
iisurers.  Tom  Walker  was  a  poor  miserly 
man,  born  at  Massachusetts  in  1727,  and 
it  is  said  that  he  sold  himself  to  the 
devil  for  wealth.  Be  this  as  it  may, 
Tom  suddenly  became  very  rich,  and 
opened  a  counting-house  at  i5oston,  dur- 
ing the  money  panic  which  prevailed  in 
the  time  of  governor  Belcher.  By  usury 
he  grew  richer  and  richer  ;  but  one  day, 
as  he  was  foreclosing  a  mortgage  with  a 
poor  land-jobber,  a  black  man  on  a  black 
horse  knocked  at  the  office  door.  Tom 
went  to  open  it,  aud  was  never  seen 
again.  Of  course  the  good  people  of 
Boston  searched  his  office,  but  all  his 
coffers  were  found  empty  ;  and  during 
the  night  his  house  caught  fire,  and 
was  burnt  to  the  ground.—  Washington 
Irving,  "  Tales  of  a  Traveller." 

Tlie  Devil  catch  the  hindmost.  In  Scot- 
land it  is  said  when  a  class  of  students 
have  made  a  certain  progress  in  their 
mystic  studies,  they  are  obliged  to  run 
through  a  subterranean  ball,  anci  the 
last  man  is  seized  by  the  devil,  and 
becomes  his  imp. 

Tlie  Devil  is  heating  his  mother  (Ger- 
man). Said  when  rain  and  sunshine 
quickly  alternate.  The  old  German  and 
Norse  mythologies  speak  of  male  aud 
female  demons,  the  latter  mild  and 
gentle,  and  Ulfilas  translates  daimon  by 
iinhnltho  (she-devils).  The  Germans 
say,  "Where  the  devil  cannot  come, 
there  he  sends  his  grandmother  " — mean- 
ing, where  a  malignant  tempter  will  not 
succeed,  a  mild  and  insinuating  tempta- 
tion will. 

The  devil  mitst  be  striking  (German). 
Said  when  it  thunders.  The  old  Norse 
Donar  means  Thor,  equal  to  Jupiter,  the 
god  of  thunder,  and  donner  is  the  Ger- 
man for  thunder  or  devil,  as  may  bo 
seen  in  the  expression,  "  The  run-away 
goose  is  gone  to  the  devil  (donner)." 

Tht  devil  to  pay.  The  entire  sentence 
is,  The  dtvil  to  pay,  and  no  pitch  hot.  To 
"  })ay  "  the  senms  of  a  ship  is  tu  pitch 
them  with  hot  pitch.  (Frenoii,  payer, 
from  jHiix,  poix,  pitch ;  Latin,  pix.) 
Devil  is  any  dirty  slab ;  hence,  "  The 
devil  to  pay,  and  no  j>itch  hot,"  means, 
the  slab  is  come  to  pitch  the  Rc.ir.is  of 


224 


DEVIL. 


DIABLB. 


the  ship,  and  there  is  no  pitch  hot — i.e., 
there  is  nothing  ready,  our  money  is  all 
thrown  away.  Hence,  "  Here's  the  very 
devil  to  pay  "  means,  hero's  a  shocking 
waste  of  money.  "  The  Devil  to  Pay"  is 
the  name  of  a  farce  by  Jobson  and  Nelly. 

To  kindle  a  fire  for  the  devil  is  to  offer 
sacrifice,  to  do  what  is  really  sinful, 
under  the  delusion  that  you  are  doing 
God  service. 

To  hold  a  candle  to  the  devil  is  to 
abet  an  evildoer  out  of  fawning  fear. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  story  of  an  old 
woman  who  .set  one  wax  taper  l>eforo  the 
image  of  St.  Michael,  and  another  before 
tlie  devil  whom  he  was  trampling  under 
foot.  Being  reproved  for  paying  such 
honour  to  Satan,  she  naively  replied  : 
"  Ye  see,  your  honour,  it  is  quite  un- 
certain which  place  I  sh.ill  go  to  at  last, 
and  sure  you  will  not  VJame  a  poor 
woman  for  securing  a  friend  in  each." 

Devil's  Arrows  (Yorkshire). 
Three  remarkable  "  Druid  "  stones,  near 
Boroughbri<lge,  similar  to  Harold's 
Stones,  and  probably  marking  poma  boun- 
dary. 

Devil's  Bones.  Dice,  which  are 
made  of  bones  and  lead  to  ruin. 

Devil's  Books.  Playing  cards.  A 
Presbyterian  phrase  used  in  reproof  of 
the  term  King's  Books,  applied  to  a 
pack  of  cards  from  the  French  livre  des 
quatre  rois  (the  book  of  the  four  kings). 

Devil's  Bridge.  Over  the  falls  of 
the  Jvcu.-s,  iu  tlie  canton  of  Uri. 

Devil's  Candle.  So  the  Arabs  call 
the  mandrake,  from  its  shining  appear- 
ance at  night. — RlclMrdson. 

Those  hellish  fires  that  lieht 
The  mandrake's  cbaruel  leiTes  at  iii^ht. 

'/'.  iloure,  "  J<\ie  ll'orsAijjpers." 

Devil's  Den.  A  cromlech  in  a  val- 
ley, near  Marlborough.  It  now  con- 
sists of  two  larj,'o  uprii^^hts  and  an  impost. 
The  third  upright  has  fallen.  Some  of 
the  farm  labourers  a  few  years  ago 
fastened  a  team  of  horses  to  the  impost 
and  tried,  but  without  etleot,  to  drag  it 
down. 

In  the  valley  are  a  vast  number  of  huge 
sandstones  called  Sarsens  (Sarsdens),  or 
when  unbroken,  Grey  Wethers. 

Devil's  Dust.  The  dust  and  sweep- 
ings of  cloth,  made  into  a  fabric  by  gum 
»Dd  pro«<iu'o.     Mr.  Ferrand  introducod 


the  subject  to  the  attention  of  Parlia- 
ment, March  4,  1842.  It  is  bo  called 
from  the  dishonesty  and  falsehood  which 
it  covers.— iMlimtr's  SiTinnns. 

Devil's  Own.  (Connaught  Boys.) 
The  &8th  Foot.  So  called  by  General 
Picton  from  tlieir  bravery  iu  the  Peuiiisu- 
lar  War.  1809-1^14. 

Applied  also  to  the  Inns  of  Court 
Volunteers,  the  members  of  which  are 
lawyers. 

Devil's  Throat  (jT/ze).  Cromer  bay. 
So  called  from  its  danger  to  navigation. 

Devon.  Saxon  dffn-afon  (deep 
water),  contractori  into  def'on  or  dev'on. 

Devonshire,  according  to  English 
mythologj',  is  a  corruption  of  Dcbon's- 
share.  Tbis  Debon  was  one  of  the  heroes 
who  came  with  Brute  from  Troy.  One 
of  the  giants  that  he  slew  in  the  south 
coasts  of  England  was  Coulin,  whom  he 
chased  to  a  vast  pit,  eight  leagues  across. 
The  monster  trying  to  leap  this  pit,  fell 
backwards,  and  lost  his  life  in  the  chasm. 
When  Brutus  allotted  out  the  island,  this 
portion  became  Debon's-share. 

Am!  eke  that  antiile  pit,  yet  far  renowned 
For  the  great  leap  whicli  Uebju  rlij  compeU 

Cc'ulin  lo  make,  beiuu'  eiirlit  Incs  of  grownd, 
luto  the  which  rctuur  lin^  bak  he  fell... 

In  mede  of  these  great  coni^uetts  by  them  got 
Con'neus  had  that  proviuce  utmost  west.. 
AuJ  Deboa's  share  was  thai  is  Di/voDshire. 

Spfnsei\  "  I'aeiiJ  Queen,"  ii.  IS. 

Devonshire  Poet.  0.  Jones,  a 
journeyman  wool-comber,  who  lived  at 
the  close  of  the  last  century. 

Dew-beaters.     The  feet ;  shoes  to 

resist  the  wet. 

Huld   out  your   dew-beatPrs  til!   I  take   off  tbe 

darbies  ,iron  suoc-s  ur  fetters).— PeiWTTi  c/the  Pe,ik. 

Dew-drink.  A  draught  before 
breakfast.  In  harvest  the  men  are  al- 
lowed, in  some  counties,  a  drink  of  beer 
before  they  begin  work.  Dew-lit  is  a 
snack  before  breakfast. 

DgellabEe'an.  The  Persian  era. 
Dgella  Eddin,  son  of  Togrul  Bog,  ap- 
pointed eight  astronomers  to  reform  the 
calendar.  The  era  began  a. I).  1075,  and 
is  followed  to  this  day. 

Dhul'dul.  The  famous  horse  of  Ali 
son-in  law  of  Mahomet. 

Diable  (Le).  Olivier  Led.iin,  the  tool 
of  Louis  XL,  and  once  the  king's  barber. 
Sq  called  because  ho  was  as  much  fcarfyj 


DIADEM. 


DIANORA. 


22S 


M  his  Satanic  majesty,   and  even  nioro 
disliked.     (Hung  1434.) 

Diahle.  "  Eobert  lo  Diablo,"  Meyer- 
beer's grand  opera.    {See  Robeut.) 

Di'adem  meant,  orifrinally,  a  fillet 
wound  round  the  head.  The  diadem  of 
Bacchus  was  a  broad  band,  which  might 
be  imfolded  so  as  to  make  a  veil.  Con- 
etautine  the  Groat  was  the  first  of  the 
Roman  emperors  who  wore  a  diadem. 
After  his  time  it  was  sot  with  rows  of 
pearls  and  precious  stones.  (Greek,  dto, 
to  bind.) 

Dialec'tics.  Metaphysics  ;  the  art 
of  disput.ition  ;  that  sti-i(.'tly  logical  dis- 
cussion which  leads  to  reliable  res\ilts. 
The  product  or  resiilt  is  ideas,  which, 
being  classified,  produce  knowledge  ;  but 
all  knowledge  being  of  the  divine  types, 
must  conduce  more  or  less  to  practical 
results  and  good  morals.  (Greek,  dui- 
lego,  to  speak  thoroughly.) 

The  following  questions  from  John 
of  Salisbury  are  fair  specimens  of  the 
Middle-age  subjects  of  discussion  : — 

(1)  When  a  person  buyD  a  whole  cloak,  does  tli* 
oowl  bel>.u;;  to  Iiih  purchase  '/ 

(2)  When  a  hog  i»  dmeii  to  market  ui-h  a  rope 
roiiu  I  its  aevk.  does  the  man  or  the  rupe  take  hi:]>  ? 

Di'amond.  A  corruption  of  ada- 
nuLUt.  So  called  because  the  diamond, 
which  cuts  other  substances,  can  be  cut 
or  polished  with  no  substance  but  itself. 
(Greek,  a  damao,  what  cannot  be  sub- 
dued.) 

Di'amond  (3  syl.).  Son  of  Ai;'app,  a 
fairy.  He  was  very  strong,  and  fought 
either  on  foot  or  horse  with  a  battle-axe. 
He  was  slain  in  single  combat  by  Cam'- 
halo.  (&«  TlUAMOND.)— <SjDe«4er,  '" Fagry 
Queen,"  bk.  iv. 

Duimond  cut  diamond.  Cunning  out- 
witting cunning ;  a  hard  bargain  over- 
reached. A  diamond  is  so  lianl  that  it 
can  only  be  ground  by  diamond  dust,  or 
by  rubbing  one  against  another. 

A  diamond  of  llic  jirst  vaier.  A  man 
of  the  highest  merit.  Tlio  colour  or 
lustre  of  a  pearl  or  diamond  is  called  ita 
"water."  One  of  the  "first  water"  is 
one  of  t.he  best  colour  and  most  brilliant 
lustre.  We  say  also,  "A  man  pf  the 
first  water." 

The  Diamond  Jousls.  .Jousts  iusti- 
tutod  by  king  Arthur,  "who  by  tliat 
name  had  named  tiio-m,  since  a  diamond 
WHS  the  prize."  Ere  he  was  king,  he 
oamo,  by  accident,  to  aglcQ  in  Lyonnesse* 
1 


where  two  brothers  had  met  in  combat. 
Each  was  slain  ;  but  one  had  worn  a 
crown  of  diamonds,  which  Arthur  picked 
up,  and  when  he  became  king  ottered 
the  nine  diamonds  as  the  prize  of  nine 
several  jousts,  "ono  every  year,  a  joust 
for  one."  Lancelot  had  won  eight,  and 
intended  to  present  them  all  to  the 
queen  "  when  all  were  won."  When  the 
knight  laid  thcra  before  the  queen, 
Guinevere,  in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  Hung  thorn 
out  of  the  palace  window  into  the  river 
which  ran  helov/.— Idylls  of  the  King, 
"Elaine." 

Diamonds.     {See  Black.) 

Dian'a  (3  syl.).  The  temple  of  Diana 
at  Eph'esus  was  set  on  fire  by  Heros'tra- 
tos,  for  the  sake  of  perpetuating  his 
name.  The  lonians  decreed  tliat  any 
ono  who  mentioned  his  name  should  be 
put  to  death,  but  this  very  decree  gava 
it  immortality.  The  temple  was  dis- 
covered in  1S72  by  Mr.  Wood. 

Great  is  Diana  of  Uie  E}the.nans.  No- 
thing like  leather  ;  self-interest  blinds 
the  eyes.  Deme'trios  was  a  silvorsmilh 
of  Eph'esus,  who  made  gold  and  silver 
fchrines  for  tho  temple  of  Diana.  When 
Christianity  was  preached  in  the  city, 
and  there  was  danger  of  substituting  the 
simplicity  of  tho  Gospel  for  the  grandeur 
of  idolatry,  the  silversmiths,  headed  l>y 
Dometrios,  stirred  the  pe^iple  to  a  riot, 
and  they  cried  o>it  with  ono  voice  for 
the  space  of  two  hours,  "Great  is  Diaua 
of  the  Ephesians  !" 

Dian's  Worshippers.  Midnight 
revellers.  So  called  because  they  return 
home  by  moonlight.  Diun  moans  the  moon. 

Diano'ra  was  the  wife  of  Gilberto  of 
Friu'li,  but  was  passionately  beloved  by 
Ansaldo.  In  order  to  get  rid  of  his 
importunitj',  sho  told  hi.-B  she  would 
never  grant  his  suit  ami  i>rove  untrue 
till  he  made  her  garden  at  midwinter  as 
full  of  Howors  and  odours  as  if  it  were 
midsummer.  By  the  aid  of  a  magician. 
Ansaldo  accomplished  this,  and  claimed 
his  reward.  Diano'ra  wont  to  moot  him, 
and  told  him  sho  had  obeyed  tho  com- 
mand of  her  husband  in  so  doing.  An- 
saldo, not  to  bo  outdone  in  courtesy, 
released  hor  ;  and  Giiborto  became  the 
firm  fiionil  of  Ansaldo  from  that  day  to 
the  end  of  his  \\io.— Bi>ccaccio,  "  Deai. 
meron,"  day  x.  6.     {Su  DoHiasH.) 


220 


DIAPASON. 


DIB. 


Diapa'son.     Drydon  says — 

From  Imrniony.  from  henvcnly  liarmon; 
'I'he  uuiversal  frame  liei^an  ; 

From  riarm-'uv  to  hirmouy 

Thro'  all  the  ocjmi>a-B  of  the  uot«a  it  ten. 
The  diapason  clos'ug  full  in  mnn. 

Hong /or  Ht.  Cecilia'a  Dai;. 

According  to  tho  Pytbagore'an  system, 
tLo  world  is  a  pioco  of  harmony,  and 
man  the  full  chord,  which  consists  of  a 
fundamental  or  tonic,  its  major  third,  its 
just  {ifth,  and  its  octave. 


From  this  di.xijrara  it  will  he  seen  at  a 
glance  that  di\-pason(//4ro!(.9A  alt)  means 
the  complete  chord,  or,  accordiag  to 
another  system ,  a  "  microcosm  of  nature. " 
Man  touches  Deity,  passes  through  all 
the  planets,  and  twiches  earth.  It  is 
because  he  touches  Deity  that  ho  has  an 
immortal  soul,  and  it  is  because  he  rims 
through  the  planets  that  the  planets  in- 
fluence his  nature.     {See  MICROCOSM.) 

Diar  or  DroUnar.  A  kind  of  priest, 
twelve  of  whom  presided  over  the  tem- 
ples of  Odin.     (Scandinavian  mythology.) 

Diav'olo  (Fra).  Michele  Pozza,  an  in- 
surgent of  CalaTiria.  (1760-1806.)  Scribe 
wrote  a  libretto  on  this  hero  for  Auber. 

Dibs  or  Dihhs.  Money.  A  college 
perversion  of  diohs  —  i.e.,  diobolus,  a 
classic  coin  equal  to  2^d.  The  school- 
boy word  tip  is  another  form  of  dibbs, 
as  in  the  phrase,  "  He  gave  me  a  famous 
tip  "—i.e.,  present  of  money. 

The  huckle-bones  of  sheep  used  for 
gambling  purposes  are  called  dibbs  ;  and 
Locke  speaks  of  stones  used  for  the  same 
game,  which  he  calls  dihstones. 

Dicilla  (in  "Orlando  Furioso").  One 
of  Logistilla's  handmaids,  famous  for  her 
chastity. 

Dick.  That  happened  in  the  reii/n  of 
g%een,  Did — i.e.,  never  i  there  never  was 
a  ^tt«eQ  Richard. 


Dick's  Hatband. 

(1.)  As  light  as  Dick's  luxlbaTid.  The 
hatliand  of  Richard  Cromwell  was  the 
crow  u,  which  was  too  tight  for  him  to 
wear  with  safety. 

(2.)  Dick's  hatband,  whu,h  was  made  of 
sand.  His  regal  honours  were  "a  rope 
of  sand." 

(3.)  As  queer  as  Dick's  hathand.  Few 
things  have  been  more  ridiculous  than 
the  exaltation  and  abdication  of  the 
Protector's  son. 

(4. )  A  sfiiie  as  Dick's  hathand.  The 
crown  of  England  would  be  a  very 
fine  thing  for  any  one  to  get. 

<3  Dickens.  A  perverted  oath,  cor- 

*\«^    rupted  from  "Nick."      Mrs.   Page 
"    ^  says— 

I  cannot  ttll  what  the  dickenehis  iiaitie  is. 
Shdktxiieare,  '  Mtrry  Wwti  o/  Wmdaoi ,"  m.  X. 

Dickey  or  Dick^.  A  donkey ;  an- 
ciently called  a  Dick-ass,  now  termed 
Jack-ass.  It  is  a  term  of  endearment, 
as  we  call  a  pet  bird  a  dickii-hird.  The 
ass  is  called  Dick-y  (little  Richard), 
Cuddy  \Uttle  Cuthbert),  Neddy  (little 
Edward),  Jack -ass,  Moke  or  Slike,  kc. 

Dickey.  The  rumble  behind  a  car- 
riiige  ;  also  a  leather  apron,  a  child's  bib, 
and  a  false  shirt  or  front.  All  these  are 
from  the  same  root  (Dutch,  dekken;  Ger- 
man, decken;  Saxon,  thecan;  Latin,  tego, 
to  cover). 

Dicta'tor  of  Letters.  Francois 
Marie  Arouet  de  Voltaire,  called  the 
Grtat  Pan.     (1694-1778.) 

Didactic  Poetry  is  poetry  that 
teaches  some  moral  lesson,  as  Pojie's 
"Essay  on  Man."  (Greek,  didaslco,  1 
teach). 

Diddler  (Jeremy').  An  artful  swin- 
dler; a  clever,  seedy  vagabond,  borrow- 
ing money  or  obtaining  credit  by  his  wit 
and  wits.  From  Kenny's  farce  called 
"  Raising  the  Wind." 

Did'eriek^    (See  Dietrich.) 

Di'do.  It  w.-is  Porson  who  said  he 
could  rhyme  on  any  subject,  and  being 
asked  to  rhj-me  upon  the  three  Latin 
gerimds,  gave  this  couplet — 

When  \>Wm  found  Eneis  would  not  come. 

She  mooiued  in  silence,  and  wa£  I>i-<io  dum(b). 

Die.     The  die  is   cast.     The   step  is 
taken,  and  I  cannot  draw  back.     So  said 
J  ulius  Caisa  r  v.lio  n  h  e  crossed  the  Rubicon. 
I  ha> .  sat  u.y  li.e  upon  the  cast, 
Aad  I  will  stand  the  hax&rd  .if  the  die.- 

ShcJitSUia.i,  "  &n\ard  HI,-  v. 4 


DIE-HARDS. 


DILIGENCE. 


227 


Dis-hards.  The  57th  Foot,  so  callad 
from  their  gallantry  at  Albue'ra.     1811. 

Diego  (Sun).  A.  corruption  of  San- 
tiago (St.  James),  champion  of  the  rod 
cross,  and  patron  saint  of  Spain. 

Dies  Ir03.  A  famous  niedi:cval  hymn 
en  the  la^t  judgment,  probably  the  com- 
position of  Thomas  of  Cela'no,  a  native 
of  Abruzzi,  who  died  in  1255.  Sir  Walter 
Scott  has  introduced  the  former  part  oi 
it  into  his  "  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel." 
Dies  irae,  dies  ilia, 
Solret  eaeolum  in  favilla. 
Teste  Dun  id  cum  Sitiylls. 
On  that  day.  that  tlay  of  ire, 
Saith  the  King  of  Wisduiii's  sire, 
Eurth  shall  melt  with  fervent  Sre. 

Dies  !N"on.  A  non-business  day. 
A  law  phrase,  meaning  a  day  when  the 
courts  do  not  sit,  as  on  Sundays;  the 
i'urification,  in  Hilary  term  ;  the  Asceu- 
Bion,  in  Easter  term  ;  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist, in  Trinity  term  ;  and  ^UI  Saints  with 
A.11  Souls,  in  Michaelmas  term. 

Dies  San'guinis.  The  24th  March, 
called  Bello'na's  Day,  when  the  Roman 
notaries  of  the  w-vr-goddess  cut  them- 
selves and  drank  the  sacrificial  blood  to 
propitiato  the  deity. 

Dietrich  (2  syl.),  of  Borne  or  Vero'na, 
ft  name  given  by  the  German  minno- 
Riingcrs  {minslfds)  to  Theod'oric  the 
Gieat,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths.  One  of  the 
liegemen  of  king  Etzel.  In  the  terrible 
broil  stirred  up  by  queen  Kriemhild  in 
the  banquet- hall  of  the  Ilunnish  king, 
after  the  slaughter  of  Sir  Rudiger,  his 
friend  Dietrich  interfered,  and  succeeded 
in  taking  prisoners  the  only  two  sun'iving 
Burgundians,  kings  Gunther  and  Hagan, 
whom  he  handed  over  to  Kriemhild, 
praying  that  she  would  set  them  free, 
but  the  angry  queen  cut  off  both  their 
heads  with  her  own  ha.nC.B.— The  JVibe- 
lungen-Lied. 

Dieu.  Dim  et  mon  droit  (God  and  my 
right).  The  Iparole  of  Richard  I.  at  the 
battle  of  Gisors  (1198),  meaning  that  ho 
was  no  vassal  of  France,  but  owed  his 
royalty  to  God  alone.  As  the  French 
were  signally  beaten,  the  battle-word  wa* 
adopted  as  the  royal  motto  of  England. 

Difference.  Ophelia  says  to  the 
Queen,  "  You  may  wear  your  rue  with 
a  difference."  In  horaldry  di'Jerenca  or 
marls  of  cadency  indicate  the  rarioiu 
branches  of  a  famiiy. 


Tm  eldest  son  (during  the  life-time  of 
his  father)  bears  a  label. 

The  second  son  a  a'excnt. 

The  third,  a  mtwet. 

The  fourth,  a  maHlef. 

The  fifth,  an  annulet. 

The  sixth,  a.Jleur-de-lia. 

The  seventh,  a  rose. 

The  eighth,  a  cross-moUtu. 

The  ninth,  a  dijuhle  quatre/oJl. 
Ophelia  says  both  she  and  the  Queen  are 
to  wear  rue,  the  one  as  the  affianced  of 
Hamlet,  eldest  son  of  the  late  king,  the 
other  as  the  wife  of  (/"lauilius  his  brother, 
r.nd  the  cadet  branch.  The  latter  was  to 
have  a  "difference,"  to  signify  it  was  a 
cadet  branch.  Ophelia  says,  "I  shall 
wear  the  rue,  but  you  (the  Queen)  must 
now  wear  it  with  a  '  difference.'  " 

Dig'gory.  A  bam  labourer,  taken 
on  grand  occasions  for  butler  and  foot- 
man to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hardcastle.  He 
laughs  and  talks  while  serving,  and  is 
as  gauche  as  possible. — OohLvnith,  "  She 
Stoops  to  Conquer." 

Digit.  The  first  nine  numerals,  so 
called  from  the  habit  of  counting  as  far 
as  ten  on  the  fingers.  (Latin,  digitus,  a 
finger.) 

Dilem'ma.  Tlu  Aonw  of  a  dilemma. 
"Lemma"  means  a  thing  taken  for 
granted  (Greek,  lam'hano,  to  take).  "Di- 
lemma" is  a  double  lemma,  a  two-edt;cd 
sword  which  strikes  both  w.^ys,  cr  a  bull 
which  will  toss  you  whichever  horn  you 
lay  hold  of.  A  young  rhetorician  said  to 
an  old  sophist,  "Teach  me  to  plead,  and 
I  will  pay  you  when  1  gain  a  cause." 
The  master  sued  for  payment,  and  the 
scholar  pleaded,  "  If  I  gain  the  cause  I 
shall  not  pay  you,  because  the  judge  will 
say  I  am  not  to  pay  ;  and  if  I  lose  my 
cause  I  shall  not  bo  required  to  pay,  ac- 
cording to  the  terms  of  our  agreement." 
To  this  the  master  replied,  "  Not  so  ;  if 
you  gain  your  cause  you  must  pay  me 
according  to  the  terms  of  our  agreement ; 
and  if  you  lose  your  cau^^e,  the  jud^-o  will 
condemn  you  to  pay  me." 

Dilettan'te  (Italian).  An  amateur 
of  the  tine  arts,  in  opposition  to  a  pro- 
fessor.    Plural,  dilettanti. 

These  Rrntlenitn  are  to  l*  JiiJK«d,  not  aa  dilet- 
tanti, but  u  proffiBorn.— .li/iejufuBv 

Diligence  is  that  energy  and  in- 
dustry which  we  show  when  wo  do  wh»> 


228 


DIMANCIlE. 


D10NY8IU8. 


we  like  (Latin,  dil'igo,  I  like) ;  but 
indolence  is  that  listless  manner  with 
which  we  do  what  thoroughly  vexes  us. 
(Latin,  in,  intensive;  doleo,  to  grieve.) 

'Dvaxa,r\.'c\\.e( Monsieur).  A  dun.  The 
term  is  from  Molifere's  "  Don  Juan,"  and 
would  be  in  English,  Mr.  Sunday.  The 
word  dimanche  is  a  corruption  and  con- 
traction of  dies  Dwiiin'ka  (the  Lord's 
day). 

Dim'issory.  A  letter  dimixsory  is  a 
letter  from  the  bishop  of  one  diocese  to 
some  other  bishop,  giving  leave  for  the 
bearer  to  be  ordained  by  him.  (Latin, 
di-mitto,  to  send  away.) 

Dim'ity.  A  cloth  so  called  from 
Damietta,  in  Egypt,  where  it  was  ori- 
ginally manufactured.  Parsons  suggests 
the  Greek  di-miios  (double  thread). 

Di'nah  (Aunt),  in  Sterne's  "Tristram 
Shandy."  She  leaves  Mr.  Walter  Shandy 
£1,000,  which  he  fancies  will  enable  him 
to  carry  out  all  the  wild  schemes  that 
enter  into  his  head. 

23inde  (1  syl.).  The  French  for  a 
turkey  is  ^^ou^ei  d'Inde  (an  Indian  fowl). 
This  is  an  error,  as  the  bird  comes  from 
America ;  unless,  indeed,  the  whole 
Westei-n  continent,  with  all  its  con- 
tiguous islands,  be  called  by  the  name 
of  West  Indies.  Our  word  "turkey"  is 
no  better,  as  it  seems  to  indicate  that 
the  bird  is  a  native  ot  Turkey ;  but  all 
that  is  meant  is  the  turkey-red  bird, 
referriag  to  the  deep  red  of  the  wattle. 

Dine.    {See  Dinnerlkss,  HDMPnBET.) 

Ding-dong.  T/iey  went  at  it  ding- 
dong.  Fighting  in  good  earnest.  To 
ding  is  to  beat  or  bruise  (Saxon,  denegan)  ; 
dong  is  a  responsive  word.  One  gives  a 
ding  and  the  other  a  dong. 

Dinner.  (^Waitiug  for),ih.e  "mauvais 
qu'irt  d'iii'urp." 

Dinnerless.  Their  hosts  are  the  cross- 
leq'ged  kn  ights.  That  is,  the  stone  effigies 
of  the  Round  church.  In  this  church 
nt  one  time  lawyers  met  their  clients, 
and  here  a  host  of  vagabonds  used  to 
loiter  about  all  day,  under  the  hope  of 
being  hired  as  witnesses.  Dining  with 
the  cross-legged  knights  meant  much 
the  same  thing  as  'lining  with  duke 
Humphrey  (q.v.). 

Di'nos.    One  of  the  horses  of  Diomed. 


Dint.  Bi/  dint  of  \car  ;  by  di,it  oj 
argument;  by  dint  of  hard  work.  Dint 
means  a  blow  or  striking  (Saxon,  dyut) ; 
whence  perseverance,  power  exerted, 
force  ;  it  also  means  the  indentation 
made  by  a  blow. 

Diocle'tian.    The  Roman  emperor, 

noted  for  his  fierce  persecution  of  the 
Christians,  303.  The  emperor  Constan- 
tino, on  the  other  hand,  was  the  "  Dur» 
iug  father"  of  the  Church. 

To  make  the  Church's  glory  ■hine. 
Should  Diocletian  reiga,  not  C<.ast-in>iue. 

Crabbe,  '■  Borovgh.' 

Diocle'tian  was  the  king,  and  Erastus 
the  prince  his  son,  in  the  Italian  version 
of  the  Seven  Wise  Masters  (q.v.). 

Diog'enes  (4  syl.).  The  cynic  phi- 
losopher is  said  to  have  lived  in  a  tub. 

The  wliole  world  was  not  half  go  wide 
To  Alexan  ier.  when  he  cried 
Because  be  li  id  but  one  t  >  eub'dua. 
As  was  a  p:vitry  narrow  tub  to 
Dio.;ene3. 

BuOtr,  •■  IIudibrut,"i.  a 

Diog'enes.  R<5manus  IV.,  emperor  of 
the  East.     (10S7-1O71.) 

Di'omed's  Horses.  Dinos  (dread- 
ful) and  Lampon  (bright-eyed). 

Diome  des  or  Diomed.  King  o5 
.(Elo'lia,  in  Greece,  brave  and  obedient 
to  authority.  He  survived  the  siece  of 
Troy,  but  on  his  return  home  found  his 
wife  living  in  adultery,  and  saved  his 
life  by  living  an  exile  in  Italy. — Homer, 
"  Iliad." 

Diom'ede'an  Svvop.  An  exchange 
in  which  all  the  benefit  is  on  one  side. 
This  proverbial  expression  is  founded  on 
an  incident  related  by  Homer  in  the 
"Iliad."  Glaucus  recognises  Diomed  on 
the  battle-field,  and  the  friends  change 
armour. 

For  I'iomeds  briiss  arme.of  n:pan  device. 

For  wliich  nine  ox^^n  paid  (a  vul-ar  price), 

lie  ((jiuueioi)  caveliisown. uf  t-old  diviuely  wr^'Uirht, 

An  hundred  beeves  the  Ebiuiug  purchase  b'URb'. 

Pope,  "  lluid,"  vl. 

Dio'ne  (3  syl.).  Venus,  who  sprang 
from  the  froth  of  the  sea,  after  the  muti- 
lated body  of  U'ranus  {the  sl-y)  had  been 
thrown  there  by  Saturn. 

So  young  Dione,  nursed  beneath  the  waves. 
Aiid  roctted  by  K»reid8  in  their  coral  cavig... 
Lisped  her  sweet  tones,  and  tried  lier  tender  Mnilct 
jMrtBin,  "  Eccn^mv  0/  \'i^ct.Uu»i,'  iL 

Dionys'illS  {the  younger),  being  ban- 
ished a  second  time  from  Syracuse,  retired 
to  Corinth,  where  he  turned  schoolmaster 


DIOPHANTINE. 


DISCUSS. 


229 


for  >i  living.  Posterity  called  him  a  tip-ant. 
Byron,  in  bis  "  Ode  to  Napoleon,"  alludes 
to  those  facts  in  the  following  lines  : — 

Corinth's  re'faeoL'iie  liath  now 
TrauBferrcd  li.s  liyworJ  to  tliy  brow. 

That  is,  Napoleon  is  now  called  tyi-ant, 
like  Dionysius. 

Diophan'tine  Aiial'ysis.  Finding 
commensurate  values  of  squares,  cubes, 
triangles,  &c. ;  or  the  sum  of  a  given  num- 
ber of  squares  which  is  itself  a  square  ; 
or  a  certain  number  of  squares,  he,  which 
are  in  arithmetical  progression.  These 
mathematical  puzzles  were  first  treated 
of  by  Diophantes,  the  mathematician  of 
Alexandria. 

Dioscu'ri.  Castor  and  Pollux. 
(Gri'tk,  sons  of  Zeus!) 

The  horses  of  tfi^  Dioscuri.  Cyllaros 
and  Har'pagos. 

Diph'thera.  The  skin  of  the  goat 
Amalthe'a,  on  which  Jove  wrote  the 
destiny  of  man. 

Diplo'ma  literally  means  something 
folded  (Greek).  Diplomas  used  to  be 
written  on  parchment,  folded,  and  sealed. 
The  word  is  applied  to  licences  given  to 
graduates  to  assume  a  degree,  to  clergy- 
men, physicians,  agents,  and  so  on. 

Diploin'acy.  The  tact,  negotiations, 
privileges,  &c.,  of  a  diplomatist,  or  one 
who  carries  a  diploma  to  a  forei^  court 
to  authorise  him  to  represent-  the  govern- 
ment which  sends  him  out. 

Diptych  (dip'tik).  A  register  folded 
into  two  leaves,  opening  like  our  books, 
and  not  like  the  ancient  scrolls.  The 
Romans  kept  in  a  book  of  this  sort  the 
names  of  their  magistnites,  and  the 
Itoman  Catholics  employed  the  word  for 
the  registers  in  which  were  written  the 
names  of  those  bishops,  saints,  and  mar- 
tyrs who  were  to  be  specially  commemo- 
rated when  oblations  wore  made  for  the 
dead.     (Greek,  diptuchos,  folded  in  two.) 

Dircaean  Swan.  Pindar ;  so  called 
from  Dirce,  a  fountain  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  'liiebes,  the  poet's  birthpfaco. 
(B  c;.  518-442.) 

Direct  Tax  is  one  collected  direct/.)/ 
from  the  owner  of  property  subject  to 
the  tax  :  as  when  tho  tax-gatherer  goes 
direct  to  the  owner  '>f  a  house  and  de- 
mands five,  ten,  -jr  twenty  pounds,  as  it 


may  be,  for  government  Ufcs.  Indirect 
taxes  are  taxes  upon  markekible  commo- 
dities, such  as  tea  and  sugar,  the  tax  on 
which  is  added  to  the  article  taxed,  and 
paid  by  tho  purchasers  indirectly. 

Directory.  The  French  constitu- 
tion of  1795,  when  the  executive  was 
vested  in  five  persons  called  directoi-s, 
one  of  whom  retired  every  year.  After 
a  sickly  existence  of  four  years,  it  was 
quashed  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

Dirlos  (Co«?tO-  A  Paladin,  the  beau- 
ideal  of  valour,  generosity,  and  truth. 
The  story  says  he  was  sent  by  Charle- 
magne into  the  East,  v;here  he  conquered 
Aliar'de,  a  great  Moorish  prince.  On  his 
return  he  found  his  j'oung  wife,  who 
thought  he  was  dead,  betrothed  to  Ce- 
li'nos,  another  of  Charlemagne's  peers. 
The  matter  being  set  right,  the  king  gave 
a  grand  banquet.     Dirlos  is  D'Yrlos. 

Dirt.  To  eat  dirt  is  to  put  up  with 
insults  and  mortification.  An  Eastern 
method  of  punishment. 

'■  If  dirt  were  trunir»  wh.it  .1  fapit.al  hand  you  would 
hold  l"—t'fiarUj  Lamb  to  ^f  irtin  Bunitv, 

Dirty  Half-hundred.  The  50th 
Foot,  so  called  from  the  men  wiping 
their  faces  with  their  black  cuffs. 

Dirty  Lane.  Now  called  Abingdon 
Street,  Westminster. 

Dis.     Pluto, 

Proser'pine  galherini?  Ilowen. 
Herfelf  »  fairer  llo^-er,  by  Bloomy  Uis 
Wan  gathered.  —Hilton,  '■  Paradite  //xJ,"  i». 

Disas'ter  is  being  under  an  evil  star 
(Greek,  dasaster,  evil  star).  An  astro- 
logical word. 

Disastrous  Peace  {La  Paix  ^fal^ 
heureiue).  It  followed  the  battle  of 
GraveHiies,  and  was  signed  at  Cateau- 
Cambre'sis.  By  this  treaty  Henri  II. 
renounced  all  claim  to  Gen'oa,  Naples, 
Mil'an,  and  Cor'sica.     (1559.) 

Discard'.  To  throw  out  of  one's 
haud:s  such  cards  as  are  usolos.s. 

Dis'cord  means  soveranco  of  hearts 
(Latin,  dis-co)'da).  It  is  tho  oppo.site  of 
concord,  tho  coming  together  of  lioarts. 
In  music  it  moans  disagreement 'jf  sounds, 
as  when  a  note  is  followed  liy  another 
which  is  disagrcoablo  to  the  car.  (.bV» 
Arri.K.) 

Discuss.  To  discuss  a  bottle.  To 
drink    uuo    with    a    friend.       Same   :i.s 


230 


DISHED. 


DITTO. 


"crush"  or  " crac'c  a  bottle."  (Discuss 
Ja  the  Latin  dU-quafio ;  French,  ca.!:i!er. 
The  Latin  quassa're  vasa  is  to  break  a 
diinking-vcssel.) 

Consider  the  threefold  effect  of  Jupiter'a  trifuUt-- 
to  burn,  diKuti,  and  tereiirate.— iiruum. 

Dished  (1  syl.).  /  was  dished  out  of  it. 
Cheated  out  of  it;  or  rather,  some  one 
else  contrived  to  obtain  it.  A  contrac- 
tion of  disherit.  The  heir  is  dish't  out 
of  his  inheritance  wlien  his  father  mar- 
ries again  and  leaves  his  property  to  the 
widow  and  widow's  famil}'. 

Where's  Brummel  7    Dished ! 

B^roH,  "Don  Jn.;n." 

Disney  Professor.  The  Professor 
of  Archicology  in  the  University  of  Catn- 
brido-e.  This  chair  was  founded  in  1851 
by  John  Disney,  Esq.,  of  the  Hyde, 
Ingatostone. 

Disor'der,  says  Franklin,  "break- 
fasts with  Plenty,  dines  with  Poverty, 
sups  with  Misery,  and  sleeps  with 
Death." 

Dispensa'fcion.  The  system  which 
God  chooses  to  dis'/wise  or  establish  be- 
tween himself  and  man.  The  dispensa- 
tion of  Adam  was  that  between  Adam 
and  God  ;  the  dispensation  of  Abraham, 
and  that  of  Moses,  were  those  imparted 
to  these  holy  men  ;  the  Gospel  dispensa- 
tion is  that  explained  in  the  Gospels. 
(Latin,  dis-2}e7iyo,  to  spread  forth,  unroll, 
explain,  reveal.) 

A  dispensation  frora  the  Pope.  Per- 
mission to  dispense  with  something  en- 
joined ;  a  licence  to  do  what  is  forbidden, 
or  to  omit  what  is  commanded. 

A  disrens5(ion  was  obtained  to  enable  Dr.  Barrow 
to  marry.—  Ward. 

Dispu'te  (2  syl.)  means,  literally,  to 
"lop  down"  (Latin,  dis-pnto);  dcl>ate 
means  to  "knock  down"  (French,  d(^- 
battre) ;  discuss  means  to  "  shake  down" 
(Latin,  dis-quatio) ;  object'  is  to  "cast 
against"  (Latin,  ob-jacio);  contend  is  to 
"  pull  against"  (Latin,  contendo) ;  quarrel 
is  to  throw  darts  at  each  other  (Welsh, 
fwarel,  a  dart) ;  and  wrangle  is  to  atrain 
by  twisting  (Swedish,  vrdnga ;  Saxon, 
Kringan). 

Diss.  He  huyi.cs  nothing  about  Diss. 
He  is  an  ignoramus.  Diss  is  a  pun  on 
the  town  so  called  in  Norfolk  and  disjm- 
(aito'net,  called  dines,  for  shortness. 


Dis'solute  is  oho  that  run*  loose, 
not  restrained  by  laws  or  any  other  bonds 
(Latin,  dii-solvo),  like  hor.^es  unhar- 
nessed. 

Dis'talF.  A  woman.  Properly  the 
staff  from  which  the  flax  was  drawn  in 
spinning.  The  alhision  is  to  the  ancient 
custom  of  women,  who  spun  from  morn- 
ing to  night.     (8ee  Spinster.) 

The  crown  of  France  never  falls  to  the  distaff.  - 
Kertei/, 

To  have  tow  on  the  distaff.  To  have 
work  in  hand.  Froissart  says,  "  II  aura 
en  bref  temps  autres  estoupea  en  sa 
q»ienouille." 

Hs  hadde  mors  tow  on  hlg  distaf 
Than  Cierveys  knew. 

Chawer, "  O  iTUertnirn  Tulcs,'  3,77i. 

ISt.  Distaff's  Day.  The  7tli  of  January. 
So  called  because  the  Christmas  festival 
terminates  on  Twelfth  Day,  and  on  tha 
d.Ty  following  the  women  return  to  their 
distaffs  or  daily  occupations.  It  is  al.^o 
called  Rock  Day,  a  distaff  being  called  a 
rock.  "In  old  times  they  used  to  spin 
with  rocks." — Aidirey,  "Wilts." 

Give  St.  Distaff  all  the  right. 

Then  give  Christmas  sport  good  night. 

And  next  moiriw  every  one 

To  his  own  vocation.  (1657.) 

What !  shall  a  woman  with  a  rock  drive  thee  away  I 
Fye  on  thee,  traitor  1         Dtgby,  •' Mt/sterits,"  p.  11. 

DistafS'na.  To  whom  Bombastes 
Furio'so  makes  love.  —  Thomas  Barnei 
Rhodes,  ^'Bombastes  Furioso." 

Distem'per  means  an  undue  mix- 
ture. In  medicine  a  distemper  arises 
from  the  redundancy  of  certain  secre- 
tions or  morbid  humours.  The  distem- 
per in  dogs  is  an  undue  quantity'  of 
secretions  manifested  by  a  running  from 
the  eyes  and  nose.  (Latin,  dis-temp'ero, 
to  mix  amiss.) 

Applied  to  painting,  the  word  is  from 
another  source,  the  French  dctrertipei' 
(to  soak  in  water),  because  the  paints 
are  mixed  with  water  instead  of  oil. 

Ditliyram'bie.  The  fa  lloer  of  dithy- 
rainhic  poetry.     Ari'on  of  Lesbos. 

Dit'tany.  When  Godfrey  was 
wounded  with  an  arrow,  an  "odoriferous 
pan'acy  "  distilled  from  dittany  was  ap- 
plied to  the  wound ;  whereupon  the 
arrow-head  fell  out,  and  the  wound 
healed  immediately,  —  "  Jerusalem  De- 
livered," bk.  xl.  • 

Ditto.    (See  Do.l 


DIVAN. 


DO. 


2S1 


Divan'  (Arabic  and  Persian  diivan) 
means  a  rcjjfistor  kept  on  a  white  table, 
exactly  similar  to  our  board.  Among 
the  Orientals  the  word  is  applied  to  a 
council-chamber  or  court  of  justice  ;  but 
in  England  we  mean  a  coffee-house  where 
smoking  is  the  chief  attraction. 

Divert.  To  turn  aside.  Business  is 
the  regular  walk  or  current  of  our  life, 
but  pleasure  is  a  diversion  or  turning 
aside  for  a  time  from  the  straight  line. 
What  we  call  diversion  is  called  in 
French  distraction  (drawing  aside). 

Dives,  J)ivs,  or  Dens.  Demons  of 
Persian  mythology.  According  to  the 
Koran,  they  are  ferocious  and  gigantic 
spirits,  under  the  sovereignty  of  Eblis. 

At  Ijnhi.re,  in  the  Mogul's  p:iU<-e,  are  pictures  of 
Pews  or  IMvea  with  Ioiir  horns,  s  arinir  eyes,  shaggy 
hair,  gre-it  fanus,  ugly  paw?.  Ion."  tiiilB.  nud  such 
hornbe  deriniiity.  thiit  I  woiiilerthe  pjor  women 
«re  not  friuihtcncd.  —  William  Finch.  'Purduis' 
PUi/rims,"  vol.  i. 

Dives.  The  name  popularly  given  to 
the  rich  man  in  our  Lord's  parable  of  the 
"Rich  Man  and  Jjazarus"  (Luke  xvi.). 
The  Latin  would  be  Dives  et  La:a)~us. 

Divi'de  (2  syl.).  When  the  members 
in  the  House  of  Commons  interrupt  a 
speaker  by  crying  out  divide,  they  mean, 
bring  the  debate  to  an  end  and  put  the 
motion  to  the  vote— i.e.,  let  the  ayes 
divide  from  the  noes,  one  going  on  one 
side  of  the  house,  and  the  other  on  the 
opposite  side. 

Divide  and  Govern.  Divide  a 
nation  into  parties,  or  set  your  enemies 
at  loggerheads,  and  you  can  have  your 
own  way.  A  maxim  of  Machiavelli,  a 
note'l  political  writer  of  Florence.  (1169- 
L027.) 

Every  city  or  house  divided  against  itself  shall 
not  B'.e.nd.—l!al'fuw  .xii.  a.. 

Divine.  The  divine  rujht  of  Hn>js. 
The  notion  that  kings  reign  by  divine 
right,  quite  independent  of  the  people's 
will.  This  notion  arose  from  the  Old 
Testament  Scriptures,  where  kings  are 
called  "God's  anointed,"  because  they 
were  God's  vicars  on  earth,  when  the 
Jews  changed  their  theocracy  for  a 
monarchy. 

The  right  divine  of  kings  to  govern  wrong. 

Divine  (The).  Ferdinand  de  llerre'ra, 
It  Spanish  poet.     (L'J16-L59.').) 

llaphael,  the  painter,  il  Dioi'no.  (1483- 
1520.) 

Luis  Morales,  Spanish  painter,  el  Di- 
vi'no     (1509-1586.) 


Divine  Doctor.  Jean  de  Ruy»- 
broek,  the  mystic.     (1294-1381.) 

Divine  Speaker  {TM.  So  Aris- 
totle called  Tyr'tamo.s,  who  therefore 
adopted  the  name  of  Theophrastos. 
^B.c.  370-287.) 

Divi'ning-rod.  A  forked  branch 
of  hazel,  suspended  by  the  two  prongs 
between  the  balls  of  the  thumbs.  The 
inclination  of  the  rod  indicates  the  pre- 
sence of  water-springs,  precious  metal, 
and  anything  else  that  simpletons  will 
pay  for.     (-See  Dousterswivkl.) 

Divi'no  Lodovi'eo.  Ariosto,  author 
of  "Orlando  Furioso,"  an  epic  poem  in 
twenty-four  books.     (1471-1,033.) 

Dixie  Lard.  The  Utopia  of  the 
American  niggers.  Dixie  was  a  slave- 
holder  of  Manliattan  Island,  V)utthe  force 
of  public  opinion  induced  him  to  remove 
his  negroes  to  the  Southern  States. 
Here  they  were  strangers  in  a  strange 
land,  and  had  to  work  harder  and  fare 
worse,  so  that  they  were  always  sighing 
for  the  flesh-pots  of  Egypt,  their  dear 
old  Dixie  Land.  Imagination  and  dis- 
tance gave  charms  to  the  old  place, 
which  ultimately  became  the  ideal  para- 
dise of  negro  song. 

Dizzy.  A  nickname  of  Benjamin 
Disraeli.     (liorn  1805— l8i?l ). 

Djin'nestan'.  The  realm  of  the 
djinns  or  genii  of  Oriental  mytholotry. 

Do.  A  contraction  of  dido,  which  is 
the  Italian  detlo  (said),  Latin  dictiis. 

Jlota  do  J/OK  do  t — i.e.,  fare.  How  fare 
you  ? 

Well  to  do.  To  fare.  This  is  not  the 
transitive  verb,  but  the  intransitive. 
(Saxon,  dtyan,  equal  to  the  Latin  vaUo; 
v.lience  Qv.om'odo  vales  }  "  How  do  you 
do?") 

To  do  him.  To  cheat,  or  rather  to  do 
a  person  out  of  something.  /  luive  done 
the  Jeic — I.e.,  overreached  him.  Same  as 
outdo  (to  excel). 

Do,  re,  mi,  fa,  tof,  la,  Italian;  ut,  re, 
mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  French.     Those  words  are 
fi-otn   a  hytnn   by   Paulua    riucoiius,  ad- 
dressed to  SL  John,  which  Guide,  in  tlie 
eleventh  ceutury,usod  in  teachiiiggiuging 
Ut  q  lennl  Uzis,  A'f-i.'nare  flhnu, 
JV.'-r«  (!e»toruni  /-'i-in  ili  luoriim, 
Sol-st  pallutii  Lii-bUs  reat  .m. 

Saoctl  Jouuni'S. 


23^5 


D6. 


DOCtOft. 


Ut-ftrei  be  t!iv  won'Irous  story, 

/iif-prehcnnivc  thciufh  I  b«, 
Mr  nmkc  iiiiinlfiil  of  tliy  i?lurT, 

Fii-munr  Bi>ii  of /ai^iiaioe ; 
iSoiare  to  my  spii  it  bring, 

Xa-tiouriag  tli;  praise  to  sing. 

See  Weizius,  in  IFenrtoloijio,  p.  '2113.     Le 
Maii'e  added  si  (17th  cent.). 

Do-for.  I'll  do  for  him.  Ruin  him  ; 
literally,  provide  for  him  in  a  liad  sense. 
"  Taken  in  and  done  for,"  is  taken  in 
and  provided  for;  but,  jocosely,  it  means 
"cheated  and  fleeced." 

Dobbin.  A  steady  old  horse,  a 
child's  horse.  Bobby,  a  silly  old  man. 
JJubbies,  house-elves,  similar  to  brownies. 
Ail  these  are  one  and  the  same  word. 
The  dobbies  lived  in  the  house,  were 
very  thin  and  shag-gy,  very  kind  to  ser- 
vants and  children,  and  did  many  a  little 
Borvice  when  people  had  their  hands  full. 

8&ber  Dobbiu  lifta  his  clumsy  heel 

Bioomfidd," Farmer' t  Boy.' 

Dobbins  {Iluni/Jirey).  The  valet-'i.e- 
chambre  and  factotum  of  Sir  Robert 
Bramble,  of  Blackbury  Hall,  in  the 
county  of  Kent.  A  blunt,  rough-spoken 
old  retainer,  full  of  the  milk  of  human 
kindness,  and  most  devoted  to  his  master. 
—  G.  Coiman,  "  The  Poor  Gentleman.'" 

Doce'tes  (3syl.).  An  early  heretical 
sect,  which  maintained  that  Jesus  Christ 
was  only  God,  and  that  his  visible  form 
was  merely  a  phantom;  that  the  cruci- 
fixion and  resurrection  were  illusions, 
something-  like  "  Pepper's  Ghost.  (The 
word  is  Greek,  and  means  pJuiniomists.) 

Dock-Alfar.  The  dark  Alfs  whose 
abode  is  underground.  They  are  in  ap- 
pearance blacker  than  pitch.  {Sauuli- 
navian  mythology.) 

Doctor  (The).  Brown  sherry,  so 
called  because  it  is  concocted  from  a 
harsh,  thin  wine,  by  the  addition  of  old 
boiled  mosto  stock.  Mosto  is  made  by 
heating  imfermented  juice  in  earthen 
vessels,  till  it  becomes  as  thick  and 
sweet  as  treacle.  This  s3'nip  being 
added  to  fresh  "must"  ferments,  and 
the  luscious  produce  is  used  for  doctor- 
ing very  inferior  qualities  of  wine. — 
Shaw,  "  On  Witie." 

To  doctor  the  wine.  To  drug  it.  (See 
above.) 

To  doctor  the  accounts.  To  falsify  them. 
They  are  ill  (so  far  as  you  are  con- 
cerned), and  you  falsify  them  to  make 


them  look  belter.  The  al'usion  Is  to 
drugging  wine,  beer,  &c.,  and  to  adulte- 
ration generally. 

Dr.  Dove.  The  hero  of  Southey'e 
"  Doctor." 

Dr.  Fell.  /  do  not  like  thee..  Dr.  Fell. 
A  correspondent  of  "  Notes  and  Queries" 
says  the  author  was  Tom  Brown,  who 
wrote  "Dialogues  of  the  Dead,"  and  the 
person  referred  to  was  Dr.  Fell,  Dean  of 
Cbristchurch  (1625-1C86),  who  expelled 
him,  bvit  said  he  would  remit  the  sen- 
tence if  he  translated  the  thirty-third 
l^pigram  of  Martial  — 

Non  amo  te,  Zabidi,  neo  rosoum  dicere  q':ire  ; 
Uoc  tantiim  po-miin  dxere,  non  amo  te. 
"I  do  not  like  tliee.  Dr.  Fell, 
The  ffi"oa  "  liv  I  cannot  tell ; 
liut  this  i  Isnow,  1  know  full  wll. 
I  do  not  iikc  thee,  IJr.  Fell  "— T.  Jl.uwn. 

Doctor  Mirab'ilis.    Roger  Bacon. 

(1214-ri92.) 

Doctor  My-Book.  Dr.  John  Aber- 
ne'thy,  so  called  because  he  used  to  say 
to  his  patients,  "Read  my  book"— on 
"  Surgical  Observations."     (1765-1830.) 

Dr.  Rez'io  or  Pedro  Rezio  of  Ague' ro. 
The  doctor  of  Barata'ria,  who  forbaile 
Sancho  Panza  to  ta.ste  any  of  the  meats 
set  before  him.  Roasted  partridge  was 
forbidden  by  Hippoc'rates  ;  podri'da  was 
the  most  pernicious  fuod  in  the  world  ; 
rabbits  are  a  shai-p-haired  diet ;  veal  is 
prejudicial  to  health  ;  but  the  governor 
might  eat  a  "few  wafers,  and  a  thin  slice 
or  two  of  quince." — "  Don  Quixote,"  pt. 
ii.,  bk.  iii.,  c.  10. 

Dr.  Sangra'do,  of  Vall'adolid',  a 
tall,  meagre,  pale  man,  of  very  solemn 
appearance,  who  weighed  every  word  he 
uttered,  and  gave  an  emphasis  to  his 
sage  dicta.  "  His  reasoning  was  geo- 
metrical, and  his  opinions  angular." 
He  said  to  the  licentiate  Sedillo,  who 
was  sick,  "  If  you  had  drunk  nothing 
else  but  pure  water  all  your  life,  and 
eaten  only  such  simple  food  as  boiled 
apples,  you  would  not  now  be  tormented 
with  gout."  He  then  took  from  him  six 
porringers  of  blo«d  to  begin  with ;  in 
three  hours  he  repeated  the  operation; 
and  again  the  next  day,  saying:  "It  is  a 
gross  error  to  suppose  that  blood  is  ne- 
cessary for  life."  With  this  depletion, 
the  patient  was  to  drink  two  or  three 
pints  of  hot  water  every  two  hours.  The 
result  of  this  treatment  was  death  "from 
obstinacy." — "  Gil  Bias,''  c.  ii. 


DOCTOR. 


DOE. 


288 


Doctor  Slop.  An  enthusiast,  who 
thiuks  the  world  hinfjos  on  petting  Uncle 
Toby  to  understand  the  action  of  a  new 
medical  instrument.— .b'^erni,  "  Tt-islram 
Shaudi/." 

A  nickname  given  by  William  Hone 
to  Sir  John  Stoddart,  editor  of  the  New 
Times.     (177:3-1856.) 

Doctor  Sqmntum.  Georpe  White- 
field,  so  called  by  Foote  in  his  farce 
entitled  "The  Minor."     (17H-1770.) 

Theodoro  Hook  a])] 'lied  the  .saruo  so- 
bricjtitt  to  the  Rev.  lidward  Irving',  who 
had  an  obliquity  of  the  eyes.  (1792-183-1.) 

Doctor  Syntax.  A  simide-miuded, 
pious,  henpockod  clergyman,  green  as 
gra.ss,  but  of  excellent  taste  and  scholar- 
Bhiii,  who  left  home  in  search  of  tlie 
pictures(4ue.  His  adventures  are  told 
in  eight-syllable  verse  in  "The  Tour  of 
Dr.  Syntax,"  by  William  Combe.  {iSee 
Duke  Combk.) 

Ur.  iSynlax's  hone.  Grizzle,  all  skin 
and  bone. 

Doctors.  False  dice,  which  are 
doctored,  or  made  to  turn  up  winning 
numbers. 

"The  wliole  antechamber  ia  full,  mj  lord,— 
kni-.i!its  and  s^uivn.  iloctois  and  dice's." 

"Trie  dicers  with  rlieir  doctors  ui  their  pockets,  I 
presume,"— 6'a)((,  "  }\venl  o/tlte  Peak,"  a.  xxviil.. 
Or  ch.iired  at  While's,  a'nidst  Uie  doctors  nit. 
"  ItuiuUitl,"  bk.  i.  2'.3. 

Doctors'  Commons.  A  locality 
near  St.  Paul's,  where  the  ecclesiastical 
courts  were  formerly  held,  and  where 
wills  are  preserved.  To  "common" 
moans  to  dine  together;  a  term  still  iised 
At  our  univoj'sitics.  Doctors'  Commons 
w.as  so  cniled  bccau.se  the  doctors  of  civil 
law  had  to  dine  together  four  days  in 
each  term.  This  was  called  eatiiuj  their 
'■erms. 

Doctor's  Stuff.  Medicine ;  stuff 
sent  from  the  doctor. 

Doctour  of  Phisikes  Tale,  in 
Chaucer,  is  the  Uomau  story  of  Vir- 
ginius,  given  by  Livj-.  There  is  a  ver- 
sion of  this  tale  in  the  "  lioman  de  la 
Roso,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  74  ;  and  another,  by 
Gowor,  in  his  "  CoufesBio  Amantis," 
bk.  vii. 

Doctrinists  or  DocU-maires.  A  poli- 
tical iiarty  which  has  existed  in  France 
Mnco  1815.  They  maintain  that  true 
liberty  is  comp.atililo  with  a  monarchical 
Govonunont:  and  are  so  called  because 
V' 


they  advocate  what  is  only  a  doctnne  or 
dream.     M.  Guizot  is  one  of  this  party. 

Dodge  (1  syl.).  An  artful  device  to 
evade,  deceive,  or  bilk  some  one.  (Anglo- 
Saxon,  deogian,  to  conceal  or  colour.) 

Dodger.  The  Artful  Dodger.  Jolin 
Dawkius,  a  young  thief,  up  to  every 
arlilice,  and  a  perfect  adept  in  villany. 
A  sobriquet  given  bj'  Dickens  to  such  a 
ra.scal,  in  his  ''  Oliver  Twiit,"  ch.  viii. 

Dodington,  whom  Thomson  invokes 
in  his  "Summer,"  was  George  liubb 
Dodington,  lord  Melcomb  -  Regis,  a 
British  statesman,  who  associated  much 
with  the  wits  of  the  time.  ChurchU 
and  Pope  ridiculed  him,  while  Hogarth 
introduced,  him  in  his  wig  into  his  pic- 
ture called  the  "  Orders  of  Periwigs." 

Dod'ipoll.  As  wise  .as  iJr.  Dodi/ioU 
(or)  Duddipole — i.e.,  not  wise  at  all  ;  a 
dunce.  The  verb  dote  is,  to  be  of  weak 
mind,  or  to  have  a  mind  impaired  by  age  ; 
hence,  dotard.  Dodipoll  is  one  who  ha» 
a  poll  or  head  without  intellect. 

Doduian  or  Doddiman.  A  snail.  A 
word  still  common  in  Norfolk  ;  but  Fair- 
fax, in  his  "  Bulk  and  Selvedge  "  (ltj71), 
speaks  of  "a  snayl  or  dodman."  The 
word,  like  Dodipoll  i'j.v.),  refers  to  the 
dull,  stupid  nature  of  the  snail,  which  is 
a  doted  creature. 

Uod  iimin.  dnddiman,  put  out  jour  home. 
Here  cuu,es  a  ibief  to  bteal  >o>ir  c  jnis. 

Hurjulk  rhynu. 

Dodo'na.  A  famous  oracle  in  Epi'ros, 
and  tho  most  ancient  of  Greece.  It  was 
dedicateii  to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and  situate 
in  tho  village  of  Dodona. 

Dods  [Mfff).  Tho  old  landlady  in 
Scott's  novel  called  "St.  Ronan's  Well." 
An  excellent  character,  made  up  of  con- 
sistent inconsistencies  ;  a  niosaic  of 
oddities,  all  fitting  together,  and  form- 
■ing  an  admirable  whole.  She  was  so 
good  a  housewife  that  a  cookery  book 
of  great  repute  bear.a  her  name. 

Dodson  and  Fogg.  The  lawyers 
employed  by  the  plaintill'  in  the  famims 
case  of  "  liardcU  v.  Pickwick,"  in  the 
"Pickwick  Papers,"  by  Charles  Dickens. 

Doe.  John  Doe  mid.  liiclmrd  Roe. 
Anj'  plaintilf  and  defendant  iu  an  action 
of  ejectment.  They  were  sham  names 
used  atone  time  to  save  certain  "nicetioa 
of  law;"  but  the  clumsy  device  waa 
iiboliahoil    iu    1S.'J2.      Any   inoic   Imtgi- 


S84 


DOEG. 


DOO. 


nary  persons,  or  men  of  straw.  John 
Dee,  Richard  Roe,  Johu  o'  Noakes,  and 
Tom  Styles,  are  the  four  sons  uf  "  Mrs. 
Harris,"  all  bound  ajipronticos  to  the 
lei,'al  profession. 

Doeg  (2  syl.),  in  the  s-itire  of  "Ab- 
SJiloiu  and  Aohitophel  "  by  J.^ryden  and 
T:ite,  is  meant  for  Elka'iiah  Settle,  a 
poet  who  wrote  satires  upon  Drydcn, 
but  was  no  match  for  his  great  rival. 
Doeg'  was  Saul's  herdsman,  who  had 
charge  of  his  mules  and  asses.  He  told 
Saul  that  the  priests  of  Nob  had  pro- 
vided David  with  food  ;  whereupon  Saul 
sent  him  to  put  them  to  death,  and 
eighty-five  were  ruthlessly  massacred. 
(I  Sam.  xxi.  7  ;  xxii.  18.) 

Doe^,  though  witliout  knowing  how  or  why. 
Made  still  a  blundiring  kliil  of  melody. .  '.  . 
Let  him  rail  on  ;  let  his  iuvcctive  Xnse 
Have  foiir-and-tweiitj  let  irs  to  ahus  ', 
Which  if  he  jumbles  to  one  line  of  sense. 
Indict  him  of  a  capital  ul]^:iice. 

•'Alaulom  anl  yl  Jiu'cp.'icJ,"  pt  ii. 

Doff  is  do-off,  as  "  DofY  your  hat." 
So  Don  is  do-on,  as  "  Don  your  clothes." 
Diip  is  do-up,  as  "Dup  the  door."  {Sa 
Hamlet.) 

Doff  thy  harr.-!8S.  youth. 
Shakespeare, "  TroUtu  und  Cressida,"  ».  S. 

Dog.  IJarrif.  The  famous  mastiff 
of  Great  St.  Bernard's,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  present  century  instrumental  in 
saving  forty  human  beings.  His  most 
memorable  achievement  was  rescuing  a 
little  boy  whose  mother  had  been  de- 
stro3'ed  by  an  avalanche.  The  dog  car- 
ried the  boy  on  his  back  to  the  hospice. 
The  stuffed  skin  of  this  noble  animal  is 
kept  in  the  museum  of  Berne. 

Do//  i)i  monuments.  The  dog  is  placed 
nt  the  feet  of  women  in  monuments  to 
symbolise  affection  and  fidelity,  as  a 
iion  is  placed  at  the  feet  of  men  to 
signify  courage  and  magnanimity,  iiany 
of  the  Crusaders  are  represented  with 
their  feet  on  a  dog,  to  show  that  they 
followed  the  standard  of  the  Lord  as 
i:.ithfully  as  a  dog  follows  the  footsteps 
uf  his  waster. 

Dog  of  Ood.  So  the  Laplanders  ca.;i 
the  bear.  The  Norwegians  say  it  "  has 
the  streng-th  of  ton  men  and  the  wit  of 
twelve."  They  never  presume  to  speak 
of  it  by  its  proper  appellation,  gxiouzlija, 
le-st  it  should  revenge  the  insult  on  their 
flocks  and  herds,  but  they  call  it  Modda- 
aiyia  (the  old  man  with  a  fur  cloak). 

beg  of  Icar'ios.  Mrera  {the  glistener), 
IcArios  was  slain  by  some  drunken  pea- 


sants, who  buried  tho  body  unaor  a  tree. 
His  daughter  Erig'onc,  searching  for  her 
father,  was  directed  to  the  spot  by  the 
howling  of  Micra,  and  when  she  dig 
covered  the  body,  hung  herself  for  grief. 
Icarios  became  the  constellation  lioiites 
Eriur'ono  the  constellation  VirgOj  and 
.Mfera  the  star  Pro'cyon,  which  rises  in 
July,  a  little  before  the  Dog-star.  (Greek, 
[•ro-knon.) 

Dog  of  Montaryix.  The  same  as  Aubry's 
dog.  A  picture  of  the  combat  was  for 
many  years  pre.-cived  in  the  castle  of 
Jloiitargis.     (See  Aldkt's  Dcg.) 

Dog  of  the  Seven  Sli-tpers.  Tiia 
seven  noble  youihs  that  fell  asleep 
for  309  years  had  a  dog,  which  accom- 
panied them  to  the  cavern  in  which 
they  were  walled  np.  it  remained 
standing  for  the  whole  time,  and 
neither  moved  from  the  spot,  ate, 
drank,  nor  slept.  This  dog.  named 
Kdtmlr,  has  been  admitted  by  ilahomet 
into  J'aradise.  —  Salens  Koran,  xviii., 
notes. 

Dngi  of  war.   The  horrors  of  war.  [See 

Ate.) 

Cry  lIiToc,  and  let  slip  the  dogs  of  w  ;r. 

iiUak^H,tare,  "  Juiiut  t'lM^r,'  iii.  i. 

Actoson's  fifty  dogs.  Alee  {ttroufth), 
Araaryu'thos(/ro»i/l  mari/thia,  I'/t  A'iitcea), 
As'bolos  (soot-colour),  Ban'os,  Bor'eas, 
Cau'ache  (riiigwood),  Chediaj'tros,  Cis- 
se'la,  Co'ran  (cropped,  crop-eared),  C}'llo 
(halt),  Cyllop'otes  {zig-zagrunne^-),  Cyp'- 
rios  (tlu  Ctiprian),  Draco  (the  dragon), 
Drom'aa  (the  courser],  Dro'mios  (seize-'em), 
Ech'nobas,  Eu'dromos  (good -runner), 
Har'pale  (voracious),  Harpie'a  (tear-'em), 
Ichuob'ate  (tracifiillo;cer),  Laljros  (furi- 
ous), Lacifcna  (Hones.'-),  Lach'ne  (^glossy- 
coaled),  Lacon  (Sparto.u),  La'don  (from 
Ladon,  in  A  read  iu),  L;t!!aps  (huri-icane), 
Lampos  (shining-one),  Leu'cos  (gray), 
Lycis'ca,  Lynce'a,  Mach'imos  (boxer), 
Mol.ampe  (black).  Jlelanchc'te  (bluck-coat), 
Molan'ea  iblaci),  Menele'a,  Jlolossoa 
{from  Molossos),  Na'^ra  (hcjnUen,  by  a 
icolf),  Nebrophouos  (faun-iilUr),  Oc'y- 
droma  (swift  -  runner),  Or'esit'rophos 
(mountain  ■  bred),  Oribasos  (vi'j^unlai,il 
ranger),  Pachytos  (thick-skinned),  Pam'. 
phages  (ravenous),  PoB'meuis  [leader), 
Pter'elas  (winged),  Stricta  (spot^,  Therid'- 
amas  (beast-tamer  or  sulduer),  The'ron 
(S'lvage- faced),  ThoiJs  (sioift),  U'ra.i3 
(heavenly-one). 

King  Arthur's  favovrite  hound.  CavaU' 


DOO. 


DOO. 


235 


Aiibri^t  dog.  Aubry  of  Mondid'ier 
was  murdered,  in  1371,  in  the  forest  of 
Boudy.  His  dog  showed  a  most  unusual 
hatred  to  a  man  named  Richard  of 
Macaire,  aUvays  scarling  and  ready  to 
fly  at  his  throat  whenever  he  appeared. 
Suspicion  was  excited,  and  Richard  of 
Macaire  was  couderaned  to  a  judicial 
combat  with  the  dog.  He  was  killed, 
and  in  Lis  dying  moments  confessed  the 
crime. 

Lord  Bijroii's  favourite  dog.  Boat- 
swain, buried  in  the  garden  of  Newstead 
Abbey. 

FingaVs  dog  was  named  Bi"an. 

"  Mar  e  Fran,  is  e  a  bra' hair"  (If  it  be  not  liran. 
It  is  hran'8  brother)  was  the  iiroverbial  reply  of 
Maccomtiich.— "ifat'iiiley,"  oh.  xlv. 

Geryon's  dogs.    Gargittios  and  Orthos. 
The  latter  wa.s  the  brother  of  Cer'beros, 
b\it  had  one  head  less.     Hercules  kOlod 
both  those  niousters. 
LaniLsecr'i  dog,  brulus. 
Utwdli/HS  greijliound,  (Jeleif  (q.v.). 

Liullam's  dog.     (See  Lazy.") 

Ori'on'sdogs.  Arctoph'onos  {lear-hiUer), 
ftnd  F'tooph'agos  (Ptoon-gluttou.  Ptoon 
is  in  Boiotia). 

A  black  dog  has  walked  over  him.  Said 
of  a  sullen  person.  Horace  tolls  us  that 
the  sight  of  a  black  dog  with  its  pups 
>vas  an  unlucky  omen.  (See  Black  Dog.) 

A  dog  in  the  vianger.  A  churlish 
fellow,  who  will  not  use  what  is  wanted 
by  another,  nor  yet  let  the  other  have  it 
to  use.  The  allusion  is  to  the  well-known 
fable  of  a  dog  that  tixod  liis  place  in  a 
manger,  and  would  not  allow  an  ox  to 
come  near  the  hay. 

Barking  dogs  never  bile.      (&«  Bai'.k- 

INtJ.) 

Dog  don't  eat  dog.  Ecclesia  ecclesiam 
non  deciniat. 

JJogs  howl  at  death,  A  rabbinical 
BuiHU-stition. 

In  the  labi.iiii.al  liouk-'it  B&ilh 
The  do«  liowl  when,  with  icy  breath. 
Great  .Sammacl.  tlie  angel  o(  de.ith, 
Talics  Ihry'  the  Io«ii  liis  UiKhi, 

l-ona/tUuw,  "  Golden  Le^/und'  lit 

Oo7ie  to  the  dogs.  Tho  aco  in  dice  was 
by  tho  Romans  called  cants  (dog),  and  a 
cast  at  dice  where  all  was  lost  was  throw- 
ing three  aces  ;  heni^e,  "  dog "  meant 
ruin,  loss,  ill-luck,  and  to  "go  to  tho 
dogs  "  meant  to  bo  in  ill-luck,  to  go  to 
tho  bad.  I  do  not  think  it  means  "pone 
to  tho  gods'  {i.e.,  as  gooii  as  dead),  by  a 
perversion  of  the  word  ;  nor  yot  "  given 
to  the  do^is,"  like  a  horse  in  a  knacker's 


yard.  Bellenden  Ker  says  it  is  the  Dutch 
toe  goi,  toe  de  dog's  (money  gone,  credit 
gone  too),  a  suggestion  which  has  the 
merit  of  the  meaning  without  doubt. 
(See  DOG-CHEAF.) 

Is  thy  servant  a  dog,  that  he  should  do 
this  thing  ?  By  a  Jew  a  dog  was  regarded 
with  abhon-ence,  not  only  because  it  was 
an  "  unclean"  animal,  but  because  it  fed 
on  offal.  Even  tlie  "  price"  received  for 
a  dog  was  not  accepted  as  an  offering  to 
God  (Deut.  xxiii.  18). 

Sydney  Smith  being  asked  if  it  was 
true  that  he  was  about  to  sit  to  Landseer, 
the  animal  paiiiter,  for  his  portrait, 
roplied,  "  \Vhat !  is  thy  servant  a  dog, 
that  he  should  do  this  thing?" 

It  was  the  story  of  the  dog  and  the 
shadow — i.e.,  of  one  who  thi'ows  good 
money  after  bad ;  of  ouo  who  gives 
"  certa  pro  inccrtis."  The  allusion  is  to 
the  well-known  fable. 

Ilhi Jit  species,  ao  dei'tibus  aera  mordit. 
(Li  )wii  sank  tiie  meet  in  the  stream  (or  the  fisihei 
to  hoard  it) 

The  hair  of  tlie  dog  that  hit  you.  When 
a  man  has  had  a  debauch,  he  is  advised 
to  take  next  morning  "  a  hair  of  the 
sirr.9  dog,"  in  allusion  to  an  ancient 
notion  that  the  burnt  hair  of  a  dog  is  an 
antidote  to  its  bite. 

The  Thraciaa  dog.     Zoilus. 

Like  curs,  OQ'  crtios  haunt  the  I'oet's  f-'ast. 
And  feed  on  scraps  refu'^ed  by  every  «iic  t; 
Kvum  the  obi  I'liiui'iau  do,;  ihey  learned  the  way 
To  tuarl  in  want,  and  srunihie  o'er  i  heir  prey. 

I'M,  "  To  itr.  Si>enee.' 

To  call  off  the  dogs.  To  break  up 
a  disagreeable  conversation.  In  the 
chase,  if  tho  dogs  are  on  the  wrong 
track,  the  huntsman  calls  them  off. 
(French,  rompre  les  chiens.) 

You  dirty  dog.  In  the  East  the  dog 
is  still  held  in  abhorrence,  as  the  scaven- 
ger  of  the  streets.  "  Him  that  dicth  in 
the  city  shall  the  dogs  eat"  (1  King3 
xiv.  11).  Tho  French  sa)',  Crolte  comme 
tin  larbet  (inudily  or  dirty  as  a  pooille), 
whose  hair,  beingvery long,  becomes  iilthy 
with  mud  and  dirt.  Generally  speaking, 
"a  dirty  dog"  is  one  morally  tilthy,  and 
is  applied  to  those  who  talk  ami  act 
nastily.  Mere  skin  dirt  is  ijtiite  anotlier 
matter,  and  those  who  are  so  doliled  we 
call  dii-ty  jiigs. 

lie  dogged  me.  Ho  followed  me  like  a 
dog,  or  as  a  dog  follows  tho  chase. 

Your  sins  will  dag  you,  piirs'je  you,  and  tht 
terruiB  of  the  Alni'^hty  bt  on  }ua— flincuyV 
Qn"UoitJ." 


23« 


DOO. 


DOGMA. 


Dog  and  Duck.  A  public-house 
sign,  to  announce  that  ducks  were 
hunted  by  dops  within.  The  sjiort  was 
to  see  the  duck  dive,  and  the  dop  after 
it.  At  Lambeth  there  was  a  famous 
pleasure  resort  so  called,  on  the  spot 
where  ISethlehem  Hospital  now  stands. 

Dog  -  cheap.  A  perversion  of  the 
old  English  (jod-clepe  (a  good  bargain). 
French,  boii  marcke  (good-cheap  or  bar- 
gain).    (See  Gone  to  the  Dogs.) 

The  sack  .  .  .  woulJ  have  boii;ht  me  lights  as 
foo't-cheip  at  the  dtarest  chauJlcrs  in  Kmopc— 
Shaktspciue,  "  1  Hni.rj  1  V.," iii.  :j. 

Dog-days.  Days  of  great  heat.  The 
Romans  called  the  si.\  or  eight  hottest 
weeks  of  summer  cauiculci^res  dies.  Ac- 
cording to  their  theory,  the  dog-star  or 
Sirius,  rising  with  the  sun,  added  to  its 
heat,  and  the  dog-days  bore  the  com- 
bined heat  of  the  dog-star  and  the  sun. 
(July  3rd  to  August  11th.) 

Dog-headed  Tribes  of  India.  Men- 
tioned in  the  Italian  romance  of  "  Gue- 
ri'no  Meschi'uo." 

Dog-Ijatin.  Pretended  Latin,  a& 
dog-sleep  is  pretended  sleep  and  dof/gerd 
is  pretended  verse.  Similarl}',  dog-wheat, 
dog-grass,  dog-rose,  dog-brier,  dog-cab- 
Inge,  are  pretended  or  bad  imitations  of 
those  plants.  Perhaps  there  is  some 
fanciful  allusion  to  the  word  mongrel,  for 
which  dog  is  substitutional. 

JDirti/  dog,  surli/  dog,  dog-sick,  kc, 
r.llude  more  to  the  animal  called  a  dog, 
but  imply  the  idea  of  badness. 

Dog-watch.  A  corruption  of  dodge- 
watch  :  two  short  watches,  one  from  four 
to  six,  and  the  other  from  six  to  eight  in 
the  evening,  introduced  to  dodge  the 
routine,  or  prevent  the  same  men  always 
keeping  watch  at  the  same  time.  (See 
Watch.) 

Dog-weary,  says  Eeilendeu  Ker,  is 
the  Dutch  doge  u-aere  hie  (being  long  on 
one's  legs  tells  at  last). 

Oh,  master,  master.  1  have  watched  Bo  long 
That  I'm  dog-weary. 

Shakeiycare,  "  Turning  of  the  Shrew,"  iv. "-. 

Dogs.  Jsle  of  Dogs.  When  Green 
wich  was  a  place  of  royal  residence,  the 
kennel  for  the  monarch's  hounds  was  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  hence 
called  the  "  Isle  of  Dogs." 

Dogs'-ears.  The  corners  of  leaves 
crumpled  .ind    folded    up.      DoQS-earf/i- 


Leaves  so  crumpled  and  turned  up.  The 
ears  of  many  dogs  turn  down  and  seem 
quite  limp. 

Dog's-nose.  Gin  and  beer,  a  mixture 
as  cold  as  a  dog's  nose. 

"  Dog's-nose,  which  is,  I  beheve,  t,  m;xmre  of  gui 
and  btcr." 
"bo  it  is,"  8a  d  an  old  l^dy.— Pickwick  Papers. 

Dog-star.  The  brigbte.st  star  in  the 
firmament.  So  called  l>y  the  Egyptians, 
because  it  watches  the  ri.sing  of  the  Nile, 
and  gives  notice  by  its  aiipearance  of 
that  important  event.     (See  yiRiUS.) 

Do'gares'sa.    The  wife  of  a  doge. 

Dogbex'ry.  An  ignorant,  self-.satis- 
fied,  overbearing,  but  good  -  natured 
night-constable  in  Shakespeare's  "Much 
Ado  About  Nothing." 

Doge.  The  chief  magistrate  in  Venice 
while  it  was  a  republic.  The  first  duke 
or  doge  was  Anafesto  Paoluc'cio,  created 
697.  The  chief  magistrate  of  Gcn'oa 
was  called  a  doge  down  to  1797,  when 
the  republican  form  of  government  was 
abolished  by  the  French.  (Latin,  dux,  a 
"  duke"  or  "  leader.") 

Doge.  The  ceremony  of  wedding  the 
Adriatic  was  instituted  in  1174  by  pope 
Alexander  III.,  who  gave  the  doge  a  gold 
ring  from  off  his  own  finger  in  token  of 
the  victory  achieved  by  the  Venetian 
fleet  at  Istria  over  Frederick  Barbarossa, 
in  defence  of  the  pope's  quarrel.  When 
his  holiness  gave  the  ring,  ho  desired  the 
doge  to  throw  a  similar  ring  into  the  sea 
every  year  on  Ascension  Da}',  in  com- 
memoration of  the  event.     (See  BuCEX- 

TAUR.) 

Doggiid.  Sullen,  snappish,  like  a 
dog. 

Dogget.  Dogget's  coat  and  badge.  The 
first  prize  in  the  Thames  rowing-match, 
given  on  the  1st  of  August  every  year.  So 
called  from  Thomas  Dogget,  an  actor  of 
Drury  Lane,  who  signalisei  the  accession 
of  George  I.  to  the  throne  by  giving  a 
waterman's  coat  and  badge  to  the  winner 
of  the  race.  The  Fishmongers'  Company 
add  a  guinea  to  the  prize. 

Dogma  (Greek).  A  religious  doc- 
ti'ine  formally  stated.  It  now  means  a 
statement  resting  on  the  ipse  dint  of  the 
speaker.  Dogmatic  teaching  used  to 
mean  the  teaching  of  rehgious  doctrines, 
but  now  dogmatic  means  everbearing 
And  dictatorial. 


DOGMATIC, 


DOM. 


287 


Dogmatic  Facts. 

(1. )  The  supreme  authority  of  the  pope 
of  Home  over  all  churches. 

(2.)  His  ri<rht  to  dcciile  arbitrarily  all 
iwntroversics. 

(3.)  His  right  to  convoUe  councils  at 
will. 

(4.)  Hi?  right  to  revise,  repeal,  or  con- 
firm decrees. 

(5.)  His  right  to  issue  decrees  bearing 
on  discipline,  morals,  and  doctrine. 

(6.)  The  pope  is  the  centre  of  com- 
munion, and  separation  from  him  is  ex- 
communication. 

(7.)  He  has  ultimate  authority  to  ap- 
point all  bishaps. 

(8.)  He  has  power  to  depose  any  eccle- 
siastic. 

(9.)  He  has  power  to  judge  every  ques- 
tion of  doctrine,  and  pronounce  infallibly 
what  the  church  shall  or  shall  notaccent. 

Dogmatic  School  of  Medicine. 
Founded  by  Hippoc'rates,  and  so  called 
because  it  set  out  certain  doo-mas  or 
theoretical  principles,  which  it  made  the 
basis  of  practice. 

Dogmatic  Theology  is  that  which 
treats  of  the  dog'mata  (doctrines)  of  re 
ligion. 

Doiley  or  Doily  is  the  Dutch  divaele 
(a  towel).  In  Norfolk  they  call  the  thick 
house- flannel  there  used  ihcyelling,  and  a 
single  length  for  use  a  dwtjel. 

DolaTDra.  The  knife  used  by  the 
priests  of  Rome  in  cutting  up  the  victims 
ofl'ered  in  sacrifice. 

Doll  Money.  A  lady  of  Duxford 
left  a  sum  of  money  to  be  given  away 
annually  in  the  parish,  and  to  bo  called 
Doll  Money.  Doll  is  a  corruption  of 
a!ci/«,  Saxon  dal  (a  share  distributed). 

DoUar.  Jlarkod  thus  $,  either  scutum 
or  8,  a  (liillar  bi'ing  a  "piece  of  eipht" 
[reals].  'J'ho  two  lines  indicate  a  con- 
traction, as  in  tb. 

The  word  is  a  corru[ition  of  Ihalet- 
(Low  German,  daJder ;  Danish,  daler), 
end  means  ■'  a  valley,"  our  dale.  This 
co\nits  of  Schlick,  at  the  close  of  the 
fif'eenth  century,  extracted  froiii  the 
mines  at  Joachim's  thai  (.Joachim's  valley) 
rijver  which  they  coined  into  ounco- 
piLves  These  pieces,  called  Joachim's- 
thalUrs,  gained  such  hi^'h  repute  that 
^hty  became  a  standard  coin.  Other 
coius  being  made  like  them  were  called 
IktilLeri  only. 


Dolly  Murrey.  A  character  in 
Crabbe's  "  Borough,"  who  died  playing 
cards. 

"A  vole  !  a  yo\i: !"  she  crted,  "  'tis  fairly  \ron.".. 
Thif  stiul,  she  gently,  with  a  single  sIkIi, 
Did  as  cue  tau>;ht  and  praciiHed  how  lu  die. 

Crubht,  " Uo'uugh." 

Dolly  Shop.  A  shop  where  rags 
and  refuse  are  bnu;rlit  and  sold.  So 
called  from  the  black  doll  suspended 
over  it  as  a  sign.  Dolly  shops  are,  in 
reality,  no  better  than  unlicensed  pawn- 
shops. A  black  doll  used  to  bo  the  sign 
hung  out  to  denote  the  sale  of  silks 
and  muslins  which  were  fabricated  by 
Indians. 

Dolmen.  A  name  given  in  France 
to  what  we  term  "  cromlechs."  These 
ancient  remains  are  often  called  by  the 
rural  population  devils'  tables,  fairies' 
tables,  and  so  on.     (Celtic,  stone  tables.) 

Dolopa'tos.  A  French  metrical  ver- 
sion of  Sau'dabar's  Parables,  written  by 
Hebers  or  Herbers  for  prince  Philippe, 
afterwards  called  Philippe  le  JIardi. 
Dolopa'tos  is  the  Sicilian  king,  and  Virgil 
the  tutor  of  his  son  Lucinien.  {See  Seven 
Wise  Masters.) 

Dolphin.  Called  a  sea-goose  (oie  dt 
mcr)  from  the  form  of  its  snout,  termed 
in  French  bee  d'oie  (a  goose's  beak). 

Dom.  A  title  applied  in  the  middle 
ages  to  the  pope,  and  at  a  somewhat  later 
period  to  other  church  dignitaries.  In 
recent  times  it  was  restricted  to  the 
Benedictines  and  some  few  other  mo- 
nastic orders,  as  Dora  IMabillon,  Dom 
Calraet.  The  Spanish  don,  Portuguese 
dom,  GorOian  von,  and  French  de,  are 
pretty  well  equivalent  to  it.  (Latin, 
dom'inus.') 

Dom.bey  {Florence').  A  motherless 
child,  hungering  ami  thirsting  to  beloved, 
but  regarded  with  frigid  indifference  by 
her  father,  who  thinks  that  sons  alone 
are  worthy  of  his  regard. — Dickens, 
" Domhei/  and  Son." 

Mr.  Domhei/.  A  self-sutTicient,  purse- 
proud,  frigiil  merchant,  who  feels  satis- 
tied  there  is  but  one  Dombey  in  the 
world,  and  that  is  hima<\<.—Di(.i:e>i3, 
"  Donihey  and  Son." 

Dom-Daniel.  The  ab'lo  of  evil 
.spirits,  gnomes,  an<l  enchanters,  somo- 
where  "umlcr  the  roots  of  the  ocean," 
but  not  f;ir  from  Babylon. — CoHtinualiui% 
<lf  the  .-Inil'ian  Tula. 


S38 


DOMEBDAT, 


DON. 


In  the  Poiti'lnnid  c«Tem« 
Under  the  roots  oJ  the  ocean. 

Soulhev, 

Domesday  Book  consists  of  two 
volumes,  one  a  larjre  folio,  and  tho  otlier 
ft  quarto,  the  n^aterial  of  each  being 
vellum.  It  was  formerly'  kept  in  the 
Exchequer,  under  three  different  locks 
and  keys,  but  is  now  kept  in  the  Record 
Office.     Tho  date  of  the  survey  is  1086. 

Northumberland,  Cumberland,  West- 
moreland and  Durham  are  not  included 
in  tho  survey,  tho  ifrh  parts  of  Westmore- 
land and  Cumberland  are  taken. 

The  value  of  all  estates  is  p-iven,  firstly, 
as  in  the  time  of  the  Confessor  ;  secondly, 
when  bestowed  by  the  Con.i^ueror  ;  and, 
thirdly,  at  the  timo  of  tho  survey.  It  ia 
al.so  called  T/te  Kinyx  IS-id':,  and  Th-> 
Winchester  Roll,  because  it.  was  kept  there 

Stow  says  the  book  was  so  callod  because 
it  was  deposited  in  a  part  of  Winchester 
Cathedral  called  Dojiiu.idei,  and  that  the 
■word  is  a  contraction  of  Domus  dci  book; 
more  likely  it  is  connected  with  the  pre- 
vious surveys  made  bj-  the  Saxon  kings, 
and  called  dom-bocs  (libri  judicia'les),  be- 
cause every  case  of  dispute  was  decided 
by  an  appeal  to  these  registers.  It  is 
now  in  the  Rolls,  Chancery  Lane. 

Then  seyde  Garaelyn  to  tlio  Justise.. 

Tliou  hast  given  d'lnes  th.-xt  liiti  evil  dight. 

1  will  sitten  in  thy  soto.  and  dre9!*en  him  ari^tit. 

ChauttT.  "  Canttrbury  Talcs"  (Tht  Cast's  Talf). 

Domestic.  En'jlan(rs  Domestic  poet. 
William  Cowper,  author  of  "The  Task," 
(1731-1800.) 

Domestic  Of  Lord  North  it  is  said, 
"He  was  next  to  a  domestic  in  her  lady- 
ship's family." — Life  of  Lord  NortL 

Domestic  Poultry,  in  Dryden's 
"  Hind  and  Panther,"  means  the  Roman 
Catholic  clergy.  So  called  from  an  esta- 
blishment of  priests  in  the  private  chapel 
Dt  Whitehall.  The  nvms  are  termed 
"  sister  partlet  with  her  hooded  head." 

Domin'ical  Letters.  The  letters 
which  denote  the  Sundays  or  dies  do- 
min'ica.  The  first  seven  letters  of  the 
alphabet  are  employed  ;  so  that  if  A 
stands  for  the  first  Sunday  in  the  year, 
the  other  six  letters  will  stand  for  tho 
other  days  of  the  week,  and  the  octave 
Sunday  will  come  round  to  A  again.  In 
bhis  case  A  will  be  the  Sunday  or  Do- 
minical Letter  for  the  year. 

Domin'icans.  Preaching  friars 
founded  by  Dominic  do  Guzman,  at 
Toulo>i8o,    in   1215.     Called  in   England 


Llack  Friart,  from  thoir  black  dress, 
and  in  France  Jadohins,  because  their 
mother-establi-shment  in  Paris  was  in 
the  Rue  St.  Jacques. 

Dom'inie  Sampson.  A  village 
schoolmaster  and  scholar,  poor  as  .•> 
church  mouse,  and  modest  as  a  girl. 
He  cites  Latin  like  a  porcm  lilera'rum, 
and  exclaims  "  Prodigious  ! "  —  8colt, 
"  Guy  Mannering.''    {Set  Stilling.) 

Dom'inoes  (3  syl.).  The  teeth ;  also 
called  ivories.  Dominoes  are  made  of 
ivory. 

Dom^isellus.  The  son  of  a  king, 
prince,  knight,  or  lord,  before  he  has 
entered  on  the  order  of  knighthood. 
Also  an  attendant  on  some  abbot  or 
nobleman.  The  person  domiciled  ia 
jroTtr  house.  TTonco  the  king's  body-guatua 
were  called  his  damoiscaiix  or  damsels. 

Froissart  stylos  Fdchard  II.  le  jeunt 
damoistl  liiclairt.  Similarly  Louis  VII. 
(Le  Jeune')  w.is  called  the  roijal  damsel. 

DaTOisel  on  Damoiseau  desi^-nait  autrefois  les  el 
de  chevaliers,  de  barons,  et  toutes  les  jeunes  gentila- 
hon^'niL's  qui  n*etaient  pas  encore  chevaliers.  On  le 
donii.-.it  au.-.si  aui  QU  des  roi-  qui  n'eiaiint  pas  encfjre 
»n  ctat  de  porter  les  armes.—  7wui(t(,  "  VM.  VnncneL' 

Don  is  do-un,  as  "Don  your  bonnet.' 
(Sie  Doff,  Dup.) 

Then  up  he  rose,  and  donned  his  clothoi, 
And  duppd  the  ch&raber  door. 

ahakcxpeare,  "  Bamlet."  17.  5. 

Don.  A  man  of  mark,  an  aristocrat. 
At  the  universities  the  masters,  fellows, 
and  noblemen  are  termed  dons.  (Spanish.) 

Don  Felix,  in  "  The  Wonder,"  by 
Sirs.  Centlivre. 

Don  Giovanni.  Jlozart's  best 
opera.    (See  Don  Juan.) 

Don  Ju'an.  A  native  of  Sev'ille, 
son  of  Don  Joso  and  Donna  Inez,  a  blue- 
stocking. When  Juan  was  sixteen  years 
old  he  got  into  trouble  with  Donna  Julia, 
and  was  sent  by  his  mother,  then  a  widow, 
on  his  travels.  His  adventures  form  the 
story  of  the  poem,  which  is  incomplete. — 
Byron,  "  Don  Juan." 

A  Don  Juan.  A  libertine  of  the  aris- 
tocratic class.  The  original  of  this  cha- 
racter was  Don  Juan  Teno'rio  of  Seville, 
who  lived  in  the  fourteenth  century.  The 
traditionb  conceruing  him  have  been 
dramatised  by  Tirso  de  Molina  ;  thence 
passed  into  Italy  and  France.  Gliick 
has  a  musical  ballet  of  "  Don  Juan,"  and 
Mozart  has  immort,aliscd  the  character  ia 
his  onera  of  "  Don  Giovanni."     (17S7.) 


DON. 


DOOMSDAY. 


239 


Don  Quixote  (2  syl.).  A  gaunt 
country  gentleman  of  La  Manclia,  pentle 
and  dignified,  affectionato  and  einiplo- 
minded,  but  so  crazed  by  reading  books 
of  knight-errantry,  that  ho  believes  him- 
self called  upon  to  redress  the  wrongs  of 
the  whole  world,  and  actually  goes  forth 
to  avenge  the  oppressed  and  run  a  tilt 
with  their  oppressors.  The  word  Qui.xote 
means  The  cuUk-armed.     (.See  Quixotic.) 

Don'atists-  Followers  of  Dona'tus, 
a  Niimidian  bishop,  who  opposed  Ce- 
cilia'nus.  Their  chief  dogma  is  that  the 
outward  church  is  nothing,  "for  the 
letter  killeth,  it  is  the  spirit  that  givcth 
life."     (Founded  314.) 

Dondaseh'.  An  Oriental  giant  con- 
temporary with  Sfcth,  to  whoso  service 
he  was  attached.  He  needed  no  weapons, 
as  he  could  destroy  anything  by  the  mere 
force  of  his  arms. 

Done  Brown.  He  iras  done  bromi. 
Completely  bamboozled  or  made  a  fool 
of.  This  is  a  variety  of  the  many  ex- 
pressions of  a  similar  meaning  con- 
nected with  cooking,  such  as  "  I  gave 
him  a  roasting,"  "  I  cookod  his  goose," 
"  I  cut  him  into  mincemeat,"  "  I  put  him 
into  a  pretty  stew,"  "  I  settled  his  hash," 
with  many  others. 

Don'egild  (3  syl.).  The  wicked 
mother  of  Alia,  king  of  Northumberland. 
Hating  Cunstance  because  she  was  a 
Christian,  she  put  her  on  a  raft  with  her 
infant  son,  and  turned  her  adrift.  When 
Alia  returned  from  Scotland,  and  dis- 
covered this  cruelty  of  his  mother,  he 
put  her  to  death. —  Chaucer,  "Man  of 
Laires  Tale." 

Donkey,  properly  Dunkey.  Chaucer 
calls  a  donkey  a  dun.  "  Dun  is  in  the 
miro"  ("Canterbury  Tales,"  v.  IG,  937). 
Key  (kin)  is  seen  in  monkey,  jockey ; 
donkey,  therefore,  is  the  little  tawny 
animal,  or  the  littio  dunning  animal, 
alluding  to  its  dinning  bray.  Mr.  Rix 
suggests  the  Low  Country  donker  or 
donkerheyd  (gloom). 

Donkey.  The  cross  of  the  donkey's 
back  is  popularly  attribnt<.-d  to  the 
honour  conferred  on  the  boa.st  by  our 
Lord  and  Saviour,  who  rode  on  an  ass  to 
Jerusalem  in  "his  triumphant  entry" 
into  that  city  on  I'alm  Sumia)'.  A  writer 
ill  lilackwood  wittily  adds,  that  tho  mark 
1  rior  to  that  occasion  was  premonitory. 

Jlide   iJa  I, huh   donk(y.       ft    ko    pig- 


headed, obstinate  like  a  donkey.  Black 
la  added,  not  so  much  to  designate  the 
colour,  as  to  express  what  is  bad. 

The   donkey   means   one   Iking   and   (he 

driver  another.   DilTerent  peojlo  seo  fro:n 

different  stand})oints,  their  own  interest 

in  every  case  directing  their  judgment. 

I  Tho  allusion  is  to  a  fable  in  Phaedrus, 

I   where  a  donkey-driver  exhorts  his  don- 

1   key  to  flee,  as  the  enemy  is  at  hand.   The 

i  donkey  asks  if  the  enemy  will  load  him 

I   with  double  pack-saddles.     "No,"  says 

the  man.     "Then,"  replies  tho  donkey, 

"  what  care  I  whether  you  are  my  master 

or  some  one  else  ?" 

Three  more,  and  up  goes  the  donkey— i.e., 
three  pennies  more,  and  the  donkey  shall 
be  Vialanced  on  the  top  of  the  pole  or 
ladder.  It  U  said  to  a  braggart,  and 
moans— what  you  have  said  is  wonderful, 
but  if  we  admit  it  without  gainsaying, 
we  shall  soon  bo  treated  with  something 
still  more  astounding. 

Who  ale  (he  donkey  '  Wlien  the  French 
wore  in  their  tlight  from  Spain,  after  the 
battle  of  Vittoria,  some  stragtrlers  entered 
a  village  and  demanded  rations.  The 
villagers  killed  a  donkey,  and  served  it 
to  their  hated  foes.  Next  day  they  con- 
tinued their  flight,  and  were  waylaid  by 
the  villagers,  who  assaulted  tbem  mo.st 
murderously,  jeering  them  as  they  did 
so  with  the  shout,  "Who  ate  the  don- 
key?" 

Do'ny.  Florimel's  dv:a.r i.—Spetiser's 
"  Faery  Queen,"  bk.  iii.  cant.  5. 

Don'zel  (Italian).  A  squiro  or  young 
man  of  good  birth. 

Doolin  of  Maycnce.  Tlio  hero  of  a 
Fi'ench  romance  of  chivalry,  and  the 
father  of  Ogier  the  Dane. 

Doolin' s  Sicord.  Marvcillouse  (won- 
derful). 

Doom  Book  (dom  boc)  is  the  book 
of  dooms  or  judgments  compiled  by  kiug 
Alfred.     (iVe  Dumesday  IJjok.) 

Doom-rings,  or  Circles  of  Judgmml. 
An  Icelandic  term  for  circles  of  stones  re- 
sembling Stonehenge  and  Avebury. 

Dooms'day  Sedgwick.  Wiliiara 
Sedgwick,  a  fanatical  prophet  and 
preacher  during  the  CommonwealLh, 
He  pretended  to  have  had  it  revealed  to 
him  in  a  vision  that  doomsday  was  at 
hand  ;  and,  going  to  the  house  of  Sir 
Francis    Kusstrll,    in  CAiuiridyeabire,  ho 


240 


DOOR. 


D0RIOT5N. 


called  upon  a  party  of  gentlomen  playing 
ol  bowls  to  leave  off  and  prepare  for  tho 
approaching  dissolution. 

Door.  The  door  must  he  either  shut  or 
opm.  It  nmst  bo  one  way  or  the  other. 
Tiiis  is  from  a  French  comedy  called  "1^6 
Grondeur,"  whore  the  master  scolds  his 
servant  for  leaving  the  door  open  ;  the 
servant  says  that  he  was  scolded  the  last 
time  for  shutting  it,  and  adds,  "Do  you 
wish  it  shut?" — "No."  "Do  you  wish 
it  open?" — "No."  "Why,"  says  tho 
man,  "it  must  be  either  shut  or  open." 

Door  Nail.  (.5«eDEAD.)  Scrooge's 
partner  is  "  dead  as  a  door-nail."— 
Jjickeiis,  "  Christmas  Carol,"  eh.  i. 

Door-opener  (The).  So  Crate's,  thb 
Thoban,  was  called,  because  every  morn- 
ing he  used  to  go  round  Athens,  and  re- 
buke the  people  for  their  late  rising. 

Door'ga.  The  chief  goddess  of  the 
Hindu  triad  ;  the  other  two  are  Luckshrai 
or  Luximee,  and  Saraswatee. 

Doorm.  An  earl  called  "  the  Bull," 
who  tried  to  make  Enid  his  handmaid ; 
but  when  she  would  neither  eat,  drink, 
nor  array  herself  in  bravery,  at  his  bid- 
ding, "he  smote  her  on  tho  cheek;" 
whereupon  her  lord  and  husband,  count 
Geraint,  starting  up,  slew  the  "russet- 
bearded  earl"  in  his  own  hall.  —  Tennyson, 
Idi/lls  of  the  King,  "  Enid." 

Do'ra.     The  first  wife  of  David  Cop- 

Eerfield ;  she  was  a  child-wife,  but  no 
elp-meet.  She  could  do  nothing  of 
practical  use,  but  looked  on  her  hushaiid 
with  idolatrous  love,  and  thought  it  glory 
enowgh  to  hold  his  pen  or  wipe  it  dry 
after  it  was  done  with.  If  this  were  not 
a  work-a-day  world,  who  would  not  envy 
tho  simplicit}^  the  gentleness,  the  love, 
the  single  afTection  of  a  Dora?  Tenny- 
son has  a  poem  entitled  "Dora." 

Dorado  (^0-    {See  El.) 

Do'rax.  A  Portuguese  renegade,  in 
Dryilen's  "Don  Sebastian;"  by  far  the 
best  of  all  his  characters. 

Dor'cas  Society.  A  society  for 
supplying  the  poor  with  clothing.  So 
called  from  Dorcas,  mentioned  in  Acts 
\x.  39. 

Dor  cheater.  At  b^  as  a  Dorchester 
ImU.     Very    corpulent,    like    the    cider 


butts  of  Dorchester,     Of  Toby  Filpot  it 

is  said  — 
Ilinbreath-doon  of  1  f«  on  4  nwMfn  were  Ihiit, 
And  tie  died  full  aa  big  M  k  Dnrcliester  biilt. 

0  Kee/c,  "  Puur  Sulaiir." 

Do'ric.  The  oldest,  strongest,  and 
siuiplest  of  the  three  Grecian  orders  of 
architecture.  So  callei]  from  Doris,  in 
Greece,  or  the  Dorians  who  employed  it 
Tho  Greek  Doric  is  simpler  than  the 
Roman  imitation.  The  former  stands 
on  the  pavement  without  fillet  or  other 
ornament,  and  the  Hutes  are  not  scal- 
loped. The  Roman  coli;mn  is  placed  on 
a  plinth,  has  fillets,  and  the  flutiugs,  both 
top  and  bottom,  are  scalloped. 

Doric  Land.  Greece,  Doris  being  a 
part  of  Greece. 

Through  all  the  bounds 
Of  Doric  laud. 

Hilton,  "  Paradite  Lott,"  bji.  L 

Do'ric  Reed.  Pastoral  poetry. 
Everything  Doric  was  very  plain,  but 
cheerful,  chaste,  and  solid.  The  Dorians 
were  the  pastoral  people  of  Greece,  and 
their  dialect  was  that  of  the  country 
rustics.  Our  own  Bloomfield  and  Robert 
Burns  are  examples  of  British  Doric. 
The  Doric  reed  once  more 
WeU  plca.-ed,  I  tunc. 

TkiynuvH,  ■*  Autumn.' 

Dor'icourt.  A  sort  of  Tremaine  ol 
the  eighteenth  century,  who,  having  over- 
refined  his  taste  by  the  "grand  tour," 
considers  English  beauties  insipid.  He 
falls  in  love  with  Letitia  Hardy  at  a 
masqueraJe,  after  feeling  aversion  to  her 
in  her  assumed  character  of  a  hoj'den.— 
Mrs.  Cowley,  "  The  Belle's  Stratagem." 

Dor'igen.  A  lady  of  high  family, 
who  married  Arvir'agus  out  of  pity  for 
his  love  and  meekness.  She  was  greatly 
beloved  by  Aurelius,  to  whom  she  had 
been  long  known.  Aurelius,  during  the 
absence  of  Ar^'iragus,  tried  to  wiu  the 
heart  of  the  j-oung  wife ;  but  Dorigen 
made  answer  that  she  woulil  never  listen 
to  him  till  the  rocks  that  beset  the  coast 
of  Britain  are  removed  "and  there  n'is 
no  stone  yseen."  Aurelius,  by  the  aid  of 
a  young  magician  of  Orleans,  caused  all 
the  rocks  to  disappear,  and  claimed  his 
reward.  Dorigen  was  very  sad,  but  her 
husband  insisted  that  she  should  keep 
her  word,  and  she  went  to  meet  Aurelius. 
When  Aurelius  saw  how  sad  she  was,  and 
heard  wh.at  Arviragus  had  counselled,  he 
said  he  would  rather  die  than  injure  so 
true  a  wife  and  noble  a  gentleman.     So 


DORIMANT. 


DOUBTING. 


241 


she  returned  to  her  husband  happy  and 
untAinted.  (See  Y>iAHORA..)—C/tauce-r's 
"  Frantlines  Tale." 

Dor'imant.  A  photopfraph  of  the 
enrl  of  Rochester;  a  witty  aristocratic 
libertine,  ia  Etherege's  "Man  of  Mode." 

Dormer-window.  Tlie  wind-iw  of 
an  attic  standing  out  from  the  slope  of 
the  roof.  (French,  dormir,  to  sleep; 
Latin,  dormio.) 

Dornock.  Stout  fiprared  linen  for 
tiiblc-cloths.  So  called  from  a  town  in 
Scotland,  where  it  was  originally  made. 

Dorsa'nes  (3  syl.).  The  Indian  Her- 
cules. 

Dorset.  Once  the  .seat  of  a  British 
tribe,  calling  themselves  Dirr-lHip  (water- 
dwellers).  The  Romans  colonised  the 
settlement,  and  Lntinised  Dwr-trigs  into 
Duro-ti-ig'es.  La.'^tly,  came  the  Saxons, 
and  translated  the  oriijinal  words  into 
their  own  tongue,  d'^rsatta  (water- 
dwellers). 

Dorse'tian.  XXowtis.  The  Downs  of 
Dorsetshire. 

Spread  the  pure  Borsetiau  do«ii! 
Ia  bouudlesg  prucpect. 

Thomson,  "AHtumn." 

Dositli'eans.  A  religious  sect  which 
sprang  up  in  the  first  century.  So  called 
because  they  believed  that  Dosith'ens  had 
a  divine  mission,  superior  to  that  of  pro- 
phets and  a{)0stles. 

Do'son.  A  pronfjise-maker  and  a 
proniiso-breaker.  Antig'onos,  grandson 
of  Demetrios  the  hesieger,  was  so  called. 

Doss.  A  hassock  stuffed  with  straw  ; 
a  bed  -  properly,  a  straw  bed;  whence 
the  cant  word  for  a  lodiring-house  is 
a  dossken.  Dossel  is  an  oM  word  for 
a  bundle  of  hay  or  straw,  and  do.tser 
for  a  straw  basket.  These  words  wore 
common  in  Elizabeth's  reign.  The 
French  rfo.t.?i'»,T  means  a  "bundle."  All 
those  words  are  connected  with  dosf,  a 
given  quantity.  (Greek,  doxls ;  Italian, 
duta  ;  French,  d:ise.) 

Do -the -Boys'  Hall.  A  school 
v/horo  boys  were  taken  in  and  done  for 
by  a  Mr.  Sipieors,  a  puffing,  ignorant, 
overbearing  brute,  wlio  starved  them 
and  taught  them  nothiag.  —  Dickens, 
"  Nicholas  XictUbi/." 

Do'to.     One  of  the  Noroids  ''j.vA. 


Dotterel  or  Dottrel.  A  doating  old 
fool  ;  an  old  man  easily  cajoled.  The 
bird  thus  called,  a  specie.s  of  plover,  is  so 
fond  of  imitation  that  any  one  may 
catch  it. 

Dou'ay  Bible.  The  English  trans- 
lation of  the  Bible  sanctioned  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  The  Old  Tes- 
tament  was  published  by  the  Engli.sh 
college  at  Douay,  in  France,  in  I'JOO ; 
but  the  New  Testament  was  published 
at  Rheims  in  1582.  The  English  college 
at  Douay  was  founded  by  William  Allen 
(afterwards  cardinal)  in  1563.  The  Douay 
Bible  translates  such  words  as  repeiUana 
by  the  word  -penance^  &c.,  and  the  whole 
containsnotes  by  Roman  Catholic  divines. 

Double  X.    (See  XX.) 

Double  or  quits.  The  winner  stakex 
his  stake,  ana  the  loser  promises  to  pay 
twice  the  stake  if  he  loses  again ;  but  if 
he  wins  the  second  throw  he  pays  no- 
thing, and  neither  player  loses  or  wins 
anything.  This  is  often  done  when  the 
stake  is  3d.,  and  the  parties  have  no 
copper  :  if  the  loser  loses  again,  he  pays 
6d.  ;  if  not,  the  winner  does  not  claim 
his  3d. 

Double  or  Double-walkeis.  Those  aerial 
duplicates  of  men  or  women  who  repre- 
sent them  so  minutely  a.s  to  deceive 
those  that  know  them.  We  apply  the 
word  to  such  persons  as  the  Dromio 
brothers,  the  Corsican  brothers,  the 
brothers  Antiph'olus.  The  "head  centre 
Stephens  "  is  said  to  have  a  double,  who 
is  perpetu.ally  leading  astray  those  set 
to  hunt  him  down. 

Double-Dutch.  Gibberish,  jargon, 
or  a  foreign  tongue  not  understood  by 
the  hearer.  Dutch  is  a  synonym  for 
foreign  ;  and  double  is  simply  excessive, 
iu  a  twofold  degree. 

Double-edged  Sword.  Literally, 
a  sword  which  cuts  either  way;  meta- 
phorically, an  argument  which  makes 
both  for  and  against  the  person  employ- 
ing it,  or  which  has  a  double  meaning. 

"  Your  Pelphio  icorj,"  the  parith.-r  i  hen  repi  e<], 
"  l9  dciihlc-ciUel.  and  c\iU  on  eilh  r  si  le." 

Ijiyl'n.  "  II"-''  "•'•!  i'<l""ifr,"  pt.  111. 

Double-tongued.  One  who  makes 
contrary  declarations  on  the  s-atpo  sub- 
ject at  different  times  ;  deceitful. 

lie  prave.  not  douMetongucd  — 1  Tim.  ili.  s. 

Doubting  Castle.  Tlie  castle  of 
the  giant  Despair,  in  which    Christiua 


242 


DOUCEUR. 


DOWN. 


and  Hopeful  were  incarcerated,  but  from 
which  they  escaped  by  means  of  the  key 
called  "  Promise." — Bunyan,  "  Pilgrim's 
Proffresi." 

Douceur'.  French  for  sweetness. 
The  Ei]f,dish  use  of  the  word,  meaning  a 
present  for  service  to  bo  rendered,  is 
unknown  in  France. 

Douglas.  The  tutelary  saint  of  the 
bouse  of  Doug-las  is  St.  I5ridget.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition,  a  Scottish  king  in 
770,  whose  ranks  had  been  broken  by 
the  fierce  onset  of  the  lord  of  Isles,  saw 
the  tide  of  battle  turned  in  his  favour 
by  an  unknown  chief.  After  the  battle, 
the  king  asked  who  was  the  "  Du-glass  " 
chieftain,  his  deliverer,  rind  received  for 
answer  Shollv  Dv,-glass  (Behold  the  dark- 
grey  man  you  inquired  for).  The  king 
then  rewarded  him  with  the  Clydesdale 
valley  for  his  services. 

"  Let  him  not  cross  or  thwnrt  ir.e,"  eai'i  thf  pn?'? : 
"for  ]  will  not  yii  lii  him  nn  inch  of  v. ay,  had  lie 
in  hie  body  the  noi:!  of  every  Jioiiglas  that  has 
lived  since  the  time  of  the  Dark  Gray  Man.— Scot', 
"  T'k  AbliQi,"  ch.  x.wiii. 

Black  Douglas,  introduced  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  in  "  Castle  Dangerous,"  is 
James,  eighth  lord  Douglas,  who  twice 
took  Douglas  Castle  from  the  English  by 
Btratagem.  The  first  time  he  partly 
burnt  it,  and  the  second  time  he  utterly 
razed  it  to  the  ground.  The  castle,  says 
Godscroft,  was  nicknamed  the  hazardous 
or  dangerous,  because  every  one  who 
attempted  to  keep  it  from  the  "  gud 
Bchyr  James  "  was  in  constant  jeopardy 
by  his  wiles.     (See  Br.ACK.) 

The  Good  Sir  James,  the  dreadful  blackc  DougUs', 
That  in  his  dayes  so  wise  and  wnrt'iie  was, 
■Wha  here,  and  on  the  intidcls  of  Spnin, 
Buch  honour,  prase,  sad  triumphs  did  otitsin. 

Gordon. 

Douster- swivel.  A  German 
swindler,  who  obtains  money  under  the 
promise  of  finding  buried  wealth  by  a 
divining- rod. — Scott,  "Antiqtiary." 

Dout.  A  contraction  of  do-out,  as 
don  is  of  do-on.,  and  iloff  of  do-off. 

In  Devonshire  and  other  southern 
counties  they  still  say  Doul  the  candle 
Ofld  DotU  the  fire. 

The  dram  t'i  bate 
Dott  eU  the  noble  substance  dout. 

Shiikesp'O'-e,  "UiimUt,"  L  i. 

Dove— 1.<.,  the  diver-bird  ;  so  called 
from  its  habit  of  ducking  the  head.  So, 
also,  columba  (the  Latin  for  dove)  is  the 
Greek  kolu-ilc'c  'i*j  divei. 


Dovei  or  Pigeons.  Tlie  clergy  of  the 
Church  of  England  are  allegorised  under 
this  term  in  Dryden's  "  Hind  and  Pan- 
ther." 

A  sort  of  doveg  were  housed  too  near  the  hall  .  . 
Our  rampcrcd  fiiseoni!,  wiih  malignant  eys, 
lielield  these  iniratcs  (ihf  Itumnn CallnAie  cUrn). 
Thu'  hnrd  tlieir  fare,  at  evenin'.;  and  at  mom, 
A  cruse  of  water. 

Soiled  doves.  Young  women  of  the 
demi-monde. 

Dove-tail.  Metaphorically,  to  fit  on 
or  fit  in  nicely ;  to  correspond.  It  is  a 
word  in  carpentry,  and  means  the  fitting 
one  board  into  another  V»y  triangular 
notches  or  v/edges,  which  resemble  in 
shape  a  dove's  tail. 

Dover.  When  Dover  and  Calais  'meet 
— i.e.,  never. 

A  Jack  of  Dover.  A  bottle  of  wine 
made  up  of  fragments  of  opened  bottles. 
It  is  customary  to  pour  the  refuse  into 
a  bottle,  cork  \i  up,  and  sell  it  as  a  fresh 
bottle.  This  is  called  Dovering,  a  cor- 
ruption of  do-over,  because  the  cork  is 
done  over  with  wax  or  resin. 

Many  \  .lack  of  Dover  h.ist  thou  sdd. 

Chaucer,  '*  Coktt  Prologue.' 

Dovercot  or  Dover-court.  A  con- 
fused gabble  ;  a  Babel.  According  to 
legend,  Dover  Court  Church,  in  Essex, 
once  possessed  a  cross  that  spoke,  and 
Fose  says  the  crowd  to  the  church  was 
so  great  "that  no  man  could  shut  the 
door."  The  conftision  of  this  daily 
throng  gave  rise  to  the  term.  {Set 
Babel.) 

And  row  the  rood  of  Dovercot  did  spea^ 
Coi;firniing  his  opinions  to  be  true. 

( ul'.irr  0/  Croydon. 

Dowgate  Ward  (London).  Some 
derive  it  from  Dour  (water),  it  being 
next  to  the  Thames,  at  the  foot  of  the 
hill;  others  say  it  is  "J)own-gate,"  the 
gate  of  the  down,  dune,  or  hill,  as 
Brighton  Downs  (hills),  South-downs,  &c. 

Dov^ling  (Capfain).     A  character  in 
Crabhe's  "  Borough  ; "  a  great  drunkard, 
who  died  in  his  cups. 
"  Come,  fill  my  glass."    He  to^k  it  ecd  he  went  ('.«., 

difd).  LttttT  XYL 

Down.  lie  is  quite  down  in  the  mouth. 
Quite  in  the  dumps  ;  quite  cast  down  or 
disheartened.  When  persons  are  very 
sad  and  low-spirited,  the  corners  of  the 
mouth  are  drawn  dovvn. 

Down-hearted.  Without  spirit, 
cast  down  ;  the  heart  is  faint  and  pros- 
trate 


DOWNING. 


DRAGON. 


243 


Downing  Professor,  The  Pro- 
fessor of  the  Laws  of  England  in  tho 
University  of  Cambridge.  This  chair 
was  founded  in  ISOO  by  Sir  George 
Downing,  Bart. 

Doxy.  A  baby ;  a  plaything ;  a 
favourite  woman,  in  the  West  of  Eng- 
land babies  are  called  doxies.  Ortho-doxy 
has  been  wittily  called  our  own  doxy  or 
pet,  and  hetero-doxy  the  doxy  or  pet  of 
other  folks.     (Swedish,  docka,  a  baby.) 

Dozen.    {See  Baker's  Dozen.) 

Drac.  A  sort  of  fairy  in  human 
form,  whose  abode  is  the  caverns  of 
rivers.  Sometimes  these  dracs  will  float 
like  golden  cups  along  a  stream  to  entice 
women  and  children  bathing,  and  when 
they  attempt  to  catch  the  prize  dratr  them 
underwater.  (South  of  France  M  i/lLolvgy.) 

Farek  /^rac,  satiie  as  "  Fairelediablo;" 
Irisli,  "Play  the  Puck  ; "  English,  "  Pluy 
the  deuce." 

Btliiinen  qu'  you  farfi  1«  Drac 
Se  jrtmajr  crPDi  dins  un  eno 
CiDC  d  i'.ia  r:iil  mte  pi.-'tolos 
£gpesE09  como  de  rcdulos. 

Goutirhu^  *'  CnsUl  en  VAyrt,'* 

Dra'chenfels  (Dragon-rocks).  So 
called  from  the  legendary  dragon  killed 
there  by  the  horned  Siegfried,  the  hero 
of  the  Nibelungen-Lied. 

Til*  casMed  cr»?  of  Prachcnfo's 
i'rovr:.5  o'er  the  wiile  and  wii.din?  Uhine. 

Wlione  li:c  let  of  witcr*  broa.tly  Bv.ells 
Uetwcen  the  banks  vrliich  bear  the  vine. 

Jiyron,  "  fhiUtc  ilaroU,"  Ui. 

Dra'co.  One  of  Action's  dogs.  {See 
Crriuus.) 

Draco'nian  Code.  One  very 
severe.  Draco  was  an  Athenian  law- 
maker. As  every  violation  of  a  law 
was  made  in  this  code  a  capital  ofTenco, 
Dema'dos  tho  orator  said  "  that  Draco's 
code  was  written  in  human  blood." 

Draft.  The  Druids  borrowed  money 
on  promises  of  repayment  after  death 
(Patricius).  Purchas  tells  us  of  some 
priests  of  Pckin,  who  barter  with  tho 
people  in  bills  of  exchange,  to  be  paid 
in  heaven  a  hundredfold. 

Draggle-tail.  A  slut ;  a  woman 
who  allows  her  petticoats  to  trail  in  tho 
dirt.  The  word  should  bo  "  dagglo- 
trail,"  from  tho  Scotch  da/j  (dew  on  tha 
Brass),  tIn/jiU  (wot  with  tho  grass-dew), 
uke  the  Latm  collu'tulo  irro'ro. 

Drag  Oman.  A  cicerone  ;  a  gnido 
or  iiiterpreter  to  foreii'neni.     Tho  word 


is  Turkish,  and  means  simply  a  Turk 
( Turkeman). 

Dragon.  An  imaginary  animal 
something  like  a  winged  crocodile.  The 
Irish  drag  means  "tire,"  and  the  Welsh 
dreigiaw  (silent  flashes  of  lightning), 
fiery  meteors ;  hence  Shakespeare  says— 

B»1ft.  awift,  ye  drngjiis  of  the  ni^htl-that 

dawnioi? 
May  bare  the  raven's  eye. 

■*  CiTnbdiiit"  it  2. 

Dragon.  This  word  is  used  by  eccle- 
siastics of  the  Middle  Ages  as  the  symbol 
of  sin  in  general  and  paganism  in  par- 
ticular. Tho  metaphor  is  derived  from 
Rev.  xii.  9,  where  Satan  is  termed  "  the 
great  dragon."  In  Ps.  xci.  1.3  it  is  said 
that  the  saints  "  snail  trample  the  dragon 
under  their  feet,"  and  many  legends 
about  the  saints  encountering  dragons 
embody  these  ideas  in  an  allegorical 
form. 

Another  source  of  the  same  legends  ia 
in  the  Celtic  use  of  the  word  "dra^^on" 
for  "a  chief."  Hence  pen-dregon  (summus 
rex),  a  sort  of  dictator,  created  in  times 
of  danger  Those  knights  who  slew  a 
chief  in  battle  slew  a  dragon,  and  the 
military  title  soon  got  confounded  with 
the  fabulous  monster. 

Some  great  inundations  have  also  beer 
termed  serpents  or  dragons.  Hence 
Apollo  (the  s\m)  is  said  to  have  destroyed 
the  serpent  Python  [i.e.,  dried  up  the 
overflow).  Similarly,  St.  Roma'nus  de- 
livered the  city  of  Rouen  from  a  simi  ar 
dragon,  named  Gargouille  (waterspout), 
which  lived  in  the  river  Seine. 

Ladies  giianhd  by  dragons.  The  walls 
of  feudal  castles  ran  winding  round  the 
building,  and  the  ladies  were  kept  in  the 
securest  part.  As  adventurers  had  to 
scale  tho  walls  to  gain  access  to  the 
ladies,  tho  avilhors  of  romance  said  they 
overcame  the  serpent- like  defence,  or 
the  dragon  that  guarded  them.  Some- 
times there  were  two  walls,  and  then  the 
bold  inv.adt-r  overcame  two  dragons  in 
his  bold  attempt  to  liberate  the  captive 
damsel.    {^See  Encdanted  Castlks.) 

The  Oreen  Dragon.  A  public-house 
sign  in  compliment  to  St.  George. 

Tlu  Red  hragnr..  A  public-h"Uso  sign 
in  coraplinientto  Henry  VII.,  whoadoptec] 
this  device  for  his  standard  at  LJos worth 
Field.  It  was  the  ensiirn  of  Cadwall.ider, 
the  last  of  the  British  kings,  frutn  i/hom 
tho  Tudors  descended. 


244 


DRAP.ON 


DRAW. 


Dragon  of  Wantley  (i.e.,  Wain- 
cliff,  in  Yorkshire)  a  monster  slain  by 
More  of  Moro  Hall,  who  procured  a  suit 
of  armour  stmlderl  with  spikes,  and,  pro- 
ceeding to  the  well  where  the  dragon  had 
his  lair,  kicked  it  in  the  mouth,  where 
aione  it  was  vrilnerahle.  Dr.  Percy  says 
this  drogon  was  an  overgrown,  rascally 
attorney,  who  cheated  some  children  of 
their  estate,  but  was  made  to  disgorge 
by  a  gentleman  named  Mor-9,  who  went 
against  him,  "armed  with  the  spikes 
of  the  law,"  after  which  the  dragon 
attorney  died  of  vexation. — Ihliques  of 
Ancient  Poetry . 

Dragon's  Hill  (Berkshire)  is  where 

the  legend  says  St.  George  killed  the 
dragon.  A  bare  place  is  shown  on  the 
hill,  where  nothing  will  grow,  and  there 
the  blood  of  the  dragon  ran  out. 

In  Saxon  annals  we  are  told  that 
Cedric,  founder  of  the  West  Saxon  king- 
dom, slew  there  Naud,  the  pen-dragon, 
with  5,000  men.  This  Naud  is  called 
Natan-leod,  a  corruption  of  Naud-an 
ludh  (Naud,  the  people's  refuge), 

Dragon-Slayers. 

1.  St.  Philip,  the  apostle,  is  said  to 
have  destroyed  a  huge  dragon  at  Hiera- 
polis,  in  Phrygia. 

2.  St.  Martha  killed  the  terrible  dragon 
coiled  Tarasque  at  Aix  (la  Chapelle). 

3.  St.  Florent  killed  a  similar  dragon 
which  haunted  the  Loire. 

4.  St.  Cado,  St.  Maudet,  and  St.  Paull 
did  similar  feats  in  Brittany. 

5.  St.  Kevnc  of  Cornwall  slew  a  dragon. 

6.  St.  Mi'chjp],  St.  George,  St.  Mar- 
garet, pope  Sylvester,  St.  Samson,  arch- 
bishop of  Del ;  Dcn'atus  (fourth  cen- 
tury), St.  Clement  of  Lletz,  killed 
dragons. 

7.  St.  Remain  of  Kouen  destroyed  the 
huge  dragon  called  La  Gargouille',  which 
ravaged  tlie  Seine. 

Dragon's  Teeth.  Subjects  of  civil 
strife  ;  whatever  rouses  citizens  to  rise  in 
arms.  The  allusion  is  to  the  dragon  that 
gnarded  the  well  of  A'res.  Cadnios  slew 
it,  and  sowed  some  of  the  teeth,  from 
which  sprang  up  the  men  called  Spartans, 
who  all  killed  each  other  except  live,  who 
were  the  ancestors  of  the  Thebans. 
Those  teeth  which  Cadmos  did  not  sow 
came  to  the  possession  of  .lEo'tes,  kieg  of 
Colchis ;  and  one  of  the  tasks  he  en- 
joined Jaioa  was  to  sow  these  teeth  and 


sl.ay  the  armed  warriors  that  rose  thero 
from. 

Oitiii-DM  risini?  from  fhr  nil,  richly  gown  with 
draeouS  terth,  for  the  rights  of  their  Mver&l  il&tet. 
—  7'/t3  rtm«». 

Drag'onnades  (3  syl.).  A  series  of 
religious  persecutions  by  Louis  XIV., 
which  drove  many  thousand  Protestants 
out  of  France.  Their  ol)ject  was  to  root 
out  "  heresy ; "  and  a  bishop,  with  certain 
ecclesiastics,  was  sent  to  see  if  the  here- 
tics would  recant ;  if  not,  they  were  loft 
to  the  tender  mercies  of  the  dragoons 
who  followed  these  "ministers  of  peace 
and  goodwill  to  man." 

Dragoons.  So  called  because  they 
used  to  be  armed  with  dragons — i.e., 
short  muskets,  which  spouted  out  fire 
like  the  fabulous  beast  so  named.  The 
head  of  a  dragon  was  wrought  on  th« 
muzzle  of  thi  se  muskets. 

Drama.  Fadier  of  (he  Fi-ench  Drama. 
Etienne  Jodelle.     (1532-1573.) 

Father  of  the  Greek  Drama.  Thespis. 
(Sixth  century  B.C.) 

Father  of  th£  Spanish  Drama.  Lope  de 
Ve'ga.     (1562-lcia5.) 

Dram'atis  Perso'nae.  The  cha- 
racters of  a  drama,  novel,  or  actual  trans- 
action. 

The  dramttitf  csrsojise  were  mibles,  country  eeiitlt- 
men,  justices  of  the  quorum,  aii'i  custo'des  rotulo'- 
rum  (neerers  of  the  rolls).— r/t«  Time*. 

Drap.  One  of  queen  Mab's  maids  of 
honour. — Drat/ton. 

Dra'pler's  Letters.  A  series  of 
letters  written  by  dean  Swift  to  the 
people  of  Ireland,  advising  them  not  to 
take  the  copper  money  coined  by  William 
Wood,  by  patent  granted  by  George  I. 
These  letters  crushed  the  infamous  job, 
and  the  patent  was  cancelled. 

Dean  Swift  signed  himself  M.  E.  Dra- 
pier  in  these  letters. 

Draw.  To  draw  omits.  To  follow  the 
scent  in  the  wrong  direction.  A  fos- 
hunting  term,  where  to  drain  means  to 
foUow  .scent.     (&«  Duawn  Fox.) 

Draio  it  mild — i.e.,  gently,  don't  exag- 
gerate. A  musical  expression :  the 
leader  tells  the  violin-players  to  draw  it 
mild — i.e.,  to  play  piano,  to  draw  the  bow 
mildly  or  gently  over  the  strings,  and  not 
to  exaggerate  the  noteg  {See  CoifE  it 
STRo^•a.) 


DRAWBACK, 


DRIVER. 


iiS 


Drawback.  Something  to  set  against 
the  prolits  or  advantages  of  a  concern.  In 
jommerce,  it  is  duty  charged  on  goods 
paid  liack  again  when  the  goods  are  ex- 
ported. 

Draw'cansir.  A  burlesque  tyrant  in 
"The  Rehearsal,"  by  G.  Villiers,  duke  of 
Buckingham  (1672).  Ue  kills  every  one, 
"sparing  neither  friend  nor  foe."  The 
name  stands  for  a  Mustering  bragfart, 
and  the  farce  is  said  to  have  been  a  satire 
on  Dryden's  intiated  tragedies.  (See 
Bates,  Bobadil.) 

(H<>)  frik'h's  his  mistress,  snubs  up  kinics,  bafflfs 
vrtnies,  and  does  wljat  he  will,  Trithout  rei-iil  lo 
nini^iers  guod  seuso,  or  juttiue.  — i»'u:/e*,  "  Tht  Rt- 
heanctl." 

Drawing-room.  A  room  to  wrhich 
ladies  u-ithdraiv  or  retire  after  dinner. 
Also  a  levee  where  ladies  are  presented 
to  the  sovereign. 

Drawn.  Uanged,  drawn, and  quarUred. 

Ix)id  Elie i.loiriiugli  used  tu  say  to  Iboae  coiHleiiini'd. 
"  You  are  drawn  on  Imrdlfs  to  the  place  of  execution, 
whcr.-  yi>u  are  t.i  be  handed,  lut  iu>(  till  you  are  dead  ; 
for.  while  •till  livinir,  yiiur  liody  is  to  be  taken  du>vn. 
your  li  .wela  lorn  out  and  l>urnt  before  your  face  ;  your 
head  is  then  cut  off,  and  your  body  divided  into  fo'jr 
quarters." 

<?«.(.  Mao^tmc,  13Ui.  ft  L, r i •  l?' .  *75, 

Drav/n  Battle.  A  battle  in  which 
the  troops  on  both  sides  are  drawn  ojj', 
neither  combatants  claiming  the  victory. 

Drawn  Fox.  A  cunning  fellow.  A 
fox-hunting  term,  meaning  a  fox  drawn 
from  his  cover,  and  started  for  the  chase. 

Dreadnought,  The  .Seaman's  Ho« 
pital  Society  ;  a  floating  hospital. 

Dream  Authorship.  It  is  said 
that  Coleridge  wrote  his  "KublaKhau," 
a  poem,  in  a  dream. 

Dream'er.  T/te  Immortal  Dreamer. 
Johu  Buuyau.     (1G28-16S3.) 

Dreng.  A  servant,  boy,  similar  to  the 
French  aarcoii  and  Latin  paer.  A  Danish 
word,  which  occurs  in  Domesday  Book. 

Drink  Deep.  Drink  a  deep 
draught.  Tha  allusion  is  to  the  peg 
tankards.  Tuose  v.'ho  drank  deep,  drank 
to  the  lower  pegs.     (See  Peo.) 

We'll  ti»»rh  yoti  to  drink  deep  ere  yon  depart. 
6/.iitts;/™;t,  '■UamlU,"  I.  a. 

Drinking  Healths  was  a  Romau 
custom.  Thus,  in  Plautua  we  read  of  a 
man  drinkiug  to  his  mistress  with  these 
words  :  Bene  vos,  bene  nos,  b<;ne  te,  bene  me, 
bene  nostrum  etiani  Slepha'ninm  (Here's  to 
yo'i,  hero's  to  us  all,  licros  to  thee,  hero's 
^  IT"    here's  to  our  dear ).  —  Stick. 


V.  4.  Fersius  (v.  1,  20)  has  a  similar 
verse,  Bene  m,ihi,  bene  vobis,  bene  ami'cie 
nvslrce  (Here's  to  myself,  here's  to  you, 
and  here's  to  I  shan't  say  who).  Martial, 
Ovid,  Horace,  &c.,  refer  to  the  same 
custom. 

The  ancient  Saxons  followed  the  same 
habit,  and  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  says 
that  Ilcngist  invited  king  V'ortigern  to  a 
banquet  to  sec  his  new  levies.  After  the 
meats  were  removed,  Rowe'na,  the  beau- 
tiful daughter  of  Hengi--t,  entered  with 
a  golden  cup  full  of  wine,  and,  making 
obeisance,  said,  Lauerd  kyning,  wass  keil 
(Lord  king,  your  health).  The  king  thea 
drank,  and  replied,  Drinc  hell  (Here's  to 
you).  Robert  de  Brunne  refers  to  this 
custom. 

Thi!  is  thcr  custom  and  her  gest 
W  lieu  I  liey  nre  at  the  ale  or  fest : 
Ilk  amn  Itiat  levis  irvrare  hira  drink 
Salle  eay  "  Wos-eiiie"  to  him  drmk  ; 
He  that  biddiB  sal!  say  "  Wassaile." 
Th'"  tother  s ulle  ray  aijain  '  Drinkitille." 
That  6:iya  "  Woiaaeille  "  d'inke  ut  the  cup. 
Kins  and  Ui«  fclaw  be  giTes  it  up. 

Kubet  t  de  Lrunnt. 

Drinking-Song.  The  oldest  in  the 
language  is  in  the  second  act  of  "  Gammer 
Gurtou's  Needle,"  by  John  Still,  called 
"The  Jolly  Bishop."     It  begins^ 

I  caunot  cat  but  little  meat. 
My  stjmach  is  Dot  good. 

Drive.  He  w  drivin.y  pigs,  or  driving 
pigs  to  market— i.e.,  snoring  like  pigs, 
whose  grunt  resembles  the  snore  of  a 
sleeper. 

To  drive  a  roaring  trade.  To  be 
doing  a  brisk  business.  The  allusion  is 
to  a  coachman  and  team  of  horses ;  as 
the  coachman  conducts  his  horses,  the 
tradesman  conducts  his  trade.  When 
horses  are  winded  they  are  called  roarers 
from  the  noise  they  make  in  breathing, 
and  to  drive  a  roaring  trade  is  to  drive  "it 
so  fast  that  the  team  gets  winded. 

To  drive  a  good  bargain  is  to  make 
an  advantageous  one.  Here  the  worii 
"drive"  is  about  equal  to  push  or  urge 
homo,  and  refers  to  driving  nails ;  heiico 
the  exjiression  "to  nail  him,"  "  to  drive 
it  home,"  fcc. 

Drive-oflF.  To  defer,  to  procras- 
tinate. The  idea  is,  running  away  or 
drawing  off  from  somethiug  that  ought 
to  be  done,  with  the  promise  of  comings 
to  it  at  a  future  time. 

Driver  of  Europe  (Le  Cocker  d« 
VEuropt).  So  the  empress  of  Russia 
useil  to  call  the  due  de  Cholseul,  miaiste* 


249 


DRIVELLER. 


DRUPNER. 


of  Louis  XV.,  because  he  had  apies  all 
over  Europe,  and  thus  ruled  iis  political 
cabals. 

Driv^eller.  An  idiot,  an  imliecile, 
whose  saliva  drivels  out  of  his  mouth. 

Droit  d'Aubaino.  In  France,  the 
king  was  entitled  at  tho  death  of  foreign 
residents  to  all  their  movable  estates ; 
tho  law  was  only  abolished  in  1819. 
Aubai/i  means  "alien,"  and  droit  d'a^i- 
haine  the  "  light  over  an  alien's  pro- 
perty." 

Dromas  and  Drom'ios.     Two  of 

the  doys  of  Actteon.     {See  Draco.) 

Dro'mio.  The  Brothers  Dromio.  Two 
brothers  exactly  alike,  who  serve  two 
brothers  exactly  alike,  and  the  mistakes 
of  masters  and  men  form  the  fun  of 
Shakespeare's  "  Comedy  of  Errors,"  a 
drama  borrowed  from  the  Meiucc/ifini  of 
I'lautus. 

Drone  (1  syl.).  One  of  the  two  pipes 
of  a  bagpipe.  So  called  because  it 
sounds  only  one  continuous  note.  The 
word  is  Saxon  {drccu). 

Drone.  An  idle  person  who  lives  on 
the  means  of  another,  as  drones  on  the 
honey  collected  by  bees  ;  a  sluggard. 

Drops.  To  take  on^s  drops.  To 
drink  spirits  in  private.  To  take  a  drop 
is  a  euphemism  for  taking  what  the 
drinker  chooses  to  call  by  that  term.  It 
may  be  anything  from  a  sip  to  a  Dutch- 
man's draught. 

Drop  Serene  {yulta  ser^na).  An  old 
name  for  amaurosis.  It  was  at  one 
time  thought  tliat  a  transparent  watery 
humour,  d instilling  on  the  optic  nerve, 
would  produce  blindness  without  chang- 
ing the  appearance  of  the  eye. 

So  thick  a  "drop  serene"  hath  quenched  these 
orbs. 

Hilton,  "  Paradue  Loit.   iii. 

Drowned  Rat.  As  wet  as  a  drowned 
rat— i.e.,  soaking  v>-et.  Drowned  rats 
cortainly  look  deplorably  wet,  but  so 
also  do  drowned  mice,  drowned  cats,  and 
drowned  dogs,  &c. 

Drows  or  Troics,  A  sort  of  faiiy 
race,  residing  in  hills  and  caverns.  Tho}' 
are  curious  artificers  in  iron  and  precious 
metaU      {Zetland  super tlii ion,.') 

J  huni!  about  thy  neck  that  pifted  o)iain,  ■which  al! 
in  our  isles  know  was  wrought  by  no  euithly  aitist, 
kut  by  tlie  I>ro\Ti  iu  the  i>ecret  le  es^es  of  ti:eir 
tavvvus  Sco'.t."  Iht  firute" i.  \, 


Druid.  A  chief  priest  (Celtio  der, 
suiierior;  wi/dd,  priest  or  instructor).  In 
Taliesin  we  read,  BUmgwydd  y agwarth  an 
(at  length  I  Viecaine  a  priest  or  wydd). 
It  was  after  this  period  that  the  wydda 
wore  divided  into  two  classes,  the  Der- 
wydds  and  the  Go-wydds  (D'ruids  and 
Ovidds).  We  have  tho  Irish  draoi  or 
drui  (a  magician),  and  the  Hcbrevr 
drusldni  (interpreter),  drsh  (Deut.  xviiL 
11),  and  Idrusk  (2  Chron.  xv.  12).  Pliny 
derives  the  word  from  d.ms  (an  oak),  but 
how  could  the  Celts  borrow  from  the 
Greeks  ? 

Drum.     A  crowded  evening  party; 

also  called  a  "rout,"  a  "hurricane,"  &c. 

Drum  applies  to  the  close  packing,  as  a 

drum  of  figs.    Rout  is  the  Welsh  77iau>ter 

(a  crowd).      Hurricane    alludes  to   tho 

hurry,  bustle,  and  confusion  which  mark 

these  soirees. 

It  is  impossible  to  live  in  a  drum. 

Lady  M.  W.  MorUairu. 

John  Drum's  entertainment.  Turning 
an  unwelcome  guest  out  of  doors.  The 
allusion  is  to  drumming  a  soldier  out  of 
a  regiment. 

Drum  Ecclesiastic.  Tho  pulpit 
cushion,  often  vigorously  thumped  by 
what  are  termed  "rousing  preachers." 

Wl  ea  Gospel  trumpeter,  surrouncied 
Witli  loug-eared  rout,  to  battle  sounded  ; 
And  pulpit  drum  ecclcsias'ick 
Was  beat  witl;  ti^t  instead  of  a  stick. 

ButUr,  "  Budibias,"  pt.  i.,  ch.  L,  ?.  9. 

Drum-head  Court-martial.  One 

held  m  haste  ;  like  a  court-martial  sum- 
moned on  the  field  round  the  big  drum 
to  deil  summarily  with  an  offender. 

Drum'mond  Light.  The  lime- 
li<;ht.  So  named  from  Capt.  Thomas 
Drummond,  R.E. 

Drvuxk  as  Chloe;  DrunJc  as  afddkr ; 
Drunk  as  a  lord.  The  Chloe,  or  rather 
Cloe,  is  the  cobbler's  wife  of  Linden 
grove  to  whom  Prior  was  attached. 
The  fiddler  is  the  fiddler  at  wakes, 
fai'.s,  and  on  board  ship,  who  used  to 
be  paid  in  liquor  for  playing  to  rustic 
dauceis. 

Degrees  of  Drunlentitss.  L  Ape  drunk ; 
2.  Lion  drunk;  3.  Swine  drunk;  4.  Sleep 
drunk;  5.  Martin  drunk;  6.  Goat  drunk; 
7.  Fox  drunk. — Nash. 

Drupner  {The  dripper).  A  gold  ring 
given  to  O'iin;    every  nintli  niiilit  otJier 


DRURY. 


DUCKS. 


247 


rings  dropped  from  it  of  equal  value  to 
itself.— T/ie  Edda. 

Drury  Lane  (London)  takes  its 
name  from  the  Laliitation  of  the  great 
Drury  family.  Sir  William  Urury,  K.G., 
was  a  most  alilo  commander  in  the  Irish 
ware.  Drury  House  stood  on  the  site  of 
the  present  Olympic  Theatre. 

Dru'ses  (2syl.).  A  people  of  Syri.T 
eroverned  by  ouiir's,  half  Cliristian  and 
half  Mahometan.  They  offer  up  their 
devotions  both  in  mosques  and  churches, 
worship  the  imaj^es  of  saints,  and  yet 
observe  the  fast  of  Ilam'medan.  Their 
lan<i;uage  is  pure  Arabic. 

Dry-nuTSe.  When  a  superior  o93cer 
does  not  know  his  duty,  and  is  instructed 
in  it  by  an  inferior  officer,  he  is  said  to 
be  dry-nursed.  The  inferior  nurses  the 
superior  as  a  dry-nurse  rears  an  infant. 

Ttvy  Rot.  The  spontaneous  rot  of 
timber  or  wall-p.apcr,  not  unfrequeutly 
produced  by  certain  funtd  attachiu^c them- 
selves thereto.  It  is  called  dr}'  rot  because 
the  wood  is  not  purposely  exposed  to  wet, 
altho  gh,  without  doubt,  damp  from  de 
fective  ventilation  is  largely  present. 

Dry  Wine.  Wine  neither  eweet  nor 
Eparkliug.  In  sparkling  wine,  some  of 
liie  carbonic  acid  tas  is  retained  to  pro- 
duce the  ' '  moss ; "  in  sweet  wine,  some  of 
the  sugar  is  not  yet  decoiuijosed  ;  but  in 
oM  dry  wine  the  fermentation  is  complete, 
the  carbonic  acid  ^as  has  escaped  and 
much  of  the  water,  leaving  ^le  spirit  dry 
or  alouo. 

Dry'ads.  Nymphs  of  the  troea  (Greek, 
d)  us,  any  forest  tree).  They  were  siip- 
poscd  to  live  in  the  trees  and  die  when 
the  trees  died. 

Dry'asdust  {Rev.  Dr.).  A  dull, 
plodding  autiior,  very  prosy,  very  dull, 
and  very  learned;  an  anticpiary.  Sir 
Walter  Scott  employs  the  name  to  bring 
out  the  prefatory  matter  of  some  of  his 
II  vols. 


Tlie  Prussian  Dryiui.iit 
aedusts"  yet  kuowo. 


ert'-'ls  all  other  "  Dry- 
furli/U. 


Dsis'oo.  The  Japanoe  deity  that 
presides  over  roads  and  travellers. 

Du'alism.  A  system  cf  })hilosophy 
which  refers  all  things  that  exist  to  two 
ultimate  principles.  It  is  eminently  a 
I'crsi.an  doctrine.  The  Orj-hic  poets 
ma-le  the  ultimate  principles  of  all  tilings 
to  brt  Water  and   Night,   or  Time  and 


Necessity.  In  theology  the  Maniche'an 
doctriue  is  dualistic. 

Dub.  To  make  a  knight  by  giving 
him  a  hloio.  Dr.  Tusler  says,  "  The  aii 
cient  method  of  knighting  was  by  a  box 
on  the  ea.r,  implying  thiit  it  would  be 
the  last  ho  would  receive,  a.s  he  would 
h.encefoi-th  be  free  to  maintain  his  own 
honour."  The  present  ceremony  is  to 
l-ui  the  shoulder  with  a  sword.  (Saxou, 
liuhhan,  to  strike  with  a  blow.) 

Dubric  (St.).  A  holy  monk  in  the 
court  of  king  Arthur. — Idylls  of  the  King, 
"  Enid." 

Due'at.  A  piece  of  riioiiey.  So 
called  from  the  legend  on  the  early 
Sicilian  pieces  :  Sit  tibi,  Chrisie,  datus, 
(/iiem  lu  regis,  isle  dvxalus  (May  this 
duchy  \(.hical-iis'\  whicli  you  rule  be  de- 
voted to  you,  0  Christ). 

Duchesne  (2  syl. ).  Le  pere  Duchesne. 
Jacques  Heue'  Hebert,  chief  of  the  Cor- 
delier Club  in  the  French  Revolution, 
the  members  of  which  were  called 
lie'bertists.  He  was  called  "Father 
Duch(Ssne,"  from  the  name  of  his  vile 
journal.     (1755-1794.) 

Duchess.  An  old  woman  is  often 
termed  A  n,  old  duclcess  or  a  rtfjular 
old  duchess.  The  longevity  of  the  peers 
and  iieeresses  is  certainly  very  striking. 

Duck.  The  wild  duck  covers  up  her 
eggs  with  moss  or  hay  every  time  she 
leaves  them. 

Duck  Lane.      A   row  for  old  and 

second-hand  books  which  stood  formerly 
near  Smithfield,  but  has  given  way  to 
city  improvements.  It  might  be  called 
the  liolyweU  Street  of  Queen  Anne's 
reign. 

ScotistB  and   Thomistg  now  in  re»«  remain 
Aii.i.  bt  their  kindred  cobwebs  iii  Du'k  I.ace. 
Fi'pi,  "  E»ni/  on  Crdiciiin.' 

Ducks-fcot  Lane  (City).  A  cor- 
ruption  of  Dukes'  Foot  Lane.  So  called 
from  the  dukes  of  Suffolk,  whoso  manor- 
house  was  there. 

Ducks  and  Drakes.  To  make 
Ducks  and  DiuLes  of  oius  money.  To 
throw  it  away  as  stones  with  which 
'•  (lucks  and  diakis  "  a.'-e  made  on  water. 
The  siudle  is  suggistid  by  the  way 
drakta  pursue  duck^  over  a  pi..nd. 

Wh.it  fl/^ired  slates  are  best  to  make 
Oil  watery  KurlasX  Iz.-.^  and  dnikc 

UuUtr,  "  JJuUUirat.'  i<-  » 


tta 


DUCKWEED. 


DUKES. 


Duckweed.  A  corruption  of  dy^e- 
»eed—ie.,  ditch- weed.  So  calleil  because 
it  always  covers  old  moats  and  ponds  ;  but 
it  is  by  no  means  a  favourite  food  of 
ducks.  Its  Latin  name  is  "  Lemna," 
from  the  Greek,  litnne  (a  stagnant  pool). 

Dudley  Locust.  A  fossil  trilobita 
[Calyni'ene). 

Dud'nian.  When  Dudman  u.nd  Rani- 
head  meet.  Never.  Dudman  and  Ilam- 
head  are  two  forelands  on  the  Cornish 
coast,  about  twenty  miles  asunder.  "  I'll 
have  it  done,  and  that  before  Dudman 
anil  Ilamhead  meet ! "  means  ''assuredly," 
before  "never"  begins. 

Make  yourself  scarce '  depart!  vanish!  or  we'll 
have  Toil  summoned  befoie  the  miydr  of  llal'gaver, 
Oud  that  bel'uie  Dudaian  and  Rnniheal  meet 

Scolt,  "Kendworth,"  a.  IT. 

Duds.  Old  clothes,  tattered  gar- 
ments (Gaelic,  dud,  a  rag ;  Dutch, 
tod;  Italian,  tozzi).  A  dudder  or  duds- 
man  is  a  scarecrow,  or  man  of  straw 
dressed  in  cast-off  gannents  to  fray 
birds ;  also  a  pedlar  who  sells  duds  or 
g^own-pieces. 

Dudu.  A  pensive  maiden  of  seven- 
teen, "  who  never  thought  about  herself 
at  all." — Byron,  "Don  Juan,"  vi.,  vii. 

Duende  (3  syl.).     A  Spanish  gobelin 
-  or  house-spirit.    Cal'deron  has  a  comedy 
called  ■'  La  Dama  Duenda." 

Disputase  per  los  hombres  entendiJos 
Si  fue  de  los  caidos  esU  dueude. 

Calderan. 

Duen'na  {Lady).  The  female  of 
don.  The  Spanish  don  is  the  same  word 
as  the  Welsh  dyn  and  Irish  duine.  A 
duenna  is  the  chief  lady-in-waiting  on 
the  queen  of  Spain  ;  but  in  common  par- 
lance it  means  a,  lady  who  is  half  com- 
panion and  half  governess,  in  charge  of 
Ihe  younger  female  members  of  a  noble- 
man's or  gentleman's  family  in  Spain. 

Duer'gar  (2  syl.).  Dwarfs  who 
dwell  in  rocks  and  hills  ;  noted  for  their 
otrength,  subtilty,  magical  powers,  and 
akill  in  metallurgy.  They  are  the  per- 
sonification of  the  subterranean  powers 
of  nature.  According  to  the  Gotho- 
German  myth,  the  duergar  were  first 
mi'ggots  in  Ymir's  flesh,  but  afterwards 
assumed  the  likeness  of  men.  The  first 
duergar  was  Modsotjn'er  ;  the  next  Dyrin. 
N.B. — The  giant  Ymir  is  Chaos.  (Cite 
B  tu)  KNBi;cu.) 


Dues'sa  (DoulU-mind  or  False-faith). 

Daughter  of  Falsehood  and  Shamo,  who 
assumes  divers  disguises  to  beguile  the 
Red  Cross  Knight.  At  one  time  she 
takes  the  name  of  Fidessa,  and  entices 
the  knight  into  the  Palace  of  Pride  (Luci- 
fe'ra).  The  knight  having  left  the  palace, 
is  overtaken  by  Duessa,  and  drinks  of  an 
f  I. chanted  fountain,  which  paralyses  him, 
in  which  state  ho  is  taken  captive  by  the 
giant  OrgogliO.  Prince  Arthur  slays  the 
giant  and  rescues  the  knight ;  Duessa, 
being  stripped  of  her  gorgeous  disguise, 
is  found  to  be  a  hideous  hag,  and  flees 
into  the  wilderness  for  concealment. 
bho  a['[*ar8  a^ain  in  book  ii. — Spenstr, 
''Fairy  Queen,"'houk  i.,  2-7;  v.  9 

Duf  fer.  A  make-believe ;  a  hawker 
of  "  Brumma:;em,"  whether  moral,  intel- 
lectual, or  material.  To  duff  is  to  rub  up 
the  nap  of  old  clothes  so  as  to  make  them 
look  "  amaist  as  weel  as  new  ; "  a  duffer 
is  one  who  performs  the  operation. 

liobinson,  a  thorough  duffer  he. 

AUx^iiuUr  Hmtth,  "Hummer  Idyi)." 

Duke-  T/ie  Great  Duhe,  the  duko  of 
Wellington,  called  "  the  Iron  Duke." 

Duke    and   Duchess    in    "Don 

QuiX'i  e,"  who  play  so  many  tricks  on 
tilt)  Knight  of  the  Woeful  Countenance, 
Avere  don  Carlos  de  Borja,  count  of 
Ficall  ,  who  married  donna  Maria  of 
Ar'agon,  duchess  of  Villaher'mora,  in 
whose  right  the  count  had  extensive 
estates  on  the  banks  of  the  Ebro  ;  among 
others  he  h-id  a  country  seat  called  Buo- 
na'via,  which  was  the  place  Cervantjs 
referred  to. 

Duke  Combe.  William  Combe, 
author  of  "Dr.  Syntax,"  "The  Devil 
upon  Two  Sticks,"  ha.,  who  in  the  days 
of  his  prosperity  was  noted  for  thd 
splendour  of  his  dress,  the  profusion  of 
his  table,  and  the  magnificence  of  his 
deportment.  Havmg  spent  all  his  money, 
he  turned  author,  but  passed  the  last 
fifteen  j'cars  of  his  life  in  the  King's 
Bench.     (1743-1823.) 

Duke     Humphrey.      {See   Hum- 

PHUEV.) 

Duke  or  Darling.  Heads  or  tails  ; 
pitch  and  toss.  Wnen  the  scandals 
about  the  duke  of  York  and  Mrs. 
Clarke  were  the  common  talk  of  the 
town,  the  street  boys,  instead  cf  crying 


WKSL 


DUMACHUS. 


liS 


Hecbdt  or  tails,  used  to  say  Dulce  or  Dar- 
ling.— Lord  Colchester  (" Diary ,"  1S61). 

Duke  Street  (Strand),  so  named 
from  Goorgo  Villicrs,  duko  of  Bucking- 
ham. 

Duke's.  A  fashionable  theatre  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  It  was  situate  in 
Portugal  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  It 
was  named  from  its  great  patron,  James, 
duke  of  York,  afterwards  James  II. 

Dulie's  Walk.  To  vieet  one  m  the 
Duke's  Walk.  An  invitation  to  fight  a 
duel.  In  the  vicinity  of  Holyrood  House 
is  a  place  called  the  Duke's  Walk,  from 
oeing  the  favourite  promenade  of  the 
duke  of  York,  afterwards  James  II., 
during  his  residence  in  Scotland.  This 
walk  was  the  common  rendezvous  for 
settling  affairs  of  honour,  as  the  site  of 
the  British  Museum  m-.t.s  in  England. 

If  a  gcmleman  ehall  ask  me  the  Bame  •pii-stion,  I 
t\\A\  regard  the  incivility  as  equivalent  to  an  in- 
Titfitioa  to  meet  him  in  the  Duke's  Walk.— Sco(<, 
**BiiUe  of  Lantmermoor^"  c.  XXliv. 

Dulcar'non.  The  horns  of  a  di 
lemma  (or  Syllogismum  cvniu'lum)  ;  at 
my  wits'  end  ;  a  puzzling  question. 
Dulcar'nein  is  the  Arabic  dhu'lkarnein 
(double  -  horned,  having  two  horn.s). 
llence  the  pons  asino'rum  of  Euclid  is 
called  the  Dulcamcn,  "a  pons  asinorum 
to  some  good  (Jrecians."  Alexander  the 
Groat  is  called  Iscander  Dulcaruein,  and 
the  Macedonian  pcta  the  ara  of  Dul- 
carnein.  According  to  the  Koran,  c. 
xviii.,  "Dulcaruein  (Alexander)hw\tihQ 
famous  iron  walls  of  Jnjuge  and  Jlajuge, 
within  which  Gog  and  Magog  are  con- 
fined till  the  end  of  the  world."  Hence, 
to  send  one  to  Dulcarnein  is  to  send  one 
♦o  the  prison  of  Gog  and  Magog,  to 
d;ize  thcni  with  puzzles.  Chrtucer  usr.s  the 
Word  ill  Troylus  4'  Crjsfyde,  bk.  iii.,12(),r27. 

Dulce  Domum.  The  holiday  song 
of  Winchester  School.  Mr.  Brandon 
says  it  was  composed  by  a  boy  of  St. 
Mary's  Colloge,  Winchester,  who  was 
confined  for  misconduct  during  the 
Whitsun  holidays,  "  as  report  says,  tied 
to  a  pillar."  On  the  evening  preceding 
the  Whitsun  holidays,  "the  master, 
scholars,  and  chori>tors  of  the  above 
college  walk  in  procession  round  the 
'  pillar,'  chanting  the  six  stanzas  of  the 
song."  In  the  March  number  of  the 
"Gentleman's  Magazine,"  179G,  a  trans- 
l&tion,  signed  "J.K.,"was  given  of  the 
Kcng  ;  and  Dr.  Milner  thinks  the  original 


is  not  more  than  a  century  old.  It  is 
rather  remarkable  that  the  author  bae 
made  "dom\im"  a  neuter  uoun.  («S« 
Adeste  Fidele.s.) 

CBORfS. 

Domum,  domum,  diil'-e  dQmiiml 
Domini),  duiiium.  dii  «.■«  doiiiuiu  ; 
Dulc.-,  dulce,  dulce  domum  ! 
Dulce  domum,  resoue'mus  1 
Home.  home,  joyous  homel 
Home,  home,  joyous  liome  1 
Jo.»oiin  joyous,  joyous  liumel 
Hur  nh  tor  jo.rous  homel 

Dul'ciiner  is  now  applied  chiefly  to  a 
stringed  musical  instrument,  played  by 
striking  the  wires  with  little  hammers  ; 
but  the  word  so  translated  in  Daniel  iii, 
5  was  a  species  of  bagpipe.  rUrst  de- 
diices  the  Ilebrtw  word  from  smpn  (a 
pipe),  and  the  Greek  is  symp/ionia^ 
(Italian,  dolcimello.) 

In  a  vieiuTi  once  I  saw 
A  damst-i  v\ith  a  liulciirer. 

O-ltrii'ijr,  "  luvm  „f  KiMa  Khan.'- 

Dulcin'ea.  A  lady-love.  Taken 
from  Don  Quixote's  amie  du  ccmr.  Her 
real  name  was  Aldonza  Lorenzo,  but  the 
knight  dubbed  her  Dulcin'ea  del  ToVjo'so. 

I  must  ever  have  «oTre  Dulcinea  in  my  head— ii 
harn^oi.iteB  Ihe  souL— i'e'"<. 

Dul'cinists.  Heretics  who  followed 
the  teaching  of  Dulcin,  who  lived  in  the 
fourteenth  century.  He  said  that  God 
reigned  from  the  beginning  to  the  com- 
ing of  Messiah  ;  and  that  Christ  reigned 
from  his  ascension  to  the  fourteenth 
century,  when  he  gave  up  his  dominion 
to  the  Holy  Ghost. 

Duli'a.  An  inferior  degree  of  wor- 
ship or  veneration,  such  as  that  paid  by 
Roman  Cat'iolics  to  saints  and  angels  ; 
Hyper-diili'a  is  a  superior  sort  of  venera- 
tion reserved  for  the  Virgin  ;  but  that 
worship  which  is  paid  to  God  alone  is 
called  latri'a.  "  Dulia  "  means  that  sort 
of  veneration  which  slaves  pay  to  their 
lords  (Greek,  doulos,  a  slave)  ;  "  Latria  " 
means  that  sort  of  veneration  which 
mortals  pay  to  the  gods  (Greek,  latreu'o, 
to  worship  the  gods). 

Dulness.  Kivg  of  dnlness.  CoUey 
Gibber,  poet  laureate  after  Eusden. 

"  Qod  save  kinit  Ci'il«r !  "  mounts  on  eTery  note . . 
So.  "  lieu  Jove's  blook  ile8cinJi;d  from  on  high  . . . 
J.uud  thunder  to  Its  hoMoni  s  look  the  b"g. 
And  the  huaiae  nation   croaked.  "Qod  ure  king 
hOi  I  -  Fopt.  "  I'uncui,'  bk.  U 

Du'machus.  The  impenitent  thief. 
In  Longfellow's  "Golden  Legend,"  Du- 
ni-ichus  and  Titus  were  two  of  a  band 
of  robbers  who  attacked  Josopti  in  hii 


250 


DUMB. 


DUNCE. 


flight  into  Egypt.  Titus  said,  "  Let 
these  good  pooplo  go  in  peace,"  but 
Dumachiia  ropliod,  "  First  let  them  pay 
for  their  release."  U{)on  this  Titius  gave 
his  fellow-roliher  forty  groats,  and  the 
infant  Jesus  said— 

Wlien  thirty  years  ehall  have  gone  bj, 
1  at  Jerusalem  shull  die  .  .  . 

On  the  accurnod  tree. 
Then  on  my  right  and  my  left  tide, 
The  e  tiiieves  eh  ill  both  be  cnieitied  ; 
And  Titus  thenceforth  9  lall  abide 

In  Paradiee  with  me. 

'•  Thf  Miracle  riny,''  ilL 

Dumb-bells.  A  corruption  of  Dum- 
pels  or  Dumpies,  the  Fame  word  as  Dum- 
plings, and  meaning  heavy  (weights). 
(German  and  Danish,  duvun,  heavy, 
dull,  insipid  ;  dnmplinf),  a  heavy,  insipid 
puddir-g ;  dumps,  heavy,  stupid  morose- 
ness.)    {See  Dump.) 

Dumb-waiter.  A  piece  of  dining- 
room  furniture,  fitted  with  shelves,  to 
hold  glasses,  dishes,  and  plate.  So 
called  because  it  answers  all  the  pur- 
poses of  a  w.aiter,  and  is  not  possessed 
of  an  insolent  tongue. 

Dum'my.  In  three-handed  whist, 
the  exposed  hand  is  called  dummy,  from 
the  German  diimm  (stupid),  meaning 
"rather  stupid  or  dull."  The  French 
call  it  mort  (a  dead  man),  and  the  party 
is  said  jouer  avec  un  mort. 

Dum'm.ie3  (2  syl.).  Empty  bottles 
or  drawers  in  a  druggist's  shop  ;  wooden 
heads  in  a  hairdresser's  shop  ;  lay  figua-es 
in  a  tailor's  shop  ;  persons  on  the  stage 
who  appear  before  the  lights,  but  have 
nothing  to  say.  These  all  are  dumb, 
actually  or  figuratively. 

Dump.  A  Brazilian  copper  coin, 
worth  about  2hd. ;  also  a  round  fiat  lump 
of  lead  used  on  board  ship  for  playing 
quoits  and  chuck-penny.  Hence,  dumpy 
or  dximpty  (sqii.at  or  small).  An  egg  is 
called  a  htimiity-dunipty  in  the  nursery 
verses  beginning  with  "  Humpty  Dumpty 
sat  on  a  wall,"  &c. 

Dum.ps.  To  be  in  (k-e  dumps.  Out 
of  spirits;  in  the  "  sullens."  According 
to  etymological  fable,  it  is  derived  from 
Dumops,  king  of  Egypt,  who  built  a 
pyramid  and  died  of  melancholy.  Gay's 
Third  Pastoral  is  "  Wednesday,  or  the 
Dumps."  (German,  dumm,  stupid,  dull ; 
Dutch,  dom;  Hebrew,  dtim,  &c.) 

Why,  hovT  now,  daughtir  Katharine  ?  in  your 
dumcs  f  -a/iokttinarr,  "  lamtitg  a/  tlit  Shrnc,"  ii.  1. 


Dun.  One  who  importunes  for  pay- 
ment of  a  V)ill  (Saxon,  diuian,  to  din  or 
clamour).  The  tradition  is,  that  it  refers 
to  .Joe  Dun,  a  famous  bailiff  of  Lincoln 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VH.  The  "British 
Apollo  "  says  he  was  so  active  and  dex- 
terous in  collecting  bad  debts,  that  when 
any  ono  became  "  slow  to  pay,"  the 
neighbours  used  to  say  to  the  creditors, 
"Dun  him"  (send  Dun  after  him). 

An  UniTersitie  dunne  .  .  .  is  nn  inferior  creditor 
of  foiiie  ten  eliillint'S  or  dowue>vard9,  C"ntricted  for 
horse-hire,  or  perchance  dhnite.  too  weaKe  to  be  put 
in  euite.— Bij/i(ip  Enrle,  "  jlicrocosmugraphia."  (lecl- 
lt>9->.) 

Squire  Dun.  The  hangman  between 
Richard  Brandin  and  .Jack  Ketcb. 

And  pr.-fentlr  a  halter  got, 
Madeoftiie  best  strong  r  empen  toer ; 
And.  ere  a  cit  c  uld  lick  his  ear. 
Had  tied  hitn  up  with  as  much  art 
As  Dun  himself  could  do  lor  's  heart. 

Cotton,"  firgtt  TraiesleU.-  Lk  1y. 

As  dull  as  DuT.  in  the  mire  (Chaucer). 
Diin  means  a  donkey  or  dun-key,  so 
called  from  its  colour.  Ralph  calls  Hu- 
dibras  "  his  danship"(  pt.  iii.  Z).  "  Dud 
in  the  mire"  is  one  gre-itly  embarrassed. 
There  was  a  game  so  called,  to  which 
Shakespeare  refers  in  "  Romeo  and 
Juliet"  (i.  4):  "If  thou  art  dun,  we'll 
draw  thee  from  the  mire,"  Gififord  has 
described  the  game  in  his  edition  of  Ben 
Jonson,  vii.  283. 

^Vel'.  rone,  my  master?,  lend"8  your  hnnds, 
Draw  Dnn  out  of  ti:e  ditch  ; 
Draw,  pull,  hel|ie  «U  ;  e",  ko,  well  done. 
( TJiey  ptdl  him  out.)    Ihitchesse  of  Suffolki.  (1631.) 

Dxm-COW.  The  Dun-cow  of  Duns- 
more  heat'n  was  a  savage  beast  slain  by 
Sir  Guy,  earl  of  Warwick.  A  huge  tusk, 
probably  that  of  an  elephant,  is  stiil 
shown  at  Harwich  Castle,  as  one  of  the 
horns  of  tho  dun-cow.     {See  Gor.) 

Dunce.  A  dolt ;  a  stupid  person. 
The  word  is  taken  from  Duns  Scotus, 
the  learned  schoolman  and  great  sup- 
porter of  the  immaculate  conception. 
His  followers  were  called  Dunsers.  Tyn- 
dal  say.s,  when  thej'  saw  that  their  hair- 
splitting divinity  was  giving  way  to 
modem  theologj',  "the  old  barking  cr.rs 
raged  in  every  pulpit"  against  the 
classics  and  new  notions,  so  that  the 
name  indicated  an  opponent  to  progress, 
to  learning,  and  hence  a  dunce. 

He  knew  whafs  what,  5nd  that's  le  higi 
As  nietaphysic  wit  can  fly.  .  . 
A  teconl  1  hoa-.as,  t  r  ar  once 
To  name  them  all,  another  Dunse. 

Bidiir,  "i/uJilnis.'t  I. 


DUNCIAD. 


DUNSTAN. 


251 


Dunce.  {See  Abderitan,  Arcadian, 
Boeotian.) 

Dun'ciad.  The  dunce-epic,  a  satire 
by  Alexander  Pope.  Eusden,  the  poet  lau- 
reate, being  dead,  the  yoddcss  of  Dulness 
elects  Colley  Ciblior  to  be  his  successor. 
The  installation  is  celebrated  by  games, 
the  most  important  being  the  proposal 
to  read  without  sleeping  two  voluminous 
works,  one  in  verse  and  the  other  in 
prose;  as  every  one  falls  asleep,  thegames 
come  to  an  end.  King  Gibber  is  now 
taken  to  the  temple  of  Dulness,  and  is 
lulled  to  sleep  on  the  lap  of  the  goddess  ; 
and  during  his  slumber  sees  in  a  vision 
the  past,  present,  and  future  triumphs 
of  the  empire.  Finally,  the  goddess, 
having  destroyed  order  and  science,  esta- 
blishes her  kingdom  on  a  firm  basis,  and 
having  given  directions  to  her  several 
agents  to  prevent  thought  anil  to  confine 
the  people  to  foolish  and  trifling  pursuits, 
h'iglit  and  Chaos  are  restored,  and  tiis 
poem  en  da     (&e  Dennis.) 

Dun'derhead.  A  blockhead,  or, 
rather,  a  muddle-headed  jicrson.  Dundcr 
is  the  lees  or  dregs  of  wine,  &c.  ;  more 
correctly,  the  overflow  of  fermented 
liquors  (yeast).  (Spanis^h,  redundar,  to 
overflow  or  froth  over. ) 

Tlie  use  of  Dunder  In  the  makinfr  of  rum  answers 
the  r-irpose  of  yenst  in  tUe  fermeutatiou  of  Hour.— 
Stiwurde, "  Went  Indies.'' 

Dundrea'ry,  Lord  (3  syl.).  The 
imjiersonation  of  a  gooii-natured,  indo- 
lent, blundering,  empty-headed  swell. 
The  chief  character  in  Tom  Taylor's 
dramatic  piece,  called  "Our  American 
Cousin."  Mr.  Sothern  created  the  cha- 
racter of  Lord  Dundreary  by  the  power 
of  his  conception  and  the  genius  of  his 
Rcting,     (See  BitoTUEu  Sa.m.) 

Dungeon.  A  corruption  of  domin'ium 
(d()minj\mi,  contracted  into  dom'jum), 
that  part  of  the  castle  in  wliich  the  lord 
took  his  meals,  and  which  dominated 
over  the  whole  bwilding.  The  under- 
ground storey  of  thi.s  grand  tower  was 
used  for  a  prison,  and  persons  of  rank 
were  confined  in  Kcop-tower  itself,  as 
being  the  strongest  part  of  the  castle. 

The  word  is  sometimes  spelt  donjon, 
and  at  Canterbury  is  a  mound  corruptly 
called  the  Dane  John,  on  which  stood 
formerly  the  donjon  or  keep  of  the  castle. 

The  (tretc  tour,  that  wim  so  tliiV.ke  ari'l  string. 
WUkb  ot  the  ceiitci  was  tiie  chcef  d>in..'oiiu. 

C'^kiiUi^r,  "  (Ainturoury  TaUt."  (1U6S.) 


Dunghill.  Thou  hasl  il,  ad  dunghill, 
atthyjliujers'  ends.  To  this  Holof ernes 
replies,  "  Oh,  I  smell  false  Latin  ;  'dung- 
hill' for  'unguem.' '' — Shai:espeare,  "  Lovt'i 
Lo.ho'ir's  Lost"  V,  L 

Dunkers.    (See  Tunkers.) 

Dunmow.  To  eat  Dunmoio  bacon. 
To  live  in  conjugal  amity,  without  eveu 
wishing  the  marriageknot  to  beluss  firmly 
tied.  The  allusion  is  to  the  institution  of 
Robert  Fitzwalter.  Between  1214  and 
1772,  eight  claimants  have  licen  admitted 
to  eat  tlio  flitch.  Their  nanjes  merit  im- 
mortality. 

1445.  Richard  "Wright,  labourer,  Bau- 
burgh,  near  Norwich. 

14iJ7.  Steven  .Samuel,  of  Little  Ayston, 
Essex. 

1510.  Thomas  Ley,  fuller,  Coggeshall, 
Essex. 

1701.  William  and  Jane  Parsley, 
butcher,  Much-Eciston,  Essex.  Same 
year,  Johu  and  Ann  Reynolds,  Hatfield 
Regis. 

1751.  Thomas  Shalceshaft,  wool- 
comber,  Weathcrsfield,  Essex. 

1763.     Names  unknown  1 1 

1772.  John  and  Susan  Gilder,  Tarling, 
Esses. 

The  recent  attempt  to  revive  this  "  pre- 
mium for  humbug  "  is  manifestly  a  mere 
"get-up  "  for  the  benefit  of  the  town. 

Ah,  madam  !  cease  to  be  migtaken  ; 
Few  mai  ried  fuwl  peck  i>uumow  bacon. 

I'rior. 

Dunmow  Flitch.    (,See  Bacon.) 

Dun'stable.  Bailey,  as  if  he  actu- 
ally believed  it,  gives  the  etymon  of 
this  word  Duns'  stable  ;  aciding  Duns  or 
"  Dunus  was  a  robber  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  I.,  who  made  it  dangerous  for 
travellers  to  pass  thut  way.  (Dunes  or 
dti,)is  tavell,  our  table — i.e.,  the  table-land 
or  flat  of  the  hills.) 

Plain  as  Ike  road  lo  Dunstable ;  or,  as 
Shakespeare  says,  "  Plain  as  w.ay  to  parish 
church."  The  road  leading  to  Dun.stable 
is  the  confluence  of  many  leading  to  Lon- 
don, but  the  play  is  on  the  word  dunce. 

Dvin'stan  (Si. ).  Patron  saint  of  gold- 
smiths, being  himself  a  noted  worker  in 
gold. 

St.  Dunstan  and  the  Devil.  Dunstan  was 
a  painter,  jeweller,  and  blacksmith  ; 
being  expelled  from  court,  he  built  a  cell 
near  Glastonbury  church,  and  there  he 
worked   at  his  handicraft*.      It  was   in 


252 


DUODECIMO. 


DUST. 


this  cell  that  tradition  says  the  devil  had 
&  gossip  with  the  saint  through  the  lat- 
tice window.  Dunstan  went  on  talking 
till  his  tongs  were  red-hot,  when  ho 
turned  round  suddenly  and  caught  his 
Satanic  majesty  by  tho  nose.  One  can 
trace  in  this  legend,  the  notion  that  all 
knowledge  belonged  to  the  Black  A' t ; 
that  the  "  saints"  are  always  more  than 
conquerors  over  the  spirits  of  evil;  and 
the  singular  cunning  which  our  fore- 
fathers so  delighted  to  honour. 

Duodee'lmo.  A  book  whose  sheets 
are  folded  into  twelve  leaves  each.  This 
word,  which  differs  from  both  the  Italian 
and  French,  is  from  the  Latin  duodecim 
(twelve).  It  is  now  called  twolve-mo 
from  the  contraction  12mo. 

Dup  is  do  up.  Thus  Ophelia  says,  in 
one  of  her  snatches,  he  "  dupped  the 
chamber  door,"  i.e.,  did  up  or  pushed  up 
the  latch,  in  order  to  open  the  door,  that 
he  might  "let  in  the  maid"  ("Hamlet," 
IV.  1).  "To  dup  the  gate"  sometimes 
means  to  do  it  up,  or  draw  up  the  port- 
cullis. 

Duranda'na  or  Durl.idana.  Or- 
lando's sword,  given  him  by  his  cousin 
Malagi'gi.  It  once  belonged  to  Hector, 
and  was  made  by  the  fairies.  It  could 
cleave  the  Pyrenees  at  a  blow.  N.B. — In 
French  romance  Orlando  is  called  Rotand, 
Malagigi  Mauyis,  and  the  sword  durandal 
or  duriii'daL 

Nor  plated  shield,  nor  tempered  casque  defends. 
Where  Duruidana's  trenchani  edne  desceu'is. 

Hoole,  "  Orlando  Furiusu,"  bk.  T. 

Du'randar'te.  A  knight  who  fell  at 
Roncesvalles,  cousin  to  Moutesi'nos.  The 
tale  says  he  loved  Belenra,  whom  he 
served  seven  years,  at  the  expiration  of 
which  time  lie  was  slain.  In  his  kist 
breath  he  told  Montesi'nos  to  take  his 
heart  and  give  it  to  Belerma.  He  is 
described  by  Lewis  as 

Sweet  in  m.iuiier3,  fair  in  favour, 

Slild  in  temper,  fierce  in  fight. 

Dur'den  (Dame).  A  notable  house- 
wife. Dame  Durden  of  the  famous  Eng- 
lish song  kept  five  serving  girls  to  carry 
the  milking  pails,  and  also  kept  five 
serving  men  to  use  the  spade  and  flail. 
The  five  men  loved  the  five  maids. 

'Twas  II oU  ind  Bet,  and  DoU  and  Kate,  and  Dorothj 

Draiifietiil  . 
And  John  and  Dick,  and  Jo«  and  Jack.  »'id  Ilcm- 

pbre;  with  hu  &aiL 


Dur'ham  Book.  By  Eadfrid,  bishop 
of  Liiidisfarne,  who  died  in  7-1,  one  ol 
the  most  splendid  examples  of  illumina- 
tion in  the  world. 

Durham  Mustard.  So  called  from 
the  residence  of  Mrs.  Clements,  who  first 
conceived  the  idea  of  grinding  mustard 
in  a  mill,  instead  of  pounding  it  in  a 
mortar.  George  I.  stamped  it  with  his 
approval,  hence  the  pots  are  laVielled  » ith 
the  words,  "  Durham  mustard,"  and  bear 
the  roj'al  initials  in  a  medallion. 

Dus  or  Deuce.  The  chief  god  of  the 
Brigan'tes,  one  of  whose  altars,  bearing 
an  mscription,  was  discovered  at  Gret- 
land. — Camden,  "  Britannia." 

Du'siens.  The  name  given  by  the 
Gauls  to  those  demons  that  produce 
nightmares. 

Dust.  Money  ;  so  called  because  it 
is  made  of  gold-dust.  Dean  Swift  took 
for  the  text  of  a  charity  sermon,  "  He 
who  giveth  to  the  poor,  lendeth  to  the 
Lord :"  and  is  reported  to  have  said, 
"  Now,  brethren,  if  you  like  the  security, 
down  with  your  dust." 

I'll  di'^t  your  jacket  for  you.  Give  you 
a  good  beating.  The  allusion  is  to  dust- 
ing carpets,  &c.,  by  beating  them  with  a 
stick. 

To  throw  dust  in  one's  ei/es.  To  mislead. 
The  allusion  is  to  a  Mahometan  practice 
of  casting  dust  into  the  air  for  the  s;ike 
of  "confounding"  the  enemies  of  the 
faith.  This  was  done  by  Mahomet  on 
two  or  three  occasions,  as  in  the  battle 
of  Honein  ;  and  the  Koran  refers  to  it 
when  it  says,  "  Neither  didst  thoM,  0 
Mahomet,  cast  dust  into  their  eyes  ;  but 
it  was  God  who  confounded  them."  But 
the  following  incident  will  suffice :  One 
day  the  Koreishites  surrounded  the  house 
of  Mahomet,  resolved  to  murder  him. 
They  peeped  through  the  crevice  of  hia 
chamber-door,  and  saw  him  lying  asleep. 
Just  at  this  moment  his  son-iu-law  Ali 
opened  the  door  silently,  and  threw  into 
the  air  a  handful  of  dust.  Immediately 
the  conspirators  were  confounded.  Th.'^y 
mistook  Ali  for  Mahomet,  and  Mahomst 
for  Ali ;  allowed  the  prophet  to  walk 
through  their  midst  uninjured,  and  laid 
hands  on  Ali.  No  sooner  was  .Mahomet 
safe,  than  their  eyes  were  opened,  and 
they  saw  their  mistake. 

Dust.  The  wild  Irish  peasantry  believe 
that  dust  is  raised  oa  roads  by  fairies  oa 


DUSTY. 


DWARF. 


253 


8  journey,  and  raise  their  bats  to  it,  say- 
in:;;:,  "  God  speed  you,  gentlemen."  The 
Arabs  think  the  whirlwind  and  water- 
spout are  caused  by  evil  jinns. 

Dusty-foot.     (See  Pie  Poudre.) 

Dutch.  The  Dutch  have  taken  Hol- 
land. A  quiz  when  any  one  tells  what 
is  well  known  as  a  piece  of  wonderful 
news.  Similar  to  Queeii  Bess  (or  Qiteen, 
Aunt)  IS  dead  ;  Lhe  Ark  rested  on.  Mount 
Ararat;  Lc. 

Dutch  Auction.  An  "m'A:iion" 
in  which  the  bidders  decrease  their  bids 
till  they  come  to  the  minimum  price. 
Dutch  gold  is  no  gold  at  all ;  Dutch 
co\irage  is  no  real  courage ;  Dutch  con- 
cert is  no  music  at  all,  i)ut  mere  hubbub ; 
and  Dutch  auction  is  no  auction,  or  in- 
crease of  bets,  but  quite  the  contrary. 

Dutch  Clocks.  A  corruption  of 
Deutsclie  clods  (German  clocks),  chiefly 
made  in  the  Black  Forest.  As  many  as 
180,000  are  exported  annually  from  Fri- 
burg. 

A  woman,  t'n&t  is  like  a  German  clock. 
Still  ii-repairmg;  fver  out  of  frame  ; 
And  never  guing  aright. 
Shake^ieare,  "  Ijove'a  Lnbour't  Loll,"  iiL  L 

Dutch  Concert.  A  great  noise  and 
uproar,  like  that  made  by  a  party  of 
Dutchmen  in  sundry  stages  of  intoxica- 
tion, some  singing,  others  quarrelling, 
speechifying,  wrangling,  and  so  on. 

Dutch  Covu-age.  The  courage  ex- 
cited by  drink  ;  pot  valour. 

Dutch  Gold.  Deutsche  or  German 
gold.  An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  in- 
vented by  prince  Rupert  of  Bavaria. 

Dutch  School  of  p.ainting  is  a  sort 
of  "prc-R.aphaelite"  exactness  of  detail 
without  selection.  It  is,  in  fact,  photo- 
graphing exactly  what  appears  before 
the  artist,  as  faithfully  as  his  art  will 
allow.  The  subjects  are  generally  the 
lower  clashes  of  social  life,  as  pothouse 
scenes,  drunken  orgies,  street  groups, 
Dutch  boors,  kc,  with  landscapes  and 
still-life.  The  greatest  of  the  Dutch 
masters  are  :  for  portraits,  Rembrandt, 
Bol,  Flinck,  Hals,  and  Vandcrhelst ;  for 
conversation  pieces,  Gerhard  Douw,  Tor- 
burg,  Metzu,  Slicris,  and  Netscher;  for 
low  life,  Ostade,  Brower,  and  Jan  Steen; 
for  landscapes,  Ruysdael.  Hobbima,  l^uyp, 
Vanderneer,  I'erchi'ra,  and  A.  Both ;  for 
bailie  scenti,  Wouvermans  and  Huchten- 


burg  ;  for  marine  piecet,  Vandovelde 
and  Bakhuizon  ;  for  still-life  and  Jloicert, 
Kalf,  A.  Van  Utrecht,  V'an  Iluysum, 
and  De  Heem. 

Dutch  Uncle.  /  vill  talk  to  you  like 
a  Dutch  uncle.  Will  reprove  you  smartly. 
Uncle  is  the  Latin  notion  of  pat'ruus,  ''an 
uncle,"  "severe  guardian,"  or  "stern  cas- 
tigator."  Hence  Horace,  3  Od.  xii.  3, 
.^ietaentes  patrwE  veihera  linffuce  (dread- 
ing the  castigations  of  an  uncle's  tongue); 
and  '2  Sat.  iii.  88,  iV<  sis  patj-uus  mihi 
(Don't  come  the  uncle  over  me). 

Dutchman,  /'//t  a  Dutchman  if  J 
do.  A  strong  refusal.  During  the  rivalry 
between  England  and  Holland,  the  word 
Dutch  was  synonymous  with  all  that  was 
false  and  hateful,  and  when  a  man  said, 
"  I  would  rather  be  a  Dutchman  than  do 
what  you  ask  me,"  he  used  the  strongest 
term  of  refusal  that  words  could  express. 

Duty  means  what  is  due  or  owing,  a 
debt  which  should  be  paid.  Thus  obe- 
dience is  the  debt  of  citizens  to  rulers 
for  protection,  and  service  is  the  deH 
of  persons  employed  for  wages  received. 

Duum'virs  (3  syl.).  Certain  Roman 
officers  who  were  appointed  in  pairs,  like 
our  London  sheriffs.  The  chief  were  the 
two  officers  who  had  charge  of  the  Sibyl- 
line books,  the  two  who  had  the  super- 
vision of  the  municipal  cities,  and  the  two 
who  were  charged  with  naval  matters. 

Dwrarf  ( The).  Richard  Gibson,  painter 
(1615-1690),  a  page  of  the  back-stairs  in 
the  court  of  Charles  I.  He  married  Anna 
Shepherd,  a  dwarf  also,  and  the  king 
honoured  the  wedding  with  his  presence. 
Each  measured  three  feet  ten  inches. 

Design  or  chance  makes  othei  s  wive, 
But  .Nature  did  this  match  coDtriTe. 

WaUtr. 

The  Black  Dwarf.  A  fairy  of  the  most 
malignant  character  ;  a  genuine  northern 
Duergar,  and  once  held  by  the  dalesmen 
of  the  border  as  the  author  of  all  the 
mischief  that  befell  their  flocks  and 
herds.  Sir  Walter  Scott  has  a  novel  so 
called,  in  which  the  "black  dwarf"  is 
introduced  under  the  aliases  of  Sir  Ed- 
ward Mauley  ;  Elshander,  the  recluse  ; 
Cannie  Elshie  ;  and  the  Wise  Wight  of 
Mucklestane  Moor. 

Dwarf  Albrich  (in  the  Xibelungtn 
Lied)  is  tho  guardian  of  the  famous 
"hoard"  won  by  Siegfried  from  the 
Wibeluiigs.      The   dwarf    is    twice    van- 


2.M 


DWARF. 


KAGLE. 


qnished  by  the  hero,  who  gets  possession 
of  his  Tarn-kupp'e  (cloak  of  imnsibility). 
(&<  ELnL-iiicii.) 

Dwarf  Peter  (nW  Peler  Manchen,'). 
An  a!legorical  romance  by  Ludwij^  Tieck. 
The  dwarf  is  a  castlo  spectre  that  ad- 
vises and  aids  the  family ;  but  all  his 
advice  turns  out  evil,  ami  all  his  aid 
productive  of  trouble.  The  dwarf  re- 
presents that  corrupt  part  of  human 
nature  called  by  S*^.  Paul  the  "  law  in 
our  members  which  wars  against  the  law 
of  our  minds,  and  brings  us  into  cap- 
tivity to  the  iaw  of  sin." 

Dwarfs.     The  more  remarkable  are  : 

Phile'tas,  a  poet  (contemporary  with 
Hippoc'rates),  so  thin  "that  he  wore 
leaden  shoes  to  prevent  being  blown 
away  by  the  wind.  (Died  litt 
280.) 

Kiceph'orus  Calistus  tells  us  of  an 
Egvpliau  dwarf  not  bigger  than  a  par- 
tridge. 

Aris'tratos,  the  poet,  was  so  small  that 
Atheufe'os  says  n."  one  conll  see  him. 

Sir  .Ti'ffrfiy  nu<isoii,  boni  nt  Oakham, 
ill  Rutlandshire,  at  the  age  of  thirty  was 
only  eighteen  inches  in  height.  (1619- 
167S.) 

Owen  Farrel,  the  Irish  dwarf,  bom  at 
CaVan,  hideously  ugly,  but  of  enormous 
muscular  strength.  Height,  three  feet 
nine  inches.     (Died  1742.) 

Count  Joseph  Boruwlaski,  at  the  age  of 
twenty,  was  two  feet  four  inches,  and  died 
at  the  age  of  ninety-eight.     (1739-1837.) 

Nicholas  Ferry,  usually  called  BSbe,  a 
native  of  France,  died  at  the  age  of 
twenty-three,  and  was  not  three  feet 
high.     A  contemporary  of  Boiuwlaski. 

General  Tom  Thumb  (Charles  S.  Strat- 
ton),  born  1832,  at  Bridgeport,  Connec- 
ticut, U.S.,  was  twenty-five  inches  in 
height,  and  weighed  twenty-five  lbs.  at 
the  age  of  twenty-five. 

Tom  Thumb,  a  Dutch  dwarf,  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  was  two  feet  four  inches  high. 

Prince  Colo'bri  of  Sleswig,  at  the  age 
of  twenty-five,  was  also  twenty-five  inches 
high,  and  weighed  twenty-five  lbs.  (1851.) 

Caroline  Crach'ami',  the  Sicilian  dwarf, 
born  at  Palermo,  was  twentv  inches  at 
death.  Exhibited  in  Bond  Street,  182i. 
(1814-1824.) 

Therfese  Souvray,    (&«  ADDS^DiM) 

Dwi;  is  D-wt,  i.e.,  denarius-weight 
(penny- W'dght,)    {Set  UwT,) 


Dyeing  Scarlet.     Drinking  docp. 

Drinking  dye.s  the  face  scarlet. 

They  call  drinkin';  deep,  dyeinj  Bcarlft. 

6h,ikvti>tart,  "  1  Henry  IF.,-  U.  4 

Dymph'na.  The  tutelar  saint  of 
those  stricken  in  spirit.  She  was  a 
native  of  Britain,  and  a  woman  of  high 
rank.  It  is  said  that  she  was  murdered, 
at  Geel,  in  Belgium,  by  her  own  father, 
for  resisting  his  incestuous  passion.  Geel 
or  Gheel  has  long  been  a  famous  colony 
for  the  insane,  who  are  sent  thither  from 
all  parts  of  Europe,  and  are  boarded 
with  tbe  peasantry. 

Dyser.  The  deities  who  conduct  the 
souls  of  the  deceased  to  the  palace  of 
Odin.     {Scandinavian  viyiltology.) 

Dy'votir.  The  debtor's  bad^e  in 
Scotland  (French,  devoir,  to  own).  Bank- 
rupts  were  compelled  to  wear  an  upper 
garment,  half  yellow  and  half  brown, 
with  a  party-coloured  cap.  This  law 
was  abolished  in  the  reign  of  William  IV. 

Dyz'emas  Day.  Tithe  day.  (Por- 
tuguese, diz'imas,  tithes;  Law  Latin, 
'/eo''mcE.) 

Dzolia'ra.  The  Arabian  Venus. — 
Banter,  vol.  ii. 

Dzolll.  The  Saturn  of  the  Arabians. 
— lianier,  vol.  ii. 


K 

E.  This  letter  represents  a  window ; 
in  Hebrew  it  is  called  he  (a  window). 

E.G.  or  e.g.  (Latin  for  exempli gra'tia). 
By  way  of  example  ;  for  instance. 

Eager  or  eagre.  Sharp,  keen,  acid  ; 
the  French  aigre. 

Posset  and  curd,  like  eacer  droppiD;:?  into  milk. 
6liak'spiare,  '•  Bamltt,"  L  6. 
It  is  &  nipiias  ani  an  eager  air. 

"  Havdet'  i  L. 
Vez  him  with  eajer  words. 

Hhakespeare,  "  «  Henry  VI.'  ii-  4. 

Eagle  is  the  supporter  of  a  lectern, 
because  the  eagle  is  the  natural  enemy 
of  the  serpent.  The  two  testaments  are 
the  two  outspread  wings  of  the  eagle. 

Eagle  is  emblematic  of  St.  John  the 
evangelist,  because,  like  the  eagle,  he 
looked  on  "  the  sun  of  glory  ;"  the  eagle 
was  one  of  the  four  figures  which  made 
up  the  cherub  (Ezek.  i.  10). 

I'^agU  in  heraldry  gigniiiea  fort'tude. 


EAGLE. 


EARINO. 


255 


Eagle  in  royal  banners.  It  was  the 
eusigii  of  the  ancient  kino's  of  Babylon 
and  Perbia,  of  the  Ptolemies  and  Se- 
leu'cidiis.  The  Romans  ado))ted  it  in  con- 
junction with  other  devices,  but  Ma'rius 
made  it  the  ensign  of  the  lepfion,  and 
confined  the  other  devices  to  the  cohorts. 
The  French  under  the  empire  have  as- 
sumed the  same  device. 

The  two-Zieaded  eay:l9  signifies  a  double 
empire.  Thus  Austria  ha.s  one  for  the 
e(i.';tem  and  one  for  the  western  empire. 
She  claims  to  be  the  successor  of  the 
Cajsars  of  Homo,  and  also  of  Charlemagne. 
She  adiled  the  second  head  to  her  stan- 
dard in  802,  to  denote  the  union  of  Rome 
and  Germany.  Russia,  also,  has  a  double- 
headed  eagle,  having  added  that  of  Poland 
to  her  own.  Constantine  was  the  first 
to  introduce  this  device,  to  intimate  that 
the  empire  had  two  heads  or  kings,  but 
was  nevertheless  one  body  or  (nipire. 

Kaijle,  a  public-house  sign,  is  in 
honour  of  queen  Mary,  whose  badge  it 
was.  She  put  it  on  the  dexter  side  of 
the  shield,  and  the  sun  on  tho  sinister — 
a  conji:gal  compliment  which  gave  great 
offence  to  her  subjects. 

Tho  Golden  Ewile  and  the  Spread  Eagle 
are  commemorative  of  the  crusades ; 
they  were  the  Aovices  of  the  emperors  of 
tl  e  EiU.t. 

Thy  youth  is  reneiced  like  ike  eagle's. 
This  refers  to  the  superstition  feigned 
by  poets  that  every  ten  years  the  eagle 
Boars  into  tho  "  fiery  rogior,"  and  plunges 
thence  into  the  sea,  where,  moulting  its 
feathers,  it  acquires  new  life. 

f^ho  saw  where  lie  opstarttd  biare 
Out  of  the  well.  .  . 
Ae  eaule  fresh  out  of  the  ocean  wave. 
Where  he  hath  lefte  his  pinnies  all  hiry  crny, 
Aod  decks  huueeli  with  fethers  youil.ly  gay. 
Si^nttr,  ■'  Faeri/  Q-iee>i,    i.  11. 

Eagle.  The  Romans  usoJ  to  let  an 
eag'.e  tly  from  the  funeral  pile  of  a  de- 
ceased emperor.  Drydeu  alludes  to 
this  custom  in  his  stanzas  on  Oliver 
Cromwell  after  his  fmeral,  when  he 
says,  Otticious  haste  "did  let  too  soon 
tho  sacred  eagle  fly." 

E(u/le  of  Brittany.  Bortrand  Dugues- 
clin,  constable  of  France.     (13'20-13b0). 

Eagle  of  Meaux  {mo).  Jacques  B^- 
nig:ue  Bossuet,  bishop  of  Meaux,  the 
grandest  and  most  sublime  of  the  pulpic 
orators  of  France.    (1627-1704.) 

E^',;le  of  the  doctors  of  France.  Pierre 
iTAilly,  a  Frouch  cardinal  and  proat 
astrologer,  who  calculated  thp  horoacopo 


of  our  Lord,  and  maintained  that  the 
stars  foretold  the  great  delug.3.  (1350- 
1425.) 

Ear.     /  am  ail  ear.     All  attention. 

I  was  all  eir. 
And  to  k  in  stnvins  that  mi^ht  create  a  soul 
V  uder  the  nU  uf  death. 

UUton,  "  Comus." 

J'll  send  youojf  with  afiea  in  your  ear — 
with  a  cufT  or  box  of  the  ear.  The  allu- 
sion is  to  domestic  animals,  who  are 
sometimes  greatly  annoyed  with  these 
"tiny  torments."  There  seems  also  to 
be  a  pun  implied— -/^a  and.^«€. 

Ears.  If  your  ears  burn,  people  say 
some  one  is  tal.Hng  of  you.  This  is  very 
old,  for  Pliny  says,  "When  our  ears  do 
glow  and  tingle,  some  do  talk  of  us  in 
our  absence."  Shakespeare,  in  "Much 
Ado  About  Nothing"  (iii.  1.),  makes  Bea- 
trice say  to  Ursula  and  Hero,  who  had 
been  talking  of  her,  "  What  fire  is  in 
mineears  i"  Sir  Thomas  Browne  as  ribes 
this  conceit  to  the  superstition  of  guardian 
angels,  who  touch  the  right  ear  if  tho 
talk  is  favourable,  and  the  left  if  other- 
wise.    This  is  done  to  cheer  or  warn. 

One  ear  (insl's;  some  there  be 

Thai  are  snarling  now  ai  me. 

lltrnck,  '•  Btsptridtt." 

To  set  people  together  ly  the  ears.  To 
create  ill-will  among  them  ;  to  set  them 
quarrelling,  as  metal  pots  slung  together 
rattle  against  each  oilier. 

Mtttrc  la  puct  ci  I'onille,  to  give  one  a 
good  scolding,  '■  to  send  one  away  with 
a  flea  in  his  ear." 

Mine  ears  hast  thou  bored.  Thon  hast 
accepted  mo  as  thy  bond-slave  for  life. 
If  a  Hebrew  servant  declined  to  go  free 
after  six  years'  service,  the  muster  was 
to  bring  him  to  the  doorpost,  and  boro 
his  ear  through  wiih  an  awl.  in  token 
of  his  voluntary  servitude.  (Eiod.  x.\i. 
6.) 

Walls  have  ears.  Things  uttered  in 
secret  get  rumoured  abroad.  Chaucer 
says,  "  That  field  hath  eyen,  and  the 
wood  hath  ears." — ''  Canterbury  Tales' 
V.  1524. 

Ear-shot.  Within  earshot.  Within 
hearing.     The  allusion  is  palpable. 

Earing.  Ploughing.  (Anglo-Saxon, 
erian,  to  plough  ;  Latin,  aro.] 

And  yet  there  are  Sre  years   in  the  which  tbero 
ihall  ueiiher  be  earii.<  lior  her  est.- (.»...  ilr.  (J. 
la  cArir.2  Uict  ard  is  bartect  thou  ibalt  rest 
Jixod,  zzxit.  A. 


2M 


EARL. 


EATINO. 


Earl  means  an  elder.  The  words 
teujneur  and  senator  are  of  similar 
moaning.  (Danish,  jarl,  an  elder  ;  our 
alderman.) 

Earl  of  Mar's  Grey  Breeks. 
The  '21st  Foot  are  so  called,  because 
they  wore  gret/  breeches  when  the  carl  of 
Mar  was  their  colonel.     (1673-1686.) 

Earth.  To  (/alher  strength  from  tin 
earth.  The  reference  is  to  Antaos,  son 
of  Posei'dou  and  Ge,  a  giant  and  wrestler 
of  Lib'j  a  (Africa).  So  long  as  he  touched 
the  earth,  his  strength  was  irresistible. 
Hercules,  knowing  this,  lifted  him  into 
the  air  and  crushed  him  to  death.  Near 
the  town  of  Tingis,  in  Maurita'nia,  is  a 
hill  in  the  shape  of  a  man,  and  called 
Tl(.e  hill  of  A  nlivos.  Tradition  says  it  is 
the  wrestler's  tomb.     [See  Malegea.) 

Ear\?vig.  A  corruption  of  the  Saxon 
tar-wic(j(i  (ear-insect).  So  called  because 
the  hind  wings  resemble  in  shape  the 
human  ear. 

East.  The  custom  of  turning  to  the 
^ast  when  the  creed  is  repeated  is  a  relic 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  notion  about  the 
real  presence  ;  but  the  custom  of  plac- 
ing the  altar  at  the  east  end  of  the 
church  is  to  remind  us  of  Christ,  the 
"Day-spring"  and  "Resurrection." 
Persons  are  buried  with  their  feet  to 
the  east,  because  they  "  look  for  the 
Day-spring  and  Resurrection."  The 
ancient  Greeks  always  buried  their  dead 
with  the  feet  towards  the  east. — Diag. 
Laert.,  "  Vit.  Solon,." 

East  Indies. 

(1)  He  came  safe  from  the  East  Indlc.f, 
and  was  drowned  in  tin  Thames.  He 
encountered  many  dangers  of  great 
magnitude,  but  was  at  last  killed  where 
be  thought  himself  secure. 

(2)  To  send  to  the  East  Indies  for 
Kentish  pi/ipms.  To  go  round  about  to 
accomplish  a  very  simplo  thing.  To 
crush  a  fly  on  a  wheel.  To  send  to  the 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  for  a  penny 
postage  stamp. 

Easter.  April  was  called  Oster- 
monah— the  month  of  the  Ost-end  wind 
(wind  from  the  east).  Easter  is  there- 
fore the  April  feast,  which  lasted  eight 
days.  Our  Easter  Sunday  is  the  hrst 
Sunday  after  the  first  full  moon  after 
the  2l8t  of  March.     It  may  fall  as  early 


as  the  22nd  of  March,  or  as  late  as  the 
2^>lh  of  April.  (Teutonic,  ostara  ;  Anglo- 
Saxon,  eoitre.) 

Easter.  The  Saxon  goddess  of  the 
cast,  whose  festival  was  held  in  the 
sj)ring. 

Easter-day  Sun.  It  was  formerly 
a  common  belief  that  the  sun  danced  on 
Easter  Day.  Sir  Thomas  Browne  com- 
bats the  notion  in  his  "  Vulgar  Errors." 

Hut  oh,  she  danceB  gich  a  w»y, 
Ko  eun  upou  &d  taster  flay 
la  \iM  80  fine  n  si|{ht. 

iir  John  Suttlinu. 

Easter  Eggs  or  Pasch  eggs  are  sym- 
bolical of  creation,  or  the  re-creation  of 
spring.  The  practice  of  presenting  eggs 
to  our  friends  at  Easier  is  Magian  or 
Persian,  and  bears  allusion  to  the  mun- 
dane egg,  for  which  Ormuzd  and  Ahri- 
man  were  to  contend  till  the  consumma- 
tion of  all  thing's.  It  prevailed  not  only 
with  the  Persians,  but  also  among  the 
Jews,  Egyptians,  and  Hindus.  Chris- 
tians adopted  the  custom  to  symbolise 
the  resurrection,  and  tliey  colour  the 
eggs  red  in  allusion  to  the  blood  of  their 
redemption.  There  is  a  tradition,  also, 
tha-  the  world  was  "hatched"  or  created 
at  Easter-tide. 

Bless,  Lord,  we  beseech  tht-e.  this  thy  cwatnre  of 
em^,  th  It  it  may  become  a  wholesDine  su«e"aoce  to 
thv  faithful  sc.vants,  eatin?  't  i:i  thaiikfulne*  to 
Uiee  on  eccoui.t  of  the  resurrection  of  our  Lora— 

ru,.e  P'lui  y.,'-jtitu>,i.' 
i  Eat.  To  eat  tlie  mad  cow.  A  French 
phrase,  implying  that  a  person  is  re- 
duced to  the  very  last  extremity,  and  is 
willing  to  eat  even  a  cow  that  has  died 
of  madness  ;  glad  to  eat  cat's  meat.  (See 
Lick.) 

11  mangea  de  cette  chose  inexpriirable  qu'on 
appelle  de  la  »acho  eura^ie.— Victor  Hugo,  "  Lv 
MittrabUt." 

To  eat  oru  oiU  of  house  and  home.  To 
eat  so  much  that  "one  will  have  to  part 
with  house  and   home  in  order  to  pay 

for  it. 

Eating  Together.  To  cat  together 
in  the  East  was  at  one  time  a  sure  pledge 
of  protection.  A  Persian  nobleman  was 
once  sitting  in  his  garden,  when  a  man 
prostrated  "himself  before  him,  and  im- 
plored protection  from  the  rabble.  The 
nobleman  gave  him  the  remainder  of  a 
peach  which  he  was  eating,  and  when 
the  incensed  multitude  arrivert,  and  do- 
clared  that  the  man  had  slain  the  only 
sou  of  the  nobleman,  the  heart-broken 
father  replied,  "We  have  eaten  together  ; 


EATING. 


ECHIDNA. 


2--7 


gt)  in  peace,"  and  woulil  not  allow  the 
murderer  to  bo  jiuaisbeJ. 

Eating  Terms.  {See  Doctors' 
Commons.) 

Eau  de  Colocrne.  A  perfumed 
hjiirit  prepared  at  Colotrno.  Tlie  most 
famous  maker  was  Jean  Maria  I'ari'na. 

Ea,ii  de  Vie.  Brandy.  A  French 
translation  of  the  Latin  aqua  vitoe  (water 
of  life).  This  is  a  curious  perversion  of 
the  Spanish  arqua  di  vite  (water  or  juice 
of  the  vine),  roudered  by  the  monks 
into  aqua  vita  instead  of  ttquo,  vitis,  and 
confounding  the  juice  of  the  grape  with 
the  alchemists'  elixir  of  life.  Tho  same 
emir  is  perpetuated  in  tho  Italian  acqua 
vile;  the  Scotch  wlashi,  which  is  the 
Celtic  uisc-li/f ;  and  the  Irish  usque- 
haugh,  which  is  the  Gaelic  and  Irish 
uis^'tbeatJia.     (See  Aqua  Vitje.) 

Eaves-dropper.  A  li.'^touer  under 
walls.  The  derivation  of  tho  term  is 
not  usually  understood.  The  owners  of 
l^rivate  est;xtcs  in  Saxon  times  were  not 
allowed  to  cultivate  to  the  extremity  of 
their  possessions,  but  wore  obliged  to 
leave  a  space  for  eaves.  This  space  was 
called  the  yfesdnjpt  (eaves-drip).  An 
eaves-dropper  is  one  who  places  himself 
in  the  eaves-drip  to  overhear  what  is 
said  in  the  adjacent  iiouse  or  field. 

OnJ  r  our  ten's  I'll  pliy  the  e»vc«  Hropper, 
To  hear  if  aov  mean  tu  ijhriuK  frum  mc. 

Shi,ktt)mne,-'  Richard  lll.,'l   i 

Eb'ionism.  The  doctrine  that  the 
poor  only  shall  be  saved.  Elion,  plural 
ebionim  (poor). 

At  the  end  of  th?  second  century,  the  Etiior.ifes 
»"ie  trcatfd  .is  her  tics,  and  a  pretended  leader 
(Rbioi?)  was  iDTcuttJ  by  Tcrtullian  to  eiplaiu  the 
name  —  Hi  nan,  **  LiJ*  o/  Jesuf,"  ch.  li 

Eb'ioaites  (4  syl.).  A  roli<jious  sect 
of  the  first  and  second  centuries,  who 
maintained  that  .Jesus  Christ  was  merely 
an  inspired  messenger,  the^jreatest  of  all 
prophets,  but  yet  a  man  and  a  man  only, 
without  any  existence  before  his  birth 
in  Bethlehem.     {See  abcn'e.) 

Eblis  or  Ibleit.  A  jinn,  and  the 
ruler  of  the  evil  ponii  or  fallen  angels. 
Before  his  fall  he  w.as  called  Azaz'el  or 
Hha'ris.  When  Adam  was  created,  God 
commanded  all  the  aiii^els  to  worship  him  ; 
but  Eblis  replied,  "Me  thou  hast  created 
of  smokeless  fire,  and  shall  I  reverence 
a  creature  made  of  dust?"  God  was 
very  angry  at  this  iasolcqt  ansv/or^  »nd 


turned  the  disobedient  fay  into  a  Shey- 
tiln  (devil),  and  ho  became  the  father  uf 
devils. 

ilismsjestywasl'iOfeet  inhelcNt ;  hit  skin,  striped 
witli  red,  was  covered  nith  small  s'alej.  aliieh  mi  is 
ittiimten  liki:  armour.  Ilish  lir  w^uso  lon^'aulcur  y, 
asuake  mghi  have  1  Kt  la  way  in  iL  Ilia  tUt  nu>« 
wu  |.iercrd  witli  a  rio;  ofadmira'iltr  workmaoshipL 
UiB  small  eyes  assimed  all  the  irigm<ti::  col  urs  ;  his 
e.irs,  which  reiicuihlcd  those  of  a'l  eler-hiut,  fla'';>ed 
on  his  shonl'ieis;  and  his  tail,  sixij  feet  lonk'.  ter- 
minated in  a  hooked  cUw.— "  CV&'/ueinUairu, '  it  lUi 

Wl-.^n  he  8.i:d  unto  the  an, -els,  "  Worship  Adam," 
eji  woish  pped  hiui  except  Ktilis.— .dl  Korjn,  ii. 

Eb'ony.  God's  image  done  in  ebony. 
Neg-roos.  Thomas  Fuller  gave  bii-th  tJ 
this  expression. 

Ebu'dae.  The  Uah'vUofi.—OrJmido 
Furloso. 

Ecce  Homo.  A  painting  by  Cor- 
rcgg'io  of  our  Lord  crowned  with  thorns 
and  botmd  with  rojies,  as  he  was  shown 
to  the  people  by  I'ilate,  who  said  to 
thom,  "  E'x'e  liomol"  (Behold  the  man.) 
(John  xix.  5.) 

Other  conceptions  of  this  subject, cither 
painted  or  engraved,  are  liy  Albert  Dnrer 
(1471-L^28),  Titian  (1477-L576),  Cigoli 
(15.59-1613),  Guido  (1574-1G42),  Albaui 
(1578-1600),  Vaudyck  (1599-1641),  Rem- 
brandt (16U8-1G69).  Poussin  (1613-1675), 
and  some  others. 

Eccen'tric  means  deviating  from 
the  centre  ;  hence  irregular,  not  accord- 
ing to  rtile.  Originally  applied  to  these 
planets  which  wander  round  the  earth, 
like  comets,  the  earth  not  being  in  tho 
centre  of  their  orbit.    (Latin,  exciiilrum.) 

Ecclesias'tical.  TJie  father  ofeccU- 
iia-Aical  kiiiory.  Euseljius  of  Coesaroa. 
(2t>4-340.) 

Ecclesias'ticus  is  so  called,  not 
because  the  writer  was  a  priest,  but  be- 
cause the  book  (in  the  opinion  of  tho 
fathers)  was  the  chief  of  the  a[)ocryi)hal 
books,  designated  by  them  Ecclesias' lici 
Libri  (books  to  be  read  in  churches),  to 
dis'inguish  them  from  the  canouicaJ 
Scriptures. 

Echidna  {E-kid'-nn).  Half  woman, 
half  serpent.  She  was  mother  of  tho 
Chiina;ra,  tho  many-headed  ilog  Orthos, 
the  himdred  hoacled  dragou  of  tho  Hes- 
pendes,  tho  Col'chian  dragon,  the  .Sphinx, 
Cei^beros,  Scyll.a,  tho  Gorgons,  tho  Ler- 
nfean  hydra,  tho  vulture  that  gnawed 
away  tho  liver  of  I'romo'thous,  and  tUo 
Nomoi^n  lioa. -  LfaiotL 


258 


ECHNOBAS. 


EDDA. 


(She)  ei-fmeil  a  woman  to  the  waint.  «iii!  fair; 
I'.it  gi  ri-:!  foul  in  many  a  scalj  fold, 
Vslu':  inous  and  vaki. 

HUton,  "  raiadiit  Loet,"  bk.  L 

EchnoTDaa  (El-no'-bas).  Ono  of  tho 
dogs  of  Acteeon. 

Echo.  The  Romans  say  i-hat  Echo 
was  a  nymph  in  love  with  NArcissus,  but 
her  love  not  being  returned,  she  pined 
away  till  only  her  voice  remained.  We 
use  the  word  to  imply  similarity  of  sen- 
timent, as  Vnu  echo  my  ideas ;  Thai  is  an 
echo  to  my  opinion. 

Sweet  Echo,  sweetest  nymph,  that  liv'ol  uasecn 

Wilhin  thy  aorysliell, 
Bt  s'ow  Meaiider'8  inarLvnt  ereen.  . . 
CansI  thou  not  tell  me  of  a  sen'  le  pair 
That  likest  thy  Narcissus  a'  e  ? 

ildti'n,  "Coniiij." 

Eckliardt.  A  faiihfid  Eckhardl, 
who  watiielh  every  one  (German).  Eck- 
hardt,  in  German  legends,  appears  on 
the  evening  of  Maunday-Thursday  to 
warn  all  persons  to  go  home,  that  they 
may  not  be  injured  by  the  headless  bodies 
and  two-legged  horses  which  traverse 
the  streets  on  that  night. 

Eelec'ties.  Ancient  philosophers, 
who  selected  what  they  thought  best  in 
all  other  systems,  and  made  a  patchwork 
therefrom.  There  is  the  eclectic  school 
of  painters,  of  which  P^ul  Delaroche 
was  the  founder  and  best  exponent ;  the 
eclectic  school  of  modern  philosophy, 
founded  by  Victor  Cousin  ;  the  eclectic 
schoolof  arciiitecture;  and  so  on.  (Greek, 
ek-lego,  to  pick  out. ) 

Ecbclics  or  Mide^-n  Plalonists.  A 
Christian  sect  which  arose  in  the  second 
centurj'.  They  professed  to  make  truth 
their  sole  object  of  inquiry,  and  adopted 
from  existing  systems  whatever,  in  their 
opinion,  was  time.  They  were  called  Pla- 
tonists,  because  they  adopted  Plato's 
notions  about  God  and  the  human  soul. 

Eclip'tic.  Tho  path  apparently  de- 
scribed by  the  sun  in  his  annual  course 
throug-h  the  heavens.  Eclipses  happen 
only  when  the  moon  is  in  or  near  the 
same  plane. 

Eclogue  (2  syl.).  Pastoral  poetry 
not  expressed  in  rustic  speech,  but  in 
the  most  refined  and  elegant  of  which 
the  language  is  capable.  (Greek,  mean- 
ing "  elegant  extracts,"  "select  poetry.") 

Ecne'phia.  A  sort  of  hurricane, 
Eioaiiar  to  the  Typhon. 

Tho  o^rciiiiR  Typbon,  whirled  from  point  to  point, .. 
Ani  (Urc  £:i:«phia  reijn. 

Thvmson,  "  auPnacT," 


]6cole  des  Femmes.  Moli^r©  bor- 
rowe'i  tlie  plot  of  this  come<ly  from  the 
novelletti  of  "Ser  Giovanni,  compoeea 
in  the  fourteenth  century. 

Econ'omy  means  the  rules  or  plant 
adopted  in  managing  one's  own  house. 
As  we  generally  prevent  extravagant 
waste,  and  make  the  most  of  our  means 
in  our  own  homes,  so  tho  careful  expen- 
diture of  money  in  general  is  termed 
house-management.  The  word  is  applied 
to  time  and  several  other  things,  as  well 
as  money.  (Greek,  oikos  nomas,  house- 
law.) 

Ecoreheiirs.  Freebooters  of  the 
twelfth  century,  in  France ;  so  called 
because  they  stripped  their  victims  of 
everything,  oven  tlieir  clothes.  (French, 
ecorclier,  to  Hay.) 

Ec'stasy  means  out  of  the  hody.  St. 
Paul  refers  to  this  when  he  says  he  was 
caught  up  to  the  third  heaven  and  heard 
unutterable  words,  "  whether  in  the 
body,  or  out  of  the  body,  I  cannot  tell  " 
(2  Cor.  xii.  2-4).  St.  John  also  says  be 
was  "in  the  spirit,"  i.e.,  in  an  ecstasy, 
when  he  saw  the  apoealyiitic  vision  (i.  10). 
The  belief  that  the  soul  left,  the  Viody  at 
times  was  very  general  in  former  ages, 
and  is   still   the   belief  of    many,     (Set 

ECSTATICI.) 

Ecstat'ic  Doctor.    Jean  de  Ruys- 

brock,  the  mystic.     (1294-1381.) 

Ecstat'ici.  A  class  of  diviners  amoni? 
the  ancient  Greeks,  who  used  to  lie  in 
trances,  and  when  they  came  to  them- 
selves gave  strange  accounts  of  what 
they  saw  while  they  were  "  out  of  the 
body."     (Greek,  ex-iste'mi.) 

Ector  {Sir).  The  foster-father  of  king 
Arthur. 

Edda.  There  are  two  religious  codes, 
so  called,  containing  the  ancient  Scandi- 
navian mythology.  One  is  m  verse,  com- 
posed in  Iceland  in  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury by  S.-Bmund  Sigfusson,  llu  Sage; 
and  the  other  in  prose,  compiled  a  cen- 
tury later  by  Snorri  Sturleson,  who 
wrote  a  commentary  on  the  first  edda. 
The  poetical  edda  contains  an  account 
of  creation,  the  history  of  Odin,  Thor, 
Freyr,  Balder,  kc.  &c.  The  prose  one 
contains  the  exploits  of  such  conquerors 
as  \'ulsv.nff,  Si<i-ril,  J  tile,  kc,  and  is 
divided  into  bmwruJ  ports.  The  first 
part  contains  historical  and  mj-thologicol 


EDEN. 


EDWARD. 


259 


tradiUoDB ;  the  second  a  long  poetical 
vocabulary  ;  and  tbo  third  Scandinavian 
prosody,  or  tho  modes  of  composition 
adopted  by  the  ancient  Skalds.  The 
poetical  compilation  is  generally  called 
Sonmund's  Edda,  and  tho  prose  one 
Snorra  Edda. 

Eden.  Paradise,  the  country  and 
garden  in  which  Adam  and  Eve  were 
placed  by  God  (Gen.  ii.  15).  Tho  word 
moans  deUghtfubiess,  pleasure. 

Eden  Hall.  TU  luck  of  Eden  Hall. 
An  old  painted  drinkinf^-glass,  supposed 
to  be  sacred.  The  tale  is  that  the  butler 
once  went  to  draw  water  from  St.  Cuth- 
borfs  Well,  in  Eden  Hall  fr-irden,  when 
the  fairies  left  their  drinkini,'-glass  on 
the  well,  to  enjoy  a  little  fun.  Tho 
butler  seized  the  glass,  and  raa  off  with 
it.     The  superstition  is — 

If  lliat  i»laR3  eitlier  bri  ak  or  f«M. 
lra;cwcll  the  luck  of  Jciacn  U  ill. 

(5«<  Palladium.) 

Edgar  or  Edgai-'do.  Master  of 
Ravenswood,  in  love  with  Lucy  Ashton 
(Liicia  di  Lammermoor).  While  absent 
in  France  on  an  important  embassy,  the 
lady  is  led  to  believe  that  her  lover  has 
proved  faithless  to  her,  and  in  the  tor- 
rent of  her  indignation  consents  to  marry 
the  laird  of  Bucklaw,  but  staba  him  on 
the  wedding- night,  goes  mad,  and  dies. 
In  the  opera  P^dgardo  stabs  himself  also; 
but  in  the  novel  he  is  lost  in  the  quick- 
sands at  Kelpios-Flow,  in  accordance 
with  an  ancient  pTophoay.—DoniztlU's 
opera  of  "Lucia  di  Lammermoor ;"  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  "  Bride  of  Lammermoor." 

Edhilin'gi.  The  aristocratic  class 
among  the  Anglo-Saxons ;  the  second 
rank  were  termed  the  Frilingi ;  an<l 
the  tliird  tho  Lazzi.  (Auglo-.Saxon,  adtle 
or  (dt^le,  noblo  ;  free-Unj,  free  -  bom. 
Ricardo  says  of  the  third  chiss,  they 
were  the  "unwilling  to  work,  the  dull" 
— quos  hodie  Utzie  di'cimus.) 

Edict  of  Mil'an.  Proclaimed  by 
Constantino,  after  the  conquest  of  Italy 
(313),  to  secure  to  Christiana  the  resti- 
tution of  their  civil  and  religious  rights. 

Edict  of  Nantes.  An  edict  pub- 
lished by  Henri  IV.  of  France,  granting 
toleration  to  hia  Protestant  subjects.  It 
was  published  from  Nantes  in  1598. 
Tliis  edict  was  repealed  in  1685  by  Louis 
XIV. 


Edie  Ochiltree.  In  Scott's  "Anti- 
quary." 

Charles  II.  vould  be  as  gcrptical  as  Eiiie  OohiltrM 
aliuut  i!ie  cxi^tence  of  circles  and  avenues,  altar- 
itLiQcs  and  cromlechs.— iCiiis^A/,'*  Old  Eiij/taiiJ." 

Ed'ify  is  to  build  a  house  (Latin, 
ades-facio)  ;  morally,  to  build  instruction 
in  the  mind  methodically,  like  an  archi- 
tect. The  Scripture  word  edification 
moans  the  building  up  of  "believers" 
in  grace  and  holiness.  St.  Paul  says, 
"  Ye  are  God's  building,"  and  elsewhere 
he  carries  out  the  figure  more  fully, 
Sixying— 

All  tlie  building  [or  body  o/  CPirittiam),  fitly 
framed  together,  growelh  lu  to  a  holy  teuiple  ia 
the  Lord.— i'j'A.  ii.  31. 

E'diles  (2  syl.).  Roman  odioers  who 
h.ad  charge  of  tho  streets,  bridges,  aque- 
ducts, temples,  aud  city  buildings  gene- 
rally. We  call  our  surveyors  city  edila 
sometimes.     (Latin,  cedes,  a  houso.) 

E'dith,  called  the  Maid  of  Lorn. 
(.Argyleshire),  was  about  to  be  married 
to  lord  Ronald,  when  Robert,  Edward, 
and  Isabel  Bruce,  tempest-tossed,  sought 
shelter  at  the  castle.  Edith's  brother 
recognised  the  Bnice,  and  being  in  the 
EngiisLi  interest,  a  quarrel  ensued,  in 
tho  course  of  which  the  abbot  arrived, 
but  refused  to  marry  tho  bridal  pair 
amidst  such  discord.  Ediih  (led,  and, 
assuming  the  character  of  a  page,  passed 
through  divers  adventures.  At  length 
Robert  Bruce  won  the  battle  of  Ban- 
nockburn,  and  when  peace  was  restored 
Ronald  married  the  "  Maid  of  Lorn." — 
Scott,  "Lord  of  tlu  Isles." 

Ednam,  iu  Roxburghshire,  near  tho 
Tweed,  where  Thomson,  the  author  of 
"  The  Seasons,"  was  bom. 

The  Tweed,  ^Mrt  partnt  ttrtam. 
Whose  pastoral  b.;ak8  lirdt  heard  mjr  Doris  reod. 

Aututnn, 

EdoTje  (2  syl.).  Edohe  codajes  are 
those  made  of  sun-dried  brick.s,  like 
tho  buildings  of  ancient  Egypt. —  IF. 
Uepworth  Dixon,  "  Xeiv  America,"  i.  16. 

Edward.  Edward  tU  Confessor's 
sword.  Curta'na  (Ike  cutter),  a  blunt 
sword  of  state,  emblematical  of  morcy. 

Tlu  Uievalier  Prince  C/uirles  Edward. 
Tlie  Young  Pretender.  Introduced  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  in  "Redgauntlot,"  first  as 
"  Father  Ku  /r.aventura,"  and  afterward* 
as  Pretender  to  tha  orown.  Again  in 
"  Warerley." 


wo 


EDWIDOE. 


EGGS. 


Ed'widge.  Wife  of  William  Tell.— 
Rossini's  Optra  of  "  Gvylidmo  Tdl." 

Edwin.  The  hero  of  Beattio's  "Min- 
strel." 

And  yet  t  0;>r  Rilwiii  wa«  no  vuli?ar  boy  ; 

D<-ep  tlioualit  oft  seemed  to  lix  his  iuftnt  eye. 
llBiiities  lie  hfeded  uut,  i  or  Raiirt,  uor  toy, 

Save  oiR-nliyrt  pi|ie  of  rude»t  iiiiiiNtrclsy; 

Skleut  vh.  II  ulad  ;  affectioiiale,  tliou«i  sliy  ; 
And  uow  his  look  was  most  dtiuiirely  !-ad  ; 

And  uow  tie  lauslied  aloud,  .\et  uouc  knew  wliy. 
The  ue'cliliours  otured  and  sighed,  jet  bleised  tho 
lad;  ,   ,.       , 

Some  lieeii'ed  him  wondro  !i  wi-e.  nnd  ?"ir,e  believed 
liira  ciad.  'auto  i   16. 

Ed'yrn.  Son  of  Nudd  ;  called  tho 
"  Sparrow  hawk."  IIo  ousted  the  earl 
of  Yn'iol  from  his  earldoui,  and  tried  to 
win  E'nid,  the  earl's  daughter,  but  fail- 
ing in  this,  became  the  evil  genius  of 
the  gentle  earl.  Being  overthrown  in  a 
tournament  by  prince  Geraint',  he  was 
sent  to  the  court  of  king  Arthur,  where 
his  whole  nature  was  completely  changed, 
and  "  subdued  to  that  gentleness  which, 
when  it  weds  with  manhood,  makes  a 
man." — Idylls  of  ilie  King,  "  Enid." 

Eel.  To  sHn  an  eel  by  the  tail  is  to 
do  things  the  wrong  way. 

Eelkhance  Tables.  The  celebrated 
calculations  of  Nazir'  u  Dicn,  the  Persian 
astronomer,  grandson  of  Zenghis  Khan, 
brought  out  in  the  middle  of  the  thir- 
teenth century. 

EfFen'di.  A  Turkish  title,  about 
equal  to  our  "  squire,"  given  to  emir's, 
men  of  learning,  and  the  high  priests  of 
mosques.  The  title  is  added  after  the 
name,  as  Ali  effendi  (Ali  Esquire). 

Effigy.  To  bui-n  or  hang  one  in  effigy. 
To  burn  or  hang  the  representation  of  a 
person,  instead  of  the  person  himself. 
The  custom  comes  from  France,  where 
the  public  executioner  used  to  hang  the 
effigy  of  the  criminal,  if  the  criminal  him- 
self could  not  be  found. 

Effrontery.  Out-facing,  rude  per- 
sistence and  overbearing  impudence. 
(Latin,  ef-frona — i.e.,  ex-frons,  out-face.) 

Egalite.  Philippe,  due  d'Orl&ins, 
father  of  Louis-Philippe,  king  of  the 
French,  was  so  called,  because  he  sided 
with  the  revolutionary  party,  whose 
motto  was  "  Liberty,  fraternity,  and 
equality."  Philippe  Egalite  was  guillo- 
lined  in  1793. 

Ege'ria.  The  nymph  who  instructed 
Numa  in  his  wise  legislation.  Numa 
uaod  U)  meet  her  in  a  grove  near  Aric'ia. 


E^rg.  Th^,  serpent  igg  of  th^  Ih-uids. 
This  wonderful  egg  was  hatched  liy  the 
joint  labour  of  several  serpents,  and  wa« 
buoycfl  into  tho  air  by  tlieir  hissing. 
The  person  who  caught  it  had  to  ride  off 
at  full  speed  to  avoid  being  stung  tc 
death  ;  but  the  possessor  was  sure  to 
prevail  in  every  contest  or  combat,  and 
to  be  courted  by  those  in  power.  Pliny 
says  ho  had  seen  one  of  these  eggs,  and 
that  it  was  about  as  large  as  a  moderate- 
sized  apple. 

T/oe  mundane  egg.  The  Phoenicians, 
and  from  them  the  Ej/yptians,  Hindus, 
Japanese,  and  many  otlierancient  nations, 
maintained  that  the  world  was  hatched 
from  an  e^^  made  by  the  Creator.  Or- 
pheus speaks  of  this  egg. 

From  the  egg  totlu  apples.  (Latin,  "  ab 
ovo  usque  ad  mala)."  From  first  to  last. 
The  Romans  began  their  "dinner"  with 
eggs,  and  ended  with  fruits  called  "mala." 

Eggs.  Golden  eggs.  Great  profits. 
(See  Goose.) 

I  doubt  the  bird  JB  flown  that  UaJ  tlo  guldsn  e«j» 
—SruV,"  The  Aiiti/piari/." 

lasch  eggs.    (See  Eastfr  Eggs.) 
Ihn't  put  all  ymr  egrjg  in  one  basket. 
Don't  venture  all  you  have  in  one  specu- 
lation ;    don't  put  all  your  property  in 
one  bank.     The  allusion  is  obvious. 

/  iMve  eggs  on  the  spit.  I  am  very 
busy,  and  cannot  attend  to  anything 
else  The  reference  is  to  roasting  eggs 
on  a  spit.  They  were  fir~t  boiled,  then 
the  yolk  was  taken  out,  braided  up  with 
.<<pices,  and  put  back  again;  the  eggs 
were  then  drawn  on  a  "  spit,"  androasted. 
As  tois  required  both  dispatch  and  con- 
s-tant  attention,  the  person  in  charge 
could  not  leave  them.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered that  the  word  "  spit  "  had  at  one 
time  a  much  wider  meaning  than  it  has 
now.  Thus  toasting-forks  and  the  hooks 
of  a  Dutch  oven  were  termed  spits. 

I  forgo'  1o  tell  you.  I  write  short  joumais  now ;  X 
t  ttv  e  OiKS  ou  tbe  spit.— 6'ici/£. 

Like  as  two  eggs.     Exactly  alike. 

They  fay  we  are  almost  a*  like  as  tse*-—Shaketp<ara, 
■'  Wviitr'i  TuLt."  i.  i 

Svre  as  eggs  is  eggs.  Professor  De  Mor- 
gan suggests  that  this  is  a  corruption  of 
the  logician's  formula,  "  x  is  x." — Nota 
and  Queries." 

Teach  your  grandmother  to  roast  tjga. 
Attempting  to  teach  your  elders  and  sup&- 


IGG-FEA3T. 


EITHER. 


•251 


riors.  Tlio  French  say,  "Tbo  goslincrs 
want  to  driTe  the  freeso  to  pasture"  (Les 
oisons  veulent  mmer  ks  oies  paitre).  The 
great  art  of  roastinf:;'  eggs  is  to  keep 
turning  them  incessantly. 

Thtrt  is  reason  in  ro^isting  enjs.  Even 
the  most  trivial  thing  has  a  reai^on  for 
being  done  in  one  way  rather  than  in 
some  other.  When  wood  fires  were 
usual,  it  was  more  common  to  roast  eggs 
than  to  boil  them,  and  seme  care  was 
re.mired  to  prevent  their  bein-;  "ill- 
roasted,  all  on  one  side,"  as  Touchstone 
says  ("As  You  Like  It,"  iii.  2). 

One  !ikt'0  the  pIieasMUt'a  wing  miiJ  one  ilio  leg; 
The  rulgar  boil,  tlie  le&rucd  Vuuc  ain  i^tct^. 

I'upt,  •' Jipittlea,''  ii 

Will  you  lake  eggs  for  your  money  t 
"  Will  yo  1  allow  j-ourself  to  be  imposed 
ujion?  will  you  take  kicks  for  halfpence?" 
This  saying  was  iu  vogue  when  eggs  were 
plentiful  as  blackberries.  The  phrase, 
'  .'/'-'<  ff/ffs  for  my  mcv.e'j,  means,  I  gave 
va  1 1 1  able  money,  and  received  instead  such 
worthless  things  as  eega.  AXIien  Wolsey 
accused  the  earl  of  KiKiare  for  not  taking 
Desmond  prisoner,  the  earl  replied.  He 
is  no  more  to  blame  than  his  "  brother 
Ossory,  who  (notwithstanding  his  high 
promises)  is  glad  to  take  eggs  for  his 
money" — i.e.,  is  willing  to  be  i^nposed 
uyion.—Camidou,  "History  of  Ireland." 

(i<j;;;3.) 

>!y  lionest  friend,  will  you  take  egg«  for  muD'T  ?- 
aittkesptive, '   U'vittri  Tule,"  i.  i 

Egg-feast.  In  Oxford  the  Satur  lay 
preceiJing  Shrove  Tuesday  is  so  called  ; 
it  is  also  called  Egg- Saturday ;  because 
pasch  egsrs  are  provided  for  the  students 
on  that  day. 

Egg-on  or  Edge-on.  A  corruption 
of  tiie  Sa.\on  eggian.  (to  incite).  The 
Anglo-Saxon  ecg,  and  Scandinavian  eg, 
means  a  "  sharp  point"— hence  edge-hog 
(hedge-hog),  a  hog  with  sharp  points, 
called  in  Danish,  ;;j(i,-5(ri«  (thorny  swine), 
and  in  French,  pore-epic,  vihereijyicis  the 
Latin  s/nc'ula  (spikes). 

Egg-trot.  A  cautious,  jo;;- trot  pace, 
like  that  of  a  good  housewife  riding  to 
market  with  eggs  in  Lor  panniers. 

EgiL  Brother  of  \\'cland,  the  Vulcan 
cf  Northern  mythology.  Egil  was  a 
?reat  archer,  and  a  talc  is  told  of  him  the 
exact  counterpart  of  the  famous  story 
about  William  Tell:— One  day  king 
Nidung   commancled    Egil   to   shoot    an 


apple  olT  the  head  of  his  son.  Egil  took 
two  well-selected  arrows  from  his  quiver, 
and  when  asked  by  the  king  why  ho  took 
two,  replied  (as  the  Swiss  peasant  to 
Ges.sler),  "  To  shoot  thee,  O  tyrant,  witb 
the  second,  if  1  fail." 

Egis.    {See  jEqib.) 

Eglantine  (3  syl.).  Daughter  o( 
king  Pefiin,  and  bride  of  her  cousin 
Valentine,  the  brother  of  Orson.  She 
soon  died. —  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Madinne  Eglantine.  The  prioress  in 
Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales."  Good- 
natured,  wholly  ignorant  of  the  world, 
vain  of  her  courtly  manners,  and  note<i 
for  her  partiality  to  lap-dogs,  her  delicate 
oath,  "by  soint  Eloy,"  her  "cntuning 
the  service  swetely  in  her  nose,"  and  her 
speaking  French  "  after  the  scole  of 
Stratford  atte  Bowo." 

Eg'otism.  The  too  frequent  use  of 
the  word  I ;  the  habit  of  talking  about 
one's-self,  or  of  parading  one's  ovm 
doings.     (Latin,  ego,  I.) 

E'gypt,  in  Dry  den's  satire  of  "  Ab- 
salom and  Achitophel,"  means  France. 

K«ypi  and  Tynis  {lloUnnd)  int<>rcept  your  trade. 
And  JebuBi!e3  lF"pisis)  your  saoieJ  ritct  inviide. 
Parti. 
Eider-down.      The    down    of    the 
eider  duck.      Tiiis   duck  is  common   ir 
Greeulaud,  Iceland,  and  the  islands  north 
and  west  of  Scotland.     It  is  about  the 
size  of  a  goose,  and  receives  its  distinctive 
name  from  the  river  Eider  in  Denmark. 

Eilcon  Basil'ike  (Portraiture  of  the 
King).  A  book  aUribute(l  to  Charles  I.;  but 
claimed  by  John  Gaudeu,bishopof  Exeter. 
"  Tho  E'lxt/tis  whollj' andonl}' my  inven- 
tion."— Gaudai,  LetUr  to  Lord  Chaucdlor. 

EiselL  Wormwood  wine.  Hamlet 
.says  to  Laertes,  WouCl  drink  up  eisell — 
i.e.,  drink  wormwood  wine  to  show  your 
love  to  the  dead  Ophelia.  In  the  "  Troy 
Book"  of  Lydgate  we  have  the  line  "Of 
bitter  oysell  and  of  eager  (sour)  wine." 
And  in  Shakespeare's  sonnets — 

Iv  ill  drink 
rotionsi'feyseli, 'nainst  my  stroim  infeoBoa; 
tiobiUemtetUwti  wi:l  but^r  think. 
Nor  d'jubic  pea&uce,  lo  correct  correotion. 

cxL 

Eisteddfod.  The  meetings  of  the 
Welsh  bards.     (Welsh,  eisledd,  to  sit.) 

Either     Greek,  hthUi^' ;  Irish,  reach- 
i    tar  ;  Saxon,  agtli^r.     CtacK ,  our  "  each," 
rind  fjtytl.er,  our  "either." 


252 


EL. 


ELECTRICITY. 


El  Dora'do.  Gol>len  illusion ;  a 
Iniid  or  means  of  unbounded  wealth. 
Orella'ua,  lieutenant  of  Pizarro,  pro- 
tended lie  had  diseovercd  a  land  of  gold 
[rl  (loiado)  between  the  rivers  Orino'co 
and  Ani'a/.on,  in  South  America.  Sir 
W.iiter  Raleigh  twice  visited  Guia'na, 
as  the  spot  indicated,  and  published  a 
liiglily-coloured  account  of  its  enormous 
wealth. 

The  real  "land  of  gold  "  is  California, 
and  not  Guiana.     (See  BALNiBAiiBt.) 

1  lie  whole  comedy  is  a  sort  of  El  dorado  of  wit.— 
T.  iVuort. 

El  Infante  de  Anteque'ra  is  the 

regent  Fernando,  who  took  the  city  of 
Anteque'ra  from  the  Moors  in  1419. 

El  Islam.  The  religion  of  the  Mos- 
lems. The  words  mean  "The  resigning 
one's-self  to  God." 

El  Khi'dr.  One  of  the  good  angels, 
according  to  tlie  Koran. 

Elagab'alus.  A  Syro  -  Phoenician 
sun-god.  One  of  the  Roman  emperors 
was  so  called  because  he  was  priest  of 
Elajjabalus.  This  madman  invited  the 
piincipal  men  of  Rome  to  a  banquet, 
and  smothered  them  in  a  shower  of 
roses. 

Ela'ine  (2  syl.).  The  "  lily  maid  of 
As'tolat "  {O'uihlford  in,  Surrey),  who 
iored  Sir  Lancelot  "with  that  love  which 
was  her  doom."  Sir  Lancelot,  being 
swoni  to  celibacy,  could  not  have  mar- 
ried her,  even  if  he  had  been  willing ; 
and,  imhappily,  what  little  love  he  had 
was  bestowed  on  the  queen.  Elaine  felt 
that  her  love  was  a  vain  thing,  and  dier'. 
According  to  her  last  request,  the  bed  on 
which  she  died  was  placed  on  a  barge, 
and  on  it  was  laid  her  dead  body,  ;ir- 
rayed  in  white,  a  lilj-  in  tlic  richt  hnnd, 
and  a  letter  avowing  her  love  in  the  left. 
(Vii  old  dumb  servitor  steered  and  rowed 
the  barge  down  the  river,  and  when  it 
stopped  at  the  palace  staith,  king  Arthur 
ordered  the  body  to  be  brought  in.  The 
letter  being  read,  Arthur  directed  that 
the  maiden  siiouid  be  buried  like  a 
queen,  with  her  sad  story  blazoned  on 
her  tomb.  The  tale  i.s  taken  from  Sir  T. 
Malory's  IJistor!/  of  Prince  Arthur,  Pt.  lit 
Tennyson  turned  it  into  blank  verse. — 
"  {ij^lts  of  the  lunff"  (^Elaine). 

iEilas'mothe'rilim  (Greek,  the  metal- 
plate  least).  An  extimt  animal,  botween 
tlie  liorse  ai:d  the  rhinoceros. 


ElTjerich.  The  most  famou.s  dwarf 
of  German  romance.  lie  aided  the 
emperor  Otnit  (wlio  nded  over  Lom- 
bardy)  to  gain  for  wife  the  Soldan's 
daughter. — The  IleldeiiLuc/i. 

Elbow.  A  constable  in  Shakespeare's 
"  Measure  for  Measure.'' 

Elbow    Grease.     Perspiration   ex 
cited  by  hard  manual  labour.     They  tay 
"  Elbow  ijrease  is  the  best  furniture  oil." 

Elden  Ilole.  EUlen.  Hole  needs  fU- 
infj.  A  reproof  given  to  great  braggart.s. 
Elden  Hole  is  a  deep  pit  in  Derbyshire 
Peak,  said  to  be  fathomless. 

Elder  Tree.  Sir  John  ^Laundevillo, 
speaking  of  the  Pool  of  Sil'oe,  says, 
"  Fast  by  is  the  elder-tree  on  which 
Judas  hanged  himself  .  .  ,  when  he  sold 
and  betra}  ed  our  Lord."  Shakespeare, 
in  "  Love's  Labour's  Lost,"'  v.  2,  says, 
"Judas  was  hanged  on  an  elder."     {Set 

FiG-TUEE.) 

Judas  he  japed 
With  .Irwisi,  Biler, 
And  sitheu  on  aa  elder  tret 
MaDged  him.S'  1. 

Piers  Plowman^  **  f'iiww.'* 

Eleanor  Crosses.  {See  Cuakknc 
Cross.) 

Eleatic  Pliilosophy.  Founded 
by  Xenoph'anes  of  El'ea  about  B.C.  53i). 
The  Ionic  school  believed  there  was  but 
one  element ;  the  Eleatics  said  there 
were  four  or  six,  as  heat  and  cold, 
moisture  and  dryness,  odd  and  even, 
from  the  antagonism  of  which  visible 
objects  sprang  :  Thus,  Fire  is  heat  act- 
ing on  dryness ;  A  ir  is  heat  acting 
on  moisture  ;  Wafer  is  cold  acting  on 
moisture ;  and  Earth  is  cold  acting  on 
dryness.     {See  heioxc.) 

The  New  Elfatic  School  was  founded 
by  Leucippos  of  El'ea,  a  disciple  of 
Zeuo.  He  wholly  discarded  the  phan- 
tasmagoric theory,  and  confined  his 
attention  to  the  physical  properties  of 
the  visible  world.  He  was  the  father  of 
the  A  tomic  Si/stem,  in  which  the  agency 
of  chance  v.'as  again  revived. 

Elector.  A  prince  who  had  a  vote 
in  the  election  of  the  emparor  of  Ger- 
many. 

The  Great  Elector.  Frederick- William 
of  Brandenburg.     (1620-lu83.) 

Electricity  means  the  special  pro- 
perty of  amber  (Greek,  electron,  amber). 


ELECTRO. 


ELEVEN. 


2C3 


Thales  (B.C.  600)  noticed  that  amber, 
wlicn  ruhbod,  had  the  property  of  at- 
tracting litjht  substances,  and  this  was 
the  foils  tt  ori'go  of  this  most  iraportAnt 
science. 

Bri'.ht  amber  shines  on  liis  eleotrie  Miroiie, 
Alii  adds  ethere.tl  lustres  lo  Ins  o\i\\. 

Darwin,  "  Kcon'imi/  o]  Xiitiirt,"  i.  2. 

."Electro-Biology  means  the  infiu- 
onco  of  electricity  on  life— 1.«.,  the  effect 
of  ma!.,'notism  on  tlio  affections,  passions, 
an<l  sensations  of  living  animals. 

Elec'tuary.  Something  to  be  licked 
up  ;  a  medicine  made  "  thick  and  slab," 
which  cannot  be  imbibed  like  a  liipiid, 
nor  bolted  like  a  jiiil,  but  which  must  be 
licked  up  like  honey.     (Greek,  ek-ieiciio.) 

Eleemos'ynam.  Eleemos'iin  am 
seim/cri  patris  lui  (.■Vims  on  your  father's 
grave),     (^iee  Meat.) 

Elegant  Extracts.  The  S5th  Foot, 
remodelled  in  1813,  after  the  numerous 
covn-t-maitials  which  then  occurred.  The 
odicers  of  the  regiment  were  removed, 
and  ofticers  draughted  from  other  regi- 
nients  wore  Fubstitiited  in  their  places. 

At  the  University  of  Cambridge,  in 
tlie  good  old  times,  some  few  men  were 
too  good  to  be  plucked  and  not  good 
enoiigh  for  the  poll  :  a  line  was  drawn 
below  the  poll-list,  and  these  lucky  un- 
fortunates were  allowed  to  pass,  and 
were  nicknamed  the  Elegant  Extracls. 
There  was  a  similar  limbo  in  the 
honourdi.>;t,  called  the  Gulf,  in  allusion 
to  a  Scripture  passage  well-known  and 
thus  parodied,  "  Between  them  (in  the 
poll)  and  us  (m  the  honour-lists)  there  is 
a  great  gulf  fixed,"  &c. 

Erements.  Aristotle's  elements.  The 
ancient  Greeks  asserted  that  there  are 
four  elements — fire,  air,  water,  and  c:irt  h  ; 
and  this  assertion  has  been  the  subject 
of  very  unwise  ridicule.  Modern  chemists 
maintain  the  same  fact,  but  liuve  selected 
four  new  words  for  the  four  old  ones, 
and  in.stead  of  the  term  "element,"  use 
"  materi  d  forms."  Wo  say  that  matter 
e.\ists  under  four  forms,  the  imponder- 
able (fire),  the  gaseous  (air),  the  liquid 
(water),  and  the  solid  (earth),  and  this  is 
all  the  ancient  philosophers  meant  by 
their  four  elements  or  elemental  forms. 
It  was  Kmpcd'oeles  of  Sicily  who  first 
maintained  that  fire,  air,  earth,  and 
Water   aro   the    (our    clemcuts ;    but  ho 


called  ilicm  Zeus,  Hera,  Ga-a,  and  Posei'- 

don.     (Latin,  tleo,  to  grow  out  of.) 

Let  uB  the  great  philosopher  lArittotle)  aitrnd.... 
illK  elciiieu's.  *•  la  tli,  Waier.  Air,  and  t  ire  ;"..,, 
Tell  why  the^e  liraple  c  tnieiits  nrt  four  ; 
Wlij  just  BO  ui  my  ;  wliy  not  les^  or  m  >re  ? 

l^l.ukjuur,,'-  C,  1. 1/1011,"  ». 

Elephant  and  Castle.  A  public- 
house  sign  at  Newington,  said  to  derive 
its  name  from  the  skeleton  of  an  ele- 
phant dug  up  near  Battle  Bridge  in 
1714.  A  tlint-headed  sjiear  lay  by  tlie 
remains,  whence  it  is  conjectured  tliat 
the  creature  was  killed  by  tlie  British  in 
a  fight  with  the  Romans.  —  T/ie  Times. 

There  is  another  public-house  with 
the  same  sign  in  St.  Pancras,  ])roba'>!y 
intended  to  represent  an  elephant  with  a 
howdah. 

Elephan'ta,  in  Bombay,  is  so  called 
from  a  stone  elephant,  which  carried  a 
tiger  on  its  back,  and  formerly  stood 
near  the  landing-place  on  the  sotith  si'io 
of  the  island.  It  has  now  nearly  dis- 
ajipeared.  The  natives  call  it  Gahra- 
pooreo  (cave  town),  from  its  cave,  130 
feet  long.— C/toto-cAo!P. 

Elephan'tine  (4  syl.).  Heavy  and 
ungainly,  like  an  ele[iliant.  In  Uome, 
th(*  re.jisters  of  the  senate,  magistrates, 
generals,  and  emperors,  were  called  ele- 
phantine books,  because  they  were  made 
of  ivory.  In  geology,  the  elephantine 
period  was  that  noted  for  its  numerous 
large  thick-skinned  animals.  The  disatse 
called  elephanti'asis  is  when  the  liiiil)!! 
swell  and  look  like  those  of  an  elephant 
more  than  those  of  a  human  being. 

Eleusin'ian  Mysteries.  The  re- 
ligious rites  in  honour  of  Demo'ter  or 
Ceres  performed  at  Eleu'sis,  in  Attica. 

Elevation    of    the    Host.     Th» 

lifting  up  of  the  saercil  element.?  immo- 
diatoly  after  con.'^ocration.  The  object 
is  that  the  people  may  see  them  and 
fall  down  in  adoration. 

Eleven.  The  eleven  thousand  virr/ins. 
Ur'sula  being  a.sked  in  marriage  by  a 
pag;m  prince,  lied  tow.ards  Rome  with 
her  cloven  thousand  virgins.  At  Cologne 
tiiey  were  all  massacred  by  a  party  of 
Huns,  an<l  even  to  the  present  hour 
"their  bones"  are  exhibited  to  visitors 
through  windows  in  the  wall.  Maury 
says  that  Ursula's  hamlmai  1  was  namej 
Undecimella,  and  that  the  legend  of  h<;r 
eleven  thou.sand  vir^cins  rose  out  of  thi« 
r.sino.—  Litjcndct  I'ttiatf. 


9H 


ELP. 


ELIOS. 


Elf,  pfvral  "  Elves  ; "  Swcflish,  alp, 
alf.  Properly  a  mounlain  f;iy,  but  more 
loosely  applied  to  tlioso  airy  creatures 
that  dance  on  the  grass  or  sit  in  the 
leaves  of  trees  and  delight  in  the  full 
moon.  They  have  fair  golden  hair, 
sweet  musical  voices,  and  luagic  harps. 
'J'lioy  have  a  king  and  queen,  marry  and 
are  given  in  marriage.  'I'hey  imper- 
sonate the  shimmering  of  the  air,  the 
felt  but  indefinable  melody  of  Nature, 
and  all  the  little  prettine.'^ses  which  a 
lover  of  the  coiuitry  sees,  or  thinks  he 
sees,  in  hill  and  dale,  copse  and  meadow, 
grass  and  tree,  river  and  moon-light. 
Spenser  says  that  Prome'theus  called 
the  man  he  made  "  Elfe,"  who  found 
a  maid  in  the  garden  of  Ado'nis  whom 
he  called  "  Fay,"  of  "  whom  all  Fayres 
spring." 

Of  lhf=e  !>,  nn'Rlity  peoplii  shortly  grew, 

Ami  pui8»aiit  kings,  vthich  all  tlie  world  warrayit, 

Aud  to  tliemtelvos  nil  nations  did  subdue. 

'■  Faery  Qyieen,"  ii.  9,  stan.  70,  &o. 

Red  Elf.  In  Iceland,  a  person  gaily 
dressed  is  called  a  red  elf  {ratal  dlfr),  in 
allusion  to  a  superstition  that  dwarfs 
wear  scarlet  or  red  clothes.  —  Aial's 
Soffos. 

Elf-arrov/S  are  what  we  call  celts- 
triangular  pieces  of  flint  occasionally 
found  under-ground,  and  superstitiously 
•upposed  to  have  been  shot  by  elves 
against  cattle  for  the  piu-pose  of  be- 
witching them. 

Tltrc  every  herd  hy  aid  exrer'ente  knows 

1 1  ow.  winged  with  fate,  their  elf  sho;  arrows  fi;, 

Whrn  the  sick  ewe  her  summi  r  food  forLoes, 
Or  itretched  ou  earth  the  h-art-Mnit  heifers  lie. 
Coiltni,*'  I'oi'ular  Supfr^titiotis." 

Elf- fire.  The  ignis-fatuus.  The 
tame  of  this  elf  is  Will  o'  the  Wisp, 
Jack  o'  lanthern,  Peg-a-lantern,  or  Kit 
o'  the  canstick  (caJuUesdck). 

Eif-land.  The  realm  ruled  over  by 
Oberon,  king  of  Faery.  King  James 
Bays,  "  I  think  it  is  liker  Vir'gilis  Campi 
Eh^sii  nor  anything  that  ought  to  bo 
believed  by  Christians." — "  Dayniotiol.," 
iii.  5. 

Eif-locka  Tangled  hair.  It  i.s  .«aid 
that  one  of  the  favourite  amusements  of 
queen  Mab  is  to  tie  people's  hair  in 
knots.  When  Edgar  impersonates  a 
madman,  "he  elfs  all  his  hair  in  knots." 
—  Lear,  ii.  3. 

This  is  that  vory  Mab 
That  p'*'*  the  manes  of  horses  in  the  night. 
And  bakes  the  elf-locks  in  foul  sluttish  hairs. 
tiUaktiptarr^  "  Honieo  ofmiiJuUtt*'  L  4. 


Elf-marked.     T})oso   bom  with  a 

natural  defect,  according  to  the  ancient 

.Scottish  superstition,  are  marked  by  the 

elves    for    mischief.      Queen    Margaret 

called  Richard  III. — 

Thou  elvish-mnrked.  aborUve.  rootiii-'  hoci 

bhake^pcnre,  "  JUchnrd  HI.,-'  L  8. 

Elf-shot.  Afflicted  with  some  un- 
known disease,  and  supposed  to  have 
been  wounded  by  an  eltin  arrow.  The 
rinderpest  would,  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
have  been  ascribed  to  elf-shots.  {<Se< 
Elf-aurows.) 

Elfin.  The  first  fairy  king.  He 
ruled  over  India  and  America.  {Middle 
A(]t  Romance.) 

El'gin  Marbles.  A  collection  of 
ancient  bas-reliefs  and  statues  made  by 
lord  Elgin,  and  sent  to  England  in  1812. 
They  are  chiefly  fragments  of  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens,  and  were  purchased 
by  the  British  government  for  £35,000, 
to  be  placed  in  the  British  Museum. 
(1816.) 

Ella.  A  noTTi  de  plume  adopted  by 
Charles  Lamb. — Essays  of  Elia. 

The  a'o  tion  of  this  signature  wns  pumly  acci- 
dental I.anih's  tirut  coutiiljutioQ  to  the  I^initnn  Maga- 
zine was  a  desc'iption  of  the  old  Soutti-Se-i  iluuse, 
wi.ere  he  had  pissed  a  few  months'  novitiaie  as  a 
-?lerk.  .  .  ,  aud.rememherine  the  name  of  acay,  light- 
harted  foreicner,  who  fluttered  there  at  the  time, 
B'.il.stituted  his  name  for  his  own— Toi/ourd. 

Eli'ab,  in  the  satire  of  "Absalom 
and  Achitophel,"  by  Dryden  and  Tate, 
is  meant  for  Henry  Bennet,  earl  of 
Arlington.  Eliab  was  one  of  the  chiefs  of 
the  Gadites  who  joined  David  at  Ziklag 
(1  CUron.  zii.  9). 

Hard  the  task  to  do  Eliab  right ; 
Loiisi  » ith  tbf  royal  wanderer  (Charles  II.)  he  roved. 
And  firm  in  all  the  turns  of  fortune  proved. 

AbsaUrm  a%ul  Actato^'heL.     Pt.  ii. 

Eli'akixn.  Jehoiakim,  king  of  Judah. 
(B  c.  Goo,  G10-5U9.) 

El'idure  (3  syl.).  A  legendary  king 
of  Britain,  advanced  to  the  throne  in 
place  of  his  elder  brother,  Arthgallo,  sup- 
posed by  him  to  be  dead.  Arthgallo,  aftei 
a  long  exile,  returned  to  his  country,  and 
Elidure  resigned  to  him  the  throne. 
Wordsworth  has  a  poem  on  the  subject. 

Elim'inate  (4  syl.l.  To  turn  oul 
of  doors  ;  to  turn  out  of  an  equation 
everything  not  essential  to  its  conditions. 
(Latin,  e  limine,  out  of  doors.) 

Ellon.  Consort  of  Beruth  and  father 
of  Ghe. — Sanchoniatko. 


KLIOT. 


ELOniSTTC. 


265 


'Eliot  {Georgf).  A  nom  de  plume  of 
Miss  Evans,  author  of  "  Adam  Bede,"  kc. 

Elis'sa  (deficiency  or  parsimony  ; 
Greek,  ellipsis).  Stepsister  of  Medina 
and  I'eris'sa,  but  tliey  could  never  agree 
upon  any  subject.  —  Spenser,  "  Faery 
Queen,"  bk.  ii. 

Eliva'ger  (1  syl.).  A  cold  venomous 
stream  which  issued  from  Nillheim,  and 
in  the  abyss  called  the  Ginuunga  Gap 
hardening  into  layer  upon  layer  of  ice. 
{Scantliiiainaii  mi/t/i'i/ntj^. ) 

Elixir  of  Life.  A  tincture  or  de- 
coction supposed  by  the  alchemists  to 
prolong  life  indefinitely.  The  tincture 
for  transmuting  metals  was  also  called 
an  elixir.  (Arabic,  el  or  al  ecsir,  the  de- 
coction. Some  derive  it  from  the  Latin 
elixo,  to  boil.)    {See  Amiuta.) 

Elizabeth  had  pet  names  for  all  her 
favourite  courtiers — 7.?.  : 

The  mother  of  Sir  John  Norris  she 
called  "  Jly  own  Crow." 

Burgldey  was  her  "Spirit." 

Mouiitjoy  she  termed  her  "  Kitclien- 
maid  in  Ireland." 

Elizabeth  of  Hungary  (.St.). 
Patron  s;iint  of  queens,  being  hei'self  a 
queen.     (1207-1 2;31.) 

Elizabc'than.  After  the  stylo  of 
things  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth. 
Elizabetiian  architectiue  i.<  a  mi.xturo  of 
Gothic  and  Italian,  prevalent  in  the 
roigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Ell  means  the  arm  ;  el-how,  the  bow 
or  joint  of  the  arm  ;  the  ell  measure  was 
the  length  of  Henry  I.'s  arm.     (1101.) 

Give  hiin  an  inch  and  he'll  lake  an  ell. 
Give  him  a  little  licence  and  he  will  take 
great  liberties,  or  make  great  encroacli- 
nients.  The  ell  was  no  definite  length. 
The  English  ell  was  a  yard  and  a  quarter, 
the  Scotch  ell  a  little  more  than  a  yard, 
while  the  Flemi.sh  c\\  was  only  threo- 
ijUarters  of  a  yard.  This  indefinite  mea- 
sure expresses  the  uncertainty  of  the 
length  to  which  persons  will  go  to  whom 
you  give  the  inch  of  liberty.  Some  will 
go  the  English  ell;  wliilo  others,  of  more 
modesty  or  more  limited  desires,  will  be 
.•-.■ilisfieil  with  the  shortej"  measures. 

Ella,  or  Alia.    King  of  Nortlmmber- 
land,  who  married  Cuu.-tflnce. —  Cliauctr, 
''■Man  lit' Ixnci'.^  Tdh." 
.1   * 


Elliot.  In  the  "Black  Dwarf,"  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  are  seven  of  that  name 
— Tiz.,  lialbert  or  Uobbie  Elliot,  of  the 
Ileugh-foot  (a  farmer)  ;  Mrs.  Elliot,  his 
grandmother;  John  and  Harry,  his 
brothers;  and  Lilias,  Jean,  and  Ajnot, 
his  sisters. 

EUyllon.  The  souls  of  the  aiicient 
Druids,  which,  being  too  good  for  hell, 
and  not  good  enough  for  heaven,  are 
permitted  to  wander  ujion  earth  tiH  the 
judgment  day,  when  they  will  be  ad- 
mitted to  a  higher  stfiteof  beingr.  (  Welsk 
mjUiology.) 

Elmo  {St.;  Comnzanis  or  elec- 
tric lights  occasionally  seen  on  the 
masts  of  6hii)S  b>fore  and  after  a 
storm.  So  called  by  the  Spaniards, 
becau^o  St.  Elmo  is  with  them  the  patnm 
saint  of  sailors.  {Ste  Castuk  am) 
Pollux.) 

8iii3J<n,  hffpkine  on  their  rap'urcd  I'slit. 
Al'pearcii  Uir  splendour  of  M.  hlm.j'e  .i«lit 

lUule,  "  Orlando  luriusu,''  book  IS. 

Elohis'tic  and  Jehovis'tie  Scrip- 
tures. The  Pentateuch  is  supposed  by 
bishop  Colcnso  and  many  others  to  iiave 
been  written  at  two  widely  ditferent 
periocls,  because  God  is  invariably  called 
Elo'him  in  some  paragraphs,  while  in 
(.thers  he  is  no  less  invariably  called 
Jehovah.  The  Elohistic  paragraphs, 
being  more  simjile,  more  primitive,  more 
narrative,  and  more  pastoral,  are  said  to 
be  the  older  ;  while  tlic  Jehovi-stic  para- 
graphs indicate  a  knowledge  of  geo- 
graphy and  history,  seem  to  exalt  the 
priestly  otiica,  and  are  altogether  of  a 
more  elaborate  character.  Tho.-e  who 
maintain  this  theory  think  that  some 
late  transcriber  has  compiled  the  two 
Scriptures  and  combined  them  into  one, 
much  the  same  as  if  the  four  Gospels 
were  collated  and  welded  together  into 
a  single  one.  To  give  one  or  two  ex- 
amples :  —  Gen.  i.  '27,  it  is  said,  "  So 
God  {Elohim)  created  man  in  his  own 
image,  (both)  male  and  female ;"  whereas, 
in  the  next  chapter  (21-24),  it  is  saici 
that  God  {.J (hovali)  caused  a  deep  sleep 
to  fall  on  Adam,  and  that  he  then  took 
from  the  sleeping  man  a  rib  and  made  it 
a  woman,  and  therefore  (says  the  writer) 
a  man  shall  cleave  unto  his  wife,  and 
the  two  be  considered  one  flesh.  Again, 
Gen.  vi.  19,  Elohim  tells  Noah,  "  Two  ol 
every  sort  shalt  thou  bring  into  the 
ark,  a  wale  and  a  female  ;"  an  i  (vii.  9) 


Z6t; 


ELOL 


EM. 


"  Tliere  went  in  two  and  two  unto  Noah 
into  the  ark,  the  male  and  the  female, 
as  God  {Kluhim)  commanded  Noah." 
In  Clen.  vii.  '2,  .Jehovah  tolls  Noah  he  is 
to  make  a  distinction  between  clean  and 
unclean  beasts,  and  that  he  is  to  adibit 
the  former  by  sevens  and  the  latter  by 
twos.  In  the  first  example,  the  jiriestly 
character  is  indicated  by  the  moral,  and 
in  the  latter,  by  the  distinction  made 
between  clean  and  unclean  animals.  We 
pass  no  ojiinion  upon  this  theory,  but 
state  it  as  fairly  as  we  can  in  a  few  lines. 

Eloi  iSl.).  Patron  saint  of  artists 
and  smiths.  Ho  was  a  celebrated  worker 
in  gold  and  silver,  and  was  made  bishop 
of  Noyou  in  the  reign  of  D.-ig'obert. 
Probably  the  St.  Eloi  of  Chaucer's 
Prioress  was  St.  Louis  (St.  'Ley). 

Tlier  wan  a'so  a  noiinc,  a  pviorcsse, 

That  ol  lure  smiUne  was  full  mmp'  and  coy; 

lliie  gri';e!>t  othe  ii'as  but  I'y  Seint  hloy. 

Oiaiccer,  "  Caitt,:iLtiry  I'alef," 

Eloquent.  The  Old  Man  Eloquent. 
Isoc'rates,  the  Greek  orator.  When  he 
heard  that  Grecian  liberty  was  extin- 
guished by  the  battle  of  Chajrone'a,  he 
died  of  grief. 

That  dishonest  victory 
At  Choeionca,  latal  to  lil.erty, 
Killed  with  report  that  Uld  .Mau  Eloquent. 

Mittufi^  *'  Sonntts." 

The  Eloquent  Doctor.  Peter  Aure'olus, 
archbishop  of  Aix,  a  schoolman, 

Elshender  or  Cannie  E/s/iie.  The 
Black  Dwarf,  alias  Sir  Edward  Mauley, 
alias  the  Recluse,  alias  the  Wise  Wight 
of  Mucklestane  Moor.  — <Sir  ]Vnlter  Scott, 
"  The  Black  Dwarf." 

Elsie.  The  daughter  of  Gottlieb,  a 
iarm  tenant  of  prince  Henry  of  Hohe- 
neck.  The  prince  was  sulTering  severely 
from  some  malady,  and  was  told  that  he 
would  be  cured  if  any  maiden  would 
give  her  life  as  a  substitute.  Elsie 
vowed  to  do  so,  and  accompanied  the 
prince  from  Germany  to  Salerno.  Here 
Eisio  surrendered  herself  to  Lucifer, 
but  was  rescued  by  the  prince,  who 
married  her.  His  health  was  perfectly 
re-established  by  the  pilgrimage.— Zo^;^- 
ftllow,  "  Tke  Oolden  Legend." 

Elvi'no.  A  rich  farmer,  in  love 
with  Ami'na,  the  somnambulist.  Ami'na 
being  found  in  the  bed  of  count  Ilo- 
dolpho,  the  day  before  the  wedding, 
induces  Elvino  to  reject  her  hand  and 
promise   marrino;e   to    Liza ;    but   ho   is 


soon  undeceived — Ami'na  is  fo^nd  to  be 
innocent,  and  Liza  to  hare  been  the 
paramour  of  another ;  so  Ami'na  and 
Elvi'no  are  wedded  vindcr  the  happiest 
aus|!icos. — licUi'nis  best  ojmT'I,  "  Jm  iSun- 
nambnUu*   '{See  Liza.) 

Elvi'ra  (Donna).  A  lady  deceived 
by  don  Giovanni,  who  deluded  her  into 
a  li.nison  with  his  valet,  Leporello. — 
.\fo:art'$  opera  qf  "Don  Giovanni." 

Elvira.  A  fady  who  loves  Erria'ni, 
the  rol>ber-captain  and  head  of  a  leagua 
against  don  Carlos,  afterwards  Charles 
V.  of  Spain.  Being  betrothed  to  don 
Ruy  Gomez  de  Silva,  an  old  Spanish 
grandee,  whom  she  dete.sts,  Ernani  re- 
solves to  rescue  her  ;  but  it  so  hajipens 
that  the  king  himself  falls  in  love  with 
her,  and  tries  to  win  her.  When  Silva 
learns  this,  he  joins  the  league;  but  the 
king,  overhearing  the  plot  in  conceal- 
ment, arrests  the  conspirators.  Elvira 
intercedes  for  them,  and  the  king  grants 
them  a  free  pardon.  When  Eri:ani  is 
on  the  point  of  wedding  Elvira,  Ernani, 
being  summoned  to  death  by  Silva, 
stabs  himself. —  Verdi's  opera  of  "Er- 
nani." 

El'vlsll.  Irritable,  peevish,  spiteful ; 
full  of  little  mischievous  ways,  like  the 
elves.  Our  superstitious  forefathers 
thought  such  persons  were  actua'iy 
"  possessed  "  by  elves. 

Elysian  Fields.    (See  BEHESTn.) 

Ely'sium.  Eb/sian  Fields.  The 
Paradise  or  Happy  Land  of  the  Greek 
poets.  Elysian  (the  adjective)  means 
happy,  delightful. 

O'er  each  were  ehadowy  cast  Elysian  pleama. 

Wrayped  my  spiiit  in  E'ysium. 

J/i((tM,  *'  Comut." 

El'zevir.  An  edition  of  a  classio 
author,  published  and  printed  by  the 
family  of  Elzevir,  and  said  to  be  im- 
maculate. Virgil,  one  of  the  master- 
pieces, is  certainly  incorrect  in  some 
places.     (159-2-lGi:6.) 

Em.  The  unit  of  measure  in  printing. 
The  standard  is  a  pica  il ;  and  the  width 
of  a  line  is  measured  by  the  number  of 
such  M's  that  would  stand  side  by  side 
in  the  "stick."  This  dictionary  is  in 
double  columns,  each  column  equals  11 
pica  Ms  in  width,  and  one  M  is  allowed 
for  thj  space  between.  Some  work  is 
made  up  to  10^,  20^,  &o.,  eras ;  and  for 


EMBARGO. 


KMOLUMENT. 


267 


tho  half-om  printers  employ  the  letter  N, 
which  ia  in  width  half  a  letter  M.  As 
no  letter  is  wider  than  the  M,  and  all 
narrower  letters  are  fractions  of  it,  this 
letter  forms  a  very  convenient  standard 
for  printing  purposes. 

Embargo.  To  lay  an  emlatgo  on 
him  or  it  is  to  impose  certain  conditions 
ocfore  you  give  your  consent.  It  is  a 
Portiu'uese  and  Spanish  word,  meaning 
an  oraer  issued  by  authority  to  prevent 
ships  leaving  port  for  a  fixed  period. 

Ember  Days  are  the  Wednesday, 
Fridiy,  and  Saturday  of  Ember  Weeks 
Iq.v.). 

Ember  Weeks.  A  corruption  of 
quat!nor  lem'pora,  through  the  Dutch 
qiiatemper  and  German  qualemher.  The 
foiu-  times  are  after  Quailragesima 
Sunday,  Vv'hit  Sunday,  Ilolyrood  Day 
{Se2)temhcr),  and  St.  Lucia's  Day  {Dtcem- 
ber).  The  supposition  that  persons  sat 
in  embers  (or  ashes)  on  these  days  is 
without  foundation. 

Emblem  is  a  picture  with  a  hidden 
moaning;  the  meaning  is  "cast  into" 
or  "  inserted  in "  the  visible  device. 
Thus,  a  balance  is  an  eml'em  of  justice, 
wlcite  of  purity,  a  sceptre  of  sovereignty. 
(Greek,  en-hallo.)  (_See  Apostles,  Pa- 
TKO.v  Saints.) 

Some  of  the  most  common  and  simple 
emblems  of  the  Chiistian  church  are  — 

Tlie  circle  inscribed  in  an  eqv.ilaicral 
triangle,  to  denote  the  co- equality  and 
co-etei  nity  of  the  Trinity. 

A  hand  from  Ike  cluuds,  to  denote  God 
the  Father. 

A  lamb,  fish,  'pelican,  kc.  kc.  The 
Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

A  dove.     The  Holy  Gh(j.st. 

A  chalice.     The  oncharist. 

A  phomix.     The  resurrection. 

A  avss.  The  Christian's  life  and  con- 
flict ;  the  death  of  Christ  for  man's  re- 
demption. 

A  aown.  The  reward  of  the  perse- 
verance of  the  saints. 

Emblers  de  Gentz  (French).  A 
stealing  from  the  people. —  Old  Rolls. 

Em.T3ryo  means  that  which  swells 
inside  something  (Greek,  en-bm'o) ;  hence, 
the  child  in  the  womb  ;  the  rudiment  in 
n  pl.ant  before  it  shows  ilaelf  in  a  t'ud  ; 
iin  idea  not  developed,  &••. 


Em'elye.  The  sister-in-law  of  "  duke 
Theseus,"  beloved  by  the  two  knights. 
I'al'araon  and  Ar'cyto,  the  former  of 
whom  had  her  to  wife.  It  is  of  this  hidy 
the  puct  says,  "Up  roos  the  sun,  and 
up  roos  Emelye"  (v.  227.o). 

This  passetb  veer  by  yeer,  ini  Jaj  and  lay. 

Till  It  fel  o.jues  in  ii  inurue  of  .May, 

Tl;at  Emelie,  that  fairer  wx't  to  «cciia 

Tliau  18  ihe  lilic  on  hire  slaikM  irciie, 

Aud  fres^cher  than  the  M:.y  willi  II  Mire*  newt. .  .. 

Kr  il  was  ilay,  .18  ache  u  a3  u  ont  to  do, 

Sclie  "  as  aristu. 

CVk.uccr,  •' CitUirburu  T'lu  "  I TU KrigkU*  Tale). 

Em'eralds.  According  to  tradition, 
if  a  serpent  fixes  its  eyes  upon  an  emerald 
it  becomes  hViad. —  Ahncd  hen  Ahdalaziz, 
"  Treatise  on  Jeicels." 

Em'erald  Isle.  Ireland.  This  term 
was  fir.st  used  by  Dr.  Drenn.an  (l?;''!- 
1820),  in  the  poem  called  "  Erin."  Of 
course,  it  refers  to  the  bright  groan  ver- 
dure of  the  island. 


Emer'gency.  A  sudden  emergency 
is  something  which  starts  suddenly  into 
view,  or  wliich  rises  suddenly  out  of  the 
current  of  events.  (Latin,  e-viergo,  to 
rise  out  of  "the  water.") 

Emcute  (French).  A  seditious  rising 
or  small  riot.  Literally,  a  moving-out. 
(Latin,  e-mo}feo.) 

Emile  (2  syl.).  The  French  form  of 
Emil'ius.  The  hero  of  Jean  Jaciiues 
Rousseau's  novel  of  the  same  name,  and 
his  ideal  of  a  perfectly  educated  young 
man. 

Em.iria  (in Shakespeare's  "Othello"). 
Wife  of  lago.  She  is  induced  by  her 
husband  to  purloin  Desdemona's  hand- 
kerchief, which  lago  conveys  to  Cassio's 
chamber,  and  tells  the  Moor  that  Desde- 
mo'na  h.ad  given  it  to  the  lieutenant  as  a 
love-token.  At  the  cleath  of  Dosdemona, 
Emilia  (who  till  then,  never  suspected 
the  real  state  of  the  case)  reveals  tlie 
fact,  and  Ligo  rushes  upon  her  and  kills 
her. 

Emil'ia.  The  sweetheart  of  Peregrine 
Pickle,  in  Smollett's  novel. 

Emilia  (Tlte  Dirine),  to  wh.>m  Voltaire 
wrote  versfS,  was  iJad.  Chatdot,  with 
whom  ho  lived  at  Girey  for  leu  years. 

I  inorument.  Literally,  that  which 
comes  out  of  iho  niilL  (Latin,  emola.) 
It  originally  meant  toil  on  what  wm 
ground,     (-b't*  Giiiax.) 


•268 


SMOTION. 


ENCHANTED 


Emo'tion.  Literally,  llio  movement 
of  the  mind  brought  out  by  something 
which  affects  it.  The  idea  is  this:  'J'ho 
miixl  is  passive  till  souiethiug  occuis  to 
affect  it,  when  it  becomes  roused ;  the 
active  state  thus  produced  is  its  emotion, 
and  the  result  thereof  is  passion  or  atlec- 
tion.  Thus,  in  the  famous  ' '  Hermetic 
Books"  iq.v.),  passion  is  said  to  bo  the 
result  of  motion.  (Latin,  e-muvco,  to  move 
out  of. ) 

Empan'nel  or  Impayinel  is  to  write 
the  names  of  a  jury  on  a  pannel  or  piece 
of  parchment.  (French,  panneau—i.e., 
pan  tie  jieau,  j'icce  of  skin.) 

Emped'oeles  (4  syl.)  of  Sicilt/.  A 
disciple  of  Pythag'oras.  According  to 
Lu'cian,  he  threw  liimself  into  the  crater 
of  Etna,  that  persons  might  suppose  he 
was  returned  to  the  gods ;  but  Etna 
threw  out  his  iron  sandal,  and  destroyed 
the  illusion. — Horace,  "  Ars  Poeiica," 
404.     (See  Cleombrotos.) 

He  wlin,  to  he  deemei 
A  ?od,  leaped  fondly  into  Mtnn  tlam"», 
Biiipeduclca. 

iliUon,  "Paradise  Lott,"  i'L 

Emperor.  Emperor  of  Believers. 
Omar  L,  fat'ier-in-law  of  Mahomet,  and 
second  caliph  of  the  Mussulmans.  (581- 
614.) 

EmjJeror  of  the  mountaivs,  hing  of  i/ie 
icoods,  and  lord  of  the  hifjhways  from. 
Florence  to  Niiples.  A  title  assumed  by 
Peter  the  C'alabrian,  a  famous  bandit- 
chief.     (1812.) 

Emperor,  not  for  myself,  hut  for  my 
people.  The  maxim  of  ila'drian,  the 
Roman  emperor.     (117-138.) 

Empire.  Tie  empire  of  reason ;  the 
empire  of  truth  ;  &c. — i.e  ,  reason  or  truth 
as  the  governing  principle.  Empire  is 
the  Latin  imper'ium,  a  jurisdiction,  and 
an  emperor  is  one  who  holds  command. 

Empirics.  Quacks.  A  school  of 
medicine  founded  by  Serap'ion,  of  Alex- 
andria, who  contended  that  it  is  not 
necessary  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the 
nature  and  functions  of  the  body  in  order 
to  treat  diseases,  but  that  experience  is 
the  surest  and  best  guide.  They  were 
opposed  to  the  Dogmatics  (q.v.).  (Greek, 
tn-pira'o,  to  experimentalise  on.) 

We  miist  not 
8i>  «;nin  our  jiidsment,  or  coiriipt  our  hops. 
To  prostitute  oar  nasi -cure  ni.ilady 
To  empirics. 
Shaketvtarr,  "  AU's  ireZJ  that  KmSs  Weii."  ii.  J. 


Employe  (French).  One  in  our  em- 
ploy ;  such  as  clerk.s,  shopmen,  servants, 
&c. 

Empson.  llio  favourite  flageolet- 
player  of  Charles  II.,  introduced  into 
Scott's  "Peveril  of  the  Peak." 

Jiili.in  could  only  tio»  obedience,  and  follow  Emp 
s  in.  vlio  wa4  tlic  enmc  rersou  that  ilayed  so  rare!; 
on  tlic  Ua;eulct  — CU.  zxi. 

Empty  Chance.  A  chance  not 
worth  calculating  on.  The  ace  of  dice 
was,  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  left 
empli),  because  the  number  of  dice  was 
eqtial  to  the  number  of  aces  thrown.  As 
ace  is  the  lowest  chance,  the  empty 
chance  was  the  least  likely  to  win. 

Empjrre'an.  According  to  Ptolemy, 
there  are  five  heavens,  the  last  of  which 
is  pure  elemental  fire  and  the  seat  of 
deity ;  this  fifth  heaven  is  called  the 
emjiyrean  (from  the  Greek,  en-pur,  in 
fire).     (6'ee  Heaven.) 

Enal'io  -  saurians  (Greek,  sea- 
lizards).  A  group  of  fossil  saurians, 
including  the  Ich'thvosaur,  Ple'siosaur, 
Sauropter'}'gy,  kc.  kc. 

Encel'ados.  The  most  powerful  of 
the  giants  that  conspired  against  Zeus 
(Jupiter).  The  king  of  gods  and  men 
east  him  down,  and  threw  !Mount  Etna 
over  him.  The  poets  say  that  the  flames 
of  this  volcano  arise  from  the  breath  of 
this  giant.  The  battle-field  of  his  contest 
was  Phleg'ra,  in  Macedonia. 

So  fierce  Enceladus  in  Plilegra  stood. 

Hoole,  "Jerusalem  Drliitrttl," 
I  till  you,  younKlingsi,  not  Kuceladus, 
Willi  all  his  :liteat'uiug  ban  i  i)f  Typlion's  brood.    . 
Shall  seize  this  urey  out  of  his  laihi  r'»  h;in.is. 

Shukei-peave.,  "  TUua  Andronieu»,"  it.  I 

Enclianter  is  one  who  sings  incan- 
tations. (Latin,  in-canio,  to  sing  over 
or  against  some  one.) 

Enchanted  Castles.  De  Saint 
Foix  says  that  women  and  girls  were 
subject  to  violence  whenever  they  passed 
by  an  abbey,  quite  as  much  as  when 
they  approached  a  feudal  castle.  When 
these  victims  were  sought  for  and  de- 
manded back,  the  monks  would  sustain 
a  siege  rather  than  relinquish  them,  and, 
if  close  pressed,  would  bring  to  the  walls 
some  sacred  relic,  which  so  awed  the 
assailants  that  they  woiild  desist  rather 
than  incur  the  risk  of  violating  such  holy 
articles.  This,  he  says,  is  the  origin  of 
enchanter.;;,  enchantments,  and  enchanted 
castles.    -  Historical  Kssai/.". 


ENCORE. 


ENSCONCE. 


i6» 


Encore  (French).  Oar  use  of  this 
word  is  unkuown  to  the  French,  who  use 
the  word  lis  (twice)  if  they  wish  a  thing 
to  be  repeated.  The  French,  however, 
my,  encore  une  tasse  (another  cup),  encore 
«ne/c/w  (still  once  more).  It  is  strange 
bow  we  have  perverted  almost  every 
French  word  that  we  have  naturalised. 

Encrat'ites  (4  syl.).  A  sect  of  the 
Bocoud  century,  who  condemned  mar- 
riage, forbade  eating  flesh  or  drinking 
wine,  and  rejected  all  the  luxuries  and 
comforts  of  life  as  "things  sinful." 
The  sect  was  founded  by  Ta  tian,  a  dis- 
ciple of  Justin  Martyr.  (Greek,  egcrales, 
self-mastery.) 

Encroach  treans  literally  to  put  on 
&  hook,  or  to  hook  on.  Those  who  hook 
oij  a  little  here  and  a  little  there.  (French, 
tn  avc,  on  a  hook.) 

End-irons.  Two  moval  ile  iron  checks 
or  pb'.tes,  still  used  in  cooking-stoves  to 
enlarge  or  contiact  the  grate  at  pleasure. 
Tlie  term  explains  itself,  but  must  not 
be  mistaken  for  andifons  or  "  dogs." 

Endorse.  /  endorse  that  statement. 
I  accept  it ;  I  fully  accord  with  it.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  commercial  practice  of 
writing  your  name  on  the  back  of  a  bill 
of  exchange  or  promissory  note  if  you 
choose  to  make  yourself  responsible  for 
it.    (Latin,  in-dorsjim,  on  the  back.) 

Endym'ion,  in  Greek  mythology, 
is  the  sunset  with  which  the  moon  "is 
in  love.  Endym'ion  was  condemned  to 
endless  sleep  and  everlasting  youth,  and 
Sile'nii  kisses  him  every  night  on  the 
Latmian  hills. 

The  moon  sleeps  nith  Endjmion. 
And  »ouId  not  be  awaked. 

Sh-iktmi-ie'jie,  " ilerchaiil  of  Venice,"  T.  1. 

Enemy.  How  goes  the  enem>/ 1  or 
iVhut  sai/s  the  entmyt  What  o'clock  is 
it  ?  Time  is  the  enemy  of  man,  especially 
of  those  who  are  behind  time. 

Enfield  Rifle.  So  called  from  the 
factory  at  Enfield  where  it  is  ma<lo. 

Enfilade  (French)  means  btprally  to 
epin  out ;  to  put  thread  in  [a  needle],  as 
enji/er  uiie  aiguille;  to  String  bracis  by 
piiltiiig  lliPTn  on  a  thread,  as  eiiji/er  di.i 
perlts.  Soldiers  being  compared  to 
thread,  we  get  the  folluwing  metaphors: 
to  go  through  a  plac^o  as  thread  through 
a  needle— to  string  artillery  by  placing 
it  in  aline   and  diroctiug  it  agaiuat  an 


enemy ;    hence  to  scour  or  rake  with 

shot. 

England.  Verstcgan  quaintly  says 
that  Egbert  was  "  chiefly  moved "  to 
call  his  kingdom  England  "  in  respect  of 
pope  Gregory's  changing  the  name  of 
Kngflisce  into  AngeHgkK."  And  ths 
"  may  have  moved  our  kings  upon  their 
best  gold  coins  to  set  the  imago  of  an 
angel." — "  liestit.  of  Decayed  Intell.  in, 
Aiiliq.,"  p.  147. 

England  expects  that  every  man  will 
do  his  did)/.  The  parole  signalled  by 
Horatio  Nelson  to  his  fleet  before  the 
battle  of  Trafalgar. 

Englishman.  The  national  nick- 
name of  an  Englishman  is  "  A  John 
Bull."  The  nation,  taken  in  the  aggre- 
gate, is  nicknamed  "  John  liull."  'I'he 
French  nickname  for  an  Englishman  is 
"  Godam',"  from  a  familiar  oath  once 
common,  and  still  too  frequently  used. 
{!See  Bull.) 

Englishman's  Castle.  His  house 
is  so  called,  because  so  long  as  a  man 
shuts  himself  up  in  his  own  house,  no 
bail  i IT  can  break  through  the  door  to 
arrest  him  or  seize  his  goods.  It  is  not 
so  in  Scotland. 

E'nid.  The  daughter  and  only  child 
of  ^'li'iol,  and  wife  of  prince  Geraint', 
one  of  the  Knights  of  the  Round  Table. 
Ladies  called  lier  "Eniil  the  Fair,"  but 
the  people  named  her  "Enid  tho  Good." 
—Idylls  of  the  King,  •'  UtraiiU  and    EHid." 

Enlightened.  The  Enlighiaied  Doc- 
tor. Raymond  Lully,  of  P.ilmi,  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  men  of  tho  thir- 
teeuih  century.     <1234-lol5.) 

Enniskillens.  The  6th  Dragoons  ; 
instituted  IGiO,  on  account  of  their 
brave  defence  of  tho  town  of  Inuis- 
killen,  in  favour  of  William  HI. 

En'nius.  Tho  Chaucer  or  father  of 
Roman  poets.     (B.C.  239-lC9.)__ 

The  English  Ennius.  Laynmon,  who 
wrote  a  translation  in  Saxon  of  \Vaco'« 
"  Unite." 

The  French  Ennius.  G-iillaume  di 
Lorris  (1235-1265),  author  i.f  the  "Ro. 
mance  of  the  Rose/'  called  Iho  "Iliad" 
of  France. 

The  Spanish  Eriniui.  Juan  do  Muoa, 
bom  at  Cor'dova.     (1412-1456.) 

Ensoonce  (2  syl.).  To  hide;  to  put 
under  covor.     Literally,  to  cover  with  e 


270 


ENSEMBLE. 


EPHIALTES. 


tconce  or  fort.     (Gorman,  schanze,  a  fort  ; 
Danisli,  scharu;  Swedish,  skans.) 

Ensemble.  The  tout  ensemhh.  The 
general  elFcct ;  tlie  elTect  when  the 
whole  is  regarded.     (French.") 

Ensign. 

Of  Ancient  Athens.     An  owl. 

Tilt  Briti.ih  Navy.  A  double  cross  (Sr, 
George  and  St.  Andrew)  on  a  red,  white, 
or  blue  field. 

China.     A  dragon. 

Aftdent  Corinth,  A  flying  horse— i.?., 
Peg'asos, 

Ancient  Danes.     A  raven. 

Ancient  Egypt.  A  bull,  a  croccdile,  a 
vulture. 

England  (in  the  Tudor  era).  St. 
George's  cross. 

Ancient  France.  The  cape  of  St. 
Martin  ;  then  the  oriflamme. 

The  Franks  (Ripua'vian).  A  sword 
with  the  point  upwards. 

The  Franks  (Salian).     A  bull's  head. 

The  Gauls.     A  wolf,  bear,  bull,  cock. 

The  ancient  Lacedemoniiois.  The  letter 
alpha  (A). 

The  ancient  Messe'nians.  The  letter 
mu  (M). 

The  ancient  Pa'sians.  A  golden  cngle, 
with  outstretched  wings  on  a  white  field; 
;i  dove. 

The  Paisdad'ian  Dynasty  of  Persia.  A 
blacksmith's  apron.     (.See  Staxdahd.) 

3'/i«  ancient  Jtomans.  An  eagle  for  the 
legion  ;  a  wolf,  a  horse,  a  boar,  a  miao- 
taur,  &c. 

Rom'uhis.  A  handful  of  hay  or  fern 
(manip'ulus). 

The  ancient  Saxons.     A  trotting  horse. 

The  Turks.     Horses'  tails. 

The  ancient  Welsh.     A  dragon. 

Entail'.  An  entail  is  an  estate  cut 
from  the  power  of  a  testator.  The  tes- 
tator cannot  bequeath  it  ;  it  must  go  to 
the  legal  heirs.     (French,  en-lailler.) 

Ente'le'chy.  The  kingdom  of  queen 
^'■.iniessouco  in  the  famous  satirical 
v;mance  of  Ra'nelais  called  the  "History 
of  Gargan'tua  and  Pantagruel'."  Panta- 
gruol  and  his  companions  went  thither 
iu  search  of  the  Holy  Bottle.  It  may 
be  called  the  city  of  speculative  science. 

Entering  Short.  When  bills  are 
paid  into  a  banker's  hands  to  receive  the 
amount  when  dwe,  it  is  Civlled  "entering 
them  short."  In  this  case,  if  the  banker 
fails,  the  assignees  must  give  them  up. 


J3ills  in  the  hands  of  factors  may  be  so 
entered. 

Entliu'siast  is  one  who  believes 
that  ho  himself  is  in  Ood,  or  that  God  ii 
in  him  (Greek,  en  thevs).  Our  word  in- 
spired is  very  similar,  being  the  Latin 
in  spiritu  (in  the  spirit). 

Entremets  (arn-tre-may).  Sweet 
foods  or  kick.^haws  served  at  table 
between  the  main  dishes,  courses,  or 
removes;  literally,  enlre-mets  (French), 
thinirs  put  between.  We  now  use  two 
words,  entrees  and  entremets,  the  former 
being  meats  handed  round  between  the 
mam  dishes,  and  the  latter  being  sweet 
made-dishes. 

Entre  Wo  us  (French).  Between 
you  and  me  ;  in  confidence. 

Eolian.  An  Eolian  harp.  A  box 
fitted  with  strings,  like  a  fiddle.  The 
strings,  however,  are  not  soimded  by  a 
bow,  but  by  a  current  of  air  or  wind 
p  issing  over  them. 

Eolus.  God  of  the  wiuds.  (Roman 
mythology.) 

Epact.  The  excess  of  the  solar 
above  the  hinar  yeir,  the  former  con- 
sisting of  3t)5  days  and  the  latter  of 
354,  or  eleven  days  fewer.  The  epact 
of  any  year  is  the  number  of  days  from 
the  last  new  moon  of  the  old  year  to  the 
1st  of  the  following  January.  (Greek, 
epactos,  adscititious. ) 

Eper'gne  ("2  syl.).  A  large  orna- 
mental stand  placed  in  the  middle  of  a 
dining-table.  It  is  generally  said  to  be 
a  French  word,  but  is  not  known  in 
France.  The  French  call  such  an  orna- 
mental stand  a  siirtout,  strangely  adopted 
by  us  to  signify  a  frock-coat,  which  the 
{■"rench  call  a.  pardessus. 

EpheTji.  Youths  between  the  as-e 
of  eighteen  and  twenty  were  so  called 
at  Athens.     (Greek,  arrived  at  pxiherty. ) 

Ephe'sian.  A  jovial  companion  ;  a 
thief  ;  a  ro3'sterer.  A  pun  on  the  verb 
to  phocse — A-pheeze-ian.  Phoeze  is  to 
flatter. 

It  is  tliinc  host,  thine  Eph'-s'sn,  cat's 
Shaketpeait,"  Sleriji  Wtvjs  0/  Windsor,'  17.  i. 

The  Ephe.iian  Poet.  Ilippo'nax,  bon; 
at  Ephesus  in  the  sixth  century  B.C. 

Eplilal'tes  (4  ey\.).  A  giant  who 
w.as  deprived  of  his  left  eye  by  Apollo, 
and  of  hia  right  eye  by  Hercules. 


RpnoRi. 


FQUITAGE. 


271 


Eph'orl  or  Ephnn.  Spartan  majris- 
trates,  five  in  number,  annually  elected 
from  the  ruling  caste.  They  exercised 
control  OTen  over  the  kings  and  senate. 

Epic.  Father  of  epic  poetry.  Homer 
(about  9.50  B.C.),  author  of  the  "Iliad" 
and  "  Odyssey." 

The  great  Puritan  epic.  Milton's 
"  Paradise  Lost." 

Seak  nz  of  M.  PnrS's  perfornintir^cs  tA  an  llln*- 
tra'or  of  tLe  great  I'uiiean  epic- JVi«  Timit. 

Ep'icure  (3syl.).  A  sensuali-st ;  one 
addicted  to  good  eating  and  drinking. 
So  called  from  Epicu'ros  [r/.v.). 

Sir  Epicure.  A  worldly  sensualist  in 
"  The  Alchymist,"  by  Ben  Jonson.  His 
bumame  is  "Mammon." 

Epicurean.  Carnal ;  sensual ;  per- 
taining to  good  eating  and  drinking. 
(See  Ei'icuROS.) 

T.  Moore  has  a  prose  romance  entitled 
"  The  Epicurean." 

Ep'curenn  cooks 
Siiarre:i  n  tli  cloylese  sauce  I. is  .ii'petite. 
Shikespea'e,  "  Atitoni/  unj  CUop'itia,"  il.  1. 

Epicu'ros.  (Latin  form,  Epicurwi.) 
The  Greek  philosopher  who  founded  the 
Kpicvire'an  school.  His  axiom  was,  that 
"  nappmess  or  enjoyment  is  the  summurn 
hoiium  of  life."  His  disciples  corrupted 
his  doctrine  into  "Good  living  is  the 
oltject  we  should  all  seek,"  or,  according 
to  the  drinking  song,  "  Who  leads  a  good 
life  is  sure  to  live  well." 

Bleat  be  tlieday  1  "scnpe'l  'lie  wrnnu'lni  crew, 
from  P>Trbo°9  maze  aiij  Kpicuinii'  »(v. 

litMit,"  ilimtrd.' 
Tlve  Epicnrm  of  China.  Tao-tse.  who 
commenced  the  search  for  the  "elixir  of 
life."  Several  of  the  Chinese  emperors 
lost  their  lives  by  drinking  his  "  Potion 
of  Immortality.     (B.C.  510.) 

Epi-dem'ic  is  from  the  two  Greek 
words,  epi-iWinof  (upon  the  people),  a 
disease  that  attacks  a  number  of  people 
at  once,  either  from  bad  air,  bad  drain- 
age, or  other  similar  cause. 

Ei'I-zoot'ic  is  epi-zoon  (upon  the  herds 
and  flocks).  Zoology  is  used  to  signify 
a  treatise  on  animals,  but  wo  generally 
except  man  ;  so  epi-ziiitio  is  used,  demos 
(man)  not  being  included. 

Ep'ilepsy  was  called  by  the  Romans 
the  "  Comttint  or  Congress  sickne.ts  {mor- 
bus  comitialis),  liocause  the  polling  for 
the  comitia  centuria'ta  was  null  and  void 
if  any  voter  was  taken  with  epilepsy 
while  the  votes  were  being  taken. 


Epimen'ides  v<5syl.).  Aphilosophei 
of  Crete,  who  fell  asleep  in  a  cave  when 
a  boy,  and  did  not  wake  again  for  fifty- 
seven  years,  when  he  found  hiniseH 
endowed  with  iniiaculuus  wisdom. —  I'lini/y 
i\<U  Llis.     (Ae  Pip  Va.-*  NVixki.k) 

Like  Kpiincci'Iii,  I  haveheoo  (leepini  In  a  (Save  ; 
ana.  wakm;!,  «..»  those  wliim  I  let  clul  lr«n  are 
bearded  men. —i'ir  if.  L.  BuUcer  L]/Uon  {Lord  LuUoh). 

Epiph'any.  The  time  of  appearance, 
meaning  the  period  when  the  star  ap- 
peared to  the  wise  men  of  the  East.  The 
tith  January  is  the  feast  of  the  Epiphany. 
(Greek,  epiphaino.) 

Ep'isode  (3  syl.)  is  the  Greek  epi- 
eis-o'ios  (cominor  in  besides  — 1.«.,  adven- 
titious), meaning  an  adventitious  tale 
introduced  into  the  main  story. 

Epis'tle  is  something  sent  to  another. 
A  letter  sent  by  messenger  or  post. 
(Greek,  epi-stello.) 

E  Plu'ribus  Unum  (Latin).  One 
unity  eoiniiosed  of  many  parts.  The 
motto  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

Epoch  means  that  which  bounds  in 
or  holds  in  hand.  A  se^juence  of  events 
harnessed  to<,'ether  like  a  team  of  horses, 
(Greek,  epi  echo.) 

Ep'ode  (2  syl.).  Father  of  choral 
epiide.  St-esic'horos  of  Sicily.  (B.C.  (J32- 
552.) 

Epsom  Salts.  A  salt  formerly  ob- 
tainoil  by  boiling  down  the  mineral  water 
in  the  vicinity  of  Ei)som,  but  now  chemi- 
cally prepared.  It  is  the  sulphate  of 
magnesia. 

Equation  of  Time.  The  difTerence 
between  mean  and  apparent  time — i.e., 
the  ditforeucc  between  the  time  as  shown 
by  a  good  clock  and  that  indicated  bj 
a  sun-dial.  The  gre.atest  difl'erence  is  in 
November,  at  the  beginning  of  which 
month  the  sun  is  somewhat  more  than 
sixteen  minutes  too  slow.  There  are 
days  in  December,  April,  Juno,  and 
September,  when  the  sun  and  the  clocki 
agree. 

Eques  Aura'tus.  A  knight 
bachelor,  calicd  aura'tus  because  he  was 
allowed  to  gild  his  armour— a  privilege 
confined  to  knights. 

Eq'uipage  (3  syl.).  Tea  egnipnge. 
A  coinjilpto  tea-service.  To  equip  means 
to  arm  or  furnish,  and  equipage  is  the 
furniture  of  a  military  man  or  bodj  of 


272 


RQinTY. 


EMIRENES. 


troops.  ITence  canfp  eqinpnge  (all  tliiiip-a 
necessary  for  an  encampment) ;  f(fd 
tqitiparje  (all  things  necessary  for  the 
field  of  battle) ;  a  prince's  equipage,  and 
so  on. 

Equity.    (See  Asthma.) 

Eraclius,  tlio  emperor,  condemned 
ft  knight  to  doatli  because  the  companion 
who  went  out  with  him  returned  not. 
"Thou  hast  slain  thy  fellow,"  said  the 
emperor,  "and  must  die.  Co,"  con- 
tinued he,  to  anollier  knight,  "and  lead 
him  to  death."  On  their  way,  they  met 
the  knight  supposed  to  be  dead,  and 
returned  to  Eraclius,  who,  instead  of 
revoking  his  sentence,  ordered  all  three 
to  be  put  to  death — the  first  because  he 
had  already  condemned  him  to  death  ; 
the  second  because  he  had  disobeyed  his 
orders ;  and  the  third  because  he  was 
the  real  cause  of  the  death  of  the  other 
two.  Chaucer  tells  this  anecdote  in  his 
"Sompnoures  Tale."  It  is  told  of  Cor- 
nelius Piso  by  Senje'ca  in  his  "  De  Ira," 
lib.  i.  16  ;  but  in  the  "  Gesta  Romano'- 
rura  "  it  is  ascribed  to  Eraclius. 

Eras'tians.  The  followers  of  Eras- 
tus,  a  German  "heretic"  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  They  referred  the 
punishment  of  all  offences  in  the  church 
to  the  civil  magistrate. 

E'rebus.  Darkness.  The  gloomy 
cavern  underground  through  which  the 
Shades  had  to  walk  in  their  passage  to 
Hades.  "  A  yalley  of  the  shadow  of 
death." 

Not  Erebus  itseU  were  dim  enough 
To  hide  thee  from  prerention. 

Shahespeaic,  •' Juliut  C<rsar,"  ii.  1. 

Eret'rian.  The  Eretrian  hull.  Mene- 
denios  of  EretVia,  in  Euboea ;  a  Greek 
philosopher  of  the  fourth  century  B.C., 
and  founder  of  the  Eretrian  school, 
which  was  a  branch  of  the  Socrat'ic. 
He  was  ca\led  a  "  bull "  from  the  bull- 
like gravity  of  his  face. 

Srigena.  John  Scotus,  the  school- 
man.   Died  88b'. — N.B.  Not  Duns  Scotus. 

Erin.     Ireland  (q.v.). 

Erin'nys  or  Enn'ys.  The  goddess  of 
venireance,  one  of  tlie  Furies.  (Greek 
mythology.) 

Eriph'ila.  The  personification  of 
Avarice,  who  guards  the  path  that  leads 
to  pleasure,  in  "  Orlando  Furioeo,"  vi.  Gl. 


Erl-kingi  King  of  the  elves,  wno 
prepares  mischief  for  children,  and  even 
deceives  men  with  his  seductions.  Ho  'u 
said  to  haunt  the  Black  Forest. 

Er'meline  ( Dame).  Reynard's  wife, 
Lo  the  tale  of  "Reynard  the  I''o.x." 

i^r'mine  Street-  One  of  the  foni 
great  public  wmvs  ni:ide  in  England  by 
the  Roman.?.  The  otner  three  are  U'al- 
ling  Slreet,  Ikenild  StrcrA,  and  the  Fosse. 
Gcrriiau'icus  derives  Erniiu  from  Hermes, 
whence  Irminsull  (a  column  of  Jlercury), 
because  Mercury  presided  over  public 
roads. 

Fair  VF.yct  mjaj  uu  tlicr  ben  io  Knglond, 

Uiit  four  mo3t  of  all  ben  zuiider5tond  .. 

Fr»m  tlie  south  into  the  north  lakit  Brmino-ttrite ; 

Fram  the  eist  into  the  we4t  (foeth  / keneld-ntreU ; 

Fram  soavn-cbt  ie^iit)  to  fortb-wcgt  (tliat  is  auin  dal 

grete) 
Fram  Dorer  (Doti«r)  into  Ohestre  ro'th  WaUinri-iitreU ; 
The  forth  is  most  of  a!l  that  tilU  from  'i'oteneys— 
Fram   the  <  ne  end  of  Cornwall  auon  to  Cat«Dajs 

(Cuithness)  — 
Fram  the  sou'h  to  Ni>rth-ett  into  Englnnrte*  end 
Foise  men  callitb  thisk  Toiz.    R'A^rt  of  Glouceiter. 

Er'mine  (2  syl.).  A  corruption  of 
Arme'nian,  the  ermine  being  the  raus 
Pon'ticus  or  Armenian  muste'la. 

Ermin'ia.  The  heroine  of  "Jeru- 
salem Delivered."  When  her  father,  the 
king  of  Antioch,  was  slain  at  the  siege 
of  Antioch,  and  Erminia  fell  captive  into 
the  crusaders'  hand.s,  Tancred  gave  her 
her  liberty,  and  restored  to  her  all  her 
father's  treasures.  This  generous  con- 
duct quite  captivated  her  heart,  and 
she  fell  in  love  with  the  Christian  prince. 
Al'adine,  king  of  Jerusalem,  took  charge 
of  her.  When  the  Christian  army  be- 
sieged Jerusalem,  she  dressed  herself  in 
Clorinda's  armour  to  go  to  Tancred,  but, 
being  discovered,  fled,  and  lived  awhile 
with  some  shepherds  on  the  banks  of 
the  Jordan.  Meeting  with  Vafri'no,  sent 
as  a  secret  spy  by  the  crusaders,  she 
revealed  to  him  the  design  against  the 
life  of  Godfrey,  and,  returning  with  him 
to  the  Christian  camp,  found  Tancred 
wounded.  She  cured  his  wounds  and 
nursed  him  tenderly,  so  that  he  was  able 
to  take  part  in  the  last  great  day  of  the 
siege.  We  are  not  told  the  ultimate  lot 
of  this  fair  Syrian. 

Emire'nes  (4  syl.).  A  renegade 
Christian,  whose  name  was  Clement. 
He  was  entrusted  with  the  command  of 
the  caliph's  "regal  host,"  and  was  slain 
by  Godfrey.  —  'I'asto,  "  Jenualetn  D& 
litered." 


JRNAKI. 


ESPRTT. 


*7S 


Erna'ni.  Tho  bandit-captain,  duke 
of  Sefji>r'bia  and  Canlo'na,  lord  of  Ar'a- 
pon,  and  count  of  Eniani,  in  love  with 
Elvi'ra,  who  is  betrothed  to  don  liny 
Gomez  de  Silva,  an  old  Spanish  grandee, 
whom  she  detests.  Charles  V.  of  Spain 
also  loves  her,  and  tries  to  win  her. 
Silva,  finding  that  the  kinj?  has  been 
tampering  with  his  betrothed,  joins  tho 
league  of  Ernani  against  the  king.  The 
king  in  concealment  overhears  the  plot- 
ters, and  at  a  given  signal  they  are 
arrested  by  his  guards,  but  at  the  inter- 
cession of  Elvira  are  pardoned  and  set 
free.  Erna'ni  is  on  tho  point  of  marry- 
ing Elvira,  when  a  horn  is  heard.  This 
horn  Ernani  had  given  to  Silva  when  ho 
joined  tho  league,  saying,  "Sound  but 
this  horn,  and  at  that  moment  Ernaui 
will  cease  to  live."  Silva  insi.sts  on  the 
fulfilment  of  the  compact,  and  Ernani 
stabs  himself. —  Verdi's  opera  of  "  J'Jr- 
tiaai." 

Erot'ic  Poetry.  Love  songs.  So 
called  from  Eros,  the  god  of  love  in 
Greek  mythology. 

Erra-Pater.  An  almanack.  William 
Lilly,  the  almanack-maker  and  astro- 
loger, is  so  called  by  Butler.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  tho  "  name "  of  an  eminent 
Jewish  astrologer. — J/allmell,  "  Arc/tuic 
Diet." 

In  mathemat-cs  he  was  irrcafrr 
Tl.au  Ticlio  Bahe  or  Lrra  I'ater. 

l.utler,'-  lludibral." 

Erse  (1  syl.).  The  native  language 
of  the  West  Highlanders  of  Scotland, 
who  are  of  Irish  origin.  It  is  a  corruption 
of  Irish.     The  proper  name  is  Gaelic. 

Er'udite.  Most  enuHte  of  the  Romans. 
Marcus  Terentius  Varro,  a  man  of  vast 
and  varied  erudition  in  almost  every 
department  ot  litei-ature.     (B.C.  116-27.) 

Eryt'ire'os.    One  of  the  horses  of 

the  siui.     (Greek,  (Le  red-jrroducer.) 

Escapa'de  (3  syl.)  means,  literally, 
the  fling  of  a  horse.  Applied  to  any 
"  fling,"  prank,  or  spree. 

Escliales,  Escales,  &c.  These 
[)ropi;r  names  have  for  their  ai-morial 
device,  six  escallops  or  scallop-shells. 

Escu'age  (3  sjl)  means  "  shieM  ser- 
vice," and  is  applied  to  that  obligation 
which  bounii  a  vas.sal  to  follow  his  lord  to 
war  at  his  own  private  charge.  (French, 
ascti,  eVu,  a  shield.) 


Escula'pios  (f^tin,  Esculapitu).  A 
disciple  of  EsciiUipius  means  a  medical 
strident.  Escidu'pian,  medical.  Escu- 
la'pios, in  Homer,  is  a  "  blameless  phy- 
sician," whose  sons  were  the  medical 
attendants  of  the  Greek  army.  Subse- 
quently he  was  held  to  be  the  "god  of 
the  medical  art." 

Escu'riaL  The  palace  of  the  Spanish 
sovereigns,  about  fifteen  miles  north- 
west of  Madrid.  It  is  one  of  tho  mo.st 
superb  structures  in  Europe,  but  is  built 
among  rocks,  as  the  name  signifies. 

Esh-Shea'ra-1- Aboor'.  The  name 
given  to  Sirius,  and  worshipped  by  the 
Keys,  an  Arab  tribe. 

Esin'gSB.  A  title  given  to  the  kings 
of  Kent,  from  Ese,  their  first  king, 
sometimes  called  Ochta. 

Esmond  (Henry).  A  chivalrous 
cavalier  in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne. 
The  hero  of  Thackeray's  novel  entitled 
"  Esmond." 

Esoter'ie  (Greek,  Ikost  within).  Exo- 
teric,  those  without.  The  term  ori- 
gin.ated  with  Pythag'oras,  who  stood 
behind  a  curtain  when  he  gave  his  lec- 
tures. Those  who  were  allowed  to 
attend  the  lectures,  but  not  to  see  his 
fn.-,:>e,  he  called  his  exoteric  dL^ciples  ;  but 
those  who  were  allowed  to  enter  the  veil, 
his  esotei'ic. 

Aristotle  adopted  the  same  terms, 
though  ho  did  not  lecture  behind  a  cur- 
tain. He  called  those  who  attended  his 
evening  lectures,  which  were  of  a  popu- 
lar character,  his  exuterics ;  and  those 
who  attended  his  more  abstruse  morning 
lectures,  his  esohrics. 

Espiet  (Es-pe-a).  Nephew  of  Oriande 
la  Eeo.  A  dwarf  not  more  than  three  feet 
high,  with  yellow  hair  as  fine  as  gold, 
and  though  above  a  hundred  years  old, 
a  seeming  child  of  seven.  He  was  one 
of  the  falsest  knaves  in  the  world,  and 
know  every  kind  of  enchantment. —TJo- 
mance  of  Maugis  d'  Aygremont  el  de  Vivian 
sonfrire. 

Esplan'dian.  Son  of  Am'a<lis  and 
Oriana.  He  is  the  hero  of  MorUxlvo's 
continuation  of  "Am'adis,"  called  "The 
Fifth  Book." 

Esprit  de  Corps.  Fellow-fecUng 
for  the  society  with  which  you  are  a.sso- 
ciated.  A  military  term— every  oobUer 
will  stand  up  fur  his  own  corpa. 


174 


ESQUIRE. 


ETERNAL. 


Esquire.  One  who  carried  the  escu 
or  shicM  of  a  knight,  (Latin,  scul'i-^ci , 
a  shield-bcaror.) 

Esquire.  A  title  given  to  the  younger 
sons  of  the  nobility,  to  officers  of  the 
queen's  court  and  household,  to  coun- 
sellors of  law,  justices  of  the  peace, 
sheriffs,  gentlemen  who  hold  commis- 
sions in  the  army  and  navy,  and  gradu- 
ates of  the  universities  not  in  holy 
or'lers.  By  courtesy  it  is  given  to  at- 
torneys, solicitors,  surgeons,  merchants, 
bankers,  the  landed  gentry,  and  gentle- 
men living  in  independence. 

Es'says.  Lord  Bacon's  essays  were 
the  first  in  English  that  bore  the  name. 

To  write  juct  treatise';  r^qiiireth  leisure  in  the 
writer  and  leisure  in  the  reader  .  .  .  which  is  the 
ca:)Be  which  bath  ninde  me  choose  to  write  certain 
brief  notes  .  .  .  which  I  have  c:illed  essays. — Btdi- 

€ntiou  to  rrincf  lliury. 

Esse'nes  (2  s}l.).  A  sect  among  the 
Jews  in  the  time  of  our  Saviour.  They 
took  no  part  in  public  matters,  but 
devoted  themselves  to  contemplative 
studies.  They  held  the  Jewish  Scrip- 
tures in  great  reverence,  but  interpreted 
them  allegorically. 

Essex.  East  seaxe  (the  territory  of 
the  East  Saxons). 

Essex  Lions.  Calves,  for  which 
the  county  is  famous. 

Valiant  as  an  Essex  lion  (ironical). 

Essex  Stile.  A  ditch.  As  Essex  is 
very  marshy,  it  abounds  in  ditches,  and 
has  Tery  few  stiles. 

Est-il-po3sible.  A  nickname  of 
prince  George  of  Denmark,  given  him  by 
James  IL  The  story  goes  that  James, 
speaking  of  those  who  had  deserted  his 
standard,  concluded  the  catalogue  with 
these  words,  "And  who  do  you  think 
besides?  Why,  little  Est-il-possible,  my 
worthy  son-in-law."  James  apijlied  this 
cognomen  to  the  prince  because,  when 
George  was  told  of  his  father-in-law's 
a,bdication,  all  be  did  was  to  excl.iim, 
■'  £st-il-possible  !"  and  when  told  of  the 
several  noblemen  who  had  fallen  away 
from  him,  "Est-il-possible!"  exhausted 
his  indignation. 

Estafette  (French ;  Spanish,  esta- 
/e'<a).  Military  couriers  sent  express. 
Their  duty  is  to  deliver  the  despatches 
consigned  to  them  to  the  postilions  ap- 
pointed to  receive  them. 

Estates.  EstaUs  of  the  realm.  The 
powers  that  have  the  administration  of 


affairs  in  their  hands.  The  three  estates 
of  our  own  realm  are  the  Lords  Spiritual, 
the  Lords  Temporal,  and  the  Commons  ; 
popularly  speaking,  the  public  press  is 
termed  the  fourth  estate.  It  is  a  great 
mist.ike  to  call  the  three  estates  of  Eng- 
land, the  Sovereign,  the  Lords,  and  the 
Commons,  as  many  do.  The  word  moans 
that  on  wiiich  the  realm  stands.  (Latin, 
sto,  to  stand.) 
Herod made  a  sapptr  to  his.... chief  estat*  — 

Slark  vi.  51. 

Este.  The  house  of  Este  had  for  their 
armorial  bearing  a  v/hite  eagle  on  an 
azure  shield.  Rinaldo,  in  "Jerusalem 
Delivered,"  adopted  this  device ;  and 
Ariosto,  in  his  "Orlando  Furioso,"  gives 
it  both  to  Mandricardo  and  Hoo-e'ro, 
adding  that  it  was  once  borne  by  Trojan 
Hector.  As  the  dukes  of  Brunswick 
are  a  branch  of  the  house  of  Este,  our 
queen  is  a  descendant  of  the  same  noble 
family. 

D'Esto  was  the  surname  adoi)ted  by  the 
children  of  the  duke  of  Sussex  and  lady 
Augusta  Murray. 

Estella.  Heroine  of  Dickens's  "Great 
Expectations  " 

Estot'iland.  An  imaginary  tract  of 
land  near  the  Arctic  Circle  in  North 
America,  said  to  have  been  discovered 
by  John  Scalve,  a  Pole. 

The  snow 
f  lOm  cold  Estotilind. 

iluton,  "Paradise  io-£,"'  i.  683. 

Estrildis  or  Estrild.  Daughter  of 
a  German  king,  and  handmaid  to  the 
mythical  king  Humber.  When  Humber 
was  drowned  in  the  river  that  bears  his 
name,  kiug  Locrin  fell  in  love  with 
Estrildis,  and  would  have  married  her, 
had  he  not  been  betrothed  already  to 
Guendoloe'ua  ;  however,  he  kept  Estrildis 
for  seven  years  in  a  palace  underground, 
and  had  by  her  a  daughter  named  8:i- 
bri'nfi.  After  the  death  of  Locrin, 
Giiendolrc'na  t'nrew  both  Estrildis  and 
Sabri'na  inio  the  Severn. — Geoffrei/, 
"  British  Hislcrry,"  ii.  c.  ii.  — v. 

Es'tuary.  Literally,  the  boiling 
place  ;  the  mouth  of  a  river  is  so  called 
because  the  water  there  seems  to  seethe 
and  boil     (Latin,  a:stvx>,  to  boil.) 

Eter'nal.  The  Eiernat  City.  Eoms. 
Virgil  makes  Jupiter  tell  Venus  he  would 
give  to  the  Romans  tmp^ruim.  sine  Jiai 
(an  etopnal  empire).     {"  Mne\l,"  L  73.) 


ETERNAL. 


EULALIB. 


273 


Eternal  Tables.  A  whito  pearl, 
extending  from  east  to  west,  and  from 
hcavoQ  to  earth,  on  which,  according  to 
Mahomet,  God  has  recorded  every  event, 
past,  present,  and  to  como.  Thus  Ma- 
homet writes  in  the  Koran,  "As  Allah 
has  ordained,  and  recorded  on  the  eternal 
tables." 

Eth'nic-plot.  The  Pojiish  plot.  In 
Drj'den's  satire  of  "  Absalom  and  Achito- 
phol,"  Charles  II.  is  called  David,  the 
royalists  are  called  the  Jews,  and  the 
Papists  Gentiles  or  Ethnoi,  whence 
"Ethnic-plot"  means  the  Gentile  or 
Popish  plot. 

Saw  with  disdain  an  Ethnic  plotberun  — 
'Gauist  form  and  order  lliey  tin  ir  power  e:np!o7, 
KoiliiUL'  tj  bui!;,  and  a  I  tUmiS  to  dettroy. 

Pt  i. 

Eth'nophro'nes  (4  syl.).  A  sect 
of  heretics  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
who  practised  the  observances  of  the 
ancient  Pajfins.  (Greek,  ethnos-phren, 
heathen-minded. ) 

E'thon.  The  ea^'lo  or  vulture  that 
gnawed  the  liver  of  Prome'theus. 

Etiquette  (3  syl.).  The  usages  of 
polite  society.  The  word  means  a  ticket 
or  card,  and  lefers  to  the  ancient  custom 
of  delivering  a  card  of  directions  and  regu- 
lations to  be  observed  by  all  those  who 
attended  court. 

Et'na.  Virgil  ascribes  its  eruption 
ti>  Euct^iados,  a  hundred-headed  giant, 
who  lios  burii-d  under  the  mouutaiu. — 
/Ell.  iii,  578,  Ac. 

Etrenn'ea  (2  syl.).  New-year's  gifts 
are  so  called  in  France.  Stren'ii,  the 
lioman  goddess,  had  the  superintendence 
of  new-year's  gifts,  which  the  Romans 
r.alleil  alrena.  Ta'tius  entered  Home  on 
New-year's  Day,  and  received  from 
some  augurs  palms  cut  from  the  sacred 
prove,  dedicated  to  the  goddess  Strenia. 
Having  succeeded,  he  ordained  that  the 
1st  of  January  should  be  celebrated  by 
gifts  to  be  called  slrena:,  consisting  of 
tiL's,  dates,  and  honey  ;  and  that  no  word 
of  ill  omen  should  bo  uttered  on  that 
day. 

Ettrick  Sliepherd.  James  Hogg, 
the  Scotch  poet,  who  was  born  in  the 
lorcst  of  Ettrick,  Selkirkshire.  (1772- 
1835.) 

The  Ettiicli  Shepherd  «»  my  mile. 

Uoru'sirortA. 

Etzel— I.e.,  A  ttila.  King  of  the  Iluns, 
k  monarch  ruling  over  three   kingdoms 


and  more  than  thirty  principalities  ;  being 
a  widower,  he  married  Kriemhild,  the 
widow  of  Siegfried.  In  the  Nibelungen- 
Eied,  where  he  is  introduced  (part  ii.), 
he  is  made  very  insignificant,  and  sees 
his  liegemen,  and  even  his  son  and  heir, 
struck  down  without  any  effort  to  save 
them  or  avenge  their  destruction,  lie 
is  as  unlike  the  Attila  of  history  as  pos- 
sible. 

Ell'cliaris,inFeuelon's"T^€maqie," 
is  meant  to  represent  Mdlle.  de  Fon- 
tanges. 

Eu'charist  literally  means  a  thank- 
offering.  Our  Lord  said,  "Do  this  in 
remembrance  of  me"— i.e.,  out  of  gra- 
titude to  me.  The  elements  of  bread 
and  wine  in  the  Lord's  supper.  (Greek, 
eu-charistia.) 

Eu'clio.  A  penurious  old  hunks  in 
one  of  the  comedies  of  Plautus  ("  Aulu- 
la'ria  "). 

Eu'crates  (3  syl.).  More  shi/U  than 
Eu'crales.  Eucrates,  the  miller,  was  one 
of  the  archons  of  Athens,  noted  for  his 
shifts  and  excuses  for  neglecting  the 
duties  of  the  o(5ce. 

Eudox'ians.  Heretics,  whose  founder 
was  Eudox'ius,  patriarch  of  Antioch  in 
the  fourth  century.  Thoy  maintained 
that  the  Son  had  a  will  ii)dependent  of 
the  Father,  and  that  sometimes  their 
wills  were  at  variance. 

Eti'di'omos.  One  of  Actseon's  dogs. 
(Greek,  the  good  runner.) 

Euge'nius.  The  friend  and  wise 
counseller  of  Yorick  in  Sterne's  "Tris- 
tram Shandy." 

Eu'gubino  Tables.  Bronze  tibles 
founcl  near  Euguljium  (Gobbu)  in  14U. 
Of  the  inscriptions,  five  are  Umbrian 
and  Etr\»scan,  and  two  are  Latin. 

Eulalio  (St.).  Eu'lalon  is  one  of 
the  names  of  Apollo  ;  but  in  the  calendar 
there  is  a  virgin  martyr  called  Eu'lalie, 
born  at  Meriila,  in  Estramadu'ra.  When 
she  was  only  twelve  years  old,  the  great 
persecution  of  Dioclo'tian  was  sot  on 
foot,  whereupon  the  young  girl  left  her 
mitcrn.al  home,  and,  in  the  presence  of 
the  Roman  judge,  cast  down  the  idols 
he  had  set  up.  She  was  martyred  by 
torture,  12th  of  February,  303. 

Longfellow  calls  Evangeline  the  "  Siin- 
shiuc  u!  dt.  Eulalie." 


276 


EULEN-SPIEGEL 


EURYDICE. 


Eulen  spie'gel  {ThuT)  or  Tyll  Owl- 
(/lass.  'I'lio  hero  of  a  Gei  iiKin  talo,  whicli 
ii;lates  tho  pranks  and  drolleries,  tho  ups 
mid  downs,  t,ho  freak  and  fun  of  a  wan- 
dering cottager  of  Uruuswick,  The 
;iiithoris  said  to  have  been  Dr.  Thomas 
JIumer,     (1475-1530.) 

Eumse'os  or  Eiumau.  A  swineherd. 
So  called  from  the  slave  and  swineherd 
of  Ulysses. 

This  secoTid  Euin^ui)  strole  hastily  doim  the 
fO'-est-Kla'Ic.  dririiig  l'»fore  lii'n....the  whole  herd 
at  Ui3  iuharmouiou8  charge. —6'ir  if  alUtr  HcuU. 

Eumen'ides  {the  good-tempered  god- 
desses). A  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to 
the  Furies,  as  it  would  have  been  omi- 
nous and  bad  policy  to  call  them  by  their 
right  name,  Erin'nyes, 

JEumnes  tes  [Memory],  who,  being 
very  old;  keeps  a  little  boy  named 
Anamnestes  (^Research')  to  fetch  books 
from  tho  shelves.  —  Spenser,  "  Faery 
Queen,"  book  ii.  9. 

Euno'mians.  Heretics,  the  dis- 
iiples  of  E'.mo'miiis,  bishop  of  Cyz'icum 
in  the  fourth  century.  They  maintained 
that  tho  Father  was  of  a  different  nature 
to  the  Son,  and  that  the  Son  did  not  in 
reality  unite  himself  to  human  nature. 

Eupat'ridaa.  The  oligarchy  of 
Attica.  Theso  lords  of  creation  were 
subsequentlj'  set  aside,  and  a  democratic 
form  of  governm.ent  established. 

Eu'phemisms.  Words  or  phrases 
substituted,  to  soften  down  offensive 
expressions. 

Place  never  mcTiiioned  to  ears  polite. 
In  the  reig'n  of  Charles  II.,  a  worthy 
divine  of  Whitehall  thus  concluded  his 
sermon:  "If  you  don't  live  up  to  the 
precepts  of  the  Gospel  .  .  .  you  must 
expect  to  receive  your  reward  in  a  cer^ 
tain  place  which  'tis  not  good  manners 
to  mention  here." — Loconics.  Pope  tells 
us  this  worthy  divine  was  a  dean  : — 

To  rest  the  ci:Bhicn  and  soft  dean  inrite. 
V.  ho  nerer  mculioocd  "  hell"  to  ears  p  lite. 
"  iloral  Essays  "  epst.  iv. 

"Ilis  Satanic  majesty;"  "light-fin- 
pered  gentry;"  "a  gentleman  on  his 
travels"  {one  traJisported) ;  "she  has 
met  with  an  accident"  {has  had  a  child 
before  maiTiage) ;  "  help  "  or  "  employe" 
(a  servant) ;  "  not  quite  correct "  (a  false- 
hood); "an  obliquity  of  vision"  (asquint); 


"an  innocent"   {n  fool),  "  bel-daiu"  (an 
ugly  woman),  and  hundreds  of  others. 

Eurolca  or  rather  llev.r^ka  (I  have 
found  it  out).  The  exclamation  of  Archi- 
me'des,  tho  S)Tacusian  philosopher,  when 
he  discovered  how  to  test  the  purit}-  of 
Hi'oro's  crown.  The  tale  is,  that  Eiero 
delivered  a  certain  weii,'ht  of  gold  to  a 
workman,  to  be  made  into  a  votive 
crown,  but  suspecting  that  the  workman 
had  alloyed  the  gold  with  an  inferior 
metal,  asked  Archimedes  to  test  tho 
crown.  The  philosopher  went  to  bathe, 
and,  in  stepping  into  the  bath,  wliich 
was  quite  full,  observed  that  some  of  tht- 
water  ran  over.  It  immediately  struci: 
him  that  a  body  must  remove  its  own 
bulk  of  water  when  it  is  immersed,  and, 
putting  his  idea  to  the  te.-t,  found  his 
surmise  to  be  correct.  Now,  then,  for 
the  crown.  Silver  is  lighter  than  gold, 
therefore  a  pound-weight  of  silver  will 
be  more  bulk}'  than  a  pound-weight  of 
gold,  and  being  of  greater  bulk  will 
remove  more  water.  Vitru'vius  says : 
"When  the  idea  flashed  across  his  mind, 
the  philosopher  jumped  out  of  the  bath, 
exclaiming,  '  Heure'ka  !  heureTia  ! '  and, 
without  waiting  to  dress  himself,  ran 
home  to  try  the  experiment."  Dryden 
has  m.istaken  the  quantity  in  the  lines — 

The  deist  thinks  he  stands  on  firmer  ground. 
Cries  "  Jiu'reka  1"  the  mighty  secret'*  found. 

But  Byron  has  preserved  the  right  quan- 
tity— 

Kow  we  clap 
0;ii  hands  and  cry  "  Eureka  !" 

"  ChUde  Harold,'  17.  st.  81. 

Eu'rus  (2  syl.).  The  east  wind.  So 
called,  says  Buttmann,  from  eos,  tho 
east.  Probably  it  is  eos  erii'o,  drawn 
from  the  east.  Ovid  confirms  this  ety- 
mology :    Vires  capil  Euii^s  ah  ortu. 

While  southern  gales  o'er  western  ocf  ans  roll. 
And  Knnis  steals  his  Ice-uinds  from  the  i^'Ie. 
Darwin,  'Economy  of  Wpetoiion,"  canto  VL 

Eiiryd'ice  (4  syl.).  \Vife  of  Orpheus, 
killed  by  a  serpent  on  her  wedding  night. 
Orpheus  went  down  to  the  infernal  re- 
gions to  seek  her,  and  was  promised  she 
should  return  on  condition  that  he  looked 
not  back  till  she  had  reached  the  upper 
world.  When  the  poet  got  to  the  con- 
fines of  his  journey,  he  turned  his  head 
to  see  if  Eurydico  were  following,  and 
she  was  instantly  caught  back  again  into 
Hades. 


EUSTACE. 


EX. 


277 


Reotorir,  roitcre  Euryl  c»  to  lif«; 

Uli,  taie  t.ii'  liimlianJ  or  resto'e  the  wife. 

Fijlie,  "  Ude  on  kt.  Cecdm'i  iluj/." 

Eustace  {FaUier).  Abbot  of  St. 
Mary's,  a/ias  William  Allan.— •S'i'r  Walter 
Scot  I,  "  T/ie  .)f(i>ui.<tcri/." 

Eusta'thians.  A  denomination  so 
called  from  EusLVthius,  a  monk  of  the 
fourth  century,  excommunicated  by  the 
council  of  Gaii^'ra. 

Eutyeh'ians.  Heretics  of  the  fifth 
century,  violently  opjio.sed  to  the  Nes- 
to'rians.  They  maintained  that  Jesus 
Christ  was  entirely  God  previous  to  the 
incarnation,  and  entirely  man  during  his 
Kojonrn  on  earth.  •  The  foiinder  was 
lCu'tyi;hi's,  an  al'liot  of  Constantinople, 
exconiniunicated  in  44S. 

Evangel'ic.  The  EmngeUc  Doctor. 
John  Wycliffo,  "the  morning  star  of  the 
Reformation."    (1324-13S4.) 

Evan'geline  (4  syl.K  The  heroine 
of  LonL'fellow's  poem  so  called.  The 
subject  of  the  tale  is  the  expulsion  of  the 
iiiliubitants  of  Aca'dia  (Nova  Scotia)  from 
their  homes  by  order  of  George  II. 

Evan'gelist,  in  Bunyan's  "Pilufrim's 
Protjress,"  represents  the  effectu.al 
preacher  of  the  Gospel,  who  oi>eus  the 
gate  of  life  to  Chiistian. 

Evangelists.  Symbols  of  the  four: — 

Mattlttw.  A  man  with  a  pen  in  his 
hand,  and  a  scroll  before  him,  looking 
over  his  left  shoulder  at  an  angel.  This 
Gospel  was  the  first,  and  the  angel  re- 
presents the  Being  who  dictated  it. 

Mark.  A  man  seated  writing,  and  by 
his  side  a  couchaut  winged  lion,  em- 
blematical of  the  resurrection,  which  is 
most  fully  described  by  this  evangelist. 
{See  Lion.) 

Luke.  A  man  with  a  pen,  looking  in 
Jeep  thought  over  a  scroll,  and  near  him 
a  cow  or  ox  chewing  the  cud.  The  latter 
part  refers  to  the  eclectic  character  of 
St.  Luke's  Gospel. 

Jolui.  A  young  man  of  great  delicacy, 
with  an  eagle  in  the  background  to 
denote  sublimity. 

The  more  ancient  symbols  were — for 
Matthew,  a  man' .1  face ;  for  Mark,  a  lion; 
for  Liike,  an  ox ;  and  for  John,  a  /Zyi/ji; 
tiir/lr;  in  allusion  to  the  fourlivingcreatures 
l)ct'in-e  the  throne  of  (loil,  described  in 
the  Book  of  Revelation:  "  1  ho  first 
wa.s  like  a  lion,  and  the  second  .  .  .  like 
a  .'alf,  and  the  third  ,  .  .  had  a  face  as  a 


man,  and  the  fourth  .  .  .  was  like  a  flying 
eagle"  (iv.  7).  Irenio'us  says:  "The  lion 
signifies  the  royalty  of  Christ;  the  calf 
his  sacerdotal  office  ;  the  man's  face  his 
incarnation  ;  and  the  eagle  the  grace  of 
the  Holy  Ghost." 

Evans  ( iVilUam).  The  giant  porter 
of  Charles  L,  who  carried  about  in  his 
[locket  Sir  Geoffrey  Hudson,  the  king's 
dwarf.  He  was  nearly  eJL'ht  feet  high. 
(Died  ]G3'2.)  Fuller  sjicaks  of  him  in 
his  "  Worthies,"  and  Sir  Walter  Scott 
introduces  him  in  "  Pevcril  of  the  Peak." 
.^B  tall  a  man  as  is  in  I..iiiiIon,  »1w.it«  excepting 
t!ie  km«'s  porter  Master  Evane,  that  carried  .vou 
iilnut  in  Ilia  pucket.  Sir  Geoffrey,  as  all  the  woild 
Lai  liearJ  tell  — Ch.  xzxiii. 

Evans  (Sir  Hugh).  A  pedantic  Welsh 
jiarson  and  schoolmaster  of  wondrous 
simplicity  and  shrewdness. — Shakespeare, 
"Merry  Wives  of  Windsor." 

Evap'orate  (4  syl.).  Bo  off ;  vanish 
into  thin  air. 

Evil.  "Of  two  evils,  I  have  chosen 
the  least." — Prior. 

Evil  Eye.  It  was  anciently  believed 
that  the  eyes  of  some  persons  darted 
noxious  rays  on  objects  which  they  glared 
upon.  The  first  morning  glance  of  such 
eyes  was  certain  destruction  to  man  or 
boast,  but  the  destruction  w.as  not  un- 
freiiuently  the  result  of  emaciation.  Vir- 
gil  speaks  of  an  evil  eye  making  cattle 
lean. 

fleu'cio  quis  teu'eroD  oc'ulus  milil  Fiu'cinat  a^nna. 
Ed.  111. 
Whii  has  liewitc^ici  mj  lamba,  pri'.hie  say,  if  auy 
the  hai{  kDaH'b  1 

Evil    Principle.     {See    Aiii:iman, 

AUIMANES,  ASALUll.) 

Ex  Cathe'dra  (Latin).  With  autho- 
rity. The  pope,  speaking  ex  cathedra,  is 
saiil  to  speak  with  an  infallible  voice— to 
speak  as  the  successor  and  representative 
of  St.  Peter,  and  in  his  pontifical  cha- 
racter. The  words  are  L.atin,  and  mean 
"from  the  chair" — i.e.,  the  throne  of  the 
pontiff.  The  phrase  is  applied  to  all  dicta 
uttered  by  authority,  and  ironically  to 
self-sulficiout,  dogmatical  assertions. 

Ex  O/liciO  (Latiu,  by  virtue  of  his 
offici).  As  the  Lord  Mayor  for  the  time 
being  shall  bo  ex  officio  one  of  the  trustees. 

Ex  Parte  (Latin,  proccediny  onh 
from  one  of  ifte  parlies).  An  ex-partij 
statement  is  a  one-sided  statement,  a 
partial  st..itomont,  a  sUttcmcut  made  by 


278 


EX. 


EXEAT. 


ono  of  the  liti|?ants  without  being  modi- 
fic.l  l>y  the  counter-statement. 

Ex  Ped'e  Her'eulem.  From  this 
sample  you  can  judge  of  the  whole. 
Plut.irch  says  that  Pytlia{,''oras  inge- 
niously calculated  the  height  of  Her- 
cules by  comparing  the  length  of  various 
stadia  in  Greece.  A  stadium  was  GOO 
feet  in  length,  but  Hercules'  stadium  at 
Olympia  was  much  longer.  Now,  says 
the  philosopher,  as  the  stadium  of  Olym- 
pia is  longer  than  an  ordinary  stadium, 
so  the  foot  of  Hercules  was  longer  than 
an  ordinary  foot ;  and  as  the  foot  bears 
a  certain  ratio  to  the  height,  so  the 
height  of  Hercules  can  be  easily  ascer- 
tained.—  Varia  Scripta. 

Ex  Post  Facto  (Latin).  An  ex 
post  facto  law.  A  law  made  to  meet 
and  punish  a  crime  after  the  offence  has 
been  committed. 

Exalta'tion.  In  old  astrology,  a 
planet  was  said  to  be  in  its  "  exaltation  "- 
when  it  was  in  that  sign  of  the  zodiac 
in  which  it  was  supjiosed  to  exercise  its 
strongest  influence.  Thus  the  exaltation 
of  Venus  is  in  Pisces,  and  her  "  dejec- 
tion "  in  Virgo. 

And  thus,  Hoi  wot,  Merc'ry  is  desolate' 
iu  I'Uces,  "her  Vcuus'  is  ex;ilia'e'. 

CiMticer,  "  Ccii/tcimj/  Tales  " (J,t!Z5. 

Exaltation  of  the  Cross.  A  feast 
held  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  on 
September  14th,  to  comtiiemorate  the 
restoration  of  the  cross  to  Calvary  in 
628.  It  had  been  carried  away  by 
Kosroes  the  Persian. 

Excal'ibar.  Arthur's  famous  sword, 
given  him  by  the  Lady  of  the  Lake. 

No  sword  OD  rar'h,  were  it  the  Excalibarof  king 
Arthur,  can  cut  that  which  opposes  no  steady  re- 
BBtance  to  the  •  low.— Sir  WulUr Sc-U. 

Ex'celleney  (//i.?).  A  title  given  to 
colonittl  and  provincial  governors,  am- 
bassadors, and  the  lord  -  lieutenant  of 
Ireland. 

Excel'sior.  Aim  at  higher  things 
etill.  It  is  the  motto  of  the  United 
States,  and  has  been  made  popular  by 
Longfellow's  beautiful  poem  so  named. 
We  use  the  word,  also,  as  the  synonym 
of  super-excellent. 

Excep'tions.  Exceptions  prove  the 
rule.  They  prove  there  is  a  rule,  or 
there  could  be  no  exceptions  ;  the  very 
fact  of  exceptions  proves  there  must  be 
a  rul9. 


Excheq'uer.  Court  of  Exch-rnuer.  In 
the  subdivision  of  the  court  in  tuo  rei;;T 
of  Edward  I.,  tlio  Kxcheriucr  acquireil  a 
sejiaiate  and  independent  position.  Its 
special  duty  was  to  order  the  revenues 
of  the  crown  and  recover  the  king's 
debts.  It  was  denominated  Scacca'riuM, 
from  scacai.m  (a  chess-board),  and  was 
so  called  because  a  checkered  cloth  was 
laid  on  the  table  of  the  court.— J/arfojr, 
" Ilistoiy  of  the  Exchequer." 

Exci'se  (2  syl.)  means  literally,  a 
coupon,  or  piece  cut  off  (Latin,  exci'do). 
It  is  a  loll  or  duty  levied  on  articles  of 
homo  consumption — a  slice  cut  off  from 
these  things  for  the  national  purse. 

Exelu'sion.  Bill  of  Exclusion.  A 
bill  to  exclude  the  duke  of  York  from 
the  throne,  on  account  of  his  being  a 
Papist.  Passed  by  the  Commons,  but 
rejected  by  the  Lords,  in  1679  ;  revived 
in  16S1, 

Exeommunica'tion.    (1)  The 

greater  is  exclusion  of  an  individual  from 
the  seven  sacraments,  from  every  legiti- 
mate act,  and  from  all  iutercotirse  with 
the  faithful.  (2)  The  lesser  excommu- 
nication is  sequestration  from  the  ser- 
vices of  the  Church  only.  The  first 
Napoleon  was  excommunicated  by  pope 
Pius  VIL,  and  the  present  king  of 
Italy  is  still  under  the  anathema  of 
Pius  IX. 

Excommunication  by  Bell,  Booh,  and 
Candle.     (See  CuRSiNG.) 

Excommunication  hy  the  ancient  Jars. 
This  was  of  three  sorts—  (1 )  Xid'ui  (separa- 
tion), called  in  the  New  Testament  "cast- 
ing out  of  the  synagogue"  (John  ix.  22); 
(2)  CViei-eni,  called  by  St.  Paul  "  deliver- 
ing over  to  Satan"  (1  Cor.  v.  5);  (3) 
MaranaJllia,  dehvered  over  to  divine 
vengeance.  The  Sadducees  had  an  in- 
terdict called  TeUag  ram' melon,  which 
was  cursing  the  olTeuder  by  Jehovah, 
by  the  decalogue,  by  the  inferior  courts, 
and  with  all  the  curses  of  the  superior 
courts. 

Exeru'ciate  (4  syl.).  To  give  one 
as  much  pain  as  crucifying  him  would 
do.  (Latin,  ex  crux,  where  ex  is  in- 
tensitive.) 

Ex'eat  (Latin,  he  may  go  out).  Per- 
mission granted  by  a  bishop  to  a  priest 
to  leave  his  diocese.  'In  the  universities, 
it  is  permission  to  a  student  to  leave 
college  before  the  end  of  term. 


EXECRATE. 


EXPOSE. 


279 


Ex'e(;rate  (3  syl.).  To  many  Roman 
laws,  this  tat?  was  apponleJ,  "  If  any 
one  breaks  this  law,  sacer  esto" — ie.,  let 
his  body,  his  family,  and  his  goods  be 
consecrated  to  the  gods.  When  a  man 
was  declared  tacer,  any  one  might  kill 
him  with  imptinity.  Any  one  who  hurt 
a  tribune  was  held  a  sacer  to  the  goddess 
Cerl's.     Ez  in  this  word  is  intensitive. 

Ex'ercises.  Week-day  sermons  were 
80  called  by  the  Puritans.  Hence  the 
title  of  Mi»-ning  Exercises,  week-day  ser- 
mons preached  in  the  morning. 

Ex'eter.  T/ie  dnie  of  Exeter's  daugh- 
ter was  a  sort  of  rack  invented  by  the 
duke  of  Exeter  during  the  reign  of 
Henry  \[.—Black-sU)iie. 

I  wa*  'he  lad  that  would  not  confess  one  word.. .. 
til  Mini  tliey  tbreaieueJ  to  m:ikt:  ini,'  hu<  tiie  duke 
of  KieCi;!  8  daughter.— 6'coU,  "  Fittiuna  uf  A'ivel," 
c.  I XV. 

Ex'eter  Controversy.  A  contro- 
ver.sy  raised  upon  a  tract  entitled  "  Plain 
Tnith,"  by  the  Rev.  John  Agate,  of 
E.xeter,  an  Episcopalian  ;  replied  to  by 
several  dissenting  ministers,  as  Withers, 
Trosse,  Pierce,  &c.     (1707-1715.) 

Exeter  Domesday.  A  record  ccn- 
taining  a  description  of  Wilts,  Dorset, 
Somerset,  Devon,  and  Cornwall,  kept 
among  the  muniments  of  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  Exeter.  It  was  published  by 
Sir  Henry  Ellis,  as  a  supplement  to  the 
Great  Domesday,  in  1316. 

Exhibition.  My  son  hcu  got  an  exld- 
hilion.  at  Oxford.  An  allowance  of  meat 
and  drink  ;  a  benefaction  for  mainten- 
ance. (Latin,  txhilitio,  an  allowance  of 
food  and  other  necessaries,  "  alimentit 
(xhibere  aliquem.") 

I  crave  lit  dispoditiou  for  my  wife. 
Due  relereuce  uf  plare,  and  exhil<ition. 

ihd.sixmre.  "  (W.eUo,'  1.  3. 

Exile.  Tlie  yaipolitan  Exile.  Baron 
Poorio.  One  of  the  kings  of  Naples  pro- 
mised the  people  a  constitution,  but 
broke  his  word  ;  whoreiipon  a  revolution 
broke  out,  and  the  baron,  with  many 
others,  was  imprisoned  for  many  years 
in  a  dreadful  dungeon  near  Naples.  He 
was  at  length  liie rated  and  exiled  to 
America,  but  compelled  the  captain  to 
steer  for  Ireland,  and  landed  at  Cork, 
where  he  was  well  received. 

Ex'it  (Latin,  he  goes  out).  A  theatrical 
term  placed  at  the  point  when  an  actor 
is  to  leave  the  stage.  We  also  say  of  an 
actor,  Eiit  ."io-an.'.-so-U^M  ia,  So-and-so 


leaves   the   stage  at  this  point  of  the 
drama. 

He  made  his  exit.  Left  under  shady 
circumstiinces ;  ho  died:  aa,  "He  m.ado 
his  exit  of  this  life  in  peace  with  all  the 
world."  Except  in  the  drama,  we  say, 
"  made  or  makes  his  exit."     (.See  above') 

Ex'odus.  The  Exodus  of  Israel.  The 
departure  of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt 
under  the  guidance  of  Mcses.  We  now 
speak  of  the  Exodus  of  Ireland — i.e.,  the 
departure  of  the  Irish  in  large  numbers 
for  America;  the  Exodus  of  the  Acadia  iis 
— i.e.,  the  expulsion  of  these  colonists 
from  Nova  Scotia  in  the  reign  of  George 
II.  ;  &c.    (Greek,  ex  odos,  a  journey  out.) 

Ex'ons  or  Exempts  of  the  Ouaids. 
OfKcers  who  commanded  when  the  lieu- 
tenant or  ensign  was  ah.cent,  and  who 
had  charge  of  the  night  watch.  (French, 
C'apUaines  exempts  des  gardes  du  corps.) 

ExorTjitant  means  literally  out  of 
the  rut  (Latin,  ex  orbita,  out  of  the 
wheel-rut) ;  out  of  the  track  ;  extrava- 
gant {extra-vagant). 

Exoter'ie.    ('SVe  EsoTEnic.) 

Expectation  Week.  Between  the 
Ascension  and  Whit  Sunday,  when  the 
apostles  continued  praying  "  in  earnest 
expectation  of  the  Comforter." 

Experimental  Philosophy.  Sci- 
ence founded  on  experiments  or  data,  in 
contradistinction  to  mond  and  matho- 
matic.ll  sciences.  Experimental  philo- 
sofihy  is  also  called  natural  philosophif, 
and  by  the  French  physics. 

Experimen'tum  Cru'cis  (I^atin). 
A  decisive  experiment.     (See  Ciiuci.vL.) 

Explosion  means  literally,  driven 
out  by  clapping  the  hands  (Latin,  ex- 
plo'do — i.e.,  ex-plaudo) ;  hence  the  noi.se 
made  by  clapping  the  hands,  a  report 
made  by  igni;cd  gunpowder,  i:c. 

Expo'nent.  One  who  explains  or 
sets  forth  the  views  of  another.  Tliu.<,  a 
clergyman  should  be  the  exponent  of  tlio 
Bible  and  Thirty-nine  Articles.  (Latin, 
ex  pono,  to  expose  or  set  forth.) 

Expose  (French).  An  exposing:  of 
Bomolhiiig  which  should  have  boon  kept 
out  of  sight.  Thus  we  say  a  man  ma-U 
a  dreadful  exposi—i.e.,  told  or  did  some- 
thing which  should  have  been  kept  coa- 
cealod. 


280 


EXPRESSED. 


EZOUR. 


Expressed  Oils  are  those  which 
are  oblaiudl  by  prc^Miru.  Unlike  animal 
and  essential  oils,  they  are  pressed  out 
of  the  bodies  which  contain  them. 

Expression.  A  ijeoyrupkical  expres- 
lion,  Vox  et  prscterfia  nihil.  A  word 
used  in  geography  to  dcscnbe  a  people 
who  have  no  recognised  nationality. 

This  territory  is  to  a  very  ureat   extent  occupied 

by  one  race iind  yet  to  tlie  piescnt  dny  Gei-many 

IB  Utile  more  thau  a  (?togra|iliic^l  eipreseion.— iJuiii/ 
Telegriii'h- 

Bx'quisite  (3  syl. ).  One  sought  out ; 
a  coxcomb,  a  dandy,  one  who  thinks 
himself  superlatively  well  dressed,  and 
of  most  unexceptionable  deportment. 

Exten'sive  (3  syl.).  Bather  arten- 
sire,  UuU.  Rather  fast.  A  slang  synonym 
for  a  sicell. 

Extravagantes  Constitutio'nes 
or  Kxtrav'aqanis.  The  papal  constitu- 
tions of  John  XXII.  and  some  few  of 
his  successors,  supplemental  to  the 
"Corpus  Juris  Canon'ici."  So  called 
because  they  were  not  ranged  in  order 
with  the  other  papal  constitutions,  but 
were  left  "  out- wanderers"  from  the 
general  code. 

Extreme  Unction.  One  of  the 
seven  sacraments  of  the  Romish  Church, 
founded  on  St.  James  v.  14,  "Is  any 
sick  among  you  ?  let  him  call  for  the 
elders  of  the  church  ;  and  let  them  pray 
over  him,  anointing  him  with  oil  in  the 
name  of  the  Lord." 

Extricate.  I/atin,  ex,  out  of,  and 
tricce,  fetters.  "  Tries  "  are  the  hairs, 
&c.,  tied  round  the  feet  of  birds  to 
prevent  their  vrandering.  To  ex- 
tricate is  to  "  get  out  of  these  tricce 
or  meshes." 

Tlxul't  (Latin).  To  lenp  out.  Thus 
we  say,  "  I  am  ready  to  leap  out  of  my 
Bkin;  "  to  jump  for  joy. 

Eye.  Lutin,  oc'uhcs  ;  Italian,  occhio  ; 
S{  anish,  ojo  ;  Russian,  oko  ;  Dutch,  oon  ; 
Saxon,  edge  (where  g  is  pronounced  like 
y) ;  French,  ceil. 

Tilt  k-iiujs  eyes.  His  chief  officers.  An 
Eastern  expression. 

One  or  the  seven 
Who  in  flod's  presence,  nearest  to  the  throne 
Sraiul  ready  !it  coinmand,  sni  are  his  eyes 
Tli;it  run  thro'  all  the  heavi  ns.  and  down  to  earth, 
i;<ar  his  swift  criandi—"  Puradise  Lost."  iiL 

Eye  of  the  storm.  An  opening  between 

the  storm  clouds.  (See  Bull's  Eye.) 

One-eyed  people.  (<S«<  Auimaspfans, 
Cyclops.) 


Eyes.  Your  eyes  are  bigger  than  your 
stomiich.  You  fancied  you  could  eat 
more,  but  found  your  appetite  satisfied 
with  less  than  you  expected.  A  French 
phra.se. 

To  rend  the  eyes  with  paint  (Jer.  iv.  30). 
The  ladies  of  the  East  tinge  the  edge  of 
their  eye-lids  with  the  powder  of  lead- 
ore.  They  dip  into  the  powder  a  small 
wooden  bodkin,  which  they  draw"  ^/tJOj/^A 
the  eye-lid.s  over  the  ball  of  the  eye." 
Jezebel  is  said  "to  have  adjusted  her 
eyes  with  kohol "  (a  powder  of  lead- 
ore^,  2  Kings  ix.  30.  N.B.— The  word 
"face," in  our  translation,  should  in  both 
these  cases  be  rendered  "eyes." — Shaw, 
"Travels." 

Eyes  to  the  blind.  A  staff.  So  called 
in  allusion  to  the  staff  given  to  Tire'sias 
by  Athe'na,  to  serve  him  for  the  eyes 
of    which  she  had   deprived   him.     (Set 

TlliKSIAS.) 

Eye-sore.  Something  offensive  to 
the  sight.  Sore  is  the  Saxon  sar  (pain- 
ful) or  sirer  (grievous).  It  is  painful  or 
grievous  to  the  eye. 

Jlcr  iecai  was  au  eyesore  to  Hamaru-I3'K«<rt>nfft 

Eye-teeth.  Tlie  canine  teeth  are  so 
called  because  their  fangs  extend  up- 
wards nearly  to  the  orbits  of  the  eyes. 

To  draw  one's  eye-tetth.  To  take  the 
conceit  out  of  a  person  ;  to  fleece  one 
without  mercy;  to  make  one  suffer  loss 
without  seeing  the  manoeuvre  by  which  it 
was  effected. 

I  piess  these  Yanks  will  get  their  eye-teeth  drawn 
i(  tney  •iin't  look  siia'p. 

IK.  Hifiviiirlh  DiMti,  "  New  America,"  »oL  i. 

Ey'ra.  The  physician  of  the  god^ 
(^Scandinavian  mythology. ) 

Eyre.  Justices  in  Eyre.  A  corrup- 
tion of  "Justices  in  itin'ere."  At  first 
they  made  the  circuit  of  the  kingdom 
every  seven  years,  but  Magna  Cbarta 
provided  that  it  should  be  done  annually. 

Eyre  {Jane).  The  heroine  of  Ch  r- 
lotte  Bronte's  novel  so  called.  Jane 
Eyre  is  a  governess,  who  stoutly  copes 
with  adverse  circumstances,  and  ulti- 
mately wins  the  love  of  a  man  of  for- 
tune. 

Ezovir  Ve'da  or  Atliarva'na  V^da, 
The  last  of  the  four  sacred  books  of  the 
Hindus.  It  regulates  ceremonials,  offer- 
ing.s,  the  forms  of  worship,  and  the  plan 
of  building  and  decorating  the  temples. 
The  whole  four  books  ai-e  called  tho 
vedas  or  vedams. 


FACE. 


281 


F 


F,  F  is  in-itten  on  his  face.  "  Roc^iie" 
is  written  on  bis  fine.  The  letter  Fiiseil 
to  bo  branded  near  the  nose,  on  the  left 
cheek  of  felons,  on  their  beiiij^  admitted 
to  "benefit  of  clergy."  The  same  was 
used  for  brawling  in  church.  The  custom 
was  not  abolished  by  law  till  1S22. 

r  Sharp.  A  flea.  The  pun  is  F, 
the  initial  letter,  and  sharp  because  the 
bite  is  acute.     {S..e  15  Flats.) 

If.  A  corrupt  way  of  making  a  capital 
Jf  in  Old  English,  and  used  as  low  down 
as  17/fO  ;  as  lirance  for  Franco  ;  ffarring- 
ton  for  Farricgton  ;  kc. 

F.  33.  R.  T.  The  letters  of  the  Sar- 
dinian motto. 

Either  Fm-lilu'do  Ejus  Rhoduni  Ten'uit, 
in  allusion  to  the  succour  rendered  to 
llhodcs  by  the  house  of  Savoy,  lolO  ; 

Or,  Fvedere  Ft  Ilcliyimil;  Tene'mur,  on 
Iho  golden  doubloon  of  Victor  Aniadcus 
1.; 

Or,  Fortitu'do  Ejus  Rempubllcam  Tenet. 

F.  O.  B.  Free  on  board  ;  meaning 
that  the  shipper,  from  the  time  of  ship- 
ment, is  free  from  all  risk. 

Falaian  Tactics  or  PoUqi  —  i.e., 
delay.  "  Win  like  Fabius,  by  delay." 
The  Roman  general  Fabius  wearied  out 
Hannibal  by  marches,  counter-marches, 
ambuscades,  and  skirmishes,  without  ever 
coming  to  an  open  er  gagemont. 

Met  by  the  Fa>i  an  tactics,  uhich  pioTed  fatal  to 
Its  |ircdece?(ior.— 77i«  Tmit». 

Fabila's  Sad  Fate.  The  king  don 
Fab'ila  was  a  man  of  very  obstinate  j)ur- 
pose  and  fond  of  the  chase.  One  day  he 
encountered  a  boar,  and  commanded 
those  who  rode  with  him  to  remain  quiet 
and  not  interfere,  but  the  boar  overthrew 
him  and  killed  him. — "  Chroiuca  Autiijiux 
de  Kspaila,"  p.  121. 

Paljius.  Tlie  American.  Fuhius, 
Washington  {^7'6^2■l7i)()),  whose  military 
policy  was  similar  to  that  of  Fabiu.s.  lie 
K-oaried  out  the  Englieh  troops  by  harass- 
ing them,  without  coming  to  a  pitched 
battle.  l)r.gucsclin  {)ursued  the  same 
policy  in  France,  by  the  advice  of  Charles 
v.,  whereby  all  the  conquests  of  Edward 
and  the  Black  Prince  were  retrieved. 

Fa'hius  of  the  French.     Anne,  due  de 
Montmorency,  grand  constable  of  France  ; 
80  called  from  his  success  in  almost  an-   I 
aihilating  th«»  Imperial  army  which  bad   I 


invaded  Provence,  by  laying  the  country 
waste  and  prolonging  the  campaign. 
(141*3-1567.) 

Fables.  The  most  famous  writers 
of  fal)lcs  are — 

I'ilpay,  among  the  f/indiis. 

Lokman,  among  the  Arabs. 

.5isfp  and  Babrios,  among  the  Greets. 

Ph;edrus  and  Aria'uus,  among  the 
Iioina7is. 

Faeme,  Abste'mius,  and  Casti,  among 
the  Itaiia7is.  The  last  wrote  "  Tlie 
Talking  Animals." 

La  Fontaine  and  Florian,  among  the 
French. 

John  Gay  and  Edward  Moore,  among 
our  own  countrymen.  The  former  is 
sometimes  called  "  The  English  i5Csop." 

Lessiug  and  Pfefifel,  among  the  Oer- 
mans. 

Kryloff,  among  the  Kussians. 

{See  2Es0P.) 

Fabliaux.  The  metrical  fables  ot 
the  Trouvcres,  or  early  poets  north  of 
the  Loire,  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centuries.  The  word /<(6/«,  in  this  case,  is 
used  very  widely,  for  it  includes  not  only 
such  tales  as  "  Reynard  the  Fo.\,"  but 
all  sorts  of  familiar  incidents  of  knavery 
and  intrigue,  all  sorts  of  legends  and 
family  traditions.  The  fabliau  of  "  Au- 
cassin  and  Nicolette  "  isfull  of  interesting 
incidents,  and  contains nmch  true  pathos 
and  beautiful  poetry. 

Fabricius  {Fa-brich'-ins).  A  Roman 
hero,  representative  of  indexible  {)urity 
and  honesty.  The  ancient  writers  love 
to  tell  of  the  frugal  way  in  which  he 
lived  on  his  hereditary  farm  ;  how  he 
refused  the  rich  presents  offered  him  by 
the  Samnite  ambassadors ;  and  how  at 
death  he  left  no  portion  for  his  daugh- 
ters, whom  the  senate  provided  for. 

Fabricius,  scorncr  cf  allcoinjiieiing  t'old. 

77ii/7iwo>i,  "  Statont"  iM'tnUr). 

Face.  To  face  it  oid.  To  persist  in 
an  assertion  which  is  not  true.  To  main- 
tain without  changing  colour  or  hanging 
down  the  head. 

A    rebec  face.      (French,    "visage   de 

rebec".)     An  ugly,  grotcs(iue  face,  like 

that  which  usrd  to  be  cut  on  the  upjier 

part  of  a  rebec  or  three-stringed  tiikUe. 

IVal  it  the  Doble  Bartcheo, 

Who  1  n.l  a  f  ec  likeaitt>eo. 

li.teliiit,  "  >'uri(ii(fnu'l,"  bvoK  ll.  4, 

Face-card  or  Faced  card,  A  court 
card,  a  card  with  a  face  on  it. 


282 


FACniMAN. 


FAEEY. 


Tho  Japanese  gfsd   of 


Pach'iman. 
war. 
Facile  Princeps.  By  far  the  best. 

Hut  the  /triie  prin-ei>f  of  all  cypBolotristH  is  Pi-;- 
fcwur  Pott,  of  HMi:.—t%'unliert,  "  <Jychi)nedia-" 

rac'tion.  The  Rumans  divided  the 
combatants  in  the  circus  into  classes, 
called  factions,  each  class  beinj?  distin- 
guished by  its  special  colour,  like  the 
crews  of  a  boat-race.  Tho  four  orifj;inal 
factious  were  the  leck-grccn  (pras'ina), 
the  sea-blue  (ven'e(a),  tho  white  (alha), 
and  the  roso-rcd  {ros'ta).  Two  other 
factions  were  addeil  by  Domitian,  tho 
colours  being  golden  -  yellow  (aura'la) 
and  purple.  As  these  combatants  strove 
against  each  other,  and  entertained  a 
strong  esprit  de  corps,  the  word  was 
easily  applied  to  political  jiartisans. 

Factor.  An  agent;  a  substitute  in 
mercantile  alTairs  ;  a  commission  mer- 
chant. (Latin,  facio,  to  do,  whence  the 
French  factetcr,  one  who  docs  something 
for  an  employer.) 

Acleep  and  na1;ed.  as  an  Indian  lay, 
An  l.ouest  f-ic'or  sto'e  a  gem  a-^ay. 

7'upe,  'Muial  £ssi)y», '  Kp.  iii,  35i. 

Thomas  Pitt,  ancestor  of  the  earl  of 
Chatham,  was  appointed  by  queen  Anne 
governor  of  Fort  St.  George,  in  the  East 
Indies,  and  in  1702  purchased  there,  for 
i620,400,  a  diamond  weighing  127  carats, 
which  he  sold  to  the  king  of  France. 
This  gem  is  still  called  the  Pitt  diamond. 
Pope  insinuates  that  Pitt  stole  the  dia- 
mond ;  but,  although  there  were  many 
ugly  rumours,  no  definite  charge  was 
ever  brought  against  the  governor. 

Facto'tum.  One  who  can  turn  his 
hand  to  anything  ;  or,  rather,  one  who 
does  for  his  employer  all  sorts  of  services. 
Som.etimes  called  a  Johiiu'nes  Facto'tum, 
Our  ".Jack  of  All  Trades  "  docs  not  mean 
a  factotum,  but  one  who  on  his  own  ac- 
count does  o^ld  jobs  for  any  one  who  will 
pay  him.  (Latin,  facei-e  lottim,  to  do  all 
sorts  of  things.) 

Fada.  A  f^e  or  kobold  of  ihe  south 
of  Franco,  sometimes  called  "  Hada." 
These  house-spirits,  of  which,  stri^itly 
speaking,  there  are  but  three,  bring 
good  luck  in  their  right  hand  and  ill 
luck  in  their  left. 

Padda.     Mahomet's  white  mule. 

Fadge  (1  syl.).  To  suit  or  fit  to- 
gether, as.  It  wo)i'l  fadge;  tee  cannot 
fadcje  logcUier ;  he  does  not  fadge  tcUh  me. 


(Saxon,  /(rgen,  to  fit  together;    WeUh, 
Jfof/,  wiiat  tends  to  unite.) 

How  mill  tliis  h'\g'  t 
i>h>tkespeire, "  Tuel/Vi  Nicht,'  H.  l 

Fa'dha  (/!!).  Mahomet's  silver  cuirass, 
confiscated  from  the  Jews  on  their  expul- 
sion from  Medi'na. 

Fad'ladeen'.  The  great  Nazir'  or 
chamberlain  of  Aurungze'bcTs  harem,  in 
"  Lalla  Koukh."  Tho  criticism  of  this 
self-conceited  courtier  upon  the  several 
tales  which  make  up  tho  romance  are 
very  racy  and  full  of  humour,  and  his 
crest-fallen  conceit  when  he  finds  out 
that  the  poet  was  the  prince  in  disguise 
is  well  conceived. 

lie  was  a  ju'lge  of  everything— from  the  penriJ- 
ling  of  a  Circaa''iaii'«  eyelids  to  the  deepest  questioni 
of  s-cieiice  mid  litent'ire;  from  thu  mir'ure  or  » 
con-^erve  of  ro'*e-leaves  to  the  cumr«>sitijn  of  aD  e-  ie 
poem...  all  the  co  ks  ond  p>ets  of  Delhi  stood  in 
awe  of  liim.  —  7".  it  .ore. 

Faerie  or  Feerie.  The  land  of  the  fays 
or  faeries.  The  chief  fay-realms  are  Av'a- 
lon,  an  island  somewhere  in  the  ocean; 
O'beron's  dominions,  situate  "  in  wilder- 
ness among  the  holtis  hairy  ;"  and  a 
realm  somewhere  in  the  miiMle  of  the 
earth,  where  was  Pari  Banon's  palace. 

For  learned  Tolin  [Smn'tr  lays  his  p  pes  to  ga«e, 
And  is  to  i'aery  goue  a  pil-TimaKe. 

Dnniton,  "  Eclogue,"  iil. 

Faery  Queen.  A  metrical  romance 
in  six  books,  by  Edmund  Spenser  (in- 
complete), it  details  the  adventures  ol 
various  knights,  who  imjiersonate  dif- 
ferent virtues,  and  belong  to  the  court 
of  Gloria'na,  queen  of  faery  land. 

The  first  book  contains  the  legend  of 
the  Red  Cross  Knight  {the  spirit  of  Chris- 
tian it;/),  and  is  by  far  the  best.  The 
chi'cf  subject  is  the  victory  of  Holiness 
over  Error.     It  contains  twelve  cantos. 

Tho  second  book  is  the  legend  of  Sir 
Guyon  (the  go/den  mecui),  in  twelve  cantos. 

The  third  book  is  the  legend  of  Brito- 
martis  (/oi'<  trithout  lust),  in  twelve  cant'  s 
Britomartis  is  Diana,  or  Queen  Elizabet'l 
the  Brit-ouess. 

The  fovirth  bool<  is  the  legend  of  Cambel 
and  Tri'amond  (fiddit;/),  in  twelve  canto?. 

The  fifth  book  is  the  legend  of  Ar'tegal 
{justice,)  in  twelve  cantos. 

The  sixth  book  ia  the  legend  of  Sir 
Cal'idore  {courtesi/),  in  twelve  cantos. 

There  are  parts  of  a  seventh  book  — 
viz.,  cantos  6  and  7,  and  two  stanzas  of 
canto  3.      The  subject  is  Mutabi/iti/. 

The  plan  of  the  "  Faery  Queen  "  is  bor- 
rowed from  the  "  Orlando  Furioso,"  'out 


FAG 


FAIRSERVICK. 


283 


Die  creative  power  of  Sponsor  is   moro 

oiiginal  and  his  imagery  more  striking 

than  Ariosto's.     Thomson  says  of  him  — 

(lie)  like  •  copious  river,  ponrel  his  song 
y)  er  &U  the  mazes  of  eiicliaDtcJ  groiiiiil. 

"  Thi  Hetuon*,"  {Summer), 

Pag.  On©  who  does,  and  perseveres 
in  doing'.  In  public  schools,  it  means 
a  little  boy  who  waits  upon  a  bigger  one. 
(Haxon,  fepan ;  I..atin,  facio ;  Scotch, 
faii:) 

Fag.  Ser\'ant  of  Captain  Absolute, 
who  apes  his  master  in  all  things. — 
S/:a'iJrin,  "  The  Rivals." 

Kvctitiie  meD'lacioiig  Mr.  Fag  assures  us,  though 
be  D«v  r  bcrui  Ics  to  tell  s  he  at  bis  mailer's  cum- 
maiio,  yet  it  Imits  his  couscitnce  to  be  fouud  out.— 
air  WulUr  .bfyU. 

Fa'gin.  An  infamous  Jew,  who 
tcichos  boys  and  girls  to  rob  with  dex- 
terity.— Dkkent,  "Oliver  Twist." 

Fagot.  A  badize  worn  in  medircval 
times  by  those  who  had  recanted  their 
"heretical"  opinions.  It  was  designed 
to  show  what  they  merited,  but  had  nar- 
rowly escaped. 

Jl  y  afwjols  elfagnts.  TiiCre  are  divers 
sorts  of  fagots ;  every  alike  is  not  the 
same.  The  e.xprcssion  is  in  MoliJ;re's 
"  Le  M^dcciu  maL'r^  lui,"  where  Sgana- 
rolle  wants  to  show  that  his  fagots  are 
I'etter  than  those  of  other  persons : 
"Ay,  but  those  fagots  are  not  ao  good 
SK  my  fagots."  (Welsh, j/a^r,  that  which 
unites  ;  Saxon, //c^an,  to  unite.) 

^eiUir  Us  fagots.  To  be  heretical ;  to 
smack  of  the  f.agots.  In  allusion  to  the 
custom  of  biirning  heretics  by  surround- 
ing thera  with  blazing  fagots. 

Fagots.  Cakes  made  of  the ' '  ins^ides"  of 
pigs,  with  scraps  of  pork,  sago  and  other 
herbs,  fried  together  in  grease,  and  eaten 
with  potatoes.     (Greek,  pliago,  to  oat.) 

Fagot  Votes.  Votes  given  by  elec- 
tors cx]ires-ily  qiia!ilio<l  fur  party  pur- 
poses. Bailey  says,  "  lucirectivo  persons, 
who  receive  no  regular  pay,  but  are  hired 
to  afipear  at  muster  and  fill  up  the  com- 
panion," are  called  fagots. 

The  ol.jecl  >vn.i  to  prcreat  the  oreation  of  f»3(.t 
TOtcs— 7A«  Tinu4. 

Fah'fah.  One  of  the  rivors  of  para- 
dise in  Jluhoinetan  mythology. 

Fa'ids.    The  second  clas*  of  Druids. 

Fai'enco  (2  syl.).  M.njolica.  So 
called  from  FacnV-i,  whore  it  was  once 
lart,'ely  manufactured.  It  is  termed  ma- 
jolica because  the  first  specimens  the 
Italians  saw  came  from  Majorca. 


Fain'eant.  Lfi  Rois  Faiuiantz  (the 
cipher  or  puppet  kings).  Clovis  II.  and 
his  ten  successors,  who  were  the  puppet 
kiiigs  of  the  Palace  Mayors.  Louis  V. 
(list  of  the  Carlovingian  dynasty)  re- 
ceived the  same  designation. 

'•  My  signet  you  sliall  comminJ  w.lh  all  my  lienrt. 
mi'iam."  BiiJ  pari  I'hilip..."  1  am,  jou  kD'>w.  a 
C'Mii  irte  H'ly  Fuii\in;,  ni  d  never  one  inttrfer'"d 
witli  my  iliire  <U  I'.iint  in  lier  rrocceJiuiss.— 6'ir 
H'.  .ScoK,  "  i'eirrii  of  the  Pi-ik."  ch.  XT. 

Faint.  FaiiU  heart  ne'er  won.  /air 
lady. 

The  bold  a  way  will  fin'l  or  make 

King,  "  Orp.'ieia  and  Kurydid." 

Fair(7'M. 

Charles  IV.,  king  of  France,  le  Bel. 
(1294,  l:j22-1328.) 

Philippe  IV.  of  France,  U  Bel.  (1268, 
12S.5-1314.) 

Fair  as  lady  Done.  A  gre.at  Cheshire 
family  that  has  long  occupied  a  mausiou 
at  Utkinton.     (Cheshire  expression.) 

Fair  Maid  of  Anjnu.  Lady  Edith 
Plantagenet,  who  mamed  David,  prince 
royal  of  Scotland. 

Fair  Maid  of  February.  The  snow- 
drop, which  blossoms  in  Febniary. 

Fair  Maid  of  Kent.     Joan  countess  of 

Salisbury,  wife  of  the  Black  Prince,  and 

only  daughter  of  Edmond  Plantagenet, 

:   carl  of  Kent.     She  had  been  twice  niar- 

j  ried  ere  she  gave  her  hand  to  the  prince. 

Fair    Maid   of   NMinay.       Margaret, 

,   daughter  of    Eric    II.    of   Norway,    and 

granddaughter  of  Alexander  HI.  of  Scot- 

,   iand.     Being  recognised  by  the  states  of 

Scotland  as  successor  to  the  throne,  she 

I   set  out  for  her  new  kingdom,  but  died 

[   on  her  passage  from  sea-sickness.  (12'.»0. ) 

;       Fair  Maid  of  Perth.      Katie   Glover, 

\  the  most  beautiful  young  woman  of  Perth. 

Heroine   of  Scott's   novel   of   the   same 

name. 

j       F'dr.     (See  Geraldine,  Rosamom).) 

I        Too  late  for  thu  fair.     A  day  after  iht 

fair.     Too  late  for  the  fun,  the  fairboiiig 

over. 

Fair  fall  yoxi.     Good  befall  you. 

Fair  City.  Perth  ;  so  called  from 
tho  beauty  of  its  situ.ation. 

Fairlimb.  The  sister  of  Bitela.^ 
and  daughter  of  Kukenaw,  the  ape  ;  iti 
the  tale  of  "  Reynard  the  Fox." 

Fairservice  {Andretr).  \  shrewd 
Scotch  gardener  at  Osbaldis'tone  J  lull. — 
air  Walttr  Scott,  "  Rob  Roy." 


2ft> 


FAIR-STAR. 


FAKAR. 


Fair-star.  The  princess  Fair-star, 
in  lov'e  with  prince  C'liory,  whom  sho  sets 
to  obtain  for  her  "  tho  dancing  water," 
"the  siiij^nnf,'  a)ii)le,"  an.i  "the  green 
bird  "  {r/.v.).  This  tale  is  borrowed  from 
the  fairy  tales  of  Straparola  tho  Milanes-j. 
(1550.) — "  Ckei-y  and  Fair-star,"  ty  l\e 
Countess  d Atdnoy. 

Fairies  are  the  dispossessed  spirits 
which  once  inhabited  human  bodies,  but 
aro  not  yet  meet  to  dwell  with  the 
"saints  in  light." 

All  those  airy  fhap''!  you  uow  bfhcM 

Were  humau  bodies  once,  and  clothed  witli  sarthiy 

mo'.ild ; 
Our  souls,  not  yet  prepared  for  upper  liijht. 
'1  ill  dooms-day  wander  in  the  siiades  of  iiinht. 

Dri/iUi,  "  The  Flower  and  the  lAaj." 

Fairy  of  nursery  mythology  is  the 
personitication  of  Providence.  The  good 
ones  are  called  fairies,  elves,  ello-folks, 
and  fays;  the  evil  onosave  urchins,  oupbes, 
ell-maids,  and  ell-women. 

Fairies,  Mack,  rrey,  pieen,  and  »hite. 
You  iiioousbiue  reviilleic  and  shades  of  ui;;ht, 
Vou  ouplit'n-heirs  of  lixeJ  dcstiuy, 
At  cud  your  olti  -e. 
Shukesi'tare,  "  ilerry  Wives  of  Windior,"  v.  5. 

The  dress  <;/"  lite  fairies.     They  wear  a 
red  conical  cap  ;  a  mantle  of  green  cloth, 
inlaid   with  wild  flowers ;  green   panta- 
loons,  buttoned  with  bobs  of  silk  ;  and 
silver    shoon.       Tiiey    carry   quivers   of 
adder-slough,  and  bows  made  of  the  ribs 
of  a  suan  buried  where  "three  lairds'  lands 
meet ;"    their  arrov,'8  are  made  of  bog- 
reed,  tipped  with  white  Hints,  anddi(iped 
in  the  dew  of  hemlock  ;    they    ride  on 
steeds  whose  hoofs  would  not  "dash  the 
dew  from  the  cup  of  aharebell." —  Cromtk. 
Fsiries  small,  two  fnot  tall, 
With  caps  red  on  tiieir  head, 
L>;inoc  aiomid  on  the  pirouud. 
Dodale'j't  Old  Pla'j/t.  '  PuimMi  Train" \.  5. 

Fairy  of  the  Mine.  A  malevolent 
being  supposed  to  live  in  mines,  busying 
itself  with  cutting  ore,  tumiiig  the  wind- 
lass, kc,  and  yet  efTecting  uothing.  (See 
Gnomk.) 

No  goblin,  or  6«  art  fairy  of  the  mine. 
Hath  iiurlful  power  oVr  true  v,r?Miit,T. 

J.'iKi'ii,  "  Vuttrnt  " 

Fairy-darts.  Flint  arrow-heads, 
supposed  at  one  timo  to  have  been 
darted  by  fairies  in  their  mischievous 
pranks. 

Fairy-hillocks.  I.iulo  knolls  of 
grass,  like  mole-hills,  said  in  the  "  good 
old  times"  to  be  tho  homes  of  fairies. 

Fairy-ladies  or  Mage,  such  as 
Urguuda,  the  guardian  of  Amadi'gi ;  the 


fair  Oria'na ;  Silva'ija,  the  guardian  of 
Alido'ro ;  Luci'na,  the  protectress  of 
Alido'ro  and  his  lady-love,  tho  rnuiden- 
warrior,  Mirinda;  Eufros'ina,  tho  sifter 
of  Luci'na ;  Argca,  the  protectress  of 
Floridante  ;  and  Filide'a,  sister  of  Ardea ; 
all  in  Ta.sso's  "Amadi'gi." 

Fairy-loaves  or  Fairy-sloncs.  Fossil 
sea-urchins  (echi'ni),  said  to  be  made  by 
the  fairies. 

Fairy-money.  Found  money.  Said 
to  be  placed  where  it  was  picked  up  by 
some  good  fairy. 

Fairy-rings.  Circles  of  rank  or 
withered  grass,  often  seen  in  lawns, 
mea'lows,  and  grass-plots.  Said  to  be 
proiluced  by  the  fairies  dancing  on  the 
spot.  In  sober  tnith.  these  fairies  are 
simply  an  ag'aric  or  fungus  below  the 
surface,  which  lias  seeded  in  a  circular 
range,  as  m.auy  ]>lants  do.  Where  the 
ring  is  hroun  and  almost  hare,  the 
"spawn"  is  of  a  greyish- white  colour. 
The  grass  dies  because  tho  spawn  en- 
velops the  roots  so  as  to  prevent  their  ab- 
sorbing moisture ;  but  where  the  grass 
is  rank,  the  "sjiawn"  is  dead. 

You  demi-pupreta.  that 
Bv  moonsbiue  do  thegreeu-sour  ^lu^'l^;ts  iiaiie, 
Whereof  the  e»e  not  MreB. 

.JA  ikcitit-are,  "  lempeft,"  T.  1. 

Fairy  Sparks.  The  phosphorio 
light  from  decaying  wood,  fish,  and 
other  substances.  "Thought  at  one  time 
to  be  lights  prepared  for  the  fairies  at 
their  revels. 

Fait  Accompli  (French).  A  scheme 
which  has  been  already  carried  out  with 
success. 

The  subjertion  of  the  Souh  ig  as  much  a  /ail 
ac'-vnipti  ta  the  i'eclaratl<^n  of  iude;:ndence  ilaeif.— 
The  Tiw.es. 

Faith.  Defender  of  the  Faith.  (See 
Defender.) 

Faithful,  in  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's 
Progress,"  is  seized  at  Vanity  Fair, 
btirnt  to  death,  and  taken  to  heaven  in 
a  chariot  of  fire.  A  Ptiritan  used  to  be 
called  Brother  Faithful,  and  it  was  this, 
no  doubt,  that  suggested  the  name. 

Jacob  Faitliful.  The  hero  of  Captain 
ilarrj'att's  novel  so  called. 

Father  of  the  Faithful.  Abraham  (Rom. 
iv. ;  Gal.  in.  6-9). 

Fakar  (Dhu'l).  The  scimitar  of  Ma- 
homet, which  fell  to  his  sh.are  when  the 
si'oil  was  divided  after  the  battle  of  Bekr. 
This  term  means  "  The  Trenchant." 


FAKE. 


FAN. 


285 


Fake  (1  syl.).  Fah.  ivcay.  Cut  away, 
raake  off  ( Latin, /ac,  do,  make).  It  also 
meaus  to  do— i.e.,  to  cheat  or  swindle. 

Fake.  A  single  fold  of  a  coiled  cable. 
(Scotch,  faik,  a  fold  ;  Swedish,  vika,  to 
involve;  Sitxon,//e^ti;t,  to  unite.) 

Fakenham  Ghost-..  A  Kill  ad  by 
Robert  Lloomfield,  author  of  "The 
Farmer's  Boy."  The  ghost  wa.s  a  doukoy. 

Fakir'  (Indian).  A  poor  man,  a 
mendicant,  a  religious  begg.or. 

Falcon  and  Falconet.  Pieces  of 
light  artillerj-,  the  names  of  which  are 
borrowed  from  hawks,     (iiee  Sakeu.) 

Falcon  Peregrine  or  Pel'erin.  La 
seconde  lignie  est  iaucons  que  hom  apelo 
"pelerins,"  par  ce  ([ue  nus  ne  trouve  son 
ni ;  aius  est  pris  autresi  come  en  pelerin- 
age,  et  est  mvilt  legiers  a  norrir,  ct  mult 
cortois,  et  vaillans,  et  de  bone  mauiere. — 
Tresor  de  Bruast  Latin  "  Des  Faitcous." 

A  faukoun  veresryn  tliaa  »en.c<l  >ch8 
0/  fremiJc  (/oreipn)  Innd. 

Chauer,  "  Canterbury  TaUll,"  10.742. 

Fald-stool.  A  small  desk  at  which 
the  Litany  is  sung  or  said.  The  place  at 
the  south  side  of  the  altar  at  which  sove- 
reigns kneel  at  their  coronation.  (Barb. 
Latin,  falda,  a  thing  which  folds  or 
shuts  up.) 

Faldistory.  The  episcopal  seat  in  a 
chancel,  which  used  to  fold  or  lift  up. 

Falernian,  the  second  best  wine  in 
Italy,  was  so  called  by  the  ancient 
Romans,  because  it  was  maiie  of  grapes 
from  Falemum.  There  were  three  sorts 
— the  rough,  the  sweet,  and  the  dry. 

Falkland.  In  Godwin's  novel  called 
"  Caleb  Williams."  lie  commits  murder, 
and  keeps  a  narrative  of  the  transaction 
in  an  iron  chest.  Williams,  a  lad  in  his 
employ,  opens  the  chest,  and  is  caught 
in  the  act  by  Falkland.  The  I.ad  runs 
away,  but  is  hunted  down.  This  tale, 
dramatised  by  Colman,  is  entitled  "  The 
Iron  Chest." 

Fal-lals.  Nick-n.acks  ;  ornaments  of 
small  value.  (Greek,  phalara,  metal 
ornaments  for  horses,  &c.) 

Fall.  In  the/all.  In  the  autumn,  at 
the  fail  of  the  leaf.     (.1  n  .1  mericaiiism.) 

To  try  a  fall.  To  wrestle,  when  each 
trios  to  "  fall "  or  throw  the  other. 

I  am  given  sir,,  .to  iindTftanrt  lh«t  your  ]:ouiiper 
brottiei,  Uitando.  ha' h  a  di8>  ositi'.o  to  come  in  an* 
gujscd  ««aiu!ir  me  to  tr>  a  fall— ".4<  >'i>u  /.iJr<  /(."i.  1. 


Fall  Foul.  To  foil  foul  of  on',  is 
to  malio  an  assavdt  on  some  one.  A  sea 
term.  A  rope  is  said  to  he  foul  when  it 
is  entangled  ;  and  one  ship  faUi  f/ul  of 
another  when  it  runs  again.st  her  and 
prevents  her  free  progress.  Ileuce  to 
run  up  against,  to  assiiult. 

Fall-in.  To  concur  with.  To  fall 
out,  to  disagree  with.  To  "  fall  in  with 
my  desire"  is  to  come  or  fall  into  the 
lot  of  my  desire.  To  "  fall  out  with 
one"  is  to  drop  out  of  one's  lot,  and 
therefore  to  be  no  longer  uniteil. 

Falling  Bands.  Neck-bands  which 
fall  on  the  shoulders,  common  in  the 
seventeenth  century. 

Falling  Sickness.  Epilepsy,  in 
which  the  patient  falls  suddenly  to  the 
ground. 

ISndus.-  lie  {.i.e  ,  CiM>r)hath  Ihe  fallmg-Bickrifsa. 

t'ii"»iiM.— No,  Cae-ar  hath  it  uot :  bul  y>.u,  aud  1, 
And  boiiest  Casca.  we  have  the/ii'Imy-si''kness. 

SKakettpeart,  '  JuUut  C'«mr,"  i.  1. 

Falling  Stars  are  said  by  Ma- 
hometans to  be  firebrands  flung  by  good 
angels  against  evil  spirits  when  they  ap- 
proach too  near  the  gates  of  heaven. 

Fallow  Land.  Laud  ploughed,  but 
not  sown  ;  so  called  from  its  brown  or 
tawny  colour.  (German,  fa/d,  tawny; 
Saxon,  falviie,  pale-red ;  hence  fallow 
deer,  red  deer.) 

False  Ceiling.    The  space  between 

the  ^;^arret  ceiling  aud  the  roof, 

Fal'staff.  A  fat,  sensual,  boastful, 
and  mendacious  knight,  full  of  wit  and 
humour;  he  was  the  boon  companion  of 
Hfcui-y  prince  of  Wales. — "  1,  2  Henry 
1  v.,"  and  "  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor." 

FamiTiar.  A  cat,  dog,  raven, 
or  other  dumb  creature,  petted  by  a 
"witch,"  and  supposed  to  be  her  demon 
in  disguise.     (.Sct;  Ltloti.) 

Famil'iar   Spirits.    Spirit  slaves. 
From  the  Latin,  ycun'u/jw  (an  attendant). 
Away  with  him  :  he  hrui  a  familiar  uuder  hi»  tocKix. 
^haktaitettrt,  "  3  Henri/    VJ.*'  iv.  7. 

Fam'ilists.  Members  of  the  "Family 
of  Love,"  a  fanatical  s^  ct  foimdod  bj 
David  George,  of  Delft,  in  l.")56.  Thoy 
maintained  that  all  men  are  of  one  family, 
anil  shoulil  love  each  other  as  brother* 
and  sisters.  Their  system  is  called 
I''amilism. 

Fan.  /  could  brain  him  tnVA  his  lady'$ 
fan  ("  1  Henry  IV.,"  ii.  55)— i.e..  knock 


288 


Fanatic. 


FARINATA. 


bis  brains  out  with  a  fan  handle.  The 
ancient  fans  had  lon§:  handles,  bo  that 
ladies  used  their  fans  for  walkinD:-sticks, 
and  it  was  by  no  means  unusual  for  testy 
dames  to  chastise  unruly  children  by 
beating  them  with  their  fan-sticks. 

Wert  not  tiettcr 
Your  head  were  broken  with  thit  handle  of  a  fun  ? 
fitdumont  and  Fletcher,  "  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,"  v. 

Fanat'ic.  Those  transported  with 
religious  or  temple  madness.  Among 
the  ['lOmans  there  were  certain  persons 
who  attended  the  temples  and  fell  into 
strange  fits,  in  which  they  pretended  to 
see  spectres,  and  uttered  what  were 
termed  predictions.  (Latin,  fa'num,  a 
temple.) 

Fancy.  Love — i.e.,  the  passion  of 
the  fardasy  or  imagination.  Fancy-free 
means  not  in  love  ;  a.  Jancy-man  is  a  man 
(not  your  husband)  whom  you  fancy  or 
select  for  chaperon. 

Tell  me  where  is  fancy  bred, 
Or  in  the  heart  or  in  the  hend. 
Shakespeare,  "  Merchant  of  Venice,''  111.  1 

The  fancy.  Pugilists.  So  called  be- 
fause  boxing  is  the  chief  of  sports,  and 
fancy  means  sports,  pets,  or  fancies. 
Hence  "  dog-fancies,"  "  pigeon-fancies," 
&c. 

Fane  (1  syl.).  A  weather  fane  is  a 
machine  to  show  which  way  the  wind 
blows,  from  which  the  weather  may  be 
pretty  accurately  prejudged.  (Greek, 
phaino,  to  show.) 

Fane'sii.  A  Scandinavian  tribe  far 
north,  whose  ears  were  so  long  that  they 
wotild  cover  their  whole  body. — Pliny. 

Fanfar'on.  A  swaggering  bully; 
a  cowardly  boaster  who  blows  his  own 
trumpet.  Sir  Walter  Scott  uses  the 
word  for  finery,  especially  for  the  gold 
chains  worn  by  military  men,  common  in 
Spain  amongst  the  conquerors  of  the  New 
World.  (Spanish,  fanrarron,  a  bully; 
French, /(in/are,  a  flourish  of  trumpets, 
or  short  piece  of  military  music  performed 
by  brass  instruments  and  kettle-drums.) 

"  >l!»rry,  hang  thee,  with  thy  fanfarona  about  thy 
neck!"  said  the  falconer.— i'cuU,  "  TheAlibut,"ex\n. 

Fanfar'onade  (4  syl.).  A  sw.igger- 
ing ;  vain  boasting  ;  ostentatious  display. 
(See  above.) 

The  bishop  copied  this  prncpeding  from  the  faa- 
faronade  of  M  lioufflers— iici/t. 

Fang.  A  sherifTs  ofi&cor  in  Shake- 
speare's "  2  Henry  IV  " 


Fang'led.  A  new-fangled  notion  ii 
one  just  started  or  entertained.  ^Sason- 
fengan,  to  bo^in.) 

Pangs.  I  fell  into  his  fangs.  Ir.to 
his  power,  his  clutches.  (Anglo-Saxou, 
fang,  a  grasp.) 

Fanny  Fern.  A  nam  de  plume  of 
Mrs.  Sarah  Payson  Parton,  sister  of  Mr. 
N.  P.  Willis,  tho  American  poet.  (Born 
1811,  died  1872.) 

Fanti'gue  (2  syl.).  A  function;  a 
fussy  anxiety ;  that  restless,  nervous 
commotion  which  persons  have  who  are 
phantom-struck. 

Fantoeci'ni  ifanto-ch^ny).  A  dra- 
matic performance  by  puppets.  (Italian, 
fantoccio,  a  puppet.) 

Fantom-corn.  Unproductive  com ; 
com  bewitched  by  ghosts  or  phantoms, 
(French, /t<;Uy?n«,  a  ghost.) 

Fantom-fellow.  A  person  who  is 
light-headed,  and  imder  the  ban  of  some 
hobgoblin.     [See  above. ) 

Fantom-flesh.  Flesh  that  hangs 
loose  and  flabby — supposed  to  be  under 
the  evil  influence  of  some  spectre.  (Su 
above.) 

Farce  (1  syl.).  Stuffing.  Dramatic 
pieces  of  no  solid  worth,  but  stuffed  fuU 
of  ludicrous  incidents  and  expressions. 
They  bear  the  same  annlogy  to  the  regu- 
lar drama  as  force-meat  docs  to  a  solid 
joint. 

Farceur  ( The).  Aagelo  Beolco,  sur- 
named  Ruzzant'i,  the  Italian  farce-writer. 
(1502-1512.) 

Farfarel'lo.  A  devil,  in  Dante'i 
"  Inferno." 

Fari'na.  Ejusdem  farinx.  Otbei 
rubbish  of  the  same  sort.  Literally, 
"  Other  leaves  of  the  same  batch."  Our 
more  usual  expressions  are,  "Others  of 
the  same  kidney,"  "  others  of  the  same 
feather,"  "  others  tarred  with  the  same 
brush." 

Far'ina'ta  or  Farinata  Degli  UhertL 
A  nobleman  of  Florence,  chief  of  th» 
Ghibelline  faction,  placed  by  Dante,  in 
his  "  Inferno,"  in  a  red-hot  coffin,  the 
lid  of  which  is  suspended  over  him  till 
the  day  of  judgment.  He  is  represented 
as  faithless  and  an  epicure.  (Thirteenth 
century.) 


FAR LEU. 


FAT. 


287 


Farleu  or  Farley.  A  duty  of  6d. 
paid  to  tlie  lord  of  the  m.inor  of  West 
Blapton,  in  Devonshire. — Bailey. 

Parm  means  food.  So  called  because 
anciently  the  tenant  was  re(juired  to  iiro- 
vide  the  landlord  '^'ith  food  by  way  of 
rent.     (Saxon, /earT/K-.l 

To  farm,  taxes  is  tha  French  ajfomer 
(to  let  or  lease),  from/ervu,  a  letting  for 
the  supply  of  food. 

Farmer  George.  George  III.  So 
called  from  his  farmer-like  manners, 
taste,  dress,  and  amusements.  (1738- 
1820.) 

Farnese  Bull  (Far-na'-ie).  A  name 
g-iven  to  a  colossal  group  attributed  to 
Apollo'nius  and  Ta\uiscus  of  Tralles,  in 
Asia  Minor.  They  belonged  to  the 
Hl^odian  school,  and  lived  about  B.C. 
300.  The  group  represents  Dirce  bound 
to  the  hijrns  of  a  bull  by  Zethus  and 
Amplii'on,  for  ill-using  her  mother.  It 
was  restored  by  Bian'chi  in  ]54(),  and 
placed  in  the  Farnese  pakice,  in  Italy. 

Farnese  Hercules  (I'<ir-na'-ze  Ihr- 
cu-ltes).  A  name  givc-n  to  Ulykou'a  copy 
of  the  famous  statue  of  Lysippos,  the 
Greek  sculptor  in  the  time  of  Alexander 
tlu  Great.  It  represents  the  hero  leaning 
on  his  club,  with  one  hand  on  his  back, 
as  if  he  had  just  got  possession  of  the 
apple  of  the  Hesperides.  Fame'se  is 
the  name  of  a  celebrated  family  in  Italy, 
which  became  extinct  in  1731. 

It  struck  me  that  aQ  iroa-c'.ad  U  to  K  woodea 
TC9-el  «liiit  the  Fuiiese  llercuk*  is  to  tho  Apollo 
liclvi'ieie.  'i  he  lleroiiles  18  uut  u  ithout  a  beaut;  of 
its  own. — The  liinei  ll'arH  curre^poodcQl  . 

Farra'go.  A  fan-ago  of  nonsense. 
A  confused  heap  of  nonsense.  Farrago 
is  properly  a  mixture  of  jar  (meal)  with 
other  ingredients  for  the  use  of  cattle. 

Farringdon  "Ward  (London).  The 
aldermanry,  &c.,  grantofl  by  John  le 
Feure  to  William  Farendon,  citizen  and 
goldsmith  of  London,  in  consi<leration  of 
twenty  marks  given  l^eforehand  as  a 
gcraum  to  the  said  John  lo  Feure.  (1279). 

Far'tlling.  A  fourth  part.  Penny 
pieces  used  to  be  divided  into  four 
parts,  thus,  ®.  One  of  these  quarters 
was  a  fcortliuiiy  or  farthing,  and  two  a 
halfpenny.     {iiA^ion,  feorl/iung.) 

I  don't  care  for  it  a  hrasi  farthing. 
James  II.  debased  all  the  coinage,  and 
is.sucd,  amongst  other  worthless  coins, 
brass  ijenoe,  halfpence,  and  farthings. 


Farthingale  {3  eyl.).  A  sort  of 
crinoline  petticoat.  The  word  means  a 
"guard  for  modesty."  (French,  verln- 
garde,  corrupted  into  verdingade,  and 
"then  into  farthingale.) 

Farjnidon  Inn.  Serjeants'  Inn, 
Chancery  Lane,  used  to  be  so  called. 

Fascination  means  "slain  or  over- 
come by  the  eyes."  The  allusion  is  to 
the  ancient  notion  of  bewitching  by  the 
power  of  the  eye.  (Greek,  phaisi  iaiuo; 
La.iiDyfas'cino.)    {See  Evil  Eye.) 

None  of  the  affectiona  hsre  been  noted  to  faacinatc 
and  bewitch,  but  love  aiiJ  navj.—Jiacon. 

Fast.  A  fast  man  is  one  who  lives 
a  continual  round  of  "pleasure"  so  fast 
that  he  wears  himself  out.  A  fast  young 
lady  13  one  who  talks  slang,  assumes  the 
airs  of  a  knowing  one,  and  has  no  respect 
for  female  delicacy  aud  retirement.  She 
is  the  ape  of  the  fast  young  man. 

To  play  fast  and  loose.  To  run  with 
the  liare  and  hold  with  the  hounds ;  to 
blow  both  hot  and  cold  ;  to  say  one  thing 
and  do  another.  The  allusion  is  to  a 
cheating  game  practised  at  fairs.  A  belt 
is  folded,  and  the  player  is  asked  to  prick 
it  with  a  skewer,  so  as  to  pin  it  fait  to 
the  table  ;  having  so  done,  tlio  adversary 
takes  the  two  ends,  and  looses  it  or  draws 
it  away,  showing  that  it  has  not  been 
pierced  at  all. 

He  forced  hia  neck  into  a  nooae. 

To  show  hio  play  at  fa^t  and  !■  ose  . 

And  »htD  he  chanced  t 'enctre,  mistook. 

For  art  aud  subtlety,  bis  luck. 

Bulier,  "  Uudibras,"  iii.  S. 

Fasti.  Working  days.  The  "dies 
non "  or  holy  days  were  called  by  the 
Koraans  ne-fasli.  (Latin,  Aw,  sacred  law  ; 
fasti,  the  days  when  the  law  courts  were 
open.) 

Fastra'de  (2  syl.).  Daughter  of  the 
Saxon  count  Rodolph  and  Luitgardo  the 
German.  One  of  the  nine  wives  of 
Charlemagne. 

Tliose  name  aoft  bells  at  i  ventide 
Kline  in  tiic  <  ars  of  Cli  irlcmague, 

As.  sea'ol  liy  Fastra'  la's  KiJe 

At  liiKclheiiii,  in  all  hi^  priJe, 
lie  neiird  tl'eir  sound  with  apcretpnln. 

Long/tUuw.  "  Uolden  lAgrud,"  jt 

Fat.  All  the  fat  is  in  the  f  re.  The 
allusion  is  to  tho  process  of  frying.  If 
the  grease  is  spilt  into  the  fire,  tho  coalg 
smoke  and  blaze,  so  as  to  spoil  the  food. 
The  proverb  signifies  that  something  ha* 
beou   let   out    inadvertently    ^hich   wiU 


288 


FAT. 


FATHER. 


cause  a  terrible  blaze  of  wrath  and  sput- 
ter of  dissatisfactiou. 

The  Fai.:— 

Alfonzo  II.  of  Portugal.    (1212-1223J 

Charles  II.  of  France,  It  Gros.  (832, 
881-88.^.") 

Louis  VI.  of  P' ranee,  le  Gros.  (1078, 
1108-1137.) 

Fat  Men. 

Edward  Bi-itrht,  of  Essex,  weighed 
44  stone  or  016  pounds  at  death.  He 
was  5  feet  9  iuches  high,  5  feet  round 
the  chest,  and  6  feet  11  iuches  round  the 
paunch.     He  died  1750,  aged  thirty. 

Daniel  Lambert,  born  at  St.  Marga- 
ret's, Leicester,  weighed  739  pounds. 
He  was  3  yards  4  inches  round  the  waist, 
and  1  yard  1  inch  round  the  leg.  (1770- 
1809.) 

Fata.  Women  introiluced  in  medi- 
teval  romance  not  unlilce  witches,  and 
under  the  sway  of  Demotrorgon.  In  "Or- 
lando Innamora'to "  we  meet  with  the 
"Fata  Morga'ua ;  in  "Bojardo"  with 
th«  "Fata  Silvanella ;"  "Le  Fate  Nera 
and  Bianca,"  the  protectresses  of  Gui- 
do'ne  and  Aquilante  ;  the  "  Fata  della 
Fonti,"  from  whom  Mandricardo  olitaina 
the  arms  of  Hector ;  and  "Alci'na,"  sister 
of  Morga'na,  who  carries  olf  Astolfo. 
In  Tasso  we  have  the  three  daughters  of 
Morga'na,  whose  names  are  Morganetta, 
Nivetta,  and  Carvilia ;  we  have  also 
Dragonti'na,  Monta'na,  Argea,  (called 
''  La  reina  della  Fate,"  protectress  of 
Floridante),  Filidea  (sister  of  Argea),  and 
several  others.  In  the  "Ado'nij"  of 
Mari'ni,  we  have  the  Fata  named 
"  Falsire'na."  , 

Fa'ta  Morga'na.  A  sort  of  mirage 
occasionally  seen  in  the  Straitsof  Messi'na. 
Fata  is  Italian  for  a  "fairy,"  and  the 
fairy  Morga'na  was  the  sister  of  Arthur 
and  pxipil  of  Merlin.  She  lived  at  the 
bottom  of  a  lake,  and  dispensed  her 
treasures  to  whom  slie  liked.  Slie  is  first 
introduced  in  the  "Orlando  Innamora'to" 
as  "  Lady  Fortune,"  but  subsequently 
assumes  her  witch -like  attributes.  Ju 
I'aKsu  her  three  daughters  are  introduced. 

Fa'tes  (1  syl.).  The  a-vel  fates.  The 
Greeks  and  Romans  supposed  there  were 
three  ParciB  or  Fates,  who  arbitrarily 
controlled  the  birth,  events,  and  death 
of  every  man.  They  are  called  cniel 
because  thsy  pay  no  regard  to  the  wishes 
and  requirements  of  any  one. 


Father.     A  friar  in  (iriesf «  orders 

{See  i^KoTUER.) 

A  fat/ier  stickled  by  his  dickghter.  Eu- 
phra'sia,  the  Grecian  daughter,  so  pre- 
served the  life  of  Evan'der,  her  aged 
father. 

Xantip'pe  so  preserved  the  life  of  her 
father  (Jimo'nos  in  prison.  The  guard 
marvelling  the  old  man  held  out  so  long, 
set  a  watch  and  discovered  the  fact 
I'yron  alludes  to  these  stories  in  his 
"Childe  Harold." 

There  i^i  a  duijgeon.  in  woose  dim,  dierti  ligbt 

W hut  do  I  gaze  on?  .  .  . 
An  oM  man.  au'l  »  female  j-ouni?  and  fair, 

b'rcsh  .\<  a  iruieing  ni'jtiier,  iu  wtione  vein 
The  blood  is  nectar. 
)l.re  youth  otTers  to  old  age  the  food, 

ThPinilk  of  Ins  own  tfHt.  .  .  .  It  ia  her  sire 

To  whom  slie  rtud.rs  Lack  the  d'  bt  of  hloo'i  .  .  . 

Driiilt.  drink  and  live,  old  man;  heaven's  realm  h'lldz 

no  such  tide. 

Bi/ron,  '  C\Qdt  Ilnrold,"  it.  St.  1«8. 

Without  father,  without  molhe:;  without 
descait,  luaving  ncitlier  beginning  of  dai/s, 
nor  end  of  life— i.e.,  Jlelchisedec  (Heb. 
vii.  3).  He  was  not  the  son  of  a  priest, 
either  on  his  father's  or  mother's  side ; 
bis  pedigree  could  not  be  traced  in  the 
priestly  line,  like  that  of  the  ordin.ary 
high  prie.sts,  which  can  be  traced  to 
Aaron  ;  nor  did  he  serve  in  courses  like 
the  Levites,  who  be.'in  and  end  their 
official  duties  at  stated  times. 

J/e  fathers  it  on  vie.  He  imputes  it  tc 
me  ;  he  says  it  is  my  bantling. 

Father  Nepttine.    The  ocean. 

Father  Norbert.  Pierre  Parisot, 
the  French  missionary.     (1G97-I7t)'.l.) 

Father  Paul.  Pie'tro  Sarpi,  father 
of  the  order  of  Servites  in  Venice,  who 
changed  his  Christian  name  when  he 
assumed  the  religious  habit.    (1552-1623.) 

Father  Prout.  Francis  Mahoney, 
a  humorous  writer  in  Fraser's  Maga- 
zine and  the   Globe  newspaper.      (18o5- 

1866.) 

Father  Thames  or  Old  Father 
Thames.  The  Thames,  bo  far  as  it  belongs 
U.,  London. 

Say,  Father  Thames,  for  thon  hast  cee.s 

Full  many  a  sprightly  race 
Disporting  on  thy  margeut  green 

The  pnths  of  plea>ure  trace. 

Cir.ij/,  ■'  Vulaiit  Vrusiittt  u/ Eton  CUlegt.^ 

The  epithet  is  not  uncommonly  applied 
to  other  great  rivers,  especially  those  on 
which  cities  are  built  The  river  is  the 
father  of  the  city,  or  the  rea.son  why  the 


rATIlER. 


FAUST. 


2S9 


site  was   selected   by   the   Brst   settlers 
thora 

0  Tiber,  father  Titicr. 

To  wbom  the  Koinain  pr«y. 

itacauliii/,  ■•  Lai/  o/  noTatiHt" 

Tlie  Indian  name  "  Mississijipi  "  mean* 
"  father  of  waters." 

Father  Thoughtful.  Nicholas 
Cat'iiiat,  a  marshal  of  France.  So  called 
by  his  soldiers  for  his  cautious  and 
thoughtful  policy.     {1637-1712.) 

Father  of  his  Country. 

Cicero  was  so  entitled  by  tho  Roman 
senate.  They  ofTerod  the  same  title  to 
Ma'rins,  but  lie  rcfii.scd  to  accept  it. 

Several  of  tho  Ca-sars  were  so  called— 
Julius,  after  quelling  tho  insurrection  of 
Spain  ;  Augustus,  kc. 

Cosmo  de'  Med  ici.     (1380-1-161.) 

(j.  Washington,  the  defender  and  pa- 
ternal counsellor  of  the  American  States. 
(17:52-1799.) 

Andrea  Do'rea  (1403-1 5(»0).  Inscribed 
ju  the  base  of  his  statue  by  his  country- 
tucn  of  Gen'oa. 

Androni'cus  Palicol'ogus  II.  a.ss-.imod 
the  title.     (1260- 13:32.) 

{Sit  also  1  Chron.  iv.  14.) 

Father  of  the  People. 

Louis  XII  of  France.  (1462,  14.^8- 
151.5.)  Henri  IV.  was  also  termed  "tho 
father  and  friend  of  the  people."  (1553, 
15S9.1610.) 

Chri.stian  HI.  of  Denmark.  (1502, 
153H559.)    (.Vc«F.vTUi:it.) 

Gabriel  du  Pineau,  tlie  French  lawyer. 
(1573-1644.) 

Fathers  of  the  Church.  The 
early  advocates  of  Christianity,  wlio 
may  be  thus  cla.ssified  : — 

(1)  Five  apostolic  fathers,  who  were 
contemporary  with  the  apostles— -viz., 
Clement  of  Rome,  Ijar'nabas,  Hermaa, 
Ipna'tius,  and  Fol'ycarp. 

(2)  Tho  primitive  fatliers.  Tlioso  advo- 
cates of  Christianity  wiio  liveil  in  the 
first  three  centuries.  They  consisted  of 
tho  five  apostolic  fathers  (^q.v.),  tngether 
with  tho  nine  following:  — Justin,  The- 
oph'ilus  of  Antioch,  Ireniu'iis,  Clement 
of  Alexan<lria,  Cyp'rian  of  Carthage, 
Or'igen,  Gregory  Thanmatur'gus,  Dicuy- 
sins  of  Alexandri.-\,  and  Tortullian. 

(3)  The  fathers,  or  tliose  of  the  fourth 
and    fifth    c.Mitury,    who    wpro    of    two 


groups,  those  of  the  Greek  and  those  of 
the  Latin  Church.     (Ste  below.) 

Fathers  of  the  Greek  Church. 


Fphraim  deacon  of  Edessa. 

Fathers  of  the  Latin  Church. 

Lactautius,  Hilary,  Ambrose  of  Miran, 
Jer'ome,  Aiigustin  of  Hipiio,  and  St. 
Bernard. 

The  last  of  the  fathers.  St.  Bernard 
(lODl-1153).  The  schoolmen  who  fob 
lowed  treated  their  subjects  systemati- 
cally. 

Founder  of  the  fatlicri  of  Christian 
doctrine.     C.-esar  deBus.     (1544-1607.) 

Fath'om  {Count).  A  villain  in  Smol- 
let's  novel  so  called.  After  robbing  his 
lie  lief  actors  and  fleecing  all  who  trusted 
hiui,  he  is  at  lust  forgiven. 

Fat'ima.  The  last  of  Bluebeard's 
wives,  who  was  saved  from  death  by  the 
timely  arrival  of  her  brother  with  a 
j;arty  of  friends.  AlaLoraet's  daughter 
v/as  called  Fatiiua. 

Fat'ua  Mulier.    A  law  term  for  « 

courtesan.  Fatuus  with  juriscon3ult^ 
means  one  not  in  a  right  mind,  incor- 
rigibly foolish. 

Faul  and  Zab'ulus.  Two  evi] 
spirits  much  dreaded  by  the  Sa.xons 

Fault.  A  t  fuult.  Not  on  the  right 
track  ;  doubtful  whether  right  or  wrong. 
Hounds  are  at  fault  when  the  scent  is 
broken  because  the  fox  has  jumped  upon 
a  wall,  crossed  a  river,  cut  throni^h  a 
flock  of  sheep,  or  doubled  like  a  hare. 

Fau'na  (2  syl.).  The  animals  of  a 
country  at  any  given  geological  period. 
So  called  from  the  mythological  fauns, 
who  were  the  jiatrons  of  wihl  anim.als. 

Nor  leg**  the  place  of  rurious  plant  he  I  Don*  - 
11  .■  huth  h:i  I'lora  and  hi  I'auiia  «hott  6 

(jiulibs.  "  UuroucK." 

Faust  (1  syl.).  The  grandest  of  .all 
Gocthi-'s  dramas.  Faust  makes  a  com- 
pact  with  Mephistoph'elcs,  who  on  one 
occasion  i)r()vidos  him  with  a  oloak,  by 
me.ans  of  which  ho  is  waftod  thri)ut;h 
the  air  whnbersoevor  he  chooses.  "All 
that  is  weirii,  mysterious,  and  magical, 
(groups  round  this  story."  Gounod  lia* 
an  opera  based  on  it.      An  Knglisli  di-n- 


200 


KAUX. 


FEATHER. 


DDutic  version  has  been  made  by  Bnyle 
BeriKird. 

Faux-jouT  (French).  A  false  or 
contrary  lij^dit ;  nieaniiif,'  that  a  picture 
is  hvuifj  80  that  the  light  falls  on  it  in  the 
opposite  direction  to  wliat  it  ought.  The 
arti.st  has  made  his  light  fall  in  one  di- 
rection, but  it  is  so  hung  that  the  light 
falls  the  other  way. 

Faux  Pas.  A  "false  step;"  a  breach 
of  niatmors  or  moral  conduct.  (Eiiglisk- 
Frau:h.) 

Favo'nius.  The  zcjihyr  or  west 
wind.  It  means  the  wind  favoicraUe  to 
vegetation. 

Favori'ta  (La).  Donizetti's  opera. 
{See  Leonora  di  Guzman.) 

Fa'vours.  Ilibbons  made  into  a  bow  I 
so  called  from  being  the /«?;o!6)-.s  bestowed 
by  ladies  on  the  successful  champions  of 
touruamonts.    (.See  TiiUE-LOVE  Knot.) 

Here,  t'luelleii ;  wear  thou  this  favour  formcnud 
fitick  it  in  Uiy  cap.— 67ioie«p«are, "  llemy  V."  iv.  7. 

Favourite.  One  to  whom  a  lady 
gives  a  "  favour"  or  token.     (See  above.) 

Faye  (1  syl.)  The  icay  to  Faye. 
(French,  "  Faio-la-vineuse.")  A  winding 
or  zigzag  manner,  like  "Crooked  Lane 
at  Ea.stche.ip."  A  person  who  tries  to 
do  something  indirectly,  goes  by  the 
pathway  to  Fayo.  Faye  is  a  little  village 
m  France,  built  on  an  eminence  so  steep 
that  there  is  no  getting  to  it  except  by 
a  winding  or  very  zigzag  pathway. 

They  go  to  Paradise  as  Hie  way  is  to  Knje. 
Rabelais,  "  (janjuiUua  and  I^antiwrutl,"  bk,  i.  27. 

Faz'io.  A  native  of  Florence,  who 
first  tried  to  make  his  fortune  by  alchemy  ; 
but  being  present  when  Bartoldo,  an  old 
miser,  died,  he  buried  the  body  secretly, 
and  stole  his  money-bags.  Being  now 
rich,  ho  became  acquainted  with  the 
marchioness  Aldabella,  with  whom  he 
passed  his  time  in  licentious  pleasure. 
His  wife  Bianca,  out  of  jealousy,  accused 
him  to  the  duke  of  being  privy  to  the 
death  of  Bartoldo ;  and  Fazio  was  con- 
demned to  death  for  murdei-.  Bianca 
now  tried  to  undo  the  mischief  she  had 
done,  but  it  was  too  late :  she  went 
mad  with  grief,  and  died  of  a  broken 
heart. — Dean  Milman,  "  Fazio." 

Fear  Fortress.  An  hypothetical 
castle  in  a  forest  near  Saragossa.  It 
represents  that  terrible  obstacle  which 
fear  conjures    up,  but   which   vanishes 


into  tliin  air  as  it  is  approached  by  a 
stout  heart  and  clear  conscience.  The 
allegory  forms  the  third  part  of  the 
legend  of  "  Croquemitaine." 

If  a  cliild  (iisappeared,  or  any  cattle  were  carried 
off,  the  trembliiK  peasnnts  said,  "  Tlie  lord  of  Fear- 
forlrc-e  lias  taken  them."  If  a  fire  broke  out  any- 
where, il  was  the  lord  of  F ear- fori  reSB  who  niuHt 
have  lit  it.  The  origin  of  all  iic  idciiis.  mishara, 
and  Jiia-xters  was  traced  to  the  mysterious  owaet  ol 
Ibis  invisible  castle.—"  CroifuemitaUie,"  tii.  1. 
It  sunk  before  my  earnest  face. 

It  vanished  quite  aa"ay. 
And  Ictt  no  shadow  on  tlie  place, 

Between  me  and  the  day. 
Such  castles  rise  to  slrike  us  dumb  ; 

But,  weak  in  every  part. 
They  melt  before  the  strong  man's  ^y6s 
And  Dy  the  true  of  b'  art. 
G.  M'lckai/,''  The.  Giant"  (ulighaif  adcr'd). 

Fearless  (Sans  pair) .  Jean,  duke  of 
Burgundy.     (1371-1419.) 

Feasts.  Anniversary  days  of  joy. 
They  are  either  immovable  or  movable. 
The  chief  immovahle  feasts  are  the  four 
rent-days — viz.,  the  Annunci.ation,  or 
Lady- Day  (March  25),  the  Nativity  of 
John  the  Baptist  (June  24),  Michaelmas 
Day  (September  29),  St.  Thomas's  Day, 
which  is  the  shortest  (Dec.  21),  and  the 
great  church  festivals— viz.,  Christmas 
Day  (Dec.  25),  the  Circumcision  (Jan. 
1),  Epiphany  (Jan.  6),  Candlemas  Day 
(Feb.  2),  Lady-Dav  (as  above),  All-Saints 
(Nov.  1),  All  Soiils  (Nov.  2),  and  the 
several  Apostles'  days. 

The  movable  feasts  depend  upon  Ea,-;tor : 
they  are  Palm  Sunday,  Good  Friday, 
Ash- Wednesday,  Sexagesima  Sunday, 
Ascension  Day,  Pentecost,  Trinity  Sun- 
day, and  so  on. 

Feather.  Meaning  species  or  kind. 
From  the  proverb,  "  Birds  of  a  feather'' 
—  i.e.,  of  the  same  plumage,  and  therefore 
of  the  same  sort. 

lam  not  of  that  feather  to  shake  off 
My  friend,  when  be  must  need  me. 

UluxkispMvt.  "  Tinion  0/  AUteni,"  i.  1. 

Feather.     A  light,  volatile  person. 

.\  wit's  a  feather,  and  a  chiefs  a  rod  ; 
An  honest  man's  the  noblest  work  of  God. 

fopii,  "  EiSay  O'l  ilan." 

hi  full  feather.  Flush  of  money.  In 
allusion  to  birds  not  on  the  moult. 

JJe  has  feathered  his  nest  well.  He  has 
plenty  of  money ;  has  married  a  rich 
woman.  The  allusion  is  to  birds,  whicii 
line  their  ne.sls  with  feathers  to  make 
them  soft  and  warm. 

That's  a  feaUter  in  your  cap.  An 
houour  to  you.  The  allusion  is  to  tbo 
very  general  custom  in  Asia  and  among 
the  American  Indians  of  adding  a  uev? 


/•EaTIIERS. 


FEEBLE. 


2i*l 


feather  to  their  bead-gear  for  ercry 
etictny  slain.  The  Caiifirs  of  Cabul  stick 
a  fijat'lior  in  their  turlian  for  every  Mus- 
Bulniau  slain  by  them.  The  Incaa  and 
Caciques,  the  Meunitarris  and  Mandaiis 
(of  America),  the  Abyssiuiaus  and 
Tur'comans,  &c.  &c.,  follow  tlio  same 
custom.  So  did  iho  ancient  Lycians, 
md  many  others.  In  Scotland  and 
Wales  it  is  still  customary  for  the  sports- 
man ^''ho  kills  the  first  woodcock  to 
plu'iV  /)ut  a  feather  and  stick  it  in  his 
cap.  In  fact,  the  custom,  in  one  form 
or  another,  seems  to  be  nlmost  univer.sal. 
To  feather  an  oar  is  to  turn  the  bla<lo 
j)arallel  with  the  surface  of  the  water  as 
the  oar  is  drawn  homo.  (Tlie  Greek 
pleron  means  both  "an  oar"  and  "a 
feather;"  and  the  verhpteroo,  to  "  furnish 
with  oars"  or  "with  feathers.")  Pro- 
l)ably  the  movement  of  a  bird's  wings  in 
Hying  suggested  the  word. 

He  fc&tlicred  hij  i.ars  witli  8\icli  skill  ajul  dexlcrity 
JoUi/  i'oung  Wattrmun. 

Cut  a  fealher.  A  ship  ^oing  fast  is 
said  to  cut  a  feather,  in  allusion  to  the 
ripple  which  she  throws  olf  from  her 
bows.   Metaphorically,  "to  cut  a  dash." 

JackcotiM  never  out  n  fesiher. 

iir  W.  acoU,  •'  The  Pirate,"  iixIt. 

Feathers  (The).  A  public-house 
sign  in  compliment  to  Henry  VI.,  whose 
cognizance  it  was. 

Fine  fialhert  male  fine  birds.  (Latin, 
"  Vestis  virum  facit,''  dress  makes  the 
man.) 

The  Prince  of  Wale/  feathers.  The 
tradition  is,  tliatthe  Hlack  Prince,  having 
slain  John  of  Luxemburg,  king  of  Bohe- 
mia, in  the  battle  of  Creasy,  assumed 
l.is  crest  and  motto.  The  crest  con- 
sisted of  three  ostrich  feathers,  and  the 
motto  was,  "  Ich  (lien"  (1  serve).  John 
of  Anlen  discovered  a  coutom))orary  MS. 
in  which  it  is  expressly  .said  that  this 
was  the  case  ;  but  much  controversy  has 
aii.son  on  the  question.  Dr.  lioUallirms 
that  the  crest  is  a  rebus  of  queen  Philip- 
l>a's  hereditary  title— viz.,  countess  of 
Ostre-vaiU  (ostrich-feather).  llandall 
Holmes  claims  an  old  15ritish  origin; 
and  the  Rev.  H.  Longuevillo  asserts  that 
the  arms  of  Roderick  Mawe,  prior  to  the 
division  of  Wales  into  jirincipalities,  was 
thus  blazoned: — "Argent,  three  lions 
passant  regardant,  with  their  tails  pass- 
ing between  their  legs  and  curlings  over 
their  backs  iu  &featheri/  form." 


Feather-Btone.  A  federal  stone, 
or  stone  table  at  which  the  ancient  courts 
baron  were  held  iu  the  open  air,  and  at 
which  covenants  were  made.  (Latin, 
fundus,  a  treaty.) 

Feature  means  the  "  make."  Spenser 
speaks  of  God's  "  secret  understanding 
of  our  feature'*— i.e.,  make  or  structure. 
It  now  means  that  part  which  is  most 
conspicuous  or  important.  Thus  wo 
speak  of  the  chief  feature  of  a  painting, 
a  garden,  a  book,  kc.  ko.  (Norman, 
failure  ;  Latin,  factnra.) 

February.  The  month  of  piirifica- 
tion  amongst  the  ancient  Romans.  ( Latin, 
fcb'ruo,  to  purify  by  sacrilico.) 

The  2nd  of  Feb'rnai-y  (Candlemas  Da.v). 
It  is  said  if  the  weather  is  fine  and  frosty 
at  the  close  of  January  and  beginning  of 
February,  we  may  look  for  more  winter 
to  come  than  we  have  seen  up  to  that 
time. 

Si  Bill  splendescat  Mari'a  Purificantc, 
Slnjorcrit  ylacii^g  post  tcstuin  ruMin  luit  ante. 
:iir  T.  liruwne,  '  Vuigar  Enort." 

If  Candlemas  Pay  br  dry  and  fair. 
The  half  o'  wmtei't  come  atid  niair; 
ir  Caudlenias  t>ay  be  »  el  aud  >uh1. 
The  half  o'  winter  was  gaue  at  Youl. 

Scotch  Proverb. 
The  buk-er  peepn  out  of  ln<  hole  on  Caiidlcmai' 
Pay,  and  if  lie  da  Is  enow,  Kolki  abroad;  t.ut  if  he 
sees  the  sun  Bhiiiing,  he  draws  back  iu:o  hit  hole.— 
(Jentian  Proumb. 

Fe'cit  (Latin,  he  did  it).  A  word 
inscribed  after  the  name  of  an  artist, 
sculptor,  &c.,  as  David /ecif,  Goujon/<-fi< 
—  i.e.,  David  painted  it,  Goujou  sculp- 
tured it,  kc. 

Fec'ula  means  sediment.  Starch 
is  a  fec'vila,  being  the  sediment  of  liuur 
steeped  iu  water.    (LaHu,  faces,  dregs.) 

Fed'eral  States.  In  the  late  Ame- 
rican war  the  Unionists  were  so  called  — 
i.e.,  tho.^e  northern  states  who  combined 
to  resist  the  eleven  southern  or  Con- 
federate states  (j2-v.). 

Fee-farm-rent  is  whore  an  estate 
is  granted,  subject  to  a  rent  iu  fee  of  at 
least  one-fourth  its  value.  It  is  rent 
paid  on  lands  let  iofaiin,  and  not  let  it 
recompense  of  service  at  a  greatly  reducet 
value. 

Feeble,  ^fosi  forcible  feeble.  A  writer 
whose  language  is  very  "loud,"  but 
whoso  ideas  are  very  jejune.  Feeble  is 
a  "  woman's  tailor,"  brought  to  Sir  John 
Falstall  as  a  recruit.     lie  tolls  Sir  John 


21)2 


FEED. 


FENTON. 


"  l;o  Will  do  Ills  f,'oo(l  will,"  and  the  knight 
replies,  "Well  said,  courageous  Feeble! 
Thou  wilt  bo  as  valiant  as  the  wratliful 
dove,  or  most  inai^naiiinjous  mouse  .  .  . 
most  forcible  Feehlo.'' —Shakespeare,  "2 
lleM-y  IV.,"  iii.  2. 

Feed  of  Corn.  A  qiiartcm  of  oats, 
ihu  iiu.mtityyivon  toa  horse  on  a  journey 
when  the  ostler  is  told  to  give  him  a  feed. 

Fehm  -  gericht  or  VeknigericIU  (3 
syl.).  The  secret  tribunals  of  West- 
plia'lia,  for  the  preservation  of  public 
peace,  suppression  of  crime,  and  main- 
tenance of  the  "Catholic"  reii^^'-ion.  The 
judges  were  envelo|iud  in  profoiuid  mys- 
tery ;  they  had  their  secret  spies  through 
all  Germany  ;  tlieir  judgments  were  cer- 
tain, but  no  one  could  discover  the  exe- 
cutioner. These  tribunals  rose  in  the 
twelfth  century  and  disappeared  in  the 
sixteenth.  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  "Anne 
of  Geicrstein,"  has  given  an  account  of 
the  Westphalian  Fehmgericht.  (Old 
German,  j'thmen,  to  condemn ;  Gericht,  a 
tribunal.) 

This  Vigilance  Committee  (o/  Denver  citi/'  is  a 
moiern  n-produotioii  of  the  famous  Velimcericht.— 
The  TuiiKi. 

Felician  (Fatha-).  The  priest  and 
schoolmaster  of  Grand  Pre,  who  accom- 
panied Evangeline  in  her  wanderings  to 
find    Gabriel,   her  affianced    husband. — 

Longfellow,  "  Ei'aiigditie." 

Felixmar'te  (4  syl.).  The  hero  of 
a  Spanish  romance  of  chivalry  by  Mel- 
chior  de  Or'teza,  Cahalle'ro  de  Uheda 
(15*56).  The  curate  in  "Don  Quixote" 
condemned  this  work  to  the  dames. 

Fellow  Commoner.  A  wealthy  or 
married  undergraduate  of  Cambridge, 
who  pays  extra  to  "common"  (i.e.,  dine) 
at  the  fellows'  table.  In  Oxford,  these 
derai-dons  are  termed  GeiUUmen  Com- 
moners. 

Fellow  Commoner  or  Gentleman  Com- 
moner. An  empty  bottle.  So  called 
becansa  these  sort  of  students  are,  as 
a  class,  empty-headed. 

Felo  de  Se.  One  who  commits 
felony  on  himself.  Munler  is  felony,  and 
if  a  man  murders  himself  he  is  a  felon 
of  his  own  life. 

Feme-covert.  A  married  woman, 
who  is  under  covert  of  her  husband,  an>l 
cftnnot,  therefore,  sue  r.r  be  sued  for 
Hoi.i.     (French. /c?«m€,  a  woman.) 


Feme-sole.  A  single  woman.  Pemit- 
sole  merchant.  A  woman  who  carries  on 
a  trailo  on  her  own  account. 

Fem'ynye  (3  syl.).  A  mcdiceval 
name  for  the  kingdom  of  the  Amazons. 
Gower  terms  Penthesile'a  "  queen  of 
Femince." 

Lit  i.Tkesswi)  conoiifrcd  a!  thp  resme  of  Fern'  Dve. 
Cti^iucer^  **  VunUiOury  Tttiex."  dij^. 

Fen-Nightingale.  A  frog,  which 
sings  at  night  in  the  fens,  as  nightiugales 
sing  in  the  groves. 

Fenchurch  Street  (London).  The 
church  in  the  feus  or  mar.>-by  ground  by 
the  "  Laiigbiiurue"  side. 

Fenella.  A  pretended  deif  ami  dumb 
f^ylphlike  attendant  on  the  countess  of 
Derby,  in  Scott's  "  PeVeril  of  the  Peak." 

Fe'nians.  An  anti- British  associa- 
tion of  disaffected  Irishmen,  incorpo- 
rated in  the  Uiiited  States  in  1865,  and 
having  for  its  object  the  separation  of 
Ireland  from  England.  They  gave  out 
that  they  intended  to  form  Ireland  into 
a  republic.  The  word  Fenian  means  a 
hunter — Gaelic,  finnna,  from  feadhach. 
(pronounced  fie-ogh),  a  hunt.  Before 
the  Germanic  invasion,  a  Celtic  race  so 
called  occupied  not  only  parts  of  Ire- 
land and  Scotland,  but  also  the  north  of 
Germany  and  the  Scandinavian  shores. 
Oisin  (Ossian)  refers  to  them,  and  one 
passage  is  thus  rendered  in  "The  Anti- 
([uary  :"  "Do  you  compare  your  psalms 
to  the  tales  of  the  bare- armed  Fenians?' 
Oisin  was  the  grandson  of  Fionn,  the 
"  fair-haired  righ  (chief)  of  the  Fenians," 
and  all  the  high  oflicers  of  this  volunteer 
association  were  men  of  rank.  It  ap- 
pears that  the  Fenians  of  Ireland  (Eirin), 
Scotland  (Alba),  England  (Lochlin),  and 
Scandinavia,  had  a  great  civil  battle  at 
Gabhra,  in  Ireland,  and  extirpated  each 
other.  Oisin  alone  escaped,  and  he  had 
slain  "  twice  fifty  men  with  his  own 
hand."  In  the  rebellion  of  1865,  kc, 
the  leaders  were  termed  "  head  centres," 
and  their  subordinates',  "centres." 

Fen'ris.  The  demon  wolf,  brother  of 
llcl  (7.i'.).      It  was  cast  by  the  gods  into 

Niflheim. 

Fenton  One  who  seeks  to  mend  his 
fortune  by  a  matrimonial  alliance.  Fen- 
ton is  the  suitor  of  Anne  Page,  and  he 
tells  the  lady  that  her  fati.or  objected 
to  his  suit,  saying— ' 


i'EK^MOR?. 


FEURARA 


293 


I  am  too  great  of  birth  ; 
And  that,  my  state  beiug  galld  witli  my  exrense, 
I  seek  to  heal  it  oiilv  In  liii.  wenl'Ii. 

a'h<tAejf)«iur<!,  "  J/en-y  ir.uejo/  irin'tsor,"  iii.  i. 

Fer'amorz.  1'he  young  Caslimr-rian 
poet,  who  relates  poetical  tales  to  Lalla 
llookh,  in  lier  joiinipy  from  Delhi  to 
Lesser  Bvichar'ia.  Lulla  Rookh  is  going 
to  be  marriocl  to  the  young  sultan,  but 
falls  in  love  with  the  poet.  On  the  wed- 
ding morn  siio  is  led  to  her  future  hus- 
band, and  finds  that  the  jioet  is  the 
5ultan  himself,  who  had  gallantly  taken 
this  course  to  win  the  heart  of  his  liride 
and  beguile  her  journey. —  T.  Moore. 

Fer'dinand.  Son  of  the  king  of 
Naples,  and  suitor  of  Miranda,  daughter 
of  Pros'pero,  the  banished  duke  of  Milan. 
— S/iaiespeu)  e,  "  Jem/ie^t." 

Ill  "  Love's  Labour's  Lost,"  the  same 
name  is  given  to  the  king  of  Navarre. 

Ferdinan'do.  A  brave  soldier  who 
obtained  a  complete  victory  over  the 
king  of  Morocco  and  Grena'da,  near 
Tari'fa,  in  ViW.  Being  in  love  with 
Loono'ra  de  Guzman,  Alfonzo  XI.,  whose 
life  he  had  savcil  in  the  battle,  created 
him  count  of  Zamo'ra  and  marpiis  of 
Montreal,  and  gave  him  the  hand  of 
Leonora  in  inarriatre.  No  sooner  was 
this  done,  than  Ferdinando  (iiscovereil 
that  Leonora  was  the  king's  mistress  ; 
eo  he  restored  his  ranks  and  honours  to 
tlio  king,  repudiated  his  liriile,  and  re- 
tired to  the  monastery  of  St.  James  of 
Coinpostellx  Leonora  entered  the  same 
ni'>nastery  <as  a  novice,  obtained  the  for- 
giveness of  Fer<linando,  and  died. — 
htiiuzAlia  opera  oj  "La  Favori'ta." 

Ferdo'si.  A  Persian  poet,  famous 
for  the  copious  How  of  his  diction,  lie 
wrote  in  verso  the  "  Shah-Niiiieli,"  or 
history  of  the  Persian  kings,  which  took 
him  thirty  years,  and  contains  120,000 
verses. 

Fern.    (See  Fanny.) 

Fern -seed.  IJ'«  have  (he  receipt  of 
fera-setd,  we  n-alk  iiirisili/e  ("1  Henry 
IV.,"  act  iv.  4).  The  seed  of  certain 
species  of  fern  is  so  small  as  to  be  in- 
visible to  the  naked  eye,  and  hence  the 
plant  was  believed  to  confer  invisibility 
on  those  who  carried  it  about  their  per- 
Bon.  It  was  at  one  time  believed  that 
phiiits  have  the  power  of  imparting  tiieir 
owe  speciality  to  their  wearer.  Thus  the 
herb-di'airon  whs  said  to  cure  the  poison 


of  serpents  ;  the  yellow  celandine  the 
j.anndice;  wood-sorrel,  which  has  a  heart- 
shaped  leaf,  to  cheer  the  heart;  liver- wort 
to  be  good  for  the  liver,  and  so  on. 

Why,  did  yon  think  Ihatyi-ii  had  Oygcerlng, 
Or  tlie  herb  that  pive^  iiivisilnhtT  ? 
RftiKiiitmt  aiij  Fletcher,  ■' Fair  iltud  of  the  Inn.-  l  1. 

The  seeds  of  fern,  which,  by  prolific  heal 
C'hC'  red  and  unfoUicd,  Jorrn  a  iilnnt  no  treat. 
Are  l>-i.9  a  tliiiusniid  tin'ei.  Vi'Tt  uliat  tlie  eye 
Can  u  laesmted  by  the  tnhe  descry. 

Blackviore,  "  Ci'«U;u7i,"  Iv. 

Fernando  Florestan.  A  state 
prisoner  of  Seville,  married  to  Leonora, 
who,  in  man's  disguise,  and  under  the 
name  of  FideTio,  became  the  servant  of 
Rocco,  the  jailor.  Pizarro,  governor  of 
the  |»rison,  conceived  a  hatred  to  Fer- 
nando, and  resolved  to  murder  him. 
Rocco  and  Leonora  \vere  scut  to  dig  his 
grave,  and  when  li/.arro  entered  the 
dungeon,  Leonora  intercepted  his  pur- 
pose. At  this  juncture  the  minister  of 
State  arrived,  and  commanded  the  pri- 
soiit^r   to   be  releaseil. — UcctUuieii,    ••/«- 

Ferney.  The  patriarch  of  Ftrney. 
V'jltalre.  So  called  because  he  retired 
to  ^'erney,  a  little  retired  village  near 
Gcno'va,  from  which  obscure  retreat  he 
poureil  forth  his  invectives  against  the 
Flench  Govenitncnt,  the  Church,  noblcF, 
nuns,  priests,  and  indeed  all  classes  of 
men. 

There  are  in  P:irl8  five  or  six  statuw  of  the  ia!rl- 
arch  iif  Fenicy— TAs  7tnie«. 

Fero'hors.  The  guardian  a.-igels  of 
Persian  mythology.  They  are  countless 
in  number,  and  their  chief  tasks  are  for 
the  well  being  of  man. 

Fcr'l-acute  [fhayp-iron).  A  giant  in 
Turpin's  "  Chronicle  of  Charletnagno." 
lie  lia<l  the  strength  of  forty  men.  and 
was  thirty-six  feet  high.  Though  no  lance 
could  pierce  his  hiile,  Orlando  slew  Lino 
by  Divine  interposition. 

Fer'ragus.  The  giant  of  Portugal, 
who  took  Bollisant  under  his  care  after 
she  had  been  divorced  by  Alexander, 
emiieror  of  Constantinopks.  —  Valeutiin 
and  Orson. 

The  great  "  Brazen  Head,"  that  told 
those  who  consulted  it  wliatever  they 
required  to  know,  was  ke])t  in  the  castle 
of  this  gi&ui.—  VaUnliiii; and  Orson.  (See 
Fkiuiau.) 

Ferra'ra.  An.  Andrew  Fa-mra.  A 
broadsword     or    cla3'moro    of    the    'oest 


291 


FERRAU. 


FT. 


qimlity,  bearing  tlio  nnmo  of  Andrea 
Fcrra'ra,  either  an  Italian  or  Spanisli 
Bword  cutler,  of  wlioin  nothing  is  known. 
Genuine  "  Androw  Forraras "  have  a 
crown  marked  on  the  blade. 

We'll  put  in  bMl,  \mj  ;  old  Andrew  Ferrnra  Biall 
Iwige  his  Bcourity.— i'ir  H'.  b'cuU,  "  Wiiverki/,"  cli.  i. 

Perrau  (in  "Orlando  Furio.so"). 
Ferraute,  P'er'racute,  or  Fcr'ragiis,  a 
Saracen,  son  of  I^anfu'sa.  IIo  droyiped 
his  helmet  in  a  river,  anil  vowed  he 
would  never  wear  another  till  ho  had 
won  that  worn  by  Orlando.  Orlando 
slew  hira  witti  a  wound  in  tho  navel,  his 
only  vulnerable  part. 

Ferrex  and   Porrex.    'IVo  sons 

of  GurljoilU'j,  a  mythical  I'irilish  king, 
Porrpx  drove  Lis  Mi-other  from  Britain, 
nnd  when  t'errox  returned  with  an  army 
he  was  slain,  but  Porrex  was  shortly 
after  put  to  death  by  his  mother.  Ono 
of  the  first,  if  not  tlie  very  first,  his- 
torical play  in  the  Entriish  language  was 
"  Ferrex  and  Porrex,"  by  Thomas  Nor- 
ton and  Thomas  Sackville. 

Ferumbras.    (&«  Fiekabras.) 

Fes'cennine  Verses.  Lampoons ; 
so  called  from  Foscounia  in  Tuscany, 
where  performers  at  merry -meetings  used 
to  extemporise  scurrilous  josts  of  a  per- 
sonal character  to  amuse  the  audience. 

Fest  (Saxon).  Apledge.  Festing-man, 
a  surety  to  another.  Fesiing-pennji,  a 
penny  given  in  earnest  to  secure  a  bar- 
gain. 

Fetch.  A  wraith — the  disembodied 
ghost  of  a  living  person.     {See  Fetiche.) 

Fetches.    Excuses,  tricks,  artifices. 
(Saxon.) 
Deny  to  epenk  with  me?    Thiy  arc  sick  7  they  are 

weary  ? 
Tbey  have  travelled  hard  to-night?    Merc  fetches. 
ahiikexpMte,  "  King  Lmit,"  ii.  4. 

Fet'iche  or  FeL'ish.  The  African  idol, 
tho  same  as  tho  American  Man'itou.  The 
wcr.ship  of  this  idol  is  called  Fet'ichism 
or  Fet'ishism.  (Portuguese,  fetisso,  ma- 
gician, fairy,  oracle.) 

The  Ftliche  or  Fdish  of  the  bottle.  The 
imp  di-unkenness,  or  dr>mkenness  itself. 

Fetter  Lane  (London).  Ilowel  says 
it  is  a  corruiition  of  Fewior  Lane— i.e., 
tho  lane  where  worthless  fellows  were 
always  sauntering  about  on  their  way  to 
the  gardens.  (Latin,  facVyf,  means  "an 
avil-door  j "  Norman-French,  faitour.) 


Fettle,  as  a  verb,  means  to  repair  ; 
as  an  adjective,  it  means  well-knit,  all 
right  and  tight.  It  is  connected  with 
our  word  feat,  the  French  faire,  tha 
Latin /'(c?j-e. 

FelUed  ale,  in  Lancashire,  means  ale 
warmed  and  spiced. 

Feu  de  Joie  (French).  A  nmning 
fire  of  gims  on  an  occasion  of  rejoicing. 

Feud,  meaning  "hatred,"  is  the 
S&xon  fehlh  (hatred);  but  feud,  a  "  fief," 
is  the  Teutonic /ee-oi/Zi  (trust-land).  {Set 
below. ) 

Feudal  or  Feodal  (2  syl.).  In  Gotliic, 
odk  moans  "  property,"  hence  odJt-all 
(entire  property) ;  Flemish,  v.dal.  By 
transpo.sition  we  get  All-ohd,  whence  our 
allodinm  (absolute  property  claimed  by 
the  holders  of  fiefs)  ;  and  by  combining 
the  words  fee  and  odk  wo  get  fce-odh,, 
feodh,  or  fcod  (property  given  by  way  of 
fee  for  services  conferred ).  — Pontoppidan. 

Feuillans.  A  religious  order,  an 
offset  of  the  Bemardines.  So  called 
from  the  convent  of  Feuillant,  in  Lan- 
guodoc,  where  they  were  established  in 
1577. 

T/ie  dub  of  the  FeuiUanti,  in  the  French 
Revolution,  composed  of  moderate  Jaco- 
bins. So  called  because  the  cenvent  of 
the  Feuillants,  near  the  Tuileries,  was 
their  original  club-room.     (1791-2.) 

Feuilleton  (feu-i-tori).  A  fly-sheet 
Applied  to  the  bottom  part  of  French 
newspapers,  generally  devoted  to  a  tale 
or  some  other  light  literature. 

Fever-lurdan  or  Ftver-lv.rgan.  a 
fit  of  idleness.  Lurden  means  a  block- 
head. (French,  lourd,  heavy,  dull,  thick- 
headed ;  louriland,  a  blockhead.) 

Fever-lurk.  A  cormption  of  Fever- 
lurg.  as  "  Fever-lurgan "  is  of  Fever- 
lurdan.     The  disease  of  laziness. 

Fever-lurk. 
Neither  play  nor  work. 

Fe'zon.  Daughter  of  Savary,  duke 
of  Aquitaine,  demanded  in  marri.ago  by 
a  pagan,  called  the  Green  Knight ;  but 
Orson,  having  overthrown  the  pagan, 
w.as  accepted  by  the  lady  instead. — 
Valentine  and  Orson. 

Fi  or  Fie/  An  exclamation  indicating 
that  what  is  reproved  is  dirty  or  indecent. 
The  dung  of  many  animals,  as  tha  bo.ir, 
wolf,  fox,  marten,  and  badger,  is  called 


Fl. 


flELt). 


29c 


fianis,  and  the  "  orificium  anane"  is 
called  a  7?,  a  word  still  used  in  Lincoln- 
shire. {Anglo-Nonnan,/«y,  to  clean  out; 
Saxon,  afiflan,  to  foul ;  our  defile  or  Jile, 
to  make  foul ;  filth,  &c. ) 

The  old  -T/ords,  fie-coft-n  (dross  com),  f.- 
laiids  (unenclosed  \a.nA?,),  fi-mashings  (the 
dung  of  any  wild  boast),  &c.,  are  com- 
pounds of  the  same  word. 

I  h&fl  anothrr  process  aiainst  the  dung-farmer, 
Ki-ttr  t\n.—Hubdai»,  " FanUiuriul,"  book  li.  17. 

Pi.  Fa.  A  contraction  of  the  two 
Latin  words,  fi'eri  facias  (cause  it  to  lie 
done).  A  judicial  writ  for  ouo  who  has 
rocovored  damaLfos  in  the  Queen's  courts, 
'leing  a  command  to  the  sheriff  to  see 
the  judgment  of  the  court  duly  carried 
out, 

Fiars.  Striking  live  Jiars.  Taking 
the  average  price  of  corn.  Fiars  is  a 
Gothic  word,  still  CTirrent  in  Ireland. 
(Scotch.) 

Fias'co.  A  failure,  a  muIL  In  Italy 
they  cry  Old,  old,finscol  to  an  unpopular 
singer.  This  word,  common  in  France 
and  Uermany,  is  employed  as  the  opposite 
ol  furore. 

Fiat.  I  givemyfial  to  that  proposal. 
I  consent  to  it.  (Latin,  fiat,  let  it  bo 
done.) 

Fib  A  n  attendant  on  (Jnecn  Mftb  in 
Urayton's  "  Nyniphidia." 

Fi'co.    (See  Fio.) 

Fico  for  the  phrase. 
Shaktuttart,  "  Mtrry  \V\vtt  of  \Viyxd$oT,"  i.  3. 
I  see  contempt  roarctiini;  forth,  sirinz  me  f  tic  C''0 
with    tliin    tlioinbu    in    hij    inoutli.— Il'if  •    Miferie. 
(I.t96.) 

Fiddle.  He  was  first  fiddle.  Chief 
man,  the  most  distinguished  of  the  com- 
pany. 

To  plaif  second  ^fiddle.  To  tako  a  sub- 
ordinate part.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
loader  of  concerts,  who  loads  with  a 
61dlo. 

Fiddleback.  The  name  of  Oliver 
Goldsmith's  poor  unfortunate  pony,  on 
which  he  made  his  country  excursions. 

Fiddler.  DrunkcuafidiUer.  Fiddlers 
at  wakes  and  fairs  were  allowed  meat 
and  drink  to  their  heart's  content,  and 
seldom  loft  a  merry-making  in  soiiriety. 

Fiddler'8-fare  or  Fiddler's  }>ay. 
Meat,  drink,  and  money. 

"Fiddlpr's  TiTonev.  A  silvrrponnv. 
Tho  fee  given  to  a  fiddler  iit  a  wake  by 
each  dancer. 


Fiddlestick.    In  the  great  Gorman 
efiic  called  "The  NibehingenLicd,"  this 
word  is  used  six   or   eight   times  for  a 
broadsword. 
Ill's  fiddlestick  he  grasped,  'twas  ruissy,  broad,  and 

loii(!. 
As  slinrp  as  nnj  razor. 

mtnma  l.'ii. 
!My  fiddlestick's  no  feather  ;  on  whom  I  let  il  fall. 
If  he  lias  friends  that  lo^e  him, 'twill  set  tliein  Keep- 
ing all. 

Stima  l,>vS(i. 
His  fiddlestick,  sharp-cuttiug,   cnn    hardest   ttcel 

diviiie. 
And  at  a  stroke  caa  sliivcr  the  morion's  beamy  pride. 
6Uma  3,1/78. 

Fiddling  About.  Wasting  one's 
time  in  tritles ;  like  fiddlers,  who  .spend 
the  day  in  scraping  catgut,  and  picking 
up  stray  gifts. 

Fidele  (3  syl.).  The  name  assumed 
by  Imogen  in  Shakespeare's  "Cymbeline." 
Collins  has  a  beautiful  elegy  on  Fidele. 

Fidelio.  Beethoven's  best  of^ra. 
(.See  Leo.noha.) 

Fides  (2  syl.).  Mother  of  John  of 
Leydon.  Not  kno;\-ing  that  her  son  w.x"* 
the  "prophet"  and  ruler  of  Westjilialia, 
but  thinking  that  tho  prophet  had  caused 
his  death,  she  went  to  Muuster  to  curse 
the  now-crowned  monarch.  The  mo- 
ment she  saw  him,  she  recognised  him, 
but  the  "prophet-king,"  surrounded  by 
his  courtiers,  pretended  not  to  know  her. 
Fides,  to  save  her  son  annoyance,  declared 
she  had  made  a  mistake,  and  was  confined 
in  the  dungeon  of  tho  palace  at  Mim.ster, 
where  John  visited  her  and  was  forgiven. 
AVlien  her  son  set  lire  to  bis  jialaco.  Fides 
rushed  into  tho  flames,  and  perished 
with  him. — Meyerbeer's  opera  of  "  Ij< 
I'rophile." 

Fides  Carbona'rii.  Blind  faith, 
faith  of  a  child.  A  carbona'ro  lioitig 
askeil  what  he  believed,  replied,  "What 
the  church  Viclioves;"  and  being  askoil 
again  what  tho  church  believes,  made 
answer,  "What  I  believe."  (See  C.vu- 
BONAUI.)— /ici»x,  "Dictionnaire  Comiqite." 

Field  {Tlu'),  in  huntsman's  lang"_agc, 
means  all  tho  riders.  To  keep  lack  tU 
field  is  to  keep  back  Iho  riilcrs. 

hi  the  racing  world,  to  lay  agninrl  tht 
field  is  to  back  one  horse  agaiuEt  a.i 
comers. 

To  keep  the  field.  To  continue  militai  j 
operations. 

Field  of  Ice.  A  large  body  of  d'at- 
ing  ico. 


2l>6 


FIELD. 


FIG. 


Field  of  Blood.  Accl'dama,  the 
piece  of  lan<l  hoiiulit  by  the  chief  i)riest8 
with  tlio  money  whicli  Jiichis  throw  down 
in  the  tomi)lo ;  so  called  because  it  was 
bou"ht  with  blood-inonoy. — Mall,  xxvii. 
6;  Ads\.  19. 

Field  of  Vision.  The  siaco  in  a 
teloscojie,  microscope,  stereoscope,  &c., 
within  which  the  object  is  visible.  If  the 
i.bjcot  is  not  distinctly  visible,  it  must  Vio 
droiKjId  into  ike  field  by  adjiistmcnt. 

Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.  The 

plain,  near  Guisnos,  where  Henry  VIII. 
had  his  interview  with  Franyois  I.,  in 
l.'i'JO  ;  so  called  from  the  splendour  and 
uiaj^niticonce  displayed  there  on  the  occa- 
gion. 

Field  of  the  Forty  Footsteps. 
M  the  back  of  the  British  Museum,  once 
Cilled  Southampton  Fields.  The  tradi- 
tion is  that  two  brothers,  in  the  Duke  of 
Monmouth's  rebellion,  took  dilferent 
sides,  and  eni,'-ap:od  each  other  in  fipht. 
Both  were  killed,  and  forty  impressions 
of  their  feet  remained  on  the  field  for 
many  years,  where  no  grass  would 
grow.  The  encounter  took  place  at  the 
Cvtrcme  north-east  of  Upper  Montague 
Street.  The  Miss  Porters  wrote  a  novel 
ou  the  subject,  and  the  Messrs.  Mayhow 
ft  melo-draraa. 

Field-day.  Day  of  business.  Thus, 
a  clergyman  jocosely  calls  a  "  kept  festi- 
val "  liis  field  day.  A  military  term, 
meaning  a  day  when  a  regiment  is  taken 
to  the  fields  for  practice. 

Field  Officer.  Any  officer  above 
the  rank  of  captain  ;  so  calleii  because  he 
is  qualified  to  command  whole  battalions, 
or  a  "  field." 

Field  Pieces.  Small  cannous  car- 
ried into  the  field  with  an  anny. 

Field  Works.  Works  thrown  up 
by  an  army  in  besieging  or  defending  a 
fortress,  or  in  strengthening  its  position. 

Fielding.  The  Fielding  of  the  drama. 
George  Farquhar,  author  of  the  "  Beaux 
Stratagem,"  &c.     (16V81707.) 

F^e  rabras  {Sir).  A  Saracen  of 
S|)ain  who  made  himself  master  of  Rome, 
and  carried  away  the  crown  of  thorns  and 
the  balsam  which  embalmed  the  body  of 
thi'  Lord,  one  drop  of  which  would  cure 
fcijf  bickuess  or  heal  any  wound.     One  of 


his  chief  exploits  was  to  slay  the  "fearful 
Luge  giant"  that  guarded  the  briilge 
of  Mantible,  famous  for  its  thirty  arches 
of  black  marble.  Having  accomplished 
this  feat,  he  next  slew  "an  innumerable 
multitude  of  pagans  under  his  command." 
Sir  Fie'rabras  figures  in  several  mediajval 
romances     (.S'ge  BaLand.) 

Fie'rabras  of  Alexandria.  Tlie 
greatest  giant  that  ever  walked  the 
earth,  who  for  height  of  stature,  breadth 
of  shoulder,  and  hardness  of  muscle, 
never  had  his  equal.  lie  possessed  all 
Babylon,  oven  to  the  Red  Sea  ;  was 
seigneur  of  Russia,  lord  of  Cologne, 
master  of  Jerusalem,  and  oven  of  the 
Holy  Sepulchre  itself.  His  pride  was 
laid  low  by  Oliv'ier.  The  giant  became 
a  child  of  God,  and  ended  his  days  iu  the 
odour  of  sanctity,  "  meek  as  a  lamb, 
and  humble  as  a  chidden  slave." 

Fifth-Monarchy  Men.  A  sect  of 
English  fanatics  in  the  days  of  the  Puri- 
tans, who  maintained  that  Jesus  Christ 
was  about  to  come  a  second  time  to  the 
earth,  and  establish  the  fifth  universal 
monarchy.  The  four  preceding  monar- 
chies were  the  Assyrian,  the  Persian,  the 
Macedonian,  and  the  Roman.  In  polities 
the  Fifth  -  Monarchy  Men  were  arrant 
Radicals  and  levellers. 

Fig.  Full  fig.  Full  dress.  A  cor- 
ruption of  the  Italian  in  fioc'chi  (in  gala 
costume).  It  was  derived  from  the  tas- 
sels with  which  horses  were  ornamented 
in  state  processions.  Thus  we  read  in 
Miss  Kiiight's  "  Autobiography,"  "The 
Pojie's  throne  was  set  out  for  mass,  and 
the  whole  building  was  in  perfect  fiocchi 
(in  full  fig)."  Another  etymology  has 
been  suggested  by  a  correspondent  iu 
"  Notes  and  Queries,"  that  it  is  takers 
from  the  word  full  tig.  (figure)  in  fashion 
books. 

Fig  or  Figo.  I  don't  core  a  fiy  fir 
i/.'ni  ;  not  worth  a  fig.  Anything  at  all. 
Ilero  fig  is  fico — a  fillip  or  snap  of  the 
fingers.  Thus  we  say,  "  I  don't  care 
that  for  you,"  snapping  the  fingers  at  the 
same  time.  (Italian, /ar  lefichc,  to  snap 
the  fingers  ;  French,  fuire  la  fi'pxt  ; 
German,  diefeigen,  weisen ;  Dr.tcli,  dt 
vyght  sttleii,  &c.)    (5ee  Fico.) 

A  fig  for  Petei . 
Shiikfj,piiiire.  "  a  Ilfnry  TL'  li.  3, 
The  figo  fur  ihy  frieiuisliip 

i^hnkexpean.  "  Henry  P. .-  UL  € 


FIGS. 


FILIA. 


297 


Pigs.  /  shan't  t,Hy  viy  AUic  fifjs  in 
fvliue,  hut  grow  them.  Don't  couut  your 
chickens  before  they  are  hatched.  It 
was  Xerxes  who  L>oa.->ted  that  he  did  not 
intend  any  longer  to  buy  his  figs,  because 
ho  meant  to  conquer  Att'ica  and  add  it 
to  his  own  empire  ;  but  Xerxes  met  a 
si<,'iial  defeat  at  Sal'amis,  and  "never 
loosed  his  sandal  till  hu  reached  Abde'ra." 

"In  the  naiiig  of  Ike  J'lOp/cd,  Figs/" 
A  burlesnuo  of  the  solemn  language  em- 
ployed in  eastern  countries  in  tlie  com- 
mon business  of  life.  The  line  occur.s  in 
the  imitation  of  Ur.  Johnson's  pompous 
style,  in  "llejecLed  Addresses,"  by  James 
and  Horace  Smith. 

Fig-tree.  It  is  said  that  Judas 
han-ed    himself    on    a    fig-tree.       {See 

Kl.UEU-TUEK.) 

yiiaerct  ali'iirs  quft  eit  ar'lwie  Ju'las  ae  suspta'- 
derit  ?     .\rl<ur  bcud  fuiase  Ji  c;tur.— VjanuJiu*. 

Figged  out.    {Sa  Fig,  No.  1.) 

Fig'aro.  A  type  of  cunning,  dex- 
terity, ami  intrigue.  The  character  is  in 
the  "  Barbier  de  .Seville"  and  "  Mariago 
do  Figaro,"  by  IJeauraarchais.  In  the 
former  he  is  a  barber,  and  in  the  latter  a 
ralet ;  but  in  both  ho  outwits  every  one. 
There  are  several  operas  founded  on 
these  dratnas,  as  Mozart's  "  Nozze  di 
Figaro,"  I'aisiello's  "  U  IJarbiere  di  Si- 
vigiia,"  and  llossini's  "11  iJarbiera  di 
Siviglia." 

Fight.     (See  JIuMni.t,  Pt.  iii.  c.  3.) 

Jle  that  nKlit"  xn'l  niuK  a»:iy 
May  live  to  Il^'lti  aiiuther  Jay  ; 
But  he  that  u  iu  liuttle  kIhiii 
Cati  UL-vcr  rUe  U*  n^lit  ii>;atti- 
f,lrJuitii  Mtiinet.  "  ilitturum  /)€li<  a.'     |165i5.) 

Demos'thenes,  being  reproached  for 
running  away  from  I'hilip  of  Macedon, 
at  Chiurone'a,  replied,  "  A  man  tiiatruns 
away  may  tight  again  ('A»;;p  o  (peOyui*  nai 

wdXtv  >itix^i'«Tui)." 

Fighting-cocks.  To  live  likefifjla- 
ing-cucLs.  To  have  a  profusion  of  tlio 
best  food.  Fighting-cockn  used  to  bo 
hiu'h  fed  in  order  to  aggravate  their 
puirnacity  and  increase  their  powers  of 
endurance. 

Figliting  Fifth  \rU).  The  5th 
Foot.  Tliis  s()l)ri<juet  was  given  to  the 
regiment  during  the  Peninsular  war. 

Fighting  Kings  (C/un-H-uo).     Cer- 
tain   feudatories    of    Ciiina    iucus.santly 
contoniiing  for  mastery  over  each  other. 
(B.C.  770-320.) 
K  * 


Fighting  Prelate.  Henry  Spencer, 
bishop  of  Norwich,  who  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  rebellion  of  Wat 
Tyler.  He  met  the  rebels  in  the  field, 
with  the  temporal  sword,  then  absolTod 
them,  and  scut  them  to  the  gibbet. 

Figure.  iVluU's  tlu  figure  t  The 
price  ;  what  am  I  to  pay  ;  what  "  figure" 
or  sum  have  you  set  down  against  me  i 

Figures.  A  corruption  of  fingert,  that 
is,  "digits"  (Latin,  digili,  finger.s).  So 
called  from  the  primitive  method  of 
marking  the  monades  by  the  fingers. 
Thus  the  first  four  wore  simply  i.,  ii.,  iii., 
iiii.  ;  five  was  the  outline  of  the  hand 
simplified  into  a  V  ;  the  next  four  figures 
were  the  two  combined,  thus,  vi.,  vii., 
viii.,  viiii.  ;  and  ten  was  a  double  v,  thus 
X.  At  a  later  period  iiii.  and  viiii.  were 
expressed  by  one  loss  than  five  (i-v.)  and 
one  less  than  ton  (i-x.).  Nineteen  was 
ten-plus-nino  (x  -t-  ix.),  &c.— a  most 
vilumsy  and  unphilosophical  device. 

Figure-head.  A  figure  on  the  bead 
or  projecting  cut- water  of  a  ship. 

Filch.  To  steal  or  purloin.  A  filch 
is  a  staff  with  a  hook  at  the  end,  for 
plucking  clothes  from  hedges  and  articles 
from  shop  windows.  Probably  it  is  a  cor- 
ii-ption  of  pilfer.  (Welsh,  ysfieiho  and 
yspeiliwr ;  Spanish,  pelUzcar ;  French, 
pdUr  and  peler  ;  our  pilUige,  peel,  ic. ) 

With  ciiMiiiDi:  I  aj-tlliou  filched  my  daiuhlcr's  htart 

File.  To  cheat.  The  allusion  is  to 
filing  money  for  the  sake  of  the  dust 
which  can  be  used  or  sold.  A  file  is  a 
cheat ;  one  wlio  can  make  a  sovereign  go 
further  than  twenty  shillings.  Ilenco 
"  a  jolly  file,"  "a  rum  ohl  file,"  &c. 

Sorful  l>ecom  that  fnl'<  file. 

Vuitur  itun-H  MS. 

In  single  file.  Single  row  ;  one  beliiHd 
another,     (^french,  file,  a  row.) 

Jlank  and  file.  Common  soldiers. 
Tlius  wo  .say,  "  Ton  officers  and  three 
hundreil  rank  and  file  foil  in  the  action." 
Jiuui:  refers  to  men  standing  abrea.st, 
file  to  men  standing  behind  each  other. 
Thus  twonty-five  files  in  four  ranks  would 
be  one  hundred  men  four  deep. 

II  wa«  only  oo  the  fnith  of  oome  ftraii  I  ezp«4llioo 
that  Ihe  crrduI'M^s  nnk  and  tile  »r  the  lirothcrhood 
Bubdi'i  ibed  thuir  dullara.-  Tlu  Tiint$. 

Fi'lia  Dolorosa.  Th<>  Duchc-asa 
d'Angoulcmo,   daughter  of  Louis  XXl,. 


'208 


FILIBUSTEE. 


FINGER. 


also  called  the  modern  Antig'one.    (1778- 
1851.) 

Filibuster.  A  piratical  advcnUuer. 
Tho  most  notorious  was  William  Walker, 
who  was  shot  in  1855.  {Vronch, Jlibns(ie7-, 
a,  corruption  of  our  "  froebooter  ;"  Ger- 
man, freiheuter ,'  Dutch,  vryhulter.)  {See 
Buccaneer.) 

Fill-dike.  The  month  of  February, 
when  the  rain  and  tnoltod  snow  (ills  the 
ditches  to  overflowing. 

Fillet.  A  royal  diadem  anterior  to 
tho  crown,  made  of  silk  or  wool.  Auro'- 
lian  was  the  first  Roman  emperor  that 
wore  one  in  public.  In  the  time  of 
Constantino  the  fillet  was  adorned  with 
precious  stones. 

Filome'na.  Longfellow  calls  Florence 
Nightingale  St.  Filomena,  not  only  be- 
cause Filomena  resembles  the  Latin  word 
for  a  nightingale,  but  also  because  this 
Baint,  in  Sabatelli's  picture,  is  repre- 
sented as  hovering  over  a  group  of  sick 
and  maimed,  healed  by  her  intercession. 

(See  TUADxMATURGUS.) 

Filter.  To- run  through  felt  (Latin, 
fcllnun),  as  jelly  is  strained  through 
flannel.  The  Romans  strained  the  juice  of 
their  grapes  through  felt  into  the  wine- 
vat,  after  which  it  was  put  into  the  casks. 

Fin.  The  hand.  A  contraclion  of 
finger.  Thus  we  say,  "Give  us  your  fiu" 
—  i.e.,  shake  hands.  The  derivation  from 
tho  fin  of  a  fish  is  good  only  for  a  joke. 

Finality  John.  Earl  liussell,  who 
maintained  that  the  Reform  Bill  of  1832 
was  a  fi)ialily,  yet  in  185i,  18G0,  and 
1866,  brought  forth  other  Reform  Bills. 

Finance  (French).  Revenue  do- 
rived  from  fines  or  subsidies.  In  feudal 
times,  finance  was  money  paid  to  a  lord 
for  a  privilege.  In  the  phiral  we  use  the 
word  tosiguify  available  money  resources. 
Thus  we  say,  "  My  finances  are  ex- 
hausted," meaning  I  have  no  more  funds 
or  available  money.  (Armoric,  jiiiancz  ; 
Cirabric,  _^'/ii;0.) 

Finch  Lane  (London).  So  called 
from  a  family  of  consideration  by  the 
name  of  Finch  or  Fiuke. 

Find.  You  L-now  what  you  leave  be- 
hind, but  not  what  you  will  jind.  And 
this  it  is  that  "  makes  us  rather  bear  the 
ills  we  have,  than  8y  to  others  that  we 
know  not  of." 


Findy.  Plump,  full,   (Saxon, /n<?i/7.) 

A  coM  May  an'J  a  win-ly 
.Make  baius  I  il  au.l  Uuly. 

«J  Provcrt). 

Fine  Arts.  Those  arts  which  chioQy 
depend  on  a  ilelicate  or  fine  iraag-ination, 
as  music,  jiainting,  poetry,  and  sculpture. 

Fine-ear.  One  of  Fortu'nio's  ser- 
vants, who  could  hear  the  gra-ss  grow 
and  tho  mole  work  ^underground. — 
"  Grimm's  Ooblins,"  Fortunio. 

Fin'etor.  A  necromancer,  father  of 
the  Enchantress-Damsel,  in  "  Am'adis  of 
Gaul." 

Fingal's  Cave.  The  basaltic  cavern 
of  Staffa.  So  called  from  Fion  na  Gael 
(Fingal),  the  great  Gaelic  hero,  who.ie 
achievements  have  been  made  familiar 
by  the  "  Fingal  "  of  Macpherson,  in  six 
books. 

Finger.  The  custom  of  holding  up 
one's  fanger  in  an  auction  room,  by  way 
of  a  bid,  comes  to  us  from  the  Romans. 
The  Latin  for  bidding  at  an  auction  is 
dit/'Uum  toll'ere  (to  hold  up  the  finger). 

My  little  finger  told  me  t/uU.  The  same 
as  "  A  little  bird  told  me  that,"  meaning, 
I  know  it,  though  you  did  not  expect  it. 
The  former  expression  is  from  Moli^re'a 
"  ilalade  Imagiuaire."     {See  BuiB.) 

By  tlie  prickini;  of  my  timrabs, 
Sometliiug  wicked  tliis  way  comes. 

Shakeipeare,  '■  Macbelh,"  iv.  1. 

Cry,  baby,  cry  ;  put  your  finger  in  your 
eye,  &c.  This  nurserj'  rhyme  seems  to 
bo  referred  to  by  Shakespeare  in  his 
"  Comedy  of  Errors,"  ii.  2 : — 

No  loDRcr  will  I  be  fonl. 
To  put  the  finger  in  the  eye  anJ  weep. 

The  Ring  Finger.  The  finger  between 
the  long  and  little  finger  was  used  by 
tlio  Romans  as  a  ring- linger  from  the 
belief  that  a  nerve  ran  through  it  to  the 
heart.  Hence  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
used  to  call  it  the  medical  finger,  and 
used  it  for  stirring  mixtures,  under  the 
notion  that  notiiing  noxious  could  touch 
it  without  its  giving  instant  warning  to 
the  heart.  It  is  still  a  very  general  no- 
tion in  England  that  it  is  bad  to  rub  on 
salve  or  scratch  the  skin  with  any  but 
the  ring-finger.  The  fact  that  there  w.as 
no  such  intimacy  between  the  finger  and 
tho  heart  was  not  discovered  till  after 
the  notion  was  deeply  rooted. 

The  Medical  Finger. 

At  last  he  put  on  her  mrdioal  finger  a  pretty 
handsome  gold  iing,  whereurilo  was  cnoha»i-J  a 
rrecious  loadstone,  B«:'.usst  —  ftibsUiu,  "  /'ara.j- 
oru«J,"  iii.  1". 


riNGERS. 


FIRE-BRAND. 


299 


Fingers.  The  old  names  for  U»o 
Eiifrers  are  : — 

Thumb, 

Towchor  (the  6ngor  that  touches),  fore- 
man, or  pointer. 

Lon£?-man  or  lon^  finger. 

Lech-man  or  ring-finger.  The  former 
means  "  medical  finger,"  and  the  lattc:-  is 
a  Roman  expression,  ditjllics  annularis." 

Little-roan  or  little  tingor. 

Fingers.     Ben  Jonson  says — 

The  thumb,  in  chiroirancy,  we  eive  to  Vena« ; 
The  f-rii-lmjer  to  Jove,  the  miist  to  Saturn; 
The  riug  to  S.jl;  the  leait  to  ilti-  ury. 

■'AUUmitl"  1 1 

Fingers  before  Forks. 

This  Vulcan  was  a  smith,  they  tell  ui. 
Tlijt  first  iuveiited  ton, 3  :iuil  l>ei:oW3. 
Kit  breath  and  fiuiiers  did  their  works 
(We'd  tiugers  long  befure  we'd  forks)- 

King,  "Art  0/  Lovt." 

Finger  Benediction.  In  the  Greek 
and  Kuman  Church  the  thumb  and  first 
two  tiugers  represent  the  Trinity.  Tlie 
thumb,  being  strong,  represents  the 
Fatlijer ;  the  lung  or  second  finger,  Jesus 
Christ ;  and  the  first  finger,  the  lluly 
Ghost,  which  proccedeth  from  the  Father 
and  the  Son.     (6V€  Blessing.) 

Some  bishops  of  the  Anglican  Church 
use  this  gesture  while  pronouncing  the 
benediction. 

Fingers'  Ends.  /  hxive  it  at  my 
jiMjeri  ends.  I  am  quite  familiar  with  it 
and  can  do  it  readily.  It  is  a  Latin  pro- 
verb (Scire  tancptam  un'guos  dig'ltosq  :), 
where  the  allusion  is  to  the  statuary, 
who  knows  every  item  of  his  subjeci,  by 
the  touch.     (5e*  QXGUEM.) 

Go  to  ;  thou  halt  it  |kd  dunghill  {unguem).  a!  t!<e 
Gui^cig'  cuds,  a?  they  m ■  —  Shakcupcart,  "  Luvi  t 
Lauour'a  /,.«(,"  f.  1. 

Fingerstall.  A  hutkin,  a  cover  for 
a  sore  finger.  The  Germans  call  a 
thimble  a  finger-h\it,  where  hut  is  evi- 
dently the  word  hut  or  huth  (a  tending, 
keeping,  or  guardin;,'-),  from  the  verb 
hiitt/i  (to  keep  watch  over).  Our  hiUkin 
is  simply  a  little  cap  for  guarding  a  sore 
fin(,'er.  Stall  is  the  Saxon  sial  (a  place), 
whence  our  stall,  a  place  for  horses. 

Finny  Tribe.  Fish.  So  called  be- 
cause they  are  furnished  with  fins. 

Finsbury  (London).  A  corruption 
of  Fens-bury,  the  town  in  the  fens. 

Fiorg^vyn,  in  Scandinavian  mytho- 
logy.    A  giant,  father  of  Frigya  ('/.i'.). 


Fir-cone  on  the  Thyrsus.  Tlie  juice 
of  the  fir-tree  (liirpeuiine)  used  to  be 
mixed  by  the  Greeks  with  new  wine, 
to  make  it  keep ;  hence  it  was  adopted 
as  one  of  the  symbols  of  Bacchus. 

Fire,  ytorethe  in  tJiehid-strarv.  More 
mischief  brewing.  Alluding  to  the  times 
when  strar>-  was  used  for  car|icts  and  t  ie<l,«. 

/  hare,  myself  j)ns3ed  thvDWjk  the  Jirr; 
7  have  smtll  the  smell  of  Jire.  I  have  bad 
ex[)erienco  in  trouble,  'i'lie  allusion  is 
to  Shadrach,  Meshach,  and  -\bcduego, 
who  wore  cast  into  the  fiiTj*  furnace  by 
N'cbucliaduezzar.    (lian.  iii.) 

//'  'toxt  will  tnjoy  the  fire,  you  must  put 
up  tcit/i  the  smo/ce.  (L;ilin,  "  Conunod'- 
itas  quajvis  sua  fert  incommdda  secum.") 
Every  convenience  has  its  inconveni- 
ence. 

A'o  fire  vnthout  smoke.  (French,  "  Nul 
feu  sang  funi2).")  Mo  good  without  its 
mixture  of  evil 

Where  thtrc  is  smoke  there  is  Jire.  Every 
efTcct  is  the  result  of  some  cause.  The 
Great  Fire  of  London  broke  out  at  Master 
Farryner's,  the  king's  baker.  Hubert,  a 
crazed  French  Catholic  of  Rouen,  insisted 
ihat  he  wns  suborned  at  I'aris  lo  set 
Loudon  on  fira. —  Old  and  New  Loudon. 

Fire  and  Sword.  Letters  of  f-rt  and 
sword.  If  a  criminal  resisted  the  law 
and  refused  to  answor  his  citation,  it  was 
accounted  treason  in  the  Scottish  courts; 
and  "  letters  of  fire  and  sword "  were 
sent  to  the  shcrilT,  authorising  him  to 
use  either  or  both  these  instruments  in 
order  to  apprehend  the  contumacious 
party. 

Fire  Away.  Start  at  once,  get  on. 
A  playful  substitution  :  If  you  "  fire 
away,'  your  gun  "  goes  oil;"  and  if  you 
go  off,  you  "get  on." 

Fire  atcay,  Flanagan.  A  taunt  to  a 
boaste?.  A  man  threatening  you,  s-ays 
he  will  do  this,  that,  and  the  other  ;  you 
reply,  "  Fire  away,  Flanagan."  Crom- 
well marched  against  a  castle,  defended 
by  Flanagan,  who  threatened  to  open 
his  cannon  on  the  Parliamentarians  unless 
they  withdrew.  Cromwell  wrote  on  the 
corner  of  the  missive  sent  to  him,  "  Fire 
away,  Flanagan,"  and  the  doughty  cham- 
pion took  to  his  heels  immediately. 

Fire-brand.  An  incendiary,  one 
who  incites  to  rebellion  ;  like  a  blazing 
brand  which  sets  on  tiro  all  it  touches. 

5ar  f..-elir&nd  brother,  I'aris.  burns  us  »:;. 
Shaketptar*,  "  Troilus  and  t'rarida,"  U.  i. 


300 


FIRE-DRAKE. 


FIVES. 


Fire-drake  or  Fire-draf/on.  A  fiery 
serpent,  an  i^'nis-fatuus  of  larfije  propur- 
tions,  superstitiously  believed  to  be  a 
flying  dragon  keeping  guard  over  hid 
treasures. 

Tlit-reis  a  fellow  BorTiewhat  nf'drthe  door,  he  should 
be  u  brazier  by  his  Tace,  for,  o'  my  coiisciiuce.  twenty 
ot  ihe  ilue-iiiivH  now  reisii  in  '9  nose.. ..  T'i\al  lire- 
dri.keiiid  I  liitthreetiinesou  the  bead  —iViail:e«)j«a»«, 
••IJm'V  VJIJ."\.  i. 

Fire-eaters.  Persons  ready  to  quar- 
rel for  anything.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
jugl^'lers  who  "  eat "  tiaming  tow,  pour 
meted  lead  down  their  throats,  and 
hold  red-hot  met.al  between  their  te^th. 
Richardson,  in  the  seventeenth  century 
—  Signora  Josephine  Girardelli  (the  origi- 
nal Salamander),  in  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century — and  Cliaubcrt,  a 
Frenchman,  of  the  present  century,  are 
the  most  noted  of  these  exhibitors. 

Ttie  great  flre-eatcr  lny  niit^^inscious  upon  the  Soor 
of  the  \iouAc, — A'tis^uilld  Uaniie''. 

Fire-new.      Spick    and    span    now 

{q.V.). 

Vou  should  have  accosted  her ;  and  with  some 
exivlieiit  jctft'),  fire-new  from  the  minL—Sluiktirean, 
'■  Twd/Ut  .ViyW,"iu.  2. 

Fire-ship.  A  ship  filled  with  com- 
bustibles to  be  sent  against  adverse 
vessels  in  order  to  set  them  on  fire. 

Fire  Worship  was  introduced  into 
Persia  by  Phcu'dima,  widow  of  Suierdis 
and  wife  of  Gushtasp  daruices/i,  usually 
called  Darius  (B.C.  521-485).  It  is  not 
the  sun  that  is  worshi])ped,  but  God, 
who  is  su])posed  to  reside  in  it;  at  the 
same  time  they  reverence  the  sun,  not 
as  a  deity,  but  as  the  throne  of  deity. 
(See  Parskes.) 

First-fruits.  The  first  profitable 
results  of  labour.  In  husbandry,  the  first 
ct>rn  that  is  cut  at  harvest.  We  also 
use  the  word  in  an  evil  sense  ;  as  the  first- 
fruits  of  sin,  the  first-fruits  of  repentance. 

First  Gentleman  of  Europe. 
A  nickname  given  to  George  IV.,  who 
certainly  was  first  in  rank,  but  it  would 
be  Kad  indeed  to  think  he  was  ever  the 
most  gentlemanly  man  in  feelinar,  man- 
ners, anrl  deportment.  Louis  d'Artois 
was  so  called  also. 

First  Grenadier  of  France.  A 
title  given  by  Napoleon  to  Latour  d'Au- 
vergne.     (1743-1800.) 

Fish.  The  reason  why  fish  are  em« 
].loyed  as  card  counters  is  from  a  mi.s- 
apprehension    of   the   French  word  fidte 


(a  five-sou  piece).  The  two  points 
allowed  for  the  ''rub"  are  called  in 
French  la  fiche  de  consolation.  Tlie 
Spanish  word  pez  has  also  a  double  mean- 
ing—a "winning,"  or  a  "fish;"  pez  is 
the  Wo\shpi/.<trj,  Latin  pisd,  English  fish. 

Mute  as  a  fish.  Fish  have  no  language 
like  birds,  beasts,  and  insects.  Their 
utmost  power  of  sound  is  a  feeble  cry  of 
pain,  the  result  of  intestinal  respiration. 

/  have  oi  her  fish  to  fry.  Other  bui>ii.cs8 
to  attend  to.     (See  above.) 

A  pretty  kettle  offish.    (See  Kittle.) 

Fisherman.  The  fisher  man,  who  was 
fuller  of  three  kinijs.  Abu  Shujah  al 
l>-.>uyah  was  a  Persian  fisherman  in  the 
province  of  Deletn',  whose  three  sons, 
I  mad,  Rukeu,  and  Moez,  all  rose  to 
sovereign  power. 

Fishing.  Fishing  for  eompliiiunU. 
Laying  a  bait  for  praise. 

Fisk  (in  "  Iludibras  ")  was  Nicholas 
Fisk,  a  physician  and  astrologer,  who  used 
to  say  that  a  physician  never  deserved 
his  bread  till  he  had  no  teeth  to  eat  it. 
In  his  old  age  he  was  almost  a  begg.ir. 

Fitz  (Norman).  Son  of ;  as  Fitz- 
Herbert,  Fitz-William,  Fitz-Peter,  &c. 
It  is  sometimes  applied  to  illegitimat« 
children,  as  Fitz-Clarence,  Fitz-roy,  &c. 

Fitz-Fulke  (Ihh'e).  "  A  graciong, 
graceful,  graceless  grace  ; "  "  fat,  fair, 
suid  forty." — Byron,  "Don  Juan,"  c.  xvi. 

Fitzwilliam  Museum  (Cambridge 
Universitv).  So  called  from  earl  Fitz- 
william, who  left  £100,000,  with  book.s, 
p.iintings,  &c.,  to  form  the  nucleus  of  a 
museum  for  the  benefit  of  the  university. 

Five,  or  the  pentad,  the  great  mystic 
number,  being  the  sum  of  2  -i-  3, 
the  first  even  and  first  odd  compound. 
Unity  is  God  alone,  i.e.,  without  creaiiou. 
Two  is  diversity,  and  three  (being 
14-2)  is  the  compound  of  unity  ami 
diversity,  or  the  two  principles  in 
operation  since  creation.  (See  Diapa- 
son ) 

Five-minute-clause.  A  provision 
soir.etimes  inserted  in  deedsof  separation, 
whereby  it  is  stipulated  that  the  deed  is 
null  and  void,  if  the  husband  and  wife 
remain  together  five  minutes  after  the 
sejiaration  is  enjoined. 
Five  Points.  (See  Calvinism.) 
Fives.  A  hunch  of  fives.  The  fist,  in 
wliich  the  five  fingers  are  bound  in  a 
bunch. 


FIX. 


FLANEUR. 


801 


Pix.  Pru  ill  a  f-x.  A  predicament. 
The  allusion  is  to  macliinery  which  will 
not  move.  The  Xoil/iumberland  was  in 
a  terrible  fix  at  the  launch,  when  it 
refused  to  leave  tho  dock.     (1866.) 

Fixed  Air.  Carbonic  acid  gas.  Dr. 
Black  gave  it  this  name,  because  car- 
bonate of  magnesia  evolved  b}'  heat 
carbonic  acid,  that  is,  MgO,  COj  evolved 
(,'0.^,  thereby  proving  that  COj  (carbonic 
acid)  is  a  "fixed  air." 

Fixed  Oils.  Oils  which  do  not 
readily  dry  or  Hy  off,  but  remain  fixed 
in  their  oily  character. 

Fixed  Stars.  Stars  whose  relative 
position  to  other  stars  is  fixed  or  always 
the  same.  Planets  are  always  shifting 
•  licir  relative  positions. 

Flaccus.  Horace,  the  Roman  poet, 
wtiose  lull  name  was  l^uintus  Hora'tius 
Flaccus. 

Flag.  To  unfurl  the  hlacJc  flag.  To 
declaru  war.  The  cnrtain  which  used 
to  hang  before  the  door  of  Ayeshah, 
Mahomet's  favourite  wife,  was  taken  for 
a  national  flag,  and  is  regarded  by  Mus- 
niiimans  as  the  most  precious  of  relics. 
It  is  black,  and  is  never  unfolded  except 
as  a  declaration  of  war. 

To  disi>lay  ihe  red  flag.  To  defy  or 
ilare  lo  battle.  Red  is  tho  emblem  ol 
blood.     'I'ho  Human  signal  for  battle. 

To  fia»g  out  the  xrlute  flag.  To  sue  for 
quarter;  to  give  in.  The  white  tlag 
throughout  the  world  is  a  token  of 
l>eace. 

To  hang  the  flag  half-mast  high  ie  in 
token  of  mourning  or  distress. 

To  strike  the  flag.  To  lower  it  or  pull 
it  down  upon  the  cap,  in  token  of  re- 
spect or  submi-ssion.  In  naval  warfare, 
it  moans  to  surrender. 

Flag  of  Distress.  A  card  at 
one's  window  announcing  "lodgings"  or 
'•  board  and  lodgings."  The  allusion  is 
evident. 

Flag-officer.  Either  an  admiral, 
vice-admiral,  roar  admiral,  or  commo- 
dore. These  ofiicers  alone  are  privilegdl 
to  carry  a  tlag  denoting  rank.  Admirals 
carry  their  flag  at  tho  main,  vice-admi- 
rals at  tho  fore,  and  rear-admirals  at  the 
mizen.     (6'f«  Ad.miral.) 

Flag-ship.  Tho  admiral's  ship,  or 
the  shi[)  in  which  the  a<luiiral  is  sjiiling. 
(See  Ai)iHi!Ai..> 


Flagellants.  A  sect  of  enthu- 
siasts in  tho  middle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  who  ran  naked  about  the  streets 
inflicting  on  themselves  daily  flagella- 
tions, in  order  to  merit  thereby  the 
favour  of  God.  They  were  put  down 
Boon  after  their  appearance,  but  revived 
in  the  fourteenth  century. 

Flam.  Flattery  for  an  object;  blar- 
ney.    ^rish,_;?u;i.) 

Flaraberge  or  Floba-ge.  The  sword 
which  Maugis  took  from  Anth^nor,  the 
Saracen  admiral,  when  ho  came  to  attack 
the  castle  of  Oriande  la  Fee.  It  was 
made  by  Weyland,  the  Vulcan  of  the 
Northern  Olympus. — Romance  of"  Mau- 
gis d' Aygremonl  el  de  Vivian  son  Frere." 

Jiaic  Bi  line  fois  je  luy  fais  e«sayer  ceate-cy  plin 
trancliaiite  que  '  Jijjeu»e.  i  uia.itiel,  ll&'iteclaire, 
ou  I- lzAinbi-rt:e  "  je  Ie  feD<)ra>  ju>(iue8  A  restumach. 
~ I'ierre de  I' A iivcij.  " Lti  Jaluux," y.  6. 

Flamboroughs  (  The  Afiss).  The 
daughters  of  a  village  farmer,  whose 
homeliness  contrasts  well  with  the  vul- 
gar, flashy  pretemlers  to  fashion  intro- 
duced by  squire  Thomhill.— G'o/cismit/t, 
"  Vicar  of  Wakefield." 

Flaming.  Superb,  captivating,  at- 
tractive. The  French  flambant.  This 
word  was  oriciiially  applied  to  those 
persons  who  dressed  themselves  in  rich 
dresses  "flaming"  with  gold  and  silver 
thread.  We  now  speak  of  a  "tlaming 
advertisement,"  &c. 

Le  veloiir.  trop  commun  fn  France, 

?0U9  toy  rei  rcnJ  fon  vieil  hoimecr, 
TeUemt-tit  i|ue  tn  r-inontrance 
Nous  a  tait  voir  la  ditTorcuce 

Du  vakt  et  ile  son  ^ell^nl.•ur, 
Kt  du  muguet  chars^  de  coye 

Ijui  a  tes  priuces  a'csKHloiC, 
ti  noiif  en  draps  de  ~oye.  elicit 

Fais.iot  dair.bcr  t'  iili-  la  voye. 

Hunsiird.  ••  Au  Rui/  Jlmn  J  I."    (15*5.) 

Fla'ming  Swords.  Swords  with  a 
wavy  or  flamboyant  ed<,'c,  generall.v  used 
for  state  purposes.  Tho  dukes  of  B\ir- 
gundy  carried  swords  of  tliis  sort,  and 
they  were  worn  in  our  own  country  till 
the  accession  of  Wdliam  III. 

Flamin'ian  Way.  The  great 
northern  road  of  ancient  Italy,  con- 
structed by  C.  Flamin'ius,  and  beginning 
at  the  Flaminian  gate  of  Rome. 

Flanders  {Moll).  The  chief  cha- 
racter of  Do  Foe's  novel  of  the  same 
name.  She  runs  through  the  whole 
career  of  female  profligacy,  and  then 
turns  religious. 

Flaneur  (French).  A  louncer,  go.s- 
sipcr.     From  Hancr,  to  saunter  about 


sm 


FLAP-DRAGONS. 


FLECKNOE. 


Flap-dragons.  Small  combustible 
bodies  blazinj^r  at  one  end  and  floating'  in 
a  glass  of  liquor.  The  li'iuor  was  stirred 
about  with  a  candlo-cnd  to  promote  com- 
bustion. A  skilful  toper  would  swallow 
them  blazing-,  as  we  swallow  the  blazing 
raisins  of  snap-dragons. 

lie  drioks  off  onmlles'  ends  for  flnp-L'raron». 
ishiiknapenre,  "  U  lltnrj/  /  /.,"  ii.  4. 

Flare-up.  To  bo  suddenly  very 
anpry,  as  a  gas-jet  or  other  iguitible 
body  flares  when  lij^btcd  with  a  sudden 
blaze. 

Flash.  All  flash  in  the  vdn.  All 
sound  and  fury,  signifying  notliintr ;  like 
the  explosion  of  a  gun  which  ends  with 
a  flash  in  the  lock-pan,  the  gun  itself 
"  hanging  fire." 

To  cut  a  jliuh  or  dash  is  to  make  a 
flashy  show — i.e.,  a  show  very  pronoace 
but  of  short  duration,  like  the  flash  of  a 
gun. 

Flash  Men  and  Flash  Wotes. 
Between  Buxton,  Leek,  and  Macclesfield 
is  a  wild  country,  called  the  Flash,  from 
a  chapel  of  that  name.  Here  used  to 
live  a  set  of  pedlars,  who  hawked  about 
buttons,  ribbons,  and  other  articles  made 
at  Leek,  to<;cther  with  handkerchiefs 
and  small  wares  from  Manchester.  They 
were  known  on  the  road  as  Flash-men, 
and  frequented  fairs  and  farm-houses. 
The}'  paid,  at  first,  ready-money ;  but 
when  they  had  established  a  credit,  paid 
in  promissory  notes,  which  were  rarely 
honoured.  They  were  ultimately  put 
down  bv  the  magistracy.  AutoVicus,  in 
"  The  Winter's  Tale,"  is  a  "Flash  Man." 

Flat.    One  who  is  not  sharp. 
Oh,  Messrs. .  .  .  what  flat*  you  are  I— r/w  TItms 

Flat  as  a  Jlouiider.  I  knocked  him 
down  flat  as  a  flounder  ;  I  beat  him  flat 
as  a  flounder,  &c.  A  flounder  is  one  of 
tlie  flat-fish. 

Flat  as  a  pancake.  Quito  flat.  A  pan- 
cake is  a  thin  flat  cake,  fried  in  a  pan. 

Flat-fish.  Ue  is  a  regular  fiat-Jish. 
A  dull,  stupid  fellow,  not  up  to  any- 
thing.  The  play  Is  upon  flat  (stupid), 
and  such  fish  as  plaice,  dabs,  and  soles. 

Flat  Milk  or  Fleet  Milk.  Skimmed 
milk.  The  verb  to  fleet,  meaning  "  to 
skim,"  has  several  forms  in  the  past 
participle,  as  Goeted,  flecten,  or  fleet ; 
flailed,   flatten,  '>r  flat.     Sams  word  as 


Flath-innis  (Isle  of  the  Hravt).  Tht 
Paradise  of  Celtic  mythology. 

Flatterer.  Vitelliup,,  the  Roman  sy- 
nonym of  flatterer.—  Tacitus,  A  nn.  vi.  '61. 

Flea.  When  the  princess  Badoura 
was  placed  on  prince  Camaral'zamar.'s 
bod,  in  order  to  compare  their  claims  to 
beauty,  the  fairy  Maiinoune  chan;/cd  her- 
self into  a  flea,  and  bit  the  prince  on  the 
neck  in  order  to  awake  him.  Next,  the 
genius  Danhasch  changed  himself  into  a 
flea,  and  bit  the  princess  on  the  lip,  that 
she  might  open  her  eyes  and  s^e  the 
prince. — Aralnan  Nights  (Camarahaman 
and  liadoura). 

I  sent  him  off  xoilh  a  flea  in  his  far. 
Peremptorily.  A  dog  which  has  a  lea 
in  the  ear  is  very  restless,  and  runs  off 
in  terror  and  di.stress.  Probably  there 
is  a  pun  implied. 

Flea-bite,  h  is  a  mere  flea-bite.  A 
thing  of  no  moment.  Thus,  a  merchant 
who  has  suffered  loss  by  speculation  or 
failure  might  say  that  the  loss  is  a  mere 
flea-bite  to  him.  A  soldier  might  call 
a  wound  a  mere  flea-bite.  A  passing 
inconvenience,  which  annoys  but  leaves 
no  permanent  injury.  Mr.  Disraeli 
spoke  of  the  National  Debt  as  a  mere 
flea-bite. 

Flea's  Jump.  Aristoph'anes,  in  the 
"  Clouds,"  says  that  Socrates  and  Chce'- 
rephon  tried  to  measure  how  many  times 
its  own  length  a  flea  jumped.  They  took 
in  wax  the  size  of  a  flea's  foot ;  then  on 
the  prir>ciple  of  ex  pede  Herculean  cal- 
culated the  length  of  its  body.  Having 
found  this,  and  measured  the  distance  of 
the  flea's  jump  from  the  h.ind  of  Socrates 
to  Ch;erephon,  the  knotty  problem  was 
resolved  Isy  simple  multiplication. 

Fle'ance  (2  syl.).  Son  of  Banquo. — 
Shakespeare,  "  Macbeth." 

Fleche.  Fairs  fliche  de  tout  bois.  To 
turn  every  evci.t  into  a  cause  of  censure. 
To  make  whatever  wood  falls  in  your 
path  an  arrow  to  discharge  at  your  ad- 
versary. 

Flecknoe  (Richard^.  An  Irish  priest, 
who  printed  a  host  of  poems,  letters,  and 
travels.  As  a  poet  his  name,  like  the 
names  of  Mievi^is  and  Bavitts  among  tho 
Romans,  is  proverbial  for  vileness.  Dry- 
den  says  he — 

Reigned  without  diipule 
Tbrouch  kU  tht  reaJmi  u(  nuiisenae.  ab<i.lut«. 
Met  FliX.>mia, 


FLEUGEBY. 


FLEUR-DE-LYS. 


r.s 


Fledgeby  (2  s yl. ).  An  over-reach ing, 
cowardly  sneak,  who  conceals  his  dirty 
bill-broking  under  the  trade  name  of 
Pubsey  and  Co.  He  is  soundly  thrashed 
by  Alfred  Lammle,  and  quietly  pockets 
the  affront.— Z^ic^eTH,  "Mutual  Friend." 

Fleeced  (1  syl.).  Cheated  of  one's 
money  ;  sheared  like  a  sheep. 

Fleet-book  Evidence.  No  evi- 
dence at  all.  The  books  of  the  old  Fleet 
prison  are  not  admissihle  as  evidence  to 
prove  a  marriage. —  M^harton,  "  Law  Dic- 
tionary." 

Fleet  Marriages.  Clandestine  mar- 
ria^res,  at  one  time  perforiiieJ  without 
banns  or  licence  by  nce<ly  chaplains,  in 
Fleet  Prison,  Loudon.  As  many  as  thirty 
marriages  a  day  were  sometimes  con- 
gum  mated  in  this  disgraceful  manner ; 
and  Malcolm  tells  us  that  2,054  were 
registered  in  the  four  months  eudiii'-T 
with  February  12th,  1705.  Suppressed 
by  the  Marriage  Act  in  1751. 

Fleet  Street  (London).  For  two 
hundred  years  afterthoConijuest,  London 
was  watered  on  the  west  by  "the  river 
of  Wolls,"  afterwards  called  "  Fleet  dyke, 
because  (Si  owe  says)  it  runneth  past  the 
f  leeto."  In  the  middle  of  the  city  and 
falling  into  the  Thames  was  Wellbrooke  ; 
on  the  cant  side,  Langbourne  ;  and  in  the 
western  euburbs,  01<ibourne.  Along  the 
Fleote  aiid  Oldbourne  "ships"  used  to 
ply  witli  merchandise.  These  four, 
together  with  the  Rodiug,  the  Lea,  the 
Pkavensboume,  and  the  Wandle,  are  now 
merely  sewers  to  the  great  metropolis. 

Flee  t  ot  the  Desert.  A  caravan. 
—  Wasldngion  Irving. 

Flonish  Account.  A  sum  less 
than  that  expecteci.  In  Antwerp  ac- 
counts were  kept  in  livres,  rols,  and 
pence ;  but  the  liv7€  or  pound  was  only 
]2s.,  8<)  that  what  the  Antwerp  merchant 
called  one  livro  thirteen  and  fourpcnce, 
would  in  English  currency  be  only  20s. 
In  "Notes  and  Queries"  we  have  an 
example  of  a  Flemish  account,  where 
JL373  Flemish  becomes  £213  28.  lOd. 
English. 

Flemish  School.  A  school  of 
painting  established  by  the  brothers 
Vail  Eyck,  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
The  chief  early  masters  were  Memling, 
Weyden,  Matsys,  Mabus,  and  Moro.  01 
the  tecomi  period,  Kubens  and  Vandyck, 


SnyderB,   Jordacns,    Caspar   do  Grayer-, 
and  the  younger  Tcniers. 

Flesh.  Ue  Jleshed  his  sicord.  Used 
it  for  the  first  time.  Men  Hahed  in. 
citielty — i.e.,  initiated  or  used  to  it.  A 
sportsman's  expression.  "When  a  sports- 
man wishes  to  encourage  a  younjr  dog  or 
hawk,  ho  will  allow  it  to  have  the  first 
game  it  catches  for  its  own  eating.  This 
"flesh"  is  the  first  it  has  tasted,  and 
ficshing  its  tooth  thus  gives  the  creature 
a  craving  for  similar  food.  Hence,  also, 
to  eat  with  avidity. 

The  wiU  d  ^« 
Shall  flish  liis  tt-oih  lu  every  innooeot. 

SKikapfirt,  "  1  Henri  J  V.,'  Ir^t, 

Flesh-pots.  Hijhing  for  Uie  fiesh- 
■poli  of  Eijtjpl.  Hankering  for  good 
things  no  lontcer  at  your  command.  The 
children  of  Israel  said  they  wished  they 
had  died  "  when  they  sat  by  the  flesh- 
j)ots  of  Egypt"  (Exodus  i\\.  3)  — i.e., 
when  they  s.-it  watching  the  boilers  which 
contained  the  meat  they  were  to  have 
for  dinner.  The  expression  also  means 
abundance  of  appetising  food. 

Fle'ta.  An  excellent  treatise  on  the 
common  law  of  England,  written  in  the 
fourteenth  century  by  an  unknown  writer, 
while  a  prisoner  in  the  Fleet. 

Fleurs-de-Lys    {Louis' 
fioicers),  at  one  time  supposed  to 
bo  the  iris    flower   or  blossom- 
ing flag,  which  was  accordingly 
atlopted    by    Louis    VII.    (1137-llSO), 
when  the  national  standard  was  thickly 
charged  with  these  flowers.     In  13ii5  the 
number  was  reduced  by  Charles  VI.  to 
three    (the    mystical    church    number). 
Givillim,  in  his  ''Display  of  Ileraldrie," 
1611,  saj-s   the  device  is  "  Three  toads 
erect,  saltant ; "    in  allusion  to       _  . 
which  Nostrada'mus,  in  the  si.\-  *^^ 
teenth    century,    calls  French     JJ*^ 
men  crapauds  (toads).    Recently 
it  has  been  thought  that  the  device  is 
really  a  "  bee   tiying,"  because  certain 
ornaments  resembling  bees  were  found 
in    the   tomb    of    Childeric,    father    of 
Clovis,   when    it   was  opened    in    1G53. 
These  bees  are  now  gooerally  believed  to 
be  the  fleurons  of  horse-trappings,  aud 
quite  independent  of  the  emblem. 

T/'ce  jleur-de-lys  was  chosen  by  Flavio 
Gio'ja  to  mark  the  north  point  of  th» 
comiiass,  out  of  compliment  to  the  king 
of  Naples,  who  was  of  French  dcBcenU 
(1302.) 


304 


FLIBBERTIGIBBET 


FLORA. 


Flibbertigibbet.  One  of  the  five 
ficnils  that  possessed  "  poor  Tom." 
Shakespeare  pot  it  froniBishoji  Harsnet's 
account  of  the  Spanish  invasion,  where 
we  are  told  of  forty  fiends  which  the 
Jesuits  cast  out,  and  amonL(  the  number 
was  Flil)erdif,'-il)et.  Sliakespeare  says, 
ho  "is  the  fiend  of  niojipiiiLT  and  raowin<,', 
who  possesses  chambermaids  ami  waiting 
women "  ("  Kinj^  Lear,"  iv.  2).  And, 
again,  that  he  "  begins  at  curfew  ancl 
walks  till  the  first  cock,"  giving  men 
pins  and  needles,  squint  eyes,  bare-lips, 
and  so  on.  —  Shakespeare,  "Lear,"  iii.  4. 

Flic  (French).  A  policeman  or  ser- 
geant de  ville.  "  Une  allusion  a  I'^pco 
d>;s  sergents  de  ville,  ou  plutot  aux  filches 
lies  archers  primitifs"  (Raille).  Hence, 
"  flic-flacs,"  thumps  and  thwacks. 

Flick.  To  strike  with  a  quick  jerk. 
To  "fiick  a  whip  in  one's  face"  is  to 
.■itrike  the  face  with  the  lash  and  draw 
the  whip  suddenly  back  again.  (Anglo- 
Saxon  ,yitcceri«;i/  Scotch,  jiicker ;  Danish, 
liikkeroi,  to  twinkle,  &c.) 

Flins  (a  stone).  An  idol  of  iho  an- 
cient Vandals  settled  in  Lusace.  It  was 
a  huge  stone,  draped,  weai'ing  a  lion's 
skin  over  its  shoulders,  ami  designed 
io  represent  di.-ath.  Mr.  Lower  says 
that  the  town  of  Flint  in  North  Wales 
is  named  in  honour  of  this  stone  deity, 
and  gives  Alwin  Flint  in  Suffolk  as  an- 
oilier  example. — Pal.  Brit. 

The  Welsh  call  Flint  Flird  Teg-cin-l 
(Flin's  beautiful  band  or  girdle). 

Flint  Im'plement.S.  Arrow-heads, 
axc-heads,  lance-heads,  and  knives,  made 
of  gi-anite,  jade,  serpentine,  jasper,  ba- 
salt, and  other  hard  stones.  The  first 
were  discovered  on  the  banks  of  the 
Somme,  near  Amiens  and  Abbeville,  but 
others  have  b.'en  discovered  in  Belgium, 
Germany,  Italy,  &c.  They  were  the 
rude  instruments  of  men  before  the  use 
of  metal  was  known. 

Flint  Jack.  Edward  Simpson,  an 
occasional  servant  of  Dr.  Young,  of 
Whitby,  So  called  because  he  used  to 
traMip  the  kingdom  vending  spurious 
fossils,  flint  arrow-heads,  stone  celts,  and 
other  imitation  antiquities.  Professor 
Tennant  charged  him  with  forging  these 
wares,  and  in  1S67  he  was  sent  to  prison 
for  theft. 


Flirt.  A  coquette.  The  word  is  from 
tho  verb  flirt  (to  move  to  and  fro  with  a 
pert  motion),  as  "to  flirt  a  fan."  Tho  fan 
being  used  for  coquetting,  those  who 
coquetted  were  called  fan-flirts.  Lady 
Frances  Shirley,  the  favourite  of  lord 
Chesterfield,  introduced  tho  wo— L  Flirt 
is  allied  io  jlxUter,  flit,  jerk,  ha. 

Flitter-mouse.  A  bat.  South  calls 
the  hat  a.  jlinder-rrio-iMe.  (Vscrm;i.xi,fleder- 
maus.) 

Flo  {French').    A  crowd;  ].nt.,Jluctiii. 

Puis  lor  tnimist  par  huiz  ouvprz 
Grand  flu  d' Anglois  de  fer  couvei-z. 

Gutllaume  Ouiart,  verse  16?2. 

Floaters  (^Stock-exchange  term').  Ex- 
chequer bills  and  other  unfunded  stock. 

Flog.  Flogginrj  the  dead  horse.  Try- 
ing to  revive  an  interest  in  a  subject  out 
of  date.  Bright  said  that  earl  Russell's 
"  reform  bill"  was  a  "  dead  horse,"  and 
every  attempt  to  create  any  enthusiasm 
in  its  favour  was  like  "  fl'-i^-qing  the  dead 
horse." 

Floor.  I  jfoored  kim.  Knocked  him 
down  on  the  floor;  hence  to  overcome, 
beat,  or  surpass.  Thus,  we  say  at  the 
university,  "  I  floored  that  paper" — i.e., 
answered  every  question  on  it.  "1  floored 
that  problem" — did  it  perfectly,  or  made 
myself  master  of  it. 

Floorer.  Thai  icas  a  fioorer.  That 
blow  knocked  the  man  down  on  the  floor. 
In  the  university  we  say,  "  That  paper 
or  question  was  a  fioorer ;"  meaning  it 
was  too  hard  to  be  mastered.  (See  above.) 

Flora.  Flowers  ;  all  the  vegetable 
productions  of  a  country  or  of  a  geo- 
logical  period,  as  the  flora  of  England, 
the  flora  of  the  coal  period.  Flora  wa« 
the  Roman  goddess  of  flowers. 

.\ni.ilier  Flora  there,  of  holder  hues, 
Aud  riclier  sweets,  be^'ond  our  pnrden's  pride. 
Thoynson,  "  Summir." 

Metropolis  of  Flora.  Aranjuez,  in 
Spain,  is  so  called,  from  its  many  beau- 
tiful gardens. 

Flora's  Dial.  A  dial  formeil  by 
Rowers  which  open  or  close  at  stated 
hours. 

I.    Dial  of  flowers  which  open — 
(a.)  The  first  twelve  hours. 

L. «.  oriies. 

1.  {Scnudinnrinn  Scwlh\>:U  <JoM«j 

S.     Yellow  (.ioat's-beard. 
8,    Common  Ox-toDEue. 


FLORDELICE. 


FLORIZEL. 


M 


4.  )I»wkweed;     Late-aaTreriiig   Dandelion:   and 

Wild  Succory. 

5.  White  Water-lily;  Naked-Stalked  Poppy;  and 

Smco'h  Sowtlii§th>. 
It.    Sliruhhv  Ilawkweed  and  Spotted  Cat's-ears. 

7.  W  hite  Water-lily  ;  Uardeo  Lettuce ;  and  African 

il  arigold. 

8.  Pcaili  t    I'lmpernel:    Mouac-ear    IJaTku'ecd; 

iiiid  Proliferous  PiDk. 

9.  Fiel  1  MariMld. 
1".     Ked  Saidivort. 

II.  Srar.if  Hethlehem. 
No<JU.  Ice  Plant. 

(6.)  The  second  twelve  hours. 

r.».  orKss. 

1.  ComTion  Purslane. 
'2.  {  Purple  Sandtcort  eio$fS.) 

3.  { Dandelion  rioaet.) 

*.  t  While  Spiderwort  doMtt.) 

i.  Julap. 

n.  Dark  Cmne's-bill. 

7.  (  \nked  itnlkrd  Fnppy  elosei.) 

8.  I  ilinnge  I>nt/-lilt/cli>ie'.) 

9.  Cactiu  Opuntia. 

III.  I'uri'le  Bindweed. 

11.     Nigtit-I'looming  Catch-fly. 
Hidlligbt.     {Late-Jloicerinf  OuiiJelion  eloiet) 

II.    Dial  of  closinj^  flowers — 
(a.)    The  first  twelve  hours. 

t.K.  CLOSES. 

I.  Scandinavian  Sowtliistle. 

t.  i  Yellow  aonrt-Ufirdoprnit 

3.  {Common  Oxlonffue  opens.) 

4.  (  irtld  Sueeory  opem.) 

5.  {Srrrrnl  S>ullt,^lles  open.) 
«.            {Sf'oiied  Cala  enr  op,;,,.} 

7.  Niiht-flowerinK  Ciitcb-tly 
8-    Evenine  Primrose. 

a.    Purple  Bindivec'l. 

10.  Yellow  Goat'8-beard 

11.  Bcthlolicm  Btar  (!a. fame. rim.-<A«iirt.). 
K.>oti.  Kieia  Sowiliistlo. 

(i  )  The  second  twelve  bou 

r.M.  CLOSKS. 

1.  Red  or  Proliferous  I'lnk. 

2.  purple  Sandwirt, 

3.  I)aii<!elioD,or  lielJ  Mariirold. 

C     \\  lite  :^pa'iewort  and  Field  Oimlworl. 

8.  ('••minon  Cit's-ears. 
«.     «  hi'e  Water-lily. 

7.  Naked-ptalked  Poppy. 

e.  Orange  Day-lily  and  Wili  Succnry. 

9.  Ooiivo'Tulus  I/'nux'uB  and  Chick«ee>i. 
jn.  Commiiu  Nii  ple-wurU 

1 1.     Sinootli  SowltiisMe. 
Midnight.  Creepius  Mallow  and  Late  Dandelion. 

Flor'delice  (3  syl.).  The  mistress 
of  Braii'diiuart.— ./IrtWo,  "Orlando  Fu- 
rioso." 

Florence.  The  German  Florence. 
Dresden  is  so  called. 

rioren'tius.  A  knight  who  bound 
himself  to  marry  a  "  foul  and  u^dy  witch," 
if  she  wonhl  teach  him  the  solution  of  n. 
riddle  on  which  his  life  depended. — 
Oower,  "  Confessio  Ainantis." 

Flor'ian  {St.).  Patron  saint  of  mer- 
sers,  beiny  himself  of  the  same  craft. 

Floria'ni.  A  sect  of  heretics  of  the 
Stoood   century     who    maiutnined    that 


God  is  the  author  of  evil,  and  taught  the 
Gnostic  doctrine  of  two  principles.  Flo- 
ria'nus  was  their  founder. 

Florid  Architecture.  The  latter 
division  of  the  perpendicular  stylo,  often 
called  the  Tudor,  remarkable  for  its  florid 
character  or  profusion  of  ornament. 

Flor'imel  [honey-jiower).  A  damsel 
of  great  beauty,  but  so  timid  that  she 
feared  the  "smallest  monstrous  mouse 
that  creeps  on  floor,"  and  was  abused  by 
every  one.  Her  form  was  simulated  by 
R  witch  out  of  wax,  but  tlie  wax  image 
melted,  leaving  nothing  behind  except 
the  girdle  that  was  round  the  waist. — 
6]p«»wcr,"/a/>;/(^«e<;n,"uk.iii.  4.8;  i  v. 1 1,1 2. 
Florimel  lovd  Mar'inel,  but  Proteus  cast  her  into 
a  dunceou,  fn  m  whicli  be  ng  relea>ei'.  by  the  ordei 
of  Neptune,  she  mrirrel  the  man  of  her  choic*. - 
6/><-M«rr,  -  Fniy  Uuceii.-  bk.  iv. 

."^t.  .Xmaiid  h  111  long  since  in  bitterness  repented  of 
a  transient  infntuatiun,  bad  long  sinre  distinguished 
the  true  Flonmel  from  the  false.— jir  JK.  li.  Lt/tton, 
"  Hil;'r\m*  o/tht  Rhine,"  iii. 

Flor'imel's  Girdle  gave  to  those 
who  could  wear  it  "  the  virtue  of  chaste 
love  and  wifehood  true ;"  but  if  any 
woman  not  chaste  and  faithful  put  it  on, 
it  "  loosed  or  tore  asunder."  It  was 
once  the  cestus  of  Venus,  made  by  her 
husband  Vulcan ;  but  when  she  wan 
toned  with  Mars  it  fell  off,  and  was  left 
on  the  "Aciiia'lian  mount," — Sjifnaer. 
''Fairy  Queen.'' b\i.  iv.  U,  Ti.  r.  Cin.'iTnv, 

Florin.  A  coin  ;  so  called  from  Flo- 
rence,  where  it  was  first  struck  in  thp 
thirteenth  century.  It  had  a  lily  on  one 
side  and  the  head  ©f  John  the  Baptist  on 
the  other. 

Flor'ipes  (3  syl,).  Sister  of  Sir  Fiera- 
bras,  daughter  of  Laban,  and  wife  of  Guy, 
the  nephew  of  Charlemagne, 

Florisan'do.  One  of  the  knights  of 
the  Spanish  version  of  "Am'adis  of 
Gaul,"  whose  exploits  and  adventures 
are  recounted  in  the  6th  and  following 
books.  This  part  of  the  romance  was 
added  by  Paez  de  Ribe'ra. 

Flor'isel  of  Nicea.  A  knight 
whoso  exploits  and  adventures  fonn  a 
supplemental  part  of  tho  Spanish  version 
of  "  Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Felicia'no  de  Silva. 

Flor'ismart.  One  of  Charlomagne'it 
pa!a<iins,  and  the  bosom  friend  of  Iloland. 

Flor'izel.  Prince  of  Bohemia  io 
love  with  Per'dita.  SJunLesvcart,  "  Win- 
ter's Tale." 


806 


FLOTSAM. 


FLDSIL 


Florizel.  Georfro  the  Fourth,  whon 
prince,  corrosponded,  under  this  name, 
with  Mrs.  UoV)insoa,  actress  and  poet, 
penerally  known  as  Perdita,  that  beintj 
the  character  in  which  she  first  attracted 
the  prince's  attention. 

Flotsam  and  Jetson.  Waifs 
found  in  the  8ea  or  on  the  shore.  "  Fkit- 
sam"  means  goods  found  flnnlinf)  on  the 
sea  after  a  wreck.  "  Jetson,"  things 
thrown  out  of  a  ship  to  lighten  it.  (Saxon, 
flotan,  to  float ;  French,  jder,  to  throw 
out.) 

Flower  of  Chivalry.  A  name 
given  to  several  cavaliens—e.g.,  WMlliara 
i)oui,das,  lord  of  Liddesdale,  in  the  four- 
teenth century. 

Sir  Philip  Sidney.     (1554-15S6.) 

Chevalier  do  Bayard  (/«  chevalier  toiif 
peur  et  sans  reproche).     (1476-1524.) 

Flower  of  Kings.  Arthur  is  so 
called  by  John  of  Exeter.  (Sixth  cen- 
tury.) 

Flower  of  Paradise.  The  Ipomoea 
or  Camala'ta,  called  by  Sir  W.  Jones 
"  Love's  creeper."  It  symbolises  that 
mythological  plant  which  fulfils  all  desire. 

Flowers  and  trees.— (I.)  Dedicated 
to  heathen  gods — 

The  Cornel  cherry-tree  to  Apollo. 

„    C'.vpiess  „    Pluto. 

„    Dittany  „    The  Moon. 

„    Laurel  „    Apollo. 

„    Lily  „   Juno. 

„    Mai'leti's-hair  „    Pluto 

„    Myrtle  „    Venus. 

K    Narcissus  „   Ceres. 

„    Oak  „   Jnpitor. 

„    Olive  n    Minerva. 

„    I'me-cuuc  ,,    Assv  rian  ctnifles. 

„    I'cippy  „    Ceies. 

,    Vine  „    Bacchus. 

(II.)  Dedicated  to  saints- 
Canterbury  Bells  to  St.  Augustine  of  Ensltal. 
CrocMs  „    St,  Valeutiue. 
Crown  Imperial  „    Edward  the  Confessor. 
Da  sy  „    St,  .'iUrgaret. 
llei  1)  Christopher  „    Si.  Chriitopher. 
Larty's-smock  „  The  Virgin  iMary. 
Kose  „    Mary  Magdalene. 
rt.  John's-wort  „    St.  Jolm. 
St.  Bnrnabj's  Thiotle  „    St  Barnabas 

(III.)  National  emblems- 
Leek  emblem  of  Wales. 
Lily  {Fleur-dc-hjt)  „  France. 

„     {Giglio  bianco)  „  i'lorencc, 

„    while  „  the  Ghibellinehalge. 

,,    red  „  badge  of  the  Ouelphs. 

Linden  a  Prussia, 

Mignonette  „  Sax'iuy. 

I'oiiiegrauate  n         Bpam. 

Kose  .         England. 

.,      red.  Lancastrians  ;  »liite.  York:»ij. 
Shamrock  embiem  of  Ireland 

rUsile  „  ScolUnd. 

Violet  ^  Athens  and  N'&poleoo. 

Sugar  WKola  CkuadjL. 


(IV.)  Symbols— 


Hoi 

U  »  -yn 

bol  of  the  rejiirrecHon. 

Cid.ini 

the  friilhfnl. 

Coni-e.ir« 

^ 

the  ll.ily  o.ininimloa. 
the  faithful. 

D.-iti-a 

„ 

(iniiica 

thin  Ih  my  lilood. 

llnlly 

the  remirrection. 

{.ify 

,, 

the  resurrection. 

„ 

purity. 

Olive 

„ 

jwace. 

Orin-e-Mosso 

m               t» 

virginity. 

I'.ilni 

„ 

victory. 

Kose 

,^ 

in.orruption. 

Vine 
Yew 

;; 

Christ  our  Life. 
de.%th. 

N.B.  — The  laiird,  onk,  olive,  myrtle,  rosemary, 
cyiiress,  and  ainarinth  arc  ull  funereal  plauta. 

Flower  Sermon.  A  sermon 
pronchcd  cm  Whit,  .Moinhiy  in  St  Cathe- 
riiiR  ('rco,  when  all  the  congregation 
wear  flow  CIS. 

Fluellen.  A  Welsh  cajitain  and 
great  pedant,  who,  amongst  other  learned 
quiddities,  attempted  to  draw  a  parallel 
between  Henry  V.  and  Alexan<ier  the 
Great;  but  when  ho  had  said  that  one 
was  born  at  Monmouth,  and  the  other  at 
Macedon,  both  beginning  with  the  same 
letter,  and  that  there  was  a  river  in  both 
citie.s,  he  had  exhausted  his  best  paral- 
lelisms.—  "Henry  V.,"  iv.  7. 

His  pa'  alUl  is,  in  all  PSS'ntial  circumstances,  a< 
incorrect  as  that  which  Fluellen  drew  between 
Maccdou  and  llonniuuth.  — Lorti  Uacavlny. 

Fluke.      Hap-hazard.      (Saxon,  JUk, 

whence  fiuke,  a  Hounder.) 

We  seem  to  have  discovered,  as  it  were  by  a  fluke, 
a  most  excellent  rule  for  all  tuture  Cabinet  arrange- 
ments.— Tht  Tunes. 

Flummery.  Flattering  nonsense, 
palaver.  In  Wales  it  is  a  food  made  of 
oatmeal  steeped  in  water  and  kept  till  it 
has  become  sour.  In  Cheshire  and  Lan- 
cashire it  is  the  prepared  skin  of  oatmeal 
mixed  with  honey,  ale,  or  milk ;  paj) ; 
bl.anc-mange.  (We'sh,  Uymry,  wash- 
brew,  from  II jm,  sour  or  .sharp.) 

Flunkey.  A  livery  servant.  (Old 
YvenohyJlanquifT,  a  henchman.) 

Flxir.  The  bride  of  Cas'sivelauu, 
"  for  whose  love  the  Roman  Cresar  first 
invaded  Britain." — Tennyson,  ^'  Enid." 

Flush.  I'm  all  of  a  flush.  My  whole 
hand  of  cards  is  of  one  and  the  same  suit  •. 
as  a  "flush  of  clubs,"  a  "flush  of  /learU," 
kc.     (iVe  beloip.) 

I  am  flush  of  money.  Ftill  of  money. 
A  flush  of  water  is  a  sudden  and  full  fl<jw 
of  it.     (Latin, /i<j:.) 

Strut  wn  not  very  fliuih  lu  Ittis]  ready —Or 
Arbuiht\ol. 


FLUTTER. 


FOIL. 


807 


Flutter.  A  very  weak  specimen  of  a 
fop,  in  tho  "Belle's  Stratagem,"  by  Jlrs. 
Cowley. 

Fly.  An  insect.  All  flies  shall  perish 
except  one,  and  that  is  the  bee-fly. — 
Koran. 

Tho  ancient  Egyptians  and  Canaanites 
used  to  adore  tho  "  god  of  flies  "  under  tho 
name  of  Beelzebub. 

A  Fly  has  three  eyes  and  two  com- 
pound eytjs,  each  of  which  ha»  4,0'.  0  facets. 

Crushing  a  Jiy  on  a  wheel.  Making  a 
mountain  of  a  iiiolo  hill.  TakiDf;  a  wheel 
used  for  torturing  criminals  and  heretics 
for  killing  a  fly,  whicli  one  might  destroy 
with  a  flapper. 

77(6  Jli/  on,  the  coach-wheel.  One  who 
fancies  himself  of  mighty  importance, 
but  who  is  in  reality  of  none  at  all.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  fable  of  a  fly  sitting  on 
a  chariot-wheel  and  saying,  "See  what 
a  dust  we  make." 

Not  a  fly  teiih  him.  Domitian,  the 
Roman  emj^eror,  was  fond  of  catching 
Hies,  and  one  of  his  slaves  being  asked  if 
the  emperor  was  alone,  wittily  repli<;d, 
"  Not  a  fly  with  him." 

Flies  in  Amber.  An  incongruous 
mixture  of  natural  objects,  which  cause 
wonderment,  like  flies  in  amber.  Leaves 
and  insects  are  often  found  imbedded  in 
amber,  and  the  fact  gave  rise  to  a  poli- 
tical satire,  where  a  learned  philosopher 
is  represented  as  noting  the  phenomenon, 
and  puzzling  his  brains  to  account  for 
it.     (.5e«AMBEH.) 

Fly.  A  hackney  coach ;  a  cab.  A 
contraction  of  Fly-hy-nighl,  as  sedan- 
chairs  on  wheels  used  to  be  called  iu  tho 
regenc}'.  These  "  Fly-by-nights,"  pa- 
tronised greatly  by  George,  Prince  of 
Wales,  and  his  boon  companions,  during 
their  wild  night  pranks  at  Brighton, 
wore  invented  1809,  by  John  Butcher,  a 
carpenter  of  Jew  Street. 

To  fly  in  one's  fuce.  To  get  into  a  pas- 
sion with  a  person  ;  to  insult ;  as  a 
hawk,  when  irritated,  flies  in  the  face  of 
its  master. 

To  fly  in  Ou  face  of  danger.  To  nm  in 
K  foolhardy  manner  into  danger,  as  a 
Lon  flies  in  the  face  of  a  dog  or  cat. 

Fly-boy.  l"he  boy  in  a  printing 
office  who  lifts  the  printed  sheets  off  tho 
press.  He  is  called  the  fly-boy  because 
he  Witches  tiiO  sheets  as  they  fly  from  tho 
tvoiiian    (7.V.)    iiii mediately  the  frisket 


{q.v.)  is  opened.    This  is  now  generally 

performed  by  tho  pressmen. 

Fly-by-night.  One  who  defrauds 
his  creditors  by  decamping  at  night- 
time.    {See  Fly.  ) 

Flying  Dutchman.  A  .spectral 
ship,  seen  in  stormy  weather  off  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  considered 
ominous  of  ill  luck.  Sir  Walter  Scott 
says  she  was  originally  a  vessel  laden 
with  precious  metal,  but  a  horrible  mur- 
der having  been  committed  on  board, 
the  plague  broke  out  among  the  crew, 
and  no  port  would  allow  the  vessel  to 
enter.  The  ill-fated  ship  still  wanders 
about  like  a  ghost,  doomed  to  be  sea- 
tossed,  but  never  more  to  enjoy  rest. 

Ko  flying  irilhoul  icings.  Nothing  can 
be  dono  without  the  proper  means. 

Sine  renni9  vola're  h;iud  facile  t»t—Pl:v.iii». 

Fogie  or  Fogey.  An  old  Fogey. 
Properly  an  old  military  {pensioner.  This 
term  is  derived  from  the  old  pensioners 
of  Edinburgh  Castle,  whose  chief  occupa- 
tion was  to  fire  the  guns,  or  assist  in 
quelling  street  riots.  The  word  is  allied 
to  a  host  of  Teutonic  words,  meaning 
policemen,  guards,  watchmen,  protectors, 
and  the  like  (q.v.^—fugat,  phogot,  voget, 
foged,  fogde,  kc.  Another  plausible 
derivation  is  tho  French /ou^weiu:— pep- 
pery, irritable,  tetchy.  A  correspondent 
in  "Notes  and  Queries"  tells  us  that  tho 
Scotch  use  the  word  fog  as  synonymous 
with  "  moss  ;  "  as  the  "  fopfic  rose  " 
(moss  rose);  the  "fogie  bee"  (humble 
bee)  ;  a  "  rolling  stone  gathers  no  fog" 
(moss);  and  thinks  that  "old  fogie" 
means  "old  mossy"  (like  a  ruined  tower). 
The  suggestion  is  not  without  wit  and 
poetical  ingenuity. 

Fo-hi  or  Foe.  One  of  the  chief  deities 
of  the  Chinese.  His  mother,  Moye,  was 
walking:  one  day  along  a  river  bank  when 
she  became  suddenly  encircled  by  a 
rainbow,  and  at  the  end  of  twelve  years 
was  the  mother  of  a  son.  During  gei- 
tation  she  dreamed  that  she  was  pregnant 
with  a  white  elephant,  and  hence  tho 
honours  paid  to  this  beast.  (Asiat.  lies.) 

Foigard.  A  h.umorous  French  re- 
fugee priest,  in  tho"  Boaux  Stratagem," 
by  Farquhar. 

Foil.  That  whiah  sets  off  something 
to  advantaL'e.  Tho  allusion  is  to  the 
metallic  loaf  used  by  jewellers  to  r*t  off 


808 


FOLIO. 


FONS. 


precious  stones.    (French, /cMiV/e;  Latin, 
folium;  Greek  phullon,  a  leaf. 

Hector  fts  a  foil  to  Bet  him  of!.— Ilrnomt. 

I'll  1)C  jour  fnil.  1  »erte9.    In  niinc  iiiiioiaucc 
Your  pliill  shall.  Itke  a  star  i'  the  darkest  uiiilit, 
Btivlc  liry  olf  ludec'd.  ..„,,..„ 

He  foiled  me.  He  outwitted  me.  The 
alUision  is  to  fightint?  with  foils  or  blunt 
swords.  Similar  expressions  are  "  I 
fpeared  liini,"  "I  hiupvuned  him,"  "I 
Iiookai  him,"  "1  piitd  him,"  kc.  &o. 
(Welsh, /i^v^  a  thrust.) 
If  I  he  foilr-d,  there  in  but  on-  thnm«d  who  never  was 
gracious. 

SlMkcgjiiiTt,  "  At  I'oy  Like  It,"  i.  2- 

To  run  a  foil.  To  puzzle ;  to  lead 
astray.  The  track  of  game  is  called  its 
foil;  and  an  animal  hunted  will  some- 
times run  back  over  the  same  foil,  in 
order  to  mislead  its  pursuers.  This  is 
the  Saxon  ful,  Genran  faul  (foul),  in 
allusion  to  the  scent  left  behind. 

Folio.  A  book  of  the  largest  size, 
formed  by  foldmg  the  paper  only  once, 
80  that  each  sheet  makes  two  leaves.  It 
is  from  the  Italian  un  libra  in  foglio, 
through  the  French  in-folio.  Fol.  is  the 
contraction  for  folio. 

Folio  {so-and-so)  in  mercantile  books 
means  page  so-and-so,  and  sometimes 
the  two  pages  which  lie  exposed  at  the 
same  time,  one  containing  the  credit  and 
the  other  the  debit  of  one  and  the  same 
account.  So  called  because  ledgers,  &c., 
are  made  in  folio.  The  paging  is  called 
the  folio  also. 

Folio.  In  conveyances  seventy-two 
words,  and  in  Parliamentary  proceedings 
ninety  words,  make  a  folio. 

Folk.  Latin,  vula'  (the  common 
people);  German,  volk ;  Dutch,  rolch  ; 
Saxon,  folc;  Danish,  folk;  our  folk  and 
vulgar. 

Folk,  fairies,  also  called  "  people," 
"  neighbours,"  "  wights."  The  Germans 
have  their  kldne  volk  (little  folk),  the 
Swiss  their  hill  people  and  earth  people. 

The  little  folk. 
So  h»?r7  "id  ^  )^"y.  «"'US€  themselves 
Hornet  11,(8  .<  It  '  fiusiui;  — 

Sonietimes  -.v  ith  dancius,  when  thej  jumpsnd  tpnos 
Like  the  young  skippiui;  kids  In  thc^  Alp-in-ass. 

H'l/.>,«.  ••  Idyll  of  Gertnuif  iiiui  Ji'Oij." 
In  the  hinder  end  of  harvest,  at  AU-l.oUow  een. 
When  our  uood  neinhVionrs  nde.  if  1  read  ripht. 
Borne  buckled  on  btenwand,  and  some  on  a  been.... 
it~m;gmn>-ry,  "  Flijlin,,!  ai/<iiiiit  Policnrl.'' 
i  OTOuche  thee  from  the  elvi^.  «nd  from  wighti. 
^Jiaucer,  "  Th4  UM<Tti  XaU." 


Folk-lore.  Legends,  traditions,  and 
siipeisliticjus  connected  with  fairy  ray- 
tholugy,  customs,  and  ways. 

Folk-mote  (a  folk  mcetin/f).  A  word 
used  in  England  before  the  conqiiest  for 
what  we  now  call  a  Parliament. 

FoUets.  GoVjlins  of  the  North  ol 
Franco,  who  live  in  the  houses  of  simple 
rustics,  and  can  be  expelled  neither  by 
water  not  exorcism.  They  can  be  heard 
but  are  never  seen.  In  the  singular 
number,  "Esprit  Follet." 

Follower.  A  male  sweetheart,  who 
follows  the  object  of  his  affections.  A 
word  very  common  among  servants. 
Mistresses  say  to  female  servants,  "  I 
allow  no  followers,"— i.e.,  I  do  not  allow 
men  to  come  into  my  house  to  see  you. 

Follow.  Follow  your  nose,  go  straight 
on.  Jlefollotced  his  nose,  he  went  on  and 
on  without  any  discretion  or  thought  of 
consequences. 

Folly.  Father  of  Folhj  {A  hu  Jahl)  an 
aged  chief  who  led  100  horse  and  700 
camels  against  Mnhoraet,  and  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Bedr.  His  own  people  called 
him  Father  of  Wisdom     (Abu'Lhoem). 

Folly.  A  countiy  seat  (French  Jbiie,  a 
hotise  built  for  the  sake  of  "  distraction"  or 
amusement). 

Fisher's  Folly.  A  large  and  beautiful 
house  in  Bishopsgate,  with  pleasure 
gardens,  bowling-green,  and  hot-houses, 
built  by  Jasper  Fisher,  one  of  the  six 
clerks  of  Chancery  ard  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace.     Queen  Elizabeth  lodged  there. 

Kirbv'9  CBstl",  and  Fishers  fody, 
Spiuola's  pleasure,  and  .Mecsf's  vlory 

Siowe. "'  Surve]/.' 

Fond.  A  foolish,  fond  parent.  Here 
fond  does  not  mean  affectionate,  but  silly. 
Chaucer  uses  the  word/o«««  for  a  simple- 
ton, and  the  Scotch  foii.  is  to  play  the 
fool.  Shakespeare  has  "fond  desire," 
"fond  love,"  "fond  shekels  of  gold," 
"  fond  wretch,"  ■'  fond  mad-woman,"  &c. 
"  Fondling"  means  an  idiot,  or  one  fond. 

See  how  simple  and  how  fond  I  am. 
Shakespeart.  "Murtitmimr  Aipht'n  Dream,"  lii.  & 
I'onder  than  icnorauce. 
Shakeape  ire,  "  TroU      and  Cremia,'  L  \. 

Fens  et  OrigO  (Latin),  the  primary 
cause.  Fax  U  focus,  the  instigator,  as 
Juno  was  ihe  /-ix  et  focus  of  the  X  ?jaa 
war. 


FONT. 


FOOLS. 


S09 


Font,  in  printin^j,  sometimes  called 
t'ourU,  a  complete  set  of  type  of  any  one 
size  with  all  the  usual  [joints  and  accents  ; 
a  font  consists  of  about  100,000  charac- 
ters. The  word  is  French  Jo)Ue  from 
foiidre  (to  melt  or  cast).  When  a  letter 
of  a  different  type  to  the  rest  gets  into 
a  page  it  is  called  a  "  wroni,'  font,"  and 
is  signified  in  the  margin  by  tho  two  let- 
ters w.f.  {See  Typk.) 

Taken,  to  Ike  foul,  baptised.  The  font 
i£  a  vessel  employed  for  baptism. 

PontaraTjia.  Now  called  Fuenter- 
raliia  (in  Latin  Fons  rap'idiis),  near  the 
Gulf  of  Ga.'i'cony.  Here,  accordiuj?  to 
Maria'na  and  other  Sjianish  historians, 
Charlemaorne  and  all  his  chivalry  fell  by 
the  sword  of  the  Spanish  Saracens. 
Mez'eray  and  the  French  writers  say  that 
tho  rear  of  the  kiiig-'s  army  bciu^  cut  to 
pieces,  Charlemasnie  returned  and  re- 
Teugcd  their  death  by  a  complete  victory. 

When  t'liarlrrav-ne  with  all  hii  peerage  ful 
B;  t'ouurabto. 

i/ 1.(011.  •'  I'  tridise  lott."  I>k.  L 

Food.  Sir  Walter  Scott  remarks  that 
tive  cattle  go  by  Saxon  names,  and  slain, 
meat  by  Norman-French,  a  stau<iiunf  evi- 
dence that  the  Normans  were  the  lords 
who  ate  the  meat,  and  the  Saxons  the 
serfs  who  tended  the  cattle.     Examples: 

.S)i«p       Ox      Calf    11. pg        Piz      (Siixon) 

)1utUiD  Buof  Vial   Uacoii    I'ork  iX^mum- French). 

Fund  of  the  gods.  (See  Amuiiosia, 
NtcT.vii.) 

Fool.  In  chess,  tho  French  call  the 
"  bishop  "  foil,  and  used  to  represent  the 
piece  in  a  fool's  dress ;  hence  Kegnier 
says,  "  Les  fous  sont  aux  tehees  los  plus 
proches  des  Rois"  (14  Sal.).  Foa  is  a 
corruption  of  tho  ea.'^torn  word  Fol  (an 
elepliant),  <as  Thomas  Hyde  remarks  in  his 
Ludis  OrieiUaliljiis  i.  4,  and  on  old  boards 
the  places  occupied  by  our  "bishops" 
were  occupied  by  elephants. 

A  Tom  Fool.  A  person  who  makes 
himself  riiliculous.     (Stc  ToM.) 

Tilt  «nc:ii-nl  aud  nuhle  family  of  Tom  ¥uo\.~Quar- 
Url„  KeiHLW. 

Kveri/  man.  Lath  a  fool  in,  his  sleeve.  No 
one  is  always  wise.  The  allusion  is  to 
the  tricks  of  jucfjlers. 

As  the  fool  ihinh,  so  the  bell  clinks 
(liatin,  "Quod  vaide  vol'umus  facile  cre'- 
diinus).  A  foolish  person  believes  what 
he  desires. 


F00I3. 

(I.)  Tlie  most  celebrated  court  fools: 

(<()  Da;r'onet,  jester  of  King:  Arthur 
Hayfere,  of  Henry  1.;  Scogan,  of  Edward 
IV.;  Thouias  Killi;irew,  called  "King 
Ciiailes's  jester''  (1C11-1G82);  Archie 
Aiinslrong,  jester  in  the  court  of 
Jatiies  I. 

(h)  Trib'oulet,  jester  of  Louia  XII.  and 
Frau9oi3  1.  (M87-lo3G);  Brusquet,  of 
whom  Lrantome  says  "he  never  had  his 
equal  in  repartee"' (l.H2-li>C3);  Chicot,  jes- 
ter of  Henri  1 1 1.  A  IV.  (15.^3-  l.o9 1);  Longe- 
ly.  of  Louis  Xlll.;  and  Aii'geli,  of  Louis 
XIV.,  last  of  the  titled  fools  of  France. 

(c)  Klaus  Narr.  jester  of  Frederick  the 
H'tV,  elector  of  Prussia. 

(d)  Yorick,  in  the  Court  of  Denmark, 
referred  to  by  tjhakespeiire  in  "Hamlet," 
V.  1. 

(11.)  Not  attached  to  the  court. 

(a)  I'atrick  Bonny,  jester  of  the  regent 
Morton;  .John  Hey  wood,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI 1.,  dramatist,  died  \r>o; 
Dickie  Pearce,  fool  of  tho  earl  of  Sull'-lk, 
ivhorte  epitaph  Swift  wrote. 

(i)  Kunz  von  der  Rosen,  private  jester 
to  the  emjieror  Maximilian  I. 

(c)  Gonnella  the  Italian  {q.v.). 

(d)  Le  Glorieux,  the  jester  of  Cliarlos 
lo  Uardi,  of  Burtruudy. 

(III.)  Men  worthy  of  the  motley. 

(a)  Andrew  Borde,  physician  to  Henry 
VIII.,  usually  called  Merry  A  adrew  (1500- 
1549). 

(i)  Gen.  Kyaw,  a  Faxon  officer,  famous 
for  his  blunt  jests. 

(c)  Jacob  Paul,  baron  Gundling,  who 
was  laden  with  titles  in  ridicule  by 
Frederick  William  I.  of  Prussia. 

(d)  Seigni  Jean  (Old  John),  so  called 
to  distinguish  him  from  Johan  "  fol  de 
Madame,"  of  whom  Marot  speaks  in  his 
epitaphs.  Seigni  Jean  lived  about  a 
century  before  Caillette. 

(e)  Caillette  "flourished"  about  1494. 
In  the  frontispiece  of  the  "  Ship  of 
Fools,"  printed  1497,  there  is  a  i>icture 
both  of  Seigni  Jean  au<l  also  of  (.'uillette. 

Feast  of  Fools.  A  kind  of  Saturna'lia, 
popular  ir.  tho  Middle  Ages.  Its  chief 
object  was  to  honour  tho  ass  on  which 
our  Lord  made  his  triumphant  entry 
into  Jerusalem.  This  ridiculous  mum- 
mery w.as  held  on  the  day  of  circ\im- 
cision  (.lanu.ary  1).  Tho  office  of  tho  day 
w.is  first  chanted  in  travesty;  then  a 
procession    being;   fonaod,    all    sorts   0/ 


no 


FOOL'S  BOLT. 


FOOTING. 


ahsurdities,  both  of  dross,  manner,  and 
iustruniftntatioii,  wcio  indul^^ed  in.  An 
n-sa  formed  an  essential  feature,  and  from 
time  to  time  the  whole  procession  imitata<l 
the  braying  of  this  animal. 

Fool's  Bolt.  A  fool's  boll  is  soon 
shot  ("Henry  V.,"  iii.  7).  Simpletons 
caimot  wait  for  the  proper  time,  but 
waste  their  resources  in  random  en- 
deavours; a  fool  and  his  money  are  soon 
parted.  The  allusion  is  to  the  British 
bowmen  in  battle,  where  the  good  soldier 
shot  with  a  purpose,  but  the  foolish 
soldier  at  random.  [See  Pro  v.  xxis.  11.) 

Foolscap.  A  corruption  of  the 
Italian. /'o/w-f«/)o  (folio-sized  sheet).  The 
error  must  have  been  very  ancient,  as  the 
water-mark  of  this  sort  of  paper  from 
the  thirteenth  to  the  seventeenth  century 
was  a  fool's  head,  with  cap  and  bells. 

Fool's  Paradise.  Unlawful  pleasure, 
illicit  love,  vain  hopes.  Thus,  in  "  Romeo 
and  Juliet,"  the  Nurse  snys  to  Romeo,  '•  If 
ye  should  lead  her  (Juliet)  into  a  fool's 
paradise,  it  were  a  gross  .  .  behaviour." 
The  old  schoolmen  said  there  were  three 
places  whore  persons  not  good  enough 
for  paradise  were  admitted :  (1)  The 
limhus  patnim,  for  those  good  men 
who  had  died  before  the  death  of  the 
Redeemer ;  (2)  The  limhtis  infantum  or 
paradise  of  unbaptised  infants;  and  (3) 
The  linibns  fatuo'nim  or  paradise  of  idiots 
and  others  who  were  noii  compos  me)itis, 
{See  LiJiBO.) 

Foot.  Greek,  pod';  Latin,  ped' ; 
P''rench,  pied  ;  Dutch,  voel  ;  Saxon,  fot.  ; 
our  fool,  pedal,  kc. 

Fool  of  a  page.     The  bottom  of  it. 

Fool-nola.  Notes  placed  at  the  bottom 
of  a  p.aga. 

A  trifl'ng  Biim  of  miserv 
B4W  added  to  ihe  foot  of  t!iy  account 

Drydtn. 

I  have  not  yet  got  my  fool  in.  I  am 
not  yet  familiar  and  easy  with  the 
work.  The  allusion  is  to  the  preliminary 
exercises  in  the  great  Roman  foot-race. 
While  the  signal  was  waited  for,  the 
candidates  m.ade  essays  of  jumping,  run- 
ning, and  posturing,  to  excite  a  suitable 
warmth  and  make  their  limbs  supple. 
This  was  "  getting  their  foot  in  "  for  the 
raco.     (^'eeHAND.) 

You  kave  put  ymir foot  in  it  nicely.  Toa 
hnvo  got  yourself  iulo  a  pretty  mess, 
(lu  French,  wus  accz  mis  le  pied  dedans.) 


When  porridge  is  burnt  or  m^ai  ovf-r- 
ro.istcd,  wo  say,  "The  bishop  hatli  put 
Lii'foot  in."    {See  Bisiior.) 

i'our  best  foot  foremost.  Use  all  pog- 
siblo  dispatch.  To  "set  on  foot"  is  to 
set  agoing;  so  here,  "yotir  best  foot" 
means  your  best  powers  of  motion.  1/ 
you  have  various  powers  of  motion,  set 
your  best  foremost. 

Kay,  but  make  hnate :  the  bct'er  foot  before. 
ahakcipiiure,  "  Ki:tu  Juhn,"  iv.  a. 

T^irii  away  thy  fool  from  llie  Sabbath 
(Isa.  Iviii.  13).  Abstain  from  working 
and  doing  your  own  pleasure  on  tluat 
day.  The  allusion  is  to  the  law  which 
prohibited  a  Jew  from  walking  on  a 
Sabbath  more  than  a  mUe.  He  was  not 
to  "foot  it"  on  that  day,  but  was  to 
turn  away  his  foot  from  the  road  and 
street.- 

/  have  the  measure  or  length  of  his  foot. 
I  know  the  exact  calilire  of  his  mind. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  Pythagore'an  ad- 
me.asurement  of  Hercules  by  the  length 
of  his  foot.     (See  Ex  pede.) 

The  matter  is  now  afoot.  In  train,  stir- 
ring.    II  marche  bien,  it  goes  on  well. 

Now  let  it  work.    Misch'ef,  thou  art  htaoi, 
Taki-  tiiou  what  course  thou  wilt. 

Shakespeare,  "Jidiug  Ccesar,"  ill  i. 

Foot-breadth  or  Qucm-hiter.  The 
sword  of  Thoralf  Skolinson  the  StroJig, 
a  companion  of  llako  I.  of  Norway.  {Set 
SwoUDS. ) 

Foot-lights.  To  appear  before  tlu 
fool-lights.  On  the  stage,  where  a  row 
of  lights  is  placed  in  front  along  the 
floor  to  lighten  it  up. 

Foot  Monsters.  In  the  Italian  ro- 
mance of  "  Guerino  Meschi'no,"  Indiana 
are  spoken  of  with  feet  so  large  that 
they  carry  them  over  (heir  heads  like 
umbrellas. 

Foot-pound.  The  unit  of  result 
in  estimating  work  done  by  machinery. 
Thus,  if  we  take  1  lb.  as  the  unit  of 
weight  and  1  foot  as  the  unit  of  dis- 
tance, a  foot-pound  would  be  1  lb.  weight 
raised  1  foot. 

Footing. 
the  world.. 
world.  This 
sur  un  grand 
pied  "  means 
sion  is  to  the 
the  rank  of 
the  size  of  hi 


He  is  on  good  footing  with 
He  stands  well  with  the 
is  a  French  phrase,  £trt 
pied  dans  le  monde.  "  Grand 
"large  foot,"  and  the  allu- 
time  of  Henry  YIIL,  when 
a  man  wa-s  designated  by 
s  shoe -the  bichor  the  rank 


FOPPINGTON. 


FORLORN. 


311 


the  lari,'er  tho  shoo.  T!io  proverb  would 
he  more  correctly  remlercil,  "  lie  has  a 
lar^ce  foot  in  society." 

To  pay  your  fooling.  To  pivo  money 
for  drink  when  you  first  enter  on  a  trade. 
Entry  money  for  beinff  allowed  to  put 
your  foot  in  the  promises  occupied  by 
feilow-crafismon.  This  word  is  called 
fool-aUhy  ancient  writers.  (6'e« Garnish.) 

Poppington  (Lord).  An  empty 
coxcomb,  in  Vanbriiijh's  "  Relapse,"  of 
which  Sheriilan's  "Trip  to  Scarborough" 
is  a  modified  version. 

Tlie  shoemaker  in  tlio  "  Rclap'^e"  tells  lord  Fop- 
•iincton  ttiat  liib  lordsliii)  is  mistaken  in  supposiug 
ibat  liiB  shoe  pinches.— Lord  Macaulai/. 

Forbes,  referred  to  by  Thomson  in 
his  "Seasons,"  was  Duncan  Forbes,  of 
Cullo'den,  lord  president  of  the  Court  of 
Session.     For  many  years  he  ruled  the 
destinies  and  greatly  contril)uted  to  the 
prosperity    of    Scotland.      lie    was    on 
friemlly   terms   with    Pope,    Swift,    Ar- 
buthnot,   &c.      The   word    is   now   pro- 
nounced as  a  monosyllable. 
Thee.  Forliea,  too,  whom  every  wortli  nfteudg..., 
1  hy  country  feels  thro"  her  reviving  .irts. 
Planned  by  thy  wisdom,  by  thy  soul  informed. 

Autumn. 

Forbidden  Fruit  (The),  Maho- 
metan doctors  aver,  was  the  banana  or 
Indian  fig,  because  fig-leaves  were  em- 
ployed to  cover  the  disobedient  pair 
wliuu  they  fell  siiiiiiio  as  the  result  of 
•iin.     CRlled  '"  i'aradisaicu." 

Forcible  Feeble  School.  Ap- 
plied to  writers  who  crush  flies  upon 
wheels,  and  elaborate  tliiii^'s  not  worth 
elaborating.  They  may  bo  ternjed  lite- 
rary Nathos.  Feeble,  a  recruit  (in 
"Henry  IV.,"  pt.  2),  calls  himself  a 
"  woniam's  tailor,"  but  says  "  ho  will  do 
his  best,"  that  "no  one  can  die  more 
than  once,"  and  "  if  one  dies  this  year 
he  cannot  die  next."  Falstalf  calls  him 
^'nio.^t  forcible  Feeble,"  "valiant  as  a 
wrathful  dovo  or  most  magnanimous 
mouse." 

Ford.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ford  are  cha- 
racters in  "Tho  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor." Mrs.  Ford  pretends  to  accept  Sir 
John  Fal.stair's  protestations  of  love,  in 
order  to  puiiLsh  him  by  her  devices. 

For'delia  (in  "Orlando  Furioso "). 
Wife  of  Jiran'din.art,  Orlando's  intimate 
friend.  When  Hrandimart  was  slain, 
gho  dwelt  for  a  time  in  his  mausoleum 
in  Sicily,  and  died  broken-h';artoJ.  lik.  xii. 


Fore  and  Aft.    The  whole  length 
of  a  ship  from  stem  to  stem.     Tho  atctn 
is  called  the  fore-end,  and  the  stern  the 
hind-pm-t  cr  a/l-end.     (See  Stehn.) 
A  slight  spar  de-.k  fore  and  aft.— Sir  Jf.  Raltif\. 

Fore-castle.  Ancient  ships  had  a 
castle,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  tapestry  o) 
tho  House  of  Lords,  representing  th« 
Spanish  Arma'da.  The  term  fore- castle 
means  before  the  castln.  The  Hc'maiii 
onll.'d  the  castled  ships  jiari's  liirri  tee. 

Tlat  part  of  the  fore-oa.itle  which  f»  aloft,  aiij 
not  in  the  hold,  is  called  the  praw.—Sir  W.  lialtii/h. 

Fore-close.  To  put  an  end  to.  A 
legal  term,  meaning  to  close  before  the 
time  specified  ;  ^r.e.— suppose  I  hold  the 
mortgage  of  a  man  called  A,  and  A  fails 
to  fu'fil  his  part  of  tho  agreement,  I  can 
insist  upon  the  mortgairo  lacing  cancelled, 
foreclosing  thus  our  agreement. 

The  embaiso  with  Spain  forecloeed  this  trade.— 
Carctp. 

Foro-shortened.  Not  viewed  late- 
rally, but  more  or  less  in  the  lino  of 
sight.  Thus  a  man's  leg  lying  on  the 
ground,  with  the  sole  of  the  foot  pre- 
sented foremost,  would  bo  perspecliveiy 
shortened. 

Ho  forbids  the  fore-shortenings,  b«caii±«  they 
make  the  i>art8  appear  little.— J>'j/<'«". 

Forfar.  Do  as  Ihe  cow  o'  Forfar  did, 
(ak' a  stiinnin  drink.  A  cow,  in  passiiit; 
a  door  in  Forfar,  where  a  tub  of  ale  had 
been  placed  to  cool,  drank  the  whole  of 
it.  Tho  owner  of  tho  ale  prosecuted  the 
owner  of  the  cow,  but  a  learned  bailin, 
in  giving  his  decision,  said,  "As  the  al(j 
was  drank  by  tho  cow  wh'.le  st.anding  at 
the  door,  it  must  be  considered  droc/i  an 
(loruis  (stirrup-cup),  to  make  a  rli:ir."- 
for  which  would  be  to  outrage  Scotch 
hospitality." —  Wavcrley. 

Foi  k  out.  Hand  over  ;  pay  do-«Ti  ; 
st.ind  treat.  Fingers  are  called  jo'ks,  and 
this  may  suffice  to  explain  the  phra.'>o  ; 
if  i;ot,  we  have  the  Saxon  vorliyacu/*  (to 
draw  out,  to  take),  and  "  fork  jut"  would 
bo  '"  f«c  out." 

Furks.  Tho  gallowa.  ^Latin,  yurcu); 
hence  Cicero  {t.U  iJiv.  \.  'Z^i),  "  Fereni  fur- 
cam  duclut  esi  "  (he  was  led  forth  bearing 
a  gallows).  A  tilave  so  punished  wad 
called  a  ''gallows-bearer"  (furcifcr). 

Forlorn  Hope  me.au8  8imi)ly  tho 
troop  sent  forward.  For-lorn  is  the 
Saxon  jorelioraii  (to  send  forward),  and 
hope  it  /Muife  (a  troop).     Cromwell  kayg, 


SI  2 


FORLOT. 


FOSCAKI. 


"  Our  forlorn  of  horse  marched  within  a 
mile  of  the  enemy" — i.e.,  our  horse 
picket  sent  forward  to  reconnoitre  ap- 
proached within  a  mile  of  the  enemy's 
camp.  In  huntsman's  language,  a  hound 
lliat  goes  before  tlio  rest  of  the  pack, 
and  follows  the  chase,  is  called  a,  forlorn, 
or  forloi/ne  one. 

Forlot  or  Firlol.  The  fourth  part  of 
R  boll.     From /cower  (four),  hlol  (I'ail). 

Forma  Pau'peris  (Latin,  Under 
plea  of  poverty).  To  sue  informd  pauperis. 
When  a  person  has  just  cause  of  a  suit, 
but  is  so  poor  that  he  cannot  raise  £.5, 
the  judge  will  assign  him  lawyers  and 
counsel  without  the  usual  fees. 

For'seti.  God  of  Justice  in  Scandi- 
navian niytbolog-y.  He  was  a  son  of 
Baldur,  and  lived  in  Glitner  Palace. 
(Old  Norse,  for-sitja,  to  preside. ) 

For'titer  in  Re  (Latin).  Firmness 
in  doing  what  is  to  be  done ;  an  unflinch- 
ing resolution  to  persevere  to  the  end. 

Fortunate  Islands.  Now  called 
the  Cana'ries. 

Fortuna'tus.  You  h<u-e  found  For- 
iMiatus's  purse.  Are  in  luck's  way.  The 
nursery  tale  of  "Fortuna'tus"  records 
that  he  had  an  ine.xhaustible  purse.  It 
is  from  the  Italian  fairy  tales  of  Strapa- 
rola,  called  "  Nights."  Tran.slated  into 
French  in  15S5.     (See  Wishing  Cup.) 

Fortune.     Fori cne  favours  the  hrave. 
fFortes    fortu'na    ad'juvat.)  —  Tertace, 
PLor'mio,"  i.  4. 

Fortu'nio.  The  assumed  name  of  a 
damsel,  yoiuigest  of  three  sisters,  who 
dressed  herself  as  a  cavalier  to  spare  her 
aged  father,  who  was  summoned  to  the 
army.  Fortuuio  on  the  way  engaged 
seven  servants :  Strong-back,  who  could 
carry  on  his  back  enough  li(iuor  to  fill  a 
river  ;  Lightfoot,  who  could  traverse  any 
distance  in  no  time;  Marksman,  who 
could  hit  an  object  at  any  distance;  Fine- 
ear,  who  could  hear  anything,  no  matter 
where  uttered  ;  Boisterer,  who  could  do 
AJiy  amount  of  cudgelling;  Gourmand, 
who  could  eat  any  amount  of  food  ;  and 
Tippler,  who  could  drink  a  river  dry  and 
thirst  again.  Fortunio  having  rendered 
'nvaluable  services  to  king  Alfourite.  by 
the  aid  of  i;er  seven  servants,  at  last 
mArried  him. — G^-imm's  Gohliiu,  "  For- 
tunio."   Counttss  Jj'Auinot),  "  Fair// Tales." 


Forty.  A  superstitious  number, 
arising  from  the  Scrij)ture  use.  Thus 
Moses  was  forty  days  in  the  mount ; 
Elijah  was  forty  days  fed  by  ravens ; 
the  rain  of  the  Hood  fell  forty  days,  and 
another  forty  days  exj.ired  before  Noah 
opened  the  window  of  the  ark ;  forty 
days  was  the  period  of  embalming;  Jonah 
gave  Nineveh  forty  days  to  repent ;  our 
Lord  fasted  forty  days ;  he  was  seen 
forty  days  after  his  resurrection  ;  &c. 

St.  Switliin  betokens  forty  days'  rain 
or  dry  weather  ;  a  quarantine  extends  to 
forty  days ;  forty  days,  in  the  old  Enirlish 
law,  was  the  limit  for  the  payment  of  the 
fine  for  manslaughter ;  the  privilege  of 
sanctuary  was  for  forty  days ;  the  widow 
was  allowed  to  remain  in  her  husband's 
house  for  forty  days  after  his  decease  ;  a 
knight  enjoined  forty  da^-s'  service  of  his 
tenant ;  a  stranger  at  the  expiration  of 
forty  days  was  compelled  to  be  enrolled 
in  some  tithing  ;  members  of  parliament 
were  protected  from  arrest  forty  daj-s 
after  the  prorogation  of  the  house,  and 
forty  days  before  the  house  was.  con- 
vened ;  a  new-made  burgess  had  to 
forfeit  forty  pence  unless  he  built  a  house 
within  forty  days  ;  kc.  ka. 

The  ancient  physicians  ascribe  many 
strange  changes  to  the  period  of  forty ;  the 
alchemists  looked  on  forty  days  as  the 
charmed  period  when  the  philosopher's 
stone  and  elixir  of  life  were  to  appear. 

Forty  Thieves.  In  the  tale  of 
' '  Ali  Baba'. " — A  rahian  Nijhl^ Entertain' 
ments. 

Forty  Winks.  A  short  nap.  Forty 
is  an  indefinite  number,  meaning  a  few. 
Thus  we  say,  "A,  B,  C,  and  forty  more." 
Coriola'nus  saj's,  "  I  could  beat  forty  of 
them,"  iii.  1.    (^See  Forty.) 

The  el  ive  bad  forty  thousand  livtg 

SI,„Usi>tnit,  ••  (>iit,t!u,''  iii.  t 
I  love'i  Opl.ila  ;  fi^rty  thou6.iud  br  Jtherg 
Ci'ul  I  uot,  witli  all  iheir  quautlt;  uf  love 
Make  up  mj  eum. 

Shakeaptare.  "  llafnlet,"  t.  1 

Fos'cari  {Francis).  Doge  of  Venio«. 
He  occupied  the  oflSce  for  thirty-five 
years,  added  Brescia,  Ber'gamo,  Crema, 
and  Ravenna  to  the  Itepublic,  greatly 
improved  the  city,  and  raised  Venice  to 
the  pinnacle  of  its  glory.  Of  his  four 
sons  only  one,  named  Jac'opo,  survived, 
who  was  thrice  tortured.  Before  his  final 
banishment,  the  old  doge,  then  eighty- 
four  years  of  age,  hobbled  on  crutchas  t/j 
the  gaol  where  his  son  was  confined,  but 


FOSE  T  A. 


FOUR. 


313 


would  not  mitifrato  the  sentence  of  "  Tlie 
Ten."  His  son,  being  banished  to  Candia, 
died,  and  Francis  was  deposed.  As  he 
descendeil  the  Giant  Staircase  he  heard 
the  bell  toll  for  the  election  of  bis  suc- 
ces.sor,  and  dropped  down  dead. — Byron, 
"  T/ie  T(CO  Foscari." 

Jacopo  Fos'cari.  Denounced  by  the 
Council  of  Ten  for  taking  bribes  of 
foreign  powers.  He  was  tried  before  his 
own  father,  confessed  his  guilt,  and  was 
banished.  During  his  bani.shment  a 
Venetian  senator  was  nmrdcred,  and 
Jacofio,  being  suspected  of  complicity  in 
the  crime,  was  again  tortured  and  ban- 
ished. He  returned  to  Venice,  was  onoe 
more  brought  before  the  council,  sub- 
jected to  torture,  and  banished  to  Candia, 
where  in  a  few  days  he  died. 

Noitiini!  can  svmpathise  with  Fogoari. 

Nut  e'eu  ;i  Foscari. 

JJ</ron,  "  Tht  Tico  Foicarx." 

Fos'eta.  A  Frissian  goddess,  who 
had  a  temple  in  Fos'etis-land.  Ca'led, 
since  the  preaching  there  of  St.  Willibrod 
in  tlio  seventh  century,  Uel'igolanl  {Iluly 
tan'/)- 

Foss  {Corporal).  An  attendant  on 
lieutenant  Worthington.  A  similar  cha- 
racter to  Trim,  in  Sterne's  "  Tristram 
Shandy."— Or.  C'olman,  "  Tke  Poor  Gea- 
Uemnn." 

Foss-way.  One  of  the  four  prin- 
cipal highways  made  by  the  K>-nians  in 
England,  loading  from  Cornwall  to  Lin- 
c.)ln.  It  had  a  foss  or  ditch  on  each  side 
of  it. 

Fossa  et  Furca  [Piiand  Oallows). 
An  ancient  privilege  granted  by  tho 
crown  to  its  vas.sais,  to  cast  female  felons 
into  a  ditch,  and  hang  male  ones  on  a 
gallows. 

Fossils.  Things  dug  up,  animal  and 
vegetal)le  remains  dug  out  of  the  earth. 
[\j:\i\n,  J'diUo,  to  dig  up.) 

Many  other  bxiioa.  »hi';h,  becauae  we  discover 
t'-ern  l>y  divsiog  luto  the  I'Owcla  of  Hie  eiith.  are 
lallel  \'j  one  i:oinmou  u.ime,  ,h>mil*  nu'li-r  which 
sreco'nprehcndei  meials  and  uiincrali.  (No',  aow.j 
—  Lucke. 

Foster  Brother  or  Sister.  One 
brought  up  by  the  same  nurse. 

A  foxlcr-ckild  is  one  brotight  tip  by 
those  who  are  not  its  real  parents.  (Saxon, 
fosfrian,  Danish,  _Ai.<()-«-,  to  nurse.) 

Fot'tei  (3  syl.)  or  Miroku'.  God  of 
health  and  wealth,  represented  with  a 
vei-y  projecting  paunch  iJnpanat  my- 
iKology). 


Fou  Drunk.  "  Wilbraham  has/ou- 
t/i-uj./t"— i.e.,  is  de-picably  drunk,  dead 
drunk.  French,  /u(t,  "  mad,"  as  Jou- 
tnraije;  or  simply /u',  i.e.,  "full,"  "in- 
tensive," as  \\\  juU-oJl,  '•fult-ir''!l  ye  reject 
the  conimandiueut  of  God,"  Mark  vii.  tt. 

Foul  Proof.  A  proof  is  a  rough 
impression  of  a  manuscript  set  up  in 
type,  or  of  a  drawing  engraved,  for  the 
author's  correction.  The  proof  with 
many  faults  is  a  foul  [)roof,  but  tho 
"  pull  "  after  the  errors  are  corrected  if 
termed  a  c/ea/iproof.  These  impressions 
are  called  proofs  because  they  must  be 
rt/j/jrocerf  0/ by  author  and  reader  before 
they  are  finally  printed. 

Foul- weather  Jack.  Com  mod.  .ra 
Byron,  said  to  be  as  notorious  for  foul 
weather,  as  our  queen  is  for  fine.  (1723 
17S6.) 

Admiral  Sir  John  Norris,  who  die<i 
I741J. 

Fountain  of  Death.  In  "Jeru- 
salem Delivered,"  the  hermit  tells  Ch.-.rles 
and  Ubald  of  a  fount;\in,  the  sight  of 
which  excites  thirst,  but  those  who  taste 
its  water  die  with  lauglitcr. 

Pompo'nius  Me'la  speaks  of  a  fountain 
in  the  Fortunate  Islands,  "  Qui  potavu're 
risu  solvuiitur  in  mortem."  Fetrarch 
alludes  to  the  same. 

These  fountainssjinbolisetho  pleasures 
of  sin. 

Fountain  of  Youth.  A  foiuitalD 
8upi)osed  to  jiossess  the  power  of  restoring 
youth.  It  was  thought  to  be  on  one  of  t!ie 
Baha'ma  Islands. 

Four  Kinecs.  The  History  nf  (he 
Four  Kinys  (Livre  des  Quatre  Kois).  A 
pai.k  of  cards.  In  a  French  pack  tho 
four  kings  are  Charlemagne,  Daviil, 
Alexander,  and  Ca;sar,  representatives  of 
the  Frauco-Geiman,  Jewish  or  Christian, 
Macedonian,  and  Roman  monarchies. 

Four  lietters,  containing  tho  name 
of  Goii,  and  culled  by  Kabbius  "  tetra- 
grammatou."  Thus,  in  llebrow,  Jll  VII 
(JolloVall)  ;  in  Greek,  t)ios;  in  Latin, 
Dcm;  in  French,  Dim;  in  Assyrian, 
Adut;  Dutch,  Godt;  German,  Gott; 
Danish,  Godh;  Swedish,  Goth;  Fersian, 
Sunt;  Arabic,  Alia;  Cabalistic,  Ayla; 
Egyptian,  ^uvf;  Spanish,  Dios;  Itoliun, 
Idio,  Ac. 

Four  Masters.  Michael  and  Cu- 
coirighe  OClerighe,  Maurice  and  Fear- 


314 


FOURIEniSM. 


FRAME. 


feafa  Conry,  authors  of  tbo  "  Annals  of 
Douogal." 

Fou'rierism.  A  comni.jnistic  sys- 
tem so  calleil  from  Charles  Fourier,  of 
Bosaii(,'ou.  Accordii)!,'  to  Fourier  all  the 
world  was  to  be  cautonod  into  groups, 
called  phalansteries,  consisting  each  of 
400  families  or  1,800  iiidividiials,  who 
were  to  live  in  a  common  edifice,  fur- 
nished with  workshops,  studios,  and 
all  sources  of  amusement.  The  several 
groups  were  at  the  same  time  to  be  asso- 
ciated together  under  a  unitary  govern- 
ment, like  the  cantons  of  Switzerland  or 
the  States  of  America.  Only  one  lan- 
guage was  to  be  admitted  ;  all  the  gains 
of  each  phalanstery  were  to  belong  to 
the  common  purse ;  and  though  talent 
and  industry  wero  to  be  rewarded,  do 
one  was  tc  be  suffered  to  remain  indigent, 
or  without  the  enjoyment  of  certain 
luxuries  and  public  amusement.  (1772- 
1837). 

Fou'rierists.  French  communists, 
60  called  from  Charles  Fourier.  (See 
above.) 

Fowler.  Henry  (he  Fowler.  Hcin- 
rich  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  was  so  called, 
because  when  the  deputies  announced  to 
him  his  election  to  the  throne,  they  found 
him  fowling  with  a  hawk  on  his  list. 
1876,  919-y3d.) 

Fox,  An  old  English  broadsword. 
(Latin,  fulx;  French,  fav.chon;  our  Jal- 
chion. ) 

0  signienr  Dew,  thon  dy'st  on  roint  of  foz, 
V'.xcept,  O  eiguieur,  thou  do  give  to  me 
iigrtgious  lansini, 

ahakespeare,  "  Jlenry  I'.,"  it.  4. 

1  haJ  a  sword,  ay,  the  flower  of  SinilhficH  for  a 
(word,  a  rU'lit  fox  i'failli.— I'wo  Angry  Women  vf 
Ahtiiijlon.    USH'J.) 

Fox.  So  our  Lord  called  Herod  Antipas, 
whose  crafty  policy  was  thus  pointed  at, 
'•(jo  ve,  ami  tell  that  fox,  Behold,  I  cast 
out  dL-vils"  '61.  Luke  xiii.  32).  (b.c.  4— 
A.D.  32.) 

Marsha\  Sonlt  was  nicknamed  77iC  old 
Fox,  from  his  strategic  talents  and  fer- 
tility   of    resources.     (17tJ9-lS51.)     (See 

llKYNARD.. 

Fox.  In  illustration  of  Shylock  s 
remark,  that  some  men  "  cannot  abide  a 
gaping  pig,  and  others  a  harmless  cat," 
it  may  be  stated  that  Tycho  Brahe'  always 
fainted  at  sight  of  a.  fox;  marshal  d' Albert 
at  a  pig;  Henri  III.  at  a  cat  ;  and  duke 
d'Eremon  at  a  levertl. 


A  wise  fox  will  never  rob  hit  netfjAhonrt 
hen-roofl,  because  it  would  soon  bo  found 
out.  He  goes  further  from  home,  where 
be  is  not  known. 

Evenj  fox  mtut  pay  his  skin  to  tJie  fur. 
rier.  (French,  En  fin.  le  rma.rd  se  Irouvf 
chez  le  pe/letier.)  The  crafty  shall  bo 
taken  in  their  own  wiliness. 


lie  sets  a  fox  to  keep  his  geese,  (lialin, 
Ovem  Itipo  commisitti.)  Ho  entrusted 
his  money  to  sharpers. 

Fox-glove,  called  by  the  Welsh 
Fairy's  ;/love,and  by  the  Irish  Faiiyliell.'>, 
is  cither  a  corruption  of  Folk's  glove — 
i.e.,  the  glove  of  the  good  folks  or  fairies, 
or  else  of  the  Saxon  fux[es]-glofa,  red  oi 
fox-coloured  glove. 

Fox-sleep.  A  protended  sleep.  The 
fox,  like  the  cat,  simulates  sleep  in  order 
to  deceive  its  prey.  It  is  said  that  a 
fox  always  sleeps  with  one  eye  open. 

Fox-tail.  /  gave  him  a  flap  with  a 
fox-tail.  I  cajoled  him  ;  made  a  fool  of 
him.  The  fox-tail  was  one  of  the  badges 
of  the  motley,  and  to  flap  with  a  fox-t;iil 
is  to  treat  one  like  a  fool. 

Foxy.  Strong-smelling,  orrod-hairau; 
like  a  fox. 

Fra  Diav'olo  (Michele  Pozza).  A 
celebrated  brigand  and  renegade  monk, 
who  evaded  pursuit  for  many  years 
amidst  the  mountains  of  Calabria  (UOu- 
1806).  Auber  has  made  him  the  subject 
of  an  opera. 

Fradu'bio  (Brother  Doubt),  says 
Spenser,  wooed  and  won  Duessa  (False- 
faith) ;  but  one  day,  while  .-he  was  bathing, 
discovered  her  to  be  a  "  filthy  old  hag," 
and  re.solved  to  leave  her.  False-faith 
instantly  metamoriihosed  him  into  a  trco, 
and  lie  will  never  bo  relieved  till  "he 
can  be  bathed  from  tlio  well  of  living 
water." — "Faery  t^ucen,"  book  i.  2. 

Frame  of  Irlind.  Disposition.  A 
vriiiter's  frame  is  a  stand  on  which  th  i 
type  is  dis-posed  ;  a  founder's  frame  is  ;i 
riiould  into  which  molten  metal  is  dis- 
posal or  poured  ;  a  weaver's  frame  is  n 
loom  where  the  silk  or  thread  is  dis- 
posed or  stretched  for  quilting,  &c. ;  a 
picture  frame  is  an  ornamental  edging 
within  which  the  picture  is  dis-posed  ;  a 
mer.tal  frame,  therefore,  is  the  boundary 
within  which  the  feelings  of  the  mind 
we  di8-i>os3d. 


TEANCE. 


FREA. 


816 


France.  The  lieralriic  device  of  the 
city  of  Paris  is  a  sMp  As  Sauval  says, 
"  L'ile  de  la  cit€  est  faite  comme  uii 
graud  navire  enfoiic^  dans  la  vase,  et 
lchou6  au  fil  de  I'eau  vers  le  milieu  de  la 
Seine."  This  form  of  a  ship  stnick  the 
heraldic  scribes,  who  in  tt>e  latter  part 
of  the  middle  as^es  emblazoned  a  ship  on 
the  shield  of  Paris. 

Franoes'ca.  A  Venetian  maiden, 
daughter  of  Minotti,  covornorof  Corinth. 
She  loved  Alp,  and  tried  to  restore  him 
to  his  country  and  faith,  but,  as  he  re- 
fused to  recant,  gave  him  up,  and  died 
broken-hearted. — liyron,  "  iiiege  of  Co- 
rinth." 

Frances'ca  da  Rim'ini.  Daugh- 
ter of  Guido  da  Polenta,  lord  of  Ravenna. 
Her  story  is  told  in  Dante's  "  Inferno  " 
(c.  v.).  She  was  married  to  Lanciolto 
Malatpsia,  lord  of  Kiinini,  but  couiraiitt'd 
adultery  with  Paolo,  her  husband's 
brother.  Both  were  put  to  death  by  him 
in  1389.  Leigh  Hunt  has  a  ponni,  and 
6iivio  Pellico  a  tra^'ed}',  on  the  subject. 

Francis'cans,  or  Min'nriles  (3  syl.). 
Founded  in  120S  by  St.  Francis  of  Assisi, 
who  called  poverty  "his  bride."  Poverty 
was  the  ruling  principle  of  the  order. 
Duns  Scotus,  lioger  Bacon,  cardinal 
Ximones,  Ganganelli,  &c.,  were  of  this 
order. 

Frangipa'ni.  A  powerful  Roman 
family.  So  called  from  their  benevolent 
distribution  of  bread  during  a  famine. 

Frangipani.  A  delicious  perfume, 
made  of  spices,  orris-root,  and  musk, 
in  imitation  of  real  Fran^jjani.  Mer- 
cutio  Frangipani,  the  fainous  Italian 
botanist,  visited  the  West  Indies  in 
1493.  The  sailors  perceived  a  delicious 
fragrance  as  they  neared  Antig'ua,  and 
Mcrcutio  told  them  it  proceeded  from 
the  Plum^ria  A  Iba.  The  plant  was 
re-named  Frangipani,  and  tho  distilled 
essence  received  the  same  name. 

Frangipani  pudding  is  pudding  made 
of  broken  bread.  (Fraiigere,  to  break ; 
panit,  bread.) 

Frank.  A  name  given  by  the  Turks, 
Greeks,  and  Aru'ns,  to  any  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  tho  western  i)art8  of  Europe,  as 
tho  English,  Italians,  Germans,  Spaniards, 
French,  &c. 

Frank  Pledge.  Neighbours  bound 
for  e.T.ch  other's  g  >od  conduct.     Ilallam 


says  every  ten  men  in  a  villago  wcra 
answerable  for  each  other,  and  if  one  of 
them  committed  an  offence  the  other 
nine  were  bound  to  make  rei>arati<.'n. 
The  word  means  the  security  given  by 
Franklins  or  free-men. 

Frankeleynes  Tale,  in  Cliaucer, 
reseiiililes  one  in  Boccaccio,  "  Decan;e- 
ron,"  Day  x.  No.  5,  and  one  in  the  fifth 
book  of  his  "Philocop©."  (.S««Douigex.) 

Frank'enstein  (3  syl.).  A  young 
student,  who  made  a  soulless  monster 
out  of  fragments  of  men  picked  up  from 
churchyards  and  dissecting-rooms,  and 
endued'  it  with  life  by  galvanism.  Th*^ 
tale,  written  by  Mrs.  Shelley,  shows  ho  v 
the  creature  longed  for  sympathy,  but 
was  shunned  by  every  one.  It  was  only 
animal  life,  a  parody  on  the  creature 
man,  po:verfvd  for  evil,  and  the  instru- 
ment of  dreadful  retribution  on  the  stu- 
dent who  u.surped  the  prerogative  of  tho 
Creator. 

The  Southern  Confederacy  will  be  the  soullcj* 
monster  of  Frankenstein.— C/writa  Sunmcr. 

Frankforters.  The  people  of 
Frankfort. 

Franklin.  The  Polish  Fraidlin. 
Thaddeus  Czacki.     (17(55-1813.) 

Frantic.  Brain-struck  (Greek, /)/i)«h, 

the  brain),  madness  being  a  disorder  ot 

the  brain. 

Cebel')  frantic  rites  hsre  made  tlitm  mad. 

Upcuser, 

Frater.  An  Abram-man  (7.?') 
(I-atin, /ru^er,  a  brother,  one  of  the  same 
community  or  society.) 

Frat'eret'to.  A  fiend  mentioned  by 
Edgar  in  tho  tragedy  of  "  King  Lear." 

Fi-atcretto  calls  me,  and  tells  me  Nero  is  an  antler 
in  f!if  lake  of  li^rkiiess.  I'niy.  inuoecnC,  aud  i>e- 
ware  of  the  foul  ii<:ui,—Act  ill.  G. 

Frat'ery.  The  refectory  of  a  mona.**- 
tery,  or  chief  room  of  a  frater-house.  A 
frater  is  a  member  of  a  fraternity  or 
society  of  nionks.  (Latin,  J'raler,  a  bro- 
ther. ) 

Fraticellians  {Lillle  Hreihrtn).  A 
sect  of  the  Middle  Ages,  who  clainied  to 
be  the  only  true  Church,  and  threw  oil 
all  subjection  to  the  pope,  whom  they 
donouncO(l  as  an  apostate.  Thoy  wholiy 
disappeared  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

Fre'a.  The  .\nglo-Saxon  form  of 
Frigga,  wife  of  Odiu.  Our  Friday  i.s 
Area's  daeg. 


816 


FREE. 


FRENCHMAN. 


Free.  A  free  and  eaay,  a  social 
Ifatlierin;^  where  persons  meet  tocfether 
without  formality  to  chat  and  sinol^e. 

Free  Bench  {fmnaDi  bayicHs).  The 
widow's  riurht  to  a  coj)yhold.  It  is  not  a 
dower  or  gift,  luit  a  free  right  indepen- 
dent of  the  will  of  the  husband.  Called 
bench  because,  upon  acceding  to  the  estate, 
she  Li<)coines  a  tenant  of  the  manor,  and 
one  of  the  benchers— i.e.,  persons  wlio  sit 
on  the  bench  occupied  by  tiie  pares  curix. 

Freebooter  means  a  free  rover. 
(Dutch,  buiteii.  to  rove,  vrhence  vry  butter ; 
German,  freibeuler,  &.c.) 

His  forces  cou»i^ted  mosllj  of  base  people  and 
ITee-booters. — Ii"CM>.. 

Freeholds.  Estates  which  owe  no 
dutj'  or  service  to  any  lord  but  the  sove- 
reign.    (.See  Copyhold.) 

Free-lances.  Roving  companies  of 
knights,  kc,  who  wandered  from  place 
to  place,  after  the  Crusades,  selling  their 
services  to  any  one  who  woul(i  pay  for 
them.  In  lUily  they  were  termed  Con- 
dottie'ri. 

Freeman  (ilA''.'.).  A  name  assumed 
by  the  duchess  of  Marlborough  in  her 
correspondence  with  <pieen  Anne.  Tlie 
queen  called  lierself  Jlrs.  Morloy. 

Freeman  of  Bucks.  A  cuckold. 
The  allusion  is  to  tlie  buck's  horn.     {See 

HOKNS.) 

Freeman's  Quay.  Drinl-iv/j  at 
Freeman's  Qwn/.  Free  of  cost.  There 
was  once  a  celebrated  wharf  so  called, 
near  London  Bridge,  where  the  porters, 
carmen,  &.C.,  had  beer  given  tliem  gratis. 

Freemasons.  In  the  Rliddle  Ages 
a  giuld  of  masons  speeiidly  employed  in 
building  cliurches.  Callo<l  ''free"  be- 
cause exempted  by  several  papal  bulls 
frojn  the  laws  which  bore  upon  common 
craftsmen,  and  exempt  from  the  burdens 
thrown  on  the  working  classes. 

The  Lady  freemason  was  the  Hon.  Miss 
Flizabeth  St.  Leger,  daughter  of  Lord 
Doneraile,  who  (says  the  tale)  hid  herself 
in  an  empty  clock-case  when  the  lodge 
was  held  in  her  father's  house,  and 
witnessed  the  proceedings.  She  was  dis- 
covered, and  compelled  to  submit  to 
initiation  as  a  member  of  the  craft. 

Freeport  [Sir  A  ndmo).  A  London 
merchant,  industrious,  generous,  and  of 
great   g^ood   sense.     He  was  one  of  Hie 


members  of  the  hypothetical  club  under 
whose  auspices  the  "Spectator"  w.-ui 
pulili.diod. 

Free-spirit.  Brelhren  of  the  Fret 
Spirit,  a  fanatical  sect,  between  tho 
thirteenth  and  fifteenth  century,  diffused 
through  Italy,  France,  and  (jcrmany. 
Tlioy  claimed  "freedom  of  s])irit,"  and 
baseil  their  claims  on  Romans  viii.  2 — 14, 
"The  law  of  the  S|)irit  bath  made  me 
free  from  the  law  of  sin  and  death." 

Freestone  is  Portland  stone,  which 
cuts/ne/'/  in  any  direction. 

Free-thinker.  One  who  thinks 
unbiassed  by  revelation  or  ecclesiastical 
canons,  as  deists  au'l  atheists. 

Atheist  ii  an  ol.i-fa«hioued  word.     I  am  a  freo- 

thiiiker.-/l(W"sr.«, 

Free  Trade.  The  Apostle  of  Free 
Trade.     Ri.;hard  Cobden  (1804-65). 

Freezing-Point.  "We  generally 
mean  by  this  expression  that  degree  o\ 
Fahrenheit's  thermometer  which  indi- 
cates the  temi)erature  of  frozen  water — 
viz.,  32°  above  zero.  If  we  mean  any 
other  liquid  we  adil  the  name,  as  the 
freezing-point  of  milk,  sulphuric  ether, 
ipiicksilver,  and  so  on.  In  centigrade 
and  Reaumur's  instruments  zero  marks 
the  freezing-point. 

Freischiitz  (pronounce  frii-slioots), 
the  free-shooter,  a  legendary  German 
archer  in  league  with  the  devil,  who  gave 
him  seven  balls,  six  of  which  were  to  hit 
infallibly  whatever  the  marksniiin  aimed 
at,  and  the  seventh  was  to  be  directed 
according  to  the  will  of  his  co-partner. 
F.  Kind  made  the  libretto,  and  Weber 
set  to  music,  tlie  opera  based  on  the 
legend,  called  "  Der  Freischutz." 

Freki  and  Geri.  The  twj  wolves 
of  Odin. 

French  Cream.  Brandy.  In  France 
it  is  extremely  general  to  drink  after 
dinner  a  cup  of  coffee  with  a  glass  of 
brandy  in  it  instead  of  cream.  This 
"  patent  digester  "  is  called  a  Glona. 

French  Leave.  To  tale  French 
leave.  To  take  without  asking  leave  or 
giving  any  equivalent.  The  allusion  is 
to  the  French  soldiers,  who  in  their  inva- 
sions t.ake  what  they  require,  and  never 
wait  to  ask  permission  of  the  ownera 
or  pay  any  price  for  what  they  take. 

Frenchman.  Done  like  a  FrencK- 
man,    turn   and    turn   again  i"  1   Henry 


fRESCOPAINTliNG. 


FRIAR. 


817 


VI  ,"  iii.  4).  Tho  French  are  u;siially 
satirised  by  mediiuval  Knt^lish  authors  as 
a  fickle,  wavering  nation.  Dr.  Joimson 
says  he  once  read  a  treatise  tho  object 
of  which  was  to  show  that  a  weather- 
rock  is  a  satire  on  the  word  Gallus  (a 
Gaul  or  cock). 

Frenchman.  Tlie  nicknime  of  a  French- 
man is  "Craiiaud"  ('/.«.),  "Johnny"  or 
"  Jean,"  "  Moosoo,"  "  llol>ert  .Macaire" 
fq.v.);  but  of  a  r.irisian  "Grenouillo" 
'Frog).     (See  BitissoTiNS.) 

riipy  Stan  1  ercot.  tliey  liance  whene'er  they  walk ; 
MoiiUeys  in  autijii,  pL-rroque'B  in  l-iU. 

(iay,  "  i-tiintle  111." 

French  Canadian,  "Jean  Baptiste." 
French    Peasantry,     "Jacques     Bon- 
homme." 
French  Reformers,  "  Brissotins"  (q.v.). 

Fres'co-p  ainting  means  fresh- 

paintinjr,  or  mtlicr  paint  applied  to  walls 

■vhile   the    plaster   is   fresh   and    damp. 

Only  so  much  plaster  must  he  spread  as 

the  artist  can  finish  painting  before  he 

retires   for   the   day.      There  are    tliree 

chambers  in  the  pope's  palace  at  Home 

done  in  fresco  by  Ilapliaol    Urbino   and 

Julio  Roma'uo  ;  at  Fontaincbleau  there 

is  a  famous  one,  containing  the  ti-avels 

of   I'lysscs  in  sixty  {)ieces,  tho  work  of 

several    artists,    as    Bollame'o,     Martin 

Rouse,  and  others. 

A  fading  fresco  here  dcmandi  n  sigh. 

Pope. 

Fresh-man,  at  College,  is  a  man 
not  salted.  It  was  incicutly  a  custom 
in  the  different  colleges  to  play  practical 
jokes  on  the  new-comers.  One  of  the 
must  common  was  to  assemble  them  in  a 
room  and  make  them  deliver  a  speech. 
Those  who  acquitted  themselves  well 
had  a  cup  of  caudle  ;  those  who  passed 
muster  had  a  caudle  with  salt  water;  tho 
rest  had  the  salt  water  only.  Without 
fcanning  so  dcoiily,  "  fresh  iiiau"  may 
simply  mean  a  Irosh  or  uew  student. 
(■See  Hkjan.) 

Freston.  An  enchanter  introducocl 
into  the  romance  of  "  Don  Belia'uis  of 
Greece." 

Truly  I  isn't  tell  whe'hpr  It  wns  Kn^ii^on  or  Fria- 
tcn:  t.nt  sure  I  am  tiiul  Ins  liaios  eudcd  lu  "  ton.' — 
lion  V'X'/le. 

Frejrja.  Daughter  of  Niord,  goddess 
of  love  ;  drawn  in  a  car  yoked  vrith  cats. 
5no  is  the  Venus  of  tho  north.  (Scancli- 
nfl»iVin  v\ylholo<iy. ) 


Frey.    (SeeFuKm.) 

Freyr.  Son  of  Niord,  of  the  ilynisty 
of  the  V'anagods  ;  god  of  fertility  and 
peace,  and  the  dispenser  of  rain.  He 
wiis  the  patrou  god  of  Sweden  and  Ice- 
land, and  rode  on  the  boar  Uullinbursti  ; 
and  his  sword  was  self-acting,  (v.  G  ekda.) 

Friar,  in  printing.  A  part  of  ths 
sheet  which  has  failed  to  receive  the 
ink,  and  is  therefore  left  lilank.  As 
Ca.\ton  set  up  his  piinting- press  in 
Westminster  .\libey,  it  is  but  natural  to 
suppose  that  monks  and  friars  should 
give  foundation  to  some  of  the  printers' 
slang.     {See  Monk.) 

Friar  Dom'inic,  in  Dryden's 
"Spanish  Friar,"  designed  to  ridicule 
the  vices  of  the  priesthood. 

Friar  Gerund.  Designed  to  ridi- 
cule the  pulpit  oratory  of  ?ipain  in  the 
eighteeuth  century;  full  of  quips  and 
crauks,  tricks  and  startling  monstrosi- 
i\e3.— Joseph  Is/a,  "Life  of  Friar  Gi- 
ru,id."    (17U-17S3.) 

Friar  John.  A  tall,  lean,  wide- 
mouthed,  long  nosed  friar  of  Seville, 
who  dispatched  his  matins  with  wonder- 
ful celerity,  and  ran  through  his  vigils 
quicker  than  any  of  his  fraternity.  Ho 
swore  lustily,  and  was  a  Trojan  to  fight. 
When  tho  army  from  Lerne  pillaged  the 
convent  vineyard,  Friar  John  seized  the 
stair  of  a  cross,  and  pummelled  tho 
rogiies  most  lustily.  lie  beat  out  the 
brains  of  some,  crushed  the  arms  of 
others,  battered  their  l  g.«,  cracked  their 
ribs,  gashed  their  faces,  broke  their 
thighs,  tore  their  jaws,  dashed  in  their 
teeth,  dislocated  their  joints,  that  never 
corn  was  so  mauled  by  the  thresher's 
flail,  as  were  these  pillagers  by  the 
"  baton  of  the  cross." — llahelau,  "Gar- 
rjantua  and  I'antagruel"  bk.  i.  27. 

If  a  joke  more  tlian  usually  profane  '8  to  he  uttered 

Friar  Ji'lin  18  II ic  Hp'ikcBin  lU A  mass  't  lewdiii'Kii 

df^aU''hery.  pioiaaity,  aud  v.ilour— i'oi'eum  ^uur- 
Uriy  H  vitiw. 

Friar  Xiaurence,  in  "  Romeo  and 
Juliet,"  by  Shakespeare. 

Friar  Rush.  A  house-spirit,  sent 
from  the  infernal  regions  in  the  seven- 
teenth centui'y  to  keep  the  monks  and 
friars  in  tho  same  state  of  wickc<lue8fe 
they  were  then  ic  The  legends  of  this 
roysterer  are  of  Ccrman  origin.  (Drudtf 
Raiisrh,  brother  Tipple.) 


Si8 


FRIAR. 


FRIDAY. 


Friar  Tuck.  Chaplain  and  steward 
of  Robin  Hood,  Introduced  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  in  "  Ivanhoo."  He  is  a 
pmlgy^  paunchy,  humorous,  self-indul- 
gent, and  combative  clerical  Falstilf. 
His  costume  consisted  of  a  russet  habit 
of  the  Franciscan  order,  a  red  corded 
girdle  with  gold  tassel,  red  stockings, 
and  a  wallet.  A  friar  was  nicknamed  i 
tuck,  because  his  dress  was  lacked  by  a  ! 
girdle  at  the  waist.  Thus,  Chaucer 
says,  "  Tacked  he  was,  as  is  a  frero 
about." 

In  UiiB  our  npacious  isle  I  tliink  there  is  not  one 
liut  he  hath  heard  some  talk  of  Uuod  and  Little 

Juhu  ;  , .  ^ 

Uf  Tuck,  the  merry  friar,  which  many  a  sermon 

In  pruse  of  Robin  Hood,  his  outlaws,  and  their 
trade.  Drayton,  "foli/ulbion,"  s.  26. 

Friars  {hrotJiers).  Applied  to  the  four 
great  religious  orders  :  Dominicans, 
Franciscans,  Augiistines,  and  Carme- 
lites. Later,  a  fifth  order  was  added— 
that  of  the  Trinitarians.  The  first  two 
were  called  Black  and  Grey  friars,  the 
Carmelites  were  called  White  friar.<;,  and 
the  Trinitarians  Crutched  friars  (q.v.). 

Friars.    (.See  Black.) 

Friar's  Heel.  The  outstanding  up- 
right  stone  at  Stonehenge  is  so  called. 
Geolfrey  of  Monmouth  says  the  devil 
bought  th !  stones  of  an  old  woman  in 
Ireland,  wr.vpped  them  up  in  a  wyth  and 
brought,  thtm  to  Salisbury  plain.  Just 
before  he  got  to  Mount  Ambre  the  wyth 
broke,  and  one  of  the  stones  fell  into  the 
Avon,  the  rest  were  carried  to  the  plain. 
After  the  fiend  had  fixed  them  in  the 
ground,  he  cried  out,  "  No  man  will  ever 
find  out  how  these  stones  came  here."  A 
friar  replied,  "That's  more  than  thee 
canst  tell,"  whereupon  the  foul  fiend 
threw  one  of  the  stones  at  him  and 
struck  him  on  the  heel.  The  stone  stuck 
in  the  ground,  and  remains  so  to  the  pre- 
sent hour. 

Friar's  Lanthern.  Milton  uses  the 
expression  as  a  synonym  of  "  Jack  o' 
Lantern,"  but  Friar  Rush,  the  esprit 
follet,  who  got  admittance  into  a  mouas- 
tery  as  a  scullion,  and  played  the  monks 
sad  pranks,  was  not  a  field  bogie  but  a 
houte  spirit,  and  is  never  called  "Jack." 
The  poet  seems  to  have  considered  Friar 
Rush  the  same  as  "  Friar  with  the  Rush 
(light),"  and,  therefore,  Fri.i..-  »vith  the 
Lantern   or  Will  o'  the  Wisp. 


Biie  <ru  pinched  tod  pulled,  the  said. 
AuJ  hi!  by  Friar's  lautheni  led. 

Mdliin.  -  L'A'.ltC'O." 
Better  we  had  throu:;h  niirc  an  1  buoli 
iieeu  lau  thern-lcd  hv  Kriiir  K119I1. 

Sir  Waller  ScuU,  '  Jljrmitm. 

Friars    Major    {Fralres    majo'rit) 
The  Domin'icaus. 

Friars  Minor    (^Ft aires    mino'rei). 
The  Fraucis'cans. 

Friar's  Tale.  A  certain  archdeacon 
had  a  sumpnour,  who  acted  as  his  secret 
spy,  to  bring  before  him  all  offenders. 
One  day  as  he  was  riding  forth  on  hi* 
business  he  met  the  devil  dis.niised  as  a 
yeoman,  swore  eternal  friendship,  and 
promised  to  "go  snacks"  with  him. 
They  first  met  a  carter  whose  cart  stuck 
in  the  road,  and  he  cried  in  his  anger, 
"The  devil  take  it,  both  horsa  and  cart 
and  hay!"  Soon  the  horse  drew  a  oui 
of  the  slough,  and  the  man  cried,  "  God 
bless  you,  my  brave  boy!"  "There,'" 
said  the  devil,  "is  my  own  tme  brother, 
the  churl  spake  one  thing  but  he  thought 
another."  They  next  came  to  an  old 
screw,  and  the  sumpnour  declared  he 
would  squeeze  twelve  pence  out  of  her 
for  sin,  "thotigh  of  her  he  knew  no 
wrong;"  so  he  knocked  at  her  door 
and  summoned  her  "for  cursing"  to 
the  archdeacon's  court,  but  said  he 
would  overlook  the  matter  for  twelve 
pence,  but  she  pleaded  poverty  and  im- 
plored mercy.  "  The  foul  fiend  fetch  me 
if  I  excuse  thee,"  said  the  sumpnour, 
whereat  the  devil  replied  that  he  would 
fetch  him  th.at  very  night,  and  seizing 
him  round  the  body,  made  ofif  with  him. 
— Chaucer,  "  Canterbury  Tales." 

Fribble.  An  effeminate  coxcomb  of 
weak  nerves,  in  Garrick's  farce  of  "  Miss 
in  her  Teens." 

Friday  is  the  Mahometan  sabbath. 
It  was  the  day  on  which  Adam  was 
created,  and  our  Lord  was  crucified. 
The  Sabe'ans  consecrate  it  to  Venus  or 
Ast.arte.     (S««Frea.) 

Friik'y.  Fairies  and  all  the  tribes  of 
elves  of  every  description,  according  to 
medieval  romance,  are  converted  into 
hideous  animals  on  Friday,  and  remain 
so  till  Monday.  {See  the  romance  of 
"  Gueri'no  Meschi'no,"  and  others.) 

Friday,  Lucky.  In  America,  Friday 
is  a  lucky  day.  In  Scotland  it  is  a 
great  day  for  weddings,  but  in  England 
it  is  not. 


FRIDAY. 


rnrsKET. 


iil9 


Sir  William  Churchill  says,  "  Friday  i'. 
tny  lueky  day  I  was  liom,  christened, 
Qiarried,  and  kuighted  on  that  day  ;  aud 
all  my  best  accidents  have  befallen  me 
ou  a  Friday." 

Columbus  first  discovered  land  on  a 
Friday,  aud  called  it  San  Salvador.  Ho 
set  sail  Friday,  Au-ust  3,  1492. 

Friday,  Unlucky.  Because  it  was 
the  day  of  our  Lord's  crucifixion ;  it  is 
accordingly  a  fast-day  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  Soaines  says,  "Adam 
and  Eve  ato  the  forbidden  fruit  on  a 
yrida}',  and  died  on  a  Friday."  (Amjlo- 
Saxon  Church,  p.  255.) 

Long  Friday,  Good  Friday,  lonq'  being 
a  synonym  of  great.  Thus  .NIrs.  Quickly 
says,  "  "I'is  a  long  loan  for  a  poor  lone 
woman  to  bear"  ("  Henry  IV."),  and  the 
Scotch  proverb,  "  Between  you  and  the 
long  day" — i.e.,i\\e'jreat  or  judgment  day. 
Good  Friday  in  Danish  is  Langj'mla<j, 
and  in  Swedish  Ldngfvidag . 

He  who  laug/is  on,  Friday  will  weep  on 
Swiday.  Sorrow  follows  on  the  wake  of 
joy.  The  line  is  taken  frotu  Ilaciue's 
comedy  of  "  Les  Plaideurs." 

Friday.     {See  Black.) 

My  Man  Friday.  The  young  savage 
found  by  Robinson  Crusoe  on  a  Friday, 
and  kept  as  his  servant  and  companion 
on  the  desert  island. 

Friday  Street  (London).  The 
street  of  lishinongers  who  served  Frid:iv 
markets.     Utow. 

Friends.  "Lovely  and  pleasant  in 
their  lives,  and  in  their  death  they  arc 
not  divided."  Said  of  Saul  and  Jonathan 
(2  Sam.  i.  2—3.)    (See  Acuatks.) 

Friend  at  Court  properly  means  a 
friend  in  a  court  of  law  who  watches  the 
trial,  and  tells  the  judge  if  ho  can  nose 
out  an  error;  but  the  term  is  more 
generally  applied  to  a  friend  in  the 
royal  court,  who  will  whisi)er  a  good 
word  for  you  to  the  sovereign  at  the 
proper  place  and  season.  (Su  Amicus 
Cuui^.) 

Friend  of  Man.  Jlarquis  de  Mira- 
beau.  So  called  from  one  of  his  works, 
"L'ami  des  llommes"  (5  vols.).  This 
was  the  father  of  the  great  Mirabeau, 
called  by  Harnavo  "The  Shakespeare  of 
eloquence"  (1715-1789). 

Friendship,  examples  of  — 
Iler'cules   and    lolaos ;    Theseus    and 
Pirith'oiis;  Pyl'udcs  aud  Orestes ;  AcUillos 


and  Patroclus;  Idom'eneus  and  Mer'ion; 
Diomo'des  and  Sthen'elos;  Ilarmo'dios 
and  Aristogi't'jn ;  Epaminon'das  and 
Pelop'idaa;  Septim'ioa  and  Alcandar 
(all  Greeks);  Damon  aud  Pythias; 
Sacharissa  and  Am'oret  (Syracu- 
sans);  Nisus  and  Euryalus;  Ainys 
and  Amyliou  (qv)  ;  I'avid  and  Jona- 
than;  our  divine  Hedeeuier  and  the 
apostie  John;  Goelhe  and  Schiller; 
Montaigne  aud  Eiienne  de  h 
LoOtie. 

Frigga,  in  the  genealogy  of  Ases,  is 
tho  supreme  goddess,  wife  of  Odin,  and 
daughter  of  the  giant  Fiorgwyn.  She 
presides  over  marriages,  and  may  be 
called  the  Juno  of  the  Valhalla.  (S'ttn- 
diiiavian  mythology.) 

Frilingi.  The  secoml  rank  of  people 
among  the  ancient  Saxons.     (See  Edui- 

LINGI.) 

Fringe.  The  Jews  wore  fringes  to 
their  garments,  and  these  fringes  on  tho 
garments  of  the  priests  were  accounted 
sacred,  and  were  touched  by  tho  common 
people  as  a  charm.  Hence  the  desire  of 
the  woman  who  had  the  issue  of  blood 
to  touch  the  fringe  of  our  Lord's  garment 
(Matt.  ix.  20-22). 

Frippery.  Rubbish  of  a  tawdry 
character;  worthless  finery;  foolish  levity. 
A  friperer  or  fripperer  is  ono  who  deals 
in  frippery,  either  to  sell  or  clean  old 
clothes.  (French,  friperie,  old  clothes 
and  cast-olF  furniture.) 

We  know  what  helunjs  to  a  frippery, 

Shakespeare,  "  TemiMist,"  it.  1 

Old  cloaths,  cast  dresses,  tattered  rasa. 
Whose  wcrks  are  e  en  the  frippery  of  wif, 

Ben  Jonton. 

Frippery  properly  means  rags  and  all 
sorts  of  odds  aud  ends.  French,  j'ripe 
(a  rag),  friperie  (old  clothes  and  furni- 
ture), fripier  (a  broker  of  old  clothes, 
kc).  Applied  to  pastry.  Eugene 
Grandot  says,  "  En  Anjou  la  frippe  ex- 
prime  raccompagnement  du  pain,  de- 
puis  le  beurro  plus  distiin^ueo  des 
frippes." 

Frisket.  Tho  light  frame  of  the 
printing-press,  wiiich  folds  down  tipon 
tho  tynipan  {'(.v.)  over  the  sheet  of  paper 
to  bo  i)rinted.  Its  object  is  two-fold  — 
to  hold  the  sheet  in  its  place  and  to  keep 
the  margins  clean.  It  is  called  frisket 
because  it  /risks  or  skips  up  and  down 
very  rapidly— ».«.,    tbo   pressman  opou« 


S20 


FRISCO. 


fllOZEN. 


it  and  slmta  it  over  with  t^Tcat  alacrity, 
the  movemont  being  called  "  flying  the 
frisket." 

Frisco'.  God  of  peace  and  pleasure 
among  the  ancient  Saxons. 

Frith.  Bn  frilh  and  fell.  By  wold 
and  wild,  wood  and  common.  Frith  is 
the  Welsh  frilh  or  friz,  and  means  a 
"woody  place."  Fell  is  the  German 
ftls  (rock),  and  means  barren  or  stony 
places,  a  common. 

Fritlliof  (pron.  Frit-yoff)  means 
"  peace-maker."  In  the  Icelandic  myths 
he  married  Ingeborg  {In-f/e-ho/-e),  the 
daughter  of  a  petty  king  of  Norway,  and 
widow  of  Hrins:,  to  whose  dominions  ho 
succeeded.  His  adventures  are  recorded 
in  the  Saga  which  bears  his  name,  and 
which  was  written  at  the  close  of  the 
thirteenth  century. 

Frithiofs  Sword.  Angurva'del 
{elream  ofangidsh). 

Fritz.  Old  Fritz.  Frederick  II.  the 
Great,  king  of  Prussia.  (1712,  1740- 
1786.) 

Fro.  God  of  the  air  and  tempests. 
(Scaiidinavian  mylliology. ) 

Frog.  A  frog  offered  to  carry  a 
mouse  across  a  ditch  with  the  intention 
of  drowning  it,  but  both  were  carried  off 

by  a  kite. 

OM  .rsors'  faille,  where  he  tuhi 
What  fate  unio  the  mouse  and  tro^  hcfell. 

Ciirj/  "  Dante," cxxm. 

Nic  Frog  is  the  Dutchman  (not  French- 
man) in  Arbutlmot's  "  History  of  John 
Bull."  Frogs  are  called  "Dutch  Night- 
ingales." 

Fro.ClS.  Frenchmen,  properly  Paris- 
iam.  So  called  from  their  ancient  heraldic 
device,  which  was  three  frogs  or  three 
toads.  Qu'e.n  disent  Im  oreKOuillest  What 
will  the  frogs  (people  of  Paris)  say,  was 
in  1791  a  common  court  phrase  at  Ver- 
sailles. There  was  a  point  in  the  plea- 
s.T,ntry  when  Paris  was  a  quagmire,  called 
Lute'iia  (mud-land)  because,  like  frogs  or 
toads,  they  lived  in  mud,  but  now  it  is 
quite  an  anomaly.     {See  Crafavv.) 

Frogs.      The   Lycian   shepherds   were 
changed  into  frogs  for  mocking  Lato'na. 
Ovid,  "Met.,"  \\.  4. 
A'  when  those  hinHs  tha?  were  transformed  t>  frixa 

ttfUleJ  at  Latona'B  iwiJi-born  progeuy. 


//  may  ht  all  fun  to  you,  hut  it  is  death 
to  thefrocji.  The  allusion  is  to  the  fable 
of  the  boy  stoning  the  frogs,  who  waa 
told  by  one  of  the  i)ersecuted  creatures, 
"  It  may  be  fun  to  you  ;  but  it  is  death 
to  us." 

Frollo  (^l)r/((Z«'tcor/  Claude).  A  priest 
who  has  a  great  reputation  for  sanctity, 
but  falls  in  love  with  a  gipsy  girl,  and 
pursues  her  with  relentless  persecation, 
because  she  will  not  yield  to  him. —  Viclot 
I/iiyo,  "  Notre  iJame  dt  Paris." 

Fronde.  A  political  squabble  during 
the  ministry  of  cardinal  Maz'arin,  in  the 
minority  of  Louis  XIV.  (1648-1C.53.) 
'I'he  malcontents  were  called  Frondeura 
from  a  witty  illustration  of  a  councillor, 
who  said  that  they  were  "  like  school- 
hoys  who  sling  stones  about  the  streets. 
When  no  eye  is  upon  them  they  are  bold 
as  bullies  ;  but  the  moment  a  '  police- 
man' approaches,  away  they  scamper  to 
the  ditclies  for  concealment"  {Moniijlut). 
The  French  for  a  sling  is  froiule,  and  for 
8lin./ers,  frondeurs. 

Frondeur,  a  backbiter,  one  who 
throws  stones  at  another. 

And  what  about  Liebitsch  ?  began  another /ri>n./«r. 
Vera.  p.  2iiO. 

Fronti'no,  once  called  Balisarda. 
Name  of  Koge'ru's  and  also  Bradanuiute'a 
horse. —  Orlando  Furioso. 

The  renowned  b'rontino,  which  Bradamantc  put 
ch:i8ed  :it  so  hiuh  i  price,  coulJ  never  be  thuUijlit  thj 
equal.— iun  QuixoU. 

Frost.  Jack  Frost.  The  personifica- 
tion of  frost. 

Jack  Frost  looked  forth,  one  still,  c'ear  night. 
And  he  said.  "Now   1  aliall  be  out  of  sight; 
ho  over  tbe  valley  and  over  the  height 
In  silence  1  U  take  my  wav." 

Hist  Scuia. 

Froth  (Mastei).  "A  foolish  gentli>- 
man"  in  "  Measure  for  Measure." 

Lord  Froth.  A  pompous  coxcomb  in 
"  The  Double  Dealer,"  by  Congreve. 

Frozen  Music.  Architecture.  Sc 
called  by  F.  Schlegel, 

Frozen  Words  appears  to  have 
been  a  household  joke  with  the  ancient 
Greeks,  for  Antiph'anes  applies  it  to  the 
discourses  of  Plato  :  "  A.s  the  cold  of  cer- 
tain cities  is  so  intense  that  it  freezes 
the  very  words  we  utter,  which  remain 
congealed  till  the  heat  of  summer  thaws 
them,  so  the  mind  of  youth  is  so  thoucrht- 
less  that  the  wisdom  of  Plato  lies  there 
frozen,  as  it  were,  till  it  is  thawed  by  the 


FRUAIENTIUS, 


ruM. 


321 


ripened  judgment  of  mature  &g9."—Plur 
larch's  Alorals. 

The  momftot  their  backg  were  turned,  little  Jacob 
thawed,  and  renewed  his  cryini;  froiii  the  point 
wtiere  Quiip  had  frozen  \\im.~Du:kem,  "C'uiiusUi/ 
Shop." 

Truth  in  person  cloth  arpear 

Like  words  oooi;ealed  in  northern  air. 

lluUer,  "  Jludi'jras,"  y.t-  i.  1. 

Every  one  knows  tho  inciilent  of  the 
"Frozen  Horn"  related  in  "Baron  Mun- 
chausen." 

Frumon'tius  (St.).  Apostle  of  Etl.'i- 
opia  and  tbo  Abyssinians  in  tho  fourth 
century. 

Fry.  Children  (a  word  of  contempt). 
Oet  away,  you  yoiaici  fry.  It  moans  pro- 
perly a  crowd  of  young  fishes,  and  its 
application  to  children  should  bo  limited 
to  those  that  obstruct  your  path,  crowd 
about  you,  or  stand  in  your  way.  (French, 
frai,  spawn.) 

Nolking  to  fry  with  (French).  Notliiug 
to  cat ;  nothing  to  live  on.     {Set  WlDa- 

NOSTUILS.) 

Frying-pan.  Out  of  the  frying-pan 
into  the  Jire.  In  trying  to  extricate 
yourself  from  one  evil,  you  fell  into  a 
greater.  The  Greeks  used  to  Bay,  "  Out 
of  the  smoke  into  tho  flame  ;  "  and  the 
French  say,  "  Tombre  de  la  poUle  dana 
la  braise." 

Furcam  et  FlagellumX'^'i^H'^^^'i 
ajid  whip).  The  meanest  ut  all  servile 
tenures,  the  bondman  being  at  tho  lord's 
mercy,  both  life  and  limb. 

Fub.  To  steal,  to  prig.  (French, 
fourhi,  "a  Jew  who  conceals  a  trap;" 
fowher,  "  to  cheat ;"  Jour,  "  a  false  pocket 
for  concealing  stolon  gooils. ) 

Fuchs  (fox).  Afreshraan  of  the  first 
year  in  the  Gormnn  ITnivpr-^itv.  In  tli" 
.second  year  h«  is  called  a  Bursch. 

Fudge.  Not  true,  stuff,  make-up. 
(Gaelic,  ffug,  deception  ;  Welsh,  ffug, 
pretence  ;  whence  ffuyiwr,  a  pretender 
or  deceiver.)  A  word  of  contempt  be- 
stowed on  one  who  says  what  is  absurd 
or  untrue. 

Disraeli  quotes  the  following  clause  : 

There  was,  in  our  time,  one  Captain  FudRe  a 
0<imniiiniier  of  a  merchuut-mun  ;  wlio,  upon  i^ia 
r:-iurn  from  a  voyage,  always  brouuhl  hi.me  ,•» 
i?o  id  cargo  of  litk  ;  ln^olnuch  th  it  uo.v,  ab.  ard 
cbip,  Ihe  aailori,  »hin  the.v  hear  u  urest  he.  cry 
pot.  Fudge  .'—Kemarkt  upon  tht  jVuvv.    (170o'.i 

We  »iro  put  on  board  the  JiUck  KacU.  The 
master  8  naine  wn  I'oUl-o  by  Kini<  cillcd  Li/inj 
flKive,-ilr.Croui;ll,'dVollcctivtyufr'iH>trf,"{\}\i:i 
L 


Fudge  Family  A  senes  of  metri- 
cal epistles  by  Thomas  Moore,  pur;>ort. 
ing  to  be  written  by  a  family  on  a  visit 
tol'aiis.  iie(\.,The FuflgeFamili) m England 

Fuel.  Adding  fuel  to  fire.  Saying  oi- 
doing  something  to  increase  tho  anger  of 
a  person  already  angry.  The  French 
say,  "  pouring  oil  on  fire." 

Fuggers.  German  merchants,  pro- 
verbial for  their  great  wealth.  "Rich 
as  a  Fugger"  is  common  in  old  English 
dramatists.  Charles  V.  introduced  some 
of  the  family  into  Spain,  where  they 
superintended  the  mines. 

I  am  neither  aa  Indian  merchant,  nor  yet  b 
Fu.!fj5r,  hut  a  poor  boy  like  youiself.  —  Uyurixut 
d'Alfarache. 

Fugleman  means  properly  wmg- 
man,  but  is  applied  to  a  soldier  who 
stands  in  front  of  men  at  drill  to  show 
them  what  to  do.  Their  proper  and 
original  post  was  in  front  of  the  right 
wing.     (German, /ii^tf/,  a  wing. ) 

Fulhams,  or  Fallams.  Loaded  dice. 
So  called  from  the  suburb  where  tbo 
bishop  of  London  resides,  which,  in  the 
rcign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  was  tho  most 
notorious  place  for  black-legs  in  all  Eng- 
land. Dice  maile  with  a  cavity  were 
called  "  Gourds."  Those  made  to  throw 
the  high  ntimbers  (from  five  to  twelve) 
wcrecalled"lligh  Fullams"or  "Goi\rds," 
and  those  made  to  throw  the  low  num- 
licrs  (from  ace  to  four)  were  termed  "  Low 
FuUams"  or  "Gourds." 

For  gourd  and  fuUam  holds, 
'And  "hi«h"  and  "low"'  bok-uilethe  rich  and  pocr. 
Sh'iktaptare,  "ilerru  H'lues  of  Winiiior,"  L  s. 

Fulhams.     Make-believes.      So  called 

from  false  or  loaded  dice.     {See  above.) 

Fulhams  of  poetic  fiction. 

Bugler,  "  IJudiUrat,"  pt.  11.  L 

Have  their  fulhams  at  command. 
Brought  up  to  uo  thoir  fe  it-<  at  liaml. 

iuiier,  •'  Upon  Uamina." 

Full  Cry.  When  all  the  hounds 
have  caught  the  scent,  and  give  tongue 
in  chorus. 

Fum,  or  Fung  {the  phatiix).  One  of 
the  four  symbolical  animals  supposed  to 
preside  over  the  destinies  of  the  Chinese 
empire.  It  originated  from  the  element 
of  tire,  was  born  in  tho  Hill  of  the  Sun's 
Halo,  and  has  its  body  inscribed  with 
the  five  cardinal  virtues.  It  has  the 
forepart  of  a  goose,  the  hind-quarters  of 
'    n  siAQ,  the  nock  of  a  Boake  tho  tai'v  cf  a 


822 


FUMAGE. 


FYRAPEL. 


fish,  tlie  forehead  of  a  fowl,  the  down  of 
a  duck,  the  marks  of  a  draq;on,  the  back 
of  a  tortoise,  the  face  of  a  swallow,  the 
beak  of  a  cock,  is  about  six  cubits  high, 
and  perches  only  on  the  woo-tung  tree. 
It  is  this  curious  creature  that  is  em- 
broidered on  the  dresses  of  certain  man- 
darins. 

Fu'mage  (2-  syl.).  A  tax  for  having 
a  fire,  mentioned  in  Domesday  Book, 
and  abolished  by  William  III.  (Latin, 
fvmus,  smoke.) 

Fume.  In  a  fume.  In  ill- temper, 
especially  from  impatience.  The  French 
gay,  Fumer  sans  (abac;  l'\nner  sans  pipe 
(to  put  oneself  into  a  rage).  Smoking 
with  rage,  or  rather  with  the  ineffectual 
vapour  of  anger. 

A!  llicnot, il  est  courngeuli 
I'our  1111  homme  nvantureiilx 
Et  terrible  quant  il  Be  fume. 

L'AvetUuieulx  (a  farce). 

Fund.  The  sinHng  fund  is  money 
Bet  aside  by  the  Government  for  paying 
off  a  part  of  the  national  debt.  This 
money  is  "  sunk,"  or  withdrawn  from 
circulation,  for  the  bonds  purchased  by 
it  are  destroyed. 

Funds  or  riihlic  Funds.  Money  lent 
at  interest  to  Government  on  Govern- 
ment security.  It  means  the  national 
stock,  which  is  the  foundation  of  its 
operations. 

To  be  inleresfed  in  the  funds  is  to  have 
money  in  the  public  funds. 

A  rise  in  the  funds  is  when  the  quota- 
tion is  higher  than  it  was  before. 

A  fall  in  the  fimds  is  when  the  quo- 
tation is  lower  than  when  it  was  last 
quoted. 

Funeral  means  a  torchlight  proces- 
sion (from  the  Latin,  J'unis.  a  torch), 
because  funerals  among  the  Romans 
took  place  at  night  by  torchlight,  that 
magistrates  and  priests  might  not  be 
violated  by  seeing  a  corpse,  and  so  be 
prevented  from  performing  their  sacred 
duties. 

Funeral  Banquet.  The  custom 
of  giving  a  feast  at  funerals  came  to 
us  from  the  Romans,  who  not  only 
feasted  the  friends  of  the  deceased,  but 
also  distributed  meat  to  the  persons  em- 
ployed. 

Thrift.  Hjrift,  Horatio  I  the  funeral  baked  meats 
i>ii  ooI<U7  fnrulsb  forth  the  marria.'e  tables. 

Shakesfimre,  "  Hamlei,"  1. 3. 


Fungo'so.    A  character  in  "Every 
Man  in  llis  Humour,"  by  Ben  Jonsou. 
Unlucky  as  Funeoso  in  the  play. 

Pope,  "  Esiau  on  Criliciem,"  34S. 

Funny  Bone.    A  pun  on  the  word 

hu'merus.  The  bone  at  the  end  of  the 
OS  hu'meri,  or  bone  which  runs  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  elbow. 

Fur'below.  A  corruption  of  falbaln, 
a  word  in  French,  Italian,  and  Spanish, 
to  signify  a  sort  of  flounce. 

Flounced  and  furbelowed  from  head  to  foot-- 

Addison. 

Furca.    {See  Fossa.) 

Furor.  Son  of  Occasion,  an  old  hag, 
who  was  quite  bald  behind.  Sir  Guyon 
bound  him  "  with  a  hundred  iron  chains 
and  a  hundred  knots." — Spenser,  "  Faery 

Queen,"  bk.  ii. 

Fusber'ta.  Rinaldo's  sword  is  so 
called  in  "  Orla.ndo  Furioso." 

This  awful  sword  was  aa  dear  to  him  as  Duriu- 
da'na  or  I'ushberta  to  their  respective  masters.— 
Utr  \V.  Scott. 

Fusilier's.  Foot-soldiers  that  used 
to  be  armed  with  a  fusil  or  light  musket. 
The  word  is  now  a  misnomer,  as  the  six 
British  and  two  Indian  regiments  so  called 
carry  rilled  like  those  of  Ike  rest  of  the 
infantry. 

Fuss.  Much  ado  about  nothing.  (Al- 
lied to  Jisz,  froth;  fuzz,  to  tly  off  in 
minute  particles.  Latin,  fundo,  to  pour 
out;  Greek,  phuza,  flight  with  terror, 
he.  ;  Anglo-Saxon,  fus,  eager. ) 

Nor  with  Beualea  keep  a  fuss. 

Sicift. 

Fus'tian.  Stuff,  bombast,  preten- 
tious words.  Properly,  a  sort  of  cotton 
velvet.  {Vrevich/futoAne ;  Spanish,  Fus- 
tan,  the  name  of  a  place.)   (&eBoMB.\ST.) 

Fustian  his  thoughts  and  words  ill-sorted. 

Driiitn. 
Diecouroe  fustian  with  one's  own  shadow. 

Shakespeare,  '■  Othello,"  ii.3. 

Futile  (2  syl.)  is  that  which  will  not 
hold  together;  inconsistent.  A  futile 
scheme  is  a  design  conceived  in  the  mind 
which  will  not  hold  good  in  practice. 
( Latin, /M^io,  to  run  off  like  water.)  (Se4 
Scheme.) 

Fylla.  ConSdante  and  lady's-maid  of 
queen  Frigga. — Sca7idinavian  mythology. 

Fy'rapel  {Sir).  The  leopard,  king 
Lion's  nearest  kinsman,  in  the  Boast 
epic  of  "  Reynard  the  Fos." 


a. 


GABRINA. 


823 


G. 

G.  This  letter  is  the  outline  of  a 
cnnic'l's  Lead  and  neck.  It  la  called  in 
Ilfbrew  gimel  (a  camel). 

Q.C.B.    (5^6  Bath.) 

G.H.V.Ij.  on  the  coin  of  William  III. 
of  tho  Netherlands  is  Groot  Ilertog  Van, 
Luxemburg  (grand  duko  of  Luxembourg). 

Gab  (g  hard).  The  gift  of  Ike  gab. 
Fluency  of  sjicech  ;  or  rather,  the  gift  of 
boasting.  (French,  gaber,  to  gasconade  ; 
Danish  and  Scotch,  gab,  the  mouth ; 
(ine\\o,  gob ;  Irish,  cab;  whence  onr  gap 
and  gape,  gabli/e  and  gobble.  Tho  gable 
of  a  house  is  its  beak.) 

There  was  a  good  maa  named  Job, 

Wi;olivediii  the  land  of  Vz, 
He  had  a  good  Rift  of  the  i?ob, 
The  game  thing  happened  us. 

"IJjut  -/Job,''  bij  Zach.  Boyd. 

Thou  ait  one  of  the  kniahts  of  France,  who  hold 
It  for  !£lee  and  pastiiTie  to  uab,  as  they  term  it,  of 
rrpliiiLs  tliat  nre   beyond   liumao  power.— 6'ir  W. 

SrM,  ••  The  Tahimnn,"  ch.  ii. 

Gabel',  Gabelle  (g  hard).  A  salt- 
tax.  A  word  applied  in  French  history 
to  tho  monopoly  of  salt.  All  the  salt 
made  in  Franco  had  to  be  brought  to  the 
royal  warehouses,  and  was  there  sold  at 
a  price  fixed  by  the  government.  Tho 
iniquity  was  that  some  provinces  had  to 
pay  twice  as  much  as  others.  Edward 
III.  jokingly  called  this  monopoly  "King 
Philippe's  Salic  law."  It  was  abolished 
in  178Lt.     (German,  gabe,  a  tax.) 

Gaberlunzie,  or  A  gaberlunzie  man 
(g  hard).  A  mendicant ;  or,  more  strictly 
■;pcaking,  one  of  tho  king's  bedesmen, 
who  were  licensed  beggars.  The  word 
galan  is  French  and  Spanish  for  "acloak 
with  tight  sleeves  and  a  hood."  Hence 
gabardine  (the  Jewish  cassock).  Lumie 
isatliminutiveof  /aui<;(woi)l),as  in  linsey- 
woolsey  (half  linen  half  woollen).  So 
iiioX,  gaber -lunzie  means  "  coarse  woollen 
giiwn."  These  bedesmen  were  also  called 
blue-gowns  {q.v.),  from  the  colour  of  their 
cloaks. 

GaTariel  {g  hard),  in  Jewish  mytho- 
logy, is  the  angel  of  death  to  tho  favoured 
people  of  God,  the  prince  of  fire  and 
thunder,  and  the  only  angel  that  can 
gpeak  Syriac  and  Chaldee.  The  Maho- 
metans call  him  the  chief  of  the  four 
favoured  angels,  and  tho  pjiirit  of  truth. 
lu  medifevai  romance  ho  is  tho  second  of 
the  beven  spirits  that  stand  before  the 


throne  of  God, and,  as  God's  messenger, 
carries  to  heaven  the  prayers  of  men 
('•Jerusalem  Delivered,"  bk.  i.)  'I'he 
word  means  "power  of  God."  Jliltnn 
makes  him  chief  of  tho  angelic  guards 
placed  over  Paradise. 

Betwixt  tliese  rocky  pillars  Oiibriel  8«t, 
CJiief  of  the  angelic  guai  d  s. 

"  rnrmtise  Lost,"  ij. 

Longfellow,  in  his  "Golden  Legend," 
makes  him  the  angel  of  the  moon,  and 
says  he  brings  to  man  the  gift  of  hope. 

I  am  tlie  anijel  of  tlie  moon  .  .  . 
Near?st  the  earth,  it  is  my  ray 
Tlial  best  illumes  the  miduight  way. 
X  bring  thegift  of 'ii.yic. 

•'  The  SliracU  Play,-  Ml 

QabrieVs  horse.     Haizum. 

Gabriel's  hounds.  Wild  geese.  The 
noise  of  the  bean-goose  (anscr  segttum)  ia 
llight  is  like  that  of  a  pack  of  hounds  in 
full  cry. 

Gabriel  Hounds,  or  Gabble  Rttchct,  a  cry 
like  that  of  hounds,  heard  at  night,  and 
foreboding  trouble. 

Gab'riell'e  (3  syl.  ;5rhiird).  La  Belle 
GahrieUe.  Daughter  of  Antoine  d'Estr(?cs, 
grand-master  of  artillery,  and  governor 
of  the  He  de  France.  Henri  IV.,  towards 
the  close  of  1.^90,  happened  to  sojourn 
for  a  night  at  tho  Clidteau  do  Cccuvres, 
and  fell  in  love  with  Gabrielle,  then  nine- 
teen years  of  age.  To  throw  a  flimsy  veil 
over  his  intrigue,  ho  married  her  to  Da- 
merval  de  Liancourt,  created  her  duchess 
do  Beaufort,  and  took  her  to  live  with 
him  at  court. 

Charmnnte  Gabrielle, 

I*erc6  de  mille  dirds, 
Quand  la  dcre  m'appell* 

A  la  suite  do  Mars.  JfoKri  IT. 

Qabri'na,  in  "Orlando  Furioso,"  is 
a  sort  of  I'otiphar's  wifo.  She  was  the 
wife  of  Arge'o,  a  baron  of  Sorvia.  While 
Philander,  a  Dutch  kni;j:lit,  was  enter- 
tained by  Argo'o,  Gabrina  assayed  his 
virtue,  but  Plnlander  fled  the  house. 
Gabrina,  in  revenge,  accusc<l  him  to  her 
husband  of  adultery,  and  Arge'o  followed 
him,  brou^jht  him  back,  and  locked  him 
in  the  castle  dungeon.  One  d.ay  Gahri'na 
went  to  visit  him,  and  implored  him  t-o 
avenge  her  on  a  faithless  kni^^ht  who  had 
tempted  her  virtue.  Philamlor  readily 
undertook  to  be  her  ch.ampion  ;  but  the 
pretended  lover  was  Arge'o,  whom  Phi- 
lander ignorantly  slew.  Gabrina  no?» 
threaten/id  tc  deliver  up  her  champioji 


824 


GAIIRIOLETTA. 


GALEM. 


to  the  law  unless  he  married  her;  an 

alternative  that  l'bil;in<]cr  accepted,  but 
ere  long:  lie  was  killed  by  poison.  TLo 
whole  affair  being  brouijht  to  light, 
Gabrina  was  slnit  up  in  prison,  Imt 
effecting  her  escape,  wandered  about  the 
country  as  an  old  hag.  Knight  after 
knight  had  to  defend  her,  but  at  last  she 
was  committed  to  the  charge  of  Odori'co, 
who,  to  get  rid  of  her,  hung  her  on  au 
elm. 

QaTariolet'ta  (.17  hard).  Governess  of 
Brittany,  rescued  by  Am'adis  of  Gaul 
from  the  hands  of  IJalan,  "  the  bravest 
and  strongest  of  all  the  giants." — "Ama- 
dis  of  Gaul,"  bk.  iv.,  ch.  129. 

Gad  (ff  hard).  Gadding  from  place  to 
place.  Wandering  from  pillar  to  post 
without  any  prolitahle  purpose.  (Irish, 
gad,  a  roving ;  Russian,  chod,  kc.)  A 
gadabout  is  one  who  gads. 

OiTe  water  no  rassape,  neither  a  wicked  womaQ 
liberty  to  (?ad  abroad.— iVcius. 

Gad-fly  is  not  the  roving  but  the 
goading  fly.     (Saxon,  (/od,  a  goad.) 

I  will  go  set  a  leaf  of  bras». 
And,  with  8  pa  J  of  steel,  will  write  these  worils. 
Shakrsijeaie.  "  Tttut  Aiulmnnrd,"  ir.  1. 

Gad-steel.  Flemish  steel.  So  called 
because  it  is  wrought  in  gads,  or  small 
bars.     (Saxon,  gad,  a  small  bar  or  goad.) 

Gadshill,  in  Kent,  near  Rochester. 
Famous  for  the  attack  of  Sir  John  Fal- 
etaff  and  three  of  his  knavish  companions 
on  a  party  of  four  travellers,  whom  they 
robbed  of  their  purses.  While  the  rob- 
bers were  dividing  the  spoil,  Poins  and 
the  Prince  of  Wales  sot  upon  them,  and 
"  OTitfaced  them  from  their  prize;"  and 
as  for  the  "  Hercules  of  flesh,"  he  ran 
and  "  roared  for  mercy,  and  still  ran  and 
roared,"  says  the  prince,  "as  ever  I 
heard  a  bull-calf."  Gadshill  is  also  the 
name  of  one  of  the  thievish  companions  of 
'riir  John. — Shakespeare,  "1  llcnry  IV.," 
ii.  4. 

Gaels.  A  contraction  of  Gad-hels 
(hidden  rovers).  The  inhabitants  of  Scot- 
land who  maintained  their  ground  in  the 
Highlands  against  the  Celts.  It  is  an 
ei-ror  to  derive  this  word  from  d'aul, 
Gallia. 

Qafrig  bard).  Croohed  as  a  gaf.  A 
gaff  is  an  iron  hoe  or  hook.  The  metal 
ppurs  of  fighting  cocks  ;  in  nautical  lan- 
guage, a  boom  or  spar  used  to  estcud  tho 


upper  edge  of  the  mizcn.  (Irish,  gaf; 
Sj)anish  and  Portugueno,  ^a/tiy  Slicmitic, 
cafali,  to  bend.) 

GaflTer  (g  hard).  A  title  of  address, 
as  "  Gaffer  Grey,"  "  Good-day,  Galfer." 
About  equal  to  "mate."  (Saxon,  gejer 
a  compauiou  or  mate.) 

Gags,  in  theatrical  parlance,  are 
inter))idations.  When  Hamlet  directs 
the  clowns  to  say  no  more  "than  is  set 
down,"  he  cautions  thcni  against  indul- 
gence in  gags.  (Initch,  ^'a^^(/.;;j,  to  cackle.) 

Gaiter  (g  hard).  A  proper  name.  (5«« 

BllEWER.) 

Gala  Day  {g  hard).  A  festive  day  ; 
a  day  when  people  put  on  their  best 
attire.  (Spanish,  gala,  court  dress ; 
Italian,  gala,  finery ;  French,  gala, 
pomp.) 

Galahad,  or  Sir  Galaad  (g  hard> 
Son  of  Sir  Lauucelot  and  Elaine,  one 
of  the  Knights  of  the  Round  Table,  so 
pure  in  life  that  he  was  successful  in  his 
search  for  the  sangrael.  Tennyson  has 
a  poem  ou  the  subject,  called,  "  Tlie  Uohj 
Grail." 

There  OalaaJ  eat,  with  mnnly  urace. 
Yet  maiden  meekne-is  ia  his  fac«. 
Sir  \V.  ScoU.  ••  Bridal  of  Triermain,"  U.  IJ. 

Gal'aor  iDon).  Brother  of  Am'adis 
of  Ga\d,  a  gay  libertine,  whose  adven- 
tures form  a  strong  contrast  to  those  of 
the  more  serious  hero. 

Galate'a  {g  hard).  A  sea-nymph, 
beloved  by  Polyphe'me,  but  herself  in 
love  with  Acis.  Acis  was  crushed  under 
a  huge  rock  by  the  jealous  giant. 
Ifandel  has  an  opera  entitled  "Acis  and 
Galatea." 

Gal'athe  (3  syl,).     Hector's  horse. 

Tbcrft  is  a  thousand  Hectors  in  the  fioH  ; 
N"W  here  he  tialits  on  Ualathe  his  horse, 
Ani  ilier-  liioks  work. 

Sliakesj-eiire,  "  IroiUs  and  Creuida,     v.  5. 

Gal'axy  (g  hard).  A  galaxy  of  beauty. 
A  cluster,  assembly,  or  coterie  of  hand- 
some women.  The  galaxy  is  the  "Milky 
Way"  sown  thick  with  stars.  (Greek, 
gala,  milk.) 

Gale's  Compound.  Powdered 
glass  mixsil  with  gunpowder  to  render  it 
non-explosive.     Gale  is  the  patentee. 

Galen  [g  hard).  Galen  says  "  iVa//," 
a7id  Hippoc'rales  "  Yea."  The  doctor* 
disagree,  ar,d  who  is  to  decide?    Galen 


OAJ.F-OTTl. 


GALLlCENiE. 


325 


was  a  physicifli.  of  Asia  Elinor  in  the 
socond  Cliristian  ceutmy.  lliiUJOc'ratUs — 
a  native  of  Cos,  born  B.C.  4G0— was  the 
most  celebrated  physician  of  antiquity. 

Galen.  A  generic  name  for  au  apotha- 
rary.  Galeuists  prefer  drugs  (called 
(j'ui'iiicnl  medicines),  Paracelsiuus  use 
uimuial  uiL-diciues. 

Galeot'ti  {Martins).  Louis  XI. 'a 
Italian  astrologer.  Being  asked  by  the 
king  if  he  know  the  day  of  his  own 
death,  he  craftily  rc[>lied  that  he  could 
not  name  the  exact  day,  but  he  knew 
this  much  :  it  would  be  twentj'-four  hours 
before  the  decease  of  his  majesty.  Thra- 
sullus,  the  soothsayer  of  Tiberius,  em- 
peror of  Rome,  made  verbally  the  same 
answer  to  the  same  question. 

"Can  thy  prctcoded  Bkill  aaocrtain  tin  hour  of 
tliiie  own  iltath  y  " 

"Oi.ly  by  referrlD!!  to  tlie  fite  of  auotlior,"  sail 
Ualeutti. 

'•  1  uii.lcrsland  not  thine  answer,"  said  I.oiils. 

"Know  thtn,  O  kinz."  aaid  Murtius,  ''tliat  thil 
nnly  I  cnn  tell  with  ccrtaiui;  coiicerniu^  mine  own 
ieitli.  tliat  il  xliall  t;»ke  pl'ico  exacti;  tweuty-fijur 
tiuiira  before  your  majis'y'e." 

Sir  W.  Scott,  '■  Uiuulii,  Durwnrd,-  oh.  ixix. 

Qalcra'na  (.7  hard),  according  to 
Ariosto,  was  wife  of  Charlemagne. — 
"  Orlando     Furioso,"     bk.     xxi.       (See 

CUAKLEMAGNE.) 

Galere.  Que  diuhU  aHail-iL  Jaire  dam 
cttle g'j.llrt  i  (What  business  had  ho  to 
be  on  this  galley?)  This  isfrom  JIoli6re's 
comedy  of  "Les  Fourberios  de  Scapin." 
Scapin  wants  to  bamboozle  GJronto  out 
of  his  money,  and  tells  him  that  his 
Qiastor  (Geronte's  son)  is  detained  {iri- 
soneron  a  Turkish  galley,  where  ho  went 
out  of  curiosity.  Ho  adds,  that  unless 
the  old  man  will  ransom  him,  ho  will  be 
taken  to  Algiers  as  a  slave.  GiJronte 
replies  to  all  that  Scapin  urges,  "What 
business  had  he  to  go  on  beard  the 
galley?"  The  retort  is  given  to  those 
who  beg  money  to  help  them  out  of 
difficulties  which  they  havo  brought  on 
themselves.  "  I  grant  you  arc  in  trouble, 
but  what  right  had  you  to  go  on  the 
galley  ? " 

Gale'sus  (7  hanl).  A  river  of  Pug'lia, 
not  far  from  Taiontum.  Tiio  sheep  that 
fed  on  the  meadows  of  Gale'sus  wtro 
noted  for  their  fine  wool. — Horace, 
"  Carm.,"  ii.  6,  10. 

Qalia'na  (.7  bard).  A  Moorish  prin- 
cess. Her  father,  king  Gadalfo  of  Tolo'do, 
built  for  her  a  palace  on  the  Taifua  bo 


splendid  that  the  phrase,  "a  jialace  of 
Galiana"  became  proverbial  in  Spain. 

Galimau'fi'ey  (.<7  hard).  A  medley; 
any  confused  jumble  of  things;  but 
strictly  speaking,  a  hotch-potch  made  up 
of  all  the  scraps  of  the  larder.  (French, 
galimafrie ;  Spanish,  gallofa,  "  broken 
meat,"  from  galloftro,  a  beggar.) 

He  W0OC8  botli  Mi?h  and  low.  both  rich  and  roor, 
Itoth  youne  and  oM,  one  «  i!h  auoiliiT,  i'orJ  : 
lie  Imea  tliy  Kiilly-mawfry  (.i.i  >;,t^). 

Sli,iktsii,aie,"  Merry  Wir»l,"  ii.  1. 

Gall  (g  hard).  St.  Gall's  bell.  A 
four-sided  bell,  which  was  certainly  in 
existence  in  the  seventh  century,  and  is 
still  shown  in  the  monasttry  of  St.  Gall, 
Switzerland. 

Gallant' f.7  hard).  Brave,  polite, coiir- 
teous,  &c.  (Gael,  gal'.an,  "a  branch," 
whence  also  callaiU,  "a  stripling"  or, 
in  Bible  language,  an  "olive  branch.") 
Only  the  aristocracy  have  a  genealogical 
tree,  and  therefore  gallant  applies  strictly 
to  them  alone. 

Galley  {g  hard).  A  printer's  frame 
into  which  type  from  tho  stick  (q.v.)  is 
emptied.  In  the  galley  the  type  appeara 
only  in  columns;  it  is  subsei]uently  di- 
vided into  pages,  and  transferred  to  the 
"chase"  (q.v.).     (French,  galee.) 

Galley  Pence.  Genoese  coin 
brought  over  by  merchants  ("galley- 
men"),  who  used  ihe  Galley  \Vhaif, 
Thames  Street.  These  pence,  or  rather 
lialfiiiuce,  were  larger  than  our  own. 

Gallia  (^  hard).     France. 
Impending  bangs  o'er  Gallia's  humbled  cnvit 
Thi/mtun,  "  Sumnar." 

Gallia  Bi'acca'ta  {trousered  Gnul). 
Gallia  Marbonon'sis  was  so  called  from 
the  "braccio"  or  trousers  which  the 
natives  wore  in  common  with  the  Scy- 
thians and  Persians. 

Gall'ia  Coma'ta.  That  part  of 
Gaul  which  belonged  to  tho  Roman  em- 
peror, and  was  governed  by  legates 
{lega'ti),  was  so  called  from  tho  long  hair 
icvma)  worn  by  the  inhabitants  flowing 
over  their  shoulders. 

Gallico'nsB.  The  nine  virgin  priost- 
osses  of  the  Gallio  oracle.  By  their 
charms  they  coidd  raise  tho  wind  and 
waves,  turn  themselves  into  any  animal 
form  they  liked,  cure  wounds  and  dis- 
eases, and  predict  future  ovonta,— tfa/^iifl 
mgihotog^. 


m 


GALLICISM 


OAMELYN. 


GaU'icism  (.7  Jiard).  A  phrase  or 
seiitenco  cinL-tnictod  after  the  Fiench 
idiom;  as  "\vlit;n  you  s/iall  have  returned 
home  you  will  find  a  Itdtor  on  your 
taldf."  GoveruiiH'iit  iocunieiits  are 
especially  guilty  of  this  fiiult.  In  St. 
Matt,  XV.  32  is  a  Gallicism:  "1  have 
compassion  on  the  multitudp,  because 
i/iti/  cvutimie  with  me  now  three  days, 
and  have  nothing  to  cat."  Comimrc 
St.  Mark  viii.  2. 

Galligan'tus  (//  Lard).  The  giant, 
who  livcu  ^'ith  IJocus-Pocus,  the  con- 
juror. Jack  the  Giant-killer  blew  the 
magic  horn,  and  both  the  giaut  and  con- 
juror were  "overthrown." — Nursery  Tale 
of"  Jack  the  Giant  Killer." 

Gallimaufry.    (See  Gaum auf ret.) 

Gallipot  (ff  bard)  means  a  glazed 
pot,  as  ijaUetyUs  (3  syl.)  means  glazed 
tiles.  (Dutch,  ffleipot,  glazed  pot.)  In 
farce  and  jest  it  forms  a  by-name  for  an 
Rpotheeary. 

Gallo-Eel'gieus.  An  annual  register 
in  Latin  for  European  circulation,  first 
published  in  151)3. 

It  is  believed. 
And  told  for  newe  with  tis  much  dili^enco 
As  11" 'twere  writ  in  Gallo-lJeli-'icus. 

ThovMS  Mil/,  ■•  The  liur."    (1615.) 

Galloon.    (See  Caddice.) 

Gall'o'wray  (g  hard).  A  small  horse 
of  the  breed  which  originally  came  from 
Galloway  in  Scotland. 

Thiuet  him  downetairs!  Kno^  we  Dot  Galloway 
nagsV— i7»ii*;e»;)ear«,  "'i  Ilenru  IV.,"  ii.  i. 

Galor'e  (2  rj-I.,  g  hard).  A  sailor'c 
term,  meaning  '"iu  abundance."  (Irish, 
go  leor,  in  abundance. ) 

For  his  Po'.l  he  had  trinketa  snd  gold  galore. 
Besides  of  prize-mouey  quite  a  sture. 

Jack  Robinton. 

Gal'vanism  (7  hard).  So  called  from 
Louis  Galva'ni,  of  Bologna.  Signora  Gal- 
vani  in  1790  had  frog-soup  prescribed  for 
her  diet,  and  one  day  some  skinned  frogs 
which  happened  to  be  placed  near  an 
electric  machine  in  motion  exhibited 
signs  of  ritality.  This  strange  pheno- 
menon excited  the  curiosity  of  the  experi- 
menter, who  subsequently  noticed  that 
Bimilar  convjlsive  etTects  were  produced 
when  the  copper  hooks  on  which  the  frogs 
were  strung  were  suspended  on  the  iron 
hook  of  the  larder.  Experiments  being 
carefully  conducted,  soon  led  to  the  dis- 
covery of  this  important  science. 


Galway  Jury.  An  enlightened, 
independent  jury.  The  expres.sion  has 
its  birth  in  certain  trials  held  in  Ire- 
laud  in  1635  upon  the  ri;(ht  of  the  king 
to  the  counties  of  Ireland.  Leitrini, 
Iloscommon,  Sligo,  and  Mayo,  gave 
judgment  in  favour  of  the  crown,  but 
tiahvay  opposed  it;  'whereupon  the 
sherifY  was  fined  ^£1,000,  and  each  of 
the  jurors  £4,000. 

Gam.    {See  Ganelon.) 

Ga'ma  {g  hard).  Vasco  da  Gama, 
the  Portuguese,  was  the  first  European 
navigator  who  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

With  such  mad  seas  tlic  darin?  Gama  fought  .  .  . 


Vasco  de  Gama.  The  hero  of  Camoens' 
"  Lusiad."  He  is  represented  as  saga- 
cious, intrepid,  tender-hearted,  pious, 
fond  of  his  country,  and  holding  his 
temper  in  full  command.  He  is  also  the 
hero  of  Meyerbeer's  posthumous  opera, 
"  L'Africaine." 

Gama,  captain  of  the  venturous  baod. 
Of  hold  e.iir  ri.'e,  and  boru  for  hii;h  co.umand. 
'Wliose  martial  tires,  with  prudence  cluse  allied, 
insured  the  tmiles  of  fortune  on  his  s-ide. 

Camoens,  "  Lruiad,"  bi  i. 

Gam.a1ies  {g  hard).  Stones  which 
contain  naturally  the  representation  of 
some  object,  such  as  a  plant,  landscape, 
or  animal. 

The  word  is  used  by  Albertus  Magnus, 
and  is  from  the  French  camalm  (an 
agate).  The  natural  "cameos"  are 
called  agate-stones,  because  most  of  them 
belong  to  tho  agate  family. 

Gambo'ge  (2  ?yl.,  first  r?  hard,  second 
g  soil).  So  called  from  Garabo'dia  or 
Cambogia,  whence  it  was  first  brought. 

Gam.e  (1  syl.,  g  h.ard).  Are  you 
game  fur  a  spne  t  Are  you  inclined  to 
join  in  a  bit  of  fun?  The  allusion  is 
to  game-cocks,  which  never  show  the 
white  featlier,  but  are  always  ready  fur 
a  fight.     (Set  Spouting  Skasox.) 

You  are  Making  game  of  me.  You  are 
chaffing  me.  (Anglo-Sasoa,  gatm/i, 
jest,  scoffing.) 

Game-leg.  A  bad  or  lame  leg. 
("Welsh,  cam;  Irish,  gam,  bad,  crooked.) 

Gam'elyn  (3  syL,  g  hard).  The 
youngest  of  the  three  sous  of  Sir  Johau 
do  Boundys.  On  his  death-bed  the  old 
knifiht  left  "  five  plowes  of  land  "  to  each 


GAMMER. 


GANELON. 


827 


of  his  two  elder  sons,  and  the  rest  of  his 
property  to  Gamolyn.  The  oldest  took 
charge  of  the  boy,  but  entreated  him 
shamefully ;  and  when  Gamelyn,  in  his 
manhood,  demanded  of  him  his  heritage, 
the  elder  brother  exclaimed,  "Stand 
still,  gadelyng,  and  hold  thy  peace ! " 
"  I  am  no  gadelyng,"  retorted  the  proud 
young  spirit;  "but  the  lawful  son  of  a 
lady  and  true  knight."  At  this  the  elder 
brother  sent  his  servants  to  chastise  tho 
youngling,  but  Gamelyn  drove  them  off 
with  "  a  pestol."  At  a  wrcstliug-match 
held  in  tho  neighbourhood,  young  Game- 
lyn throw  tho  champiou,  and  carried  olf 
tho  prix.o  ram ;  but  on  reaching  homo 
found  the  door  shut  against  him.  Ilo  at 
once  kicked  down  tho  door  and  throw 
the  porter  into  a  well.  The  elder  bro- 
ther, by  a  manoiuvre,  contrived  to  bind 
the  young  scapegrace  to  a  tree,  and  left 
him  two  days  without  food  ;  but  Adam, 
tlie  spencer,  unloosed  him,  and  Gamelyn 
fell  upon  a  party  of  ecclesiastics  who  had 
come  to  dine  with  his  brother,  "sprink- 
ling holy  water  on  the  guests  with  his 
stout  oaken  cudgel."  Tho  shorilf  now 
sent  to  take  Gamoljii  and  Adam  into 
custody;  but  they  lied  into  tho  woods  and 
came  ui)on  a  party  of  foresters  sitting  at 
meat.  The  captain  gave  them  welcome, 
and  in  time  Gamelyn  rose  to  bo  "  king 
of  the  outlaws."  llis  brother,  being  now 
sheriff,  would  have  put  him  to  death, 
but  Gamelyn  constituted  himself  a  lynch 
judge,  ond  hanged  his  brother.  After 
this  the  king  appointed  him  chief  ranger, 
and  he  married.  This  tale  is  the  foun- 
dation of  fjodge's  novel,  called  "Enphue's 
Golden  Legacy,"  and  tho  novel  furnished 
Shakesjiearo  with  the  plot  of  "As  You 
Like  It." 

Gammer  {(j  hard).  A  contraction 
of  grandmero,  tirst  into  gan-mer,  then 
into  gammer. 

(Jammer  Gurlon's  NeedJe.  Tho  earliest 
comedy  but  ono  in  tho  Eiiglisli  language. 
It  was  "Mado  by  Mr.  S.,  Master  of  Arts." 
The  author  is  saiil  to  have  been  Bishop 
Still  of  Bath  and  Wells.     (1513-1607.) 

Gam.'mon  (.7  hard).  A  corruption 
of  f/i'iiiene.  !Stu(f  to  impose  upon  one's 
credulity;  chalf.  (Anglo-Saxon,  (;a?uc/i, 
scoffing ;  our  game,  as  "  You  are  making 
game  of  mo.' ) 

(Jaminon  {g  hard)  means  tho  leg,  not 
tho  buttock.  (Eronch,  jamhon,  the  leg, 
jambe;  Italian,  ^u»i6rt.) 


Qam'mut,  or  Gavmt  (g  hard).  It  is 
gamma  ut,  "  ut"  being  tho  first  word  iu 
the  Guido-von-Arrezzo  scale  of  tit,  re, 
mi,  fa,  sol,  la.  In  the  eleventh  ceutmy 
the  ancient  scale  was  extended  a  noto 
below  the  Greek  proslamban'omy  noto 
(our  A),  the  first  space  of  the  bass  staff, 
'i'ho  now  note  was  termed  y  (gamma), 
and  when  "ut"  was  substituted  by  Ar- 
rczzo,  the  "supernumerary"  note  was 
called  ^«m7>ia  or  i;(',  or  shortly  ^raj/iw' Mt 
— i.e.,  "Gut."  Tlie  gammut,  therefore, 
properly  means  tho  diatonic  scalo  be- 
ginning iu  tho  bass  clef  with  "G." 

Gamp  (^^l■s. ),  or  Surah  Gamp  (^  hard), 
A  monthly  nurse,  famous  for  her  gouty 
umbrella  and  perpetual  reference  to  Mrs. 
Harris,  a  purely  imaginary  person,  whose 
opinions  always  confirmed  her  own. — 
Dichens,  " Mintia  CkuzzUnll." 

Punch  caricatures  the  iStandard  as 
"  Mrs.  Sarah  Gamp,"  a  little  woman  with 
an  enormous  bonnet  and  her  character- 
istic umbrella. 

A  Sarah  Gamp,  or  Mrs.  Gamp.  A  big, 
pawky  umbrella,  so  called  from  Sarah 
Gamp.     {See  above.) 

In  France  it  is  called  vn  Robinson, 
from  Robinson  Crusoe's  umbrella. — 
Defoe. 

Gamps  and  Harrises.  Work- 
house nurses,  real  or  supposititious.  (See 

G.\MP.) 

Mr.  Oathome  ITnrdy  is  to  look  after  the  0»n;pt 
an  I  llarrides  of  Lambeth  aad  tlie  btraaj,— r/M 
'tcUgrafh. 

Gan'abim.  Tho  island  of  thieves. 
So  called  from  the  Hebrew  gaanab  (a 
thief). — Rabelais,  " Panlagrud,"  iv.  (56. 

Gander  (g  hard).  What's  sauce  frr 
the  goose  is  sauce  for  the  gander.  Both 
must  bo  treated  exactly  alike.  Ap]ile- 
eauco  is  just  as  good  for  ono  as  tho  otlier. 

Gander-cleupcli.  Folly  cliff;  that 
mysterious  laud  where  any  one  who 
makes  a  "goose  of  himself"  takes  up 
his  temporary  residence.  Tho  hypothe- 
tical Jedcdiah  Clcishbotham,  who  edited 
tho  "  Tales  of  my  Landlord,"  lived  there, 
as  tfir  Walter  Scott  assures  us. 

Gander-month.  Those  four  weeks 
when  tho  "monthly  nurse"  rules  the 
houso  with  despotic  sway,  and  the  master 
is  made  a  goose  of. 

Gau'elon  (g  hard).  Count  of  May- 
«nco,  one  of  Charlcmagno's  paladins,  th« 


S28 


GANEM. 


GARAGANTUA. 


"  Judas"  of  knights.  Ilis  castlo  was 
bviilt  on  the  Blocksberg',  the  loftiest 
(leak  of  the  liartz  Mountains.  Jealousy 
of  Roland  made  him  a  traitor;  and  in 
order  to  destroy  his  rival,  ho  planned 
with  Marsillus,  the  Moorish  kinfj,  the 
attack  of  Roncesvalles.  lie  was  six  and 
a  half  feet  high,  with  glaring  eyes  and 
fiery  hair;  he  loved  solitude,  was  very 
taciturn,  disbelieved  in  the  existence  of 
moral  good,  and  never  had  a  friend.  His 
name  is  a  by-word  for  a  traitor  of  the 
basest  sort. 

Have  you  not  heM  me  at  Buch  a  r'intucce  from 
your  counS'  Is.  .'is  if  I  were  the  moFt  fniti.;'P?  ""j 
since  the  days  of  Gauelou  ?—.b'ir  Walter  Scull,  "  Tk« 
Alihol,"  ch.  xxiv. 

You  wouM  liaye  thought  him  [Oanelon]  one  of 
Attila's  llims.  ratlier  tli.iri  oue  of  ti'.e  paladins  of 
Ctiailemague'B  court.— "Croguemiiain«,"  iii. 

Ga'nein  {<j  hard),  having  incurred 
the  displeasure  of  Calif  Haroun-2,1- 
Raschid,  ejected  his  escape  by  taking 
the  place  of  a  slave,  who  was  carrying 
on  his  head  dishes  fi'om  his  own  table. 
—  Arabian  Nights'  EnUrUdnments. 

Gaa'esa  {ij  hard).  Son  of  Siva  and 
Parbutta;  also  called  Gunputty,  the 
elephant  god.  The  god  of  wisdom,  fore- 
thought, and  prudence.  The  Mercury 
of  the  Hindus. 

('aindeo  bright  and  Ganesa  sublime 

S'.iall  I'leas  with  jny  their  nwn  jsrui-itiou^  clime. 

CaviijOell,  ■■/■leaturct  o/  llopt"  i. 

Ga,nga.  One  of  the  three  goddesses 
of  rivers. — Indian  mythology. 

Gangas.  Black  priests  of  Angola, 
Congo,  k.(i.  —  African  mythology. 

Gang-board,  or  Gang-way  (g  hard). 
The  boai'd  or  way  made  for  the  rowers 
to  pass  from  stem  to  stern,  and  where 
the  mast  was  laid  when  it  was  unshipped. 
Now  it  means  the  board  with  cleats  or 
bars  of  wood  by  which  passengers  walk 
into  or  out  of  a  ship  or  steamboat.  A 
gang  is  an  alley  or  avenue. 

Gang-day  (g  hard).  The  day  when 
the  boys  gang  round  the  parish  to  beat 
its  bounds. 

Gan'ges  (2  sj-l.  ;  first  g  hard,  second 
g  soft).  •  Pliny  tells  us  of  men  living  on 
the  smell  of  the  Ganges.,  "  Nat.   Hist.," 

sii. 
ByG.ini^es'b^nk,  as  wild  trnditioos  tell, 
Uf  old  the  tribes  lived  hoalthlul  by  the  smell ; 
H:i  fijod  they  knew,  such  fragrant  vapours  ruse. 
Rich  from  the  flowery  lawn  where  Ganqrs  t1o»!>. 
OnttoenSf" Ltittad.'   bk.  Vii. 

Ganglati  (Slow-pace).  The  servabt 
of  tbe£oddess  Hel  (j.w.)- 


Gangway  (y  hard).  Below  the  gang' 
way.  In  the  Iloase  of  Commons  there 
is  a  sort  of  bar  extending  across  the 
house,  which  separates  the  .Ministry  and 
the  Opposition  from  the  rest  of  the  mem- 
bers. To  sit  "below  the  gangway"  is 
to  sit  amongst  the  general  members, 
neither  among  the  Ministers  nor  with 
the  Opposition. 

Clear  the  gangway.  Jfako  room  for 
the  p.issengers  from  the  boat,  clear  the 
passage,     (.b'ee  Gang-boaud.) 

Ganna.  A  Celtic  proplietess,  who 
succeeded  Velle'da.  She  went  to  Rome, 
and  was  received  by  Domitian  with  great 
honours. —  Tacitus,  "Annals,"  55. 

Ganor  {g  hard),  Oineura  (g  soft),  or 
Guinever.     Arthur's  wife. 

Gan'ymede  (3  syl. ;  g  h.ird).  Jove's 
cup-bearer  ;  the  most  beautiful  boy  ever 
bom.     He  succeeded  Hebe  in  office. 

When  Ganymede  above 
HiB  service  iniuistern  to  niii;htv  Jove. 

Huole^i  **  Aftosto." 

Ga'ora.  A  tract  of  land  inhabited 
by  a  people  without  heads.  Their  eyes 
are  in  their  shoulders,  and  their  moutli^ 
in  their  hreatsts.—IIackluyl's  "Voyage*." 

{See  i3LEM.MYES.) 

Gape  ig  hard).  Lool-ing  for  gape- 
seed.  Gaping  about  and  doing  nothing. 
A  corruption  of  "Looking  a-gapesing  ;  " 
gapesing  is  staring  about  with  one's 
mouth  open.  A-gapesing  and  a-trapes- 
ing  are  still  used  in  Norfolk. 

Seeking  a  gape's  7icst.  (Devonshire.)  A 
gape's  nest  is  a  sight  which  people  stare 
at  with  wide-open  mouth.  The  word 
"  nest"  was  usod  in  a  much  wider  sense 
formerly  than  it  is  now.  Thus  we  read 
of  a  "nest  of  shelves,"  a  "nest  of 
thieves,"  a  "cozy  nest."  A  gape's  nest 
is  tiio  nest  or  place  where  anything 
starcl  at  is  to  be  found.  {See  Mare's 
Nest.) 

Gar'agan'tua  ig  hard).  The  giant 
that  swallowed  live  pilgrims  with  their 
staves  and  all  in  a  salad.  From  a  book 
entitled  "  The  History  of  Garagantua." 
1594.  Laneham,  however,  mentions  the 
book  of  Garagantua  in  1575.  The  giaiit 
in  Rabelais  is  called  Gargantua  {q.v.). 

You  must  borrow  me  Garagantiia's  mouth  (befor* 
I  can  utter  so  lone  a  word),  ...  'tis  a  word  too  gieat 
f'ir  any  mouth  of  this  a^e's  size. 

Shitkt^l^ire,  ■•  At  Tou  Liit  /:."  Hi.  %■ 


GARAGANTUAN. 


GARGANTUA. 


329 


Qaragantuan.  Threatening,  bul- 
lying.   (_See  preceding.) 

Garble  (.7  hard)  properly  means  to 
sift  out  the  refuse.  Thus,  by  the  statute 
of  1  James,  I.  19,  a  penalty  is  imposed 
on  the  sale  of  drugs  not  garbled.  We 
now  use  the  word  to  express  a  mutilated 
extract,  in  which  the  sense  of  the  author 
is  perverted  by  what  is  omitted.  (French, 
garhei',  to  make  clean;  Spanisli,  garhil- 
lar;  Chaldee,  carld  ;  our  ci-iLOie,  a  coru- 
eieve;  criti/^ci,  sifted.) 

Garci'as  (g  hard).  T/u  son  I  of  Pedro 
Garcias.  Money.  It  is  said  that  two 
scholars  of  Salamanca  discovered  a 
tombstone  with  this  inscription  : — "  Here 
lies  the  soul  of  the  licentiate  Pedro 
Garci'as ;"  and  on  searching  for  this 
"soul,"  found  a  purse  with  a  hundred 
golden  ducats. — Uil  Bias  (Preface). 

Gar'darike  (4  syl.,  g  bard).  So 
Russia  is  called  in  the  Eddas. 

Garden  {g  hard).  The  garden  of 
Joseph  of  Arimatho'a  was  the  spot  where 
the  rotunda  of  the  Holy  tJepulchro 
stands. 

Tlie  Garden  or  Garden  Sect.  The 
disciples  of  Epicu'rus,  who  taught  in  Ijs 
own  private  garden. 

Epicurus  in  hia  garden  was  lanijnid  ;  tht;  birds  of 
the  air  have  more  eujuyun  nt  of  their  food.— £cc< 

Garden  of  England.  Worcestershire 
ftnd  Kent  are  both  so  called. 

Garden  of  Europe.     Italy. 

Garden  of  Prance.  Amboiso,  in  the 
department  of  Indro-et-Loire. 

Garden  oj  Itabj.     The  island  of  Sicily. 

Garden  of  iipai:i.     Audahici'a. 

Garden  of  the  West.  Illinois;  Kansas 
is  also  so  called. 

Garden  of  lli^  World.  The  region  of  the 
Mississippi. 

Gardener  {g  hard).  Gel  on,  gar- 
dener! Get  on,  you  slow  and  clumsy 
coachman.  The  allusion  is  to  a  man  who 
is  both  gardener  and  coachman. 

Gardener.  Adam  is  so  called  by 
Tennyson. 

rrom  yon  blue  sky  ahOTe  us  bent. 
The K-ran  i  old  t!>rdeaer  and  hig  wi.'e  [Aiiam 

Bmilc  at  the  claims  of  lonf?  dcicent. 

"  in./y  Cluiu  frrt  lii  Vert." 
Thou,  ol  I  .VJara's  likeaesi, 
et  to  dress  thisg.irJeu. 

Shaktiiienrr,  "Richard  II.,"  jii.  1 

Gardening  (j  hard),  {See  Adam's 
PisorESiJiox.i 


Garder  le  Mxilet  (To  hold  the  mule). 
To  be  kept  waiting.  Till  recently,  per- 
sons went  on  mules  to  make  calls,  and 
the  servant  of  the  house  held  the  m^ile 
till  the  caller  had  finished  his  vkit. 
Even  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XTV.,  coun- 
sellors of  state  went  to  the  palace  on 
mules, 

Gargamelle  (3  syl.,  g  hard)  was  the 
wife  of  Grangousicr,  and  daughter  of  the 
king  of  the  Parpaillons  (hutlerjlies).  On 
the  day  that  she  gave  birth  to  Gargantua 
she  ate  sixteen  quarters,  two  bushels, 
three  pecks,  and  a  pipkin  of  dirt,  the 
mere  remains  left  in  the  tripe  which 
sho  had  for  supper ;  for,  as  the  proverb 
says — 

Scrape  tripe  as  clean  as  e'er  yon  ctn, 
A  tithe  of  hlth  will  ttill  remain. 

Gargamelle.  Said  to  be  meant  for 
Anne  of  Brittany.  She  was  the  mother 
of  Gargantua,  in  the  satirical  romance  of 
"Gargantua  and  Pan'tagruel',"  by  Ra- 
belais. Motteu.K,  who  makes  "  Panta- 
gruel "  to  be  Anthony  de  Bourbon,  and 
"  Gargantua"  to  be  Henri  d'Albret,  says 
"Gargamelle"  is  designed  for  Catherine 
de  Foix,  queen  of  'Sa.wMxo.—Rabtluis,  i.  4 

Gargan'tua  {g  hard)  according  t(i 
Rabelais,  was  son  of  Grangousier  and 
Gargamelle.  Immediately  he  was  born 
he  cried  out  "  Drink,  drink  ! "  so  lustily, 
that  the  words  were  heard  in  Beauce 
and  Bibarois ;  whereupon  his  royal 
father  exclaimed,  "Que  grand  tu  as!" 
which,  being  the  fir.st  words  he  uttered 
after  the  birth  of  the  child,  wore  ac- 
cepted as  its  name ;  so  it  was  called 
"Gah-gran'-tu-as,"  corrupted  into  Gar- 
g'an-tu-a.  It  needed  17.913  cows  to 
supply  the  babe  with  milk.  When  he 
went  to  Paris  to  finish  his  education,  be 
rode  on  a  mare  as  big  as  six  elephants, 
and  took  the  bells  of  Notre  Dame  to 
hang  on  his  mare's  neck  as  jingles.  At 
the  prayer  of  the  P.arisians  he  restored 
the  bolls,  and  they  consented  to  feed  hia 
mare  for  nothing.  On  his  way  home, 
he  was  tired  at  from  the  castle  at  Vede 
Ford,  and  on  reaching  home  combed 
his  hair  with  a  comb  900  feet  long,  when 
at  every  "rake"  seven  bullet-b.alU  fell 
from  his  hair.  Being  desirous  of  a  salad 
for  dinner,  he  went  to  cut  some  lettuces 
as  big  as  walnut-trees,  and  at«  up  six 
pilgrims  from  Sebastian,  who  had  hiddao 
themselves  among  them  out  of  fear. 
Picrooholo,    haviui;    committed   certain 


330 


OARGANTUAN, 


GARLAND. 


offences,  was  attacUod  by  Gar<»antua  in 
the  rock  Clorraond,  and  uttuily  de- 
feated, and  Uargantua,  in  roinoinbranco 
of  this  victory,  fonuded  and  endowed 
the  abbey  of  Thelemc—  I'abehih,  "  Gar- 
ganlua,"  i.  7. 

Qarganlua  is  said  to  bo  a  satire  on 
Francois  I.,  but  this  cannot  be  correct, 
as  ho  was  born  in  tho  kintjdom  of  tlio 
butterflies,  was  sent  to  Paris  to  finish 
his  education,  and  left  it  ag;ain  to  suc- 
cour his  own  country.  Mottenx,  perceiv- 
ing these  difTicultics,  tliinks  it  is  meant 
for  Henri  d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre. 

Gargantua's  Mare.  Those  who  make 
Gargantua  to  be  Franrois  I.,  make  his 
"groat  mare"  to  be  Mad.  d'Estampes. 
Mottoux,  who  looks  upon  the  ronianco  as 
a  satire  on  the  Reform  party,  is  at  a  loss 
how  to  apply  this  word,  and  merely  says, 
"It  is  some  lady."  Rabelais  says,  "  She 
was  as  big  as  six  elephants,  and  had  her 
feet  cloven  into  fiup,ers.  She  was  of  a 
burnt-sorol  hue,  with  a  little  mixture  of 
dapple-grey ;  but,  above  all,  she  had  a 
terrible  tail,  for  it  was  every  whit  as 
great  as  the  steeple  pillar  of  St.  M;irk." 
When  the  beast  got  to  Orleans,  and  tho 
wasps  assaulted  her,  she  switched  about 
her  tail  so  furiously  that  she  knocked 
down  all  the  trees  that  grew  in  the 
vicinity,  and  Gargantua,  delighted,  ex- 
claimed, "Je  trouve  beau  ce !  "  where- 
fore the  locality  has  been  called  "  Beauco  " 
ever  since.  The  satire  shows  the  wilful- 
ness and  extravagance  of  court  mis- 
tresses. —  Jiabelats,  "  Gargantua,  and 
Pa,nlagruel,"  bk.  i.  IG. 

Gargantua' s  Shepherds,  according  to 
Motteux,  mean  Lutheran  preachers ; 
but  those  who  look  upon  the  romance  as 
a  poliucal  satire,  tliiuk  the  crown 
ministers  and  advisers  are  intended. 

Gargantuas  Thirsl.  Motteux  says 
the  "great  thirst"  of  Gargantua,  and 
"mighty  drought"  at  Pantagruel's  birth, 
refer  to  the  withholding  the  cup  from 
the  laity,  and  the  clamour  raised  by  the 
Reform  party  for  the  wine  as  well  as  the 
bread  in  the  eucharist. 

Qargan'tuan.  Enormous, inordinate, 
great  beyond  all  limits.  It  needed  900 
c'iis  of  Cliatelleraut  linen  to  make  the 
body  of  his  shirt,  and  2U0  more  for  the 
gussets  ;  for  his  shoes  406  ells  of  blue  and 
crimson  velvet  were  required,  and  1,100 
cow-hides  for  the  soles.  He  could  play 
207   different   games,   picked   his  teeth 


with  an  elephant's  tusk,  and  did  evory- 

thiiig  in  tho  same  "large  way." 

Usoiinrlc'l  like  a  Qarsantuan  order  for*  dram.— 
Tht  atamiard. 

A  Gargantuan  course  of  ttudies.  A 
course  including  all  languages,  as  well 
ancient  as  modern,  all  the  sciences,  all 
the  ologies  and  onomics,  together  with 
calisthenics  and  athletic  sports,  Gar- 
gantua wrote  to  his  son  Pantagniel,  com- 
manding him  to  learn  Greek,  Latin,  Chal- 
daic,  an<l  Ara>>ic  ;  all  history,  geometry, 
arithmetic,  and  music ;  astronomy  and 
natural  philosophy,  so  that  "there  be 
not  a  river  in  the  world  thou  dost  not 
know  the  name  and  nature  of  all  its 
fishes;  all  the  fowls  of  the  air;  all  the 
several  kinds  of  shnibs  and  herbs ;  all 
the  metals  hid  in  the  bowels  of  the 
earth ;  with  all  gems  and  precious  stones. 
I  would  furthermore  have  thee  study  the 
Talmudists  and  Cabalists,  and  get  a 
perfect  knowledge  of  man.  In  brief,  I 
would  have  thee  a  bottomless  pit  of  all 
knowledge."  — Rabelais,  "  Pantagruel," 
bk.  ii.  8. 

Gar'gery  {Joe).  A  kind-hearted,  il- 
literate blacksmith,  in  "  Great  Expecta- 
tions," by  Dickens.  Mrs.  Gargertf  is  a 
virago  of  the  tiercest  type. 

Gargit'tios.  One  of  tho  dogs  that 
guarded  the  herds  and  flocks  of  Ger'yon, 
antl  which  Hercule?  killed.  The  other 
was  the  two-headed  dog,  named  Orthos, 
or  Orthros. 

Gargouille,  or  Gargoil  (g  hard).  A 
water-spout  in  church  architecture. 
Sometimes  also  spelt  Gurgogle.  Thoy  are 
usually  carved  into  some  fantastic  shape, 
such  as  a  dragon's  head,  through  which 
the  water  flows.  Gargouille  was  the 
great  dragon  that  lived  in  the  Seine, 
ravaged  Rouen,  and  was  slaiu  by  St. 
Roraa'uus,  bishop  of  Rouen,  in  the 
seventh  century.     {&«Dr.\GON.) 

Garibaldi's  Red  Shirt.    The  red 

shirt  is  the  habitual  upper  garment  of 
American  sailors.  Any  Liverpudlian  will 
tell  j^ou  that  some  fifteen  years  ago  a 
British  tar  might  be  discerned  by  his 
hlue  shirt,  and  a  Yankee  ''  salt "  by  his  red. 
Gariballi  first  adopted  tho  American 
shirt,  when  he  took  the  command  of  tho 
merchantman  in  Baltimore, 

Garland  {g  hard).  A  head-dress,  so 
called  from  Donicni'co  Ghirlanda,  an 
eminent  goldsmith  of  Florence,  the  is- 


GARNISH. 


GASTROLATOKS. 


331 


veutor  of  goM  aud  silver  ornaments  of 
great  elegaijcs  in  the  form  of  a  wreath, 
which  became  in  the  fourteenth  century 
the  favourite  head-dress  of  tho  Florea- 
tine  beauties,  liis  son  was  an  eminent 
fresco  painter. 

Garland.  A  collection  of  ballads  in 
"  True  Lovers'  Garlaml,"  &c. 

Nuptial  Garlands  are  as  old  as  tho 
hills.  The  ancient  Jews  u  ed  tlicm, 
accordinjf  to  ScMen  (Uxor  Hob.  iii.  055), 
tlie  Greek  aud  Roman  brides  did  the 
same  (Vaughan,  "Golden  Grove"):  so 
did  tho  Anglo-Saxons  and  Gauls. 

Tbre  omampp.tys  pryncipaty  to  &  wvfe :  A  rync! 
on  Irr  fyiig<-r.  a  tirocli  ou  liir  brest,  ami  a  aarlouJ  on 
liir  hede.  ll:i'  ryuu-e  Iniik' n' thi;  true  love:tlic 
broch  cKaiKssi?  in  l^erle  and  clif-clitye  ;  tbe  aailoud 
,  .  .  Kl''id;!C8s  aijil  tlic  dignity  of  ;be  sacreriient  of 
wedlock.— L«i.iiiJ,  "Dwii  ana  Paupn,"    (\Vi.) 

Garnish  {g  hard).  Entrance-money, 
lo  be  sjieut  in  driulc,  demanded  by  jail- 
birds of  new-comers.  In  prison  slang 
garnish  means  fetters,  and  garnish- 
money  is  money  given  for  tho  "lionour" 
of  wearing  fetters,  (l-'rench,  <7rtr)i.W((tV<, 
a  Sailiirs  man  put  into  a  debtor's  house.) 

Garratt  (g  hard).  The  Mayor  of 
GarraU.  Garratt  is  between  Wandsworth 
and  Tooting ;  the  first  mayor  of  thi« 
village  was  elected  towards  tiio  close  of 
the  eighteenth  century  ;  and  Ids  election 
camo  about  tlius:  Ganatt  Common  had 
been  often  encroached  on,  and  in  17S0 
the  inhaliitants  associated  themselves 
together  to  defend  their  rights.  'I'he 
chairman  of  this  association  was  entitled 
Mat/or,  and  as  it  happened  to  be  tho 
time  of  a  general  election,  tho  society 
made  it  a  law  that  a  now  "mayor" 
should  he  chosen  at  every  general  elec- 
tion. The  addresses  of  these  mayors, 
written  by  P'oote,  Garrick,  Wilks,  and 
others,  are  satires  on  tho  corruption  of 
electors  aud  political  squibs.  'I'he  first 
ilayor  of  Garratt  was  "Sir"  John 
llai-per,  a  retiiilor  of  brickdust  in  Lon- 
don ;  aud  the  last  was  ".Sir"  Harry 
l»imsdale,  muffinselier,  iu  17'J6.  Foote 
Las  a  farce  entitled  "Tho  Mayi  r  of 
Garratt." 

Garrot'e  (2  eyl.,  g  hard)  is  tho 
Spanish  garrole  (a  sticV  .  Tho  original 
way  of  garrotting  iu  Sjiain  was  to  place 
tho  victim  on  a  chair  with  a  cord  nj-,uid 
his  neck,  then  to  twist  tho  cord  with  a 
tlick  till  strangidalion  cnsvicd.  In  ISjI 
General  Lopez  was  garrotted  by  the 
Spanish    authorities   for  attempting  to 


gain  possession  of  Cuba;  since  which 
time  tho  thieves  of  London,  &c.,  have 
adopted  the  method  of  strangling  their 
victim  by  throwing  their  arms  round 
his  throat,  while  an  accomplice  rifles  Lis 
pockets. 

Garter  (g  hard).  Knlghls  of  the 
GarUr.  The  popular  legend  is  tint 
Joan,  countess  of  Salisbury,  accidentally 
slipped  her  garter  at  a  court  ball.  It 
was  picked  up  by  her  royal  partner, 
tMward  III.,  who  gallantly  diverted  the 
attention  of  tho  guests  from  the  lady  by 
binding  the  blue  band  round  bis  own 
knee,  saying  as  he  did  so,  "  Honi  soit 
qui  mal  y  ponse." 

Wearing  the  garters  of  a  pretty  maiden 
either  on  the  hat  or  knee  was  a  common 
custom  with  our  forefathers.  Brit  lea 
usually  wore  on  their  logs  a  host  of  gay 
ribbons,  to  be  distributed  after  the 
marriage  ceremony  amongst  tho  bride- 
groom's friends ;  and  the  piper  at  tho 
wedding  dance  never  failed  to  tie  a  piece 
of  tho  bride's  garter  round  his  pipe.  If 
thero  is  any  truth  in  tho  legend  given 
above,  the  impression  on  tho  guests 
would  be  wholly  different  to  what  siich 
an  acciilcnt  would  produce  in  our  days  ; 
but  perhaps  tho  "  Order  of  tho  Garter," 
after  all,  may  bo  about  tantamount  to 
"  Tlio  Order  of  tlio  Ladies'  Champions," 
or  "  Tho  Order  of  tho  Ladies'  Favourites." 

Gar'vies  (2  syl. ,  g  soft).  Rpnats.  So 
called  from  Inch  Garvie,  an  islo  in  tho 
Frith  of  Forth,  near  which  they  are 
caught. 

Gascona'de  <3  syl.,  g  bard).  Talk 
like  that  of  a  Gascon— absurd  boasting, 
vainglorious  braggadocio.  It  is  said  that 
a  Gascon  was  askod  what  he  thought  of 
tho  Louvre  in  Paris,  and  replied,  "  I'rotty 
well ;  it  reminds  mo  of^tho  back  part  of 
my  father's  stables."  The  vainglory  of 
thi-:  answer  is  more  palpable  when  it  is 
borne  in  mind  that  tho  Gascons  were 
proverbially  poor.  Tho  Dictionary  of  tho 
French  Academy  gives  us  tho  following 
specimen:  "A  Gascon,  in  proof  of  \\\n 
ancient  nobility,  asserted  that  they  u.scd 
in  his  father's  castlo  no  other  fuel  than 
tho  bitons  of  tho  family  marshals." 

Gaston  {g  hard).  Lor.l  of  ClaroR, 
DUO  of  Charlemagne's  paladins. 

Ga.3trorator3.  People  whoso  god 
is  their  hoWy.—linhelais,  "  PiXHlngrMl," 
iv.  58. 


S32 


GATE   OF    ITALY. 


gauvaine. 


Gate  of  Italy.  Tlidtpni-t  of  the  valley 
of  the  Aaivcl-  which  is  in  the  vicinity  of 
Trent  and  llovero'do.  It  is  a  narrow 
gorge  between  two  mountain  ridges. 

Gate  of  Tears  (Bubdmanckh).  Tbo 
passage  into  the  lied  Sea.  So  called  l>y 
the  Arabs  from  the  ilangcr  of  the  naviira- 
tion  and  number  of  shipwrecks  liial  took 
place  there. 

l.ikH  some  ill-dostined  hark  t'iftt  steer* 
In  sileDce  lliro'  tlie  Gate  of  Tiars. 

T.  Moore,  "  Firt  Wurehippen." 

Gath  {c/  hard),  in  Dryden's  satire  cf 
'•  Abt^alom  and  Achitophel,"  means  Bnis- 
Bels,  where  Charles  II.  long  resided  whilo 
he  was  in  exile. 

Had  tluiBoM  David  (Chnrltill)  .  .  . 

Sol  daied.  wheu  fortune  called  him,  to  he  a  king, 

At  Oath  an  exile  he  might  still  remiiiu. 

Gathers  (<j  bard).  Out  of  gathers. 
In  distress  ;  in  a  very  impoverished  con- 
dition. The  allusion  is  to  a  woman's 
gown,  which  certainly  looks  very  seedy 
when  "out  of  gathers" — i.e.,  when  the 
cotton  that  kept  the  "  pleats"  together 
has  given  way. 

Gat  tooth  {r/  hard).  Goat-tooth. 
(Saxon,  gxi.)  Goat-toothed  is  having 
a  liquorice  tooth.  Chaucer  makes  the 
wife  of  Bath  say,  "  Gat-toothed  I  was, 
and  that  became  nie  wele." 

Gauche  (French,  t/ie  Ic/l /imid).  Awk- 
ward.   ^ii'A-,  the  left  hand."   (JSeeAvnon.) 

Gauch'erie  (3  syl. ,  g  hard).  Things 
not  comme  il  fcmt  ;  behaviour  not  accord- 
ing to  the  received  forms  of  society  ; 
awkward  and  untoward  ways.  {fitt 
above. ) 

Gau'difer  (,7  hard).  A  champion, 
celebrated  in  the  romance  of  "Alex- 
ander."    Not  unlike  the  Scotch  Bruce. 

Gaul  (<7  hard).     Franco. 

laBuUin.'  Gaul  has  roused  the  world  to  w»r. 
rAonisou,  "^uiumn." 

Shall  haughty  Gaul  iuvasion  threat  ?— Btirnj. 

Gaunt  ig  banl).  Juhn  of  Gauni. 
The  third  son  of  Edward  III.  ;  so  called 
from  Ghent,  in  Flanders,  the  place  of  his 
birth. 

Gauntgrim  {g  hard).    The  wolf. 

For  my  part  (said  he),  I  don't  wonder  at  my 
tou5iu*B  refusia?  Hruin  the  bear,  and  Gauntgrim  Ihs 
wi'lf.  .  .  .  iiruin  is  always  in  the  sulks,  aud  Oaiiiit- 
KJim  always  in  a  passi.  n. 

K.  b.  Lylton,  "  nigrimi  of  the  Rhmt,"  ch.  Xli. 

Gauntlet  {g  hard).  To  ntn  the 
gmtUt.     To  be   bounded  on   all  sides. 


Corruption  of  gavtlope,  tht*  passage 
between  two  tiles  of  soldiers.  (Germ. 
yungdlaufcn  or  gassenlaufm.)  The 
reference  is  to  a  punishm'-nt  common 
among  sailors.  If  a  companion  had  dis- 
graced himself,  the  crew,  provided  with 
gauntlets  or  ropes'  ends,  were  drawn  up 
in  two  rows  facing  each  other,  and  ti.e 
delinquent  had  to  run  between  them, 
while  every  man  dealt  him,  in  passing, 
as  severe  a  chastisement  as  he  could. 

To  throw  doicn  the  gauntlet.  To  chal- 
lenge. The  custom  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
when  one  knight  challenge  1  another,  was 
for  the  challenger  to  throw  his  gauntlet 
on  the  ground,  and  if  the  challence  w.is 
accepted  the  person  to  whom  it  wai- 
thrown  picked  it  up. 

It  is  not  for  Spain,  reducd  as  she  is  to  the  lowest 
decree  o;  tiuanoial  inanition,  to  tlirow  the  eauiiilcl 
to  the  right  and  left.-iv.s  Txmei. 

Gauta'ma  (.9  hard).  The  chief  deity 
of  Burmah,  whose  favourite  offering  is  a 
paper  umbrella. 

The  four  sublime  veHlUs  of  G aula' ma 
are  as  follows  : — 

1.  Pain  exists. 

2.  The  cause  of  pain  is  "birth  sin." 
The  Buddhist  supposes  that  man  has 
passed  through  many  previous  exist- 
ences, and  all  the  heaped-up  sins  accu- 
mulated in  these  previous  states  consti- 
tute man's  "  birth  sin." 

3.  Pain  is  ended  only  by  Nirva'na 
(annihilation). 

4.  The  way  that  leads  to  Nirvana  is— 
right  faith,  right  judgment,  right  lan- 
gp.age,  right  purpose,  right  practice, 
right  obedience,  right  memory,  aud 
right  meditation  (eight  in  all ). 

Gau'tier  and  Garguille  {French). 
All  the  world  and  his  wife. 

Se  mocquer  de  Gautier  et  de  Garguille 
(to  make  fun  of  every  one).  Gautier- 
Garguille  was  a  clown  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  who  gave  himself  unbounded 
licence,  and  provoked  against  himself  a 
storm  of  angry  feeling. 

Gauvaine  (2  syl.,  g  hard).  Sir 
Gauvaiw  the  C'ourteon-t.  One  of  Arthur'^ 
knights,  and  his  nephew.  He  challenged 
the  Green  Knight,  and  struck  off  bis 
head  ;  but  the  headless  knight  picked  up 
his  poll  again  and  walked  off,  telling  S;r 
Gauvaine  to  meet  him  twelve  months 
hence.  Sir  Gauvaine  kept  his  appoiut- 
meut,  and  was  hospitably  entertained ; 
but,  taking  possession  of  the  girdle  be- 


GAVANI. 


CEi:SE. 


233 


longing  to  the  lai'.y  of  the  bouse,  was 
chastised  by  the  Green  Knight,  confessed 
his  fault,  and  was  forgiven. 

The  gentle  Oawsin's  courteous  lor«. 
Hector  (1e  M;.rcii  and  I'olljiiore, 
Aiiii  I.Tncciot  that  erennore 

Jv'  oked  stnl'iiwine  on  the  qncn. 
Bir  ir.  ScoCC,  "Bridal  of  Triennain."  II.  IS. 

Gava'ni  {g  hard).  The  pseudon ym 
of  Sulpice-Paul  Chevalier,  the  John 
Leech  of  France.  IIo  was  the  great 
caricaturist  of  the  C/tariva'ri,  as  John 
Leech  was  of  Punch.     (1803-1806.) 

Gav'elkind  {g  bardl.  A  tenure  in 
Wales,  Kent,  and  Northtimberland, 
whereby  land  descended  from  the  father 
to  all  his  sous  in  eijual  proportions.  The 
youngest  had  the  homestead,  and  the 
eldest  tlie  horse  and  arms.  The  usual 
etymology  is  the  Teutonic  gif  eal  ci/n. 
Tgive  all  the  kin,  or  children)  ;  but  a 
better  one  is  the  Welsh  gafael,  a  tenure  ; 
Sax<>n,  gafol. 

Gawain  {g  hard).     (.?.'<•  Galvaine.) 

Gawi'Cy  (</  hard).  The  flying  woman 
who  apjicared  to  Peter  Wilkius  in  his 
solitary  cave.  She  was  one  of  a  race  of 
flying  women. — llobert  Pultock,  "  Petef 
i\'ili:i)is." 

Gay  {g  hard).  Oay  as  the  ling's  can- 
dle. A  French  phrase,  alluding  to  an 
ancient  custom  observed  on  the  Gth  of 
January,  called  the  "  Eve  or  Vigil  of  the 
Kings,"  when  a  caudle  of  divers  colotirs 
was  burnt.  The  expression  is  used  to 
denote  a  woman  who  is  more  showily 
'iresscdthanis  consistent  with  good  taste. 

Gay  Girl.  A  woman  of  light  or 
extravagant  habits.  Lady  Anne  Uerke- 
Icy,  dissatisfied  with  the  conduct  of  her 
dauirhter-in-law (lady Catherine  Howard), 
exclaimed,  "  Jjy  the  blessed  sacrament, 
this  gay  girl  will  beggar  my  son  Henry." 
i^ee  above.) 

What  eylelh  you  T  Some  gay  gurl,  Ood  It  wot, 
Liatii  broiiKlit  yoi  thim  ii|  on  ihe  Ttry  trot  d.'.,  put 
you  on  yuur  li  gh  horse,  or  iiit  ■  a  passion). 

Clwucrr,"  Citi'ltrbiiii/  TaUs,"  3,767. 

Gaze  (1  syl.,  g  hard).  To  stand  at 
gaze.  To  stand  in  doubt  what  to  do. 
A  term  in  forestry.  When  a  stag  first 
hears  the  hounds,  it  stands  dazed,  looking 
all  round,  and  in  doubt  what  to  do. 
Ilenilds  call  a  stag  which  is  represented 
full-faced,  a  "  stag  at  gaze." 

The  American  army  in  the  central  iitat«a  remained 
wholly  at  Kttie.— /.-"•■<  MiKoti  {llntory,. 

A»  the  poor  frishtcd  deer,  that  stanils  at  g&ze, 
WiL^lj  dttrrmiuing  which  way  to  Uy. 

Hape  of  l.urrece. 


Gazet'te  (2  syl.,  g  hard).  A  news- 
paper. The  first  newspapers  wers  issued 
in  Venice  by  the  Government,  and  came 
out  in  manuscript  once  a  month,  during 
the  war  of  l[><yi  between  the  Venetians 
and  Turks.  The  intelligence  was  rea«l 
publicly  in  certain  places,  and  the  fea 
for  hearing  it  read  was  one  gazeita  (a 
Venetian  coin,  somewhat  less  than  a 
farthing  in  value). 

Gazet'ted  (g  hard).  Published  in 
the  Gazette,  or  oflicial  London  newspaper, 
where  all  promotions,  bankruptcies,  and 
dissolutions  of  partnership  are  inserted. 
It  is  published  every  Tuesday  and  Satur- 
day. 

N.B. — The  first  English  gazette  was 
published  at  O.vford,  in  166.5.  On  the 
removal  of  the  court  to  London,  the  title 
was  changed  to  the  London  Gazette. 

Gaz'nivides  (3  syl.).  A  dynxsty  of 
Perisia,  which  gave  four  kings  and  lasted 
fifty  years  ('jyy-1019),  founded  by  Mah- 
moud  Gazni,  who  reigned  from  the  Ganges 
to  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Gear  (g  hard)  properly  means 
"dress."  In  machinery  the  bands  and 
wheels  that  communicate  motion  to  tha 
working  part  are  called  the  gearing. 
^Saxou,  gearwa,  clothing.) 

In  good  gear.     In  good  working  order. 

Oul  of  gear.  Not  in  working  conilition, 
when  the  "gearing"  does  not  act  pro- 
perly ;  out  of  health. 

Gee-up  (i;  soft)  is  get  up  or  gehen 
up,  meaning  "get  along,"  "jog  ou." 
(Horse  language.) 

Gee-wo  ig  soft),  addressed  to  a  horsa, 
is  the  Italian  gio  (get  on).     (See  Wo.) 

El  cum  «io  glori  irelur.  et  coRitarct  cum  quan'a 
g'uria  du  eretur  ad  iiHim  virum  fuper  eq>Mim,  Ji- 
ccnJo.  '•(■ic. .' pia.'"  cepit  pedepercutere  terrani  qiia^l 
puDgeret  equum  caloanhua.— X'la/uyui  CrtaiwuruKk. 

Geese  (g  hard).  (See  Goose.) 
Geese  save  the  capital.  The  tradition  is 
that  when  the  Gauls  invaded  Homo,  a 
detachment  in  single  file  clambered  up 
the  hill  of  the  capitol  so  silently  that  the 
foremost  man  reached  the  top  without 
being  challenged  ;  but  while  he  waa 
striding  over  the  rampart,  some  sacred 
geese,  disturbed  by  the  noise,  betran  to 
cackle  and  awoke  the  garrison.  Marcus 
Man'lius  rushed  to  the  wall  and  hurled 
the  fellow  over  the  precipice.  To  com- 
memorate this  event,  the  liomans  caxriod 


8^ 


GtPJOJ^. 


CiENEtA. 


a  golden  ffooso  in  procession  to  Hie  capitol 
every  year.     (d.c.  3!)0.; 

Those  cotieocrafc.l  ceo£>.    m  oniers. 
That  to  till;  capitol  were  waiders, 
Aiiii  l^ni,;  then  upou  patrol, 
Vi  ith  noiee  alone  be  .t  iff  tl.c  Gaul. 

Milder,  " Umiibrnt,"  \\.  J. 

A  il  his  swans  are  geese,  or  A  U  his  swans 
are  turned  to  geese.  All  his  expecta- 
tions end  in  nothing ;  all  his  boasting 
ends  in  smoke.  Like  a  person  who  fan- 
cies he  sees  a  swan  on  a  river,  but  finds 
it  to  be  only  a  coose. 

The  phrase  issoniotimes  reversed  tlms, 
"All  his  trooso  are  swans  ;"  menniugthat 
everything  belonging  to  him  is  to  his 
own  thinking  first-rate.  Cumnionly  ap- 
plied to  people  who  think  too  mncli  of 
the  beauty  and  talent  of  their  childr&n. 

The  viore  geese  the  more  loveis.  The 
Fren(>h  newspaper  called  V Europe,  Le- 
ceml  cr,  1.^0.5,  repeats  this  proverb,  and 
says  . —  '  It  is  customary  in  England  for 
every  gentleman  admitted  into  society 
to  send  a  fat  gooso  at  Christmas  to  the 
lady  of  the  house  he  is  in  the  habit  of 
visiiiiig  Beautiful  women  receive  a 
whole  magazine  .  .  and  are  thus  ena- 
bled to  tell  the  number  of  their  lovers 
by  the  nunilier  of  fat  geese  sent  to 
thum."  The  Times,  'llXh  December,  1805  : 
— 'I'nily  the  Frenchman  knows  much 
more  al'out  us  than  we  ever  "  dreamt  of 
ID  our  philosophy." 

Gfesf.     {See  Cao  Maq.) 

Gefjon  (Gufc'-goii).  Goddess  of  vir- 
ginit\,  to  whom  all  maidens  go  at  death. 
— iicantlinaviaii  mi/thotogg, 

Gehen'na  (Hebrew,  g  hard).  The 
place  of  eternal  torment.  Strictly  speak- 
ing, it  means  simply  the  Valley  of  Hin- 
nom  ((le- llinnom),  where  sacrifices  to 
Moloch  were  offered  and  where  refuse 
of  all  sorts  was  subsequently  cast,  for 
the  consumption  of  which  fires  were  kept 
constantly  burning. 

And  madehin  srore 
The  rlfiwant  vaHey  of  llmuoni,  Toi  liet  thence 
Aul  black  Ochcuu.!  calipd.  the  type  of  htl). 

Mdlmi,  -'i'dnid.s*  ios(,"  bt.  L 

Gel'ert  {g  'oard).  The  name  of 
Llewellyn's  dog  One  day  a  wolf  entered 
tlie  room  where  the  infant  son  of  the 
Welsh  prince  was  asleep ;  Gelert  flew  at 
it  and  killed  it ;  but  when  Llewellyn  re- 
turned home  and  saw  his  dog's  mouth 
bloody,  he  hastily  concluded  that  it  had 
killed  his  child,  and  thrust  it  through 
with  his  sword.  The  howl  of  the  dog 
»woke  the  child,  and  the  prince  saw  too 


late  Lia  fatal  rashness.  B(  tli-gdert  Is 
the  iKime  of  the  [ilaco  where  the  dog  was 
buried.      [Set  DcG.) 

Gellatley  (Davie).  The  idiot  servant 
of  the  baron  of  Bradwardine. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  "  Wavtrlig."  Also stci t G-rlI/- r j v, 

Gema'ra  (^  hard),  which  oieai.s 
"complement,"  13  applied  to  the  Becond 
part  of  the  Talmud,  which  consists  of 
annotations,  discussions,  and  amplifica- 
tions of  the  Jewish  Mishnah.  There  is 
the  Uabylor.ian  Gema'ra  and  the  Jeru- 
salem Gema'ra.  'Iho  former,  which  is 
tiie  more  complete,  is  by  the  academies 
of  Babylon;  the  latter  by  those  of 
J'alestine. 

Gendarmes  (pron.  zjon-dnnn). 
"lien  at  arms,'  the  arnu-d  police  of 
France.  The  term  was  first  applied  to 
those  who  marched  in  the  train  of 'Knights; 
subsequently  to  the  cavalry  ;  in  the  time 
of  Louis  XIV.  to  a  body  of  horse  chartred 
with  the  preservation  of  order;  after  the 
revolution  to  a  military  police  chosen 
from  old  soldiers  of  good  character  ;  no*' 
it  is  applied  to  the  ordinary  police,  whose 
costume  is  half  civil  and  half  military. 

General  Issue  is  pleading  "  I-fot 
guilty"  to  a  criminal  cliarge ;  "Never 
indebted"  to  a  charge  of  debt. 

General! 3 'simo  {g  soft).  Called 
Tagus  among  the  ancient  Thessaliaus, 
ZJre/aiJM  among  the  ancient  Gauls,  Pen- 
dragon  among  the  ancient  Welsh  or  Celts. 

Gen'erons  ig  soft).  Generous  as 
Hatim.  An  Arabian  expression.  Hatina 
was  a  Bedouin  chief  famous  for  his  war- 
like deeds  and  boundless  generosity. 
His  son  was  contemporary  with  Mahomet. 

Geneu'ra  Q)  soft).  Daughter  of  the 
king  of  Scotland.  Lurca'uio  carried  her 
oif  captive,  and  confined  her  in  his  father's 
castle.  She  loved  AriodantL'S,  who  being 
told  that  she  was  false,  condemned  her  to 
die  for  incontinence,  unless  she  found  a 
champion  to  defend  her.  Ariodantes 
himself  became  her  champion,  and,  hav- 
ing vindicated  her  innocence,  married 
her.  This  is  a  satire  on  Arthur,  whose 
wife  intrigued  with  Sir  Launcelot.— 
Orlando  Furioso.     Bk.  i. 

Geneva  (ji  8.)ft),  contracted  into 
Gin.  Originally  made  from  malt  and 
juniper-berries.  (French,  ^e«eiT«.  a  juni- 
per-berry.) 


GENEVA  BIBLE. 


GENOVEFA. 


335 


Geneva  Bible.  Tlie  English  ver- 
Bion  in  use  prior  to  the  i)rcseiit  one.  So 
called  because  it  was  originally  printed 
at  Geneva  (in  15(30). 

Gene'va  Bull.  Stephen  Marshall, 
a  preacher  who  roared  like  a  bull  of 
Bashan.  Called  Geneva  because  he  was 
a  disciple  of  John  Calvin. 

Gene'va  Doctrines.  Calvinism. 
Calvin,  in  15-il,  was  invited  to  take  up 
his  residence  in  Geneva  as  the  public 
teacher  of  theology.  From  this  period 
Geneva  was  for  many  years  the  centre  of 
education  for  the  Protestant  youths  of 
Europe. 

Genevieve  (.S^),  (pron.  zjon-ve-ave). 
The  sainted  patroness  of  tbo  city  of 
Paris.     (422-512.) 

Ge'nius,  pi.,  Genii  (Eastern  mytho- 
logy). A  corruption  of  the  Arabic  Jin- 
nee, m.,  Jiiuiiyeh,  I.  A  sort  of  fairy, 
somewhat  resembling  the  Persian  Peri 
and  Deev.  They  are  mortal,  marry  and 
are  given  in  marriage,  and  were  formed 
out  of  the  "smokeless  fire"  of  the  simoom 
several  thousand  years  before  Adam.  As 
they  paid  no  heed  to  the  prophets  sent 
to  instruct  them,  they  were  driven  from 
the  earth  to  the  "  island  regions."  The 
resemblance  of  this  word  to  the  Latin 
geiinis,  from  gijno,  is  accidental.     (See 

Jl.NNS.) 

Genius,  Crfnii (Roman  mythology),  were 
attendant  spirits.  Every  one  had  two  of 
these  tvitelaries  from  his  cradle  to  his 
gi-ave.  But  the  Roman  genii  differ  in 
many  respects  from  the  Eastern.  The 
Persian  and  Indian  genii  had  a  corporeal 
form,  which  they  could  change  at  plea- 
sure. They  were  not  guardian  or  atten- 
dant spirits,  but  fallen  angels,  dwelling 
in  Giunistan,  un<ler  the  dominion  of 
Eblis.  Thoy  were  naturally  hostile  to 
man,  though  compelled  sometimes  to 
serve  them  as  slaves.  The  Roman  genii 
were  tutelary  spirits,  very  similar  to  the 

f guardian  angels  spoken  of  in  .Scripture 
St.  Matt,  xviii.  10).  (The  word  is  the  old 
Latin  (jeno,  to  be  born,  from  the  notion 
that  birth  and  life  were  due  to  these  dii 
genita'/es.) 

Genius  (birth  wit)  is  innate  talent; 
hence  propensity,  nature,  inner  man. 
"  Crasgenium  meiocura'bis"  (to-morrow 
you  shall  indulge  your  inner  man  with 
vine),  "  Horate,"  iii.  17.  "  Indulg^re 
jonio"  (to  give  loose  to  one's  propensity), 


"Persius,"  V.  151.  "Defrauda're  geni* 
um  suura"  (to  stint  one's  appetite,  to 
deny  one's  self),  Terence,  "  Phormio," 
i.  1.     {See  above.) 

Genius.  Tom  Moore  says  that  Common 
Sense  went  out  one  moonlight  night  with 
Genius  on  his  rambles  ;  Common  Sense 
went  on  many  wise  things  saying,  but 
Genius  went  gazing  at  the  stars,  and  fell 
into  a  river.  This  is  told  of  Thales  by 
Plato,  and  Chaucer  has  introduced  it  into 
his  "  .Milleres  Tale." 

So  forde  another  c!erk  with  astronomye  : 
Ilo  waikeil  in  (he  fee IdfS  for  to  piye 
Upon  the  sterroa.  wh&t  tlier  eliuJd  befall. 
Til  be  won  la  t,  mark'  vit  i-fall. 

" CanUrtniri/  Taltl,"  t,ii7. 

Mrj  evil  genius  (my  ill-luck).  The 
Romans  maintained  that  two  genii  at- 
tended every  man  from  birth  to  death — 
one  good  and  the  other  evil.  Good  luck 
was  brought  about  by  the  agency  of  "his 
good  genius,"  and  ill  luck  by  that  of  bis 
"evil  genius." 

Genii-King.  King  Solomon  is  sup- 
posed to  preside  over  tho  whole  race  o( 
genii.— D'  lieibelot,  ^'  Notes  to  the  Koran," 
c.  2. 

Gen'itive  case  means  the  genus 
case,  the  case  which  shows  the  genus. 
Thus — A  bird  of  the  air,  of  (he  sea,  of  (he 
marshes,  &c.  The  part  in  italics  shows  to 
what  genus  the  bird  belongs.  Our  's  is 
the  adjective  sign,  the  same  as  the  Sans- 
krit syd,  as  udaka  (water),  udaha-sya  (of 
water,  or  aquatic).  So  in  Greek,  demos 
(people),  demo-si  OS  (belonging  to  tho 
people),  or  genitive  demo-sio,  softened 
into  dein-j-'io.  In  Chaucer,  &c.,  tiie 
genitive  is  written  in  full,  as  "The 
Clerkos  Tale,"  "The  Cokes  Tale," 
"The  Kuightes  Tale,"  "The  Milleres 
Tale,"  &c. 

Genna'ro  (v  soft).  The  natural  son 
of  Lucrezia  Bor'gla  (q.v.). 

Gen'oa,  from  the  Latin  genu  (the 
knee).  So  called  from  the  bond  made  there 
by  the  Adriatic.  Tho  whole  of  Italy  is 
called  a  man's  leg,  and  this  is  his  knee. 

Genove'fa  (7  soft).  Wife  of  count 
palatine  Siegfried,  of  Brabant,  in  the 
time  of  Charles  Martel.  Boitig  suspected 
of  infidelity,  she  was  driven  into  the 
forest  of  Ardennes,  where  she  gave  birth 
to  a  son,  who  was  nourished  by  a  white 
doe.  In  time  Siegfried  discovered  his 
error,  ami  restored  his  wife  and  child  to 
their  proper  homo. 


336 


GENRE  PALNTER. 


GEORGE. 


Genre  Painter.  A  painter  of  do- 
mestic, riinil,  or  village  scenes,  sr.ch  as 
"A  Villa-,'o  WcddiiiK,"  "The  Yoiin.!? 
llocruit,"  "Blind-man's  Buff,"  "Tho 
Village  Politician,"  &c.  It  is  a  French 
term,  and  means,  "Man:  his  customs, 
habits,  and  ways  of  life."  Wilkie,  Ostade, 
Gerard  Dow,  kc,  belonged  to  this  class. 
In  tho  drama  Victor  Hugo  introduced 
the  genre  system  in  lieu  of  the  stilted, 
unnatural  style  of  Louis  XlV.'s  era. 

Gentle  (g  soft)  means  having  the 
manners  of  genteel  persons — i.e.,  persons 
of  family,  called  gens  in  Latin. 

V/e  must  be  gentle,  now  we  are  i;en!lemen. 

i>h'.ikeipeare,  "  Mi-iUer'a  Tale,"  v.  1. 

Tkt  genlle  a-ajl.  The  gentleman's 
trade,  so  called  from  the  romance  of 
prince  Crispin,  who  is  said  to  have  made 
shoes.  It  is  rather  rernarkable  that  the 
"  gentle  craft "  should  give  birth  to  our 
contemptuous  term  snoh. 

The  Genlle  S/tepherd.  George  Gren- 
ville,  the  statesman,  a  nickname  de- 
rived from  a  line  applied  to  him  by  Pitt, 
afterwards  earl  of  Chatham.  Grenville, 
in  the  course  of  one  of  his  speeches, 
addressed  tho  House  interrogatively, 
"  Tell  me  where  ?  tell  me  where  ?"  Pitt 
hummed  a  line  of  a  song  then  very  popu- 
lar, "  Gentle  shepherd,  tell  me  where  ?  " 
and  the  House  burst  into  laughter. 
(1712-1770.) 

Gentleman  (9  soft).  A  translation  of 
the  French  gentilhomme,  one  who  belongs 
to  the  gens  or  stock.  According  to  the 
Roman  law,  gens-men,  or  gentlemen, 
were  those  only  who  had  a  family  name, 
were  bom  of  free  parents,  had  no  slave 
in  their  ancestral  line,  and  had  never 
been  degraded  to  a  lower  rank. 

A  gentleman  of  (he  four  outs.  A  vulgar 
upstart,  with-ow<  manners,  vrOh-out  wit, 
with-OMi  money,  and  with-oitt  credit. 

Geoffrey  Crayon.  The  hypo- 
thetical author  of  the  "Sketch  Book." 
Washington  Irving,  of  New  York.  (1733- 
1859.) 

G}eology  (g  soft).  The  Father  of 
Geology.     William  Smith.     (1769-1840.) 

Ge'omancy  {g  soft).  Divining  by 
the  earth.  So  termed  because  these 
diviners  in  the  sixteenth  century  drew  on 
tho  earth  their  magic  circles,  figures,  and 
lines.  (Greek,  gc,  the  earth ;  mantei'a, 
prophecy). 


Geometry  {g  soft)  means  land- 
measuring.  Tho  first  geometrician  was 
a  ploughman  pacing  out  his  field.  (Greek, 
ge,  the  earth  ;  metron,  a  measure.) 

George  {St.)  (g  soft).  Gibbon,  in  his 
"  Decline  and  Fall,"  ii.  323,  a-sserts  that 
the  patron  saint  of  England  was  George 
of  Cappadocia,  the  turbulent  Ariau 
bishop  of  Alexandria,  torn  to  pieces  by 
the  populace  in  3<J0,  and  revered  as  a 
saint  by  the  opponents  of  Athanasius  ; 
but  this  assertion  has  been  fully  dis- 
proved by  the  Jesuit  Papebroch,  Milner, 
and  others. 

That  St.  George  is  a  veritable  charac- 
ter is  beyond  all  reasonable  doubt,  and 
there  seems  no  reason  to  deny  that  he 
was  born  in  Armor'ica,  and  was  beheaded 
in  Diocletian's  persecution  by  order  of 
Datianus,  April  2-3,  303.  St.  Jerome 
(b31-420)  mentions  him  in  one  of  his 
martyrologies ;  in  the  next  century  there 
were  many  churches  to  his  honour.  St. 
Gregory  (540-G04)  has  in  hisSacraraentary 
a  "  Preface  for  St.  George's  Day  ;"  and 
the  Venerable  Bede  (G72-735),  in  his  mar- 
tyrology,  says,  "At  last  St.  George  truly 
finished  his  martyrdom  by  decapitation, 
although  the  gests  of  his  passion  are 
numbered  among  the  apocryphal  writ- 
ings." 

In  regard  to  his  connection  with  Eng- 
land, Ashmole,  in  his  "History  of  the 
Order  of  the  Garter,"  says  that  king 
Arthur  in  the  sixth  century  placed  the 
picture  of  St.  George  on  his  banners ; 
and  Selden  tells  us  he  was  patron  saint  of 
England  in  the  Saxon  times.  It  is  quite 
certain  that  the  council  of  Oxford  in 
1222  commanded  his  festival  to  be  ob- 
served in  England  as  a  holiday  of  lesser 
rank  ;  and  in  1330  he  was  adopted  as 
the  patron  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter. 

The  dragon  slain  by  St.  George  is 
simply  a  common  allegory  to  express  the 
triumph  of  the  Christian  hero  over  evil, 
which  John  the  Evangelist  beheld  under 
the  image  of  a  dragon.  Similarly,  St. 
Michael,  St.  Margaret,  St.  Silvester,  and 
St.  Martha  are  all  depicted  as  slaying 
dragons  ;  the  Sa\'iour  and  the  Virgin  as 
treading  them  under  their  feet ;  and  St. 
John  the  Evangelist  as  charming  a  winged 
dragon  from  a  poisoned  chalice  given 
him  to  drink.  Even  John  Bunyan  avails 
himself  of  the  same  figure,  when  ho 
makes  Christian  encounter  ApoUyon 
and  prevail  against  him. 


GEORGE. 


GEORGE  SAND. 


837 


Si.  Georg^i  Arm.      The  Hellespont  is 
so   called   by  the   Catholic    Church    in   j 
honour  of  St.  George,  the  patron  saint 
of     England. — I'apeCroch,    "Ada    des  '• 
Su'.nU."  I 

St.  George's  Channel.  An  arm  of  the  i 
Atlantic,  separating  Ireland  from  Great  | 
Britain  ;  so  called  in  honour  of  tit.  | 
George,  referred  to  above. 

UeM-f/e  {St.)  the  Red  Cross  Knight  (in   ; 
Spenser's  "  FftL-rj'  Queen,"  bk.  i.)  repre- 
sents  "  Piety."      He    starts   with   Una 
(Truth)  on  his  adventures,  and  is  driven   j 
into    Wandering  Wood,    where    he   en-   i 
counters   Error,   and    passes  the   night   [ 
with   Una  in    Hypocrisy's  cell.     Being   \ 
visited   by   a  false  vision,   the    knight   j 
abandons   Una,  and    goes  with  Duessa 
( False-faith)  to  the  palace  of  Pride.     He  ' 
leaves    this    palace    clandestinely,    but  '■ 
being  overtaken  by  Duessa,  is  persuaded   ! 
to  drink  of  an  enchanted  fountain,  when 
he  becomes  paralyseil,  and  is  taken  cap-    { 
tive  by  Orgoglio.     Una  informs  Arth\ir 
of  the  sad  event,  and  the  prince  goes  to 
the  rescue.     He  slays  Orgoglio,  and  the 
Red  Cross  Knight  being  set  free,  is  taken 
by  Una  to  the  house  of  Holiness  to  be 
healed.     On  leaving  Holiness,  both  Una 
and  the  knight  journey  towards  Eden. 
As  they  draw  near,  the  dragon  porter 
flies  at  the  knight,  and  St.  George  has  to 
do  battle  with  it  for  three  whole  days 
before  he  succeeds  in  slaying  it     Tho 
dragon  being  slain,  the  two  enter  Eden, 
and  the  Red  Cross  Knight  is  united  to 
Una  in  the  holy  bonds  of  matrimony. 

St.  George  and  the  Dragon.  According 
to  the  ballad  given  in  Percy's  "  Reliques, ' 
St.  George  was  the  son  of  lord  Albert  of 
Coventry.  His  mother  died  in  giving 
him  birth,  and  the  new- bom  babe  was 
stolen  away  by  the  weird  lady  of  the 
woods,  who  brought  him  up  to  deeds  of 
arms.  His  body  had  tiiree  marks:  a 
dragon  on  the  breast,  a  garter  round  one 
of  the  legs,  and  a  blood-red  cross  on  the 
arm.  When  he  grew  to  manhood  he 
first  fought  against  the  Saracens,  and 
then  went  to  Syle'ne,  a  city  of  Libya, 
where  was  a  stagnant  lake  infested  by  a 
huge  dragon,  whose  poi.sonous  breath 
"had  many  a  city  slain,"  nnd  whose 
hide  "no  spear  nor  sword  coiild  pierce." 
Every  day  a  virgin  was  sacrificed  to  it, 
and  at  length  it  came  to  the  lot  of  Sabra, 
the  king's  daii^htcr,  to  become  its  victim. 
She  was  tied  to  tlio  stake  and  left  to  be 
devoured,  when  St.  George  came  up,  and 


vowed  to  take  her  cause  in  hand.  On 
came  the  dragon,  and  St.  George  thrust- 
ing his  lance  into  its  mouth,  killed  it  on 
tho  spot.  The  king  of  Morocco  and  the 
king  of  Egypt,  unwilling  that  Sabra 
should  marry  a  Christian,  sent  St.  George 
to  Persia,  and  directed  the  "sophy"  to 
kill  him.  Ho  was  accordingly  thrust  into 
a  dungeon,  but  making  good  his  escape, 
carried  off  Sabra  to  England,  where  si)e 
became  his  wife,  and  tliey  lived  happily 
together  at  Coventry  till  their  death. 

St.  George  he  icas  for  England,  St.  DenU 
•was  for  France.  This  refers  to  the  war- 
cries  of  the  two  nations — that  of  Eng- 
land was  "  St.  George  !  "  that  of  France, 
"  Montjoye  St.  Denis  !  " 

Our  ancient  word  of  couraee.  fair  "  SL  Oforsf ■" 
^Ul'lre  us  with  ilie  «p!eeQ  uf  fiery  da  runs. 

Shaiapai'  e,  "  Ku-luird  III.,"  r.  ;<. 

]Vhen  St.  George  goes  on  horseback  St. 
Yves  goes  on  foot.  In  times  of  war  lawyers 
have  nothing  to  do.  St.  George  is  the 
patron  of  soldiers,  and  St.  Ives  of  lawyers. 

St.  Gforge's  Cross.  Red  on  a  white  field. 

St.  Georges  Lag  (Apr.  23).  a  day  of 
deception  and  oppnssiou.  It  was  the 
day  when  new  leases  and  contracts  used 
to  be  made. 

George  a'  Green.  As  good  <l^ 
George  a'  Green.  Resolute-minded  ;  one 
who  will  do  his  duty  come  what  may. 
George  .V  Green  inas  the  famous  pinder 
or  pound-keeper  of  Wakefield,  who 
resisted  Robin  Hood,  Will  Scarlett,  and 
Little  John  single-handed  when  they 
attempted  to  commit  a  trespass  in  Wake- 
field. 

Were  ye  boH  at  George-a-Oreon, 
I  ahiill  make  bu!d  lo  turn  axaiii. 

5.  liuUer,  "  lludibrat.' 

George  Eliot.  The  literary  name  of 
Mary  A.  Evans  (Lewes),  authoress  of 
"Adam  I5ede,"  "  MiU  on  the  Floss," 
"  Fcli.x  Holt,"  &c. 

George  Geith.  Tlie  hero  of  a  novel 
by  Mrs.  Tralford  [Riddellj.  He  is  ona 
wlio  will  work  as  longas  he  has  breath  to 
draw,  and  would  die  in  harness.  He  wuuld 
fight  against  all  opposing  circumstances 
while  he  had  a  drop  of  blood  left  in  his 
veins,  and  may  be  called  the  model  of 
untiring  industry  and  indomitable  moral 
courage. 

George  Sand.  A  nom  de  plume  of 
Mad.  Dudcvaiit,  born  at  Paris  1.S04,  and 
descended,  on  the  father's  aide,  froiTi  the 
famous  Marshal  Saxe.  Uer  maiden  luune 


538 


GEORGE  STREET. 


GERTRUDE. 


was  Diijiin.  Her  best  romances  are 
"Valentine,"  "  AnJrd,"  and  "  Consuclo," 
and  of  ber  minor  pieoos,  "La  iJare  au 
Diable." 

George  Street  (Strand,  London) 
coiunioncos  the  precinct  of  an  ancient 
mansion  wiiich  originally  belonged  to  the 
bisho[)s  of  Norwich.  After  passing  suc- 
cossively  into  tlio  possession  of  Charles 
Branilon  duko  of  SufFulk,  the  archbishops 
of  York,  and  the  crown,  it  came  to  George 
^'illiors  duke  of  Buckingham.  The  second 
duko  of  Buckingham  pulled  down  the 
mansion  and  built  the  streets  and  alley 
called  respectively  "George"  (street), 
."Villiers"  (street),  "Dnke"  (street), 
"Of"  (alley),  and  "Buckingham" 
(street). 

Geraint'  ig  hard).  Tributary  prince 
of  Devon,  and  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Hound  Table.  Overhearing  part  of 
E'nid's  words,  be  fancied  she  was  faith- 
less to  him,  and  treated  her  for  a  time 
very  harshly ;  but  Enid  nursed  him  so 
carefully  when  he  was  wounded  that  he 
saw  his  error,  "  nor  did  he  doubt  her 
more,  but  rested  in  her  fealty,  till  he 
crowned  a  happy  life  with  a  fair  death." 
—  Tennyson,  Idylls  of  ike  King,  "Enid," 

Geraldine  (3  syl.,  g  soft).  The  fair 
Gcnddine.  Lady  ElizabethFitzgerald  is  so 
called  by  the  earl  of  fcJurrey  in  his  poeuis. 

Gera'nium  {g  soft).  The  Turks  say 
this  was  a  common  mallow  metamor- 
phosed by  the  touch  of  Mahomet's 
garment. 

Gerda  (g  soft).  Wife  of  Frej-r,  and 
daughter  of  the  giant  Gymer.  She  is  so 
beautiful  that  the  brightness  of  her 
naked  arms  illuminates  both  air  and  sea. 
{Scandinavian  mythology. ) 

Ge'ri  and  FreTii.  The  two  wolves 
of  Odin.      (Scaiulinavian  viylhology.) 

German  or  Germaine  (g  soft).  Per- 
taining to,  related  to,  as  Cousins-german 
(first  cousins),  German  to  the  subject  (bear- 
ing on  or  pertinent  to  the  subject).  This 
word  has  no  connexion  with  German  (the 
nation),  butcomes  from  the  Latin^erma'Ti- 
us  (of  the  same  germ  or  stock).  First 
cousins  have  a  grandfather  or  grand- 
mother in  common. 

Those  that  are  i^rniaine  to  him,  thongh  removed 
fiJlj  tiires,  lUall  all  come  undfr  the  hangman. 

tf/ute^ptrir*.  •'  Wui^jT'i  I 'Jit,"  iv.  J. 


German.  Johan  de  Mairo  saye, 
"Germany  is  so  called  from  Ciesarg 
bister  Gormaua,  wife  of  Salvius  Brabon." 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  Kiye  that 
Ebrancus,  one  of  the  mythological  d©- 
sc-jndants  of  Brute,  King  of  Britain,  had 
twenty  sons  and  thirty  daughters.  All 
the  sons,  except  the  eldest,  settled  in 
Germany,  which  was,  therefore,  called 
the  land  of  the  Germans  or  brothers. 
{Hee  above.) 

[Ebranlc'S  Ad  happy  mv.n  in  hit  first  daja  he  vas, 

An<l  happy  faiher  of  fair  progeny  ; 
For  all  B J  many  weeks  as  the  year  has 

So  m  luy  children  he  diJ  muliiply; 

Of  which  weie  t«e:-ty  son?,  which  did  apply 
Tlieir  mmds  to  jTaise  and  ch  valrous  desire. 

I  lipse  germaiJB  dii  subdue  all  Germany, 

Of  «hotn  it  liight.. 

Upenser,  "Faery  ©ufen,"  li.  10. 

Faiher  of  German  Lileralv.re.  Gotthold 
Ephraim  Lessing.    (1729-1781.) 

German  Comb.  The  four  fingers 
and  thumb.  "  Se  pygnoit  du  pygne  d'. 
Almaing  "  {Rabelais),  He  combed  his  hair 
with  his  fingers.  Oudin,  in  his  "  Dic- 
tionnaire,"  explains  pygne  d'Aleman  by 
"los  dedos  et  la  dita."  The  Germans 
were  the  last  to  adopt  periwigs,  and  while 
the  French  were  never  seen  without  a 
comb  in  one  hand,  the  Germans  adjusted 
their  hair  by  running  their  fingers 
through  it. 

lie  appareled  himself  according  to  the  season,  and 
afe:  wards  combed  his  head  with  an  Almau  comU 
—Jiabeiaia,  "  GaTi/atUita  and  Pantaoruel,"  bk-L  SI. 

German  Silver  is  not  silver  at  all, 
but  white  copper,  or  copper,  zinc,  and 
nickel  mixed  together.  It  was  first  made 
in  Europe  at  Hildburg-hausen,  in  Ger- 
many, but  had  been  used  by  the  Chinese 
time  out  of  mind. 

Gerryman'der  (g  hard).  So  to 
divide  a  county  or  nation  into  representa- 
tive districts  as  to  give  one  special  politi- 
cal party  undue  advantage  over  all  oihers. 
The  word  is  derived  from  Elbridge 
Gerry,  who  adopted  the  scheme  in  Mas- 
sachusetts when  he  was  governor. 

Gerst-Monat.  Barley-month.  The 
Anglo-Saxon  name  for  September,  so 
called  because  it  was  the  time  of  barley- 
beer  making. 

Ger'trude  (2  syl. ,  g  hard).  Hamlet's 
mother,  who  married  Claudius,  the  mur- 
derer of  her  late  husband.  She  inadver- 
tently poisoned  herself  by  drinking  a 
poti  on  prepared  for  her  son.  — Shakcspeart, 
"  Ilaadd," 


GERYON. 


GIANTS. 


339 


Gtitn.de  of  Wij'oining.  I'lio  name  of 
one  of  Cami^ljell'b  iioenid. 

Si.  Gertrude,  in  Christian  art,  is  some- 
times represented  as  surroumied  with 
rats  and  mice ;  and  sometimes  as  s{iia- 
I'ing,  the  rats  and  mice  running  about 
her  clistaiT. 

Gcr'yon  (7  hard).  Ahuraan  monster 
with  three  bodies  and  three  heads,  whose 
oxen  ate  human  (Icsh,  and  were  pviarded 
by  a  two-headed  dog,  Hercules  slew 
both  Gcryon  and  the  dog.  This  fable 
n>oans  simply  that  Geryou  reij^ned  over 
three  kingdoms,  and  was  defencled  by  an 
ally  who  was  at  the  head  of  two  tribes. 

Ges'mas  (9  hard).  The  impenitent 
malefactor,  crucified  with  oar  Lord,  ac- 
cording to  the  ancient  mysteries.  Also 
called  Uesmas. 

Gessler  0/  Jiard).  Tho  Austrian 
jfovernor  of  tho  three  Forest  Cantons  of 
Switzerland.  A  man  of  most  brutal  na- 
ture and  tyrannical  disposition.  llo 
attemi>ted  to  carry  off  the  daughter  of 
Leuthold,  a  Swiss  herdsman ;  but  Leut- 
hold  slew  the  ruffian  sent  to  seize  her, 
and  fled.  This  act  of  injustice  roused 
the  peoj'lo  to  rebellion,  and  Gessler, 
having  jmt  to  death  Melch'tal,  the  patri- 
arch of  the  Forest  Cantons,  insulted  the 
people  by  commanding  them  to  bow 
down  to  his  cap,  hoisted  on  a  high  pole. 
Tell  refuf-ing  so  to  do,  was  arrested  with 
his  son,  and  Gessler,  in  the  refinement 
of  cruelty,  iuipo.-eil  on  him  tho  tasl;  of 
sliooting  with  his  bow  and  arrow  an  ajiplo 
from  the  head  of  his  own  son.  Tell  suc- 
ceerled  in  this  dangerous  skill-trial,  but 
in  his  agitation  dropped  an  arrow  from 
his  robe.  The  governor  insolently  de- 
manded what  the  second  arrow  was  for, 
and  Tell  fearlessly  reii'icd,  "To  shoot 
you  witn,  had  I  failed  in  the  task  imposed 
upon  me."  Gessler  now  ordered  him 
to  bo  carried  in  chains  across  the  lake, 
and  cast  into  Kusnacht  castle,  a  prey 
"  to  tho  reptiles  that  lodged  there."  He 
was,  however,  rescued  by  the  peasantry, 
and,  having  shot  Gessler,  freed  his  coun- 
try fri)m  the  Aiistrian  yoV.Q.—  Rosiiiii'i 
Optra  of"  (Juijlielmo  Tell." 

Gesta  Romano'rum.  (g  soft),  com- 
piled by  I'ierre  iiercheur,  prior  of  the 
benedictine  convent  of  St.  Eloi,  Paris, 
published  by  the  Roxburgh  Society,  and 
•dited  liy  Sir  F.  Maddea. 


Geste  or  Gest  {g  soft).  A  story, 
romance,  achievement.  From  the  Latin 
gesta  (exploits). 

The  »ctne  of  tljese  gt''.e>\ie\Tin  laid  ;n  ordiuarj  l;fe. 
—t' •/doptiiiok  LrUun.  [K'/muntt). 

Gew'gaw  (3  hard).  A  showy  trifle. 
{Saxou,  gt-gaf,  a  triQoj  French,  joujo  >, 
a  toy.) 

GheTDers  or  Gue'hcs.  Tho  original 
natives  of  Iran  (Persia),  who  adbere^l  to 
the  religion  of  Zoroaster,  and  (after  tiie 
conquest  of  their  country  by  the  Arabs) 
became  waifs  and  outlaws.  The  term  is 
nowappli;.'d  to  fire-worshippers  generally. 
Hanway  s:iys  that  tho  ancient  Ghebers 
wore  a  cushec  or  belt,  which  they  never 
laid  aside. 

Gherkin,  by  facetious  etymology,  ia 
derived  from  King  Jeremiah,  whence 
Jeremiah  king,  Jere'-king,  Jer'-kiu', 
(Jherkiu  (a  youug  cucumber). 

Ghibslline,  or  rather  Waiblingcn, 
the  jvar-cry  of  Conrad's  followers  in 
the  battle  of  Weiusberg  (1140).  Courad, 
duke  of  Suabia,  was  opposed  to  Henry 
the  Lion,  duke  of  f^axouy,  whose  slogan 
was  Guelph  or  Welfe,  his  family  name. 

Giaffir  (Djaf-fir').  Pacha  of  Aby'dos, 
and  father  of  Zule'ika.  Hetells  her  he 
intends  to  marry  her  to  Kara  Osman 
Ogloo,  governor  of  M.agne'sia ;  but  Zu- 
leika  has  betrothed  herself  to  her  cousin 
Selim.  The  lovers  flee,  Giaffir  shoots 
Selim,  Zuleika  dies  of  grief,  and  the 
pacha  lives  on  a  heart-broken  old  man, 
ever  calling  to  tho  winds,  "  Where  is  my 
daughter  • "  and  echo  answers,  "Where  ? '' 
— Byron,  "  liride  oj  Abi/dos." 

GialL  Tho  infernal  river  of  Scand- 
navian  mythology. 

Gian  ben  Gian  (g  soft).  King  of 
the  Ginns  or  Genii,  and  founder  of  the 
Pyramids.  He  was  overthrown  by  Aza'zil 
or  Lucifer.     (Arab  Su}}i^sulio)U.) 

Giants  ig  soft)  (1)  0/  Greek  mytho- 
loqq,  sons  of  Tar'taros  and  Go.  When 
they  attempted  to  storm  heaven,  they 
were  hurled  to  earth  by  tho  aui  of  Her- 
cules, and  buried  under  Mount  Etna. 

ii.  Oj  Scandiuacian  mtfilivlogi/,  were 
evil  Koidi,  dwelling  in  Jotunheim  (giant- 
laud  ),  who  h.ad  tho  power  of  reducing  or 
extending  their  stature  at  will. 


840 


niAN'i'.s. 


GIANTS. 


iii.  0/  Niaseri/  mi/(/ioloijy,  are  canni- 
bals of  vast  stature  unci  iininenso  mus- 
cular po'-vor,  but  as  stupid  as  they  are 
violent  auil  treacherous. 

iv.  In  tbo  romance  of  "  Gargan'tua 
and  I'antagruel',"  by  Rabelais,  giants 
means  ivinces. 

y.  Mi/'hical  Giants.  (1)  ANOODLAFFitE 
of  the  Broken  Teeth  was  "twelve  cubits 
in  height,  his  face  measured  three  feet 
across,  his  nose  was  nine  inches  long,  his 
aims  and  legs  were  each  six  feet,  his 
fingers  six  inches  and  two  lines.  His 
enormous  moutii  was  armed  with  sharp- 
pointed  yellow  tusks.  He  was  descended 
from  Goliath,  and  assumed  the  title  of 
Governor  of  Jerusalem.  He  had  the 
strength  of  thirty  men,  and  his  mace  was 
the  trunk  of  an  oak  tree,  300  years  old." 
Some  say  the  Tower  of  Pisa  lost  its  per- 
pendicularity by  the  weight  of  Angou- 
latfre,  who  one  day  leaned  ajrainst  it  to 
rest  himself.  He  was  slain  by  Roland  in 
single  combat  at  the  Fronsac.  —  "  Croque- 
mitaine." 

(2)  Ant.e'os,  said  by  Plutarch  to  have 
been  sixty  cubits  (eighty-five  feet. )  Plu- 
tarch adds  that  the  grave  of  this  giant 
was  opened  by  Serbo'nios. 

(3)  Ori'on  or  Otus,  according  to  Pliny, 
was  forty-six  cubits  (sixty-six  feet)  in 
height.  His  bones  were  disclosed  in 
Crete  by  an  earthquake. 

(4)  Polyphe'mos,  whose  skeleton  was 
supposed  to  have  been  found  at  Trapa'id, 
in  Sicilj',  in  the  fourteenth  century.  Ac- 
cepting this  as  a  fact,  the  height  of  this 
monster  was  300  feet. 

(5)  Teutoboch'us,  the  King,  whose  re- 
mains were  discovered  near  the  Khone, 
in  1613,  occupied  a  tomb  thirty  feet  long. 

The  bones  of  another  giant  were  ex- 
posed by  the  action  of  the  Pihone  in 
1156.  Presuming  that  these  bones  were 
jart  of  a  human  skeleton,  the  height  of 
the  living  giant  would  have  been  thirty 
feet. 

Another  skeleton  was  discovered  at 
Lucerne  in  1577.  If  this  was  a  human 
skeleton,  the  height  of  the  man  would 
have  been  nineteen  feet,  according  to  Dr. 
Plater. 

N.B.  Numerous  other  examples  are 
given  in  the  body  of  the  Dictionary. 

Ti.    Real  Giants  of  the  Hiunan  Race. 

(1)  Anak,  whose  real  name  is  Joseph 
Brice,  born  at  Ranionchamp  in  theVosges, 
1840,  He  was  exhibited  in  London, 
1865.     Height,  at  the  age  of  twenty-six 


years,  seven  feet  eight  inches.  Some- 
times called  "The  Giant  of  the  Moun- 
tains." 

(2)  PjLA.CKr.n(I/enri/J,  the  British  giant, 
born  at  CuckiieM,  in  Sussex,  172 1. 
Height  seven  feet  four  inches,  and  most 
symmetrical. 

(3)  Bradley,  bom  at  Market  Weighton, 
in  Yorkshire.  Height  at  death  seven 
feet  eight  inches.  His  right  hand  is 
})rcserved  in  the  museum  of  the  College 
of  Surgeons.     (17^8-1 820.) 

(4)CnAN0,  of  Fychou,  the  Chinese  giant, 
exhibited  in  Loudon  iu  IbGG  and  in  1880 
Height  eight  feet  two  inches. 

(5)  Cotter  ( Pair  id),  the  Irish  giant, 
died  1302.  Height  eight  feet  seven  and  a 
half  inches.  A  cast  of  his  liand  is  pre- 
served in  the  museum  of  tbo  College  cf 
Surgeons. 

(6)  Eletzegde  (.loacMm),  the  Spanish 
giant.  Height  seven  feet  ten  inches.  Ex- 
f-.ibited  in  the  Cosraorama,  liegent  Street. 

(7)  Evans fircZ/tamJ, died  1632.  Height 
at  death  eight  feet.     Porter  of  Charles  1. 

(8)  Goliath  of  Gath  was  aliout  eight 
feet  six  inches.      (Six  cubits  and  a  spuu.) 

(9)  Hale  (Rohert),  the  Norfolk  giant, 
born  atSomerton.  Height  seven  feet  six 
inches.     (1S20-1862.) 

(10)  Louis,  the  French  giant.  Height 
seven  feet  four  inches.  His  left  hand  is 
preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  College 
of  Surgeons. 

(11)  LousHKtN,  the  Russian  giant,  and 
drum-major  of  the  Imperi.d  Guards. 
Height  eight  feet  five  inches. 

(12)  Magrato,  an  orphan  reared  by 
bishop  Berkley.  He  died  at  the  age  of 
twenty,  when  he  was  seven  feet  eight 
inches.     (1740-17i;0.) 

(13)  Mellon  (Edmund),  born  at  Port 
Leicester,  Ireland,  was,  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen, seven  feet  six  inches.    (l(ii;.j-l()S4.) 

(14)  iliLLER  {Maximilian-Chi-istoplcer),- 
the  Saxon  giant,  was  eight  feet  in  height. 
His  baud  measured  twelve  inches,  and 
his  fore-finger  was  nine  inches  long.  He 
died  in  London  at  the  age  of  sixty.  (1674- 
1734.) 

(15)  Mdrpht,  an  Irish  giant,  died  at 
JIarseilles.  He  was  a  contemporary  of 
O'Brien.     Height  eight  feet  ten  inches. 

(16)  O'Brien,  or  Cliarles Byrne,  the  Irish 
giant,  was  eight  feet  four  inches.  Hie 
skeleton  is  preserved  in  the  museum  of 
the  College  of  Surgeons.     (1761-1783.) 

(17)  Og,  King  of  Bashan.  According  to 
tradition,  he  lived  3,000ye!ju^,aud  walked 


GIANT'S  CAUSEWAY. 


GIGGLE. 


341 


beside  the  Ark  during  the  Deluge.  One 
of  his  boues  formed  abridge  over  a  river. 
Moses  says  that  his  iron  bedstead  was 
fiiteen  feet  uiue  inches  in  length  {i)  cubits 
by  4  cubits).     Deut.  iii.  11. 

(18)  In  the  museum  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  is  a  human  skeleton,  eight  feet 
six  inches  in  heitrht. 

No  known  specimen  of  man  has  reached 
the  height  of  nine  feet.  Murphy  came 
the  nearest  to  it.  The  bones  of  bigger 
monsters  belonged  to  some  of  the  ante- 
diluvian beasts. 

T/ii  O'iaiU  of  Literature.  Dr.  Samuel 
Joiuison  (1709-17S3).  Also  called  "  The 
great  moralist." 

Giant's  Causeway,  in  Ireland.  A 
basaltic  mole,  said  to  be  the  commence- 
ment of  a  road  to  bo  constructed  by  the 
giants  across  the  channel,  reaching  from 
Ireland  to  Scotland. 

Giaour  {jow'-er).  An  unbeliever, 
one  who  disbelieves  the  Mahometan  faith. 
A  corruption  of  the  Arabic  Kiujir.  It 
has  now  become  so  common  that  it 
scarcely  implies  insult,  but  has  about 
the  force  of  t!ie  word  "Gentile,"  meming 
"  not  a  Jew."  Byron  has  a  poetical  tale 
80  called,  but  ho  has  not  given  tho  giaour 
a  name. 

Gib  {3  8oft).  The  cut  of  his  gih.  (Su 
Jib.) 

To  hxing  one's  gih.  To  be  angfry,  to 
pout.  The  lower  lip  of  a  horse  is  called 
its  gib,  and  so  is  the  beak  of  a  male 
salmon. 

Gib  Cat.  A  tom-cat.  Tho  male 
cat  used  to  be  called  Gilbert.  Nares 
says  that  Tibert  or  Tybalt  is  the  French 
form  of  Gilbert,  and  hence  Chaucer  in 
his  "  Romance  of  tho  Rose,"  renders 
"  Thibert  le  Cas  "  by  "  Gibbo,  our  Cat," 
(V.  G204).     (.S.«Tvn.vi.T.) 

I  »ni  a«  mel  iD-lioiy  »■<  a  ijib  cal,  or  a  lugftJ  bcfcr. 
—UKiikispeare.  "  Henri/  I  V."  i.  1. 

Gibbed  (jj  soft).  As  melancholy  as  a 
gihhcd  cal.  As  an  emasculated  or  old 
male  cat.  Gibbed  is  a  corruption  of  kihbed, 
sore.  (In  Dcvonsliire  LUihi/  mo:ins  sore  ;  in 
Salop,  kibble  is  to  bruise  pulse ;  kilcs, 
chilblains.) 

Giblacrish  07  tard).  Gcbcr,  the 
Arabian,  was  by  far  tho  greatest  alche- 
mist of  tho  eleventh  century,  and  wrote 
several  treatises  on  "the  art  of  making 
gold"  in  tho  u.sual  mystical  jargon,  be- 


cause the  ecclesiastics  would  have  put  to 
death  ;uiy  one  who  had  openly  written 
on  the  subject.  Friar  Bacon,  in  V1>^'X, 
furnishes  a  specimen  of  this  gibhorivi. 
Ho  i.s  giving  tho  prescription  for  making 
gunpowder,  and  says  — 

Sed  tamcn  sal  s  p«lr» 
l.fKU   .MU.Nt;  CAi*  OKBB 
Et  sulpburU. 

The  second  lino  is  merely  an  an.igrara  of 
Carbonum  -pulvere  (pulverised  charcoal). 

GibTaet  (.7  soft).  A  foot-pad,  who 
"piqued  himself  on  being  the  best-be- 
haved man  on  the  rortd.''  —Oeo.  FarqvJiar, 
"  Beaux'  Stralagtm.'' 

To  gibbet  the  bread  (Lincolnshire) 
When  bread  turns  out  ropy  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  bewitched,  the  good  dame 
runs  a  stick  through  it  and  hangs  it  in 
the  Clipboard.  It  is  gibbeted  in  ieiTurem 
to  other  batches. 

Gib'elins  or  (jhib'cUines  {g  hard). 
(See  GuEU'us.) 

Gib'eonite  (4  syl.,  o  hard).  A  slave's: 
slave,  a  workman's  labourer,  a  farmer's 
understrapper,  or  Jack-of-all-work.  'J'l.e 
Gibeonites  were  made  "  hewers  of  wood 
and  drawers  of  water  "  to  tho  Israelites. 
— y.Wt.  ix.  27. 

An'l  Oilea  tnual  truJiie,  wn  'erer  u'lTes  command. 
A  (iibeonitc,  ih»t  servts  iliem  sli  Wy  :  ui  u. 

JiluuuuUiii,  "  Pxnner'i  Uoy." 

Gibral'tar  (g  soft).  A  contraction  of 
Gcbclal  Tari/'(i  leb' al'  Tar),  "mounlaui  of 
Tarif."  This  Tarif  was  an  Arabiau  gene- 
ral, wiio,  under  tho  orders  ot  MoUja,luuded 
at  Calpe  in  710.  ai:d  utterly  defeated 
Roderick,  the  Golhic  King  ot'Sjain.  Cape 
Tarifa  is  named  from  llie  same  general. 

Gig  or  Oigg  (g  bard).  A  whipping 
top,  niaile  like  a  r. 

Thou  disputtjst  lik°  an  inf,in'.  (io,  whip  thy  fig. 
—S  lOketpcart, "  iMv-i't  Labuut  Loit,"  v.  1. 

Gig-lamps.  Spectacles.  Gig-lamps 
are  the  "  si)ectaoles"  of  a  gig. 

Giggle  (g  hard).  Have  yon  found  a 
giggle  s  nest  1  A  question  asked  in  Nor- 
folk when  any  one  laughs  immoderately 
and  senselessly.  Tho  ine.viing  is,  Have 
you  found  a  nest  of  romping  girls  that 
you  laugh  sn  ?  GigUt  is  still  in  common 
use  in  the  West  of  England  for  a  gid  ly, 
romping,  Tom-boy  girl,  and  in  Salop  a 
fligtity  person  is  called  a  "giggle." 
(Saxon,  geagle;  Dutch,  gichgelen  /Italian, 
ghif/iiure ;  Irish,  gi'jiim ;  &c.)  {^et 
Gapes-nest.) 


84!t 


GIL  BLA3. 


GILPIN. 


Gil  Bias  {g  soft).  Tlio  hero  of  Lo 
Saf,'o's  novel  of  the  saino  name.  Timid, 
but  audacious  ;  woll-disposod,  but  easily 
led  astray  ;  shrewd,  but  easily  tnillod  by 
practising  on  his  vanity ;  good-natured, 
but  without  moral  in'inciple.  Tho  tale, ac- 
cording to  one  account,  is  based  on  Matteo 
Aleman's  Spanish  romance,  called  tho 
"  Life  of  Guzman  ; "  others  maintain  that 
tho  original  was  the  comic  romance,  en- 
titled "Relaciones  do  la  Vida  del  Escu- 
dero  Marcos  do  Obregon." 

GillDertines  (3  syl.,  .7  hard).  A  re- 
ligious order  founded  in  the  twelfth 
century  by  St.  Gilbert  of  Lincolnshire. 

Gildip'pe  (in  Jerusalem  Ddivered). 
Wife  of  Ettward,  an  English  baron,  who 
accompanied  her  husband  to  the  Holy 
Viar,  and  performed  prodigies  of  valour 
(bk.  ix.).  Both  she  and  her  husband 
were  slain  by  Solyman  (bk.  xx.). 

Gildoroy'  (3  syl. ,  .9  hard).  A  famous 
robber,  who  robbed  Cardinal  Richelieu 
and  Oliver  Cromwell.  There  was  a  Scotch 
robber  of  the  same  name  in  tho  reign  of 
Queen  ilary.  Both  were  noted  for  their 
handsome  persons,  and  both  were  hanged. 

Giles  (1  syl ,  g  soft)  The  "  farmer's 
boy  "  in  Bloomfield's  poem  so  called. 

Giles  (St.).  Patron  saint  of  cripples. 
The  tradition  is  th.it  the  king  of  Franco, 
hunting  in  the  desert,  accidentally 
wounded  the  hermit  in  tho  knee ;  and 
the  hermit,  that  he  might  the  better 
mortify  the  flesh,  refusing  to  be  cured, 
remained  a  cripple  for  life. 

The  symbol  of  this  saint  is  a  hind, 
in  allusion  to  the  "  heaven-directed 
hind  "  which  went  daily  to  his  cave  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Rhone  to  give  him 
milk.  lie  is  sometimes  represented 
as  an  old  man  with  an  arrow  in  his  knee, 
and  a  hind  by  his  side. 

Iloppintj  or  Hobbling  Giles.  A  lame 
person;  so  called  from  St.  Giles,  the 
tutelar  saint  of  cripples.  {See  Cripple- 
gate.) 

Lame  as  St.  Giles',  Cripplegate.  {See 
alore.) 

Sir  Giles  Overreach.  "A  New  Wav 
to  Pay  Old  Debts,"  by  Massinger.  The 
"  Academy  figure  "  of  this  character  was 
Sir  Giles  .Mompesson,  a  notorious  usurer, 
banished  the  kingdom  for  his  misdeeds. 

Giles  of  Antwerp  ig  soft).  Giles 
P-aignot,  the  paijitor.     (lfiiJO-1600.) 


Gill,  i-e.,  Giles.  A  contractioa  ol 
Argidius. 

Gill  (<J  soft).  A  corruption  of  Jill, 
that  is,  of  Julia  (Jyl).  A  homely  womau. 
a  sweetheart. 

Every  Ja:k  has  got  h!i  Jill  ;  {.<.,  Ilka  l&dJl<?  has  hit 
lassie.  Burnt. 

Gill  {Uarrtj).  A  farmer  struck  with 
the  curse  of  ever  shivering  with  cold, 
because  he  would  not  allow  old  Goody 
Blake  to  keep  a  few  stray  sticks  which 
she  had  picked  up  to  warm  her.self  by. 

Oil  I  Vfhafs  the  matter?  wliat's  the  raatUr? 

What  is't  that  ails  y.>un^  Harry  Oill, 
That  evermore  his  toe  h  ihey  oliatter. 

Chatter,  chattr-r,  chatter,  still  ?.... 
No  word  to  any  mau  he  iittci  a, 

A-led  or  up,  to  >  .uiig  or  i>lJ  ; 
But  ever  to  hiinscir  he  ii.uttcrs  — 

"  i'o'  r  Harry  (iiU  isTory  cohl." 
WordkHLorlh,  "  Guody  UUki  and  Barry  GiU." 

Gills  {g  hard).  Wipe  your  gith,  your 
mouth.  The  gills  of  fishes,  like  the 
mouth  of  man,  are  the  organs  of  respira- 
tion. 

Gillie  ig  hard).  A  servant  or  at- 
tendant ;  the  man  who  leads  a  pony 
about  when  a  child  is  riiling.  A  Gillie- 
vet-foot  is  a  bare-footed  Highland  l.ad. 

Tliesi  gillie-wet-foots,  as  they  were  cilled,  wcr« 
destiiitd  to  b'at  the  bushes.— .sir  WulUr  Utoti, 
"  H  avtiln!/,"  c.  liii. 

Gillies  Hill.  In  the  battle  of  Ban- 
nockburn  (1314),  king  Robert  Bruce 
ordered  all  the  servants,  drivers  of  carts, 
and  camp  followers,  to  go  behind  a  height. 
When  the  b.attle  seemed  to  favour  the 
Scotch,  these  servants,  or  gillies,  desirous 
of  sharing  in  the  plunder,  r\ished  from 
their  concealment  with  such  arms  as 
they  could  lay  hands  on  ;  and  the  English, 
thinking  tliem  to  be  a  new  army,  fled  in 
panic.  The  height  in  honour  was  ever 
after  called  Tho  Gillies'  Hill.— ,S'i>  IK. 
Scott,  "  Tales  of  a  Grandfatha;"  x. 

GillyiiovS'er  (g  soft),  is  not  tho  Jm/i/- 
floice)',  but  the  Vrnnnh  girojUe,  irom  gilojre 
(a  clove),  called  by  Chaucer  "gilofre." 
Some  maintain  that  it  is  the  clove  pink, 
while  others  say  it  is  the  wall-llowtr. 

'I  he  fa'rest  flowers  o'  ihe  sewon 
Are  cur  camnfinns  and  atreakei  sillytlMwcrs. 

S'1-dispeai e,  "  W'inUr'i  Tale,"  i?.  I 

Gilpin  {John),  of  Cowper's  famous 
ballad,  is  a  caricature  of  Mr.  Beyer,  an 
eminent  linen-draper  at  the  end  of  Pater- 
noster Row,  where  it  joins  Cheapside. 
He  died  1701,  at  the  ago  of  93.  It  was 
Lady  Austin  who  told  the  adventure  to 
our  domestic  poet,  to  divert  him  froa» 


GILT. 


GIPSY. 


S43 


his  melancholy.  The  marriage  adventure 
of  Comraodoro  Truuiiioii  in  "  Perc<^rino 
Pickle"  is  very  similar  to  the  woddiag- 
day  adventure  of  John  Gilpin. 

John  Gilpin  was  a  citinn 

'Jlcreiit  and  renown; 
A  tra'U-lraiid  captain  eke  was  ha 

Of  famous  Luulon  town. 

Cuwper,"  John  GCpin." 

Gilt  {g  hard).  To  lake  the  gilt  off  the 
gingerhread.  To  destroy  the  illusion. 
The  refereuce  is  to  gingerbread  watches, 
men,  and  other  gilded  toys,  sold  at  fairs. 
Tliese  eatables  were  common  even  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  IV.,  but  were  then  made 
of  honey  instead  of  treacle. 

Giltspur  Street  (WestSmithfiold), 
so  called  because  it  was  the  route  taken 
by  the  gilt-spurs,  or  knights,  on  their 
way  to  Smithficld,  where  tournaments 
were  held. 

Gimlet  Ej^e  {g  hard).  A  squint- 
eye:  strictly  speaking,"  an  eye  that 
wanders  obliquely,"  jocosely  called  a 
"piercer."  (Welch,  fiuim,  a  movement 
louud;  (uimlaw,  to  twist  or  move  in  a 
serpentine  direction  ;  Celtic,  guimble). 

Gimli.  The  best  of  the  Elysian  abodes. 
—  Scaiuluiaviaii  Mythology. 

Giinmer  {g  soft),  or  Jimmer,  a  jointed 
hinge.  In  Somersetshire,  gimmace.  We 
hiivo  !\.\so  gemd.  A  gimmal  is  a  double 
ring;  hence  gimmal -bit.  Shakespeare, 
Jlcury  v.,  iv.  2. 

Gines  de  Passamonte.  A  galley- 
slave  and  puppet-show  man  in  "Don 
Quixote." 

Gin'evi'a  {g  soft).  The  young  It-\lian 
bride,  who  hid  in  a  trunk  with  a  spring- 
lock.  The  lid  fell  ujion  her,  aiid  she 
was  never  discovered  till  the  body  had 
become  a  skeleton.— ^t'oyeri,  "Italy." 

Be   th«  cauie  wliat  it  might,   from  his    ( O'er  she 

shni'ik. 
Auil,  Uiu'evral.k  ',  >bul  herself  in  a  trunk. 

Lowell. 

Gingerbread  (^rsoft).  Brummagem 
wares,  sho.vy  but  worthless.  The  allu- 
sion is  to  the  gilt  gingerbread  toys  sold 
at  fairs. 

Ginnunga  Gap.  The  abyss  be- 
tween Niilheim  (the  region  of  fog)  and 
Muspclhcim  (the  region  of  beat).  It  ex- 
isted before  either  land  or  sea,  hcavon  or 
eftrth.-  -Scandinaviatx  Mitiholo^y. 


Gi'ona  (g  soft).  A  leader  of  the  Ana- 
baptists, once  a  servant  of  Comte  d'O'Ker- 
thai,  but  discharged  from  his  service  for 
theft.  In  the  rebellion  headed  by  the 
Anabaptists.  Giona  took  the  count  pri- 
soner, but  John  of  Leyden  set  him  free 
again,  Giona,  with  the  rest  of  the  con- 
spirators, betrayed  their  prophet  king  aa 
soon  as  the  emjicror  arrived  with  his 
army.  They  entered  the  banquet  room 
to  arrest  him,  but  perished  in  the  flaming 
palace,— J/fiytrtetT,  " Le  Prophete"  (an 
opera). 

Giovan'ni  [Don).  A  Rp.inish  liber- 
tine. (.bVeJuAN.)  His  Viilet,  Lf>porello, 
says  his  master  had  "in  Italy  70')  mis- 
tresses, in  Germany  800,  in  Turkey  an(l 
France  91,  in  Spain  1,003."  When  "the 
measure  of  his  iniquity  was  full,"  the 
ghost  of  the  commandant  whom  ho  hud 
slain  came  with  a  legion  of  "  foul  fiends," 
and  carried  him  olF  to  a  "  dreadful 
gulf  that  opened  to  devour  him." — Mo- 
zart, "Don  Oiovanni"  (LibrMo  hy  Lo- 
renzo da  Ponte). 

Gipsy  (g  soft).  Said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  JCgyptlan,  and  so  called  because 
in  1418  a  band  of  them  appeared  in 
Eurojie,  commanded  by  a  leader  named 
Duke  Michael  of  "  Little  Egypt."  Other 
appclLations  are  : — 

(2)  Ilohe'mians.  So  called  by  the  French, 
because  the  first  that  ever  arrived  in 
their  country  came  from  Bohemia  iu 
1427,  and  presented  themselves  before 
the  gates  of  P.iris.  They  were  not  al- 
lowed to  enter  the  city,  but  were  lodged 
at  La  Chapello,  St.  Denis.  The  French 
nickname  for  gip'sies  is  cugoux  (un- 
sociables), 

(3)  Ciga'nos.  So  calletl  by  the  Portii- 
guese,  a  corruption  of  Zinga'nd,  (Set 
Tchinga'm.) 

(4)  O'ita'nos.  So  called  by  the  Spa- 
niards, a  corruption  of  Ziiiga'nb.  (.S<< 
Tciiinca'ni.) 

(5)  Ileidois  (heathens).  So  called  by 
the  Dutch,  because  they  are  heathens. 

((j)  J'haruoh-nepek  (I'haraoh's  people). 
So  called  iu  Hungary,  from  the  notion 
that  they  came  from  Egypt. 

(7)  iStule.  So  called  by  tbemselvos, 
because  they  a."5sert  that  they  come  from 
Sind,  i.e.,  lud  (Hindustan).    (.b'c«  TcuiN- 

OANI.) 

(S)  Tatar.  So  called  by  the  Danes  and 
Swedes,  from  the  notion  that  they  e;«ao 
from  Tartary. 


su 


OIRALOA. 


GIZZARD. 


(9)  Tchinr;a'ni  or  Tshinmni.  So  called 
by  the  Turks,  from  a  tnhi;  still  existing 
at  the  mouth  of  the  ludus  (Tsfiin-calo, 
black  Indian). 

(10)  Wala'c/dans.  So  called  by  the 
Italians,  from  the  notion  that  they  came 
from  Walachia. 

(11)  Ziyeu'ner  (wanderers).  So  called 
by  the  Germans. 

(12)  Zinca'ti  and  Zinga'ni.  Said  to  be 
BO  called  by  the  Turks,  because  in  1517 
they  were  led  by  Zinga'neusto  revolt  from 
Sultan  Selim  ;  but  more  likely  a  mere 
Variety  of  Tching-ani,  q.v. 

The  Gipsy.  Anthony  de  Sola'riiO,  the 
painter  and  illuminator,  II  Zingaro. 
(1382-1455.) 

Giral'da  {g  soft).  The  giantess;  a 
statue  of  victory  on  the  top  of  an  eld 
Moorish  tower  in  Seville. 

Gird.  To  gird  with  the  sword,  to 
create  to  a  peerage.  It  was  the  Saxon 
method  of  investiture  to  an  earldom, 
continued  after  the  conquest.  Thvis 
Richard  I.  "  girded  with  the  sword " 
Hugh  de  Pudsey,  the  aged  bishop  of 
Durham,  making  (as  he  said)  "  a  young 
earl  of  an  old  prelate." 

Girdle  (g  hard).  A  good  name  is  better 
than  a  golden  girdle  (See  Prov.  xxii.  1) ;  a 
good  name  is  better  than  money.  It 
used  tn  be  customary  to  carry  money  iL 
the  girdle,  and  a  girdle  of  gold  meant  a 
"purse  of  gold."  The  French  proverb, 
Bonne  renommee  vaiU  mieux  qice  ceiniure 
dwee,  refers  rather  to  the  custom  of 
wearing  girdles  of  gold  tissue,  forbidden, 
in  1420,  to  women  of  bad  character. 

Children  under  t/ie  girdle,  not  yet  bom. 

AH  children  under  the  pirdle  at  the  lime  of  mar- 
riage are  held  tu  lie  legitimate.— jYo^s*  and  Querina. 

He  has  a  large  month  hut  small  girdle  ; 
great  expenses  but  small  means.  The 
girdle  is  the  purse  or  purse-pocket.  {See 
ahore.) 

He  has  undone  her  girdle;  taken  her 
for  his  wedded  wife.  The  Roman  bride 
wore  a  chaplet  of  flowers  on  her  head, 
and  a  girdle  of  sheep's  wool  about  her 
waist.  A  part  of  the  marriage  ceremony 
was  for  the  bridegroom  to  loose  this 
girdle. —  Vaughan,  "  Golden  Grove." 

If  /t€  he  angry,  hi  knows  how  to  turn  his 
girdle  ("Mucli  Ado  about  Nothing," 
V.  1).  If  he  is  angry,  let  him  prepare 
himself  to  fight,  if  he  likes.  Before 
wrestlei-8,  in  aucieut  times,  eugaired  in 


combat,  thoy  turned  the  buckle  of  their 
girdle  behind  them.  Thus  Sir  Ralph 
Wiuwood  writes  to  Secretary  Cecil — 

I  !iaid,  "  What  I  sp<ke  was  not  to  make  bim 
ttn:(ry.''  lie  replied,  "  If  I  were  augry  I  mi.<ht  turn 
the  buckleof  my  girdle  behind  tat.'— Dec.  17,  hAii 

The  Persian  regulation-girdle.  In  Per- 
sia a  new  sort  of  "  ProcrustfJs  Bed  "  i« 
adopted,  according  to  Kemper.  One  of 
the  officers  of  the  king  is  styled  the 
"  chief  holder  of  the  girdle,"  and  his 
business  is  to  measure  the  ladies  of  the 
haram  by  a  sort  of  regulation-girdle.  If 
any  lady  has  outgrown  the  standard,  she 
is  reduced,  like  a  jockey,  by  spare  diet ; 
but  if  she  falls  short  thereof,  she  is  fatted 
up,  like  a  Strasburg  goose,  to  regulation 
size.     (See  Pkocrustfs.) 

To  put  a  girdle  round  the  earth ;  to 
travel  or  go  round  it.  Puck  says,  "  I'll 
put  a  girdle  round  about  the  earth  in 
forty  minutes." — "Midsummer  AigJU't 
Dream,"  ii.  2. 

Girdle  of  Venus.    {See  Cestds.) 

Giron'dists  (g  soft).  French,  Giron- 
dins,  moderate  republicans  in  the  first 
French  Revolution.  So  called  from  the 
department  of  Gironde,  which  chose  for 
the  Legislative  Assembly  five  men  who 
greatly  distinguished  themselves  for  their 
oratory,  and  formed  a  political  party. 
They  were  subsequently  joined  byBrissot, 
Condorcet,  and  the  adherents  of  Roland. 
The  party  is  called  The  Gironde, 

Gir'ouet'te  (3  syl.,  g  soft).  A  turn- 
coat, a  weathercock  (French).  The  Dic- 
tionnaire  des  Girouettes  contains  the  names 
of  the  most  noted  turn-coats,  with  their 
political  veerings, 

Gis  (g  soft),  i.e.  Jesus.  A  corruption 
of  Jesus  or  J.H.S.  Ophelia  says  "By 
Gis  and  by  St.  Chai-ity." — "  Ilamld,' 
iv.  5. 

Gisli.  Nephew  of  Kol,  and  best  of 
the  Icelandic  poets,  died  978. 

Gita'nos.    (See  GirsY.) 

Gitche   Man'ito   (X   Am.   Ind.). 

Tho  Great  Spirit  and  Master  of  Life. 

Give.  Give  the  hoys  a  holiday.  When 
Anaxag'oras  was  dying,  and  was  asked 
what  honour  should  be  conferred  upon 
him,  he  replied,  "Give  the  boys  a  holi- 
day." 

Gizzard  (g  bard).  That  stud  in  kit 
gi::a-d.     Annoyed  him,  vas  mora  than 


GJALLAR. 


GLAUCDS. 


845 


tio  could  stomach  or  digest.     TLo  f,'izzard 
i  -.  the  strong  muscular  stomach  of  a  fowl. 

Qjallar.  Ileimdall's  horn,  which  he 
blows  to  give  the  yods  notice  when  any 
nue  is  'pproachingthe  bridge  Bifriist,  q.v. 
— Scandinavia  n  HI yt/wlogy. 

Gladheim  {Howe  of  joy).  The  largest 
and  most  maguilicent  mansion  of  the 
Scandinavian  gods.  It  cont.iins  twelve 
seats  besides  the  throne  of  Alfader. 

Glamorgan.  GeelTn-y  of  Monmouth 
says  thai  L'luidali'  and  Morgan,  the  sous 
<>f  Gonorill  ami  Kogan,  usurped  the  crown 
iit  the  death  of  Gordeilla  The  former 
resolved  to  reigu  alone,  chased  Morgan 
into  Wales,  and  slew  him  at  the  foot  of 
a  hill,  hence  called  Gla-Morgau  or  Glyu- 
Morgan,  valley  of  Morgan.  (We  daio 
not  even  hint  against  this  tradition  the 
etymology  of  gwlad  rnCir  pan  [t^],  the 
city  connected  with  the  soa-[siile|,  or  the 
maritime  city,  synonymous  with  the  Celtic 
Anuorica.  (Sw Spenser,  "Faery  Queen," 
u.  10.) 

Glasgow  (Celtic,  glas  gwy,  blue 
ivator).  The  town  is  on  the  bond  of  the 
Clyde,  the  blue  water  referred  to.  Ac- 
cording to  traflition,  it  receives  its  name 
from  some  mythical  blacksmith  (Gaelic, 
glas  gmp,  the  dark  smith). 

Abstracted  from  the  l>a»tiful  expression,  wh'ch  win 
tl  at  or  tlic  niiJincD',  ihefordjca't  of  Ilciir;  Uo»  <  r 
^inith  Itor  he  was  ludiffcrently  so  caleo)  wan  liifili 
au'i  uoble.— Sir  WuUer  iscutt,  "  Fair  ilaid  v/  Perth,'' 
oh.  1 

Glasgow  Arms.  An  oak  tree,  a 
i'oll  hanging  on  one  of  the  branches,  a 
l.ird  at  the  top  of  the  tree,  and  a  salmon 
with  a  ring  in  its  mouth  at  the  base. 

St.  Kentigern,  in  the  seventh  century, 
took  up  his  abode  on  the  banks  of  a  little 
stream  which  falls  into  the  Clyde,  the 
site  of  the  present  city  of  Glasgow.  Upon 
an  oak  in  the  clearing  he  hung  a  boll  to 
simimon  the  savages  to  worship,  hence 
the  oak  and  the  bell.  Now  for  the  other 
two  emblems  :  A  queen  having  formed 
an  illicit  attachment  to  a  soldier,  gave 
liim  a  {)recicius  ring  which  the  king  had 
given  her.  The  king,  aware  of  the  fact, 
stole  u{)OU  the  soldier  in  sleej),  abstracted 
the  ring,  threw  it  into  the  C'lydo,  and 
then  asked  tlio  iiueea  for  it.  The  queen, 
in  alarm,  ajiplied  to  St.  Kentigern,  who 
knew  the  whole  affair ;  and  the  saint 
went  to  the  Clyde,  caught  a  salmon  with 
the  ring  in  its  mouth,  haniied  it  to  the 
queon,  and  was  thus  the   means  of  re- 


storing peace  to  the  royal  couple,  and  of 
reforming  the  repentant  queen. 

Glass  is  from  the  Celtic  ghis  (bluish- 
green),  the  colour  produced  by  the  woad 
employed  by  the  ancient  IJritons  in 
dyeing  their  bodies.  Pliny  calls  it  gtas- 
tt-um,  and  Cajsar  vilrum. 

Glass-eye.  A  blind  eye,  not  an  eye 
made  of  glass,  but  the  Danish  glas-uU 
(wall-eye). 

Glass-houses.  Those  who  live  in 
glafshoiises  should  not  throio  stones.  When, 
on  the  tmion  of  the  two  crowns,  London 
wasinundateil  with  Scotchmen,  Bucking- 
ham was  a  chief  instigator  of  the  move- 
ment against  them,  and  parties  used 
nightly  to  go  about  breaking  their  win- 
dows. In  retaliation,  a  party  of  Scotch- 
men smashed  the  windows  of  the  duke's 
mansion,  which  stood  in  St.  Martin's 
Fields,  and  had  so  many  windows  that 
it  went  by  the  name  of  the  "Glass 
House."  The  court  favourite  appealed 
to  the  king,  and  the  British  Solomon  re- 
plied, "Steeule,  Steenie,  those  wha  live 
in  glass  housen  should  be  carefu'  how 
they  fling  stanes.'' 

Glass-slipper  (of  Cinderella).  A 
curious  blunder  of  the  translator,  who 
has  mistaken  i'aiV  (sable)  for  I'^Te  (glass). 
Sable  was  worn  only  by  kings  and  princes, 
so  the  fairy  gave  royal  slippers  to  her 
favourite.  Hamlet  says  he  shall  discard 
his  mourning  and  resume  "his  suit  of 
sables,"  ill.  2. 

Glasse  {Mrs.).  Immortalised  by  a 
reputed  saying  in  her  cookery-book— 
"  First  catch  your  hare,"  then  cook  it 
according  to  thf  directions  given.  If 
there  is  any  truth  at  all  in  the  witticism, 
the  direction  was,  probably,  "First, 
scatch  (or)  scradge  your  hare"  — 
i.e.,  skin  and  trim  it;  an  East  Ang- 
lian word.  Or  else,  "  first  scotch  your 
hare"  before  you  jug  it— i.e.,  cut  it 
into  small  pieces.  Mrs  Glasse  is  the 
pseudonym  of  Dr  John  llilL  (1716- 
1776.) 

Qlaswe'gian.  Belonging  to  Glas- 
gow. 

Glauber  Salts.  So  called  from 
Johann  Uudulph  Glauber,  a  German  al- 
chemist, who  discovered  it  in  l(i58  in  hie 
researches  after  the  philosopher's  stone. 
It  is  the  sulphate  of  soda. 

tilaticus.     .-l  Ukitia'-^'  Swop.    A  ono- 


M6 


OLAYMORE. 


GLORY. 


sided  bargain.  Alludinp:  to  the  exchange 
of  aiuiour  lic'twcen  Glaucos  and  Diome'- 
des.  As  the  armour  of  the  Lycian  was 
of  sold,  and  tliat  of  the  Greek  of  brass,  it 
was  like  burloriug  precious  stones  for 
French  paste  Moses,  in  Goldsmith's 
"  V'^icar  of  Wakelieki,"  made  "a  Glaucus' 
Bwop  "  wiih  tho  spectacie-eellei, 

Glaymore  or  Claymore  (2  syl.).  The 
Scotti.sh  great  sword.  It  used  to  bo  a 
large  two-hanJlcd  sword,  but  was  subse- 
quently applied  to  the  broad-sword  with 
the  basket-hilt.  (Gaelic  daidhamh,  a 
sword  ;  more,  groat.) 

GiGek.  A  game  at  cards,  sometimes 
called  cleok.  Thus,  in  "  Epsom  Wells," 
Dorothy  says  to  Mrs.  Biskct,  "  I'll  make 
one  at  elect,  that's  better  tliati  any  two- 
handed  game."  Beu  Jonson,  in  the  "  Al- 
chemist," speaks  of  Gleok  and  Prim'ers 
as  "  the  best  games  for  the  gallantest 
company." 

Gleck  is  played  by  three  persons. 
Every  deuce  and  trois  is  thrown  out  of 
the  pack.  Twelve  cards  are  then  dealt 
to  each  player,  and  eight  are  left  for 
stock,  winch  is  ofTercd  in  rotation  to  the 
players  for  purchase.  The  trumps  are 
called  Tidily,  Tumbler,  Tib,  Tom,  and 
Towser.  Gleek  is  the  German  glekk 
(like),  intimating  the  point  on  which  the 
game  turns,  Gleek  being  three  cards  all 
alike,  as  three  aces,  three  kings,  &c. 

Glenco'e  (2  83-1.).  The  massacre  of 
Oleufoe.  The  Edinburgh  authorities  ex- 
horted the  Jacobites  to  submit  to  Wil- 
liam and  Mary,  and  offered  pardon  to  all 
who  submitteel  on  or  before  the  31st  of 
December,  1691.  Mac-Ian,  chief  of  the 
Macdoualds  of  Gloncoe,  was  unable  to 
do  so  before  the  6th  of  January,  and  his 
excuse  was  sent  to  the  Council  at  Edin- 
burgh. The  Master  of  Stair  (Sir  John 
Dalrymple)  resolved  to  make  an  example 
of  Mac-Ian,  and  obtained  the  king's 
permission  "to  extirpate  the  set  of 
thieves."  Accordingly,  on  the  1st  of 
February,  120  soldiers,  led  by  a  Captain 
Campbell,  marched  to  Glencoe,  told  tho 
clan  they  were  come  as  friends,  and  lived 
peaceably  among  them  for  twelve  days  ; 
but  on  the  morning  of  the  13th,  the  glen- 
men,  to  tho  number  of  thirty-eight, 
were  scandalously  murdered,  their  huts 
set  on  fire,  and  their  flocks  and  herds 
driven  off  as    plunder.     Campbell  has 


written  a  poem,  and  Talfourd  a  play  on 
the  subject, 

Glendoveer',  in  Hindu  Mytholocry, 
is  a  kind  of  sylph,  tho  most  lovely  of  the 
good  spirits. 

Glendower  (Oieen).  A  Welsh  chief, 
one  of  the  most  active  and  formidable 
enemies  of  Henry  IV.  lie  was  descended 
from  Llewfllyn,  the  last  of  the  Welsh 
princes,  fcjir  Edmund  Morlauer  married 
one  of  his  daughters,  and  the  husband 
of  Mortimer's  sister  was  Earl  Percy, 
generally  called  "Hotspur,"  who  took 
Douglas  prisoner  at  Homildon  Hill. 
Glendower,  Hot.spur,  Douglas,  and  others 
conspired  to  dethrone  Henry,  but  the 
coalition  was  ruined  in  the  fatal  battle 
of  Shrewsbury.  Shakespeare  makes  the 
Welsh  nobleman  a  wizard  of  great  di- 
versity of  talent,  but  especially  con- 
ceited of  the  prodigies  that  "announced" 
his  birth. — iSfrnkespeare,  "  1  Ueiiry  I  V." 

Glim.  Douse  the  glim,  put  out  the 
light.  Douse  is  do  out,  and  glim  is  from 
the  German  glimmen  (to  burn  faintly), 
our  glimmer. 

Gloria  in  Sxcelsis.  The  latter 
portion  of  this  doxology  is  ascribed  to 
Telesphorus,  A.D.  139.     {See  Glory.) 

Gloria'na.  (Queen  Elizabeth  con- 
sidered as  a  sovereign.)  Spenser  says  in 
his  "  Faery  Queen,"  that  she  kept  an 
annual  feastfor  twelve  days,  during  which 
time  adventurers  appeared  before  her 
to  undertake  whatever  tasks  she  chose  to 
impose  upon  them.  On  one  occasion 
twelve  knights  presented  themselves  be- 
fore her,  and  their  exploits  form  the 
scheme  of  Spenser's  Allegory.  The  poet 
intended  to  give  a  separate  book  to  each 
knight,  but  only  six  and  a  hall  books 
remain. 

Glorious  1st  of  June.  June  1st, 
179i,  when  lord  Howe,  who  commanded 
the  Channel  fleet,  gained  a  decisive  vic- 
tory over  the  French. 

Glorious  Jolin.  John  Dryden,  the 
poet.     (1G31-1701.) 

Gloi'y.  Cleaning  speech  (or)  the 
tongue,  so-called  by  the  Psalmist,  be- 
cause speech  is  man's  sjieciality.  Other 
animals  see,  hear,  smell,  and  feel,  quite 
as  well  and  often  better  than  man,  but 
rational  speech  is  man's  glory,  or  that 


GLORY  BE  TO  THE  FATHER. 


GLOVE  MONEY. 


847 


which  distinguishes  the  race  from  other 
animals. 

I  will  Bin?  »nd  Rive  praise  trea  with  mj  i\oij.— 
I'l  cviiL  1.  , 

Tliat  m7  Rlory  mnj  siQg  pruiae  to  Ihee  tad  uot  be 
BileLt.-/'.>.  XXX.  la. 

Awake  up  my  glory,  awaka  psaltery  aud  harp.— 
Pt.  Ivii.  8. 

Glory  be  to   the   Father,   &c. 

The  tirst  verso  of  this  doxolo;.'y  is  said 
to  be  by  at.  Basil.  Durinff  the  Arian 
controvoisy,  it  ran  thus  :  "  Glory  be  to 
the  Failier,  hi/  the  Son,  and  j/i  the  Holy 
Ghost."    (See  Glokia.) 

Glory  Hand.  In  folk  lore,  a  dead 
man's  hand,  supposed  to  possess  certain 
magical  properties. 

De  h  iiM  off-lory  is  liand  cut  off  from  a  dead  man 
%x  have  been  hnum-i  for  iiiurtlier,  aud  dried  very 
uice  in  lie  sliiiioke  of  juniper  wood.-i'ii'  W.ScoU, 
"  The  A'Uuiuuri/  "  iDuuilerawivel), 

Glossin.  (Lawyer)  purchases  Ellan- 
gowan  estate,  and  is  found  by  Counsellor 
j'k'ydell  to  bo  implicated  in  carrying  oil 
lieury  Bertraud,  the  heir  of  the  estate. 
Euth  (ili.s.sia  iiiid  Dirk  Ilattcraiok,  his 
accomplice,  are  sent  tu  prison,  aud  iu  the 
ni<,'ht  the  lawyer  contrives  to  enter  the 
emuggler's  cell,  when  a  quarrel  ensues, 
iu  which  Hatteraick  strangles  him,  and 
then  hangs  himself. — Sir  W.  Scott,  "  Guy 
Maniiain<j." 

Glouees'ter  (2  syl.).  The  ancient 
Britons  called  the  town  Caer  Glou  (bright 
city).  The  Romans  Latinised  Glou  or 
Glov  iu  G/ev-um,  and  added  colunia  (the 
Roman  colony  of  Glevnm).  'i'he  Sa.\ons 
restored  the  oil  British  word  Glou,  aud 
added  ceaster,  to  signify  it  had  been  a 
Roman  camp.  Hence  the  word  means, 
"Glou,  the  camp  city."  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth  says,  when  Arvir'agus  married 
Geuuissa,  daughter  of  Claudius  Cicsar, 
ho  induced  the  emperor  to  build  a  city 
on  the  spot  where  the  nuptials  were  so- 
lemnised ;  this  city  was  called  t'acr-Clau' , 
a  contraction  of  Caer-C'laud,  corrupted 
into  Caer-glou,  converted  by  the  Romans 
into  Glou-caster,  and  by  the  iSa.xons  into 
Glou-ceasteror  Glou-ccster.  Some,  con- 
tinues the  same  "  philologist,"  derive  the 
name  from  the  duke  Gioius,  a  son  of 
Claudius,  born  in  Britain  on  the  very  spot. 

Glove,  lliqhl  oi  my  glove.  The 
phrase,  says  Sir  Walter  Scott,  comos 
from  the  custom  of  j)ledging  a  glove  as 
the  signal  of  irrefragable  faith. — "  The 
Antiquary." 

Jle  bit  Maglovi.    Ho  resolved  on  mortal 


revenge.  On  the  "  Border,"  to  bite  the 
glove  was  considered  a  pledge  of  deadly 
vengeance. 

Ftern  Rutherford  riRht  Itttle  «aid, 
r.ui  t.it  lii4  i;\"ire  aud  shook  his  head. 
Sir  WiUUr  HcoU.  "  Lni/  oj  Hi*  Lust  MinttrA" 

Gloves  are  not  worn  in  the  presence 
of  royalty,  because  we  are  to  stand  un- 
armed, with  the  helmet  off  the  head  and 
gauntlets  olf  the  hands,  to  show  we  have 
no  hostile  intention.    (See  Salutations.  ) 

Gloves  are  worn  by  the  clergy  to  indi- 
cate that  their  hands  are  clean  and  not 
open  to  bribes. 

Gloves  given  to  a  judje  in  a  maixltn 
assize.  In  an  assize  without  a  criminal, 
the  sheriff  presents  the  judge  with  a  pair 
of  white  gloves.  Chambers  says,  an- 
ciently judges  were  not  allowed  to  wear 
gloves  on  the  bench  (Ci/clojHsdia).  To 
give  a  judge  a  pair  of  gloves,  therefore, 
symbolised  that  ho  need  not  come  to  the 
bench,  but  might  wear  gloves. 

yo2i  owe  me  a  pair  of  gloves.  A  small 
present.  The  gift  of  a  ))air  of  gloves 
was  at  one  time  a  penjuisite  of  those 
who  performetl  small  services,  such  as 
pleading  your  cause,  arbitrating  your 
quarrel,  or  showing  yousomo  favour  which 
could  not  bo  charged  for.  As  the  services 
became  more  important,  the  glove  was 
"  lined  "  with  money,  or  made  to  contain 
some  coin  called  glove-money  (q.v.). 
Relics  of  this  ancient  custom  still  remain 
iu  the  presentation  of  gloves  to  th-jse 
who  attend  weddings  and  funerals,  an<l 
in  the  claim  of  a  lady  who  chooses  to 
salute  a  gentleman  caught  napping  in 
her  company.  In  "The  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth,"  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Catharine 
steals  from  her  chamber  on  St,  Valen- 
tine's morn,  and  catching  Henry  Smith 
asleep,  gives  him  a  kiss.  The  glover 
says  to  him — 

Come  into  the  I'ooth  with  m",  my  ion,  and  I  .vjU 
furuish  the'-!  witli  a  littiiig  tlmme.  Thou  Kn""-.;irt 
tlie  ID  li'ti'u  who  vcutures  lo  kiss  a  BleepiDK  mau, 
wius  of  him  a  pair  of  glovea— Cli.  t. 

In  the  next  chapter  Henry  presents  the 
gloves,  and  Catharine  accepts  them. 

Glove  Money.  A  bribe,  a  perqui- 
site ;  BO  called  from  the  ancient  custom 
of  presenting  a  pair  of  gloves  to  a  person 
who  undertook  a  cause  for  you.  Mrs. 
Croaker  prcseiitod  Sir  Thomas  More,  the 
Lord  Chancellor,  with  a  pair  of  gloves 
lined  with  forty  potind.i  in  "angels,"  aa 


J4S 


GL-UliDUUDiaU. 


OOATSN03E. 


a  "token."     Sir Tliomas  kc:>lllio gloves, 
but  returneil  the  liaiug.     (^ce  above.) 

Qlubdub'drib.  Tlie  land  of  sor- 
cerers and  magicians  visitei  by  Gulliver 
in  his  "  Travels." — Swift. 

CHuckistsandPicci'nists.Afooli.-,b 
nvaliy  ixcilcd  in  i'ari.s  (1771-17)S0)  be- 
tweeu  the  admirers  of  Gluck  and  those 
of  Picci'ni,  the  former  a  German  musical 
composer,  and  the  latter  an  Italian. 
Mario  Autniuctte  was  a  Gluckist,  and 
consequently  Young  France  favoured  the 
rival  claimant.  In  the  streets,  coffee- 
houses, private  houses,  and  even  schools, 
the  merits  of  Gluckand  Picciniwerecan- 
vassed ;  and  all  Paris  was  ranged  on  one 
side  or  the  other.  This  was,  in  fact,  a 
contention  between  the  relative  merits 
of  the  German  and  Italian  school  of 
music. 

Gluru  had  a  sword  and  cloak  given 
him  by  his  grandfather,  which  brought 
good  luck  to  their  possessors.  After  this 
present  everything  pros[>ered  with  hiin. 
lie  gave  the  spear  to  Asgrim  and  cloak 
to  Gizur  the  \Vhite,  after  which  every- 
thing went  wrong  with  him.  Old  and 
blind,  he  retained  his  cunning  long  aftei 
he  had  lost  his  luck. — Tke  Nads  Saga. 

To  look  ijlur.i.  To  look  dull  or  dis- 
pirited. (Scotch,  ^/ouw,  a  frown  ;  Dutch, 
loom,  heavy,  dull ;  our  gloom,  gloaming, 
Sec.) 

Glum-Darclitch.  A  girl,  nine  years 
old  aad  only  forty  feet  high,  who  had 
charge  of  Gulliver  in  Brobdingnag. — 
Swift,  "  Gulliver  s  Travels." 

Boon  a«  Qlumilalolitch  missed  her  pleasing  care, 
She  wept,  sbe  blubbered,  and  she  tore  her  h'li 


Popt. 

(See   Adephagia,  Api- 


Gluttony. 

CIUS,  &c.) 

Glyp'todoiT.  (Greek,  carved-iooth). 
An  extinct  quadruped  of  the  Armadillo 
class,  about  as  big  as  an  ox. 

Gna'tho.  A  vain,  boastful  parasite  in 
the  "Eunuch"  of  Terence  (Greek, /7«a</tort, 
jaw,  meaning  "tongue-doughty.") 

Gno'mes  (1  syl.),  according  to  the 
Roscicru'ciau  system,  are  the  elemental 
spirits  of  earth,  and  the  guardians  of 
mines  and  quarries.  (Greek,  gnoma, 
knowledge,  meaning  the  knowing-ones, 
the  wise-ones.)    (^See  Salaimandehs.) 

The  fonr  elements  are  inhabited  by  spirits  c.illed 
fTlulis.  gnomes,  njmiilis.  and  salamanders.  The 
(nouies.  or  demons  of  the  earth,  delight  in  mischief ; 


htit.  tbo  eylplis,  wlioi«  hibitalioii  li  in  air,  v?thl 
bit-t-ci.nditioii<il  cre.iiiir.ii  imaviaablc.  — /^upe,  iY^. 
Letter  tolht'  Rfipe  nf  tl.t  Luck. " 

Gnostics.  The  knowern,  opposed  to 
helieoers,  various  sects  in  the  first  ages 
of  Christianity,  who  tried  to  accommo- 
date Scripture  to  the  speculations  of 
Pytliag'oras,  Plato,  and  other  ancient 
philosophers.     (Greek,  Gnos'licos.) 

Go  of  Gin.  A  quartern.  In  the 
Queen's  Head,  Covent  Garden,  spirits 
used  to  be  served  in  quarterns,  neat, — 
wdtcr  ad  /ibilum.  Drinkers  used  often  to 
say,  "Let's  haveanotherquartern  and  go," 
wiiich  got  shortened  into  '  Waiter,  bring 
us  our  go"  [glass],  and  then  simply  "a  go." 

Go  it,  yon  a-ipples.     Keep  up  the  fun, 
keep  the  ball  t'ying.     Mr.    Ilotten  says 
it  is  a  facetious  translation  of  Ite  cayiellat, 
in  the  following  Virgilian  line  :— 
Ite  domum  Sat'urse,  ven'it  Ilea''  eras. ite  fnjdlr. 
Ell.  X  ,  la8t  liU'!. 

Go  on  all  fours.  Perfect  in  all  points. 
We  say  of  a  pun  or  riddle,  "  It  does  not 
go  on  all  fours,"  it  v/ill  not  hold  good  in 
every  way.  Lord  Macaulay  says,  "  It  is 
not  easy  to  make  a  simile  go  on  all  fours.'' 
Sir  Edward  Coke  says,  "Nullum  sim'ile 
(piat'uor  ped'ibus  currit."  The  metaphor 
is  taken  from  a  horse,  which  is  lame  if 
only  one  of  its  legs  is  injured.  All  four 
must  be  sound  in  order  that  it  may  go. 

Go  lliroiighjire  and  rcaierto  serve  you.  Do 
anything,  even  at  personal  cost  and  in- 
convenienec.  The  reference  is  to  the 
ancient  ordeals  by  fire  and  water.  Those 
condemned  to  these  ordeals  might  em- 
ploy a  substitute. 

Go-by.  To  fjive  one  the  go-by.  To 
pass  without  notice,  to  leave  in  the  lurch. 

Goati  Usually  placed  under  seats 
in  church  stalls,  kc,  as  a  mark  of  dis- 
honour and  abhorrence,  especially  to 
ecclesiastics  who  take  a  vow  of  conti- 
nence. 

The  seven  little  goats.  So  the  Pleiades 
are  vulgarly  called  in  Spain. 

Goat  ill  Boots.  A  public-house 
sign.  It  was  the  sign  of  Mercury,  der 
goden  boode  (the  gods'  messenger). 

Goat  and  Compasses.  A  public- 
house  sign  in  the  Commonwealth  ;  a  cor- 
ruption of  "  God  en-compasses  [us]." 

Goatsnose.  A  prophet  bom  deaf 
und  dumb,  who  uttered  his  prophecies 
by  signs.— Rabelais,  "Pantag'ruel',"  iiu 
20. 


OOBBO. 


GODFATIIKIi 


5-19 


GJobTjO  {Launcelol).  A  clown  in 
Shakespeare's  "  Merchant  of  Venice.'' 

Gob'elin  Tapestry.  So  called 
from  Giles  Gol/elin,  a  French  dyer  in 
the  reign  of  Francois  I.,  who  discovercii 
the  Gobelin  scarlet.  His  house  in  the 
suburbs  of  St.  .Marcel,  in  I'aris,  is  still 
called  the  Gobelins. 

Goblin.  A  familiar  demon.  According 
to  popular  belief,  goblins  dwelt  in  private 
houses  and  chinks  of  trees.  As  a  speci- 
men of  forced  etymology,  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  Elf  and  Goblin  have  been 
derived  from  Guel()h  and  Ghibelline. 
(French  <7o'/t'/t«,  a  lubber-fiend  ;  Armoric 
gob  II I  in  ;  German  holotd,  the  demon  of 
mines;  GrL^ek  Lohalos ;  Russian  coijy ; 
Welsh  cohli/n,  a  "  knocker  ;  "  whence  the 
woodpecker  is  called  in  Welsh  "  coblyn 
y  coed  ".) 

Goblins.  In  Cardiganshire  the 
miners  attribute  those  strange  noises 
heard  in  mines  to  spirits  called  "  Knock- 
ers "  (goblins).     (^See  above.) 

Goblin-cave.  In  Celtic  called 
"Coir  nan  Uriskin"  (cove  of  Ike  sal  yrs), 
in  I3on venue,  Sootlantl. 

After  lanlin^  on  tli«  skirti  of  Benr(>iiu».  we  reach 
tlie  cave  or  cove  of  the  i/ubiins  by  a  steep  and  narrow 
deti'e  of  one  liunJied  yaron  in  leuKtli.  It  is  a  <ifer> 
circular  ainnhitbe.tt  re  of  at  hn»t  »ix  hundred  yams 
eit'Ul  in  it«  upper  diameter,  xradually  n;irrowii.g 
towards  the  hasi',  hemnied  in  all  round  by  steep 
and  to  veri  iK  rooks,  and  rcndiTc  1  impinetrable  Ui 
tie  rays  of  the  euu  by  a  cl•>^e  covert  of  luxuriant 
tre?8.  On  the  south  and  west  it  is  hounded  by 
the  precipitoui  ihonid'T  of  liinveiiue  to  tlie  hei.'ht 
of  at  least  5<'0  feet;  lowards  tiie  east  thu  rocK 
appears  at  Kome  former  ptnod  to  have  tumb  ed 
down,  strewiiu-  the  white  course  of  its  fall  with  im- 
mense froiiincnts,  wliioh  no  v  "erre  only  to  give 
•iieiter  to  foies,  wild  cats,  aui  badijcra  —  Dr, 
(iraham. 

God.  Greek  cu/alh'  (good),  contracted 
into'^<t//t/  Gothic  gol/i  (god);  German 
god;  Ha,xon,  god  a.ndy  ood.  (See  Alla, 
Adonist,  Ei.oiiiSTic,  kc.) 

The  A'iue  Gods  of  Hue  lib-uscans.  Jtino, 
Minerva,  and  Tin'ia  (the  throe  chief)  ; 
to  which  add  Vulcan,  Mars,  Saturn, 
Hercules,  Summa'nus,  and  Vediiis.  iSee 
Asm  ASYNiKU.) 

Chief  of  iM  Greek  and  Roman  deities  — 


00I8. 

(IllPIi. 

liATIM. 

God  0/  tlnu 

Krou'09 

Saturn. 

King  of  v>-lt 

Zl-US 

Ju'piier. 

tiod  0/  l.rU: 

A  (.01  Ion 

A,  olio. 

Hod  ;,'  iffir 

A'rei 

Mtrs. 

Hod  of  Witter 

t*o8fl'don 

Neptune. 

Crod  of  U'l  lU 

I>iouy'»  >• 

Iiaci:lillf. 

Uod  of  Ou  tnfiinviU 

l'lut..n 

I'luin. 

aodofL.rf 

l.TOt 

UupiM 

The  god*  t}j/«iii'iif;r 

llerme* 

M.  r-ury. 

riit  ym/,'  tmith 

Uphaisl&f 

ruluia 

I      OoDnrssrs.  GB»u.  l/iTin. 

Khe'a  TTiYe  0/ Kron'o*  Cyl/elS  o/'»atunj. 

lle'ra  \Vif<- of  Zrwt  Jnno  <>/ Ju'pittr. 

Athe'na  Of  wudon  Miuerva. 

Ar'terais  0/  hufUinj  Diaa'a. 

l)eme'ier  <Jf  ttllngt  CereH. 

llestia  Ofheartlu  VeMa. 

IViscph'one  I)  i/e  0/ i^lulo'i  Pr-jserpine  o/Plut<i 
Apiirodi'te        „  of  llviAui.it  lut  Venus  0/  VulcaiL 

Among  Ou  godf.  In  the  uppermost 
gallery  of  a  tlieatre,  which  is  near  the 
ceiling,  generally  paintoil  to  resemble 
the  sky.  The  French  call  this  celestial 
region  paradis. 

God  o/ess  the  duke  of  A  rgyle.  It  is  said 
that  the  duke  of  Argylc  erected  a  row 
of  posts  to  mark  his  projierty,  and  these 
posts  were  used  by  the  neighbours,  when 
their  shoulders  itched,  to  rub  against. 
Those  who  live  on  oatmeal  porridge  are 
very  subject  to  cutaneous  eruptions. — 
Uotlen,  "Slang  Dictionary." 

"  God  save  the  king."  It  is  said  by 
some  that  both  the  words  and  music  of 
the  anthem  were  composed  by  Dr.  John 
Bull  ( 156.3-1  G-22),  organist  at  Autwcrj) 
Cai-hedral,  wht-ro  the  original  MS.  is  still 
preserved.  Others  attribute  them  to 
Henry  Carey,  author  of  "Sally  in  our 
Alley."  The  words,  "  Send  him  vie 
torious,"  &c.,  look  like  a  Jacobin  song 
ami  Sir  John  Sinclair  tells  us  he  saw 
that  verso  cut  iu  an  old  glass  tankard,  the 
property  of  1'.  Murray  Threipland,  of 
Fiiigask  Castle,  whose  predecessors  were 
staunch  Jacobites. 

Mu  doubt  the  words  of  the  anthem  have 
often  been  altered.  The  air  and  words 
were  probably  first  suggested  to  John 
Bull  by  the  Domine  Salcuin  of  tlio  Catholic 
Church.  Iu  IfiOj  the  lines  ''Frustrate 
their  knavish  tricK,-, '  Ac.,  were  added  in 
reference  to  Gunpowder  Plot  In  171.T 
some  Jacobin  adtied  the  words,  "  Send 
him  [the  Pretender]  victorious,"  &c. 
And  iu  1740,  Henry  Carey  rest^t  both 
words  and  music  for  the  Mercers' 
Company   on   the    birth  day   of    George 

God's  Acre.  A  churchyard  or  ce- 
metery. 

1  like  Ih.-il  undent  Saxon  phraM,  which  calU 
Thu  burial -ground  Ood'l  Acre.— i«iv;/<«,.i». 

Godfather.  To  stand  godfather, 
to  pay  the  reckoning,  godfathers  being 
generally  chosen  for  the  sake  of  the 
present  tliey  are  expected  to  make 
the  child  at  the  christening  or  iu  thcif 
wilU. 


450 


GODFATHERS. 


GO.LD-PUT.se  op  SPAIN. 


Godfathers.  Jurymen,  who  aro  tho 
sponsors  of  tlie  criminal. 

God'frey.  Tho  Ag'amenanon  of 
Tasso's  "JcnLsalcm  Delivered,"  chosen 
by  (Jod  as  chief  of  tho  crusaders;  ho  is 
represented  as  calm,  circumspect,  and 
pnident;  a  despiser  of  "worldly  om- 
piro,  wealth,  and  fame." 

Godliness.  Cleanliness  next  to 
godliness,  "as  JIatthew  Henry  s.ays." 
Whether  Matthew  Henry  used  the  pro- 
verb as  well  known,  or  invented  it,  depo- 
nent saycth  not. 

Godmer.  A  British  giant,  son  of 
Albion,  slain  by  Canu'tus,  one  of  tho 
companions  of  Brute. 

Those  three  raonstrouR  stones.. 
■Which  timt  hui:e  son  of  liideims  Albion 
Great  (Jod  iier  threw  io  fierce  contcutiiin 
At  bold  Couutus:  but  o(  him  wan  ahan 

^'penser,  "  Faery  (^ueen,"  ii  10. 

Godi'va  (lady).  Patroness  of  Coven- 
try. In  1010,  Leofric,  earl  of  RIercia  and 
lord  of  Coventry,  impo.«ed  certain  exac- 
tions on  his  tenants,  which  his  lady  be- 
seeched  him  to  remove.  To  escape  her 
importunity,  he  said  he  would  do  so  if 
she  would  ride  naked  through  the  town. 
I.Ady  Godiva  took  him  at  his  word,  and 
the  earl  faithfully  kept  his  promise. 

The  lejrend  asserts  that  every  inhabi- 
tant of  Coventry  kept  indoors  at  tho 
time,  but  a  certain  tailor  peeped  through 
his  window  to  see  tho  lady  pass.  Soma 
say  ho  was  struck  blind,  others  that  his 
eyes  were  pvit  out  by  the  indignant 
townsfolk,  and  some  that  ho  was  put  to 
death.  Be  this  as  it  may,  he  has  ever 
since  been  called  "Peeping  Tom  of 
Coventry."  Tennyson  has  a  poem  on 
the  subject. 

Go  el.  The  avenger  of  blood,  so  called 
by  tho  Jews. 

Goe'mot  or  Goem'afiot.  Tho  giant 
who  dominated  over  the  western  horn 
of  England,  slain  by  Corin'eus,  one  of 
«he  companions  of  Brute.  —  Geojfrey, 
*'■  Chrcnicles,"  i.  IG.     {Sie  CouiXEUS?) 

Gog  and  Magog.  Tho  emperor 
Diocletian  had  thirty-three  infamous 
daughters,  who  murdered  theirhusbands ; 
jind  being  set  adrift  in  a  ship,  reached 
Albion,  where  they  fell  in  with  a  number 
of  demons.  The  offspring  of  this  un- 
natural alliance  was  a  raco  of  giants, 
afterwards  extirpated  by  Biiite  and  his 
companions,  refugees  from  Troy.  Gog  and 


Magog,  tho  last  two  of  the  plant  race, 
were  brought  in  chains  to  London,  then 
called  Troy-novant,  and  being  chained 
to  the  p.alace  of  Brute,  which  stood  on 
the  site  of  our  Guildhall,  did  duty  as 
porters.  We  cannot  pledge  ourselves  to 
the  truth  of  old  Caxton's  narrative  ;  but 
we  are  qiiite  certain  that  Gog  and  JIagog 
had  their  efRgics  at  Guildhall,  in  tho 
reign  of  Heury  V.  The  old  giants  were 
destroyed  in  tho  great  fire,  and  tho  pro- 
sent  ones,  fourteen  feet  high,  were  carved 
in  1708  by  Richard  Saunders. 

Gog'gles.  A  corruption  of  ogles,  eye- 
shades.  (Danish,  oon,  an  eye  ;  Spanish, 
ojo;  or  from  tho  \Velsh,;9'0(7«^H,  to  shelter.) 

Gokvirakf.  The  paradise  of  Ja- 
panese mythology. 

Go'jam.  A  province  of  Abyssinia 
(Africa).  Captain  Speke  traced  it  to 
Lake  Victoria  N'Yanza,  near  the  Mount- 
ains of  the  Moon  (ISUl), 

The  swelling  Nile. 
From  his  two  springs  inO'ijam'g  suuuyreatm 
Pure-welling  out.  Jhurmon,  "iumiiitr." 

Golcon'da,  in  Hindustan,  famous 
for  its  diamond  mines. 

Gold.  A II  thai  glillers  is  not  gold.  — 
Shakespeare,  " Meixluinl  of  Venice"  ii.  7. 

All  thing  which  that  schineth  as  the  gold 
Ig  Qougbt  gold. 

Chaucer,  "  CmnUihury  Tnlna,"  ISjoi. 
Non  tene&s  aui  um  totum  quod  spleiidet  ut  aurum 
Wcc  {.ulchtum  pumum  quodlihei  tMeboDum. 

Alu'niit  dt  In'nUit,  *•  J^arab'oUe." 

The  gold  of  Xihelungen.  Brought  ill- 
luck  to  every  one  who  possessed  it. — 
Icelandic  Ed'.la. 

He  has  got  the  gold  oj  Tolo'sa,  His  ill 
gains  will  never  prosper.  Cropio,  the 
Roman  consul,  in  his  march  to  Gallia 
Narbonensis  stole  from  1  olo's^alToulouse) 
the  gold  and  silver  consei^rated  by  the 
Cimbrian  Druids  to  their  gods,  and  when 
he  encountered  the  Cimbrians,  both  he 
and!Mallius,  his  brother-consul,  were  de- 
feated, and  112,000  of  their  men  were 
left  upon  the  field  (B.C.  106). 

Mosaic  gold  is  "  aurum  musi'vnm,"  a 
sulphuret  of  tin  used  by  the  ancients  in 
tesselating. 

Mannheim  Gold,  a  sort  of  pinchbeck, 
made  of  copper  and  zinc,  invented  at 
Mannheim,  in  Germany. 

Gold-piirse  of  Spain.  Andalusia 
is  so  called  because  it  is  the  city  from 
which  Spain  derives  its  chief  wealth. 


GOLDEN. 


GOLDEN   CAVE. 


Sol 


Golden.  The  Golden  ("  Aura'tus"). 
So  Jean  Dorat,  one  of  the  Pleiad  poets 
of  France,  was  called  bj-  a  complimentary 
pun  on  his  name.  This  pun  may  pass 
muster;  not  so  the  preposterous  title 
given  to  him  of  '"'The  French  Pindar." 
(l.')07-15SS.) 

Golden-tongutd      (Greek,      "  ChrysoV-   ! 
ogos  ").    So  St.  Peter,  bishop  of  Ravenna, 
was  called.     (4:33-450.) 

Thegolden  section  o/a  line.  Its  division 
into  two  such  parts  that  tlio  rectangle  of 
the  smaller  segment  and  the  whole  line 
e<itial  the  square  of  the  larger  segment. 
—Euclid,  ii.  H. 

Golden  Age.  The  best  age  :  as  the 
golden  age  of  innocence,  tho  golden  ago 
of  literature.  Chronologers  divide  the 
time  between  Creation  and  tho  birth  of 
Christ  into  ages  ;  Ilesiod  describes  fivo, 
and  Lord  P.yron  adds  a  sixth,  "  The  Age 
of  Bronze."    (See  Age,  Augustan.) 

i.  The  Golden  Ageo/Ancienl  Xaiions:— 

(1)  New  AssYiiiAN  EMrntE.  From 
the  reign  of  Esar-haddon  or  Assur  Adon 
{Assyria's  prince),  third  son  of  Sennach'- 
erib,  to  tho  end  of  Sarac's  reign.  (B.C. 
691-606.) 

(2)  CUALniEO-BABYI.ONIAN        EMPIRE. 

From  the  reign  of  Nabopolass;\r  or  Nebo- 
pul-Assur  {Xelo  Ihe  great  Assyrian)  to 
that  of  Be^shazzar  or  Belshah-Assur 
(Bel  king-of  Assyria).     (B.C.  606-533.) 

(3)  Cm.NA.  The  T^ng  dynasty  (G2G- 
6S4),  and  especially  the  reign  of  Tao- 
tEong.     (618-626.) 

(i)  Egypt.  The  reigns  of  Scthos  I. 
and  Ram'escs  II.     (B.C.  1336-1224.) 

(5)  Media.  The  reign  of  Cyax'aros 
or  Kai  a.x-Are's  (Ihe-lrng  son-of  "  Mars  "). 
(B.C.  634-594.) 

(6)Pe'!SIa.  Thereignsof  Khosrul.,  II. 
(531-628.) 

ii.  The  Golden  Age  of  Modci^n  Xatinns. 

(1)  England.  Tho  reign  of  Elizabeth. 
(1553-1603.) 

(2)  France.  Part  of  the  reigns  of  Louis 
XIV.  and  XV.     (1610-1740.) 

(3)  Geiimany.  Tho  reign  of  Charles  V. 
(1519-1.'')58.) 

(4)  I'uitTUGAT,.  From  John  I.  to  Iha 
clo.so  of  Sebastian's  reign  (1383-157^). 
In  1580  the  crown  was  seized  by  Felipe  11. 
of  Spain. 

(5)  PiiCSSiA.  Tho  reign  of  Froderick 
tho  Groat.  (1740-178t).)  The  present  en- 
largement of  the  kingdom  may  possibly 
lead  to  tUQ  importapt  epoch.     (1866.) 


(6")  Russia.  Tlie  reign  of  czar  Peter 
the  Great.     (1672-172.^.1 

(7)  Spain.  Tne  reign  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  when  the  crown."  of  Castile  and 
Aragon  were  united.     (1474-1516.) 

(8)  Sweden.  From  Gustavus  Vasa  to 
the  close  of  the  reign  of  Gusiavus  Adol- 
phus.     (1523-1632.) 

Golden  Apple.  "  What  female 
heart  can  gold  despise  V— Gray.  In  al- 
lusion to  the  fable  of  At.alant.a,  the  swiftest 
of  all  mortals.  She  vowed  to  marry  only 
that  man  who  could  outstrip  her  in  a 
race.  Milan'ion  threw  down  threegolden 
apples,  and  Atalanta,  stopping  to  pick 
them  up,  lost  the  race.  When  foul  play 
is  suspected  on  a  race-course,  we  say 
"  the  race  was  lost  by  golden  apples." 

Golden  Asa.  The  romance  of  Ap- 
pule'ius,  written  in  tho  second  century, 
and  called  the  golden  because  of  its  ex- 
cellency. It  contains  the  adventures  of 
Lucian,  a  young  man,  who  being  acci- 
dentally metamorphosed  into  an  ass  while 
sojourning  in  The>.saly,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  robbers,  eunuchs,  magi.'trates,  and  so 
on,  by  whom  he  was  ill-treated;  but 
ultimately  he  recovered  his  human  form. 
Boccaccio  has  borrowed  largely  from  ttds 
admir.ible  romance,  and  tho  incidents  of 
the  robbers'  cave  in  "  Gil  Bias  "are  taken 
from  it. 

Golden  Bay.  Tho  bay  Kieselarke 
is  so  called  beca\ise  tho  sands  shine  like 
gold  or  fire. — Strug. 

Golden  Bonds.  Aurelian  allowed 
tho  captive  Zeunbia  a  slavo  to  hold  up 
her  golden  fetters. 

Golden  Bull.  An  edict  by  tho 
emperor  Charles  IV.,  issued  at  the  diet 
of  Nuremberg  in  1356,  for  ihe  purpose 
of  fixing  how  the  German  emperors  were 
to  be  elected.     (See  Bull.) 

Golden  Calf.  According  to  a  com. 
mon  local  tradition,  Aaron's  golden  cilf 
is  buried  in  Book's  Hill,  Lavant,  near 
Chichester. 

Golden  Calf.  We  all  vorship  the 
golden  calf,  i.e.,  money.  The  reference 
is  to  tho  golden  calf  made  by  A.aron  when 
Moses  was  absent  on  Mount  Sinai. — 
Exod.  xxxii.    (See  Rook.) 

Golden  Cave.  Contained  a  cistern 
puardcd  by  two  giants  and  two  centaurs; 
the  waters  of  the  cistom  were  good  for 
quenching    tho    tire  of    the    cave,   and 


862 


GOLDEN  CHAIN. 


GOLDEN   ROSE. 


when  this  fire  was  quenched  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Scobelhim  wouM  return  to  their 
native  forms. — "The  Seven  ChampioM," 
iiL  10. 

Golden  Chain.  "Faith  is  the  gol- 
den chain  to  link  the  penitent  sinner  unto 
God"  (Jeremy  Taylor).  The  alhision  is 
to  a  passage  in  Homer's  "Iliad"  (i.  19 
— 30),  where  Ze\is  says,  If  a  golden  chain 
were  let  down  from  heaven,  and  all  the 
gods  and  goddesses  pulled  at  one  end, 
they  would  not  bo  able  to  pull  him  down 
to  earth  ;  whereas  he  could  lift  with  ease 
all  the  deities  and  all  created  things  be- 
sides with  his  single  might. 

Golden  Fleece.  Ino  persuaded  her 
husband,  Ath'amas,  that  his  son  Phryxos 
was  the  cause  of  a  famine  which  desolated 
the  land,  and  the  old  dotard  ordered 
him  to  be  sacrificed  to  the  angry  gods. 
Phryxos  being  apprised  of  this  order, 
made  his  escape  over  sea  on  a  ram  which 
had  a  gohUnJleece.  When  he  arrived  at 
Colchis,  he  sacrificed  the  ram  to  Zeus, 
and  gave  the  fleece  to  king  ^e'tes,  who 
hung  it  on  a  sacred  oak.  It  was  after- 
wards stolen  by  Jason  in  his  celebrated 
Argonautic  expedition. 

This  rising  Greece  with  indignation  Tiewed, 
And  youthful  Jason  an  attempt  conceived 
Lofty  and  bold  :  aloni;  Pene'us"  brinks. 
Around  Olymi'us'  broas.  th;  Muses'  haunts. 
He  roused  tiie  brave  to  re-Jeinanrt  the  fleece. 
Dyer,  "  The  fUeee,"  ii. 

Golden  Fountain.  The  property 
of  a  wealthy  Jew  of  Jerusalem.  "  In 
twenty-four  hours  it  would  convert  any 
metal,  as  brass,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and 
tin,  into  refined  gold ;  stony  flints  into 
pure  silver  ;  and  any  kind  of  earth  into 
excellent  metal."  —  "The  Seven  Cham- 
pio7is  of  Christendom,"  ii.  4. 

Golden  Horn.  The  inlet  of  the 
Bosphorus  on  which  Constantinople  is 
situated.  So  called  from  its  curved  shape 
and  great  beauty. 

Golden  House.  Tliis  was  a  palace 
erected  by  Isero  in  Rome.  It  was 
roofed  with  golden  tiles,  and  the  inside 
walls,  which  were  profusely  gilt,  were 
embellished  with  mother-of-pearl  and 
precious  stones  ;  the  ceilings  were  inlaid 
with  ivory  and  gold.  The  banquet-hall 
had  a  rotatory  motion,  and  its  vaulted 
ceiling  showered  flowers  and  perfumes 
on  the  gu«sts.  The  Farne'se  popes  and 
princes  used  the  materials  of  Nero's  housp 
is  erection  their  palaces  and  villas. 


Golden  Legend.  A  collection  ol 
hagiology  {lives  of  saints'),  made  bT 
Jaqucs  de  Voragine  in  the  thirteenth 
century  ;  valuable  for  the  picture  it  gives 
of  mediaeval  manners,  customs,  and 
thoughts.  Jortin  says  that  the  young 
students  of  religious  houses,  for  the  exer- 
cise of  their  talents,  were  set  to  accommo- 
date the  narratives  of  heathen  writers 
to  Christian  saints.  It  was  a  correction 
of  these  "lives"  that  Voragine  made, 
and  thought  deserving  to  be  called  "  Le- 
gends worth  their  Weight  in  Gold." 
Loncffellow  has  a  dramatic  poem  en- 
titled "  The  Golden  Legend." 

Golden  Mean.  Keep  the  goldjin 
wean.  The  wise  saw  of  Cleobu^os,  king 
of  Khodes.     (B.C.  6:30-559.) 

Distant  aMke  from  each,  to  neither  lean. 
But  ever  keep  the  happy  (JoMen  Mean 

KovK,  ■'  J'fce  Oolden  Vertet." 

Golden-mouthed.  Chrysostom  ; 
so  called  for  his  great  eloquence,  (a.d. 
3i7-407.) 

Golden  Ointment.  Eye  salve. 
In  allusion  to  the  ancient  practice  of 
rul)bing  "  stynas  of  the  eye  "  with  a  gold 
ring  to  cure  them. 

I  have  a  sty  hen',  Chilai. 

I  I  ave  no  gold  to  cure  it 
Beaumont  an>i  PUU  her,  "  if  ad  Lmert" 

Golden  Opinions.  "I  have  bought 
golden  opinions  of  all  sorts  of  people." 
— Shakespeare,  "  Macbeth,"  i.  7. 

Golden  Palace  of  Nero,  built  on 
the  site  of  that  part  of  Rome  which  had 
been  burnt  down.  There  were  three 
galleries  on  three  rows  of  marble  pillars, 
each  row  a  mile  in  length.  The  roof  and 
walls  were  gold  (gilt  ? ),  inlaid  with 
mother-o'-pearl.  One  of  the  banqueting 
rooms,  made  of  glass,  revolved  with  the 
sun,  and  distilled  perfumes  on  the  guests. 

GSolden  Rose.  A  cluster  of  roses  and 
rosebuds  growing  on  one  thorny  stem,  all 
of  the  purest  gold,  chiselled  with  exqui- 
site workmanship.  In  its  cup,  among  its 
petals,  the  pope,  at  every  benediction  he 
pronounces  upon  it,  inserts  a  few  parti- 
cles of  amber  and  musk.  It  is  blessed 
on  the  fourth  Sunday  in  Lent,  and  be- 
stowed during  the  ecclesiastical  year  on 
the  royal  lady  whose  zeal  for  tne  church 
has  most  shown  itself  by  pious  deeds 
or  pious  intentions.  >■  The  prince  who 
has  best  deserved  of  the  Holy  See  has 
tbe  tilessed  sword  aud  cap  [lo  stocco  t  \l 


GOLDEN    RULE. 


GONEIIIL. 


heretto)  sent  bitn.  If  no  one  merits  the 
gift,  it  is  laid  up  iu  the  Vatican.  In  the 
spring  of  1868.  the  pope  gave  the  golden 
roi?e  to  Isabella  of  JSpaiii,  in  reward  of 
"  her  faith,  justice,  and  charity,"  and  to 
"  foretoken  the  protection  of  God  to  his 
well-beloved  daughter,  whoso  high  vir- 
tues  make  her  a  shining  light  amongst 
women."  Truly  the  church  sees  with 
other  eyes  than  the  onliuary  observer, 
and  judges  with  other  judgment  than  the 
ordinary  politician  or  moralist.  The 
empress  Eugenie  of  France  also  received 
it,  and  the  gift  was  not  unwurtbily  be- 
Btuwed. 

Golden  Rule. 

Ill  morals — Do  unto  others  as  you 
would  be  done  bj'. 

Ill  arithmetic— The  Rule  of  Three. 

Golden  Shower  or  S/toicer  oftjo/il. 
A  bribe,  money.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
classic  tale  of  Jupiter  and  Dan'ae.  Ac- 
ris'ios,  king  of  Argos,  being  told  that  his 
daughter's  son  would  put  him  to  death, 
resolved  that  Dan'a''i  should  never  marry, 
and  accordingly  locked  her  up  in  a  brazen 
tower.  Jupiter,  who  was  in  love  with  the 
princess,  foiled  the  king,  by  changing 
himself  into  a  shower  of  gold,  under 
which  guise  he  readily  found  access  to 
the  fair  prisoner. 

Golden  State.  California  ;  so  calle<i 
from  its  gold  "diggins," 

Golden  Stream.  Joannes  Dama."»- 
ce'nus,  author  of  "  Dogmatic  Theology  " 
(died  7i>*y}. 

Golden  Verses.  So  called  because 
they  are  "  good  as  gold."  They  are  by 
some  attributed  to  Epicar'mos,  and  by 
others  to  Emped'ocles,  but  always  go 
under  the  name  of  Pythag'oras,  and  seem 
quite  in  accordance  with  his  excellent 
precepts.     They  are  as  follows:  — 

Ne'er  Buffer  eleep  tliine  eyes  to  close 

lelore  thy  nun  1  hath  run 
O'er  every  act,  aul  thouifht.  and  wor  I, 

Fr<  m  dKwn  to  set  of  sun  ; 
For  wroDg  tiike  Bliame,  Imt  Kr^tcful  feU 

If  just  thy  coume  halh  tieen  : 
^ucti  'tfort  il  ,y  l.y  day  renewej 

Will  ward  thy  soul  from  eiu. 

Gol'demar  (king),  A  German  gob- 
lin, friend  of  Neveliug  von  Ilardcnberg. 

Goldy.  The  pet  name  given  by  Dr. 
Johnson  to  Oliver  Goldsmith.  Garrick 
said  of  him,  "  He  wrote  like  an  angel, 
and  Ulko.l  like  poor  Poll."     (1728-1774.) 

Golgotha  signifies  a  W«^;,  and  eor- 
rt>?pond8  to  the  Freucb    word  "  qu»u- 
M 


mont."  Probably  it  designated  a  bare  hill 
or  rising  ground,  having  some  fanciful 
resemblance  to  the  form  of  a  bald  skull. 

Go')?otha  seems  not  enHrelr  uncoDDec'ed  with 
the  hill  of  (lurch  and  the  locality  of  Ooatti.  men- 
tioned in  Jeremah  xxxi  3i>,  on  the  norih-vrext  cf 
the  city.     I  am  incliiud  to  tix  theriace  where  Jesus 

wa-  cruoifie  i on  th,;  mi.und*  which  cc m^nni'ti  the 

val  cv  of  liiiinoin.  aliovt  Lirkel-Maiiiilia.— iictutn, 
"  Li/e  0/  Jeiua'c    xiv. 

^Golgotha,  at  the  University  Church, 
C'ambiidge,  was  the  gallery  111  which  tiie 
'•heads  of  the  houses  "sat;  so  called  be- 
cause it  w.is  tlie  place  of  skulls  or  lieads.  It 
has  been  more  wittily  than  tiuly  said  that 
Golgotha  was  the  pl.ace  of  empty  skulls. 

Goli'ath.  The  Philistine  giant,  slai;; 
by  the  stripling  Daviil  with  a  small  stone 
hurled  from  a  sling.  — 1  Sam.  xvii.  23-54. 

Golosh'.  It  is  said  that  Henry  Vi. 
wore  half-boots  laced  at  the  side,  and 
about  the  same  time  was  introduced  tbo 
shoo  or  clog  called  the  "  galuge  "  or 
"gologe,"  meaning  simply  a  covering; 
to  which  is  attributed  the  origin  of  our 
word  golosh.  This  cannot  be  correct, 
as  Chaucer,  who  died  twenty  years  be- 
fore Henry  VI.  was  bom,  uses  the  word. 
Without  doubt  the  word  comes  to  us 
from  the  Spaiii.sh^a/oc/((X  (wooden  shoes)  ; 
German,  ycUusclie,  which  is  the  liomau 
word,  gaUicce  (Gaulish  shoos).  The  word 
has  been  wittily  s-aid  to  be  a  corniption 
of  "  Goliath's  shoos." 

Ne  nere  worthy  to  unbocle  bis  gtiochn.—  fhmurr. 
"  Sipiirt't  Tide." 

Go'marists.  Opponents  of  At- 
minius.  So  called  from  Francis  Gomar, 
their  leader.     (1563-1041.) 

Gondula.  One  of  the  Celtfc  war- 
goddes.sos.  Iler  special  office  was  to 
conduct  to  Odin  the  souls  of  those  who 
fell  in  battle. 

Gone  up.  Put  out  of  the  way, 
han^'ed,  or  otherwise  got  rid  of.  Iti 
Denver  (.America)  unruly  citizens  are 
summarily  hung  on  a  cotton  tree,  and 
when  any  question  is  a.sked  about  them, 
the  answer  is  briefly  given,  "Gone  up" 
— i.e.,  gone  up  the  cotton  tree,  or  sus 
pended  from  one  of  its  branches.  (^S-i 
"  Now  America,"  by  W.  Hepworth 
Dixon,  i.  11.) 

Gon'eril.  One  of  Lear's  three  daugh- 
ters. Havingreceived  hermoiety  of  ]jt>a:-'« 
kingdom,  the  unnatural  dauglite.-  first 
al'ridged  the  old  man's  retinue,  then  gare 
liim  to  understand  that  his  company  wr.« 
troublesome, —<S/at<«/)ea)r, "  Kirig  L^r.^' 


854 


GONFALON, 


GOOD  WINE. 


Gon'falon  or  Goktanon.  An  on- 
gig^i  or  standard.  A  gonfalonier  is  a 
ni<agistratothatbasagoufalon.  (Italian, 
giiiifalo'ne ;  French,  gonfalon;  Saxon, 
gulhfana,  war-dag.)  Cliauccr  uses  the 
word  g-onfauou  ;  Milton  prefors  gonfalon. 
Thus  ho  says — 

Ti'n  thousand  thooiand  ensigns  hii^h  airancod 
S'BDdards  aud  go^fiilong,  'twixt  vnn  niid  resr 
Sti  earn  in  the  air,  and  for  distiiictiuu  serve 
Of  hiurarchies  (3  syL),  of  ordern,  and  d'vi  ces, 

"  Paradiit  Lott,"  f . 

Gonfanon.  The  consecrated  banner 
of  the  Normans.  When  William  in- 
vaded England,  his  gonfanon  was  pre- 
sented to  him  by  the  pope.  It  was 
made  of  purj)le  silk,  divided  at  the  end 
like  the  banner  attached  to  the  ''  Cross 
of  the  Resurrection."  When  Harold 
was  wounded  in  the  eye,  he  was  borne 
to  the  foot  of  this  sacred  standard,  and 
tho  Engli.sh  rallied  round  him  ;  but  his 
death  gave  victory  to  the  invaders.  The 
high  altar  of  Battle  Abbey  marked  the 
«pot  where  the  gonfanon  stood,  but  the 
only  traces  now  left  are  a  few  stones 
recently  uncovered,  to  show  the  site  of 
this  memorable  place. 

GoilJn.  Un  tour  cle  maitrc  Gonin  (a 
trick  of  Master  Gonin's).  A  cunning 
trick.  Gonin  was  a  buffoon  or  fool  of 
tho  sixteenth  century,  who  acquired 
great  renown  for  his  clever  tricks. 

Gonnella'3  Horse.  Gonnella,  the 
domestic  jester  of  the  duke  of  Ferra'ra, 
rode  on  a  horse  all  skin  and  bone.  The 
jests  of  Gonnella  are  in  print. 

Ilis  horee  wasaslean  as  Gonne'.la's, rvhtch  (as  tlie 
(Jul- e  said)  "  Os-isi  atque  pellis  lotus  trat"(l'Uutus). 
-  CervutUes, "  Dun  Quixote" 

Gonsal'ez  (Gon-zalley).  Fcman 
Gonsalez  was  a  B])anish  hero  of  tho  tenth 
century,  whose  life  was  twice  saved  by 
his  wife  Sancha,  daughter  of  Garcias,  king 
of  Navarre.  The  adventures  of  (Jon-^al'ez 
have  i;iven  birth  to  a  host  of  ballads. 

Gonville  College  (Cambridge).  Tlie 
6;uue  ;is  Cains  Colicyc,  fouudi.d  in  1.3i8 
by  Edmund  Gonville,  son  of  Sir  Nicholas 
Gonville,  rector  of  Terrington,  Norfolk. 

Good.     The  Good. 

Alfonso  VIII.  (or  IX.)  of  Leon,  "  Tho 
Noble  and  Good."     (1158-1214.) 

Sir  James  Douglas,  suruamed  TheGood 
Sir  James,  a  fnend  to  Bruce.    (Died  1330. ) 

Jean  II.  of  France,  le  Bon.  (1319, 
1850-1364.) 


Joan  III.,  duo  de  Bourgogiio.  (128a. 
1312-1.341.) 

Joan  of  Brittany,  "The  Good  aud 
Wise."    (1287,  1369-1442.) 

Philip] «e  I II .,  due  do  Bourgogne.  (1396. 
1419-1467.) 

Re'ne',  called  The  Good  King  Rcn4, 
titular  king  of  Na'plcs.     (1409-14.52.) 

Richard  II.,  due  do  Normandie.  (998- 
1026.) 

Richard  deBcauchamp,  twelfth  e.arl  ol 
Warwick,  regent  df  France.   (Died  1 439. ) 

Good  Duke  Humphrey.  Hum- 
phrey Plantagenet,  duke  of  Gloucester, 
youngest  son  of  Henry  IV.,  said  to  have 
been  murdered  by  Suffolk  and  cardinal 
Beaufort. — Sliakespeare,  "2  Henry  VI." 
iii.  2. 

Good-bye.  A  contraction  of  God  he 
with  yoxL.  Similar  to  the  French  adieu, 
which  is  d  hiev,  (I  commend  you  to  God). 

Good  -  Cheap.  The  French  hoix 
wirn-c/d,  a  good  bargain.  "Cheap"  here 
means  market  or  bargain. 

Good  Friday.  The  anniversary  of 
the  Crucifixion.     "  Good"  means  lioly. 

Bom  on  Good  Frid-.iy.  According  to 
ancient  superstition,  those  bom  on 
Christmas-day  or  Good  Friday  have  the 
power  of  seeing  and  commanding  spirits. 

Good-Polk  (Scotch  guid  folk)  are 
like  the  Shetland  land-Trows,  who  inhabit 
the  interior  of  green  hills.    (See  Trows.) 

Good  Regent.  James  Stewart,  earl 
of  Murray,  appointed  regent  of  Scotland 
after  the  imprisonment  of  queen  M;iry. 

Good  Samaritan.  One  who  sue- 
cours  the  distressed.  The  character  Is 
from  our  Lord's  Parable  of  "The  .Man  who 
fell  amony: Thieves  "  (St.  Lukex.  30-37). 

Good  Time.  "  There  is  a  good  time 
coming."  This  has  been  for  a  long,  long 
time  a  familiar  saying  in  Scotland,  and 
is  introduced  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  his 
"  Rob  Roy."  Charles  Mackay  has  written 
a  song  so  called,  set  to  music  by  Henry 
RusseU. 

Good  "Wine  needs  no  Bush.  It 
was  customary  to  hang  out  ivy,  boughs 
of  trees,  tiovcrs,  &c.,  at  private  houses 
to  notify  to  travellers  that  "  good  cheer  " 
might  be  had  within.  This  is  still  usual 
in  Gloucester,  at  Barton  Fair  time,  and 
at  the  three  "  mops." 
Some  ale-houses  upon  the  roid  I  aiir. 
And  some  with  hushea  showia:;  the;  wine  did  dra'S. 
"  Poor  Robin'l  Perawtmitxtic/n*."  1678. 


GOODS. 


non?!F. 


365 


CJood.3  1  carry  all  my  goods  with  me 
(Om'nia  mea lae'cum  porto),  said  by  Bias, 
one  of  the  seven  saepes,  when  Prie'ne  was 
besieged  and  the  inhabitants  were  pre- 
paring for  flight, 

Groodfellow  {Robin).  Sometimes 
called  Pucl:,  son  of  Obercn,  a  domestic 
«uirit,  the  constant  attendant  on  the 
English  fairy-court;  full  of  tricks  and 
fond  of  practical  jokes. 

Tint  iilirew;!  and  knavish  sprite 
Calle.i  HobiaOo^.d/^llow. 
Shakaiieure,  "  iluUummer  XiuM'i  Dream,"  ii.  1. 

Goodluck's  Close  (Norfolk).  A 
corruption  of  Guthlac's  Close,  so  called 
from  a  cbapel  founded  by  Allen,  son  of 
Godfrey  de  Swaffham,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.,  and  dedicated  to  St.  Guthlac. 

Goodman.  A  husband  or  master  is 
the  Sa.MJu  guma  or  goma  (a  man),  which 
in  the  inllocted  cases  becomes  guman  or 
goman.  In  St.  Matt.  xxiv.  4.3,  "  If  the 
goodman  of  the  house  had  known  in  what 
watch  the  thief  would  come,  he  would 
h.ave  watched."  Gomman  and  Gommer, 
for  the  master  and  mistress  of  a  house, 
are  by  no  means  uncommon. 

There's  Dae  luck  abuut  the  house 
WUeu  our  guJeuian's  awa. 

ilUkl4. 

Goodman  of  Ballengeich.  The 
assumed  name  of  James  V.  of  Scotland, 
when  ho  made  his  disguised  visits  through 
the  country  districts  around  Edinburgh 
and  Stirling,  after  the  fashion  of  Haroun- 
al-Rascliid,  Louis  XI.,  &c. 

Goodman  or  St.  Gulman.  Patron 
saint  of  tailors,  being  himself  of  the 
same  craft. 

Goodwin  Sands  consisted  at  one 
time  of  about  4,0o0  acres  of  low  land 
fenced  from  the  sea  by  a  wall,  belonging 
to  earl  Goodwin  or  Godwin.  William 
the  Conqueror  bestowed  them  on  the 
abbey  of  St.  Augustine,  at  Canterbury, 
and  the  abbot  allowed  the  sea-wall  to 
fall  into  a  dilapidated  state,  so  that  the 
sea  broke  through  in  1100  and  inundated 
the  whole. 

Goodwood  Races.  So  called  from 
the  park  in  which  they  are  held.  They 
begin  the  last  Tuesday  of  July,  and  last 
four  days ;  but  the  principal  one  is 
Thursday,  called  the  "Cup  Day."  These 
races,  being  held  in  a  private  park,  are 
rery  select,  and  admirably  conducted. 
Goodwood  Park,  tb  a  property  of  the  duke 


of  Richmond,  was  purchased  by  Charles, 
the  first  duke,  of  the  Compton  family, 
then  resident  in  East  Lavant,  a  village 
two  miles  north  of  Chichester. 

Goody  is  good-wife,  Chaucer's  good- 
lefe.  As  goody  Dobson.  Good-woman 
means  the  mistress  of  the  house,  con- 
tracted sometimes  iuto  gommer,  as  good- 
man  is  into  gomman.    (jSee  Goodma.v.) 

Goody  Blake.  A  poor  old  woman 
who  was  detected  by  Harry  Gill,  the 
farmer,  picking  up  sticks  for  a  wee-bit 
fire  to  warm  herself  by.  The  farmer 
compelled  her  to  leave  them  on  the  field, 
and  Goody  Blake  invoked  on  him  the 
curse  that  ho  might  never  more  bo  warm. 
From  that  moment  neither  blazing  firo 
nor  accumulated  clothing  ever  made 
Harry  Gill  warm  again.  Do  what  ho 
would,  "  his  teeth  went  chatter,  chatter 
still."—  Worilsicorth,  "  Goody  Blake  and 
Hui-ry  Gill." 

Goody  Two-Shoes.  This  tale 
first  appeared  in  1765.  It  was  written 
for  Newbcry,  as  it  is  said,  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith. 

Goose.  (See  2Iax  J/uHtr,  "Science 
of  jMngunge"  vol.  ii.,  p.  215.)  Wflsh, 
gwyz;  IJauish,  gaas ;  Saxon,  gos ;  Rus- 
sian, gus ;  Sec, 

Goose.  A  tailor's  smoothing-iron,  so 
called  because  its  handle  rosomblos  the 
neck  of  a  goose. 

Come  in,  taylor  ;  here  you  may  roitt  your  gooce. 
tiii'ikaiiieare,  "  Mucoct.'i,'  li.  3. 

Ferrara  geese.  Celebrated  for  the 
magnitude  of  their  livers.  The  French 
f6,te  de  foie  gras,  for  which  Strasbourg  is 
so  noted,  is  not  a  French  invention,  but 
a  mere  imitation  of  a  well-known  dish  of 
classic  times. 

I  wish,  ijentlemen.  it  was  one  of  the  eeece  of  Ker- 
rani.  bj  much  celebr.ited  amouit  the  aiicicuU  for  the 
luagnitude  of  Hit ir  livers,  one  of  which  iss  lid  to  have 
weiglied  upwards  of  t>o  pounds  Willi  this  ro.'d, 
exquisite  as  it  was,  did  ilclio^'ab'nlua  regale  hu 
hounds.  —  Sm'AUil.  "  I'trigriM  I'lM*." 

A  \Vi)ichester  goose.  An  aphroditial 
swelling,  so  called  because  the  bishop  of 
Winchester  had  the  licensiug  of  tho 
stews,  &c.,  in  Southwai-k. 
]\'ay:e  (Jooss  \See  Watze.) 
He  'killed  Uie  goose  to  get  tJie  eggs.  He 
grasped  at  what  w.as  more  than  his  due, 
and  lost  an  excellent  customer.  The 
Greek  fable  says  a  countryman  had  a 
goose  that  laid  golden  eggs  ;  thinking  to 


366    GOOSE  AT  MICHAELMAS. 


GORDIAN  KNOT. 


make  himself  rich,  ho  killed  the  goose  to 
pet  the  whole  stock  of  eggs,  but  lost 
everything. 

He  etea/s  a  goose,  and  gives  the  giblets  in 
alms.  He  amasses  wealth  by  over-reach- 
ing, and  salves  his  conscience  by  giving 
iinall  sums  in  charity. 

I'll  cook  yovr  gvose  for  you.  I'll  pay 
you  out.  Eric,  king  of  Sweden,  coming 
to  a  certain  town  with  very  few  soldieis, 
the  enemy,  in  mockery,  hvingoiit  a  goose 
for  him  to  shoot,  but  finding  it  was  no 
laughing  matter,  sent  heralds  to  ask  him 
what  ho  wanted.  "To  cooic  your  goose 
for  you,"  he  facetiously  replied. 

The  older  the  goose  the  kurdei-  to  phicl-. 
Old  men  are  unwilling  to  part  with  their 
money.  The  reference  isto  the  custom  of 
plucking  live  geese  for  the  sake  of  their 
(piills.  Steel  pens  have  put  an  end  to 
this  barbarous  custom. 

To  get  the  goose.  To  get  hissed  on  the 
stage.     (Theatrical.) 

What  is  the  Latin  for  goose?  (.ins^cer) 
Brandy.  The  pun  is  on  the  word  answer. 
A  riser  is  the  Latin  for  goose,  which  brandy 
follows  as  surely  and  quickly  as  an  answer 
follows  a  question. 

What  a  goose  you  are.  In  the  Egj'ptian 
hieroglyphics  the  emblem  of  a  vain  silly 
fellow  is  a  goose. 

Goose  at  Michaelmas.  One  legend 
says  that  St.  Marti-n  was  tormented  by  a 
goose  which  he  killed  and  ate.  As  he 
died  from  the  repast,  good  Christians 
have  over  since  sacriticed  the  goose  on 
the  d  ty  of  the  saint. 

The  popular  tradition  is  that  queen 
Elizabeth,  on  her  way  to  Tilbury  Fort 
(Sept.  29,  15S8),  dined  at  the  ancient  seat 
of  Sir  Neville  Umfreyville,  where,  among 
other  things,  two  fine  geeso  were  provided 
for  dinner.  The  queen,  having  eaten 
heartily,  called  for  a  bumperuf  Burgundy, 
and  gave  as  a  toast,  "Destruction  to  the 
Spanish  armada !"  Scarcely  had  she 
spoken  when  a  messenger  announced  the 
destruction  of  the  fleet  by  a  storm.  The 
queen  demanded  a  second  bumper,  and 
said,  "  Henceforth  shall  a  goose  com- 
memorate this  great  victory."  This  tale 
is  marred  by  the  awkward  circumstance 
that  the  thanksgiving  sermon  for  the 
victory  was  preache.d  at  St.  Paul's  on  the 
20th  August,  and  the  fleet  was  dispersed 
by  the  winds  in  July.  Gascoigne,  who 
died  1577,  refers  to  the  custom  of  goosp- 
eKiiog  at  M.iohaelinas  as  cpmmon. 


At  Clii'i^tmas  a  capoD,  a*  Michaelma*  tgnoat, 
Aud  MjriK'uliai  elsK  al  I\ew  icre'a  tide.  lor  (eare  th« 
Uase  Hies  louse. 

Goose  and  Gridiron.  A  public- 
house  sign,  propr-rly  the  cuat  of  arms  of 
the  Company  of  Musicians — viz.,  a  sican, 
with  expanded  wings,  within  a  double 
tressure  [the  gridiron],  counter,  fiory, 
argent.  Fervtrted  into  a  goose  striking 
tlie  bars  of  a  gridiron  with  its  foot,  and 
callecl  "The  Swan  and  ILirp,"  or 
"  Goose  and  Gridiron." 

Gooseberry  is  gorse-heny  (rough 
berry  ;  Saxon,  yorsl.  Cos  lettuce  is  also 
"gorse  lettuce.")     {See  Bear's  Gaklic.  ) 

Gooseberry  FooL  A  corruption 
of  gooseberry  feul,  i.e.,  foule,  milled, 
mashed,  pressed.  The  French  havefnile 
de  pommes ;  foule  de  raisins;  foule  dt 
groseillcs,  our  "  gooseberry  fool." 

G  ooseberry  Picker.  One  who  ha? 

all  the  toil  and  trouble  of  picking  a  trou. 
blesomc  fruit  for  the  delectation  of  others. 
Goose  Dubbs,  of  Glasgow.  A  sort 
of  Seven  Dials,  or  Scottish  Alsa'tia.  The 
Scotch  use  dubbs  for  a  filthy  puddle. 
(Welsh,  dwb,  mortar ;  Irish,  doib,  plaster.) 

The  fiuBe-dubs  o'  Glasgow  ;  O  sirs,  n  hat  a  hudlle 
o'  hoiis.s.. .  the  sreen  middens  o"  baith  liquid  auJ 
solid  pialtcr.  Boomin'  Ti'dead  cats  an  I  auld  eboou.— 
'^NocUi  Ambi  otianoi." 

Goose  Gibbie.  A  half-witted  lad, 
who  first  "  kept  the  turkeys,  and  was 
afterwards  advanced  to  the  more  impor- 
tant office  of  minding  the  cows." — Sir 
Waller  Scott,  "  Old  Mortality." 

He  playtd  up  old  gooseben-y  with  me. 
He  took  great  liberties  with  my  property, 
and  greatlj'  abused  it ;  in  fact,  he  made 
gooseberry  fool  of  it.  {See  Goosebeuut 
Fool.  ) 

To  do  gooseben-y  is  to  go  with  two  lovers 
for  appearance-sake.  The  person  "who 
plays  propriety  "  is  expected  to  hear,  see, 
and  say  nothing.  (See  Gooseberkt 
riCK£R.) 

Gopy'a.  Nymphs  and  muses  of 
Indian  mythology. 

Gordian  Knot.  A  great  difficidty. 
Gordius,  a  peasant,  being  chosen  king  of 
Phrygia,  dedicated  hiswaggonto  Jupiter, 
and  fastened  the  yoke  to  a  beam  with  a  rope 
of  bark  so  ingeniously  that  no  one  could 
untie  it.  Alexander  was  told  that  "who- 
ever undi>]  the  knot  would  reign  over  the 
whole  East."  "  Well,  then,"  said  the 
conqueror,  "it  is  thus  I  perform  tiie 
task,"  and,  so  saying,  he  cut  the  Sisol  ip 
twain  vritji  his  swgrd. 


GORDON  RIOTS. 


GOTUAM. 


357 


To  mt  the  knot  is  to  ovade  a  difficulty, 
or  got  out  of  it  in  a  summary  maiiuer. 

Puch  praise  the  MsccdoDi&n  p;ot 

For  havmu  rudely  cut  tlie  Goniian  Knot. 

Turn  him  to  auy  causp  of  policy, 

Tlic  Oordlau  Ki:ot  of  it  he  will  unloose, 

I  amiliar  aa  li  ik  curler. 

bhukespiare,  "  Htnrv  V."  L  1. 

Gordon  Riots.  Riots  in  1780, 
headed  liy  lord  Ucorge  Gordon,  to  c<na- 
pel  tbe  llouso  of  Commons  to  repeal  the 
l>ill  passed  in  1773  for  the  relief  of 
Roman  Catholics.  Gordon  was  of  un- 
sound mind,  and  died  iu  1793,  a  proselyte 
to  Judaism.  Dickens  has  introduced 
this  subject  in  his  "liurnaby  Rudge." 

Qor'gibus.  An  honest,  simple- 
minded  biwgess,  brought  into  all  sorts  of 
troubles  by  the  love  of  finery  and  the 
gingerbread  gentility  of  his  niece  and 
daughter. — Sloliere,  "  I'recietises  Ridi- 
cules." 

Gorgon.  Anything  unusually  hide- 
ous. Tiiere  were  three  Gorgons,  with 
serpents  on  their  heads  instead  of  hair  ; 
Medu'sa  was  the  chief  of  the  three,  and 
the  only  one  that  was  mortal ;  but  so 
hideous  was  her  face,  that  whoever  set 
eyes  on  it  was  instantly  turned  into 
stone.  She  was  slain  by  Perseus,  and 
her  head  placed  on  the  shield  of  Minerva. 

I.est  Oorcon  ritiai;  from  the  inferDal  lakes 
With  horrors  armeJ.  ami  curls  i>f  lii-sinB  mnl^ei, 
Should  tix  me,  stilTi'iieil  at  thi-  niuQsiruus  eigl.i, 
A  icouy  imigo  lu  etcrual  uiiiht. 

"  Odi/stei/,"  xi. 

Approach  the  chamber,  and  dcatrcy  jour  Jisht 
With  a  new  gorguii. 

Hhuken^tare.  "  iladnlh,  ii.  x 

Gor'ham  Controversy.  This 
arose  out  of  tiie  refu.sal  of  the  bishop  of 
Kxeter  to  institute  the  Rev.  Cornelius 
Gorham  to  the  vicaraf,-o  of  Brampford 
•Speke,  "  because  he  held  unsound  views 
on  the  doctrine  of  baptism."  Mr  Gor- 
ham maintained  that  "spiritual  regene- 
ration is  not  conferred  on  children  by 
baptism."  After  two  years'  controversy, 
the  I'rivy  Council  decided  in  favour  of 
Mr.  Gorham  (1651). 

Gorlois,  duke  of  Cornwall,  husband 
of  It'crna,  who  was  the  mother  of  king 
Arthur  by  an  adulterous  connection  with 
Uthcr,  poudragon  of  the  Britons. 

Goslings.  The  catkins  of  nut-trees, 
pines,  kc.  The  word  is  gorse-liiigs,  liitle 
rough  things. 


Gospellers.  Followers  of  Wicliffe, 
called  the  "  Gos{)el  Doctor;"  any  one 
who  believes  that  the  New  Testament 
has  in  part,  at  least,  superseded  the 
old ;  the  priest  who  reads  the  Gospel  at 
the  altar. 

Hoi  O os)->eUert.  A  nickname  applied  to 
the  I'uritans  n.fter  the  Restoration. 

Gossip.  A  sponsor  at  b-iptism,  a 
corruption  of //lA'n'j,  whioh  is  God-sib,  a 
kinsman  in  the  Ljrcl.  (Sib,  gesib,  Saxon 
kinsman,  whence  sibniiii,  /*«  i»  our  sit), 
still  used.) 

'  piH  not  n  naii.  for  aha  hath  h.^1  R-i^sips  lipon- 
i"rs  for  ftT  c?iiid) ;  >et  'I'H  a  maid,  -.or  •'■«  >J  her 
oj  uir  -r's  SKrvmf,  ana  «errps  for  wnz-  s. 

ShatetpMrt,  "  Two  Ge-.tilem-^  of  Verona,"  lil.l^ 

Gossip.  A  father  confessor  of  a  good, 
c.isy,  jovial  frame. 

Ilore,  AMilrsw,  cHrr.v  this  to  mv  eosstp,  Jollj 
fithcr  Boiiifuce.  the  monk  of  St.   M  irtm  a. 

Sir  WuUerScotl,  "Qiteiitin  Durwtrd  ' 

Qossyp'ia.  The  cotton-plant  per- 
sonified. 

1  ri.'  Dvniph  Go«fycia  l«!>ds  t'.e  Tdvct  lOd. 
Aiii  w.ir  ns   ■  uh  rosy  ■  i  i  pf  i  i-h  «  rtiery  (i<.d. 
Ditrwin,  "  Lovti  oftht  I'lantt,"  canto  i!. 

Goten.  A  large  stone  jug  with  a 
haiullo  (Norfolk).  Fik/i  Ike  qotch,  mor — 
t'.e.,  fetch  the  great  water-jug,  lassie. 
(Wiltsh.,  goche ;  Armenian,  gouzoiuq ; 
Italian,  gozzo,  the  tliroat ;  whence  our 
guzzle.  Anglo-Saxon,  geolan,  to  pour ; 
v/heuce  r/oiUe,  a  drop  ;  gtcsh,  guUer.) 

Goth.  Icelandic,  gel  (a  horseman) ; 
whence    Woden — i.e.,  Gothen. 

Without  doubt,  got,  a  horseman,  good, 
and  the  sacred  name  of  Gud  are  all  to  bo 
traced  to  got  or  gul^i,  the  Teutonic  idea 
of  God  being  that  of  a  mighty  warrior. 
The  Romans  called  valour  virtue,  and  the 
French  call  "a  good  fellow,"  «/t  hravi 
liomme. 

Last  of  the  Goths.  Roderick,  the  thirty- 
fouiih  of  the  Visigothic  line  of  kings. 
(414-711).    (6'«RoUEiUCK.) 

Gotham.  Wise  men  of  Gotham  — 
foois.  Many  tales  of  folly  have  beou 
fathered  on  the  Gothamite.s,  one  of  which 
is  their  joining  hands  round  a  thoi-u- 
bush  to  shut  in  a  cuckoo.  The  "  bush" 
is  still  shown  to  visitors. 

It  is  said  that  king  John  intended  to 
make  a  progress  thtough  this  town  with 
tiio  view  of  purchasing  a  castle  and 
grounds.  The  townsmen  had  no  desirs 
to  be  saddled  with  this  e.tpense,  and 
therefore    when    the    royal   messengers 


353      GOTHIC  ARCHITECTURE. 


GRACE  CUP. 


appeared,  wherever  tboy  wont  tliey  saw 
the  people  occupied  in  some  idiotic 
1  urauit.  Ttie  king  being  told  of  it, 
abandoned  his  intention,  and  the  "wise 
nien"  f  the  village  cunningly  remarked  : 
' '  Wo  ween  tbor  e  arc  more  fools  pass 
through  (lothain  than  remain  in  it." 
Amlrow  Boyde,  a  native  of  Gotham, 
wrote  "The  Merrio  Tales  of  the  Wise 
Men  of  Gotham,"  founded  on  a  commis- 
sion signed  by  Henry  Vill.  to  the  magi- 
Btrates  of  that  town  to  prevent  poaching. 
N.  B.  All  nations  have  fixed  upon  some 
locality  as  their  lirabus  of  fools  ;  thus  we 
Lave  Phrygia  as  the  fools'  home  of  Asia 
Minor,  Abde'ra  of  the  Thracians,  Boeo'- 
tia  of  the  Grcnks,  Swabia  of  the  modern 
Germans,  and  so  ou.    [^ee  Ooggekshall.) 

Gothic  Arehitecttire  has  nothing 
to  do  with  the  Goths,  but  is  a  terra  of 
contempt  bestowed  by  the  architects  of 
the  llenaissauce  period  on  medi;ioval 
architect\ire,  wliich  they  termed  Gothic 
or  clumsy,  fit  lor  barbarians. 

GoUk  or  Gotvk.  In  the  Teutonic  the 
word  gaiich  moans  fool  ;  whence  tlie 
Saxon  r/eac,  a  cuckoo,  and  the  Scotch  gole 
or  ffonk. 

Hunting  tits  Oowh  [fool]  is  making  one 
an  April  fool.    (See  April.) 

Goun'ja  Ticquo'a.  The  god  of 
gods  amongst  the  Hottentots. 

Gourd.  Used  in  the  middle  ages  for 
corks. — '•  Orlando  Furioso,"  x.  10(3. 

Gourds.  Dice  with  a  secret  cavity. 
Those  loaded  with  lead  wore  called 
Fullams  ((i-v.) 

Qnjirda  and  ftillain  holds. 
And  high  and  lo<f  begui'e  the  rich  and  poor. 
Shukespinre,  "  ilcrru  Wives  0/  Windsor,"  i.  3. 

Gourmand   and   Gourmet 

(French).  Tke  gourniand  is  one  whose 
chief  pleasure  is  eating ;  but  a  gourmet 
is  a  connoisseur  or  taster  of  wines. 
(Welsh,  gor,  excess ;  gorm,  a  fulness  ; 
gm-mod,  too  much;  gormant;  &c.  {See 
Apicius.) 

Gourre.  A  debauched  woman.  The 
citizens  of  Paris  bestowed  the  name  oa 
Isabella  of  Bavaria. 

We  huva  here.. a  man.. who  to  bis  second  ■Jrifo 
tepouicd  La  graude  G  urre. 

Rabdais,  "Punlag'rud,"  iii.  SI. 

Gout,  from  the  French  gontte,  a  drop, 
because  it  was  once  thought  to  proceed 


from   a   "  drop   of    acrid   matter  in    the 
joints." 

Goven.      St.     Govai'a     DM.      (,See 

InCIICAI'E.) 

Gower,  called  by  Chaucer  "The 
moral  Gower." 

0  miral  Oower,  this  book  I  direct 
Tu  tliec,  anl  to  tlie  philo^ophi-al  Strood, 

To  voiiclisauf  there  need  ii  to  o  .rreut 
Of  your  btuia'uities  and  zeales  good. 

Chauctr. 

Qowk-thrapple  {Mai<!(er).^  A  pulpit> 
drumming  "chosen  vessel,"  in  Scott's 
"  Waverloy." 

Gowlee  (Indian).  A  "cow-herd." 
One  of  the  Hindu  castes  is  so  called. 

Gown.  Goicn  and  town  roic.  A 
skrimmage  between  the  students  of 
ditferent  colleges,  on  one  side,  and  the 
townsmen,  on  the  other.  These  feuds  go 
back  to  the  fsign  of  king  John,  when 
3,000  students  left  Oxford  for  Reading, 
owing  to  a  quarrel  with  the  men  of  the 
town.  What  little  now  remains  of  this 
"  ancient  tenure  "  is  confined,  as  far  as 
the  town  is  concerned,  to  the  bargees  and 
their  "  tails." 

Gowmstnan.  A  student  at  one  of  the 
universities  ;  so  called  because  he  wears 
an  academical  gown. 

Graal.    (SeeGREAL.) 

Grab.  To  clutch  or  seize.  I  grahled 
it  ;  he  grabbed  him,  i.e.,  the  bailiff  caught 
him.  (Swedish,  ^raita,  to  grasp;  Danish, 
griber;  our grij), grij^e,  grope, grapple,  kc.) 

Grace.  The  sister  Graces.  The  Ro- 
mans said  there  were  three  sister  Graces, 
bosom  friends  of  the  Muses.  They  are 
represented  as  embracing  each  other, 
to  show  that  where  one  is  the  other  is 
welcome. 

Grace's  Card  or  Grace-card.  The 
six  of  hearts  is  so  called  in  Kilkenny.  At 
the  Revolution  in  IdSS,  one  of  the  familj 
of  Grace,  of  Courtstown,  in  Ireland, 
equipped  at  his  own  expense  a  regiment 
of  foot  and  troop  of  horse,  in  the  service 
of  king  James.  William  of  Orange  pro- 
mised him  high  honours  if  he  would  join 
the  new  party,  but  the  indignant  baron 
wrote  on  a  card,  "  Tell  your  master  I 
despise  his  offer."  The  card  was  the 
six  of  hearts,  and  hence  the  name. 

Grace  Cup  or  Loving  Cup.  The 
largo   tankard   passed   round  the    table 


GRACfi  DARLING. 


GRAMMARIANS. 


8£b 


after  gracu.  it  is  still  seen  at  the  Lord 
Major's  fca.sts,  at  college,  and  occasiou- 
aily  in  private  banquets. 

Grace  Darling,  daughtorof  William 
Darling,  lighthouse-keeper  on  Longstone, 
one  of  the  Farno  I  slam  Is.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  7th  Sept.,  18.38,  Grace  and  her 
father  saved  nine  of  the  crew  of  the 
Forfarshire  steamer,  wrecked  among  the 
Fame  Isles,  opposite  Bamborough  Castle. 
(1815-181:^.) 

Grace  Days  or  Days  of  Grace.  The 
three  days  over  and  above  the  time  stated 
in  a  commercial  bill.  Thus,  if  a  bill  is 
drawn  on  the  'JOth  June,  and  is  payable 
in  one  mouth,  it  ought  to  bo  duo  on  the 
20th  of  July,  but  three  days  of  grace  are 
to  bo  added,  bringing  tho  date  to  the 
23rd. 

Qracechiirch  (London)  is  Graes- 
churcli,  or  Urass-church,  the  cluirch  built 
on  tiie  .silo  of  tho  old  grass-market.  Grass 
at  one  time  included  all  sorts  of  herbs. 

Graceless  Florin.  The  first  issue 
of  the  English  tlorins,  so  called  because 
F.D.  i^jidei  ilefensor)  was  omitted.  The 
omission  was  not  from  inadvertency,  but 
l>ecause  tliero  was  not  room  for  tho  letters 
in  the  circumference. 

Gracio'sa.  A  princess  beloved  by 
Percinet,  who  thwarts  the  malicious 
schemes  of  Grognon,  her  step-mother, — 
A  ftt  iry  tale. 

Gracio'so.  A  Spanish  droll  or 
iiitcrlocjitor  in  pautumimc.  With 
his  coicoinb  cap  and  truncheon 
terminated  in  a  fool's  head,  ho 
mingles  with  every  event,  ever  and 
anon  directing  his  gibes  to  the 
audience. 

Gradas'so.  A  bully  ;  so  called  from 
CIr.adasso,  king  of  Sorica'na,  called  by 
Ariiisto  "the  bravest  of  tho  Pagan 
knights."  lie  went  against  Charlemagne 
with  100,000  vassals  in  his  train,  all  "dis- 
erownl-d  kings,"  who  never  addressed 
him  but  on  their  knees.  —  "  Orlando 
Fv.rioso"  and  "  Orlando  I iinamorato." 

Gradely.  Orderly,  regularly:  an, 
Behave  yountlf  (jradcly.  A  yraddy  Jim 
d/.iy, 

Qrad'grind  ( Thomas).  A  man  who 
measures  everything  with  rule  and  com- 
pa.ss,  allows  nothing  for  the  weakness  of 
human  nature,  and  deals  with  men  and 
woiaeu    as    a    mathematician    with    his 


figures.     lie  shows  that  sinnmum  jiu  ia 
iitprema  injuria. — JJicktm,  "  Hard  Times  " 

The  Oradn-inds  undervalue  and  diaparaee  it  — 
"C'liwch  Keviiw." 

Graham.  A  charlatan  who  gave 
indecent  and  blasphemous  addresses  in 
tho  "Great  Apollo  Room,"  Adelphi.  He 
some  times  made  mesmerism  a  mediuna 
of  i>andering  to  the  prurient  taste  of  his 
audience. 

Grahame's  Dike.  The  Roman  wal'i 
between  the  friths  of  the  Clyde  and  Forth, 
80  called  from  tho  first  person  who  leaped 
over  it  after  tho  Romans  left  Britain. 

This  wall  defended  the  Britons  for  a  time,  but  tli« 
Sco'e  and  Picts  assembled  thcinsilve^  in  great  num- 
bers, aud  clinibid  over  it. ...A  man  named  Uraliame 
is  Baid  to  have  been  the  tir«t  solditr  who  got  over, 
and  tlie  common  people  still  call  the  remaiaa  of  the 
wall  "Grahame's  iiike, "—i'ir  Walter  i>cvU,"Taltt 
of  a  Grandjullier." 

Grain.    A  knave  ingi'ain.    A  knave, 
though  a  rich  man,  or  m.igiiato.     Grain 
means  scarlet  ( Latin,  ^ra?i.i(m,  the  coccus, 
or  scarlet  dye). 
A  military  vest  of  purple  flowed 
liivcMicr  than  Meline'an  (Thtnmlinn),  or  the  grain 
Uf  Sarra  ( Tu't)  worn  b;  kiugi  iind  beruea  old 
In  time  of  truce. 

"  Paradist  Lost!"  li. 

Rogue  in  grain.  A  punning  application 
of  the  above  phrase  to  millers. 

To  go  against  the  grain.  Against  one's 
inclination.  The  allusion  is  to  wood, 
which  caimot  be  ea-sily  planed  the  wrong 
way  of  the  grain. 

Gramercy.  Thank  you  much  (the 
French,  grand  nierci).  Thus  Shakespeare, 
"  I!e  it  so,  Titus,  and  gramercy  too." 
("Titus  Andniiiicus,"  i.  2).  Again: 
"Gramercie^,  Tranio,  well  do.st  thou  ad- 
vise." ("  Taming  of  t/u  Shrew,"  i.  1.) 
When  Gob!  10  says  to  Uxssanio,  "  God  bless 
your  worship!"  ho  replies,  "Gramercy. 
Wouldst  thou  aught  with  mo'/" — "  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,"  ii.  2. 

Grammar.  Zenod'otos  invented  the 
terms  singular,  plural,  and  dual. 

Tho  scholars  of  Alexandria  and  of  tho 
rival  academy  of  Per'gamos  wore  tho  first 
to  distinguish  language  into  jiarls  of 
speech,  and  to  give  technical  terms  to 
tlio  various  functions  of  words. 

Tho  first  Ijreek  Grammar  w.as  hy 
Diouysios  Thrax,  and  it  is  still  extant, 
IJe  v.-as  a  pupil  of  Aristarchos. 

Julius  C'lesar  was  tho  inveuto' Df  the 
term  ablative  case. 

Grammarians.  Prince  of  Oram- 
viariaus.       Apollo'uios    of     Alexandria. 


3G0 


ORAMMONT. 


GRANGOUSIER. 


called  by  IVi&cian  Grammatico'rum  prin- 
cfps.     ('2  cent.  B.C.) 

Grammont.  The  count  de  Oram- 
moiil's  iltiirt  memori/.  When  the  count 
left  Knpfland  he  was  followed  by  the 
brothers  of  la  belle  Hamilton,  who,  with 
drawn  swords,  ashed  him  if  he  had  not 
forgotten  somstliing.  "  True,  true," 
said  the  count ;  "  I  promised  to  marry 
/our  sister,"  and  instantly  went  back  to 
r '|>air  the  lapse  by  making  the  young 
la'iy  countess  of  Grammont. 

Qranary  of  Europe.  So  Sicily 
".sed  to  be  called. 

Granby.  Tke  marquis  of  Graahy.  A 
jiublic-house  sign  in  honour  of  Jolin 
Manners,  marquis  of  Granliy,  a  popular 
Hiiglish  general.     (1721-1770.) 

The  Tunes  says  the  old  marquis  owes 
his  signboard  notoriety  "partly  to  his 
personal  bravery  and  partly  to  the  bald- 
ness of  his  head.  He  still  presides  over 
eighteen  public-houses  in  London  alone." 

Old  Weller,  in  "  Pickwick,"  married 
the  hostess  of  the  "Marquis  of  Granby" 
at  Dorking. 

Grand  (Freiuh). 

Li  Griviid  Conieille.  Comeille,  the 
French  dramatist.    (1606-16S-1.) 

Le  Grand  Daupk'ln,.  Louis,  sou  of 
Louis  XIV,     (16G1-1711.) 

La  Grande  Mademoiselle.  The  duchesse 
Jo  Montpensier,  daughter  of  Gaston,  due 
J'Orleans,  and  cousin  of  Louis  XIV. 

Le  Grand  Monarque.  Louis  XIV., 
also  called  "  The  Baboon."  (1633,  1G13- 
1715.) 

LeGrand  Pan.    Voltaire.    (1G96-1778.) 

Mondturle  Grand.  The  Grand  Equerry 
of  France  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  &c. 

Grand  Alliance.  Signed  May  12, 
1639,  between  England,  Germany,  and 
the  States  General,  subsequently  also  by 
Spain  and  Savoy,  to  prevent  the  union  of 
France  and  Spain. 

Grand  Lama.  The  object  of  wor- 
ship ui  Thibet  and  Mongolia.  Tiie  word 
iama  in  the  Taugutanoso  dialect  means 
"  mother  of  souls."  It  is  the  represen- 
tative of  the  Shigemooni,  the  highest  god. 

Grande  Juraent.  Meant  for  Diane 
de  Poitiers. — Rabelais,  "  Gargaiitiia  and 
Pantagruel." 

Grandison  (Sir  Charles).  The  union 
of  a  Christian  and  a  gentleman.  Richard- 
son'b  novel  so  called.     Sir  Walter  Scott 


calls  Sir  Charles  "  the  faultless  monater 
that  the  world  ne'er  saw."  flobert  Nel- 
son, reputed  author  of  the  "  Whole  Duty 
of  .Man,"  was  the  prototype. 

Grandison  Cromwell  Lafayette. 

Grandison  Cromwell  is  tiie  witty  nick- 
name given  by  Mirabeau  to  Lafayette, 
meaning  thereby  that  ho  had  all  the 
ambition  of  a  Cromwell  in  his  heart,  but 
wanted  to  appear  before  men  as  a  Sir 
Charles  (Jrandison. 

Grandmother.  J/y  Oramlmothei's 
/.Vi'/tf,  the  "British  Preview."  IjordByrfn 
Said,  in  a  sort  of  jest,  "I  bribed  J/y 
Grandmother's  li'iview.  The  editor  of  the 
"  British  "  called  him  to  account,  and 
this  gave  the  poet  a  fine  opportunity  of 
pointing  the  battery  of  his  satire  against 
the  periodical; 

Grane.  To  strangle,  throttle  (Anglo- 
Saxon,  gryn). 

Grane.  Siegfried'shorse,  whose  swift- 
ness exceeded  that  of  the  winds. 

Grange.  Properly  the  yranum 
'granery)  or  farm  of  a  monastery,  where 
the  com  was  kept  in  store.  In  Lincoln- 
shire and  other  northern  counties  any 
lone  farm  is  so  called.  These  "granges" 
were  generally  moated. 

"  Mariana,  of  the  Moated  Grange,"  is 
the  title  of  a  poem  by  Tennyson,  sug- 
gested by  the  character  of  Mariana  in 
(Shakespeare's  "  Measure  for  Measure." 

C^rangousier.  King  of  Utopia,  who 
married  in  "  tlie  vigour  of  his  old  age  " 
Gargamelle,  daughter  of  the  king  of  tlie 
Parpaillons,  and  became  the  father  of 
Gargantua,  tlie  giant.  He  is  described 
as  a  man  in  his  dotage,  whose  delight 
was  to  draw  sci-atches  on  the  hearth  with 
a  burnt  stick  while  watching  the  broiling 
of  his  chesuuts.  When  told  of  the  inva- 
sion of  Picrochole,  king  of  hemS,  he 
exclaimed,  "Alas!  alas!  do  I  dream?  can 
it  be  true  ?"  and  began  calling  on  all  the 
saints  of  the  calendar.  He  then  sent  to 
exj  ostulate  with  Picrocliole,  and  seeing 
this  would  not  do,  tried  what  bribes  by 
way  of  reparation  would  effect.  In  the 
meantime  he  sent  to  Paris  for  his  son, 
who  soon  came  to  his  rescue,  utterly 
defeated  Picrochole,  and  put  his  army  to 
full  rout.  Some  say  he  is  meant  for  Louis 
XII.,  but  this  is  most  improbable,  not 
only  because  there  is  very  little  resem- 
blance between  the  two,  but  because  he 
was  king  of  Utopia,  some  considerable 
distance  from  '^aris.   Motteux  tlunko  the 


ilRANlTE  REDOUBT 


IJRAY  CLOAK. 


3Gt 


icadetny  fiffure  of  this  old  Priam  was 
John  d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre.  Ho 
certainly  was  no  true  Catliolic,  for  ho 
says  in  chap.  4.0  they  called  him  a  hoi-etic 
for  decliiitning  acrainst  the  saiiits. — 
llnlifhdf,  "  GartjdiUiiu,"  i.  3. 

Granite  Hedoubt.  Tho  grenadiers 
of  the  Consular  Guard  were  so  called  at 
the  battle  of  Marenfjo  in  1800,  because 
when  the  French  had  given  way,  th^y 
formed  into  a  sqtiare,  stood  like  flints 
against  the  Austrians,  and  stopped  all 
further  advance. 

Granite  State.  New  Hampshire  is 
80  called  because  the  mountain  parts  are 
chieliy  granite. 

Grannus.    The  Celtic  Apollo. 

Grantorto.  A  giant  who  withheld 
the  inheritance  of  Iro'na  (Ireland).  Ho 
is  meant  for  tho  genius  of  the  Irish  re- 
bellion of  l.'iSO,  slain  by  Sir  Art'ej^al. — 
S/ieiiSi')-,  ^'  Faeiy  Queen,"  v. 

Grapes.  The  grapes  are  sour.  You 
disparage  it  because  it  is  beyond  your 
rc;i<  ]],  The  allusion  is  to  the  well-known 
fable  of  tho  fox,  which  tried  in  vain  to 
L'ct  at  .some  grajies,  but  when  he  found 
they  wore  bc^-ond  his  roach,  went  away 
say  in/,  "  I  see  they  are  sour."' 

Grass.  Gone  to  grass.  Dead.  The 
allusion  is  to  tho  grass  which  grows  over 
tho  doad.  Also,  "Gone  to  rusticiito," 
the  allusion  being  to  a  horse  which  ia 
sent  to  grass  wheu  imfit  for  work. 

Grass-hopper,  as  the  sign  of  a 
grocer,  is  the  crest  of  Sir  Thom.as 
(ircsham,  tho  merchant  grocer.  The 
UoViil  Gresham  Exchange  used  to  bo 
I irofnsely  decorated  with  grass-hoppers, 
and  the  brass  one  on  the  eastern  part  of 
tlio  present  edilico  is  tho  one  which 
baca])cd  tho  fires  of  IGGo  and  lSo8. 

Grass-market.  At  one  time  the 
place  of  execution  in  Edinburgh. 

"  I  like  nanc  o"  your  uermci  ih  that  on  I  in  a  penlm 
»t  Ihe  OraHsinarkct."- iir  WnUe,-  HcuU,  "OW.«or- 
I'llt^^',"  c'iiai>  zxxv. 

Grassum.  A  fine  in  money  paid  by 
Q  lessee  for  the  renewal  of  his  lease. 
(.•^nglo-Saxoii,  yarsum,  a  treasure.) 

Grass-widow  was  anciently  an  iin- 
niarried  woman  who  has  had  a  child,  but 
now  tho  word  isi!.>;od  for  a  wife  temp(jraril  v 
partoi  from  her  husband.  Tho  word 
means  a  grace  widow,  a  widow  by  cour- 
t  Jsy   (French, .r/-/(if«;  Italian,  grusn  ;  ico.) 


A  slightly  difTerent  idea  has  boon  rp- 
fontly  attached  to  thf  tnrm.  Diirinr  th" 
gold 'mania  in  California  a  man  would  not 
unfre<piently  put  his  wife  and  children 
to  board  with  sonio  family  wliile  ho  went 
to  tho  diggin's.  This  he  called  "[)utting 
his  wife  to  gi-ass,"  as  wo  \nit  a  horse  to 
grass  when  not  wanted  or  unfit  for  work. 

GratJa'no.  Brother  of  tho  Vene- 
tian scnat(jr,  Brabautio. — iHiakcspeare, 
"  Oikello." 

Also  a  ch.aracter  in  "  Tho  Merchant  of 
Venice,"  who  "talks  an  infinite  deal  of 
nothing,  more  than  any  mau  in  all 
Vetiice."  Ho  marries  Nerissa,  Portia's 
maid. 

Grave.  To  can-)/  away  the  meal  from 
tkegraoe.  The  Gioeks  anil  Persians  used 
to  niako  feasts  at  certain  seasonu  (when 
the  dead  wore  supposed  to  rei;urn  to 
their  graves),  and  leave  tho  fragments 
of  their  bancpiets  on  tho  tombs  (Elce- 
mos'i/nam  se/ml'cri  pal'ris). 

With  one  foot  in  the  grave.  At  llie  very 
verge  of  death,  Th^^  expression  was  used 
by  Julian,  who  said  ho  would  "learn 
•something  even  if  he  had  one  foot  in  the 
grave."  Tho  parallel  Greek  phrase  ia 
•'  With  one  fool  in  the  fcriy-boat,"  mean- 
ing Charon's. 

Grave-dig-gers  ("Hamlet"),  "if 
iho  water  come  to  the  man  .  .  ."  Th> 
legal  case  referred  to  by  ShakP<=pear0 
iieenrred  in  tho  fifth  year  of  queen  Eliza- 
betli's  reign,  called  ilale."?  r.  Petit,  staled 
at  length  in  "  Nole.t  and  Queries"  vol.  viii. 
p.  12-]  (first  scries). 

Grave  Maurice.  A  public-hou'so 
eign.  Tho  head  of  the  Gr.aaf  RI:iuriee, 
prince  of  Orange,  and  captain. gpnersd  of 
tho  United  Provinces.  (15C7-162o.) — 
Hot  In),    "  Bool-  of  Signs." 

Grave  Searchers.  Monkir  and 
N;<kir,  so  called  by  the  Mahometans. — 
Ocllrn,  vol.  ii.     (^e  JIunkik.) 

Gravel.  Vmregnlarhj  gmrrlled.  In 
a  quandary,  in  a  muddle,  confused  with 
too  many  thines  at  once,  (Latin,  grnv'i- 
diis,  laden,  burthened.) 

Wlifii  v.iii  Will-  ciTivclli'iI  [or  I.'kU  of  uiattcr  — 
Sliake-r'nv,  "'•'  I'oii  l.lkf  II.' 

Gray.  Tlie  autliorp."?s  of  Anhl  Rohin 
Grail  WHS  Lady  Anne  I,ind,«av,afterwards 
lady  r.arnard.     (17,')0-182.^.)' 

Gray  Cloak,  An  nldermnn  nbovp 
tho  chair,  so  cdled  because  his  proper 


362 


GllAYHAM'S. 


OKEAT. 


eoRtiime  ia  a  cloak  furred  with  prray  amis. 
—  Ilution,  "New  View  of  London,"  intr. 
xzxii. 
Grayham's.  (&«3rahame'sDikk.) 

Gray  Man's  Path.  A  singiilar 
fisstire  in  the  greenstone  procijjice  near 
Ballycastle,  in  Ireland. 

Gray's  Inn  (London)  was  tlio  inn  or 
mansion  of  the  lords  Gray. 

Graysteel.  The  sword  of  Kol,  fatal 
to  the  owner.  It  passeil  to  several  hands, 
Imt  always  broug-ht  ill-luck. — Icelandic 
Jidda.   (^Ve  Gold  of  ^'IBELU^•GE^^) 

Greal  (Grail J.  The  St.  Greal  was 
the  vessel  from  which  our  Saviour  is  said 
to  have  taken  his  last  supper,  and  which 
was  subsequently  filled  with  the  blood 
that  flowed  from  the  wounds  inflicted  on 
Calvary.  It  was  fabled  to  have  b.en 
preserved  by  Joseph  of  Ariniathe'a.  The 
quest  of  this  is  the  most  fertile  source  of 
adventures  to  the  Knig-hts  of  the  Round 
Table,  and  IMerlin,  when  ho  made  the 
table,  left  a  place  for  the  IToly  Greal. 

The  word  is  immediately  from  the 
old  French  gvasal  (the  sacr.imental 
cup),  a  corruption  of  Sanguis-Rcalis, 
which  was  contracted  to  San-grasal, 
Sanyraal,  and  corrupted  into  St. 
Greal.  Sir  Galahad  discovered  it 
and  died.  All  the  l.iO  knights  of 
king  Arthur  caught  tight  of  it. 
{See  Galauad.) 

Greasy  Sunday.  One  of  the  chief 
d.ays  of  the  Caniival. 

Great  (The). 

(1)  Abbas  I.,  schah  of  Persia.  (1557, 
15S5-1G28.) 

(2)  Albertus  (Magnus),  tho  school- 
man.    (119:3-1280.) 

(3)  Alfonso  III.,  king  of  Asturias  and 
Leon.    (848,  Sb'6-912.) 

(4)  Alfred  of  England.     (849,  871-901.) 

(5)  Alexander  of  Macedon.  (B.C.  356, 
340-323.) 

(6)  St.  Basil,  bisnop  of  Ca3sare'a.  (329- 
379.) 

(7)  Canute,  of  England  and  Denmark. 
(995,  1014-1036.) 

(8)  Casimir  III.;  of  Poland.  (1309, 
1333-1370.) 

(9)  Ch.irles  I.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
called  Charlemamie.     (742,  764-814.) 

(10)  Charles  in.  (or  II.),  duko  of  Lor-  I 
raine.  (1543-1C08.)  I 


(11)  CharloB  Emmanuel  I.,  duke  of 
Savoy.     a-162-lC30.) 

(12)  Lewis  I.,  of  Hungary.  (1326, 1312- 
1381.) 

(13)  Louis  IT.,  prince  of  Cond^,  duo 
d'Enghien.     (1621-lGSG.) 

(14)  Constantino  I.,  emperor  of  Rome. 
(272,  306-337.) 

(1.*))  Francis  Couperin,  tho  French 
musical  comiioser.    (1668-1733.) 

(16)  ArchibaM  Dougliis,  great  earl  nj 
A  ngxis, also  called  Bell-the-Cal,  q.v.  (Died 
1514.) 

(17)  Ferdinand  I.,  of  Castile  and  Leon. 
(*,  1034-1065.) 

(18)  Frederick  William,  elector  of 
Brandenburg,  sumamcd  Tl^e  Great  E'ec- 
tor.     (1620,1640-1688.) 

(19)  Frederick  II.,  of  Prussia.  (1712, 
1740-1786.) 

(20)  Gregory  I.,  pope.    (544,  590-604.) 

(21)  Henri  IV.,  of  Franco.  (1553, 15S9- 
1610.) 

(22)  Herod  Agrippa  I.,  tetrarch  of 
Abile'ne,  who  beheaded  James  (Acts  xii.). 
(DiedA.D.  44.) 

(23)  Hiao-wen-tee,  the  sovereign  of  the 
IIAn  dynasty  of  China.  He  forbad  the  use 
of  gold  and  silver  vessels  in  tho  palace, 
and  appropriated  the  money  which  they 
fetched  to  the  aged  poor.  (B.C.  206, 179- 
157.) 

(24)  John  II.,  of  Portugal.  (1455, 14S1- 
1495.) 

(25)  Justinian  I.     (483,  527-565.) 

(26)  Mahomet  II.,  sultau  of  the  Turks. 
(1430,  1451-14S1.) 

(27)  Maximilian,  duke  of  Bavaria,  vic- 
tor of  Prague.    (1573-1651.) 

(28)  Cosmo  di' Medici,  first  grand diike 
of  Tuscany.     (1519,1537-1.574.) 

(29)  Gonzales  Pedro  do  Mendoza,  <7#-«ni 
cardiiifil  of  Spain,  statesman  and  scholar. 
(1503-157'5.) 

(30)  Nicholas  L,  pope.     (*,  858-867.) 

(31)  Otho  I.,  emperor  of  Germany. 
(912,  936-973.) 

(32)  Pierre  III.,  of  Aragon.  (1239, 
1276-12S5.) 

(33)  James  Sforza,  tho  Italian  generaL 
(1369-1421.) 

( :>4)  Sapor  or  Shah-pour,  the  ninth  king 
of  the  Sassan'ides,  q.v.    ( 240,  307-379. )  ^ 

(35)  Sigismund,  king  of  Poland.  (1466, 
150C154S.) 

(36)  Theo'doric,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths. 
(454,  475-526.) 

(37)  Theodo'sius  I.,  emperor.  (346,373- 
395.) 


GREAT  BULLET-HEAD. 


GREEK. 


36* 


(38)  Matteo  Visconti,  lord  of  Milan. 
(1250,  1-295-1322.) 

(39)  Vladirnir,  graud  duke  of  Russia. 
(*,  973-lOU.) 

(40)  WaldemarL,  of  Denmark.  (1131, 
1157-1181.) 

Great  Eullet-hoad.  George  Cadou- 
dal,  loader  of  the  C/'ouans,  born  at  Brecb, 
in  Mor'bihan.    (17(39-1804.) 

Great  Captain.    (^See  Captain.) 

Groat  Cham  of  Literature.  So 
Smollett  calls  Dr.  Johnson.    (1709-1784.) 

Great  Cry  and  Little  WooL 
Mucli  ado  about  nothing.     (.See  Cry.) 

Great  Dauphin.    {See  Grand.) 

Great  Elector.  Frederick  William, 
elector  of  lir.indenburg.  (1620, 1G40-1GS8.) 

Great  Go.  A  cant  term  for  a  uni- 
versity examination  for  degrees ;  ttio 
"  previous  examination "  being  the 
"  Little  Go." 

Great  Harry  (7"/!^).  A  man-of-war 
built  by  Henry  VIl.,  the  first  of  anj-size 
constructed  in  England.  It  was  burnt  in 
1553.    (&e  IIkn'uv  Grace  dk  Dieu.) 

Great  Head.  Malcolm  I IL,  of  Scot- 
land; also  Culled  Canmove,  which  means 
the  same  thing.     (•,  1057-1093.) 

Malcolm  IFI.,  called  C«nmore  orfJifnt  Head.— 
Sir  !»'.  acuU,  "  Tiiet  o/a  (jvandfuUixr,"  i.  4. 

Great-heart  {Mr.).  The  guido  of 
Chri.stiaiiaand  her  family  to  tiie  Celestial 
City. — Bunyan,  "  I'i/yriia's  Progress."  v. 

Great  Mogul.  The  title  of  the  chief 
of  the  Mogul  empire,  which  came  to  an 
end  in  ISO'J. 

Great  Mother.  The  earth.  When 
Junius  Brutus  and  tho  sons  of  T.arquin 
asked  the  Delphic  Oracle  wlio  was  to 
succeed  Superbus  on  tho  throne  of  Homo, 
they  received  for  answer,  "  Ho  who  shall 
first  kis.s  his  mother."  Wliilc  tho  two 
princes  hastened  bomotofullil  whattliey 
thought  was  meant,  lirutus  toll  to  tho 
earth,  and  exclaimed,  "Thus  kiss  I  thee, 
O  eartli,  tho  great  mother  of  us  all." 

Great  Unknown.  Sir  WalterScott, 
who  published  tho  M'are/-Z<yJVbue/i,anony- 
mously.    (1771-1832.) 

Great  Unwashed.  Tho  artisan 
class.  lUiiko  lirsl  ustd  the  compouutV 
fcjir  Walter  bcott  pupuhuiaod  it. 


Great  Wits  Jump.  Think  alike, 
tally.  Thus  .Shakespeare  s.ays,  "It  jumps 
with  my  humour." — "1  Ihnry  IV.,"  i.  2. 

Greaves  (Sir  LauncelotJ.  A  sort  of 
Don  Quixote,  who,  in  tho  reign  of  Gcorgo 
II.,  wandered  over  England  to  redress 
wrongs,  discourage  moral  evils  not  re- 
cognisable by  law,  degrade  immodesty, 
punish  ingratitude,  and  reform  society. 
His  Sancho  Panza  was  an  old  saa  captain. 
— SruoUell,  "  Adce.itures  of  Sir  Launceld 
Greaves." 

Grebenski  Cossacks.  So  called 
from  the  11  oman  word  c/re6c;i  (a  comb). 
This  title  was  conferred  upon  them  by 
czar  Ivan  I.,  because,  in  his  campaign 
against  the  Tartars  of  the  Caucasus,  they 
scaled  a  mountain  fortified  with  sharj> 
spurs,  sloping  down  from  its  summit,  and 
projecting  horizontally,  like  a  comb. — 
Duiican,  "Russia." 

Grecian  Coffee-house,  in  Deve- 
reux-court,  tho  oldest  in  London,  was 
originally  opened  bj'  Pasqua,  a  Greek 
slavo,  brought  to  Kntcland  in  1652  by 
Daniel  Edwards,  a  IHirkey  merchant. 
This  Greek  w.as  tho  first  to  te.ich  the 
method  of  roasting  cotleo,  to  introduce 
the  drink  into  tho  island,  and  to  call 
himself  a  "  coffee-man." 

Grecian  Stairs.  A  corruption  of 
grecsiiiij  sUiirs.  Grcesings  (steps)  still 
survives  in  tho  architectural  word  grees, 
and  in  the  compound  word  de-grees.  Thero 
is  still  on  the  iiill  at  Lincoln  a  (light  of 
stone  steps  called  "  Grecian  stairs." 

Greedy  {JicUice).  In  "  A  New  Way 
to  Pay  Old  Debts,"  by  Massingcr. 

Greegrees.  Charms. — African  super' 

siition. 

A  gree-gree  man.  One  who  sells  charms. 

Greek  {The).  Manuel  Alva'rcz  (el 
Grieqo),  the  Spanish  sculptor.  (1727- 
1797.) 

Last  of  Uie  Greeks.  Philopoe'men,  of 
Megalop'olis,  whoso  great  object  was  to 
infuse  into  the  Ach;cans  a  militiiry  spirit, 
and  establish  their  independence.  (B.C. 
252-183.) 

Un  Grec  (French).  A  cheat.  Towards 
the  close  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  a 
knight  of  (Jreuk  origin,  n.amed  Apoulos, 
was  caught  in  the  very  act  of  cheating  a1 
play,  even  in  the  palace  of  the  grana 
moiuirque.  Ho  was  sent  to  tl»o  galleys, 
and  tho  opprobrious  nation  wiiich  gave 


864 


GREEK  CALENDS. 


GUEEN   BAG. 


him  l)irth  became  from  that  time  a  by- 
word for  Kwiiidlor  and  lilacklcg. 

To  'pla]i  ilie  (Jreek  (Latin,  grcecan).  To 
indulge  in  one's  cups.  The  Greeks  have 
always  been  considered  a  hixurious  race, 
fond  of  creature  comforts.  Thus  Cicero, 
in  his  oration  against  "  Verres,"  says  : 
"Discum'bitur ;  lit  sermo  inter  eos  et 
invita'tio,  ut  GrMco  more  bibero'tur : 
hospiis  horta'tur,  posount  majo'ribus 
poc'ulis;  celcbra'tur  omnium  scrnio'ne 
la^titiaq  :  conviv'iuin."  The  law  in  Greek 
lianquets  was  E  pithi  e  apilhi  (Quaff, 
or  bo  off!)  (Cut  in,  or  cut  off!).  In 
"  Troilus  and  Crcssida,"  Shakespeare 
makes  Pan'darus,  bantering  Helen  for 
lier  love  to  Troilus,  say,  "  I  think  Helen 
loves  him  better  than  Paris  ;  "  to  which 
Cressida,  whoso  wit  is  to  parry  and  per- 
vert, replies,  "  Then  she's  a  merry  Greek 
indeed,"  insinuating  that  she  was  a 
"woman  of  pleasure."  (See  Hiren,  the 
fair  Greek.) 

Wken  Greeh  joins  Greek  then  is  the  tug 
of  war.  When  two  men  or  armies  of 
undoubted  courag-o  fight  the  contest  will 
be  very  severe.  The  line  is  a  verse  from 
the  drama  of  "Alexander  the  Great," 
slightly  altered,  and  the  reference  is  to 
the  obstinate  resistance  of  the  Greek 
cities  to  Philip  and  Alexander,  the  Mace- 
donian kings. 

When  Greeks  joined  Greeks  thcu  was  the  tug  of 
war.— A'a'/uiniti  Lee. 

Greek  Calends.  Never.  To  defer 
anything  to  the  Greek  Calends  is  to  defer 
it  sine  die.  There  were  no  calends  in  the 
Greek  months.  The  Romans  used  to  pay 
rents,  taxes,  bills,  &c.,  on  the  calends, 
and  to  defer  paying  them  to  the  "Greek 
Calends "  was  virtually  to  repudiate 
them.  {_See  St.  Tib's  Eve,  L.vmmas,  Two 
Sundays.) 

Will  you  spcsil:  of  your  paltry  prose  doing!  In  my 
presence,  wliose  gicat  historical  poem,  iu  twenty 
Lookt,  with  notes  lu  proportion,  lias  been  postpone  I 
"ad<-r;ecaB  Kaleiuiis  V  "— ii'ir  W.  HcM,  "Thi  lit- 
trutlud"  (lutroducliju). 

Greek  Chui'dl,  includes  the  church 
within  the  Ottoman  empire  subject  to  the 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  the  church 
in  the  kingdom  of  Greece,  and  the  Russo- 
Greek  Church.  It  formally  separated 
from  the  Roman  C!hurch  in  1051.  Tiiey 
dissent  from  the  doctrine  that  the  Holy 
Ghost  proceeds  from  the  Father  and  the 
Son  (iilioqve),  reject  the  papal  claim 
to  supremacy,  and  administer  the  eucha- 
rist  in  both  kinds  to  the  laity  j  but  agree 


with  the  Romanists  in  their  belief  of  seven 
sacraments,  transoibstantiation,  the  ado- 
ration of  the  host,  confession,  absolution, 
penance,  prayers  for  the  dead,  &c. 

Greek  Commentator.  Feman 
Nunen  de  Guzman,  the  great  promoter 
of  Greek  literature  in  Spain.   (1470-1553.) 

Greek  Cross.  Same  shape  as  St. 
George's  cross  +. 

Greek  Fire.  A  composition  of  nitre, 
sulphur,  and  naphth.a.  Tow  steeped  in 
the  mixture  was  liurled  in  a  blazing  state 
through  tubes,  or  tied  to  arrows.  The 
invention  is  ascrihed  to  Callini'coB,  of 
Heliop'olis,  a.D.  6G3. 

A  very  similar  projectile  was  used  by 
the  Federals  in  the  great  American  con- 
test, especially  at  the  siege  of  Charleston. 

Greek  Life.    A  sound  mind  in  a 

somid  body. 

This  healthy  life,  which  was  the  Greek  life,,  oarao 
from  keeping  the  body  iu  good  mns.— Daily  TeUffraph. 

Greek  Trust.  No  trust  at  all. 
Plautus  usesthephrase  Gracdfid'emerccCri 
(to  buy  for  ready  money),  and  Grcecajidit 
was  with  the  Romans  no  faith  at  all. 

Green.  Young,  fresh  ;  as  ffj-eer^ 
cheese,  i.e.,  cream  cheese,  which  is  eaten 
fresh  ;  green  goose,  a  young  or  Midsummer 
goose;  a, green-horn  (q.v.) 

Green.  The  imperial  green  of  France 
is  the  old  Merovin'gian  colour  restored, 
and  the  golden  bees  are  the  ornaments 
found  on  the  tomb  of  Childeric,  the  father 
of  Clovis,  in  1653. 

Green  is  held  unl  ucky  to  particular  clans 
and  counties  of  Scotland.  The  Caith- 
ness men  look  on  it  as  fatal,  because  their 
bands  were  clad  in  green  at  the  battle  of 
Flodden.  It  is  disliked  by  all  who  bear 
the  name  of  Ogilvj',  and  is  especially 
unlucky  to  the  Grahame  clan.  One  day 
an  aged  man  of  that  name  was  thrown 
from  his  horse  in  a  fox  chase,  and  he 
accounted  for  the  accident  from  his  having 
a  green  lash  to  his  riding-whip. 

T/-e  Greens  of  Constantinople  were  a 
political  party  opposed  to  the  Blues  in 
the  reign  of  Justinian. 

Green  Backs.  The  bank  notes 
issued  by  the  United  States  during  the 
civil  war  (18G1-5).  So  called  from  the 
colour  of  the  chief  of  them. 

Green  Bag.  What's  in  the  gr^en 
hag  t     "W^hat  charge  is  about  to  bo  pre- 


GREEN  BAG  INQUIRY. 


GREGARINES. 


3C3 


f erred  against  me?    Tbo  allusion  is  to 
the  "Green  Bag  Inqwiry  "  {q.v.'). 

Green  Bag  Inquiry.  Certain  papers 
of  a  seditious  cliaractcr  packed  in  a 
green  bag  during  the  Rogoncy.  The 
contents  were  laid  before  Parliament, 
and  the  committee  advised  tlie  suspen- 
sion of  the  Habeas  Corjius  Act.     (1817.) 

Oreen  Bird  (The)  told  everything  a 
person  wished  to  know,  and  talked  like 
an  oracle.  —  "Fair  iilar  and  Prince 
Chery,"  hy  Countess  D'A^dnoy, 

Green  Cloth.  The  Board  of  Green 
Clolh.  A  board  connected  with  the 
royal  household,  having  power  to  cor- 
rect offenders  within  the  verge  of  the 
palace  and  two  hundred  yards  beyond 
the  gates.  A  warrant  from  the  board 
must  be  obtained  before  a  servant  of 
the  palace  can  be  arrested  for  dclit. 
So  called  "  because  they  sit  with  the 
steward  of  the  household  at  a  board 
covered  with  a  green  cloth  in  the  count- 
ing-house, as  recorders  and  witnesses  to 
the  truth."  It  existed  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  I.,  and  probably  at  a  still  earlier 
period. 

Green-eyed  Jealousy  or  Oreen- 
eyed  Monster.  Expressions  mscI  by  Shake- 
speare ("Merchant  of  Venice,"  iii.  2; 
"  Othello,"  iii.  3).  As  cats,  lions,  tigers, 
and  all  the  green-eyed  tribe  "  mock  the 
moat  they  feed  on,"  so  jealousy  mocks 
its  victim  by  loving  and  hating  it  at  the 
same  lime. 

Greengage.  Introduced  into  Eng- 
land by  lord  Gage  from  the  Chartreuse 
Monastery,  near  Paris.  Called  by  the 
French  "  Reine  Claude,"  out  of  compli- 
ment to  the  daugliter  of  Anne  de  Bre- 
tasrno  and  Louis  XII.,  generally  called 
la  bonne  reine.     (1499-15-il.) 

Oreen-horn  means  an  o.t  with  the 
horns  just  making  their  appearance ; 
metaphorically,  a  lad  no  more  accus- 
tomed to  the  ways  of  the  world  than  a 
young  steer  to  the  plough.   {See  Grke.v.) 

Green  Dragoons  (The),  the  13th 
Dragoons  (wliose  rogiint'ntal  facings  wuro 
green).  Now  CiiUcd  the  13lh  Hussars, 
and  tho  regimental  facings  have  been 
white  siuco  18til. 

Green  Horse  (Tlu).  The  5th  Dra- 
goon Guards,  so  called  because  they  are 
e.  horse  regiment,  and  have  green  for  their 
regimental  f-acings. 


Green  Howards  (The).  Tho  19th 
Foot,  named  from  tlic  lion.  Chas.  llo^vard, 
colonel  from  1738  to  1713. 

Green  Isle  or  The  Emerald  Isle. 
Ireland,  so  called  from  the  brilliant 
green  hue  of  its  grass. 

Green  Knight  (Tlu).  A  Pagan, 
who  demanded  Fezon  in  m.arriai.'-e,  but 
being  overcome  by  Orson,  was  obliged  to 
resign  hisclaim. — "  Valentine  and  Orson." 

Greenlander.  A  greenhorn,  one 
from  tho  verdant  country  called  the  land 
of  green  ones. 

Green  Linnets.  The  30th  Foot,  so 
called  from  tho  colour  of  their  facings. 

Green  Man.  This  public-house  sign 
represents  the  gamekeeper  or  squire's 
chief  man,  who  used  at  one  time  to  be 
dressed  in  green. 

Milt  the  "Gteen  Mud  "  jhall  I  pa9»  by  unsung. 
Which  mine  o>vq  James  upon  hissi{iu-p03t  huQ^  f 
Ills  Bijjn,  his  iina^e,— for  he  ome  was  seen 
A  sqiiiie's  utteudaut,  clad  m  keeper'i  green. 

Craiibe,  " Buruugh." 

The  men  who  let  off  fireworks  were 
called  Green-men  in  tho  reign  of  James  1. 

Have  you  any  sqiiihs,  any  grccn-man  in  ymir 
shows  t — "  The  tieveti  Chajiipiotus  of  ChrisUnuiom." 

Green  Man  and  Still.  This  public- 
house  sitni  refers  to  the  distillation  of 
spirits  from  green  herbs,  such  as  pepper- 
mint cordial,  and  so  on.  The  green  man 
is  a  herbalist,  or  green  grocer  of  herbs, 
and  the  still  thoapparatus  for  distillation. 

Green  Sea.  The  Persian  Gulf,  so 
called  from  a  remarkable  strip  of  water 
of  a  green  colour  along  the  Arabian  coast. 

Green  Thursday,  ^Maundy  Thurs- 
day, tlie  great  diiy  of  absolution  in  the 
l.uilipran  Church.  (Germ.  Grun-don- 
lurstag)     Ste  Luke  xxiii.  31. 

Greenwich  is  the  Saxon  Grene-wlc 
(green  village),  formerly  called  Groiiawic, 
and  in  old  Latin  authors  "■  Gnnoridm 
viridis."  Some  think  it  is  a  compound  oJ 
ijrianidc  (the  sun  city). 

Greenwich  Barbers.  Retailers  of 
sand,  BO  called  because  the  inhabitants 
of  Greenwich  "shave  tho  pits"  in  tho 
neighbourhood  to  supply  London  with 
sand. 

Greg'arines  (3  syl.).  In  1S67  the 
women  of  Ivirope  and  America,  from  tlie 
thrones  to  tho  maid  servants,  adopted 
tlie   fashJor  of  wearing  a  j\i<l    m.ado  of 


S6Q    GREGORIAN  CALENDAR. 


GREVB. 


false  hair  behind  tboir  head,  utterly 
destroying  its  natural  proportions,  Tho 
ruicroscoiiealiowodtiiattiiehairemployed 
for  these  "u;,dies"  abounded  in  a  pedic'- 
ulous  insect  called  a  grc^'arino  (or  littlo 
herding  animal),  from  the  La,Vm  r/rex  {& 
herd).  The  nests  on  tho  filaments  of  hair 
resemble  those  of  si)iders  and  silkworms, 
and  tho  "object"  forms  one  of  the  ex- 
hibits in  microscopical  soirees. 

Grego'rian  CoAendar.  One  which 
shows  tho  new  and  full  moon,  with  the 
time  of  Easter  and  the  movable  feasts 
depending  thereon.  Tho  reformed  calen- 
dar of  th(!  Church  of  Rome,  introduced 
by  pope  Gregory  XIII.  in  I5S2,  corrected 
the  error  of  the  civil  year,  according  to 
tho  Julian  calendar. 

Qrego'rian  Chant.  So  called  be- 
cause it  was  introduced  into  the  church 
Bervico  by  Gregory  tho  Great.     (600.) 

Qrego'rian  Epoch.  The  epoch  or 
day  on  which  the  Gregorian  calendar 
commenced — March,  1532. 

Qrego'rian  Telescope.  Tho  first 
form  of  the  reflecting  telescope,  invented 
by  James  Gregory,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  university  of  St.  Andrews. 
(1663.) 

Qrego'rian  Tree.  The  gallows,  so 
named  from  three  successive  hangmen — 
Gregory,  sen . ,  Gregory,  j  un . ,  and  Gregory 
Brandon.  To  the  last  Sir  William  Segar, 
garter  knight  of  arm?,  granted  a  coat  of 
arms.    {See  Hangmen.) 

Tl'is  tremKtea  under  'he  black  roJ.  and  he 
JUoth  lear  his  fate  from  the  Uregoilm  tr(je. 
il'ii  citlim  FragmiUicM-    I;4l. 

Qrego'rian  Water  or  Gringorlan 
Water.  Holy  water,  so  called  because 
Gregory  I.  was  a  most  strenuous  recora- 
mender  of  it. 

In  case  they  should  happen  to  encounter  wi^h 
devils,  by  virtue  of  the  Gi  ingorieo'-  wa-er  they  might 
makethemdisappear.— i4<t6cJuis,  "  (Jirgjntua,"  book 
i.  4J. 

Qrego'rian  Year.  The  civil  year, 
according  to  the  correction  introduced 
by  pope  Gregory  XIII.  in  1.582.  The 
equinox  which  occurred  on  the  2oth  of 
March,  in  the  time  of  Julius  Ctesar,  fell 
on  the  11th  of  March  in  the  year  1582. 
This  was  because  the  Julian  calculation 
of  365  j  days  to  a  year  was  11  min.  10  sec. 
too  much.   Gregory  suppressed  ten  days. 


so  as  to  make  tho  equinox  fall  on  the  2l8t 
of  March,  as  it  did  at  tho  council  of  Nice, 
and,  l>y  some  simple  arrangements,  pre- 
vented tho  recurrence  in  future  of  a 
similar  error. 

Greg'ories  (3  syl.).    Hangrmen.    (.Su 

GREGOiilAN  TrKK.) 

Qregory  ('.S<.  j.  Tlie  last  pope  who 
has  been  canonised.  Usually  represented 
with  the  tiara,  pastoral  staff,  his  book  of 
homilies,  and  a  dove.  The  last  is  his 
peculiar  attribute. 

Qrenadier'  (3  syl.).  Originally  a 
soldier  employed  to  throw  the  hand- 
grenade. 

Grenadier  Guards.  The  first 
regiment  of  Foot  Guards. 

Grendel.  A  superhuman  monster 
slain  by  Beowulf,  in  the  Anglo-.Saxon 
romance    of    that    title. — See     Turner'* 

abridgement. 

Gresham  College  ( London), 
Founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Gresham  in  1575. 

Greta  Hall.  The  poet  of  Greta  Hall. 
Southev,  who  lived  at  Greta  liall,  in  the 
Vale  of  Keswick.    (1771-1813. ) 

Gretehen.  A  pst  German  diminu- 
tive of  ilargaret. 

Grethel  (Gammer).  The  hypo- 
thetical narrator  of  the  "Nursery  Tales," 
edited  by  the  Brothers  Grimm. 

Gretna  Green  Marriages.  Run- 
away matches.  In  Scotland  all  that  is 
required  of  contracting  parties  is  a  mutual 
declaration  before  witnesses  of  their  wil- 
lingness to  marrj',  so  that  elopers  reach- 
ing the  parish  of  Graitney,  or  village  of 
Springfield,  could  get  legally  married  with- 
out licence,  banns,  or  priest.  The  decla- 
ration was  generally  made  to  ablacksmith. 

Crabbe  has  a  metrical  tale  called '  'Gretna 
Green,"  in  which  young  Belwood  elopes 
with  Clara,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Sidmere, 
and  gets  mj,rried;  but  Belwood  was  a 
"  screw,"  and  Clara  a  silly,  extrav.igant 
hu.ssy,  so  they  soon  hated  each  other  and 
parted.—"  Tales  of  Ike  Hall"  book  xv. 

Greve  (1  syl.).  Place  de  Greve.  Tho 
Tyburn  of  ancient  Paris.  The  present 
Hotel  de  Villo  occupies  part  of  the  site. 
The  word  greve  means  the  strand  of  a 
river  or  shore  of  the  sea,  and  is  so  callad 


OREWNDS. 


GRIME3. 


867 


from  gravkr  (gravel  or  sand).   The  Place 
de  Grfcvo  was  on  the  bank  of  the  Seiuo. 

Who  has  e'er  been  to  I'arU  must  needs  know  th« 

Gieve, 
The  laiul  retreat  of  th'  unfortunate  brave, 
Where  lonour  and  justice  most  oddi.v  contribute 
io  case  IIero'8  rain-  by  a  halior  nr  giliber. 

fri<jr,  '■  Ihi  Thu/ ani  Uie  UordetUr." 

Grewnds.  The  servants  of  the 
Hountis  or  Breton  ogres. 

Grey  from  Grief. 

]>udovico  Sforza  became  grey  in  a 
sitiK'lo  night. 

Charles  I.  grew  grey  while  he  was  on 
his  trial. 

Mario  Antoinette  grew  grey  from  grief 
during  her  imprisonment. 

Greys.  The  Scotch  Greys.  Tho  2nd 
(lloyal  North  British)  Dragoons,  so  called 
because  they  are  mounted  on  grey  horses. 

Grey  Friars.  Franciscan  friars,  so 
called  from  their  grey  habit. 

Grcyliound.  A  public-house  sign, 
in  lionour  of  llcnry  VII.,  whose  badge  it 
was. 

Grey  Mare.  The  Grey  Mare  is  Oct 
better  horse.  Tlie  woman  is  paramount. 
It  is  said  that  a  man  wished  to  buy  a 
horse,  but  his  wife  took  a  fancy  to  a  grey 
maro,  and  so  pertinaciously  insisted  that 
the  grey  mare  was  the  beltc-r  horse  that 
tho  man  was  obligeil  to  yield  tho  point. 

Tiio  French  s.ay,  when  tiio  woman  is 
paramount,  Vest  le  maringe  vCqyervier 
("I'is  a  hawk's  marri:ige),  because  the 
female  hawk  is  both  larger  and  stronger 
than  tho  male  bin!. 

Aa  long  as  we  have  eyes,  or  han  Is,  or  breath, 
\\  e'll  l"ok,  or  write,  or  talk  you  all  lu  liea  h. 
TiiLid.  or  alie-lVijiSus  \i  }ll  mm  hiT  cnurac. 
And  the  grey  man'  will  prove  i hi-  letter  horse. 
I'nor,  "  >.')<iiiii/ite  to  .!//»  UnuUy'a  'iiiciua.'" 

Grey  Mare's  Tail,  A  cataract 
made  by  tlio  stream  widch  issues  from 
Loch-skono,  in  Scotland,  so  called  from 
its  appearance. 

Grey  Wethers.  Huge  holders, 
cillicr  cmbfdiicd  or  not,  very  common 
ill  tile  "Vallry  of  Stones"  ivear  Avebury, 
Wilts.  When  split  or  broki-n  up  tlu-y 
arc  called  eiirscns  or  sarsdeus  ((joraiau, 
iaryi'  itdns,  cofliii  stones). 

Qrid'iron.  >  Emblematic  of  St.  L.<iw- 
rence,  because  in  his  martyrdom  ho  was 
broiled  to  doath  ou  a  gridiron.  In  allu- 
sion thereto  the  church  of  St.  Lawrence 
Jewry,  near  Guildhall,  has  a  gilt  gridiron 
for  a  vane.     Tho  gridiron  is  also  an  at- 


tribute of  St.  Faith,  who  was  martyred 
like  St.  Lawrence  ;  and  St.  Vincent,  who 
was  partially  roasted  on  a  erridiron  covered 
with  spikes.     {See  EscuitUL.) 

Griffen  Horse  (The),  belonged  to 
Atlanit-s,  the  magician,  but  was  made 
use  of  by  Ruge'ro,  Astol(>ho,  and  others. 
It  flew  through  the  air  at  tho  bidding  ol 
the  rider,  and  landed  him  where  he  listed. 
—Ariosio,  "  Orlando  I'^icrioso." 

Griffin.  A  cadet  newly  arrived  in 
India,  half  English  and  half  Indian. 

Giijjlits,  the  resiuuo  of  a  contract  feast, 
taken  away  by  tho  contractor,  half  the 
buyer's  and  half  tho  seller's. 

GrijBfon,  Griffen,  or  Grijjia.  Off- 
spring of  the  lion  and  eagle.  Its  legs 
and  all  from  the  shoulder  to  the  head  is 
like  an  eagle,  the  rest  of  tho  boily  is  that 
of  a  lion.  Tins  creature  was  sacred  to 
the  sun,  antl  kept  guard  over  hidden 
treasures.  Sir  Thomas  Browne  says  it  is 
emblematical  of  watchfulness,  courage, 
perseverance,  and  rapidity  of  execution. — 
Vulgar  E)Tors,  iii.  2.  (.S\e  AiiiMASriAX3.) 

Grig.  Merry  as  a  Gng.  A  grig  is  a 
small  eel.  There  was  also  a  class  ot  vaga- 
bond  dancers  and  tviio'ulers  who  visited 
ale-houses,  so  called.  Hence  Levi  Solo- 
mon, o//((jCockleput,  who  lived  in  Sweet 
Apple  Court,  being  asked  in  his  examina- 
tion how  he  obtained  his  living,  replied 
that  "  he  went  a-grigging."  Many  think 
the  expression  should  be  merry  as  a  Greek, 
and  have  Shakesjiearo  to  back  them : 
"  Then  she's  a  merry  Greek  ;"  and  again, 
"Cressid  'mong.st  the  merry  Greeks" 
C' Troilus  and  C'ressida,"  i.  2;  iv.  4). 
Patrick  Gordon  also  s;iys,  "No  people  in 
tho  world  are  so  jovial  and  merry,  ^o 
given  to  singing  and  dancing,  as  the 
Greeks." 

Grim  (Giant),  in  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's 
Progre-s,"  pt.  ii.  He  tried  to  stop  tho 
pilgrims  on  their  way  to  the  Celestial 
City,  but  was  slain  by  Mr.  Grcatheart. 

Griina'co(2syl.).  Cotg-rave  says  this 
word  is  from  Gnin.Vcier,  a  celebrated 
carver  of  fantastic  heads  in  Gothic  archi- 
tecture; but  probably  the  Saxon  grim, 
Welsh  gi-emiaw,  Dutch  grimmig,  may 
bo  considered  the  basis  of  the  word. 

Grimes  (Peter).  Tho  son  of  a  steady 
fisherman,  was  a  drunkard  and  a  thief. 
Ho  had  a  boy  whcm  he  killed  by  ill- 
usago.     Two  others  he  inado  away  with, 


m 


GllIMMALi^lN. 


fiUISf. 


but  was  not  convicted  for  want  of  evi- 
dence. As  no  ouo  would  live  with  Lira, 
lie  dwelt  alone,  turned  mad,  and  was 
lod!j;ed  in  thoparish  poor-lioiiso,  confessed 
Lis  crime  in  his  delirium,  and  died. — 
C'rable,  ^'Borough,"  let.  xxii. 

Qrimmallcin  or  (r)(iyma/i-t«.  French, 
'jrls  niiUkin.  Shakespcaro  makes  his 
Witch  in  "Macbeth"  say,  "I  come, 
Oraynialkin,"  Malkiu  beinp:  the  name  of 
a  foul  fiend.  The  cat,  supposed  to  be  a 
witch  and  the  companion  of  witches,  is 
called  by  the  same  name. 

Grimm's  Law.  A  law  discovered 
by  Jakob  L.  Grimm,  the  German  philolo- 
gist, to  show  how  the  mute  consonants 
interchange  as  corresponding  words  oc- 
cur in  different  branches  of  the  A'ryan 
family  of  languages.  Thus,  what  is  /)  in 
Greek,  Latin,  or  Sanskrit,  becomes /in 
Gothic,  and  b  or /in  the  old  High  Ger- 
man ;  what  is  I  in  Greek,  Latin,  or  San- 
skrit, becomes  th  in  Gothic,  and  d  in  old 
High  German ;  &c. 

Grimsby  (Lincolnshire).  Grim  wns 
a  fisherman  who  rescued  from  a  boat 
adrift  an  infant  named  Habloc,  whom  he 
adopted  and  brought  up.  This  infant 
turned  out  to  bo  the  son  of  the  king  of 
Denmark,  and  when  the  boy  was  restored 
to  his  royal  sire.  Grim  was  laden  with 
gifts.  He  now  returned  to  Lincolnshire 
and  built  the  town  which  he  called  after 
his  own  name.  The  ancient  seal  of  the 
town  contains  the  names  of  Gryme  and 
Habloc.  This  is  the  foundation  of  the 
medipeval  tales  about  "  Havelock  the 
Dane." 

Grim.'3  Dyke  or  DeviVs  D:/ke. 
^Anglo- Saxon,  grciwrt,  a  goblin  or  demon.) 

Grind.  To  work  up  for  an  examina- 
tion ;  to  grind  up  the  sulijects  set,  and 
to  grind  into  the  memory  the  necessary 
cram.  The  allusion  is  to  a  mill,  and  the 
analogy  evident. 

To  take  a  grind  is  to  take  a  constitu- 
tional walk  ;  to  oram  into  the  smallest 
space  the  greatest  amount  of  physical 
exercise.  This  is  the  physical  grind. 
The  literary  grind  is  a  turn  at  hard 
study. 

To  Uikt  a  grinder  is  to  insult  another 
by  applying  the  left  thumb  to  the  nose, 
asd  revolving  the  right  hand  round  it, 
ns  if  working  a  hand-organ  or  coffeo- 
iiiill.  Thie  insulting  retort  ie  given  when 


some  one  has  tried  to  practise  on  your 
credulity,  or  to  impose  upon  your  good 
faith. 

Grinders.  The  double  teeth  which 
grind  the  food  put  into  the  mouth.  The 
preacher  speaks  of  old  age  as  the  time 
when  "  the  grinders  cease  because  they 
are  few  "   (Ecc.  xii.  3).     ('Sw  Almond- 

TUKE.) 

Grise.    A  step.     (Latin,  gradtu). 

Which  as  a  criae  or  step  may  help  tbeae  liver* 
Into  your  fuvuur. 

i:h'iketreiiTe. "  Othello,"  L  i. 

Grisilda  or  Griselda.  Tl)e  model  of 
enduring  patience  and  coBJugal  obe- 
dience. She  was  the  daughter  of  Janic'- 
ola,  a  poor  charcoal-burner,  but  became 
the  wife  of  Walter,  marquis  of  Saluzzo. 
The  marquis  put  her  humility  and  obe- 
dieuco  to  three  severe  trials,  but  she 
submitted  to  them  all  without  a  murmur : 
(1)  Her  infant  daughter  was  taken  from 
her,  and  secretly  conveyed  to  the  queen 
of  Pa'via  to  bring  up,  wljile  Grisilda  waa 
iu;ide  to  bel.ove  that  it  had  been  mur- 
dered. (2)  Fouf  years  later  she  had  a 
son,  who  was  also  taken  from  her,  and 
sent  to  be  brought  up  with  her  sister. 
When  the  little  girl  was  twelve  years  old, 
the  marquis  told  Grisilda  he  intended  to 
divorce  her  and  marry  another,  so  she 
was  stripped  of  all  her  fine  clothes  ancl 
sent  back  to  her  father's  cottage.  On 
the  "wedding  day"  the  nuich-abused 
Grisilda  was  sent  for  to  receive  "  her 
rival "  and  prepare  her  for  the  ceremony. 
When  her  lord  saw  in  her  no  spark  of 
jealousy,  he  told  her  the  "bride  '  was 
her  own  daughter.  The  moral  of  the 
tale  is  this  :  If  Grisilda  submitted  with 
out  a  murmur  to  these  trials  of  her  hus- 
band, how  much  more  ought  we  to  sub- 
mit without  repining  to  the  trials  sent 
us  by  God. 

This  tale  is  the  last  of  Boccaccio's  "De- 
cam'eron  ;"  it  was  rendered  by  Petrarch 
into  a  Latin  romance,  entitled  "  Do 
Obedientia  et  Fide  Uxo'ria  Mytholo'gia," 
and  forms  "  The  Clerkes  Tale "  in 
Chaueer's  "Canterbury  Tales." 

Grist.  A  II  grist  Oiat  coma  to  my  mill. 
All  is  appropriated  that  comes  to  me  ; 
all  is  made  use  of  that  comes  in  my  way. 
Grist  is  afl  that  quantity  of  corn  which 
is  to  be  ground  or  crushed  at  one  time. 
The  phrase  means,  all  that  is  brought, 
good,  bad,  and  indifferent  com,  with  all 


oniZEti. 


GROTTO. 


3G9 


refuse  and  waste,  is  put  into  the  mill  and 
ground  together.     (6'<;e  EMOLUMENT.) 

Griz'el  or  G)-issel.  Octavia,  wife  of 
Marc  Antony  and  sister  of  Augrustus 
Ctcsar,  is  called  the  "  patient  Grizel "  of 
Roman  story.     {See  Gkisilda.) 

For  rstificc  ghe  wi'I  prove  »  n-rcond  Ori«?el. 
Shakaiieire,  "  Tamiiii/ u/ Hit  SImw,"  li.  1. 

Groat.  From  John  o'  Oroat's  house  to 
Ike  LaiuCs  End.  From  Dan  to  Boer- 
sheba,  from  one  end  of  Great  Britain  to 
the  other.  Joriu  o'  Groat  was  a  Dutch- 
njan,  who  settled  in  the  most  northerly 
point  of  Scotland,  in  the  reigii  of  James 
IV.,  and  immortalised  himself  by  the 
way  he  settled  a  dispute  among  his  nine 
sons  respecting  precedency.  He  had 
nine  doors  to  his  cottage,  one  for  each 
son,  so  that  none  could  go  out  or  come 
in  before  another. 

Bloijil  without  groats  w  nothing  (North 
of  England),  meaning  "family  without 
fortune  is  worthless."  The  allusion  is  to 
black-pudding,  wliich  consists  chiefly  of 
blood  and  groats  formed  into  a  sausage. 

Not  north  a  groat.  Of  no  value.  A 
groat  is  a  silver  four-pence.  Tlie  Dutch 
had  a  coin  called  a  grote,  a  contraction  of 
arote  s<:ltware  (great  schwarii),  so  called 
because  it  was  equal  in  value  to  five  little 
Bchware.  So  the  coin  of  Edward  III.  was 
the  groat  or  great  silver  penny,  equal  to 
four  penny-pieces.  The  modern  groat 
was  first  issued  in  1835.   (Fr.  gros,  giuui.) 

Grcemes  [Tht).  A  class  of  free- 
booters, who  inhabited  the  debateable 
Land,  and  were  transported  to  Ireland  .at 
the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Grog.  Kum  and  water  cold  without. 
Admiral  Vernon  was  called  Oil  Grog  by 
his  sailors,  because  he  was  accustomed 
to  walk  the  deck  in  rough  weather  in  a 
jrogram  cloak.  As  he  was  the  first  to 
serve  water  in  the  rum  on  board  ship, 
the  mixture  went  by  the  name  of  grog. 
Six-water  qrog.is  one  part  rum  to  six  parts 
of  water.  Grog,  iu  coinuion  parlance, 
in  any  mixture  of  spirit*;  and  water, 
either  hot  or  coid- 

Qro'gram.  A  coarse  kiuil  of  tafTety, 
Btilfeueu  with  gvim.  A  corruption  of  the 
French  gros-grain. 

Groined  Ceiling.  One  in  which 
the  arches  are  divided  or  intersected. 
(Swedish,  grena,  to  divide.) 


Gi'omet,  Grtimet,  or  Grnmmel.  A 
ynunkcr  on  board  ship.  In  Smith's  Seii 
Grammar  we  are  told  that  '"younkcrs 
are  the  young  men  whose  duty  it  is  to 
take  in  the  top-sails,  or  top  and  yard, 
for  furling  the  sails,  or  slinging  the  yards. 
.  .  ."  "Scii/er*,"  he  says,  "are  the  elder 
men."  Gromot  is  the  Flemish  grom  (a 
boy)  with  the  diminutive.  It  appears  in 
bride-groom,  &c. 

Grongar  Hill,  in  South  Walcn, 
rendered  famous  by  Dyer's  poem  so  called. 

Groom  of  the  Stole  (Grom  of  th^ 
Stole).  Keeper  of  the  stole  or  state- 
robe.  Tlie  oriirinal  duty  of  this  officer 
was  to  invest  the  king  in  his  state-rol>o, 
but  he  had  also  to  hand  him  his  shirt 
when  he  dressed.  The  office  when  a 
(]ueen  reigns  is  termed  ^fi■stress  of  ike 
Holies,  though  queen  Anne  had  her 
"  Groom  of  the  Stole."  (Greek,  stole,  a 
garment.)    {See  Buldeoroom.) 

Gross.    (5e«  Advowson.) 

Grosted  or  Robert  Grossete.He,  bishop 
of  Lincoln,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III., 
the  author  of  some  200  works.  He  was 
accused  of  dealings  in  the  bl.ack  arts,  and 
the  pope  ordered  a  letter  to  be  written 
to  the  king  of  England,  enjoining  him  to 
disinter  the  lionesof  the  too-wise  bishup 
and  bum  them  to  powder.     (Died  1253.) 

None  s  deeper  knowledge  boa'tcd. 
Since  ll'dite,  Bacon,  nnd  Boli  (.rosted. 

JiiUler,  "  Uitdi/jrat,"  li.  i 

Grote3'que(2  syl.)  means  in  "Grotto 
style."  Classical  ornaments  so  called 
were  found  in  the  thirteenth  century  in 
grottoes,  that  is,  excavations  made  in 
the  baths  of  Titus  an<l  in  other  Roman 
buildings.  These  ornaments  abound  in 
fanciful  combinations,  and  hence  any- 
thing outr(S  is  termed  grotesi]ue. 

Grotta  del  Cane  (Naples).  The 
Dog's  Cave,  so  called  from  the  practice  of 
sending  ilogs  into  it  to  show  visitors  hmv 
the  carbonic  acid  gas  of  the  cave  kills 
them. 

Grotto.  Pray  Remember  the  Grotto. 
July  25  neip  style,  ami  August  5  old  style, 
is  the  day  dedicated  to  St.  James  the 
Greater,  and  the  correct  thing  to  do  in 
days  of  yore  was  to  stick  a  shell  in  your 
hat  or  cloak,  and  pay  a  visit  on  that  day 
to  the  shrine  of  St.  James  of  Compo.stellA. 
Shell  grottoes  with  an  im.<^,'0  of  th«  samt 
wore  erected  for  the  behoof  of  those  who 


370 


OROUNDLINO. 


CUARINOS. 


could  not  afford  such  pilKrimago,  andtho 
keei>cr  roniiiided  tho  passer-by  to  remciri- 
bcr  it  vvas  ISt.  James's  day,  and  uot  to 
forget  their  otTering  to  the  saiut. 

Groundling.  One  who  stood  in  the 
pit,  wliich  was  tho  ground  in  ancient 
theatres. 

To  BpUt  the  esrs  of  the  giound'in^s. 

aiiakesiieare,  "  Uamlei,"  iii.  2, 

Grove.  Tho  prove  for  which  the 
Jewisli  women  wove  haiir,diigs,  and  which 
the  Jews  were  coniruaiided  to  oit  down 
and  burn,  was  the  wooden  Asli'cra,  asort 
of  idol,  symbolisin.2.  the  generative  power 
of  Nature,  and  placed  on  the  stone  altar 
of  Baal.  It  was  called  riuillos  by  tho 
Greeks.  The  Hindus  have  two  emblems, 
Linga  and  Yoni,  the  former  symbolising 
generative  jxiwer,  and  the  latter  produc- 
tive power. 

Grub  Street.  Since  1830  called 
Milton  Street,  near  Moorfields,  London, 
once  famous  for  literary  hacks  and 
inferior  literary  productions.  Tho  word 
is  the  Gothic  grahan  (to  dig),  whence 
fcjaxon  (jvdb  (a  grave),  and  yrotp  (a  ditch). 
•~/Sce  "  Duuciad,"  i.  38,  &c. 

Gruel.  To  give  him  his  grnel.  To 
kill  him.  The  allusion  is  to  the  very 
common  practice  in  France,  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  of  givingpoisoned  possets, 
an  art  brought  to  perfection  by  Catherine 
de  Medicis  and  her  Italian  advisers. 

Grumbo.  A  giant  in  the  tale  of  Tom 
Thumb.  A  raven  picked  up  Tom,  think- 
ing him  to  be  a  grain  of  corn,  and  dropped 
him  on  the  tlat  roof  of  the  giant's  castle. 
Old  Grumbo  came  to  walk  on  the  roof 
tc-raco,  and  Tom  crept  up  his  sleeve. 
The  giant,  annoyed,  shook  his  sleeve,  and 
Tom  fell  into  the  sea,  where  a  fish  swal- 
lowed him,  and  the  fish  being  caught  and 
sold  for  Arthur's  table,  was  the  means  of 
introducing  Tom  to  the  British  king,  by 
whom  he  was  knighted. — Kursery  Tale, 
"  Tom  Thumb." 

Grundy.  Whal  will  Mrs.  Grundy 
(ay  I  What  will  our  rivals  or  neighbours 
gay  ?  Tlie  phrase  is  from  Tom  jMorton's 
"  Speed  the  Plough."  In  the  first  scene 
Mrs,  Ashtield  shows  herself  very  jealousof 
neighbour  Grundy,  and  fai-mer  Ashficld 
says  to  her,  "  Bo  quiet,  woolye  ?  Alo- 
ways  ding,  dinging  Dame  Grundy  into 
rny  ears.  What  will  Mrs.  Grundy  zay? 
Wliat  will  Mrs.  Grundy  think?     .     .     ." 


Grunth.     The  sacred  book   of  the 

Sikhs. 

Gryll.  Let  G.yU  he  Gryll,  and  lap 
his  hiif/gish  mind.  Don't  attempt  to  wash 
a  blackamoor  white  ;  the  leopard  will 
never  change  his  spots.  Grjdl  is  from 
tlio  Greek  gru  (the  gninting  of  a  hog). 
AVlien  Sir  Guyon  disenchanted  the  forms 
in  the  Bower  of  Bliss  some  were  exceed- 
in-dy  angry,  and  one  in  particular,  named 
Gryll,  who  had  been  metamorphosed  by 
Acra'sia  into  a  ho:^,  abused  him  most 
roundly.  "  Come,"  says  the  palmer  to 
Sir  Guyon, 

Lot  <;i-j'll  bo  (-ryll.  .iiid  have  his  hog^isli  mind, 
liat  let   ua  lioucc  depart  v.hilo  wcallicr  serves  an^ 
wind. 

Bpcnser, "  Fatry  Queen,"  book  ii.  12. 

Qryi:)hon  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"), 
son  of  Olive'ro  and  Sigismunda,  brother 
of  Aquilant,  in  love  with  Origilla,  who 
plays  him  false.  He  was  called  White 
from  his  armour,  and  his  brother  Black. 
He  overthrew  the  eight  cham]>ious  of 
Damascus  in  the  tournament  given  to 
celebrate  the  king's  wedding-day.  While 
asleep  JIarta'no  steals  his  armour,  and 
goes  to  the  king  Norandi'no  to  receive 
the  meed  of  high  deeds.  In  the  mean- 
time Gryphon  awakes,  finds  his  armour 
gone,  is  obliged  to  put  on  Marta'no's, 
and  being  mistaken  for  the  coward, 
is  hooted  and  hustled  by  the  crowd. 
Ho  lays  about  him  stoutly,  and  kills 
many.  The  king  comes  up,  finds  out 
the  mistake,  and  offers  his  hand,  which 
(iryphon,  like  a  true  knight,  receives. 
Ho  joined  the  army  of  Charlemagne. 

Gryphons.    (See  Griffon.) 

Guadia'na.  The  squire  of  Duran. 
darte.  Mourning  the  fall  of  his  master 
at  Roncesvalles,  he  was  turned  into  tho 
river  which  bears  the  same  name. — 
"  Don  Quixote,"  ii.  2-3. 

Guafi*.  Victor  Emmanuel  is  go  called 
from  his  nose. 

Gua'no  is  the  Peruvian  word  hua'no 
(dung),  and  consists  of  the  droppings  of 
sea-fowls. 

Guari'nos  [Admiral).  One  of  Ch.ar- 
lem.\gue's  paladins,  taken  captive  at  th« 
battle  ef  Roncesvalll-s.  He  fell  to  the  lot 
of  Marlo'tes,  a  Moslem,  who  offered  him 
his  daughter  in  marriage  if  he  would 
become  a  disciple  of  Mahomet.  Guari'- 
nos refused,  and  was  cast  into  a  dungeon, 
where  he  lay  captive  for  seven  yeai  8.     A 


GtJBEING3. 


GUEXDOLEN. 


371 


joust  was  then  heM,  and  Admiral  Gviari'- 
DOS  was  allowed  to  try  his  hand  at  a 
target.  Ifa  knelt  before  the  Moor, 
stabbed  him  to  the  heart,  vaulted  oa  his 
prey  horse  Treb'czond',  and  escaped  to 
France. 

Gubbings.  Anabaptists  near  Brent, 
in  Devonshire.  They  had  no  ecclesiasti- 
cal order  or  autliority,  "  but  lived  in 
holes,  like  swine  ;  had  all  things  iu  com- 
mon ;  and  multiplied  without  marriage. 
Their  langxiage  was  vulgar  Devonian.  .  . 
They  lived  by  jiilfuring  slieep;  were  fleet 
as  horses;  held  togetiicr  like  bees  ;  and 
revenged  every  wrong.  One  of  the 
society  was  always  elected  chief,  and 
called  King  of  lite  Guhhings"  (Fuller). 

N.B.  Their  name  is  from  guhhings,  the 
offal  of  fish  {Devonshire). 

Gudgeon.  Gaping  for  gudgeons. 
Lo'king  out  for  things  extremely  im- 
probalile.  As  a  gudgeon  is  a  bait  to 
deceive  fish,  it  means  a  lie,  a  deception. 

To  swallow  a  gudgeon.  To  be  bam- 
boozled with  a  most  palpable  lie,  as  silly 
fish  are  caught  by  gudgeons. 

Make  fools  bclicTe  in  their  foreseeing 
Of  thiiiiis  Leiure  tliey  are  iu  l.eiii)? ; 
To  Bwal  uw  Ku  igeoiis  crc  tliey're  catchcd. 
And  oouut  tl>e;r  cliickeiis  ere  they're  lia('-he<1. 
i'u'.ei',  "  iiiidiiji at,"  ii.  3. 

Qudrun.  A  model  of  heroic  forti- 
tude and  pious  resignation.  Shu  was  a 
princess  betrothed  to  Ilerwig,  but  the 
king  of  Norway  carried  her  off  captive. 
As  she  would  not  marry  him,  he  put  her 
to  all  sorts  of  menial  work,  such  as  wash- 
ing the  dirty  linen.  One  day  her  brotiier 
and  lover  ap[iearod  on  the  scone,  and  at 
tlie  end  she  married  Herwig,  pardoned 
tho  "  naughty  "  king,  and  all  went  merry 
as  a  marriage  bell. — A  N orlk-Saxonpoein. 

Gudule  (2syl.)or.S<.  Gudu'la,  patron 
saint  of  Brussels,  was  daughter  of  Count 
Witger,  died  172.  She  is  represented 
with  a  lantern,  from  a  tradition  that  she 
was  one  <l;iy  going  to  the  church  of  St. 
Morgelle  with  a  lantern,  which  went  out, 
lilt  the  holy  virgin  lighted  it  again  by 
ntr  prayers. 

Hi.  (j'uduU  in  Christian  art  is  repre- 
sented carrying  a  lantern  winch  a  demon 
tries  to  jnit  out.  The  legend  is  a  repoti- 
lion  of  that  of  St.  Genevieve,  as  Brusaela 
is  Paris  in  miniature. 

GueTjres  (Fire- Worshippers).  Fol- 
lowers  of  the  ancient   Persian  religion, 


reformed  by  Zoroaster.  They  are  called 
in  th.e  Talmud  C/ie'iers,  and  by  Origen 
Kahirs,  a  corruption  of  the  Arabic  Kafirs 
a  non-Mahometan  or  infi'lel),  a  term 
bestowed  upon  them  by  their  Arabian 
conquerors. 

Guelder  Eose  is  the  Rose  de  Guel- 
dres,  i.e.,  of  the  ancient  province  of 
Guelder  or  Guelderland,  iu  Ilolland. 

Guelpbo  (3  syl.),  son  of  Actius  IV., 
Maripiis  d'Este  and  of  Cunigimda,  a 
German,  king  of  Carynth'ia.  He  led  an 
army  of  5,(j'j0  men  from  Germany,  but 
two-thirds  were  slain  by  tho  Persians. 
He  was  noted  for  his  broad  shoulders 
and  ample  chest.  Guelpbo  was  Rinaldo's 
uncle,  and  next  in  command  to  Godfrey. — 
Tasso,  "  Jeni^alem  Delivered,"  iii. 

Guelphs  and  Ghibellines.  Two 
sreat  parties,  whose  conflicts  make  uo 
the  history  of  Italy  and  Germany  in 
liie  12th,  13th,  and  Uth  centuries. 
Guelph  is  the  Italian  form  of  Welfe,  and 
Ghibelline  of  Wulhlingm,  and  the  origin 
of  these  two  words  is  tliis:  At  the  battle 
of  Weiusberg,  in  Suabia  (11 -10),  Conrad, 
duke  of  Frauconia,  raUicd  his  followers 
with  the  war-cry  Die  Wtdblingen  (his 
family  estate),  while  Ilc-iiry  the  Liun, 
duke  of  Saxony,  used  tho  cry  of  Hie 
IFcZ/e  (the  family  name),  'i'he  Ghibellines 
sui>ported  in  Italy  tiie  side  of  the  German 
empi-rors  ;  the  Guelphs  opposed  it,  and 
supported  the  cause  of  the  pope. 

Guen'dolen  (3  syl).  A  fairy  whose 
mother  was  a  human  being.  One  day  king 
Arthur  wandered  into  tho  valley  of  St. 
John,  when  a  fairy  palace  rose  to  view, 
and  a  train  of  ladies  conducted  him  to 
their  (pieen.  King  Arthur  and  Guen'do- 
len fell  in  love  with  each  other,  and  the 
fruit  of  their  illicit  love  was  a  daughter 
named  G)  neth.  After  the  lapse  of  three 
months  Arthur  left  Guen'dolen,  and  tho 
deserted  fair  one  offered  him  a  j^arting 
cup.  As  Arthur  raised  tho  cup  a  drop  of 
tho  contents  fell  on  his  horse,  and  so 
burnt  it  that  tho  horse  leaped  twenty 
feet  hi£rh,  and  then  ran  in  mad  caro'  r  up 
tho  hills  till  it  was  exhausted.  Arthur 
dashed  the  cup  on  the  ground,  tho  con- 
tent.! burnt  up  evorytliing  they  touched, 
tlio  fairy  palace  vanished,  and  Guen'do- 
len was  never  more  seen.  This  tale  ii 
told  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  "  The  Bridal 
of  Triormaiu."   It  ia  called  Lyulph't  TaU, 


372 


GUENDOLOENA. 


GUIDO. 


from   canto   i.    10  to  canto  ii.  28.     (See 

Gyneth.) 

lliTtn'tlicr  was  of  human  birth, 
llcr  siiy  a  <ieuie  of  the  larth. 
In  days  of  oM  deemed  to  im  side 
O  er  loieiu'  \viK-8  and  beauty  8  pride. 

"  liridal  of  Triei-vuun,''  11  3. 

Guendoloe'na,  daughterof  Corin'ens 
and  wife  of  Ijocrin,  son  of  Brute,  the 
legendary  ■king  of  Britain.  She  was 
divorced,  and  Locrin  married  Eistrildis, 
by  wiioui  lie  already  had  a  daughter 
r.amed  .Sabri'ua.  Guendoloi'ua,  greatly 
indignant,  got  together  a  great  army, 
and  near  tiie  river  Stour,  a  battle  was 
fought,  in  which  Locrin  was  slain.  Guen- 
dulce'na  now  assumed  the  government, 
and  one  of  her  first  acts  was  to  throw 
both  Estrildis  and  Sabri'ua  into  the  river 
Severn, — Geojrei/,  ^'^  Brit.  Hist.,''  ii.,  c 
4.  5. 

Guenever.    (See  Guinever.) 

Guerilla,  improperly  Guerilla  wars, 
means  a  petty  war,  a  partisan  conflict ; 
and  the  parties  are  called  Guerillas  or 
Guerilla  chiefs.  Spanish  guer'ra  (war). 
The  word  is  applied  to  the  armed  bands 
of  peasants  who  carry  on  irregular  war 
on  their  own  account,  especially  when 
Government  is  occupied  with  invading 
armies. 

Gueri'no  Mesclii'no(<A.«  Wretched). 
An  Italian  romance,  half  chivalric  and 
half  spiritual,  first  printed  in  Padua  in 
1473.  Guerin  was  the  son  of  ISIillon,  king 
of  Alba'uia.  On  the  day  of  his  birth  his 
father  was  dethroned,  and  the  child  was 
rescued  by  a  Greek  slave,  and  called 
Meschino.  Wlien  he  grew  up  he  fell  in 
love  with  the  princess  Elize.'na,  sister  of 
the  Greek  emperor,  at  Const;intinople. 

Guest,  The  Ungrateful  Gxiest  was  the 
brand  fixed  by  Philip  of  Macedon  on  a 
Macedonian  soldier,  who  had  been  kindly 
entertained  by  a  villisger,  and  being  asked 
by  the  king  what  he  could  give  him, 
requested  the  farm  and  cottage  of  his 
entertainer. 

Gueux.  Les  Oiuux.  The  ragamuf- 
fins. A  nick-name  assumed  by  the  first 
revolutionists  of  Holland.  It  arose  thus  : 
W  hen  the  duchess  of  Parma  made  inouiry 
about  them  of  count  Berkymont,  he  tyvd 
her  they  were  ''  the  scum  andoffscouring 
of  the  people"  (les gueiue).  This  being 
made  public,  the  party  took  the  name  in 
defiance,  and  from  that  momcDt  dressed 
like  boggars,  substituted  a  fox's  tail  ia 
lioa  of  a  feather,  and  a  wooden  platter 


instead  of  a  brooch.  They  met  at  * 
public-house  which  had  for  its  sign  a  cock 
crowing  these  words,  Vive  ks  Umux  par 
tout  le  monde  !  [See  Motley  Zttttch  liep.ilQ.) 

N.B.  The  revolters  of  (iuienne  assumeo 
the  name  of  Eaters  ;  those  of  Normandy 
JJare-foot;  those  of  Beausse  and  Houlogne 
Wooden-paltens ;  and  in  the  French  revo- 
lution  the  most  violent  were  termed  Sans- 
culottes. 

Gugner.  A  spear  made  by  the  dwari 
Eitri,  and  given  to  Odin.  It  never  failed 
to  hit  and  slay  in  battle. — The  Edda. 

Gui.  Le  Gui  (French).  The  mis- 
tletoe or  Druid's  plant.  The  Druids  iised 
to  be  called  Gui/s,  meaning  "  guides " 
or  "leaders."  (Spanish and  Portuguese, 
guia,  from  guiar,  to  guide.)    (&e  GUT- 

ROPES.) 

Guide 'rius.  The  elder  son  of  Cym- 
beline,  a  legendary  king  of  Britain,  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Augustus  Cffisar.  Both 
Guiderius  and  his  brother  Arvir'agua 
were  stolen  in  infancy  by  Bela'rius,  a 
banished  nobleman,  out  of  revenge,  and 
were  brought  up  by  him  in  a  cave.  When 
grown  to  man's  estate,  the  Romans  in- 
vaded Britain,  and  the  two  young  men 
so  distinguished  themselves  that  they 
were  introduced  to  the  king,  and  Belarius 
related  their  history.  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth says  that  Guiderius  succeeded 
his  father,  and  was  slain  by  Hamo. — 
Shakespeare,  "  Cymbeline." 

Guides  (pron.  geed).  Contraction  of 
guidons.  A  corps  of  French  cavalry 
which  carries  the  guidon,  a  standard 
borne  by  light  horse-soldiers,  broad  at 
one  end  and  nearly  pointed  at  the  other. 
The  coi'ps  des  Guides  was  organised  in 
171)6  by  Napoleon  as  a  personal  body 
guard  ;  in  1848  several  sc^uadrons  were 
created,  but  Napoleon  III.  made  the 
corps  a  part  of  the  Imperial  Guard. 
Great  care  mtist  be  taken  not  to  confound 
the  Guides  with  the  Gardes,  as  they  are 
totally  distinct  terms. 

Guido,  surnamed  the  Savage  (in  Or- 
lando Fxirioso),  son  of  Constantia  and 
Anion,  therefore  younger  brother  of 
Rinaldo.  He  was  also  Astolpho's  kins- 
man. Being  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  the 
Amazons,  he  was  doomed  to  fight  their 
ten  male  champions.  He  slew  them  all, 
anil  was  then  compelled  to  marry  ten  of 
the  Amazons.  He  made  his  escape  with 
Alo  na,  his  favourite  wife,  and  joined  the 
armv  of  Charlemagne. 


GUIDOBALDO. 


GULES. 


373 


Quidobal'do.  Second  son  of  Fran- 
eesco  Maria,  duke  of  Urbi'no. 
Guildenstern.  {See  Roskncrantz.) 
Guildhall.  The  hall  of  the  city 
f;niilds.  Hero  are  tlio  Court  of  Corainou 
Council,  the  Court  of  Aldermen,  tho 
Chamberlain's  Court,  the  poHce  court 
presided  over  by  an  alderman,  i:c.  The 
ancient  guilds  were  friendly  trade  socie- 
ties, in  which  each  member  jiaid  a  certain 
fee,  called  a  f,'uild,  from  tho  Sa-xon  gihlan, 
(to  pay).  There  was  a  separate  guild 
for  each  craft  of  importance. 

Guillotine  (3  syl.).  So  named  from 
Joseph  Ipnace  Uuillotin,  a  French  phy- 
sician, who  proposed  its  adoption  to  pre- 
vent unnecessary  pain.     (1738-1814.) 

The  Guillotine  isnotunlikethe  Maiden, 
which  tho  retJfent  Morton  of  Scotland 
introduced  when  tho  laird  of  Pennycuick 
was  to  be  beheaded. 

Guinea.  Sir  11.  Holmes,  in  1CC6, 
captured  in  Schelling  Bay  IGO  Dutch 
sail,  containing  bullion  and  gold-dtist 
from  Cape  Coast  Castle  in  Guinea.  This 
rich  prize  was  coined  into  gold  pieces, 
stamped  with  an  elephant,  and  called 
Guineas  to  memorialise  the  valuable  cap- 
ture.    (See  Dryden,  "  Annus  Jlirabilis.") 

Guinea.  Tho  legend  is  M.  B.  F.  et  H. 
Rex.  F.  D.  B.  L.  D.  S.  R.  I.  A.  T.  et  E. 
— i\[.agnfB  Bnt.anni;e,  Franciio,  et  Hiber- 
ni;e  Hex  ;  Fidci  Defensor  ;  Brunsvicensis, 
Lunonburgensis  Dux  ;  Sacri  Romani  Im- 
perii Archi  Thosaurarius  et  Elector. 

Guinea-dropper.  A  cheat.  The 
term  is  about  eijual  to  thimble- rig,  and 
alludes  to  an  ancient  cheating  dodge  of 
drof)ping  counterfeit  guineas. 

Guinea  Fowl.  So  called  because 
it  was  brought  to  us  from  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  where  it  is  very  common. 

Guinea-hen.  A  courtesan  who  is 
won  by  nn)!icy.  If  this  is  a  i^Uiy  on 
the  Word  f/itiiua,  a.s  Othello  was  acted 
in  1602,  thu  coin  niu.st  have  been  current 
b'-foro  Sir  U.  Holnies'a  capture.  (See 
uhnve.') 

Kro ....  I  woulil  drown  myself  for  tho  love  of  a 
Giiliioa-hon,    i  wuuM   clikn);e    my  humanity  Willi  a 

Guinea-pig  {■'^l  ''k  Exdiange  tcrni). 
A  geiiili'ni:iii  "1  biillicifht  imriio  to  form  a 
bait,  who  allows  himsolf  to  be  put  on  a 
directors'  list  for  tho  guinea  and  lunch 
provided  for  tho  board.     (See  FloATEuu.) 


Guin'ever,  or  rather  GuanJiuma'ra 
(4  syl.).  Daughter  of  I.eodograunce  of 
Cam'elyard,  tho  most  beautiful  of  women, 
and  wife  of  king  Arthur.  She  enter- 
tained a  gi'.ilty  passion  for  Sir  Launcelot 
of  the  Lake,  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table,  but  during  the  absence  of 
king  Arthur  in  his  expedition  against  Leo, 
king  of  tho  Romans,  she  "married" 
Modrcd,  her  husband's  nephew,  whom 
he  had  left  in  charge  of  the  kingdom. 
Soon  as  Arthur  heard  thereof  he  has- 
tened back,  Guinever  Hod  from  York  and 
took  tho  veil  in  tho  nunnery  ol  Julius 
tho  JIartyr,  and  Modred  set  his  forces  in 
array  at  Cam'bula,  in  Cornwall.  Here  a 
desperato  battle  was  fought,  in  which 
Modrc<l  was  slain,  and  Arthur  mortally 
wounded.  Guinever  is  generally  called 
the  "  groy-eye<l ;"  she  was  buried  at 
Meigle,  in  Strathmore,  and  her  name 
has  become  the  synonym  of  a  wanton  or 
adulteress.  — (?(ro/7i"e'/,  "  Brit.  IIlsl."  x.  13. 

That  W5B  fi  woman  when  queen  Ouinerer  of  UnttLiD 
ua^  u  1  Itle  wtDch. 

ihiikenitare,  "  Lovt'i  Labour  i  Lott,'  ir.  1. 

Guin'evere  (3  syl.).  Tennyson's 
"Idyll"  rejiresents  her  as  loving  Sir 
Lancelot,  but  one  day,  when  they  were 
bidding  farewell,  Modred  tracked  them, 
"  and  brought  his  creatures  to  the  base- 
ment of  the  tower  for  testimony."  Sir 
L.ancelot  hurled  the  fellow  to  the  ground 
and  got  to  horse,  and  the  quoen  lle<l  to  a 
nunnery  at  Almcshury.    (See  Guineyeu.) 

Guingelot.  The  boat  of  Wato  or 
Wade,  the  father  of  Wcland,  and  son  of 
Vilkinr,  in  which  he  waded  over  the 
nine-ell  deep,  called  Groonasund,  with 
his  son  upon  his  shoulders.  — iScantiuMr 
vt'tt/i  mythulogy . 

Guisan'do.  The  Bulls  of  Guisando. 
Five  monster  statues  of  antiquity,  to 
mark  the  scene  of  Csesar's  victory  over 
the  younger  I'ompey. 

Guitar.  Greek  kilhara,  Latin  n7A'/fa, 
Italian  chilarra,  French  guitare.  The 
(Jreek  kitluir  \s  the  Hindu  cJuular  (six- 
strin:,'s). 

O'uUur.  The  best  players  on  thi? 
instrument  have  boon  Guilia'ui,  Sor, 
Zoochi,  Stoll,  and  Horetzsky. 

Gules  (rod).  An  heraldic  term. 
Tho  most  honourable  heraldic  colour, 
signifying  valour,  justice,  and  veneration. 
Hence  it  was  given  to  kings  and  princcj". 
The  royal  livery  of  England  is  gules  or 


S74 


GULP. 


OU.VTIIER. 


scarlet.  (Pbreian,  ghxd,  rose  or  rose- 
colour  ;  French,  r/ueules,  Die  mouth  and 
throat,  or  the  red  colour  thereof ;  llo- 
brow,  (juiude,  red  cloth.) 

With  man's  blood  paint  the  urouod,  i?nlcs,  ruIc*. 
ahaktspeure,  "  i'imon  of  Atheiu,"  h.  i. 

And  threw  warm  gulej  on  Madeline'*  r.iir  brenst. 
Kttitt,  "  Jive  0/  bl.  Ai/.ie^." 

Gulf.  A  man  that  g-oos  in  for  honour 
atCanibridge,  I.e.,  amathematical  degree, 
is  sometimes  too  had  to  bo  classed  with 
the  lowest  of  the  three  classes,  and  yet 
has  shown  sufficient  merit  to  pass.  When 
the  list  is  made  out  a  line  is  drawn  after 
the  classes,  and  one  or  two  names  are 
append.ed.  These  names  are  in  the  gulf, 
and  tiiose  so  honoured  aro  gulfed.  In  the 
good  old  times  these  men  were  not 
qualified  to  stand  for  the  classical  trijios. 

Theranlisofourcnratehoodare supplied  by  yontl.B 
wliom,  at  the  very  beet,  merciful  examiners  ha  e 
ruiii.'d  from  tl'e  very  galea  of  "  pluck  "  to  Ihs  cmn- 
paiative  paradise  of  tlie  "  Gulf."— A'uiurdaj/  lUviaw. 

Gulf  Stream.  The  stream  which 
issues  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
extends  over  a  range  of  3,000  miles,  rais- 
ing the  temperature  of  the  water  through 
which  it  passes,  and  of  the  lands  against 
which  it  flows.  It  washes  the  shores  of 
the  British  Isles,  and  ruHS  up  the  coast 
of  Norway. 

GulistaAi  {garden,  of  roses).  The 
famous  recueil  of  moral  sentences  by 
Saadi,  the  poet  of  Shiraz,  who  died  1291. 
(Persian  ghul,  a  rose,  and  Ian,  a  region.) 

Gull.  A  dupe,  one  easily  cheated. 
Wilbraham  says  all  uuHedged  nestlings 
are  called  "naked  gulls"  irom  the yei low 
tint  of  their  skiu.  (Icelandic  f/it^*,  Danish 
guul,  yellow,  onr  gold.)     {See  Bejan.) 

The  ni'  st  notorious  geek  and  gull 
That  e'er  imeution  iilay.'d  en. 

Shakesiieare,  "  Twei/lh  A'ii;hl,"  v.  L 

Gvilliver  {Lemuel).  The  hero  of 
Swift's  famous  "Travels"  to  Lilliput, 
Brubdiugnag,  Lapu'ta,  and  the  Houyhn- 
hnma  {Whin-nim.^'). 

Gulna're  (2  syl.),  afterwards  called 
Kalod,  queen  of  tbo  haram,  anil  fairest  of 
all  the  slaves  of  Seyd  {Seed).  She  was 
rescued  from  the  flaming  pal,-.ce  by  lord 
Conrad,  the  corsair,  and  when  the  corsair 
was  imprisoned,  released  him  and  mur- 
dered the  sultan.  The  two  escaped  to 
the  Pirate's  Isle,  Ijut  when  Conrad  found 
that  Medora,  his  betrothed,  was  dead, 
he  and  Gulnare  left  the  island  secretlj", 
and  none  of  the  pirates  ever  knew  where 


thry  -yent  to.  The  rest  of  the  tale  of 
Gulnare  is  under  the  now  name,  Kaled 
{q.v.).—B<jron,  "  TU  Corsair." 

Gummed  (1  syl.).  //«  frett  like 
gummed  velvet  or  gummed  laffety.  Velvet 
and  taffeta  were  sometimes  Btiffenod 
with  glim  to  make  them  "  sit  better,"  but 
being  very  stiff,  they  fretted  out  quickly. 

Gumption.  Wit  to  turn  things  to 
account,  capacity.  In  Yorksb.ire  we  hear 
the  phrase,  "I  canna  gaura  it"  (under- 
stand it,  make  it  out),  and  Gaum-tion  is 
tho  capacity  of  understanding  or  making 
out. 

Gumption,  A  nostrum  much  in  request 
by  painters  in  search  of  the  supposed 
"  lost  medium  "  of  the  old  masters,  and 
to  which  theirunapproachable  excellence 
is  ascribed.  The  medium  is  made  of  gum 
mastic  and  linseed-oil. 

Gun.  Sure  as  a  gv.n  ;  qiiito  certain. 
It  is  as  certain  to  happen  as  a  gun  to  go 
oif  if  the  trigger  is  pulled. 

Son  of  a  gun.  A  jovial  fellow,  A  gun 
is  a  large  flagon  of  ale, 

Jle's  a  great  gun.  A  man  of  note.  The 
reference  is  not  to  artillery,  but  to  the 
ancient  flagons,    (See  above.) 

Gunner.  Ki.'ising  the  Gunner's  daugh- 
ter ;  being  flogged  on  board  ship,  Boya 
in  the  Eoyal  Navy  who  aro  to  be  flogged 
are  fust  tied  to  the  breech  of  a  cannon, 

Gunpo'wd.er  Plot.  A  project  of  a 
few  Boman  Catholics  to  destroy  James  I. 
with  tho  lords  and  commons  assembled 
in  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  on  the  5th 
of  November,  1G05.  It  was  to  be  done  by 
means  of  gunpowder  when  the  king  went 
in  person  to  open  Parliament.  Ilobert 
Catesby  originated  the  plot,  and  Guy 
Fawkes  undertook  to  fii-e  the  gunpowder. 

Gunter's  Chain,  for  land  surveying, 
is  so  named  from  Edmimd  Gunter,  its 
inventor  (15S0-lo2o').  It  is  sixty-six  feet 
long,  and  divided  into  one  hunareu  links. 
As  ten  square  chains  make  an  acre,  it  fol- 
lows that  an  acre  contains  100,000  square 
links. 

Gunther,  king  of  Burgundy  and 
brother  of  Kriem'hild.  He  resolved  to 
wed  Brunhild,  the  mai-tial  queen  of  Iss- 
lan  d,  who  had  made  a  vow  that  none  should 
win  her  who  could  not  surpass  her  in 
three  trials  of  skill  and  strength.  The 
first  was  hurling  a  spear,  the  second 
throwing  a  stone,    and  tho  tliird  w.^s 


GURGOILS. 


GU5fON. 


375 


jniiiping.  Tlie  spear  could  scarcely  be 
lifted  by  tbrco  men.  The  queen  hurled 
It  towards  Glinther,  when  Siegfried,  in 
his  invisible  cloak,  reversed  it,  hurled  it 
back  again,  and  the  queen  was  knocked 
down.  The  stone  took  twelve  brawny 
champions  to  carry,  but  Brunhild  lifted 
it  on  high,  flung  it  twelve  fathoms,  and 
juinj)ed  beyond  it.  Again  the  unseen 
Siegfried  came  to  his  friend's  rescue,  and 
(lung  the  stone  still  further,  and,  as  he 
leaped,  bora  GUnther  with  him.  The 
queen  was  overmastered,  and  exclaimed 
to  her  subjects,  "  I  am  no  more  your 
mistress ;  you  are  Giinthor's  liegemen 
now"  (Lied,  vii.).  After  the  marriage 
the  masculine  maid  buhiived  so  obstre- 
perously that  GUnther  had  again  to  avail 
himself  of  his  friend's  aid.  Siegfried 
entered  the  chamber  in  his  cloud-cloak, 
and  wrestled  with  the  bride  till  all  her 
strength  was  gone  ;  then  he  drew  a  ring 
from  her  finger,  and  took  away  her 
girdle.  After  whicli  ho  left  her,  and  she 
became  a  submissive  wife.  GUnther, 
with  unpardonable  ingratitude,  was  privy 
to  the  murder  of  his  friend  and  brother- 
in-law,  and  was  himself  slain  in  t!io 
dungeon  of  Etzel's  palace  by  his  sister 
Kriemhild.  In  history  this  Btirgundian 
king  is  called  Gviu'tacher.  —  Tke  Nilel- 
uiif/dt-Lied. 
Qurgoils.    (See  GMiGOVU.tr..) 

Gurine  (2  syl).  The  Celtic  Cei'be- 
ni3.  While  the  world  lasts  it  is  fastened 
at  the  mouth  of  a  vast  cave, but  at  the  end 
of  ih.o  world  it  will  bo  let  loose,  when  it 
will  attack  Tyr,  the  war-god,  and  kill  him. 

Giu'ney-Liglit.    (See  Bodk.) 

Guthlac  ('S'f.),  of  Crowland,  Lincoln- 
sinro,  is  represented  in  Cnrislian  art  as  a 
liciTnit  punishing  demons  with  a  scourge, 
or  consoled  by  angels  while  demons 
torment  him, 

Gutlirum.  Silver  of  Gulhrnm,  or 
Silver  of  (ridhrum's  Lauf.  Fine  silver 
was  at  one  time  so  called,  because  the 
chief  gold  and  silver  smiths  of  London 
resided  there  in  the  thirteenth  and  four- 
teenth centuries.  The  hall  of  the  Gold- 
smiths' Company  is  still  in  the  same 
locality.—  Ril(>j,  "Muniuunla  GildJiaUae." 

Gutta  Percha.  Latin  ijutta  (a  drop 
or  till-  juice),  Percha  from  the  island  of 
J'ulo  I'ercka.  The  juice  is  obtained  by 
cutting  the  bark  of  a  variety  of  trees,  of 
the  order  called  Sajpoia'cea- 


Gutter  liane  (Londot)  A  corrup- 
tion of  (Juthurun  Lane,  from  a  Mr. 
Gutliurun.  Goderoune.  orGuthnmi.  who. 
as  Stow  informs  us,  "possessed  the  rhief 
property  therein."     (See  GvTiiuv.M.) 

A II  goes  do^on  Gutter  Lane.  He  spends 
everytiiing  on  his  stomach.  The  play  is 
between  Gutter  Lane,  London,  and  gntlut 
(the  throat),  preserved  in  our  word  gxd- 
turol  (a  throat  letter). 

Guy.  The  Guiser  or  Guisurd  was  the 
ancient  Scotch  mummer,  -who  played  be- 
fore Yule  ;  hence  our  words  guise,  dis- 
guise, guy,  kc. 

Guy.  The  Dniids  wore  called  Gv.ys, 
whence  the  mistletoe  is  termed  in  French 
legui.    (.Ve-;  Guy  Rorrs.) 

Gn>i,  earl  of  Warwi<:k.  An  Anglo- 
Danish  hero  of  wonderful  puissance. 
Ho  was  in  love  with  fair  I'holis  or  Felice, 
who  refused  to  listen  to  his  suit  till  ho 
had  distinguished  himself  by  kninrlitly 
deeds.  First,  ho  rescued  the  daughter 
of  the  emperor  of  Germany  "  from  many 
a  valiant  knight ;"  then  ho  went  to 
Greece  to  figlit  against  the  Saracens, 
and  slew  tho  doughty  Coldran,  Elmaye 
king  of  Tyre,  and  the  soldan  liimself. 
Then  returned  ho  to  f]ngland  and  we<l.lod 
Phelis,  but  in  forty  days  ho  rotunied  to 
tho  Holy  Land,  where  ho  redeemed  earl 
Jonas  out  of  prison,  slew  the  giant  Am'- 
arant,  and  many  others,  ile  again  re- 
turned to  England,  andslewatWincho-tcr 
in  single  combat  Colbronde  or  Colbrand, 
the  Danish  giant,  and  thus  redeornel 
England  from  Danish  tribute.  At  Wind- 
sor he  slew  a  boar  of  "  passing  miijht 
and  strength."  On  Dunsmore  Heath  he 
slow  tho  "  Dun-cow  of  Dunsmore,  a 
monstroiis  wyld  and  cruell  beast."  In 
Northumberland  he  slew  a  dragon  "black 
as  any  cole,"  with  lion's  paws,  wings, 
and  a  hide  which  no  sword  could  pierce. 
Having  achieved  all  this,  he  became  a 
hermit  in  Warwick,  and  hewed  himself 
a  cave  a  milo  from  the  town.  Daily  he 
went  to  his  own  castle,  where  ho  was  not 
known,  and  begged  breail  of  his  o>vn 
wife  Phelis.  On  his  death-bed  he  sent 
Phelis  a  ring,  by  which  slie  recognised 
her  lord,  and  went  to  close  his  dving 
eyes.  (890-'.».'38.)  His  combat  with 'Col- 
brand is  very  elaborately  told  in  Dray- 
ton's "  Polyoliiion." 

I  a-ii  nf^t  S  imp^  n.  nir  Pir  Onr.  nor  C  .Ibnnl.  to 
n-i  w  th 'in  djwa  Ulurt  me— Muik<wpe<ir<,  *  iyenrir 
K;//.,'v.  3. 

Guyon  (Sir).     The  impersonation  of 


376 


GUY-llOPES. 


aVRFALCON. 


Temperance  or  Self-govemmont.  He 
destroys  the  witch  Acra'sia,  and  destroys 
her  bower,  called  the  "  Hower  of  Bliss." 
His  coTiipaiiis/u  was  Prudence. — Spenser, 
"  Fiieit/  Queen,"  bk.  ii. 

The  word  (juyon  is  the  Spanish  guiar 
(to  ^uide),  aud  the  word  Tcm[ierauce 
18  the  Latin  lem'pero  (to  guide). 

Guy-ropes.  Guide  or  guiding- 
ropes,  to  steady  heavy  goods  while  a- 
hoisting.  (Spanish  and  Portuguese, 
yuia,  irom  guiar,  to  guide.) 

Gwynn  {Xell).  An  actress,  and  one 
of  the  courtesans  of  Charles  II.  of  Eng- 
land (died  lCa7).  Sir  Walter  Scott  speaks 
of  her  twice  in  "  Pevcril  of  the  I'cak  ;" 
in  ch.  xi.  bo  speaks  of  "the  smart  hu- 
mour of  Mrs.  Nelly,"  and  in  cb.  xl.  lord 
Chaffinch  says  of  "  Mrs.  Nelly,  wit  she 
has,  let  her  keep  herself  warm  with  it  in 
worse  company,  for  the  cant  of  strollers 
is  not  language  for  a  prince's  chamber." 

Gyges'  Ring  rendered  the  wearer 
invisible.  Gygiis,  the  Lydian,  is  the 
person  to  whom  Candau'les  showed  his 
wife  naked.  According  to  Plato,  Gyg.'-s 
descended  into  a  chasm  of  the  earth, 
•R'here  he  fov\nd  a  brazen  horse  ;  opening, 
the  sides  of  the  animal,  he  found  the 
carcase  of  a  m.an,  from  whoso  finger  he 
drew  off  a  brazen  ring,  which  rendered 
him  invisible,  and  by  means  of  this  ring 
he  entered  the  king's  chamber  and  mur- 
dered him. 

Whv  did  you  think  that  you  had  Gyge-i'  ring. 

Or  tlie  herb  that  fives  invisibility  i/«i-n-sced)  ? 
BeuunioiU  and  Fletcher,  "  Fair  Maid  o/Uie  Inn,"  i.  1. 

The  wealth  of  Gyges.  Gyges  was  a 
Lydian  king,  who  married  Nyssia,  the 
young  widow  of  Candaules,  and  reigned 
thirty-eight  years.  He  amassed  such 
wealth  that  his  name  became  proverbial. 
(PveignedB.C.  71t)-678.) 

Gymnas'tics.  Athletic  games.  The 
worfl  is  from  gi/mna'sium,  a  public  place 
sot  apart  in  Greece  for  athletic  sports, 
which  were  done  naked.  (Greek,  gumnos, 
naked.) 

Gymnos'opllists.  A  .sect  of  Indi.an 
philosophers  who  went  about  with  naked 
feet  and  almost  without  clothing.  They 
lived  in  woods,  subsisted  on  roots,  and 
never  married.  They  believed  in  the 
transmigration  wr  souls.  Strabo  divides 
themiuto Brahmins  and  Samans.  (Greek, 
gumnos,  naked;  sophistes,  sages.) 

Gy 'netli.  Natural  daughter  of  Guen'- 


dolen  and  king  Arthur.  Arthur  swore 
to  Guendolen  that  if  she  brought  forth  a 
boy,  he  should  be  his  heir,  and  if  a  girl, 
lie  would  give  her  in  marriage  to  the 
bravest   knight   of   his   kingdom.      One 

Eeiitccost  a  beautiful  damsel  presented 
ersclf  to  king  Arthur,  and  claimed  the 
promise  made  to  Guendolen  ;  accordingly 
a  tournament  was  proclaimed,  and  tlie 
warder  given  to  Gyneth.  The  king 
prayed  her  to  drop  the  warder  before 
the  combat  turned  to  earnest  warfare, 
biitGyncth  hau^Hitily  refused, and  twenty 
knights  of  the  Uound  Table  fell  in  the 
tournament,  amongst  whom  was  young 
Vanoc,  son  of  Merlin.  Immediately  Vanoc 
fell,  the  form  of  IMerlin  rose,  put  a  stop 
to  the  fight,  and  caused  Gyneth  to  fall 
into  a  trance  in  the  Valley  of  St.  John, 
from  which  she  was  never  to  awake  till 
some  knight  came  forward  for  her  hand, 
as  brave  as  those  which  were  slain 
in  the  tournay.  Five  hundred  years 
passed  away  before  the  spell  was  broken, 
and  then  De  Vaux  undertook  the  adven- 
tire  of  breaking  the  spell.  He  overcame 
fourtemptations— fear,  avarice,  pleasure, 
and  ambition,  when  Gyneth  awoke,  the 
enchantment  was  dissolved,  and  Gyneth 
became  the  bride  of  the  boM  warrior.— 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  Bridal  of  Trier  main," 
c.  ii. 

Gvp.  -A-  college-servant,  whose  office 
is  that  of  a  gentleman's  ser\'ant,  waiting 
on  two  or  more  collegians  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge.  He  difTcrs  from  a 
bed-maker,  inasmuch  as  he  does  not 
make  beds  ;  but  he  runs  on  errands, 
waits  at  table,  wakes  men  for  morning 
chapel,  brushes  their  clothes,  and  so  on. 
His  perquisites  are  innumerable,  aud 
he  is  called  a  gj-p  {vulture,  Greek)  be- 
cause he  preys  upon  his  employer  like  a 
vulture.  At  Oxford  they  are  called  scouts. 

Gypsy.    (See  Gipsy.) 

Gyr falcon.  Gerfalcon,  or  Jerfalcon. 
A  native  of  Iceland  and  Norway,  highest 
in  the  list  of  hawks  for  falconry.  "  Gyr  " 
or  "Ger"  is,  I  think,  the  Dutch  gier,  a 
vulture.  It  is  called  tie  "  vulture- 
falcon  "  because,  like  the  vulture,  ita 
beak  is  not  toothed.  The  common  ety- 
mology from  A(«ro«,  sacred,  "because  the 
j!;gyptians  held  the  hawk  to  be  sacred," 
is  utterly  worthless.  Besides  Ger-falcons, 
tve  nave  Gier-eagles,  Lammer-giers,  &.& 
(German,  gier,  greedy.)     tSee  Haws.) 


HA  DA. 


377 


K 

H.  This  letter  reprosouts  a  stilo  or 
hciige.  It  is  called  iu  llobrew  heOi,  or  cketh 
(a  hedge). 

H.B.(Mr.  Doyle.fiithcrof  Mr.  Richard 
Doyle,  connectc(.l  with  Punch),  the  politi- 
cal caricaturist,  died  lSti3. 

H.M.S.  His  or  Her  Majesty's  servnce 
m  ship,  as  n.M..S.   Weiliwjtoa. 

Habeas  Corpus.  The  "Habeas 
Corpus  Act "  was  passed  in  the  rcigTi  of 
Charles  I[.,aiid  defined  a  provision  of 
similar  character  iu  Magna  Charta,  to 
which  also  it  added  certain  details.  The 
Act  provides  (1)  That  any  man  taken  to 
[jrison  can  insist  that  the  person  who 
charffes  him  with  crime  shall  bring  him 
bodily  before  a  judge,  a^id  state  the  why 
and  wherefore  of  his  detention.  As  soon 
as  this  is  done,  the  judgo  is  to  decide 
whether  or  not  the  accused  is  to  be  ad- 
mitted to  bail.  [No  one,  therefore,  can 
be  imprisoned  on  mere  suspicion,  and 
uo  one  can  be  left  in  prison  any  indefinite 
lime  at  the  caprice  of  the  powers  that  be. 
Iniiirisonment,  in  fact,  must  be  either  for 
punishment  after  conviction,  or  for  safe 
custody  till  the  time  of  trial.] 

(2)  It  provides  that  every  person  ac- 
cused of  crime  shall  have  the  question 
of  his  guilt  decided  by  a  jury  of  twelve 
men,  and  not  by  a  Government  agent  or 
nominee. 

(3)  No  prisoner  can  be  tried  a  second 
time  on  the  same  charge. 

(4)  Every  prisoner  may  insist  on  being 
examined  within  twenty  days  of  hisarrcst, 
and  tried  by  jury  the  next  .'■cssion. 

(;'))  No  defendant  is  to  be  sect  to  prison 
beyond  the  seas,  either  within  or  without 
the  British  dominions. 

The  exact  meaning  of  the  words  Ha- 
buis  Corpus  is  this :  "  You  arc  to  produce 
the  body."  That  is.  You,  the  accuser, 
are  to  bring  before  the  judge  the  body  of 
the  accuseil,  that  ho  may  bo  tried  and 
receive  the  award  of  the  court,  and  you 
(the  accused)  are  to  abide  by  the  award 
of  the  judge. 

iiu.i))en.iioii  of  Habeas  Vwpiis.  When 
the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is  suspended  the 
Crown  can  imprison  persons  on  SMpicion, 
without  giving  any  reason  for  so  doing  ; 
the  person  so  arrested  cannot  insist  on 
being  brought  before  a  judge  to  decide 
whether  or  not  be  can  bo  admitted  to 


bail ;  it  is  not  needful  to  try  the  pri.soner 
at  the  following  a.'.size  ;  and  the  pnsonei 
may  be  confined  in  any  prison  the  Crown 
chooses  to  select  for  the  purpose. 

Haberdasher,  from  haperlas,  a  cloth 
tlie  width  of  which  w.as  settled  by  Magna 
Ciiarta.  A  "  hapertas-er "  is  the  seller 
of  hapertas-erie. 

To  m&tch  this  saint  there  was  &n(/tb«r. 
As  busy  auj  nervira-  a  tircllicr, 
Au  lialieriia^hcr  of  S'l.all  warca 
In  politic;!  and  ;<t.ite  afTnirs 

BiMer.  "  lludi',rai,"  Hi.  t 

Habit  is  Second  Nature.  The 
wise  s;iw  of  Diogeni;s,  the  cynic.  (B.C.  412- 
3J3.) 

Habsburg  is  a  contraction  of 
JLiliichls-hurg  (Hawk's  Tower),  so  called 
from  the  castle  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Aar,  built  in  the  eleventh  century  by 
Werner,  bishop  of  Strasliurg,  whose  ne- 
phew (Werner  II.)  w.-vs  the  first  to  as- 
sume the  title  of  "Count  of  Habsburg." 
His  great-grandson,  Albrecht  II.,  as- 
sumed the  title  of  "  Landgraf  of  Sund- 
gau."  His  grandson,  Albrecht  IV.,  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  greatness  of  the  House  of 
Habsburg,  of  which  the  imperial  family 
of  Austria  are  the  representatives. 

T^'ackell's  Coit.  A  vast  stone  near 
Stanlin  Drew,  in  Somersetshire  ;  so  called 
from  a  tradition  that  it  was  .a  coil  thrown 
by  Sir  John  Hautville.  In  Wiltshire  three 
huge  stones  near  Kennot  are  called  the 
DeviVs  coits. 

Hackney,  from  the  French  haqnenet 
(a  cob-horse),  Italian  acchiaea.  The 
Romance  word  hac/iie  is  a  horse  (Latin 
e'pius).  The  French  were  accustomed  to 
let  out  their  cob-horses  for  short  jour- 
neys, and  at  a  later  jjcriod  they  were 
harnessed  to  a  plain  vehicle  called  coclu- 
d-kaquenie. 

Theknights  are  Will  horBei.andttiecommon  jwopl* 
auil  utbcrs  ou  litiU  /nAtJusyj  auil  ifeUyu^eB.— /'I'oi*' 
nU. 

Hackum  {Captabi).  A  thickheaded 
buily  of  Als;v'tia,  impudent  but  cowardly. 
Ho  was  once  a  sergeant  in  Flanders,  but 
ran  from  his  colours,  and  took  refuge  in 
Alsatia,  where  he  was  dubbed  captain. — 
a.'iadwell,  "  Squire  of  A  Isalia." 

Haco  I.  His  sword  wa.s  called  Quern- 
Biter  (J'ool-breadth). 

Hada.  The  Juno  of  the  Babyloniana 


378 


HADDOCK. 


HAGAN. 


Haddock.  AccordinK  to  tradition  it 
was  a  liaddoclc  in  whoso  mouth  St.  Peter 
found  tho  slater  (or  piece  of  money), 
and  tho  two  marks  on  the  fish's  neck  arc 
said  to  be  tho  iraprftssions  of  tho  apo.stle's 
finger  and  thumb.  It  is  a  pity  that  the 
person  who  invented  this  pretty  story 
forgot  that  salt-water  haddocks  cannot 
live  in  tho  fresh  water  of  the  lake  Gon- 
nesarct. 

O  surerstltious  dainty,  Pf  Ur's  flsh, 
lluw  com'si  thou  here  to  makt  no  goodly  dish  ? 
SUtdlua, "  Vi'il'ffuei."   {WM.) 

Hades.  Either  the  god  of  the  in- 
fernal regions,  or  the  infernal  regions 
themselves.  The  word  means  Unseen 
(Greek,  aides.). 

Ha'dith  (a  legend).  The  traditions 
about  Mahomet  the  Prophet's  sayings 
and  doings.  This  compilation  forms  a 
supplement  to  the  Koran,  as  the  Talmud 
to  the  Jewish  Scriptures.  Like  the 
Jewish  Gema'ra,  the  "Ha'dith"  was  not 
allowed  originally  to  bo  committed  to 
writing,  but  the  danger  of  the  traditions 
being  perverted  or  forgotten  led  to  their 
being  placed  on  record. 

Hadj.  The  pilgrimage  to  Kaa'ba 
(temple  of  Mecca),  which  every  Mahome- 
tan feels  bound  to  make  once  at  least 
before  death.  Those  who  neglect  to  do 
80  "  might  as  well  die  Jews  or  Chris- 
tians." (Hebrew  ha<j,  the  festival  of 
Jewish  pilgrimages  to  Jerusalem.) 

Hadji.  A  pilgrim,  a  Mahometan  who 
has  made  the  Iladj  or  pilgrimage  to  tho 
Prophet's  tomb  at  Mecca.  Every  Hadji 
is  entitled  to  wear  a  green  turban. 

Eaemony.  Milton,  in  his  "Comus," 
says  hwmony  is  of  "  sovereign  use  'gainst 
all  enchantments,  mildew,  blast,  or 
damp."  Coleridge  says  the  word  is 
hcema-oinos  (blood-wine),  and  refers  to 
the  blood  of  Jesus  Christ,  which  destroys 
all  evil.  The  leaf,  says  Milton,  "  had 
prickles  on  it,"  but  "  it  bore  a  bright 
golden  flower."  The  prickles  are  the 
crown  of  thorns,  the  floicer  the  fruits  of 
salvation. 

This  interpretation  is  so  in  accordance 
with  the  spirit  of  Milton,  that  it  is  far 
preferable  to  tho  suggestions  that  the 
plant  ag'rimony  or  allysum  was  intended, 
for  why  should  Milton  have  changed  the 
name? 

Dioscor'ides  ascribes  similar  powers  to 
tho   herb   allysum,   which,  as  ho  says, 


"kcejieth  man  and  boa.st  from  enchant- 
ments and  wtching." 

Haemos.  A  range  of  mountains 
separating  Thrace  and  Moe'sia,  called  by 
the  classic  writers  Cold  llccmos.  (Greek 
cheimon,  winter ;  Latin  hienis,  Sanskrit 
kima.) 

O'er  high  Pler'fa  thenee  her  course  Khe  bore, 
0  er  t:w  Ematli'ia'B  ever-plca-ing  ihore  ; 
OVr  Hajmiia'  hills  with  snows  eternal  crown'd, 
Korouce  her  flying /out  approaolied  the  ground. 
Fope,  "Iliad,"  liT. 

Hafed.  A  Gheber  or  Fire-worshipper, 
in  love  with  Hinda,  the  Arabian  emir's 
daughter,  whom  he  first  saw  when  bo 
entered  the  palace  unJer  the  hope  of 
being  able  to  slay  her  father,  t\ve  tyrant 
usurper  of  Persia.  He  was  the  leader  of 
a  band  sworn  to  free  their  country  or  die, 
and  his  name  was  a  terror  to  the  Arab, 
v.ho  looked  upon  him  as  superhuman. 
His  rendezvous  was  betrayed  by  a  traitor 
comrade,  but  when  the  Moslem  army 
came  to  take  him  he  threw  himself  into 
the  sacred  fire,  and  was  burnt  to  death. — 
Thomas  Moore. 

Hafiz,  the  great  Persian  IjTist,  called 
the  "Persian  Anacreon"  (fourteenth 
century).  His  odes  are  called  gha.ze.ls, 
and  are  both  sweet  and  graceful.  The 
word  hafiz  (retainer)  is  a  degree  given  to 
those  who  know  by  heart  the  Koran  and 
Hadith  (traditions). 

Hag.     So  called  from  hak  (a  specica 

of  snake),  whence  hag-worms  (snakes). 

How  now,  yen  secret,  blnck,  and  midinEht  hiuQi  ? 
Shakespmrt,  "  iladxith,"  iv.  1. 

Hagan  of  Trony  or  Ilaco  ofTfonray, 
son  of  Aldrian,  lieareman  of  Giinther,  king 
of  Burgimdy.  Giinther  invited  Siegfried 
to  a  hunt  of  wild  beasts,  but  while  the 
king  of  Netherland  stooped  to  drink  from 
a  brook,  Hagan  stabbed  him  between  the 
shoulders,  the  only  vulnerable  point  in 
his  whole  body.  He  then  deposited  the 
dead  body  at  the  door  of  Kriemhild's 
chamber,  that  she  might  stumble  on  it 
when  she  went  to  matins,  and  suppose 
that  he  h.ad  been  murdered  by  assassins. 
When  Kriemhild  sent  to  Worms  for  the 
"  JCibelung  Hoard,"  Hagan  seized  it.  and 
buried  it  secretly  somewhere  beneath  tho 
Rhine,  intending  himself  to  enjoy  it. 
Kriemhild,  with  a  view  of  vengeance, 
married  Etzel,  king  of  the  Huns,  and 
after  the  lapse  of  seven  years,  invited 
tho  king  of  Burgundy,  with  Hagan  and 
niany  others,   to  tho  court  of  her  bus- 


HAG  G  At)  A. 


HAIR. 


379 


band,  but  the  invitation  was  a  mere  snare. 
A  terrible  broil  was  stirred  up  in  the 
banquet  hall,  which  ended  in  the  slaus:h- 
ter  of  all  the  Biirgundiaus  but  two  (GUn- 
ther  and  Hagan ),  who  were  taken  prisoners 
and  given  to  Kriemhild,  who  cut  off  both 
their  heads.  Hagan  lost  an  eye  when  he 
fell  upon  Walter  of  Spain  as  he  was  dining 
on  the  chine  of  a  wild  boar.  Walter  pelted 
him  with  the  bones,  one  of  which  struck 
him  in  the  eye.  Ills  person  is  thus  de- 
scribed in  the  groat  German  epic  :  — 

Well-sro^n  Mni  well-C0Dipact«d  was  1  hat  redoubted 

Lc!ii;  were  his  legs  aad  sinewy,  aad  deep  and  broad 

bis  cliest ; 
liii  )i»i.',  tliat  once  was  sable,  wi'h  gre;  was  dashed 

of  late  : 
Most  lenille  his  visace.  finl  lordly  was  hi';  guit. 
r/i«  "  yiUhiin/eti-Lied."    8;auza  17S9. 

Hag'gada.  The  free  rsbbinical 
interpretation  of  Scripture.  (Hebrew 
luu/ijed,  to  relate.) 

Hag-knots.  Tangles  in  the  manes 
of  wild  ponies,  supposed  to  be  used  by 
witches  for  stirrups.  The  term  is  com- 
mon in  the  New  Forest.  Seamen  use  the 
word  hat/s-ttcth  to  express  those  parts  of 
a  matting,  &c.,  which  spoil  its  general 
aniformity. 

Hagring.  The  Fata  Morga'ua. — 
(^iic(.i)idiiiavia)i). 

Hahnemann  (^SajnueF).  A  German 
physician,  who  set  forth  in  his  "Organon 
of  Medicine"  the  system  which  he  called 
"homceopathy,"  tiie  princii)!es  of  which 
are  these  :  1 1 )  that  diseases  are  cured  by 
those  medicines  which  would  produce 
the  disease  in  healtby  bodies ;  (2)  that 
medicines  are  to  be  simple  and  not 
compounded;  (3)  that  doses  are  to  be 
exceedingly  miniite.     (17i»51843.) 

Haidee.  A  beautiful  Greek  girl, 
who  fovmd  Don  Juan  when  he  was  cast 
ashore,  and  restored  him  to  animation. 
"  Her  hair  was  auburn,  and  her  eyes 
were  black  as  death."  Her  mother,  a 
Moorish  woman  from  Fez,  was  dead,  and 
her  father,  Lanibro,  a  rich  Greek  pirate, 
was  living  on  one  of  the  Cyc'ladi-s.  She 
and  Juau  fell  in  love  with  e.ach  other 
during  the  absence  of  Lambro  from  the 
island.  On  his  return  Juan  was  ar- 
rested, placed  in  a  galliot,  and  sent  from 
the  island.  Haidee  went  mad,  and  after 
a  lingering  illness,  died.  —Byron,,  "  iJon 
Juan,"  can.  ii.,  iii.,  iv. 


HaH.      Health,    an    exclamation    of 

welcome,  like  the  Latin  Salve  (Saxon, 

had). 

All  bail,  Itlacbeth  1    Hail  to  thee,  thane  of  OIk'mU 
akaJinpeare,  "  Macbetii."  i.  3. 

He  was  IIail-tello7o- well-met  with  everi/ 
one;  on  easy,  familiar  terms.  Hailing 
every  one  with  courtesy,  and  making 
every  one  believe  that  it  was  well  they 
bad  met  together.     (See  Jockey.) 

Hall  :clIow  well  met,  all  dirty  and  wet ; 

yiiid  out,  if  yuu  can.  wiut'a  master,  ^^  ho*s  man. 

Sifift,  *'  iStj  Lady't  Lumeniatian." 

Hair.  One  single  tuft  is  left  on  the 
shaven  crown  of  a  Mussulman,  for  Maho- 
met to  grasp  hold  of  when  drawing  the 
deceased  to  Paradise. 

And  each  scalp  had  a  single  lon^  tuft  of  hair. 
Hyron,  ■•  Sie-je  o/  Ci.nnlh.' 

The  scalp-lock  of  the  North  American 
Indians,  ku  on  the  otherwise  bald  head, 
is  for  a  conquering  enemy  to  se.ze  when 
be  tears  uflf  the  scalp. 

A  httir  of  the  dog  that  bit  you  (simil'ia 
simil'ibus  curantur).  In  Scotland  it  is  a 
popular  belief  that  a  few  hairs  of  the  di'g 
that  bit  you  applied  to  the  wound  will 
prevent  evil  consequences. 

Take  the  hair,  it's  well  written. 
Of  the  doi?  by  which  you're  litten  ; 
Work  off  one  wine  by  his  brother. 
And  i.ne  libour  wi'.h  anotlier   .    .    ■ 
C  ok  with  cuuk.aud  strife  wih  strife  ; 
Bus.uess  Willi  bu6iiics.s,  wife  with  wife. 

Ath€iujcu»  {atcrxbtd  (u  Ai-ut'n^hana'U 

Ilair  of  a  dissembling  colour.  Red  hair 
is  so  called,  frcm  the  notion  that  Judas 
had  red  hair. 

Romlind.   Uis  Tery   hair  Is  of  the  dissembling 
colour  irtil). 
C'e^io.  tjomewhat  browner  than  J  ii  lass. 

Sliukt-prare,  "At  You  Lde  It,"  iiL  4. 

Against  the  hair.  Against  the  grain, 
contrary  to  its  nature. 

If  you  should  ficht  yon  go  ai^^in^t  the  hnir  of  your 
pr^J'e^8i0ll8.— S/i.iAe»peure,"i/erfy  WivttvJ  WimUtir" 
ii.  S. 

Hair  by  hair,  you  will  pull  out  the  horse's 
tail.  Plutarch  s;vys  that  Serto'rius,  in 
order  to  teach  his  soldiers  that  persever- 
ance and  wit  are  better  than  brute  force, 
had  two  horses  brought  before  them,  and 
Set  two  men  to  pull  out  their  tails.  One 
of  the  men  was  a  burly  Hercules,  who 
tugged  and  tugged,  but  all  to  no  purpose ; 
theother  was  a  sharp,  wesisen-faeed  tailor, 
who  plucked  one  hair  at  a  time,  amidst 
roars  of  laughter,  and  soon  left  the  tail 
quite  bare. 

Tlu  three  hairt.   When  Reynard  wanted 


880 


HAIR   STANE. 


HALGAVER. 


to  trel  t.ilkc'l  about,  he  toM  MLss  Matrjiie, 
under  the  promise  of  secrecy,  that  "  the 
lion  king  had  jriven  him  three  hairs  from 
the  fifth  leg  of  the  a'moronthol'ogos'iiho- 
rus  ...  a  beast  that  lives  on  the 
other  side  of  the  river  Cylinx  ;  it  has  five 
legs,  au<i  on  the  fifth  leg  there  are  threo 
hairs,  and  whoever  has  these  three  hairs 
will  be  young  and  beautifid  for  ever." 
They  had  effect  only  on  the  fair  sex,  and 
could  be  given  only  to  the  lady  whom 
the  donor  married. — Sir  E.  B.  Lytlon, 
"  I'Ugrims  of  the  Rhine,"  xii. 

I/air-breadth  'sca/ie.  A  very  narrow 
escape  from  some  evil.  In  measurement 
the  forty-eighth  part  of  an  inch  is  called 
a  '•■  hair- breadth." 

Wherein  I  sp&Ve  of  most  disastrous  chances. 
Of  moviDg  accidents  by  flood  ted  licld, 
Uf  hair-breadth  'scapes  i'  th'immiiient  deadly  bresch. 
i'hakefpeare,  "  VthtUo,"  i.  3. 

Hair  Stane  {Cellic)  means  boun- 
dary stone;  a  monolith  sometimes,  but 
erroneously  termed  a  Druidical  stone. 
{Scotland.) 

Hairs.     Gnut  events  drawn  hj  hairs. 

Sir  .luhu  Hawkins's  Uistorj)  of  A'luic—n  wurk  of  six- 
leeu  ytyir;j"  lal>uur — w;ts  plunged  intu  luug  obliviuu  by  a 
puu — A  iiallad  chauU'd  hy  a  tiile  de  cliambre  uudermmeJ 
the  culos!>al  puwerul  Allwroui.— A  siiii^le  hueot  Krederu-k 
I1-.  reilectiuii,  rjofoupuUlicB,  but  uu  t:jt:  poeiry  of  a  FreucU 
uuuister,  pluuged  iruuce  into  the  ^seveu  Years'  War. 

Hake.  We  lose  in  hake,  hv.l  gain  mi 
heiTing.  Lose  one  way,  but  gain  in 
another.  Herrings  are  persecuted  by 
the  bakes,  which  are  therefore  driven 
away  from  a  herring  fishery. 

Halacha  (i~ule).  The  Jewish  oral 
law.     (Stc  Gema'ra,  Mishna.) 

HalberjectS  or  Jlaithergets.  A  coarse 
thick  cloth  used  for  the  habits  of  monks. 
Thomson  says  it  is  the  German  al-lergen 
(cover-all)  or  Hah-hergen  (neck-cover). — 
Essay  on  Magna  Charta. 

Halcyon  Days.  A  time  of  happi- 
ness and  prospiniy.  Halcyon  is  the 
Greek  for  a  king-fisher,  compounded  of 
lulls  (the  sea)  and  kuo  (to  1  irood  on).  The 
aijcient  Sicilians  believed  that  the  king- 
fisher laid  its  eggs  and  incubated  for 
fourteen  days,  before  the  winter  solstice, 
on  the  surface  of  the  sea,  during  which 
time  the  waves  of  the  sea  were  always 
unrufHed. 

Amidst  our  arme  as  quiet  you  shall  be 
As  halcyon  broodiug  on  a  viuter's  sea, 

Drt/Jen. 
Ihe  peaceful  kinjj-fiehers  are  met  togeth  r 
About  the  deck,  and  prophesie  calm  weatl.cr. 
H'lU.  "  Iter  Boreale  " 


Half.  Ualf  M  more  Uuin  the  whole. 
{n\ti-v  ^/iiffu  TTaxTos).  This  is  what  Ilesiod 
Haid  to  his  brother  Perseus,  when  he 
wished  him  to  settle  a  dispute  without 
going  to  law.  He  meant  "  half  of  the 
estate  without  the  expense  of  law  will  be 
better  than  the  whole  after  the  lawyers 
have  h.ad  their  pickings."  The  remark, 
however,  has  a  very  wiiie  signification. 
Thus  an  emban'os  de  ricli^sse  is  far  less 
profitable  than  a  sufficiency.  A  large 
estate  to  one  who  cannot  manage  it  is 
impoverishing.  A  man  of  small  income 
will  be  poorer  with  a  large  house  and 
garden  to  keep  up  than  if  he  lived  in  a 
smaller  tenement.  Increase  of  wealth,  if 
expenditure  is  more  in  proportion,  tend- 
etli  to  poverty. 

Uubappy  they  to  whom  Ood  has  not  revealeJ. 
By  a  sirons  liKlit  which  must  tluir  taa-K  o-iitrol. 
That  half  a  an  at  e-tate's  more  than  tlie  whole. 
Cuwhy,  "  Kestigi  in  Vim  and  Froit"  Mo.  iv. 

Half  Done.  Hal  J  done,  as  Elgin 
was  burnt.  In  the  wars  between  James 
1 1,  of  Scotland  and  the  Douglases  in 
145"2,  the  earl  of  Huntly  burnt  one-half  of 
the  town  of  Elgin,  being  the  side  which 
belonged  to  the  Douglases,  but  left  the 
other  side  standing,  because  it  belonged 
to  his  own  family.— .Sir  Walter  Scott, 
"  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,"  xxi. 

Half-seas  over.  Almost  up  with 
one.  Now  applied  to  a  person  almost 
dead  drunk.  The  phrase  seems  to  be  a 
corruption  of  the  Dutch  op-zee  sober, 
"  over-sea  beer,"  a  strong  heady  beverage 
introduced  into  Holland  from  England 
i^Oijford).  "  Up-zee  Freese"  is  Frieze- 
land  beer.  The  German  sauber  means 
"  strong-beer  "  and  "  bewitchment." 

I  am  half-seas  o'er  to  death. 

Drifden. 
I  do  not  like  the  duhiess  of  your  eye. 
It  hath  a  heavy  cast,  'tis  up^ee  I.'ur.;i: 

Bin  Jonson,  "  AUhe;)iiit, '  it.  i. 

Halgaver.  Summoned  before  the 
Mayor  of  Halgaver.  The  mayor  of  Hal- 
gaver is  an  imaginary  person,  and  the 
threat  is  given  to  those  who  have  com- 
mitted no  offence  against  the  laws,  but 
are  simply  untidy  and  slovenly.  Hal- 
gaver is  a  moor  in  Cornwall,  near  Bod- 
min, famous  for  an  annual  carnival  held 
there  in  the  middle  of  July.  Charles  II, 
was  so  pleased  with  the  diversions  when 
he  passed  through  the  place  on  his  way 
to  Scilly,  that  he  became  a  member  of 
the  "  self-constituted  "  corporation.  The 
Mayor  of  Garratt  {q.v.)ia a  similar  " mag- 
nate." 


HALIFAX. 


HALLOWEEN, 


881 


Halifax.  The  name  of  this  Yorkshire 
town  is  derived  from  Saxon  halig,  holy, 
And  fax,  hair,  frem  the  sacred  hair  of  a 
certain  virgin  who  was  murdered  because 
she  would  not  surrender  her  virtue,  ana 
was  afterwards  canonised. 

Halifax  (in  Nova  Scotia).  So  called 
by  the  Hon.  Edward  Comwallis,  the 
governor,  in  compliment  to  his  patrou, 
the  Earl  of  Ilalifus.     (1749.) 

Halifax  Law.  By  this  law  whoever 
commits  theft  iu  the  liberty  of  Halifax 
is  to  be  executed  on  the  Halifax  gibbet, 
a  kind  of  guillotine. 

At  Ilall'fax  the  law  so  sharps  dcth  de«te, 
That  whoso  more  tliau  thirUen  pence  doth  Ete^le, 
Tliiy  lave  f.jyn  that  woudroua  q')ick  and  well 
binaa  thieves  1.II  lifodless  into  he. Ten  or  liell. 
TiiiUjr  {i)>e  Wa^ir  poai,"  Works,'' u.  (iijau). 

Hall  Mark.  The  mark  on  gold  or 
silver  articles  after  they  have  been  as- 
sayed. Every  article  in  gold  is  compared 
with  a  given  standard  of  pure  gold.  This 
standard  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into 
twenty-four  parts  called  carats ;  gold 
equal  to  the  standard  is  said  to  be  twenty- 
four  carats  fine.  Manufactured  articles 
are  never  made  of  pure  gold,  but  the 
quantity  of  alloy  used  is  restricted.  Thus 
sovereigns  and  wedding  rings  contain 
two  parts  of  alloy  to  every  twenty-two 
of  gold  ;  and  are  said  to  be  twenty-two 
carats  fine.  Gold  watch-cases  contain 
six  parts  of  silver  or  copi)er  to  eighteen 
of  gold,  and  are  therefore  eighteen  carats 
fine.  Other  articles  may  contain  nine, 
twelve,  or  fifteen  parts  of  alloy,  and  only 
fifteen,  twelve,  or  nine  of  gold.  The 
Mint  price  of  standard  gold  is  £3  ITs. 
lO.vl.  per  ounce,  or  £HJ  lis.  6d.  per 
pound. 

.Standard  silver  consists  of  thirty-seven 
parts  of  pure  silver  and  three  of  coiiper. 
'I'he  Mint  price  is  5s.  6d.  an  ounce,  but 
silver  to  be  melted  is  worth  sixpence  an 
ounce  less. 

Suppose  the  article  to  be  marked  is 
taken  to  the  assay  office  for  the  hall 
mark.  It  will  receive  a  Uopard's  Icead 
for  London  ;  an  anchor  for  Birmingham  ; 
three  wheat  sheaves  or  a  dof/ger  for  Chester  ; 
a  castle  with  ttco  tciiiys  for  Exeter ;  jive 
lioiu  and  a  crosi  for  York  ;  a  croioi  for 
Sheffield  ;  three  castles  fur  Newca.'Jtle-ou- 
Tyne ;  u  thistle  or  cast/e  and  lion  for 
Edinburgh ;  a  tree  a)ul  a  salmon  icitJi  a 
ring  in.  its  mouth  for  Glasgow  ;  a  harp  or 
UiUmio,   for  Publin,  k^.     The  specific 


mark  shows  at  once  where  the  article 
was  assayed. 

Besides  the  hall  mark,  there  is  also 
the  standard  mark,  which  for  England 
is  a  lion  passant  ;  for  Edinburgh  a  thistle ; 
for  Gla.sgow  a  lion  rampant;  and  for 
Ireland  a  a-owned  harp.  If  the  articlt 
stamped  contains  less  pure  metal  than 
the  standard  coin  of  the  realm,  the 
number  of  carats  is  marked  on  it,  as 
eighteen,  fifteen,  twelve,  or  nine  carats 
fine. 

Besides  the  hall  mark,  the  standarii 
mark,  and  the  figaire,  there  is  a  letter 
called  the  date  mark.  Only  twenty 
letters  are  used,  beginning  with  A,  omit- 
ting J,  and  ending  with  V  ;  one  year 
they  are  in  Roman  characters,  anotiier 
year  in  Italian,  another  in  Gothic,  another 
in  Old  English  ;  sometimes  tliey  are  all 
capitals,  sometimes  all  small  letters  ;  so 
by  seeing  tho  letter  and  referring  to  a 
table,  the  exact  year  of  the  mark  can  b© 
discovered. 

Lastly,  the  head  of  the  reigning  bcto 
reign  completes  the  marks. 

Hall'  Sunday.  The  Sunday  pre- 
ceding Shrove  Toesd.ay ;  the  next  day 
is  called  Hall'  Monday,  and  Shrove 
Tuesday  eve  is  called  Hall'  Night.  The 
Tuesday  is  also  called  pancake-day,  and 
the  day  preceding  callop  Monday,  from 
the  special  foods  popularly  prepared  for 
those  days.  All  three  were  days  of 
merrymaking.  Hall'  or  Halle  is  a  con- 
traction of  Hallow  or  Haloghe,  meaning 
holy  or  festival. 

Hall  of  Odin.  The  rocks,  such  as 
Halleberg  and  Himneberg,  from  which 
the  Hyperboreans,  when  tired  of  life, 
used  to  cast  themselves  into  the  sea  ;  so 
called  because  they  were  tho  vestibule 
of  the  Scandinavian  Elysium. 

Hallelujah  Victory.  A  victory 
gained  by  some  newly-baptised  Bretons, 
led  by  Germa'nus,  bishop  of  Auxerre 
(a.D.  4"J9).  The  conquerors  commenced 
the  liattle  with  loud  shouts  of  "  Hallelu- 
jah !  •' 

Hallifax.    (See  Halifax.) 

Halloween,  according  to  Scotch 
superstition,  id  the  timo  when  witches, 
devils,  fairies,  and  other  imps  of 
earth  and  air  hold  annual  holiday. 
— (See  Ualloicecn,  a  p<Jem  by  Kobcii 
iJUi'ns.) 


B82 


HALTEIL 


nANAP. 


Halter.  A  Bridport  dagger  (.'/.  v.) 
St.  Johnstone's  tippet. 

Haltios.  In  Laplandic  mythology, 
tlio  guardian  spirits  of  mount  Nio'mi. 

From  this  heiolit  (Nie'tni,  in  Litil'tnd)  we  liM 
opportunity  several  liims  to  see  those  vapours 
rise  friim  tlie  lake,  wliicli  the  reople  of  tiie  country 
Oiill  llallios.audwhi'^li  tliry  deem  to  I  e  i  lie  guardian 
spirits  of  tlie  iDountam.— Jf.  de  Maupertuis. 

Ham  and  Heyd.  Storm-domonf 
or  weather-sprites. — Scandinavian  my- 
tkologt). 

TliiiURh  valour  never  s'lould  be  icortied, 

Vet  now  the  storm  rules  wide; 
By  now  aguin  to  life  returned 

rU  wager  ilam  and  Heyd. 

FfUhuif  Saga^  "  Lay  xi, 

Hame'h.  In  Arabian  mytholog-y,  a 
bird  formed  from  the  blood  near  the 
brains  of  a  murdered  man.  This  bird 
cries  "  Iskoo'nee !"  (Give  me  drink!), 
meaning  drink  of  the  murderer's  blood  ; 
and  this  itcries  incespautly  till  the  death 
is  avenged,  whoti  it  Hies  away. 

Hamet.  The  Cid  Hamet  Benengi'li. 
The  hypothetical  Moorish  chronicler  from 
whom  Cervantes  professes  to  derive  his 
adventures  of  Don  Quixote. 

Of  the  two  had  cnssoclfs  I  am  worth  .  X  would 
have  given  the  Intter  of  them  as  freely  ss  evrn  Cio 
Utmet  offeied  bis   .  to  have  stood  by.— .Sienw. 

Hamilton.  Th&  reeTc  of  Mr.  Patrick 
Hamliton  luis  injected  cis  irMivjas  it  did  blow 
vpoii,  i.e.,  Patrick  IJaniiltou  was  burnt  to 
death  by  Cardinal  Beaton,  and  the  horror 
of  the  deed  contributed  not  a  little  to  the 
Reformation.  As  the  blood  of  martyrs  is 
the  seed  of  the  Churcli,  so  the  ^smoke  or 
reek  of  llamiltou's  fire  diffused  the  priu. 
ciples  fur  which  he  suffered.  (Io0-i-lo28.; 

Ham.ilto'nian  System.  A  method 
of  teachiug  foreign  lauguages  by  iuier- 
linear  trauslalious,  suggested  by  Jam-^e 
ilaiiiilton,  a  merchant.     (ITG'J-lbSl.) 

Hamlet.  A  daft  person  (Icelandic 
amlod'),  one  who  is  irresolute  and  can  do 
nothing  fully.  Shakespeare's  piay  is 
based  on  the  Danish  story  of  Amleth' 
recorded  iu  taxo-Urammai'icus. 
Hammer. 

(1)  Pierre    d'Alliy,    Le    Martemt     de$  j 
Hcrtiiques,  president  of  the  council  that 
condemned  John  Husa.     (1350-1425.) 

(2)  Judas  Asamonffius,  surnamed  Mac- 
cabceus,  "the  hammer."    (b,c.  1()G-13i3.) 

(3)  St.  Augustine  is  called  by  Ilake- 
woll  "  That  renowned  pillar  of  truth  and 
hammer  of  heresies."    (.■)'Jo-430.) 

(4)  John     Faber,    suruamcd    JIalkus 


Ilereiico'n'.m  from  t'uo  title  of  one  of  his 
works.     (1470-1541.) 

{5)  St.  Hilary,  bishop  of  Poitiers, 
Malleiit  Ariano'rum.    (350-307.) 

((J)  Charles  Martel,    (689-7-11.) 

On  pretend  qu'on  lui  donna  le  sumom  de  Martd, 
parceqiril  avail  (■cra<e  comine  avee  un  matteau  lei 
barraxiDB,  qui,  sous  la  con'luite  d'Ahderami',  avaieot 
euvitii  la  \' taaae.  —  liouMtt,   "  VixLiontiairt    C'nt- 

Hammer  oj  the  Scotch.  Edward  I. 
On  his  tomb  in  Westminster  Abbey 
is  the  inscription,  "  Edwardus  longus 
Scotorum  Malleus  hie  est"  (Here  is  long 
Edward,  the  hammer  of  the  Scots). 

Gone  to  the  hammer  ;  applied  to  goods 
Bent  to  a  sale  by  auction  ;  the  auctioneer 
giving  a  rap  with  a  small  hammer  when 
a  lot  is  sold,  to  intimate  that  th«re  is  an 
end  to  the  bidding. 

The;/  live  hammer  a7id  tongs;  aro  always 
quarrelling.  They  beat  each  other  like 
hammers,  and  are  as  "cro-ss  as  the  tongs." 

Ham.m^er  Cloth.  The  cloth  that 
covers  the  coach-box,  iu  which  hammer, 
nails,  bolts,  kc,  used  to  be  carried  in 
case  of  accident.  Another  etymology  is 
from  the  Icelandic  hamr  (a  skin),  skiu 
being  u.sed  for  the  purpose.  Our  "yel- 
low-hammer" means  yellow-skin.  Athird 
suggestion  is  that  the  word  hammer  is  a 
corruption  of  "hammock,"  the  seat  which 
the  cloth  covers  being  formed  of  straps  or 
webbing  stretched  between  two  crutchen 
like  a  sailor's  hammock. 

Hampton  Court  Conference.  A 

conference  held  at  Hampton  Court  in 
January,  1604,  to  settle  the  disputes 
between  the  Church  party  and  the  Puri- 
tans. It  lasted  three  days,  and  its  result 
was  a  few  slight  alt"rations  in  the  Book 
of  Common  Prayer. 

Hamshackle.  A  harum-scarum,  a 
wild  sort  cf  a  f eilow,  one  who  is  very  irre- 
gular. To  hamshackle  a  horse  is  to 
shackle  his  head  to  one  of  his  fore-legs. 

Eamtill.  The  guardian  angel  of  the 
Guebres. — Pei'sian  ihyihology. 

Han.  Sons  of  Ildn.  The  Chinese  ar« 
so  caiied  from  Han  the  founder  of  the 
twenty-sixth  dynasty,  with  which  modem 
history  commences.     (206-220.) 

Hanap.  The  cup  out  of  which  our 
Lord  drank  at  the  last  supper,  afterward* 
called  the  "  San-groal."     {See  GR£aL.) 


nANAPER. 


HANDBOOK. 


SS-I 


Ilan'aper.  Exchequer.  "  Hanaper- 
officc,"  an  office  where  all  writs  relating 
to  the  public  were  formerly  kept  in  a 
hamper  (t)i  hanapa'io).  Hauaper  is  Nor- 
man for  "  a  hamper." 

Hand.  Tlio  whole  deal  of  cards  priven 

to  a  sinirlo  player.     The  cards  which  ho 

holds  in  his  hand. 

A  Mint  in  heaven  wouM  prievp  to  see  such  "  hand" 
Cut  up  by  one  »ho  will  nut  uu'ier^taiid. 

CraliU,  "  Borough.'' 

Hand.  Previous  to  the  twelfth  century 
the  Supreme  Bcin<»'  was  rei>resentcd  liy  a 
hand  extended  from  the  clouds  ;  some- 
times the  hand  is  open,  with  rays  if3sning; 
from  the  finfjers,  but  generally  it  is  in 
the  act  of  benediction,  i.e.,  v/ith  two 
finjrers  raised. 

J/und  of  Justice.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
sceptre  or  biton  anciently  used  by  kings, 
which  h.ad  an  ivory  hand  at  the  top  of  it. 

A  n  empti/  hand  is  no  lure  for  an,  haw/c. 
You  must  not  expect  to  receive  anything 
without  giving  a  return.  The  Germans 
Bay  W'tr  sdnniert  dcr  j'uhrt  The  Latin 
provcib  is  JjiL,  si  vii  accipere,  or  Pi'o 
nihllo,  nihil  Jit. 

Puttinfj  the  hand  under  tlu  thigh.  An 
ancient  ceremony  used  in  swearing. 

And  Abnham  said  unto  his  el'!e»t  servf.iit  .  .  . 
I'm,  1  iiiiiv  thee,  tliy  hiud  niuler  my  tln.:h,  and  I 
will  mike  tliec  swf&r  .  .  .  that  liiou  nl.ttk  nji  take 
a  Wife  iiuto  my  ■  m  cf  the  daughters  uf  the  Cauooa- 
Hf»—(itntt<t  .xxiT.  •.'.:!. 

And  the  liim-  drew  nich  that  Israel  mujt  die ;  and 
he  called  his  sod  Joa  ph  and  siml  unto  him  ,  .  . 
I'lit  .  .  .  thy  hand  uuJer  my  thitih,  and  deal.  .  . 
tiTjly  with  me  :  bury  me  not  ...  in  Egypt.— 
(itntnt  xlvii.  '.'9. 

To  kiss  the  hand  (Job  xxxi.  27).  To 
worship  falso  t,'ods.  Cicero  ("  In  Vcr- 
rcm,"  lib.  iv.  43)  speaks  of  a  statue  of 
Iforcules,  the  chin  and  lips  of  which  were 
eousidorably  worn  by  the  kisses  of  his 
worshippers.  Host^a  (xiii.  2)  says,  "  Let 
the  men  that  sacrifice  kiss  the  calves." 
|.SVe  Adoke.) 

I  hare  left  me  seven  thou'ard  in  Israel  .... 
which  have  1101  howed  nnti>  liiTil.  aiii  .  .  .  which 
(iitTe)  not  kiiised  itheir  hand  toj  bim.-l  Kingt 
til.  18. 

To  Strike  hands  (Prov.  svii.  13).  To 
make  a  contract,  to  become  surety  for 
aiiolhcr.  (.!>t;e also  Prov.  vii.  laud  xxii.26.) 
The  ICnglish  custom  of  shaking  hands  in 
confirmation  of  a  bargain  has  been 
comniou  to  all  nations  and  all  afjes.  In 
feudal  times  the  vassal  jnit  his  hands  in 
the  hands  of  his  overlord  on  taking  tho 
oath  of  fidelity  and  homage. 

r/i*  open  red  hand,  forming  part  of  tho 


j    arms  of  tho  Province  of  Ulster,  oomme- 

I    morales  the  daring  of   O'Neile,  a  bold 

adventurer,   who  vowed   to    be  first  to 

I    touch  the  shore  of  Ireland.     Finding  the 

j    boat  in  which  he  was  rowed  outstripped 

!    by  others,  he  cut  off  his  hand  and  flung 

it  to  the  shore,  to  touch  it  before  those 

in  advance  could  land. 

The  open  red  hand  in  the  armorial  coat 
of  baronets  arose  thus  : — James  I.  in  ItiU 
created  200  baronets  on  the  payment  of 
£1,000  each,  ostensibly  "for  the  ameliora- 
tion of  (Jlstor,"  and  from  this  connection 
with  Ulster  they  were  allowed  to  place 
on  their  coat  armour  the  "open  red 
hand,"  up  to  that  time  borne  by  the 
O'Neilcs.  Tho  O'Neile  whose  estates 
wore  made  forfeit  by  king  James  was 
s^irn.amed  Lamh-derg  Eirin,  (red-hand  of 
Erin). 

Tlie  red  or  hloody  hand  in  coat  armour 
is  genei-n.lly  connected  with  some  tra- 
ditional tale  of  blood,  and  the  badjjewas 
never  to  be  expunged  till  the  bearer  had 
passed,  by  way  of  penance,  seven  years 
in  a  cave,  without  companion,  without 
shaving,  and  without  uttering  a  single 
word. 

In  Aston  Church,  near  Birmingham,  is 
a  coat-armorial  of  the  Holts,  tho  "bloody 
hand"  of  which  is  thus  accounted  for  :— 
.U  is  said  th.at  Sir  Thomas  Holt,  some  200 
years  ago,  murdered  his  cook  in  a  cellar 
with  a  spit,  and  when  pardoned  for  tho 
offence,  the  king  enjoined  him,  by  w.ay 
of  penalty,  to  wear  ever  after  a  "  bloody 
hand  "  in  his  family  coat. 

In  the  church  of  Stoke  d'Abemon, 
Surrey,  there  is  a  red  hand  upon  a  monu- 
ment, the  le^'-endof  wliichis,  that  a  gentle- 
man sb.o  .tiiifjf  with  a  friend,  w;is  so  morti- 
fied at  meeting  with  no  i.'aiiio,  that  he 
swore  he  would  shoot  the  first  live  thing 
he  met.  A  miller  was  the  victim  of  this 
rash  vow,  and  the  "bloody  h;uid"  was 
placed  in  his  family  co.at  to  keep  up  a 
perpet\ial  meni(iri.T.l  of  the  crime. 

Similar  Icircnds  are  told  of  the  rod 
hand  iu  Waturingbury  Church,  Kent ;  of 
tho  red  hand  on  a  table  iu  the  hail  of 
Church-Gresly,  in  Derbyshire ;  and  ol 
many  others. 

Hand-book.  Spelman  says  that 
king  Alfred  tisod  to  carry  in  his  bosom 
memorandum  leaves,  in  which  ho  made 
observations,  and  took  so  much  i>loasur«» 
therein  tliat  he  called  it  his  han<l-book, 
because  it  was  always  in  his  hauiL 


SS4 


IIANDFASTING. 


HANGEL*. 


Handfasting.  A  sort  of  marnap;e. 
A  fair  was  at  one  time  held  in  Dumfries- 
shire, at  whicli  a  yovinLT  man  was  allowed 
to  pick  out  a  female  companion  to  live 
with  him.  They  lived  together  for  twelve 
months,  and  if  they  both  liked  the  ar- 
rangement, were  man  and  wife.  This 
was  called  hand-fasliyig  or  hand-fasUiiivg. 

This  sort  of  contract  was  common 
among  the  Romans  and  Jews,  and  is  not 
unusual  in  the  East  oven  to  the  present 
hour. 

Hand  Paper.  A  particular  sort  of 
paper  well  known  in  the  llecord-oflice, 
and  so  called  from  its  water-mark,  which 
goes  back  to  the  fifteenth  century.   Car* 

Handicap.  A  game  at  cards  not 
unlike  Loo,  but  with  this  difference— the 
winner  of  one  trick  has  to  put  in  a  double 
stake,  the  winner  of  two  tricks  a  triple 
stake,  and  so  on.  Thus  :  if  six  pfirsous 
are  playing,  and  the  general  stake  is  Is., 
and  A  gains  three  tricks,  he  gains  6s., 
and  has  to  "  hand  i'  the  cap  "  or  pool  3s.  j 
for  the  next  deal.  Suppose  A  gains  two 
tricks  and  B  one,  then  A  gains  4s.  and  B 
2s.,  and  A  has  to  stake  3s.  and  B  2s.  for 
the  next  deal. 

To  the  Mitre  Tavom  in  Wood  Street,  a  house  of 
the  greatest  note  in  London.  Here  some  of  us  fe.i  to 
handicap,  a  Bpo.t  I  never  knew  before  whicl,  wa« 
Tery  good.-Popv».     l^^  Diary,"  bipt.  18,  166u. 

Jlandicap,  in  racing,  is  the  adjudging  of 
various  weights  to  horses  differing  in  age, 
power,  or  speed,  in  order  to  place  them 
all,  as  far  as  possible,  on  an  equality.  If 
two  unequal  players  challenge  each  other 
at  chess,  the  superior  gives  up  a  piece 
and  this  is  his  handicap.  So  called 
from  the  ancient  game  referred  to  by 
Pepys. 

The  Winner's  Handicap.  The  winning 
horses  of  previous  races  being  pitted 
together  in  a  race  royal  are  first  handi- 
capped according  to  their  respective 
merits  :  the  horse  that  has  won  three 
races  has  to  carry  a  greater  weight  than 
the  horse  that  has  won  only  two,  and  this 
latter  more  than  its  competitor  who  is 
winner  of  a  single  race  only. 

Handkercliief.  "  TkecommiUeewai 
at  a  loss  to  know  ivhom  next  to  tkrow  th^ 
handlerchief  to"  (The  rime.*).  The  uiean- 
ino'  is  that"  the  committee  did  not  know 
wnom  they  were  to  ask  next  to  make  a 
speech  for  tliem  ;  and  the  allusion  is  to 
tha  Kairo  called  in  Norfolk  "Stir  up  the 


dumplings,"  and  by  girls  "Kiss  in  the 
ring." 

Handle.  //<  has  a  handle  to  his  iianu. 
Some  title,  as  "lord,"  "sir,"  "doctor." 
Tiio  French  say  Monsimr  sans  queue,  a 
man  without  a  tail  (handle  to  his  name). 

HandycufTs.  Cuffs  or  blows  given 
by  the  baud.  "  Fisticuffs"  is  now  more 
common. 

Hang.  To  luing  in  the  hell  ropes.  To 
be  asked  at  churc'h,  and  then  defer  the 
marriage  so  that  the  bells  hang  fire. 

Hanged  or  Slranrjled.  Examples 
from  the  ancient  classic  writers  :— 

(1)  Ac'HiU8,kingof  Lydia, endeavoured 
to  raise  a  new  tribute  from  his  subjects, 
and  was  hanged  by  the  enraged  popula-^e, 
who  threw  the  dead  body  into  the  river 
I'actolus. 

(2)  Ama'ta,  wife  of  kinglati  nus.  pro- 
mised her  daughter  Lavin'ia  to  king 
Turnus;  when,  however,  she  was  given 
in  marriage  to  .(Kue'as,  Ama'ta  hanged 
herself  that  she  might  not  see  the  hated 
st-anger.— T'iiY/i/,  "  u£neid,"  vii. 

(3)  Aracii'ne,  the  most  skilful  of 
needlewomen,  hanged  herself  because  she 
was  outdone  in  atrial  of  skill  by  Minerva. 
—  Oeid,  "  Metamorphoses,"  vi.,  fab.  1. 

(4)  Autol'yca,  mother  of  Ulysses, 
hanged  herself  in  despair  on  receiving 
false  news  of  her  son's  death. 

(.5)  BoNo'sus,  a  Spaniard  by  birth,  was 
strangled  by  the  emperor  Probus  for 
assununiT   the  imperial  purple  in  Gaul. 

(A.I).  2S0.)  ,     ,  „  ,      • 

(6)  Inns,  a  beautiful  youth  of  Salamis, 
of  mean  birth,  hanged  himself  because  his 
addresses  were  rejected  by  Ana.xar'ete, 
a  girl  of  Salamis  of  similar  rank  in  life.— 
Ovid,  "Metamorphoses,"  xiv.  70S,  &c. 

(7)  Lati'nus,  wiffc    of.    {See  Amata, 

above.)  ,  X-     1    1        1 

(8)  Lycam'bes,  father  of  Neobula,  wLo 
betrothed  her  to  Archil  ochos,  the  poet. 
He  broke  hit  promise,  and  gave  her  in 
marriage  to  a  wealthier  man.  Archil'o- 
chos  so  scourged  them  by  his  satires  th.at 
both  father  and  daughter  hanged  them- 
selves. 

(9)  Nkobij'l.a..     {See  above.) 

(10)  Phyllis,  queen  of  Thrace,  the  ac- 
ce])ted  of  Demoph'oiJn,  who  stopped  on  her 
co.ists  on  his  return  from  Troy.      Demo- 

[  phoiln  was  called  away  to  Atheus,  and 
promised  to  return  ;  but  failing  bo  to  do, 
Phyllis  hanged  herself.    {Hee  UiuwN.) 


MANGER. 


HANSEATTC   LEAGUE.      38fc 


Hanger.  Proporly  the  frinjfeH  loop 
or  strap  liune;  to  the  ijiriile  l>y  which  the 
iagf^er  wa.s  suspeiKlcl.  but  applied  hy  a 
foinriion  fijr'ire  of  speech  to  the  sword  or 
Jaeger  itstif. 

U(U  •  tWviCS  ia  Ucaiicrs  huig  fac'.  by  ttieir  t'it. 
J.  Tayior.    (163..) 

Hanging.  Hanging  yardens  oj  Baby- 
Ion.  Four  acres  of  pardau  raised  on  a 
base  Btipported  by  pillars,  and  towering- 
in  terraces  ooo  above  another,  30U  feet  in 
hei^j'ht.  At  a  distance  tlicy  lookid  like  a 
v;i.st  pyramid  covered  with  tree.?.  This 
niounil  was  con.struoted  by  Nobiichad- 
uezzar  to  gratify  his  wife  Atn'ylis,  who 
felt  weary  of  the  Mat  plains  of  Uabylon, 
fciid  lonpecl  for  sdniethincf  to  remind  her 
of  her  native  Me'diau  hills. 

Hat  gmen  ami  Excculwncrt. 

(1 )  BiJi.L  is  the  earliest  hangman  whose 
oaiue  survives  (Ji.  1593). 

(2)  Jock  Sutuhiii.«.j<d. 

(3)  Deuiuck,  who  cut  off  the  Lead  of 
Ks.sex  in  1601. 

(4)  Ghkgoht.  Father  and  son,  men. 
tioned  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (ltj47). 

(5)  GuECOitif   Bhandon,  about  1**48. 

(6)  RiCIUKD  CliANDON,  his  SOU,  who 
exocuted  Charles  I. 

(7)  SguiitK   Dr.N,  mentioned  by  lludi-  ' 
bras,  (pt.  iii.,  c.  '2).  j 

(S)  Jack  Kktcu  (1C78)  executed  lord  i 
[lussell  and  the  duke  of  Montnoutli. 

CJ)  Rose,  the  butcher  (IGSG),  but  Jack 
Ketcli  was  restored  to  office  the  same 
year. 

(10)  EdwaudDennis(1780),  introduced 
as  a  character  in  Dickens's  "  liarnaby 
Uudpo." 

(11)  Thomas  Cuesuire,  nicknamed 
"OM  Ch.teso." 

(12)  John  Calckaft;  SUitwoou. 

(13)  Of  foroig-n  e.xocutioners  the  most 
celebrated  are  Little  John;  Cupeluche, 
hea.  Isman  of  Paris  durin;,' the  terrible  da\  3 
of  the  Arraagnacs  and  Bur^-nndi.ms  ;  .and 
lao  two  brothers  Sanson,  who  wora  ese 
cutionera  during  the  first  French  Rovolu 
tioii. 

*.•  Iludibra.s,  under  the  name  of  Dun, 
"  personates  "  Sir  Arthur  Ilazelrip,  "  the 
actlvost"  of  the  tivo  members  impoachoil 
by  Kincr  Charles  I.  The  other  four  wero 
.Nlonk,  Walton,  Murloy,  and  Alured, 

Parifi^raan's  Wages.  13Jd-  The 
fee  (jivon  to  the  executioner  at  Tyburn, 
with  IJd.   for   th.'^   rope     This  w'a»  tlie 


value  of  a  Scotch  merk,  and  therefore 
points  to  the  reign  of  James,  who  decreed 
that  "the  coin  of  silver  called  the  mark- 
piece  shall  be  current  within  the  king- 
dom at  the  value  of  IS.^.d."  Whatever 
the  ancient  fee  might  be,  xhe  present 
price  is  Ms.  (3.1.,  of  which  7s.  6d  is  the 
fee,  4s.  Gd.  for  stri(>pini(  the  b'.dy,  and 
2s.  Gd.  forthcuse  of  the  shell.  Nobler.:en 
who  were  to  be  beheaded  were  e.xpoi.tici 
to  give  llio  executioner  from  £7  to  XU 
for  cutting  oil"  their  head. 

For  li,ilf  lit  ll.irln-niMiuc  liniwniiy  w^'M 
I  ti.iwM  Imve  rlcHred  all  tl.p  U.wii  itnLVt, 
Anil  yuu  sliuuia  have  lucii  ri<l .'( :tli  Uii;  iiUcek 
f«n.linyj:H!l..w«Ki-.«ii      , 
Tif  llatii/man't  l.,itl   Willand  T-H'mtnl, 

/ Itump  iMt.yt.l 

Hanoverian  Shield.  This  escut- 
cheon useil  to  bo  added  to  the  arms  of 
Knglaud  ;  it  was  ]>hued  in  the  ceiilre  of 
the  shield  to  show  that  the  House  of 
Hanover  came  to  the  crowu  by  election, 
and  not  by  conquest.  Conquerors  str  ke 
out  arms  of  a  con.piered  country,  and 
place  their  own  in  lieu. 

Hans  von  Rippach()-i/)-;3a>t).  Jack 
of  Rippach,  a  Monsieur  Nong-tong-jias, 
i.«.  some  one  .askud-for  who  does  not  e.\i.-t. 
A  gay  Gf  rman  spark  calls  at  a  house  and 
asks  for  Ilorr  Haus  von  Kippach.  An 
English  spark  a^ks  for  Monsieur  Noiii,'-- 
ton^j-pas.  Rippach  is  a  village  near 
Leipsig. 

Hansard.  The  Cntish  parliamentary 
records  and  debates,  printed  and  puii. 
lisiicd  by  the  Messrs.  Hansanl.  The  pio- 
scnt  firm  print  only  the  bills  before  par- 
liament, the  reports  of  committees  and 
some  of  the  accounts;  tho  other  parlia- 
mentary records  are  prinleil  by  other 
firms.  Luk'j  Hansard,  tho  founder  of  tho 
present  family,  camo  from  Norwich  in 
1752. 

Hanse  Towns.  The  maritime  cities 
of  Germany,  which  belonged  to  tho  Han. 
bcatic  League  {q.v.). 

Hanseat'ic  League.  Tho  first  trade 
union  ;  it  was  established  in  tho  thir- 
teenth century  by  certain  cities  of  Nor- 
thern Germany  for  their  mutual  prosj)!"- 
rity  and  protection.  Tho  iliet  which  used 
to  be  held  every  three  years  was  called 
tho  //a)M(i,  and  the  niei:ibcrs  of  it  iJau- 
sards.  Tho  league  was  virtually  broken 
up  in  1630.  (German,  am-ste,  on  the  se;*. 
'I'lie  lenguo  was  originally  called  tho.4D»- 
Sie-staaltn,  fruo  cities  on  'he  sea). 


38« 


HANSEL. 


IIAKR. 


Haiisol.  A  tfifi  ur  l)ril>o,  tbo  first  mo- 
ney received  in  a  day.  llonco  Ilanscl- 
Moiii'.ay,  Iho  first  Jlonday  of  the  year. 
To  "  hansel  our  swords"  is  to  uso  them 
for  the  first  time.  In  Norfolk  wc  hear  of 
hanselling  a  coat,  i.e.,  wearing  it  for  tlie 
first  time.  Lemon  tells  us  that  supor- 
ititious  people  will  spit  on  the  first  mo- 
ney t;i.ken  at  market  for  luck,  and  Misson 
tays  "  lis  lo  baisont  en  lo  rcccvant,  cras- 
chent  dossus,  et  le  motteiit  <lans  une 
oocho  ajwrt."— •"  Travels  in  England," 
p,  Ui2. 

Hansel  Mondaji.  The  first  Mouday  of 
the  new  year.     (^>e  above. ) 

Happy  Arabia.  A  mistranslation 
of  the  Latin  A  rabia  feli.t,  which  means 
simply  on  the  ri(j/U  hand,  i.e.,  Arabia  on 
f.ho  "folix  "  sido  of  iMocca;  the  sinister 
city  is  Al-Shan. 

Happy  Valley,  in  Dr.  Johnson's 
tale  of  Itasselas,  is  placed  in  the  kingdom 
of  Amhara,  and  was  inaccessible  except 
in  one  spot  through  a  cave  in  a  rock.  It 
was  a  Garden  of  t'.iradise  where  resided 
the  princes  of  Abyssinia. 

Hapsburg.  (5«  Habsburo.) 
Har.  The  second  person  of  the,  [n- 
dian  'I'rinity.  lie  has  already  pass<'d  his 
ninth  incarnation  ;  in  his  tenth  he  will 
take  the  forms  first  of  a  peacock,  and 
then  of  a  horso,  whan  all  the  followers  of 
Mahomet  will  be  destroyed. 

Ha'ram  or  Ha'rem,  means  in  Ara- 
bic iacfcd  or  not  to  be  violated;  a  name 
given  by  Mahometans  to  those  apart- 
ments which  are  appropriated  exclusively 
to  the  female  members  of  a  family. 

Hai''apha.  A  descendant  of  Og  and 
Anak,  a  giant  of  Gath,  who  went  to 
mock  Sanison  in  prison,  but  durst  not 
venture  within  his  reach.  Kapha  in  He- 
brew means  a  giant,  and  Arapha  was 
father  of  the  giants  of  liepliaim. — Mil- 
tffn,  "  Samson  Agunistes." 

Harbinger.  One  who  looks  out  for 
lodgings  or  a  harbour,  hence  a  fore- 
runner, a  messenger. 

I  'U  be  myeeU  the  liarMnger,  nilil  mike  jorful 
The  hfuriDb'  of  my  nifo  with  your  apmori  !i. 

Shakespiare.  "ilacUth,"  L  1. 

Hard  by.  Near ;  a  corruoMon  of  the 
German  hierhei  (bere-by). 

Hardouin  (2  syl.).  E'en  Hardouin 
would  not  object.  Said  in  apology  of  an 
bistorical  or  chronological  incident  intro- 


duced into  a  Ireatitie  against  which  some 
ca[)tiou8  persons  take  exception.  Jean 
Hardouin,  the  learned  Jesuit,  was  librarian 
lo  Louis  le  Grand.  He  was  so  fastidious 
that  he  doubted  the  truth  of  all  received 
history,  denied  the  aiilhcnticity  of  the 
"  Mnii\i\"  of  Virgil,  the  "Odes"  of 
Horace,  kc. ;  placed  no  faith  in  medals 
and  coins,  rcganled  all  councils  before 
that  of  Trent  as  chimerical,  and  looked  on 
Descartes,  .Malebranche,  I'aKcal,  and  all 
Jansenists  as  infidels.     (1G46-1729.) 

Evfri  pdre  Hardouin  would  not  enter  his  protpjl 
»i;ain8l  such  a  collcctioa— Or.  A.  CUirkt,  "  Kuan." 

Hardy  (Leiltia).  Heroine  of  the 
"  Belle's  Stratagem,"  by  N[rs.  Cowley. 
She  is  a  young  lady  of  fortune  destitied 
to  marry  Duricourt.  She  first  assumes 
the  air  of  a  raw  country  hoyden  and  dis- 
gusts the  fastidious  man  of  fashion  ;  then 
she  appears  at  a  masquerade,  and  wins 
him.  The  rcarriage  is  performed  at  mid- 
night, and  Doricourt  does  not  know  that 
the  masquerader  and  hoyden  are  the 
same  Miss  Hardy  till  after  the  ceremony 
is  over. 

The  Hardy,  t.«.,  brave  or  daring  ;  hence 
the  phrase  hardi  comme  tm  lion. 

(1)  William  Douglas,  defender  of  Ber- 
wick.    (Died  1302.) 

(2)  Philippe  III.  of  France,  Is  Hardi. 
(1245,  1270-1285.) 

(3)  Philippe  II.  due  de  Bourgogne,  U 
Hardi.     (1342,  1363-1382.) 

Hare.  It  is  unlucky  for  a  hare  to 
cross  your  path,  because  witches  were 
Baid  to  transform  themselves  into  bares. 

Nor  did  we  m"ef.  with  nimble  fett, 

Vi\e  little  frarfjl  kpu.s  ; 
That  cevtaiu  sii;n,  us  sjins  diviue. 

Of  fortune  t'S  1  to  keep  us. 

KllUon.  ■'  Trip  to  Bentiidi,"  Ix. 

Hold  tvith  the  hare  and  run  with  tht 
hounds.  To  play  a  double  and  deceitful 
game,  to  be  a  traitor  in  the  camp.  To 
run  with  the  hounds  as  if  intent  to  catch 
the  hare,  but  ail  the  while  being  the  se- 
cret friend  of  poor  Wat.  In  the  Ameri- 
can war  these  double  dealers  were  called 
Copperheads  (q.v.). 

Mad  as  a  March  hare.  Hares  are  un- 
usually shy  and  wild  in  March,  which  is 
their  rutting  season. 

Melanrhoh  as  a  hare  (Shakespeare,  "  1 
Henry  IV.,"  i.  2).  According  to  media>. 
?al  quackery  the  flesh  of  hare  was  cup- 
posed  to  genora'-e  mclaucholr,  and  fi.ll 
foods  imparted  their  (.wr.  speciality. 


HARE-BELL. 


HARM. 


S87 


The  quaking  hare,  in  Drj'ilen's  "  Hind 
and  Panthnr,"  means  tho  Quakers. 

Amon?  the  tinticrous  kind,  the  qu»kin?  hare 
Professed  neutrality,  but  would  not  swear. 

I'nrt  L 

Hare-bell.  A  corruption  of  Ayr-bell, 
from  the  Welsh  aioyr  pel,  a  balloon  or 
distended  plobo. 

Hare-brained.     Mad   a.s  a   March 
hare,  giddy,  fool-hardy. 
Let  i  leave  (his  town,  for  thcjr  (Wi«  EngUsh)  are  b»lr- 

t'raiufd  slaves. 
Aud  'niiiger  will  enforce  them  to  b.!  mir"  easer. 
Sh'ikt-l>e:irt,  "\  lltnru   VI. .'  i.  It 

Harefoot.  Swift  of  foot  as  a  hare. 
Tlio  surname  given  to  Harold  I.,  youngfest 
sou  of  Canute.     (1035-1040.) 

To  Hs.t  the  hare's  foot.  To  be  too  late 
for  .anytliing,  to  bo  a  day  after  the  fair. 
'J'he  hare  has  gone  by,  and  loft  its  foot- 
[)rii)t  for  you  to  salute.  A  similar  phrase 
is  To  kiss  the  post. 

Hare-lip.  A  cleft  lip.  So  called  from 
Its  supposed  resemblance  to  tho  upper 
lip  of  a  bare.  It  was  said  to  be  the 
mi.schievous  act  of  an  elf  or  malicious 
fairy. 

Thifi  is  the  foul  fiend  Flihhertigibbet.  He  begino 
at  curfew,  and  w,alk»  till  the  tirst  cock.  He  .  .  . 
••(umtHtlie  eye  and  lualicj  thcliare-lip.— iS'/ioi«stisir«, 
"  Kiiig  Lear,"  lii  4. 

Hare-stone.  Boundary-stone  in  the 
parish  of  Sancred  (Cornwall),  with  a  heap 
of  stones  round  it.  It  is  thought  that 
these  stono.s  were  set  up  for  a  similar 
purjioso  as  tho  column  set  up  by  Laban 
(Genesis,  xxxi.  51,  5"2).  "Behold  this 
liuap,  and  behold  this  pillar,"  said  Laban 
to  .Jacob,  "which  I  have  cast  betwixt  mo 
and  tlioe.  This  heap  be  witness,  and  this 
pillar  be  witn'ss,  that  I  will  not  pass  over 
thi.s  ho:ip  to  thee,  aud  that  thou  shaltnot 
pa.ss  over  this  heap  unto  rae,  for  harm." 

Haricot  Mutton  A  ragoftt  made 
with  liiiKhod  mutton  and  turnips.  In  old 
I'Vonch  luirii/ot,  harligot,  and  haligote  are 
found  mejining  a  "  morsel,"  a  "  piece." 

Kt  li  chcTalier  toit  montc, 
Delai'lieet  deha:i.,'ute. 
tVuiuvenci,  "  JL/<r«  7'ou'ii<ii*,"  p.  13S. 

Har'idi.  A  serpent  honoured  in 
upper  I'gypt. 

Harlequin  means  a  species  of  drama 
in  two  pacts,  tho  introduction  and  tho 
h.arloiiuinado,  acted  in  diimb  show.  Tla« 
protdtypB  is  tho  finnan  aldlCuue,  hut  our 
Chrinlni.is  pantoiiiiiuo  or  harliqiiinado  i.i 
o«»oiilially  a  British  cntortAinmont,  first 
i>2troduco«i  by  .Mr.  Weaver,  a  dancing- 


master  of    Shrewsbury,    in   1702.     (.Sec 
helow.) 

What  MomuB  was  of  old  to  Jove, 
1  he  same  a  hnrlrqtiiii  it  now 

The  forimr  wis  luilfojo  ahive, 
Tiie  latter  la  a  I'ur.ol.  Ljlow. 

Swi/l,  "  Tht  I'upi  tl  i'ftaj  " 

Barlequin.  ia  tlie  British  pantomime, 
is  a  sprito  supposed  to  bo  invisible  to  all 
eyes  but  those  of  his  faithful  Columliiuo. 
His  office  is  to  danco  thrinigh  the  world 
an<l  frustr.xte  all  the  knavish  tricks  of  the 
Clown,  who  issuppose<l  to  ho  in  love  with 
Columbine.  In  Armoric  Harlequin  means 
".^  juggler,"  aud  Harlc(iuin  metamor- 
phoses overytliiug  he  touches  with  his 
magic  wand. 

Men.ago  derives  the  word  from 
Achilla  do  Ilarlay,  a  comedian  of  I'aris 
(153G-li;i(;).  Did  he  rt-fi-r  to  the 
pun? — "When  Hailay  proposed  to 
Miss  (iuin,  a  wit  remarked  tli:it  he 
would  tlien  become  a  veritable  Harlay- 
quiu," 

Uarlcquin.  So  Charles  Quint  was 
called  by  Francois  I.  of  France. 

Harlot  is  said  to  bo  dei'ivcd  from 
Ilarlotta,  the  mother  of  Willi.xm  the 
Conqueror,  but  it  is  more  likely  to  bo  a 
corruption  of  horeht  (a  little  hireling), 
"  bore  "  being  the  past  participle  of  hi/ran 
(to  hire).  It  was  once  applied  to  mal<v. 
as  well  as  females.  Heuco  Chaucer  speaks 
of  "  a  sturdy  harlot  .  .  .  that  was 
her  hostes  man."  Tho  word  varlet  is 
another  form  of  it. 

Me  was  a  Kentil  harlot,  and  akiiide  -. 
A  bcttre  (elaw  simlde  mau  no  wlicr  finde. 

Cli„„cer."ainte,lmrv  l^ilri,"  pud.  (U9. 

The  harlot  kinn  is  quite  beyond  niliu'  arm. 
Shakesptiirt.i'  WinUr'i  TuU.'ti.  S. 

Harlowe  (Clarissa).  The  heroine  of 
Rich.irdson's  novel  of  that  name.  In  onlor 
to  avoid  a  mari-iiVgo  urged  tipon  her  by 
her  parents,  she  casts  herself  on  tho 
protection  of  a  lover,  who  grossly  abuses 
the  confidence  thus  repose<i  iu  him.  Ho 
subsO(iuently  projinses  to  marry  her,  but 
Clarissa  rejects  Iho  offer,  and  retires 
from  tho  worlil  in  cover  her  s!i:ui)o  and 
die. 

Harm.  //(ir»i  set,  harm  (j/t.  Those 
who  lay  trai'S  fur  others  get  caught  them- 
Rolvos.  llauKin  was  hanged  nn  his  own 
gallows.  Our  Lord  says,  "  They  that 
lalco  tho  sword  sh.all  perish  with  tht 
sword."  -  M.4tt.  xxvi.  52. 


8S8     HAllMONIA'S   NECKLACE. 


HARPIES. 


Harmo'nia's  Necklace.  An  un- 
lucky possession,  somotliiiij^  tliiit  brint,'3 
evil  to  all  who  possess  it.  llarnioiiia 
was  tlio  (lauK-litor  of  Mars  and  Venus. 
On  the  (lay  of  her  inarriafjo  with  king 
Cadmos  slio  rocoivoil  a  necklace,  wbicb 
proved  fatal  to  all  who  possessed  it. 

Harmo'nia's  Robe.  On  the  mar- 
riage of  llannonia,  Vulcan,  to  avensje 
the  iulidelity  of  Lor  mother,  maiie  the 
bride  a  present  of  a  robo  dyed  in  all  sorts 
of  crimes,  which  infused  wickedness  and 
impiety  into  all  her  offsprinp;.  Both 
llarnionia  and  Cadmos,  after  having 
snirorod  many  misfortunes,  and  seen 
their  cliiidren  a  sorrow  to  them,  were 
changed  into  Borpents. — "  l^iusanlus," 
9,  10.     {See  Nkssl's.) 

Haro.  To  cry  out  haro  to  any  one.  To 
denounce  his  misdeeds,  to  follow  him  «ith 
hue  and  cry.  "  Ha  Rou"  was  theancient 
Norman  hue  and  cry,  and  the  exclama- 
tion made  by  tliose  vviio  wanted  assist- 
ance, their  person  or  property  being  in 
danger.  Similar  to  our  cry  of  "  Police  !" 
but  it  is  to  bo  hoped  that  the  cry  was 
more  effectual.  Probably  our  halloo  is 
the  same  word. 

Haroe'ris.  The  elder  Horus.  His 
eyes  are  the  Sun  and  Moon,  which  illu- 
minate the  world. — Egyptian  mythology. 

Harold  the  Dauntless,  son  of  Witi- 
kind,  the  Dane.  "  He  was  rocked  on  a 
buckler,  and  fed  from  a  blade."  He 
became  a  Christian,  like  his  fat-her,  and 
married  Eivir,  a  D^inish  maid,  who  had 
been  his  page. — Sir  W.  ScoLl,  "  llaruld 
the  Dauntless." 

Harold's  Stones  at  Trelech  (Mon 
mouthshire).  TUree  stones,  one  of  which 
is  fourteen  feet  above  the  ground,  evi- 
dently no  part  of  a  Druidical  circle. 
I'robably  bouu<lary  stoues.     {Ste  Haue- 

8T0.NK.) 

Haroot  and  Maroot.  Two  angels 
who,  in  consoipience  of  their  want  of 
compassion  to  man,  are  susceptible  of 
human  passions,  and  are  sent  upon  earth 
to  bo  tom()ted.  They  were  at  one  time 
kings  of  liabol,  and  are  still  the  teachers 
of  magic  and  the  black  arts.  I 

Haroun  al  RascMd.    Calif  of  the 

.  Fast,  of  the  Abbasside  race.    (TtJo-SiQ.)  i 

His  adventures  form  a  part  of  the  "  Am-  i 

bian  Nij;hts'  Entertainraeuts."  j 


Harp.  The  arms  of  Ireland.  Accord;ng 

to  tradition,  one  of  the  early  kings  of  Ire- 
land v/as  named  David,  and  this  king  took 
for  arms  the  harp  of  Israel's  sweet  psalm- 
ist. Probab'y  tlia  harp  is  altogether  a 
blunder  arising  from  the  triangle  invented 
in  the  reign  of  John  to  distinguish  his 
Irish  coins  from  the  English.  The  reason 
why  a  triangle  was  chosen  may  have  been 
in  allusion  to  St.  Patrick's  explanation  of 
the  trinity,  or  more  likely  to  signify  that 
ho  was  king  of  i'^ngland,  Ireland,  and 
Franco.  Henry  VII  I.  was  the  first  to  as- 
K\imetho  harp  positive  as  tlio  Irish  device, 
and  James  1.  to  place  it  in  the  third 
quarter  of  the  royal  achievomeut  of  Croat 
Britain. 

To  harp  for  ever  on  .  he  same  siring.  To 
bo  for  ever  teazing  one  aiiout  the  same 
subject.  There  is  a  Latin  proverb  (Ean- 
dem  cantile'nam  reciu'ere).  I  once  heard 
a  man  with  a  clarionet  play  the  first  half 
of  "  In  my  cottage  near  a  wood  "  for  more 
than  an  hour  without  cessation  or  change. 
It  was  in  a  crowded  market-place,  and 
the  annoyance  became  at  last  so  unbcar- 
ablo  that  he  collected  a  rich  harvest  to 
move  on. 

S:il!  harpiu^  on  my  daui;hrer. 

••  UaiiUet:'  H.  1. 

Har'pagon  {A).  A  miser.  Harpa- 
gon  is  the  name  of  the  miser  in  Moliere's 
comedy  called  "L'Avare." 

Harp  al 'ice.  A  Thracian  virago,  who 
liberated  her  father  Harpal'icos  when  he 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Getie. 

Witli  such  array  llsrpilice  begtrole 
H«r  Tiiraciau  cou.ter.  Drydin. 

Harpe  (2  syl.\  The  cutlass  with 
which  Mercury  killed  Argus,  and  Perseus 
subsec]uently  cut  otf  the  iieadof  Medu'sa. 

Harpies  (2  syl.).  Vultures  with  the 
head  and  breasts  of  a  wom.an,  very  fierce 
and  loathsome,  living  in  an  atmosphere 
of  filth  and  stench,  and  contaminating 
everything  which  they  came  near.  Homer 
mentions  but  one  harpj'.  He'siod  gives 
lico,  and  later  writers  three.  The  names 
indicate  that  these  monsters  were  per- 
sonifications of  whirlwinds  and  storms. 
Their  names  were  Ocyp'eta  (rapid),  Celo'- 
no  {!dackness),  and  Aell'o  {storm). 

lie  it  a  regular  harpy.  One  who  wants 
to  appropriate  everything,  one  who 
sponges  on  another  without  mercy. 

I  will ...  do  you  nny  f  mba.«Bu;e  .  .  .  rather  than 
IjolJ  three  woids  i;onf«reui;e  witii  this  hnrpy. 
^n  iiaptar,i,'ilucK  Ada  AbviU  .\'-jL\ing,"  ii.  L 


HARPOCRATES. 


HARVEST  MOON. 


38i> 


Harpoc'rates.  The  Greek  form  of 
the  Ecryptiangod  Har-i>i-krut:  (Uornslhe 
Ckild),  made  Viy  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
the  nod  of  iitence.  Tliis  arose  from  a  j)'ire 
misjipprehension.  It  is  an  Efryptian  g-od, 
and  was  rei)rescntcd  with  its  "finjjer  on 
its  mouth,"  to  indicate  youth,  but  the 
Greeks  thoug-ht  it  was  a  symbol  of  silence. 

Har'ridan.  A  hacrprard  old  beldame. 
So  called  from  the  French  haridelle,  a 
worn-out  jade  of  a  horse. 

Har'rier  (3  «'//.).  A  do-j:  for  hiro- 
hunting,  whence  the  nanio. 

Harri-kari  ihappi/ despatch).  Official 
suicides  of  Japan.  AH  persons  in  Japan 
holding  civil  appointments  are  bound  to 
kill  themselves  when  commandeci  'ny  the 
Government.  This  they  do  by  ripping 
themselves  up  with  two  gashes  cross- 
wise, called  harri-kari. 

Harrington.  A  farthing.  So  called 
from  lord  Harring-toii,  to  whom  James  I. 
granted  a  patent  for  making  them  of 
bra.ss.     Drunken  Bamaby  says — 

Tdence  to  IlirriDRton  be  it  apok«n. 

Kor  nam  -9 ike  I  Bare  s  token 
I'o  a  t<egi;ar  I  liat  >ii J  crave  it. 

Harris.  Afrs.  I/arris.  An  hypotheti- 
cal lady,  to  whom  Sarah  Gamp  referred 
for  the  corrol>oration  of  all  her  state- 
ments, and  the  bank  on  which  she  might 
draw  to  any  extent  for  self-praise. — 
Jfickens,  "  .]far'iii  Chuzzleieil." 

Not  Mrs.  Harris  in  the  immortal  narrntiTe  wi\e 
Dior"--  c,uo(fd  and  mor  •  mythical.     LoiU  Li/Uoii. 

Harry.  Oldllain/.  Old  Scratch.  To 
harry  (^'cixo)! )  is  to  tear  in  pieces,  whence 
our  harroic.  There  is  an  .ancient  pamjih- 
lot  entitled  "The  Harrowing  of  Hell." 
I  do  not  think  it  is  a  corruption  of  "Old 
Hairy,"  although  the  Hebrew  JSeirim 
(hairy  ones)  is  translated  devils  in  Lev. 
xvii.  7,  and  no  doubt  nlludea  to  the  he- 
L'o.at,  an  object  of  worship  with  tho  Egyp- 
tians. Closes  saj's  tho  children  of  Israel 
are  no  longer  to  sacrifice  to  devils  (seiriin), 
as  they  did  in  F.gypt. 

Harry  Soph.  A  student  at  Cam- 
briilge  who  has  "  declared  "  for  haw  or 
Physio,  and  wears  a  fnll-slccve  gown. 
The  word  is  a  corruption  of  the  (ireek 
Ilevi-sophos  (more  than  a  Soph  or  com- 
mon second-year  student). — Cambridge 
(Jalenaar. 

The  tale  goes  that  at  the  destruction 
of  the  mnn.-vst.orios,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 


VIIT.,  certain  students  waited  to  see  how 
matters  would  turn  out  before  they  com- 
mitted themselves  by  taking  a  clerical 
degree,  and  that  theso  men  were  called 
SopkistcB  Jlenriciani  or  ''  Henry  Sophis- 
ters." 

Hart.  In  Christian  art,  the  emblem 
of  solitude  and  purity  of  life.  It  was  the 
attribute  of  St.  Hubert,  St.  Julian,  and 
St.  Etistace.  It  was  also  the  type  of  piety 
and  religious  a.spiration. — Psalm,  xlii.  1. 
(Soe  Hind.) 

The  White  Hart  or  hind,  with  a  golden 
chain,  in  public-house  signs,  is  tho  badge 
of  Richard  II.,  which  was  worn  by  all  his 
courtiers  and  adherents.  It  was  adopted 
from  his  mother,  whose  cognizance  was  a 
white  hind. 

Hart  Royal.  A  male  rod  deer, 
when  the  crown  of  the  antler  has  made 
its  api)earance,  and  the  creature  has 
been  hunted  by  a  king. 

Hartnet.  Thed.iughterof  Rukonaw, 
the  ape  in  the  tale  of  "  Reynard  the  Fox." 
The  word  in  old  German  means  hard  or 
strong  strife. 

Harum  Scarum.  A  hare-brained 
person  who  scares  quiet  folk.  Some 
derive  it  from  the  French  clamenr  dt 
llaro  (hue  and  cry),  as  if  the  mad-cap 
were  one  against  whom  the  hue  and  cry 
is  raised,  but  probably  it  is  simjily  a 
gingle-word  having  allusion  to  the  "mad- 
ness of  a  March  litire,"  and  the  "scaring" 
of  honest  folk.s  from  their  proprieties. 

Who's  there  ?    I  s'pose  yntini;  haniiti  ecarum. 
f  i-nv^ii-idge  FacetUt,  "  Cullyian  and  I'orter." 

HarUSpeX  (pi.  harns'pires).  Pcr-soiis 
who  i'lterproted  tho  will  of  tho  god.s  by 
inspecting  the  entrails  of  animals  offered 
in  .sacrifice  (old  Latin  liarii'ga,  a  victim  ; 
*p<cio,  I  inspect).  Cato  said,  "  I  wonder 
how  one  haruspex  can  keep  from  laugh- 
ing wlien  ho  sees  another." 

Harvard  College,  in  the  United 
Slates,  endowed  by  the  Ilev.  John 
Harvard  in  IGo'J.      Founded  lC.'5t>. 

Harvest  Qooso.  A  corruption  of 
A  rri/st  O'o.f  (a  8tul)ble  goose).    (See  \V a YZ- 

G006E.) 

A  yoiin«  wife  and  an  ari  y^t  ?<u. 
,Mo  hegagil  [dntUr \  witli  bulh. 

'  KeliQUKt  AnliQU:!,"  il.  III. 

Harvest  Moon.  The  full  moon 
nearest  the  auttimnal  equinox.  The 
peculiarity  of  thi.^  moon  is  that  it  rise* 


800 


HAS?5AN 


HATTEMISTS. 


for  several  days  nearly  at  sunset,  and 
(il)oiit  the  same  time,  instead  of  fifly-two 
minulcs  later  each  successive  day  as  usual. 

Hassan.  Caliph  of  the  Ottoman 
enipiro  ;  noted  for  his  hospitality  and 
splenilour.  His  palace  was  daily  thronged 
with  guests,  and  in  his  seraglio  was  a 
bea\itiiful  young  slave  named  Leila  (2 
sill.),  who  had  formed  an  unfortunate 
oitUchment  to  a  Christian  called  the 
Giaa'ur.  She  is  i>ut  to  death  by  an  emir, 
and  Hassan  is  slain  by  the  Giaour  near 
Mount  Parnassus. — Byroii,  "T/u  Giaour." 

Al  I/as.<:a7i.  The  Arabian  emir*  of 
Persia,  father  of  Ilinda,  inJIooro's  "Fire- 
Worshippers."  He  won  the  battle  of 
("adessia,  and  thus  became  master  of 
Persia. 

Hadsan-Ben-Sabah  (the  Old  Slan 
of  the  Mountain),  founder  of  the  sect  of 
the  Assassins.  In  Kymer's  Foedera  are 
two  letters  by  this  sheik. 

Hassock.  A  doss  or  footstool  made 
of  /lesg  (sedge  or  rushes). 

Hassock's  should  he  gotten  in  the  fens,  and  laid  at 
Die  tnut  of  the  ^ai  1  h:in'-: .  .  .  wliere  nded  required.— 
Dui/dala,  "  Jnibiinkiiii/,"  p.  Zii. 

'J he  kuccs  aud  haajocks  aro  wclInigU  divorced. 
Coirptr. 

Hat.  How  lord  Kingsalo  acquired 
tho  right  of  wearing  his  hat  in  the  roi'al 
presence  is  this:  King  John  aud  Philippe 
II.  of  France  agreed  to  settle  a  dispute 
respecting  tho  ducliy  of  Normandy  by 
single  combat.  John  de  Courcy,  earl  of 
Ulster,  was  the  English  champion,  and 
no  sooner  put  in  his  appearance  than  the 
French  champion  put  spurs  to  his  horse 
and  tied.  The  king  asked  the  earl  what 
reward  should  be  given  him,  and  he 
replied,  "  Titles  and  lands  I  want  not,  of 
these  I  have  enough ;  but  in  remembrance 
of  this  day  I  beg  the  boon  for  myself  and 
successors  to  remain  covered  in  the  pre- 
sence of  your  highness,  and  all  future 
sovereigns  of  the  realm." 

Cockle  luit.  A  pilgrim's  hat.  So  called 
from  the  custom  of  putting  cockle-shells 
ii|ion  their  hata,  to  indicate  their  inten- 
tion or  performance  of  a  pilgrimage. 

nov  ehould  I  your  true  love  know 

i'rom  another  one  ? 
ry   Ins  cockle-h:it  and  staff 

ADd  his  saiidat  ^huoii. 

ahiikespeare,  "  Ilamltl' iv.  ». 

Tou  are  oiUyfil  to  wear  a  steeple-crowned 
kal.  To  be  burnt  as  a  heretic.  The 
Tictims  of  the  Autos-da-Fd  of  tho  "Holy" 


Inquisition  wore  always  decorated  with 
such  a  head-gear. 

Never  wear  a  broum  hal  in,  Friesland. 
Do  as  Rome  does.  If  people  have  a  .strong 
prejudice  do  not  run  counter  to  it.  Fries- 
land  is  a  province  of  tho  Netherlands, 
where  they  cut  their  hair  short,  and  cover 
the  head  first  with  a  knitted  cap,  then  a 
liigh  silk  skull-cap,  then  a  metal  turban, 
and  lastly  a  huge  flaunting  bonnet.  Four 
or  five  dresses  always  constitute  tho  ordi- 
nary head-gear.  A  traveller  once  passed 
through  tho  province  with  a  common 
brown  chimney-hat  or  wide-awake,  but 
was  hustled  by  tho  workmen,  jeered  at 
by  the  women,  pelted  by  the  boys,  and 
sneered  at  by  the  magnates  as  a  regular 
guy.  If,  therefore,  you  would  pass 
quietly  through  this  "  enlightened " 
province  never  wear  there  a  brown  hat. 

Hats  and  Caps.  Two  political  fac- 
tions of  Sweden  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
the  furmcr  favourable  to  France,  and  the 
latter  to  Russia.  Carlyle  says  the  latter 
were  called  caps,  meaning  night-caps,  bo- 
cause  the\'  were  averse  to  action  aud  war ; 
but  the  fact  is  that  the  French  pariisaus 
Wore  a  French  chapeau  as  their  badge, 
and  the  Russian  partisans  a  Russian  cap. 

Hat  Money.  A  small  gratuity  paid 
to  tho  master  of  a  ship  for  his  care  and 
troiible,  originally  collected  ia  a  hat  at 
tlie  end  of  a  good  voyage. 

Hatchet.  Greek  axin'e,  Latin  ascia, 
Italian  acceiia,  French  hachette,  our  halclitl 
and  axe. 

To  throw  the  hatchet.  To  tell  falsehoods. 
In  allusion  to  an  ancient  game  where 
hatchets  were  thrown  at  a  mark,  like 
quoits.     Same  as  drawing  the  long-bow 

Bur!/  the  Hatchet.     {See  BORT.) 

Hatcliway.  Lieutenant  Jack  Hatch- 
way. A  retired  naval  officer,  tho  com- 
panion of  Commodore  Trunnion,  in 
Smollett's  "  Peregrine  Pickle." 

Hatef  (<^  deadly).  One  of  Mahomet's 
swords,  confiscated  from  the  Jews  when 
they  were  exiled  from  Medina. 

Hat'teniists.  An  ecclesiastical  sect 
in  Holland,  so  called  from  Pontian  von 
Hattem,of  Zealand  (seventeenth  century). 
They  denied  the  expiatory  sacrifice  of 
Christ,  and  tho  corruption  of  humar 
nature. 


HATTERAICK. 


HAVERING. 


391 


Hatteraick  {Dirk).  Also  called 
".Iun3  Jausun."  A  iJuteh  Binu-rgliT 
imprisoned  witb  lawyer  Glossin 
fur  kidnapping  Henry  Bortraud. 
During  tlie  niglit  Glossin  contrived 
to  enter  the  sinnpgler's  cell,  when 
a  quarrel  ensued,  and  Hatteraick 
strangled  Glossin,  and  then  hanged 
himself. — Sir  Walter  Scott.  "  Gut/ 
AJaitutriug.'" 

HattO.  Archbishop  of  MaiDZ,  ac 
cording  to  traililion,  was  devoured  by 
mice.  The  story  says  that  in  970  there 
■SMS  a  pre.it  lit'  1D6  i!i  Ucrinany,  and 
liatto,  that  there  mi^Iit  be  better  store 
for  the  rich,  assembled  the  poor  in  a 
barn,  and  Imrnt  them  to  death,  sayinc:, 
"  They  are  like  mice,  only  good  to  devour 
the  corn."  By  and  by  an  army  of  mice 
came  against  the  archbi.-hnp,  and  the 
abbot,  to  escape  the  pUiguo,  removed  to 
a  tower  on  the  Rhine,  but  hither  came 
the  mouso-army  by  hundreds  and  thou- 
sands, and  ate  the  bishop  up.  The  tower 
is  still  called  Mouse-tower.  Southey  has 
a  ballad  on  the  subject,  but  makes  the 
invaders  an  army  of  rats.  {See  MOUSU 
TowEit;  PiKD  Piper.) 

A  very  similar  legend  is  told  of  count 
Graaf,  a  wicked  and  powerful  chief,  who 
raised  a  tower  in  the  midst  of  the  Rluno 
for  the  purpose  of  exacting  tolls.  If  any 
boat  or  barge  attempted  to  evade  the 
e.xaction,  the  warders  of  the  tower  shot 
thecrew  withcross-bows.  Amongst  other 
ways  of  making  himself  rich  v,-as  Imyitig 
vipcorn.  One  yeara  sad  famine  j^rovailed, 
and  tho  count  made  a  harvest  of  the  dis- 
tress ;  but  an  array  of  rats,  pressed  by 
hmigar,  invaded  his  tower,  and  falling  on 
the  old  baron,  worried  him  to  death,  and 
then  dovuured  him. — Lefjcnds  of  the  llldiic. 

And  iu  kt  the  winduffr  and  in  at  the  itonr, 
AiiJ  tinoui^h  the  wnll«  liy  tho'i8ai:ds  tljey  pour. 
All  I  dowu  through  t^iC  ccihu^,  and  up  tLrougb  th« 

floor, 
TroMi  thii  rlshtand  the  left,  from  behind  sod  be 'ore. 
From  tritliiu  and  without,  from  alitite  ami  l>tl<jw. 
And  ull  at  once  to  the  bishop  they  ko. 

Thcr  hare  whutted  their  tcelh  arainst  the  ttoaes 
Ai'd  now  llicy  arc  pi.:kiii,'  (lie  lii.-ho;'  9  houti; 
Tliey  gnawed  the  tlesh  from  i-vcry  hmi. 
Tor  thejr  were  bi-nt  todo  judicin -ut  nii  him. 

SMlhty,  ■  Uith<r  fl  i!in.' 

Hatton.  The  dancimj  eluincdlor.  1-\t 
Christopher  Hatton  was  brought  up  to 
the  law,  but  became  a  courtier,  and  at- 
kractod  the  attention  of  queen  Elizabeth 
by  hia  very  graceful  dancing  at  a  masque. 
The  queeii  took  him  into  favour,  and  soon 


m.ado  hira  both  cbancollor  and  knight  ol 
the  garter.     (•,  —1591.) 

)li«  hu%hy  beard,  and  shoes" rinea  grerii, 
IIi>  hii:h-crowne.i  hal  aiiil  lati  i  ■ionli  «t, 

ilovcil  tlie  (tout  heart  of  Loiiland'g  queen. 
Though  pupe  nud  ^pauiard  cou.d  out  trouble  iU 
(jrap 

Hatton  Gardens  (London).  Tba 
place  of  Sir  Christopher  Hatton,  the 
dancing  chancellor.     (See  above.) 

Haul  over  the  Coals.  Take  to  task. 
Jamicson  thinks  it  refers  to  the  ordeal 
by  fire,  a  suggestion  which  is  favoured 
by  tho  French  corresponding  jiliraso, 
mellre  sur  la tclUlle (to  put  on  the  culprit's 
stool). 

Hauss'manniza'tion.  The  pulling 
down  and  building  up  anew  of  streets 
and  cities,  as  baron  ILui.ssmann  re- 
modelled Paris,  at  the  expense  of  some 
100  millions  sterling.  In  l.S'JS  he  had 
saddled  Paris  with  a  debt  of  about  twenty- 
eight  millions. 

Hautboy.  A  strawberry.  So  called 
either  from  tho  haiit  boii  (high  wood.s)  of 
Bohemia  whence  it  was  imported,  or  from 
its  haut-hoia  (long-stalk).  The  latter  is 
the  more  probable,  and  furnislies  tho 
etymology  of  the  musical  instrument 
also,  which  has  a  long  mout.\-reed. 

Hav'elok  (3  ti/l.),  the  orphan  son 
of  Birkabegi),  king  of  Denmark,  wa:i 
exposed  at  sea  tiironuh  the  treachery  of 
his  guardians,  and  the  raft  driftOLl  to  the 
coast  of  bincolnshiro.  Hero  a  fisherman 
nanicil  Grim  found  the  yoiuig  prince,  and 
brought  him  up  as  his  own  son.  In  time 
it  so  happened  that  an  E:ii,di.sh  princess 
stood  iu  the  way  of  certain  ambitious 
nobles,  who  resolved  to  dof,'rade  her  by 
uniting  her  to  a  peasant,  and  selected  the 
young  foundling  for  tho  purpose;  but 
llavelok  having  learnt  the  story  of  his 
birth,  obtained  tho  aid  of  tho  king  his 
father  to  recover  his  wife's  possessions, 
and  became  in  duo  time  king  of  Denmark 
and  partof  EiiL;land. — ^' l/uvcloc the  Dane" 
(by  the  Trouv.aitj. 

Hiiver-Cakes.  Oaten  ca'.-.^s  (.Scan- 
diii.-ivian  /m/K.  IJernian  /ta/ir,  uats). 

Haverii  (.3  .y.)  A  siu'ipleton.  April- 
foi'l,  French  poi^isoti  (f.itTil  (Islaiidic 
gi/r,  foolish  talk),  Scutch  liaivr,  to  talk 
nonsense. 

Havering  (Ess.-.*).  Tlic  legend  says 
that  while  Edward  tho  Confessor  was 
dwelling  in  this  I  caiity  an  old  pilgriiu 


892 


HAVIOR. 


HEAD. 


asked  aliDK,  and  the  kinjf  replied,  "T 
li:ire  no  iiionej',  Imt  I  havf-n-ring,"  and 
Jriiwini,'  it  from  liis  fore-tinjier,  gave  it 
to  tlie  lieirpar.  Some  time  after  certain 
Knglish  pilprims  in  Jewry  met  the  same 
man,  who  drew  the  riiiir  from  his  finger, 
and  saicl,  "Give  this  to  your  kin^,  and 
say  within  six  months  lie  shall  die."  The 
rei)uest  was  complied  with,  and  the  pro- 
liiction  fiiHilled.  The  shrino  of  Kdwnrd 
the  Confessor  in  Westmin.ster  Ahh-.-y 
gives  colour  to  this  legend. 

Ilavior,  Heavier,  Haiver,  or 
Ilevor.  Ox-deer,  wilder  than  either 
hart  or  hind.  Cohjuhoun  Bays  thoy  aro 
so  called  from  the  French  kivcr  (winter) 
because  they  are  in  season  all  the  tk'intcr. 
Jamieson  says  the  derivation  is  avtrie 
(live  stock  generally). 

Ilavock.  A  military  cry  to  ge.ieral 
massacre  without  quarter.  This  cry  was 
forbidden  in  the  ninth  year  of  Richard  II. 
on  i)ain  of  death.  Prol):ibly  it  was  ori- 
ginally used  in  hunting  wild  beasts,  such 
as  wolves,  lions,  &c. ,  that  fell  on  sheep- 
folds,  and  Shakespeare  favours  this  sug- 
gestion in  his  "  Juliiis  Csesar,"  where  he 
says  At6  shall  "  cry  havr.ck !  and  let 
shp  the  dogs  of  war."  (Welsh,  hafog,  \ 
devastation  ;  Irish,  arvach.)  I 

Havre  (france).  A  contraction  of 
Lf  havre  cle  noire  dame  de  grace. 

Hawks  are  thus  distinguishRd  • — 

Gerfalcon  :  a  Tercell  ~f  a  Gerfalcon  arc 
due  to  a  king. 

Falcon  gentle  and  a  Tercel  gentle,  for 
n  prince. 

Falcon  of  the  rock,  for  a  duke. 

Falcon  peregrine,  for  an  carl. 

Bastard  liawk,  for  a  baron. 

Sacre  and  a  Sacrit,  for  a  knight. 

Lanare  and  Lanrcll,  for  a  squire. 

Merlyn,  for  a  lady. 

Iloby,  for  a  young  man. 

Goshawk,  for  a  j'eomin. 

Tercel,  for  a  poor  man. 

Sparehawk,  for  a  priest. 

Murky te,  for  a  holy- water  clerk. 

Kcstcrel,  for  a  knave  or  servant. 

Dame  JHliana  IJaififS. 

The  "Sore-hawk"  is  a  Lawk  of  the 
ftrst  year,  so  called  from  the  French  sor 
or  saure,  brownish  yellow. 

The  "Spar"  or  "Sparrow"  hawk  ia 
a  small,  ignoble  hawk  (Saxon,  spcara; 
Goth,    tparu'i,-    our    spare,    spar,   spiur. 


tpear,  spire,  sparing,  sparse,  kc.  ;  Latin, 
spars  us  ;  all  referring  to  minutenesfi). 

T/ie  Hawk  was  the  ava'tar  of  Ka  or 
Ilorus,  the  sun-god  of  the  rCgy|)tian8. 

I  Lnow  a  Itawk  from  a  handsaw.  Hand- 
saw is  a  corruption  of  hernshaw  (a  heron). 
I  know  a  hawk  from  a  heron,  the  bir^l 
of  prey  from  the  game  flown  at.  The 
proverb  n)ean<!,  I  kimw  one  thing  from 
another.     (See  "  lla.ailet,"  ii.  2.) 

Hawse-holes.  Ife  has  a-ept  throvgh 
tke/uiwue- holes.  Has  risen  from  the  ranks. 
A  naval  phrase.  The  hawse-holes  are 
I  hose  in  the  bow  of  a  ship  through  which 
cables  pass. 

Hawthorn  was  chosen  by  Henry 
VII.  for  his  device,  because  the  crown  of 
Richard  III.  was  discovered  in  a  haw- 
thorn bush  at  Bosworth. 

Hay.  A  hntlleofhay.  (French '•  botte 
de  foiu,"  bundle  of  hay). 

Methinks  I  have  %  Bre«t  ietSre  to  «  bottle  of  hsy, 
gool  hay;  tweet  liJiv  hsih  do  fellow.— i/i  .W»p«-irt 
" ilidsuminer  Nii/hl't  Drinm,"  iv.  1. 

Hayston  (Frank).  The  laird  of 
Buckla.v.  afterwards  laird  of  Girnincrton. 
—Sir  Waller  Scott,  "  Dfule  of  Lammer- 
moor." 

Hayward.  A  keeper  of  the  cattle 
or  common  herd  of  a  village  or  parish 
The  w..rd  ha>/  means  "hedire,"  and  thi.") 
herdsman  was  so  called  because  he  hafl 
"  ward  "  of  the  "  hedges  "  also. 

Hazel.  Used  for  di-^covering  metals 
and  water.  It  must  be  forked  like  a 
Y,  and  the  diviner  walks  with  the  rod 
slowly  over  the  places  where  he  suspects 
mines  or  springs  to  be  concealed  ;  when 
he  passes  over  the  place,  the  rod  makes 
a  dip  or  inclination.  This  is  a  relic  of 
the  vir'gula  divi'na  superstition,  men- 
tioned more  than  onco  in  the  Old  Te.stA- 
mcnt. 

Riy  i-fople  ask  counsel  »t  their  stocRs,  and  their 
staff  declf.reth  unti  them.— Ho««a,  iv   15. 

1  he  U  •  junns  !eek  to  Kam  bcforeh«nd  the 
lps>ie  of  an  enterpri.«e  hv  omsultini!  tnnr  staffs  litt 
%'<'    .ino  CQC  Jews.-Llf/l^■;8{«^^  "Travel*  in    6<iuth 

Hazis.  The  war-god  of  the  Syrians. 
The  word  means  "  terrible  in  battle." 

Head.  Latin,  caput;  Saxon,  heafod  : 
Scotch,  hafet;  contracted  into  hcadL 

Men.  without  heads      {See  Br.EMMTES  ) 

Men,  icith  keo-lt  tien-:atk  the  thuulderi 
(See  Ca  iRAl. 


HEADLANDS. 


UEART. 


393 


Better  he  ike  head  of  an  ast  Uoan  the  tail 
of  a  horse.  Better  be  foremost  among-st 
commoners  than  the  lowest  of  the  aris- 
tocracy ;  better  be  the  head  of  the  yeo- 
manry than  the  tail  of  the  gentry.  The 
Italians  say,  "E  mc^^lio  esser  testa  di 
luccio  che  coda  di  sturione." 

I'll  buhil'e  you  out  head  and  heels. 
"  Sans  ceic'uionio,"  altogether.  The 
allusion  is  to  a  custom  at  one  time  ''ar 
too  frequent  in  cottii;^os,  fcr  a  whole 
family  to  sleep  together  in  one  bed  head 
to  heels  or  pednam'cne,  as  it  was  termed 
in  Cornwall ;  to  bundle  the  whole  lot  out 
of  bed,  was  to  turn  them  out  head  and 
heels. 

Yuu  have  hit  the  nail  mi  tlie  head.  You 
have  guessed  aright,  you  have  done  the 
right  thing.  The  allusion  is  obvious.  The 
French  say,  "  Vous  avez  frappe' au  but" 
(You  have  hit  the  mark);  the  Italians 
have  the  phrase,  "  Havute  <luto  in 
brocca  "  (You  have  hit  the  pitcher),  al- 
luding to  a  game  where  a  jntcher  stood 
in  the  place  of  Aunt  Sally  (7.^.).  Tho 
Jjatin,  "  Hem  acu  tetigisti  "  (You  have 
touched  the  thing  with  a  needle),  refers 
to  the  custom  of  probing  sores. 

Heads  or  tails.  Guess  whether  the 
<•  in  tossed  up  will  come  down  with  head- 
iide  uppermost  or  not.  The  side  not 
bearing  the  head  has  various  devices, 
sometimes  Britannia,  sometimes  George 
and  the  Dragon,  sometimes  a  harp,  some- 
times the  royal  arms,  sometimes  au  in- 
scription, &c.  These  devices  are  all  in- 
3lu(lcd  in  the  word  tail,  meaning  opposite 
to  the  head.  Tho  ancient  Komans  used 
to  play  this  game,  but  said,  "  Heads  or 
ihips." 

Cum  pusrl  denariot  In  iuhllin'J»ci»iii«s."i'fiflti 
\iil  iinvi't,"  iiiHii  le-t'i  vaiualit:B  ex.cltiiiiaiit.— 
M  era-  iu«,  "  5  lu,  nu  lia,'  i.  7. 

lieadlands.  A  corruption  of  /.eye- 
'ands,  the  parts  against  the  hedi/e,  which 
it  one  time  were  left  uncultivated. 

Headrigg  (Cuddle).  A  ploughman 
in  lady  Bcllcnden's  service.— lirir  Waller 
Hcolt,  "  Old  Mo)tality." 

Heady,  wilful,  is  the  German  heftig, 
violent,  self-willed. 

Healing  Gold.  Gold  given  to  a 
Ving  for  '■  healing"  tho  king's  evil,  which 
was  done  by  a  touch. 

Health.  Your  health.  Tho  story  is 
that  Vorligern  was  invited  to  dine  at 
the  house  of   Ilengist,  when    Uowo'na, 


the  host's  daughter,  brought  a  cup  of 

wiuo  which  she  prcscntt-d  to  their  roysl 
guest.,  saying,  "  Was  hie' I,  hldj'urd  cyuiiig'' 
(Your  health,  lord  king).  {Set  Wa&sail.) 

William  of  Malmesbury  says,  the  cus- 
tom took  its  rise  from  the  death  of  young 
king  Edward  the  Martyr,  who  was  trai- 
torously stabbed  in  the  back  while  drink- 
ing a  cup  of  wine  presented  to  him  bv 
his  mother  Elfrida 

Drinkiu;/  litallhs.  The  Romans  adopted 
a  curious  fa.sliion  of  drinking  tho  health 
of  their  lady-loves,  and  that  was  to  drink 
a  bumper  to  each  letter  of  her  name. 
Iludibras  s.atirises  this  custom,  which  he 
calls  "spelling  names  with  beer-glasses" 
(pt.  ii.,  c.  1). 

N:evia  sex  uyatliis,  septum  Juttins  bibatur, 
Quiuque  Ly.'&d,  Lyie  quitlQur,  1  Ja  tr  bud. 

"  M'lrtml,"  i.  72. 
Three  cups  to  .\my,  fi.iir  to  Kate  Ix  giTeo, 
To  :3Ubaii  live,  six  Kicliel,  Bridgt-t  seveu. 

Hear  as  hog  in  luirvest.  In  at  one  ear 
and  out  at  the  other,  hear  without  paying 
attention.  Giles  Firinin  says,  '"If  you 
call  hogs  out  of  the  harvest  stubble,  they 
will  just  lift  up  their  heads  to  listen,  an<i 
fall  to  their  shack  again. — "Real  Chris- 
lian."     (1(370.) 

Hearse  (1  »y^)meanssimplyaharrow. 
Those  hai-rows  used  in  Koman  Catholic 
churches  (or  frames  with  spikes)  for 
holding  candles  are  called  iu  Franco 
herses.  Thet-e  frames  at  a  later  period 
were  covered  with  a  canop}',  and  hiatly 
were  mounted  on  wheels. 

Heart.  A  variety  of  tho  word  core. 
(Latin,  cord,  the  heart;  Greek,  iard"  ; 
!S?.nskrit,  herd";  Saxon,  heorte). 

lltarl  (in  Christian  s.rt),  the  attribute 
of  St.  Thore'sa. 

A  heart  pierced  teith  arroirs  {in  Christian 
art)  indicates  the  wounds  of  sorrow.  The 
heart  of  the  Virgin  Mary  is  frc(|uently 
represented  as  pierced  with  seven  arrows 
or  daggers,  indicative  of  her  seven  sor- 
rows {q-v.). 

Tea,  aQ  arrow  sliall  piercu  tliroiitjli  thinu  owd  ■(.ui 
(Lcait]-6'l   Luke, 11.35. 

A  blood  1/  heart.  Since  tho  time  of  Good 
lord  James  the  Douglasses  have  carried 
upon  their  shields  a  bloody  heart  with  a 
crown  upon  it,  in  memory  of  tite  oxpeiU- 
tioii  of  lord  Jaines  to  Spain  witii  tho  lic.irt 
of  king  Robert  Rruce.  King  Robert  lom- 
missioned  his  friend  to  carry  his  heart  to 
the  Holy  Land,  and  lord  James  h.id  it 
oncloscd  ii  a  silver  casket,  which  ho  won 


894     HEART  OF  MIDLOTHIAN. 


HEBE. 


i-ouu'l  his  neck.  On  his  way  to  the  Holy 
Lainl,  he  stopped  to  aid  Alphonso  of 
Castile  afjainst  Osmyn  the  Moor,  and  was 
slain.  Sir  Simon  Lockliai'd  of  Leo  was 
connnissioned  to  carry  the  heart  back  to 
Scotland. — "  Tales  of  a  Grand  father,"  xi. 
The  Jlaming  heart  (in  Christian  art),  the 
svRil^ol  of  charity.  An  attribute  of  St. 
.\uf;nstine,  denoting  the  fervency  of  his 
devotion.  The  haart  of  the  Saviour  is 
frequently  so  roiii:esontcd. 

Heart  of  Mid-Lothian.    The  old 

jail,  the  Tolbooth  of  Edinburgh,  taken 
down  in  1817.  Sir  Walter  Scott  Las  a 
novel  so  called. 

Heat.  One  course  in  a  race.  So 
called  because  the  horses  must  be  allowed 
to  cool  down  before  they  run  again. 

Feigueil  Zeal,  you  saw,  set  out  v,  itii  epeeiiier  pace, 
but  tilt:  last  heat,  I'laia  Ue.iliQf  wou  tlie  race. 

Drudtn. 

Heathen.  A  dweller  on  a  heath  or 
common.  Christian  doctrines  would  not 
reach  these  remote  people  till  long  after 
it  h.ad  been  accepted  in  towns,  and  even 
villages.    (5et;  Pagan.) 

Heaven.  The  first  heaven,  says  Ma- 
homet, is  of  pure  silver,  and  here  the 
stars  are  hung  out  like  lamps  on  golden 
chains.  Each  star  has  an  angel  for 
warder.  In  ttis  heaven  "  the  prophet" 
found  Adam  and  Eve. 

The  second  heaven,  says  Mahomet,  is  of 
polished  steel  and  dazzling  splendour. 
Here  "  the  prophet"  found  Noah. 

I'he  third  heaven,  says  Mahomet,  is 
studded  with  precious  stones  too  bril- 
liant for  the  eye  of  man.  Here  kz'v;^^\, 
the  angel  of  death  is  stationed,  and  is  for 
ever  writing  in  a  large  book,  or  blotting 
words  out.  The  former  are  the  names  of 
persons  born,  the  latter  those  of  the 
newly  dead.  (6'ee  bdow  "Heaven  of 
Heavens.") 

The  fourth  heaven,  he  says,  is  of  the 
finest  silver.  Here  dwells  the  Angel  of 
Tears,  whoso  height  is  "  500  days'  jour- 
ney," and  he  sheds  ceaseless  tears  for 
the  sins  of  man. 

The  fifth  heaven  is  of  purest  gold,  and 
here  dwells  the  Avenging  Angel,  who 
presides  over  elemental  fire.  Here  "  the 
prophet"  met  Aaron.     {See  belojo.) 

The  sixth  heaven  is  composed  of  Has'ala, 
a  sort  of.  carbuncle.  Here  dwells  the 
Uuardian  Angel  of  heaven  and  earth, 
half  snow  and  half  Cre.  It  was  here  that 
Mahomet  Si\v/  Mose.'s,  who  wept  with  on  vv. 


T/ie  seventh  heaven,  says  the  sanse  veri- 
table authority,  is  formed  of  divine  light 
beyond  the  power  of  tongue  to  descrii)e. 
Each  inhabitant  is  bigger  than  the  whole 
earth,  and  has  70,000  heads,  each  bead 
70,0(J0  mouths,  each  mouth  70,000 
tongues,  and  each  tongiie  speaks  70,000 
languages,  all  for  ever  employed  in 
chanting  the  praises  of  the  Jlost  High. 
Here  he  met  Abraham.     {See  below.) 

'i  ThefijVt  heaven.  According  to  Ptolemy 
there  are  five  heavens:  (1)  The  planetary 
heaven  ;  (2)  the  sphere  of  the  fixed  stars ; 
(3)  the  crystalline,  which  \'ibrates  ;  (4) 
the  primum  mo'bile,  which  communicates 
motion  to  the  lower  spheres  ;  (o)  the 
eiupyre'an  or  seat  of  deity  and  angeis. 
{See  above.) 

Sometime'?  she  deomcd  that  Mars  hud  from  abort 
Led  his  tifth  lieavcD,  the  powers  of  ineo  lo  prore. 
Boole,  "  Orlando  Fm-ioao,"  bk.  xm. 

H  To  be  in  the  seventh  heaven.  Supremely 
happy.  The  Cabbali-sts  maintained  that 
tljcre  are  seven  heavens,  each  rising  in 
happiness  above  the  other,  the  seventh 
being  the  abode  of  God  and  the  higbest 
cla.s.s  of  anqrels.     (S«e  above.) 

T[  The  ninth  heaven.  The  terra  heaver; 
was  used  anciently  to  denote  the  orb  or 
sphere  in  which  a  celestial  Viody  was 
supposed  to  move,  hence  the  number  of 
heavens  varied.  According  to  one  sys- 
tem, the  first  heaven  was  that  of  the 
Moon,  the  second  that  of  Venus,  the 
liiird  that  of  Mercury,  the  fourth  that 
of  the  Sun,  the  tifth  that  of  Mars,  the 
sixth  that  of  Jupiter,  the  seventh  that  of 
Saturn,  the  eighth  that  of  the  fixed  stars, 
and  the  ninth  that  of  the  primura  mo'bile. 

The  heaven  of  /leavens.  The  Hebrews 
acknowledged  three  heavens:  the  air, 
the  starry  lirmanient,  and  the  residence 
of  God.  Thus  "the  fowls  of  heaven," 
"the  dew  of  heaven,"  "the  clouds  of 
heaven,"  mean  of  the  air.  "Tiut  there 
be  liglits  in  the  firmament  of  heaven" 
(Genesis  i.  14)  means  the  starry  vault. 
"Heaven  is  my  throne"  (Isa.  Ixvi.  1  and 
Matt.  v.  34),  is  the  residence  of  God  and 
the  angels.  "Heaven  of  heavens"  is  a 
Hebrew  superlative  meaning  the  highest 
of  the  heavens. 

In  modern  phraseology  the  word 
heaven  is  used  for  the  starry  firm.amettt, 
and  the  residence  of  God  and  angels. 

Hc'be.  Goddess  of  youth,  and  cup- 
bearer to  the  celestial  gods.    She  had 


HEBERTISTES. 


ri  EDGE- PRIEST, 


395 


the  power  of  restoring  the  aged  to  youth 
aud  beauty,  —  Qrtek  mylkolojy. 

Wreathed  smilea 
Such  as  bans  on  lie  e'8  clet-k. 
And  love  tu  live  iu  di'ipic  aletk. 

UiUun,  -  L'Allearo,' 

Hebe  Vases.  Small  vases  like  a  coty- 
liscos.  So  termed  because  Hebe  is  re- 
presented as  bearing  one  containing 
uectar  for  the  gods. 

Hebertistes  (3  syl.).  The  partisans 
of  the  vile  demagogue,  Jaques  Ileue 
H^icrt,  chief  of  the  Cordeliers,  a  revo- 
lutionary club  which  boasted  of  such 
names  as  Anacharsis  Clootz,  Ronsin, 
Vincent,  and  Momoro,  in  the  great  French 
Revolution. 

Heb'ron,  in  the  satire  of  "  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,"  in  the  first  part  stands 
for  Holland,  but  in  the  second  part  for 
Scotland.  Ueb'ronite  (3  syl.),  a  native 
of  Holland,  or  Scotland. 

Ilec'ate  (3  syl.  in  Greek,  2  in  Eng.). 
A  triple  deity,  called  Phixslie  or  the  Moon 
in  heaven,  l)iana  on  the  earth,  and  ilo- 
cate  or  Proserpine  in  hell.  She  is  de- 
seribe<l  as  having  three  heads— one  of  a 
horse,  one  of  a  dog,  and  one  of  a  lion. 
Her  offerings  consisted  of  dogs,  honey, 
and  black  lambs.  She  was  sometimes 
called  "  Tri'via,"  because  offerings  were 
presented  to  her  at  cross-roads.  Shakes- 
peare refers  to  the  triple  character  of 
this  goddess. 

Anil  we  fair'es  that  do  nm 
By  thi' tiiiile  llen'c's  team. 

"  StiJjummer  Ao'W»  Dream,'  v.  3. 

Ilecale,  daughter  of  Porsiis  the  Titan, 
is  a  very  different  person  to  the  "Triple 
Hecate,"  who,  according  to  Hesiod,  was 
daiii(htcr  of  Zeus  and  Deme'ter.  This 
latter  was  a  benevolent  goddess,  for 
whom  Zeus  had  more  regard  than  for 
any  other  deity.  The  former  was  a  Titan 
who  poisoned  her  father,  raised  a  tem- 
ple to  Diana  in  which  she  immolated 
strangei-s,  and  was  mother  of  Mede'a 
and  Circe.  She  presided  over  magic 
and  enchantments,  taui^ht  sorcery  and 
witchcraft.  She  is  represented  with  a 
liLdite<l  torch  and  a  sword,  and  is  attended 
with  two  black  dogs. 

Now  witchcraft  ccUtirntos 
Pile  Hecate's  oirerin.^'S. 

iliakiaptmr,  "  J/n<i»«/i,"  tL  1. 

Hector.  Eldest  son  of  Priam,  the 
noblest  and   most  magn.animous  of   all 


the  chieftains  in  Homer'a  "  Iliad "  (a 
Greek  epic).  After  holding  out  for  ten 
ye.ars,  he  was  slain  by  Achilles,  who 
lashed  him  to  his  chariot,  and  dragged 
the  dead  body  in  triumph  thrice  round 
the  walls  of  Troy.  The  "IHad"  con- 
eludes  with  the  funeral  obseipiies  of 
liootor  and  Patroo'los. 

The  f lector  of  Germany.  Joachim  IF., 
elector  of  Brandenburg.     (1514-1571.) 

Hector.  A  leader  ;  so  called  from  the 
son  of  Priam  and  generalissimo  of  the 
Trojans. 

IJector.  To  bully,  or  play  the  bully.  It  is 
bard  to  conceive  how  the  brave,  modest, 
noble-minded  patriot  came  to  be  made 
the  synonym  of  a  braggart  aud  blusterer 
like  Ajax, 

YoiL  wear  Hector's  cloak.  You  are 
paid  off  for  trying  to  deceive  another. 
You  are  paid  iu  your  own  coin.  When 
Thomas  Percy,  earl  of  Northumberland, 
in  1:')(J9,  was  routed,  he  hid  himself  in 
the  house  of  Hector  Armstrong,  (f  Ilar- 
law.  This  villain  betrayed  him  for  the 
reward  offered,  but  never  after  did  any- 
thing go  well  with  him  ;  he  went  down, 
down,  down,  till  at  last  he  died  a  beggar 
in  rags  on  the  road-side. 

Hec'iiba.  Second  wife  of  Priam, 
and  mother  of  nineteen  children.  When 
Troy  v.'as  taken  by  the  Greeks,  she  fell 
to  the  lot  of  Ulysses.  She  was  after- 
wards metamorphosed  into  a  dog,  and 
threw  herself  into  the  sea.  The  place 
where  she  perished  was  afterw.ards  called 
tlio  Dofj' sf/rave  (cyuosse'raa).  —  Homer, 
'■'Iliad,"  ka. 

On  to  Hecuha.  To  the  point  or  main 
incident.  The  story  of  Hecuha  baa 
furnished  a  host  of  Greek  tragedies. 

Hedge.  To  hedye  in  betting  is  to 
defend  oneself  from  loss  by  cross-beta. 
As  a  hedge  is  a  defence,  so  crnss-licttiiig 
is  hedj^ing. — A'.  Hunt,  "  T/ie  Totmi"  i.x. 

Hedge  Lane  ( F-ondon)  includi's  that 
whole  line  of  streets  (Dorset,  Whitcomh, 
Prince's,  and  Wardour)  stretching  from 
Pall  Mall  East  to  0.x ford  Street, 

Hedge-Priest,  A  poor  or  vagabond 
parson,  'i'lio  u.so  of  hedge  for  vagabond 
or  very  inferior  is  cmnmou  :  as  hedge- 
mustard,  hedge-writer  (a  Grub-streot 
author^,  hedge-marriage  (a  clandestine 
one),  ho.  Shakespeare  u-^es  the  phr.a.<;e, 
"  hoilpo-boru  swain  "  as  the  very  opposite 
of  "gentle  blood,"— "1  lleniij  17.,'' iv.  I. 


89« 


HEELS. 


HELEN. 


Iieols.  (hU  at  heels.  In  a  sad  i<liiflit, 
in  duciiyed  circumstances,  like  a  be^'f^ar 
whoso  stockings  are  worn  out  at  tlm  lioels. 

A  BOOiI  man's  fortune  may  grow  out  at  luels. 

Heel-tap.  IJumpers  all  round,  and 
no  heel-laps,  i.e.,  the  bumpers  are  to  bo 
drained  to  tho  bottom  of  the  {,'lass.  A 
hocl-tap  IS  tlio  pey  in  tho  LoiO  of  a  slioo, 
which  is  tiiiion  out  when  tho  shoo  is 
tinislio<l ;  metaphorii^ally  tho  wino  loft  in 
a  glass  wl>en  the  drinker  sets  it  down  as 
"emjity  "  or  finished. 

Heenan.  /n  Ilceuan  sti/le.  "  By 
apostolic  blows  and  knocks."  Ilecnan, 
the  Bernicia  boy  of  North  America,  cHs- 
puted  for  the  champion's  belt  against 
Sayers,  the  British  champion.  His  build 
and  muscle  were  the  admiration  of  the 
ring. 

Heep  {Uri'ah).  An  abject  toaily, 
malignant  as  he  is  base;  always  boasting 
of  his  'umhle  birth,  'umble  position,  'urnble 
abode,  and  'umhle  calling.  —  Dickens, 
"  David  Copperfield." 

Hegem'ony  (i  syl.).  The  hajemony 
of  nations.  The  leadership.  (Greek, /it^i/e- 
nion'ia,  from  ago,  to  lead.) 

Hegi'ra.  The  epoch  of  tho  flight  of 
Mahomet  from  Mecca,  when  ho  was 
e'spelled  by  tho  magistrates,  July  16, 
o22.  From  this  event  the  Mahometans 
begin  their  dales  (Arabic,  hajara,  to  re- 
move).    Properly,  He'Jjrah  (2  syl.) 

He'll  (2  syl.).  An  idol  of  tho  aujieul 
Celts,  worshipped  in  Devonshire. 

HeimdaU  (2  syl.).  In  Celtic  myth- 
ology, 8on  of  the  nine  virgins,  all  sisters. 
He  is  called  the.i70c^  witk  the  i/oklea  tooth, 
or  with  golden  teeth.  Ho  is  said  to  live  at 
the  further  extremity  of  the  bridge 
Bifrost  (_q.v.),  and  keep  the  keys  of 
heaven.  He  is  watchman  or  sentinel  of 
Asgard  {q.v.),  sleeps  less  than  a  bird, 
sees  even  in  sleep,  can  hear  the  grass 
grow,  and  even  the  wool  on  a  lamb's 
back,  lioimdall,  at  the  end  nf  the  world, 
will  wake  the  gods  with  his  trumpet, 
when  the  sons  of  Muspell  will  go  against 
lliem,  with  Loke,  the  wolf  Keuris,  and 
the  great  serpent  Jormuugandar. 

Heimdaller.  Tho  learned  humbugs 
in  the  court  of  king  Dinu'boof  Hisisburg. 
—  "  Orimm's  Ooblius." 

Heimski'in'gla.     The    universe.— 

Sc(Xudi.navian,. 


Heims-Elringla  (T/ie).  A  prosa 
legend  of  iiistoric  foundation  found  in 
tho  Snorra  Edda. 

Heir  Apparent.  Tlio  person  who 
is  heir  if  he  survives.  At  the  death  of 
his  predecessor  tho  hoir-appareut  bo- 
comes  heir-at-law. 

Heir  Presumptive.  Ono  wlio 
will  be  heir,  if  no  one  is  born  having  a 
prior  claim.  Thus  tho  princess  royal 
w.as  heir-presumptive  till  the  prince  of 
Wales  was  born,  and  if  tho  prince  of 
Wales  had  been  king  before  any  family 
h.'ifl  been  born  to  him,  his  brother  princo 
Alfred  would  have  been  heir-presumptive. 

Hel  or  IJela  (in  Scandinavian  myth- 
ology) is  goddess  of  the  ninth  earth  or 
nether  world.  Slio  dwelt  beneath  tho 
roots  of  tho  sacred  ash  {)jf/gdrasil),  and 
was  the  flaughter  of  Loki  or  Loke.  The 
All-father  sent  her  into  NiHheim,  where 
she  v/as  given  dominion  over  nine  worlds, 
and  to  one  or  other  of  these  nine  worlds 
she  sends  all  who  die  of  sickness  or  old 
age.  Her  dwelling  is  Elvidnir  {dark 
clouds),  her  dish  Hungr  {hunger),  her 
knife  SuUt  {starvalio/i),  her  servants 
Ganglati  (tardy-feet),  her  bed  Kiir  {sic/c- 
lu-ss),  and  her  bed-curtains  Blikiau'dabOl 
{splendid  riiisery).    Half  her  body  was  blue. 

Powii  the  yawnins  steep  he  rode 
Tl.at  led  to  llelaN  dr:.!ir  abode. 

(rial/,  "  VeicetU  of  Odin." 

Hel  Keplein.  A  mantle  of  invisi- 
bility belonging  to  the  dwarf-king  Laurin. 
(German,  luhlen,  to  conceal). — Ihe  ^' Ilei- 

deidmch." 

Heldenbucli  (Book  of  Heroes).  A 
German  compilation  of  all  the  romances 
pertaining  to  Diderick  and  his  cham- 
pions, by  Wolfram  vou  Eschenbach. 

Helen.  The  type  of  female  beauty, 
more  especially  in  those  who  have  reacheil 
womanhood.  She  was  the  daughter  ol 
Zeus  and  Leda,  and  the  wife  of  ileuela'bs, 
king  of  Sparta. 

She  moves  a  K'iddeee  aud  t\\f  louks  i  qneen 

fK,iM.- tltud,-    ii!. 

The  Helen  of  Spain.  Cava  or  Florinda, 
daughter  of  count  Julian.     (See  Cava.) 

St.  Helen.  Represented  in  royal  robes, 
wearing  an  imperial  crown,  because  she 
was  em])ress.  Sometimes  she  carries  in 
her  hand  a  model  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre, 
an  edifice  raised  by  her  in  tho  E.-ust ; 
eomeiimos     she     bears    a    larjio     cross. 


HELENA. 


HELLENES. 


397 


typical  of  lior  alleffcd  discovery  of  that 
upon  which  the  Saviour  was  crucified ; 
sometimes  she  also  bears  the  three  nails 
hy  which  he  was  affixed  to  the  cross. 

St.  Jh/eii's  fn-e  (feu  d'll^lbne)  ;  aUo 
called  Ftu.  St.  lli'.rme  (St.  Helme's  or  St. 
Elmo's  fire);  and  by  the  Italians  "the  tires 
of  St.  Peter  and  St  Nicholas."  Meteoric 
fires  Been  occasionally  on  the  ma.sts  of 
ships,  &c.  If  the  llarae  issinj^le,  foul  and 
tempestuous  weather  is  said  to  bo  at 
hand  ;  but  if  two  or  more  flames  appear, 
the  weather  will  improve.    (See  Castor.) 

Hel'ena.  The  type  of  a  lovely 
woman,  patient  and  hopeful,  strong  in 
feelintr,  and  sustained  through  trials  by 
her  enduring  and  heroic  faith.  —  Shake- 
speare,  "  AlCs  Well  that  Ends  Well." 

Hel'enos.  The  prophet,  the  only 
son  of  Priam  that  survived  the  fall  of 
Troy.  He  fell  to  the  share  of  Fyrrhos 
when  the  captives  were  awarded  ;  and 
because  he  saved  the  life  of  the  young 
(Jrecian,  was  allowed  to  marry  Androm'- 
acha,  his  brother  Hector's  widow.  — 
Virgil,  "  ./Eneid." 

Hel'icon.  The  Muses- Mount.  It  is 
part  of  tlie  Parnassos,  a  mountain  range 
in  (jrocce. 

Ilelicoii'sharmonions.'ilreamisihesirea.m 
which  flowed  from  the  mountains  to  tlie 
fountains  of  the  Muses,  called  Aganippe 
and  Hip'pocreiie  (3  syl.). 

Heligh-Monat  (Holy-month).  The 
name  given  by  the  Anglo-Saxons  to  the 
month  of  December,  in  allusion  to  Christ- 
mas-day. 

Helios.  The  Greek  Sun-god,  who 
rode  to  his  palace  in  Colchis  every  night 
in  a  golden  boat  furnished  with  wings. 

Heliotrope  (4  syl.).  Apollo  loved 
Clyt'ia,  but  forsook  her  for  her  sister 
Leucotli'oi;.  On  discovering  this,  Clytia 
pined  awaj',  and  Apollo  changed  her  at 
death  to  a  Hower,  which,  always  turning 
towards  the  sun,  is  callod  heliotrope 
Clrcok,  "  turn-to  sun  "). 

Hell.  In  the  I5uddhist  system  there 
are  13<)  jilacesof  punishment  after  death, 
where  the  dead  are  sent  according  to 
their  degree  of  demerit.     (See  Eui'UEM- 

I8MS.) 

/Je.icencLd  into  Ml  (Creed)  moans  the 
place  of  the  dead.  Anglo-.Saxou  helan, 
to  cover  or  conceal,  like  the  Greek 
"  HaVles,"  the  abode  of  the  dead,  from 


the  verb  a-cidn,  not  to  see.  In  both  cases 
it  means  "  the  unseen  world  "  or  "  tbo 
world  concealed  from  sight."  The  god  of 
this  netherworld  was  called  "Hades"  by 
the  Greeks,  and  "  Hel  "  or  "  Hella"  by 
the  Scandinavians.  In  some  counties  of 
England  to  cover  in  with  a  roof  is  "to 
hell  the  building,"  and  thatchers  or  tilers 
are  termed  "  hellicrs." 

Lead  apes  in  IccU.  Die  an  old  maid. 
As  an  old  maid  would  not  lead  a  husband 
in  this  world,  she  will  be  doomed  to  lead 
or  marry  an  ape  in  the  realms  infernal. 
Beatrice  says — 

lie  that  is  more  than  youth  i8  not  for  me.  and  )ie 
that  is  less  thtii  min  I  nm  not  for  liim  ;  tlicrifore  I 
will  .    .  .  even  h':i<i  hi'i  apes  into  hell. 

Shakttpiure,  "  Much  Ado  Abuul  Nothing,"  U.  1. 

But  'tis  an  old  proTerh,  and  you  know  It  well. 
That  women,  dying  maids,  lead  apes  in  helL 
"■  The  London  Prodigal,"  it 

Hell  Gate.  A  dangerous  pass  be- 
tween Great  Barn  Island  and  Long 
Island  (North  America).  The  Dutch 
settlors  of  New  York  gave  it  this  name 
because  its  navigation  was  very  dan- 
gerous. 

Ilell-rjales,  according  to  Milton,  are 
nine-foid  —three  of  brass,  three  of  iron, 
and  three  of  adamant ;  the  keepers  are 
Sin  and  Death.  This  allegory  is  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  passages  of  "Para- 
dise Lost."     {See  Book  ii.,  643-()76.) 

HeU  Kettles.  Cavities  three  miles 
long  at  O.xen-le-field,  iu  Durham. 

Hell  Shoe.  In  Icelandic  mythology, 
indispensable  for  the  journey  to  Valhalla 
as  the  obolus  for  crossing  the  Styx. 

HeUanodlCfe.  Umpires  of  the 
jMiblic  games  in  Greece.  They  might 
chastise  with  a  stick  any  one  who  created 
a  disturbance.  Lichas,  a  Spartan  noble- 
man, was  so  punished  by  them. 

Helle'nes  (3  syl.).  "This  word  had 
ill  I'alcstino  three  several  meanings  : 
Sometimes  it  designated  the  pagans; 
sometimes  the  Jews,  speaking  Greek, 
and  dwelling  among  the  pagans ;  and 
sometimes  men  of  pau'an  origin  converted 
to  Judaism"  (John,  vii.  35,  xii.  20;  Acts, 
xiv.  1,  xvii.  4,  xviii.  4,  xjci.  23).—Renan, 
"  Life  nfJestu,"  -xiv. 

N.B. — The  present  Greeks  call  them- 
selves "  Helle'nes,"  and  the  king  is 
termed  "  King  of  the  Hellenes."  The 
ancient  Greeks  called  their  country 
"  Hellas  ;"  it  was  the  liomana  w)io  mi«' 
named  it  "  Onccia  " 


S98 


HKLLENIC. 


nEMU3. 


rielle'nic.  TIio  common  dialect  of 
tho  Orock  writers  after  tlio  a{,'o  of  Alex- 
audor.     It  was  basod  on  tho  Attio. 

Hollenis'tic.  The  dialect  of  tho 
Greek  lanjjfiiag'o  used  hy  tlio  Jews.  It 
was  full  of  Orieutal  idioms  aud  incta[>hors. 

HeU'enists.  Those  Jews  who  used 
the  Ciruek  or  Ilello'iiic  laiij^na'jjo.  (All 
these  four  words  are  ilerived  from  llullas, 
in  Tlicssaly,  tho  cradle  of  tho  race.) 

Hellespont  (3  syl.),  now  callcMl  the 
Dardanelles,  means  the  "sea  of  Helle," 
and  was  so  called  liecause  Ilellc,  tho 
sister  of  Phryxos,  was  drowned  there 
while  seeking  to  escajie  from  Ino,  her 
mother-in-law,  who  mr-st  cruelly  op- 
pressed her.  Both  Helie  and  I'hryxoe 
wore  transported  through  the  air  on  a 
golden  ram,  but  Ilclle,  turning  giddy, 
fell  into  tho  sea,  which  was  accordingly 
called  after  her  name. 

Helmets.  Those  of  Saragossa  were 
most  in  repute  in  tho  days  of  chivalry. 

C'lo.<e  helmet.  Tho  complete  head-piece, 
having  in  front  two  movable  parts, 
which  could  be  lifted  up  or  let  down  at 
pleasure. 

Vuor.  One  of  tho  movable  parts  ;  it 
WaB  to  look  through. 

Becer,  or  driniinij-pitce.  One  of  the 
movable  parts,  which  was  lifted  up 
when  the  woiuer  ate  or  drank.  It  comes 
from  the  Italian  verb  hevere  (to  drink). 

Mo'non.  A  low  iron  cap,  worn  only  by 
infantry. 

Mahomet's  Helmet.  Mahomet  woro  a 
double  helmet ;  the  exterior  one  was 
called  al  mawashah  (the  wreathed  gar- 
land). 

The  helmet  of  Perseus,  which  rendered 
tho  wearer  invisible.  This  was  the 
•'Helmet  of  lla'des,"  which,  with  the 
winged  sandals  and  magic  wallet,  he 
took  from  certain  nymphs  who  held 
them  in  possession ;  but  after  he  had 
slain  IMcdusa  he  restored  them  again, 
and  presented  tho  gorgon's  head  to 
Athe'na  [Minerva],  who  placed  it  in  the 
middle  of  her  aigis. 

He'lon,  in  the  satire  of  "Absalom 
and  Achitophcl,"  by  Dryden  and  Tate, 
is  meant  for  the  earl  of  F©vershan». 

Helter-skeitc.-.  Higglo<ly-pigglody; 
in  hurry  and  confusion.  The  Latin 
hilariler-ce'eriter  comes  tolerably  near 
tUo  meaning  of  post-haste,  as  Shakea- 


peare  uses  the  expression  (2  Uenrv  IV., 
v.  3):- 

Sir  J'lin.  I  nm  Ihv  l'l»tol  nnd  Ihy  friend, 
And  li.jiier-tkfi'.T  hnvo  1  JoU«  lo  theo, 
And  tiili/igs  in  I  bring. 

*.•   The    archaic  word  hell,  "poured 

out,"  is  doubtless  the  same  as  helter;  and 
probably  skeller  is  a  variation  of  the  same. 

Helve.  To  thro^if  tli4  helve  after  the 
hatchet.  To  bo  reckless,  to  throw  away 
what  remains  because  your  losses  have 
been  so  great.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
fable  of  the  wood-cutter  who  lost  the 
head  of  his  axe  in  a  river,  and  threw  the 
handle  in  after  it, 

Helve'tia.  Switzerland.  So  called 
from  the  Ilelve'tii,  a  powerful  Celtic 
people  who  dwelt  thereabouts. 

See  from  the  ashes  of  Helvetia's  nil* 
Tlie  vvhiteued  skull  oJ  olJ  Scrve'tusBTiile. 
liolmu. 

Hemp.  To  have  some  henip  in  yo^tr 
Toocket.  To  have  luck  on  your  side  in  the 
most  adverse  circumstances.  The  phi-ase 
is  French  (Avoir  de  la  corde-de-pendu 
dans  sa  poohe),  referring  to  the  popular 
notion  that  hemp  brings  good  luck. 

Keinpe  (1  syl.).  When  Hempe  is  spun 
England  is  dune.  Lord  Bacon  says  he 
heard  the  prophecy  when  he  was  a  child, 
and  he  interpreted  it  thus  :  Hempe  is 
composed  of  the  initial  letters  of //eury, 
A'dward,  Mary,  /'hilip,  and  /Elizabeth. 
At  the  close  of  the  last  reign  "  Enghand 
was  done,"  for  the  sovereign  no  longer 
styled  himself  "  King  of  England,"  but 
'•  King  of  Great  Britain  and  In.land." 
(See  NoTARiCA.) 

Hempen  Caudle.  A  hangman's 
rope, 

Yb  shall  hiiTe  a  liempen  cau  Me  then,  and  the  help 
of  a  hatchet.— i'AttA&s^ture,  "  !l  limit/  Yl.,"  it.  7. 

Hempen  Fever.  Death  on  the 
gallows,  the  rope  being  made  of  hemp. 

Hempen  Widow.  The  widow  of  a 
man  who  has  been  hanged.     [See  above) 

Of  a  hempcD  wiilow  tho  kid  forlorn. 

Aiii-iu-unh,  "J(uk  b'licppurd.' 

Hemplita.  The  Egyptian  Jupiter.— 
Trisriugiilus,  "  Pimamire." 

He'mus  or  Hfcnius.  A  chain  of 
mountains  in  Thrace.  According  to 
mythology,  Hsemos,  son  of  Boreas,  w.oa 
changed  into  a  mountain  for  aspiring  to 
divine  honourF. 


HEN   AND  CHICKENS. 


HERBS. 


399 


Hen  and  Chickens  (in  Christian  i 
art),  emblematical  of  God's  providence.  . 
{See  "St.  Matthew,"  xxiii.  37.) 

A  whlslHng  t?fid  and  a-moing  lien  is 
riiUha-fil  far  Ood  nor  mm.  A  whistlinj^ 
maid  means  a  witch,  who  whistles  like 
tiso  Lapland  witches  to  call  up  the  winds ; 
they  were  supposed  to  ho  in  leag^ue  with 
the  devil.  The  crowing  of  a  hen  was 
supposed  to  forhode  a  death.  The  usual 
interpretation  is  that  masculine  qualities 
in  females  are  undesirable,  but  admittinj? 
the  truth  of  the  dictum,  it  would  be  the 
grossest  exaggeration  to  say  that  mascu- 
line women  are  unfit  for  heaven. 

Hen-pecked.  A  man  who  submits 
to  bo  snubbed  by  his  wife.  It  is  a  fact 
that  cocks,  though  v^ry  brave  at  large, 
are  freijuently  under  hen-goverunient  in 
coops. 

Henchman.  Ilenchhoy.  The  Saxon 
hinc  is  a  servant  or  pago. 

I  do  tiut  lira  «  little  i.lianscling  boy 
To  tie  my  henclimaa. 
ShuktfiJtj'e,  "Midaummtr  ffiehft  Dredm,' li.l. 

Hengistand  Horsa.  Germain  kengsl 
(a  stallion),  and  Ilorsa  is  connected  with 
our  Anglo-Saxon  word  kors  (horse).  If 
the  names  of  two  brothers,  probably 
they  were  given  them  from  the  devices 
borne  on  their  arms. 

According  to  tradition,  they  lauded  in 
I'ugwell  Bay,  Kent. 

HeniiR.  The  Persian  ladies  tinge 
the  tijjs  of  their  fingers  with  henna,  to 
make  thcoi  a  reddish-yellow, 

Hennil.  Idol  of  the  Vandals.  It 
was  represented  as  a  stick  surmounted 
with  a  hand  holding  an  iron  ring. 

Hen'ricans  or  Ihnrkums.  A  reli- 
gious .sect.  So  called  from  llenn'cus,  its 
fiiundcr,  an  Italian  monk,  who,  in  the 
twelfth  century,  undertook  to  reform  the 
vices  of  the  clergy,  lie  rejected  infant 
bapti.sin,  festivals,  and  ceremonies.  He 
was  imprisoned  by  pope  Eugo'uius  111. 
in  IMS. 

Henriette  (3  syl.),  in  the  French  l.in- 
guage,  means  "  a  perfect  woman."  The 
character  is  from  Molifere'a  "  Femmes 
Sav.tntes." 

Henry  Grace  do  Dieu.  Tho  l.a.gest 
ehip  built  by  Henry  VI]  I.  ;  it  carried  72 
P'.ua,  700  men,  and  w,\s  1,000  tons  bur- 
Uion.     (6'e<  Cheat  Hauuy.) 


Hephses'tos.    The  Greek  Vulcan. 

Heptarchy  (Greek  for  seven  govern. 
menis).  The  •Haxon  Ilqilarclnj  is  the  divi- 
sion of  England  into  seven  parts,  each  of 
which  had  a  separate  ruler  :  as  Kent, 
Sussex,  Wossex,  Essex,  East  Anglia, 
Mercia,  and  Nortliumbria. 

He'ra.  The  Greek  Juno,  and  wife  of 
Zens.  (The  word  ncans  "  chosen  one," 
/(cwVeo.) 

HeraclciVltB  (4  syl.).  The  dcscoa. 
dants  of  Heracles  (f^iatin,  Hercules). 

Heralds. 

The  CO  it  of  arms  represents  the  knight 
himself  from  whom  the  bearer  is  de- 
scended. 

The  shield  represents  his  body,  and 
the  Ulmel  his  head. 

The  Jloui-ish  is  his  mantle. 

The  viotlo  is  the  ground  or  moral  pre- 
tension on  which  h«  stands. 

Tho  supporters  are  the  page.'*,  desig- 
nated by  the  emblems  of  bears,  lions,  and 
so  on. 

Herald's  College  consists  of  three 
kings-at-arms,  six  heralds,  and  four  pur- 
suivants. 

T/ie  three  kin<js-at-arvis  nre  Gartor 
(blue),  Clareucitux  and  Norroy  (purple). 

Tilt  six  heralds  are  styled  ISumeisi't, 
Riclimond,  Lancaster,  Windsor,  Chester, 
and  York. 

TItt  four  pursidvanls  are  Kouge  Dragon, 
Blue  Mantle,  Portcullis,  and  liouge 
Croix. 

Gahteh  KiNO-AT-AnJis  is  so  called 
because  of  his  special  duty  to  attend  at 
the  solemnities  of  election,  investiture, 
and  installation  of  the  Knights  of  the 
Garter. 

CLaKKNCIEUX       KlNQ-AT-AnMS.         So 

called  from  the  duke  of  Clarence,  brother 
of  Edward  IV.  His  duty  is  to  marshs! 
and  dispose  the  funer;ils  of  knights  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Trent. 

NoKiiov  KiNG-AT-AiiMS  has  similar 
jurisdiction  to  Clareuoioux,  only  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Trent. 

!i  in  Scotland  tho  heraldic  college  con- 
sists of  the  Lvo.N  KiNO-AT-AHMS,  six 
heralds,  and  five  pursuivants. 

H  In  Irdand  it  consists  of  tho  UlSTKR 
KlKG-AT-AHMS,  two  I'.cralds,  and  two 
pursuivants. 

ITerbB.  Many  licrl>ii  Are  used  for 
curuiive  purposes  simply  because  of  tliair 


400 


HERCUMiS. 


HEllEFORDSHIRE. 


form  or  marks  :  thus  Wood-sorrel,  being 
shaped  like  a  heart,  is  used  as  a  cordial; 
liver-wort  for  tlio  liver  ;  the  celandine, 
which  has  yellow  juice,  for  iho  jcmn dice; 
herb-dragon,  which  is  8i)eckled  like  a 
dragon,  to  counteract  the  poison  of 
serpents,  &c. 

Iler'cules  (3  syl.).  A  Grecian  hero, 
possessed  of  the  utmost  amount  of 
jihysical  strength  and  vigour  that  the 
Imman  frame  is  capable  of.  Tie  is  re- 
presented as  brawny,  muscular,  short- 
necked,  and  of  huge  proportions.  The 
Pythian  told  him  if  he  would  serve 
Eurys'theus  for  twelve  years  he  should 
become  immortal  ;  accordingly  ho  bound 
himself  to  the  Argive  king,  who  imposed 
upon  him  twelve  tasks  of  great  difi&culty 
and  danger : 

1st.  To  slay  the  Nem'ean  lion. 

2nd.  To  kill  the  Ler'nean  hydra. 

3rd.  To  catch  and  retain  the  Arca'dian 
stag. 

4th.  To  destroy  the  Eryman'thian  boar. 

5th.  To  cleanse  the  stables  of  king 
Aii'gcas. 

6th.  To  destroy  the  cannibal  birds  of 
the  lake  Sbympha'lis. 

7th.  To  take  captive  the  Cretan  bull 

8th.  To  catch  the  horses  of  the  Thra- 
cian  Diome'dos. 

9th.  To  get  possession  of  tiio  girdle  of 
Ilippol'yte,  queen  of  tho  Amazons. 

10th.  To  take  captive  the  oxen  of  the 
monster  Ger'yiin, 

11th.  To  get  possession  of  the  apples 
of  the  Hesper'ides. 

12tti.  To  bring  up  from  the  infernal 
regions  the  three-headed  dog  Ccr'beios. 

The  Nem'tcn  lUin  tlrst  he  killed,  then  L-! roe's  hj/lra 

Blew ; 
Tb'  /\r -a'diaii  »( .'(7  and  monster  6'>ar  before  Eurys'- 

tlieus  drew  ; 
Cleansed  Au'Kcii''  'tails,  and  made  the  birds  from 

lake  i^ijmi'lia'lia  (Ice  ; 
The   Cretan  itifll.  anrt  Thraciau  7n<ire».  fiist  seized 

and  then  set  frc«  : 
i'ook  n-.zc  llic  Aniazu'uia!!  Ult,  brought  (jerjbii'o 

hine  fiom  (iades; 
Fetched  (ipflen  rro.n  the  Ucsperidiia  and  Cei'.jeroj 

Ir.im  H5h«.— K.  C.  iJ. 

Attic  Hcradi's.  Th^sous  (2  st/l.),  who 
went  about,  like  Hercule.s,  his  great  con- 
temporary, destroying  robbers  and 
achieving  wondrous  exjiloits. 

Egyptian  ilercKli".''.  Sesostris.  (Flou- 
rished B.C.  1500  ) 

Jeicish  Hercules.  Samson.  (Died  B.C. 
1113.) 

ilercuUt  Secundum.  Com'niodus,  the 
Roman  emperor,  gave  himself  this  title. 


He  was  a  giK'antic  idiot,  of  whom  it  ik 
said  that  ho  killed  100  lions  in  the  amphi- 
theatre, and  gave  none  of  them  more  than 
one  blow.  Ho  aLso  overthrew  1,000  gladia- 
tors.    (Ifil,  180-1P2.) 

Tloe  Fanic'se  I/rrcales.  A  celebrated 
work  of  art,  copied  by  Glykon  from  an 
original  by  Lysippos.  It  exhibits  the 
hero,  exhausted  l)y  toil,  loaning  upon  his 
club  ;  his  left  hand  rests  upon  his  ba«k.  • 
and  fjrasps  one  of  the  apples  of  the  Hes- 
per'ides.  A  copy  of  this  famous  statue 
stands  in  the  gardens  of  the  Tuileries, 
Paris ;  but  Glykon's  statue  is  in  the 
Farnese  Palace  at  Rome.  A  beautiful 
description  of  this  statue  is  given  bv 
'J'homson  ("Liberty,"  iv.). 

Hercules'  Club.  A  stick  of  unusual 
size  and  formidablo  appearance. 

Hercules'  Horse.  Ari'on,  given  him  by 
Adras'tos.  It  had  the  power  of  speech, 
and  its  feet  on  the  right  side  were  those 
of  a  man. 

Hercules'  Pillars.  Calpe  and  Ab'yla,  one 
at  Gibraltar  and  one  at  Ceuta,  torn 
asunder  by  Hercules  that  he  might  get 
to  Gades  (Cadiz.)  Mhcro'bius  ascribes 
these  pillars  to  Sesostris  (tlie  Egyptian 
Herculijs),  and  Lucan  follows  the  same 
Ii'nditivHi. 

The  Hercides  of  Ahi.<ric.  Christophe 
Gluck  (1714— 178'7). 

/  will  follow  i/ou,  even  to  thi  pillars  oj 
Hercules,  To  the  end  of  the  world. 
The  ancients  stipposed  that  these  rocks 
marked  the  utmost  limits  of  the  habitable 
g'.obe.     (See  above  "  Hercules'  Pillars." 

Herculean  Knot.  A  snaky  cota- 
plication  on  the  rod  or  caduceus  of  Mer- 
cury, adopted  by  the  Grecian  brides  as 
the  fastening  of  their  woollen  girdles, 
which  only  the  bridegroom  was  allowed 
to  untie  when  the  bride  retired  for  the 
night.  As  he  did  so,  he  invoked  Juno 
to  render  his  marriage  as  fecund  as  that 
of  Hercult'S,  who  had  a  vast  number  of 
wives,  all  of  whom  had  families,  amongst 
others  the  fifty  daughters  of  Thestius, 
each  of  whom  conceived  in  one  night. 
(Sf  Knot  ) 

Hereford  (3  syl.).  Saxon,  kereford 
(army  ford). 

Herefordshire  Kindnes.g.  A  good 
turn  rendered  for  a  good  turn  received. 
Latin  proverbs,  FricatUemrefri'ca ;  Manut 
manum  laval.  Fuller  says  the" people  of 
Herefordshire  "drink  back  to  him  who 
drinks  to  them." 


ffERETIC. 


HERMETIC   BOOKS. 


40L 


Heretic  means  "  one  who  chooses," 
and  htresj  means  simply  "  a  choice."  A 
heretic  is  one  whoclioosesliis  own  creed, 
and  does  not  adopt  the  creed  authorise<l 
by  the  national  churcU.  (Greek,  hairisU, 
choice.) 

IlEitETlC8  OFTIIE  FihstCenturt  were 
the  aimo'n.iaiis  (so  called  from  Sinioa 
Mag^is),  Cerin'thians  (Ccrinthus),  Eh'ion- 
i7«  (Eb'ion),  and  Nicola itans  (^\c.ho\-A?,, 
deacon  of  Antioch). 

Second  Centuhy  :  The  Busilid'ians 
(Basil'ides),  Cor porra' Hans  (Carjioc'ra- 
tes),  Valentin  ians  ( Valenti'nus),  Oiuislica 
(Knowing  Ones),  iVazare'iiei,  Millena'- 
riam,  Cain'ites  (Cain),  Selh'ians  (Seth), 
Quartodeclmans  (.who  kept  Easter  on  the 
fourteenth  day  of  the  first  month),  Cer- 
({<>'Hians^Ce^(^ol\),^/a>•'cil>nites(M■.\^'^:\nn), 
ifonla'nisU  (Monta'nus),  Ta'liani<is  (Ta'- 
tian),  /I /oyians  (who  denied  the  "  Word"), 
Artoti/'rites  (?.«.),  and  An^eCics  (who 
worshipped  angels). 

TiiiiiD  Centuuy  ;  The  Pal'ri-pas.wins, 
Aruli'nri,  Aqtui'rians,  Nova'd'tnn,  Or'i>/en- 
isis  (followers  of  Origen),  M dchi:edo:k' - 
ii"(i.i(who  believed  Melchis'edech  was  the 
Messiah),  Sahellians  (from  Sabel'iius), 
and  Maniche'ans  (followers  of  Mani). 

KouKTU  Century  :  The  A'rlaiu  (from 
Arias),  CoUuih'iuiis  (Collu'tlins),  Alace- 
di'nians,  Agoe'ta,  Appotlind'rinns  (Apol- 
Ima'ris),  Timo'llieam  (Timothy,  the 
apostle).  Coll i/rid' iana  (who  olTered  cakei 
♦,u  the  Virgin  Mary),.S''/f!t'cvir?«(Seleu'cus), 
I't-iscillliins  (Priscillian),  Avlkropo-mor- 
pkiUs  (wlio  ascribed  to  God  a  Innnan 
fiirin),  Jovin'ianists  (Jovinian),  ileasa'- 
Hans,  and  Bono'sian.i  (Bono'sus). 

FiKTU  Century  ;  The  Pela'yiansCVcW- 
g'mii),   Neslo'rians  (Xesto'riiis),    Kv.fiich'-   ^ 
i«;(.s(Eii'tychns),  Tkeo-pafchitis  (iy\w  ^a.\(i   ] 
all  the  three  persons  of  the  Trinity  suf-   j 
fertMl  on  tlie  cross). 

SixTii  Centuuy:  ')^\i&  Pi-edeslina'riara, 
/iicuri'tip'tibi/ists  (v^ho  mnini^\])fd  th.it  iflie  i 
body  of  Christ  was  incorruptible),  the 
new  Agnoc'Uc  (who  maintained  thai  Cln-i.->t 
did  not  know  when  the  <lay  of  judgment 
would  take  place),  and  the  Monulli'i-lites 
(who  maintained  thatChrist  had  but  one 
will).  j 

Her'iot.     A  riglit  of   the   lord  of   n 
manor  to  the  best  jowel,  b(>a-;t,  or  chiiiti'l 
of  a  deceased  C()|iyhiild  tenant.    The  word 
is  compounded  of  the  Saxon  /icri'  (army),   ' 
gfnlii  (grant),  because  originally  it   was  i 
military  ftirnitnrc,  such  as  armour,  arms, 


and  horses  paid  to  the  lord  of  the  fee.-- 
Canute,  c.  69. 

Ilermae.  Busts  of  the  god  ITermee 
affixed  to  a  quadrangular  stone  pillar, 
diminishing  towards  the  base,  and  be- 
tween five  and  si.x  feet  in  height.  They 
were  set  up  to  mark  the  boundaries  of 
lands,  at  the  junction  of  roads,  at  the 
corners  of  streets,  and  so  on.  The  Romans 
used  them  also  for  garden  decorations. 
In  later  times  the  block  was  more  or 
lesscliiselled  into  legs  and  arms. 

IIerraaph'rodite(4syl.).  A  human  . 
body  having  both  sexes;  a  vehicle  com- 
bining the  structure  of  a  wagon  and 
cart  ;  a  flower  containing  ))oth  the  male 
and  female  organs  of  reproduction.  The 
word  is  derived  from  the  fable  of  Her- 
maph'rodi'tus,  son  of  Ilermiis  and  Apb'- 
rodite.  The  nj'inph  Sal'macis  became 
enamoured  of  him,  arxl  prayed  that  she 
might  be  so  closely  uniteil  that  "the 
twain  might  become  otio  flesh."  Her 
prayer  being  heard,  the  nymjtb  and  boy 
became  one  body.  —  Ovid,  "  Mrlamrtr- 
phos'S,"  iv.  347. 

Her'mt-^ld  or  Hfrmyntjyld.  The 
wife  of  the  constable  of  Norlhutnberland, 
converted  to  Christianity  by  Cunstanco, 
by  whose  bidding  she  restored  sight  to  a 
blind  Briton.— CAawcer,  "  Man  of  Lawet 
Tule." 

Iler'mensitl  or  Ermensul.  A  Saxon 
deity,  worshipped  in  Westpha'lia.  Char- 
lemagne broke  Iho  idol,  and  converted 
its  temple  into  a  Christian  church.  The 
statue  stood  on  a  column,  holding  a 
standanl  in  one  hand,  and  a  balance  in 
the  other.  On  its  breast  was  the  figure 
of  a  bear,  and  on  its  shield  a  lion.  Pro- 
bably it  was  a  war-god. 

Her'mes  (2  syl.).  The  Greek  Mer- 
cury ;   either  the  god  or  the  metal. 

So  wlifii  we  see  Hie  luiuid  ii-.etal  fall 
Wliich  cticmiata  liy  ttie  nmne  of  Hermes  cill 
HooU,  "  Aiiuslo,"  bk.  viil. 

Milton  ("Parailiso  Lost,"  ill.  603)  calls 
qiiieksilver  "  Volatil  Hermes." 

Ilermet'ic  Art.  The  art  or  science 
of  alchemy  ;  so  called  from  the  Chaldean 
philosopher,  Hermes  Trismcgi.s'tus,  iti 
hypothetical  founder. 

Hermetic  Books.  Egyptian  Ikwscs 
written  under  the  dictation  of  Thoth  (the 
Egyptian  Hermes),  the  scribe  of  the  gods. 
J.iniblichus  gives  their  number  a«  "Jd.OOO, 


402    HEHMETIC  nilLOSOrilV. 


HEROIC  VEESE. 


but  Man'otho  raises  it  to  8G,525.  These 
books  state  tliat  tlio  world  was  made 
out  of  fluid;  tliat  Uio  soul  is  the  union 
of  light  and  life;  that  nothing  is  dostruc- 
tilile;  tliat  tiie  soul  transmigrates;  and 
thiit  tnfl'jring  i.s  the  result  of  motion. 

Hermet'ic  Philosophy.  A  system 
which  acknowledges  only  tiirco  chemical 
principles  -viz.,  salt,  sulphur,  and  mer- 
cury— from  which  it  exjilains  every  phe- 
nomenon of  nature.     (.Sec  Hermes.) 

Hermetic    Powder.      The    sym- 
pathetic powder,  sujiposed  to  possess  a 
healing  influence  from  a  distance.     The 
mediaeval   philosojihers  were  verj'  fond 
of  calling  books    drugs,  &c..  connected 
ivith  alchemy  and  astrology  by  the  term 
hermetic,  out  of  compliment  to   Llerniiis 
Trismegis'tus. — <SiV  Keiulin  Dighy,  "  iJis- 
course  concerning  the  Cure  of  Wounds  hy 
Si/mpatliy." 
For  tijr  his  eide  a  pouch  lie  wore 
Kei'lete  with  siraiigo  hermetic  powder, 
That  wounds  iime  miles  inint-blauk  would  seller. 
Builar,  "  Hudibrus,''  i.  i. 

Kormet'ically  Sealed.  Closed 
securely.  Thus  we  say,  "  My  lips  are 
hermetically  sealed,"  meaning  so  as  net 
to  utter  a  word  of  what  has  been  im- 
parted. The  French  say  close-fitting 
doors  and  windows  "shu,t  hermetically." 
When  chemists  want  to  preserve  any- 
ibing  from  the  air,  they  heat  the  neck 
of  the  vessel  till  it  is  soft,  and  then 
twist  it  till  the  aperture  is  closed  up. 
This  is  called  sealing  the  vessel  her- 
metically, or  like  a  chemist.  (From 
Hermes,  called  "  Trism'.glslus,"  or  thrice- 
great,  the  supposed  inventor  of  che- 
mistry.) 

Her'mia.  Daughter  of  EgSus,  who 
betrothed  Ler  to  Deme'trius;  but  sho 
refused  to  marry  him,  as  she  was  in  love 
with  Lysamler. — Shakespeare,  '■'■Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dreamt 

Hermi'one  (4  syl.).  Wife  of  Leontes, 
king  of  fcJilicia.  Being  6us[)ected  of  in- 
fidelity, she  is  thrown  into  juil,  swoons, 
and  is  reported  to  be  dead.  She  is  kept 
concealed  till  her  infant  rer'dita  iu  of 
marriageable  age,  when  Leontes  discovers 
his  mistake,  and  is  reconciled. — Sloake- 
tpeare,  "  Winter's  TaU." 

Hermit.  Pelei-  the  Jlenn  it.  Preacher 
of  the  tirst  crusade.     (1050-1115.) 

Ilermite  (2  syl.)-  Tristrem  riloiiiite 
or  air  Tristan  V  Eniiilc.    rrovostmarshal 


of  Louis  Xr.  He  was  the  main  instru- 
ment in  carrying  into  eflect  the  nefarious 
Bchcnies  of  bis  wily  master,  who  used  to 
call  him  hid  gossip  (1405-1403)  Sir 
■Walter  Scott  introduces  liim  in  "Anne 
of  Gcierstein,"  and  again  in  "  Queutin 
Durward." 

Ilermothr  or  Hermode  (2  syl.). 

The  deity  who,  with  Bragi,  receives  ancl 
welcomes  to  Valhalla  all  heroes  who  fali 
in  battle. — Scandino.vlan  niylkology. 

He'ro.  Daughter  of  Leona'to,  governor 
of  Messi'na.  Her  attachment  to  Beatrice 
is  very  beautiful,  and  she  serves  as  a 
foil  to  show  off  the  more  brilliant  qualities 
of  her  cousin. — /Shakespeare,  "  AIuchAdo 
about  Nothing." 

He'ro  and  Lean'der.  Tl»o  tale  is 
that  Hero,  a  priestess  of  Venus,  fell  in 
love  with  Leander,  who  swam  across  the 
Hellespont  every  night  to  visit  her.  On© 
night  he  was  drowned  in  so  doing,  and 
Hero  in  grief  throw  herself  into  the  same 
sea. 

Her'od.  A  child-killer;  from  Herod 
the  Great,  who  ordered  the  massacre  of 
the  babes  in  Bethlehem,     (ilatt.  iL  16.) 

To  out-herod  Herod.  To  out-do  in 
wickedness,  violence,  or  rant,  the  worst 
of  tyrants.  Herod,  who  destroyed  the 
babes  of  Bethlehem,  was  made  (in  the 
ancient  mysteries)  a  ranting,  roaring 
tyrant ;  the  extravagance  of  his  rant 
being  the  measure  of  his  bloody-minded- 
ness.    (Set  Pilate) 

Oh.  it  ofTen'ls  me  to  the  loul  to  hear  a  rotmstious, 
perriwig-pated  fellow   tear  a  rassmu  to  tatters,  W 
V-  ry  rags,  to  split  the  e :ir»  of  the  grouudlia.s  .  .  . 
it  out-lierodB  Herod.— 6'AaiM;j«ure,  "  Uamltt,"  iil.  S. 

Heroic  Age.  That  age  of  a  nation 
which  comes  lietweenthe  purely  mythical 
period  and  the  historic.  This  is  the  ago 
when  the  sons  of  the  gods  take  unto 
themselves  the  daughters  of  men,  and 
the  offspring  partake  of  the  twofold 
character. 

Heroic  Medicines.  Those  which 
produce  serious  or  even  fatal  results, 
when  administered  too  freely,  as  calomel, 
quinine,  &c. 

Heroic  Size  in  sculpture  denotes  nt 
stature  superior  to  ordinary  life,  but  not 
colossal. 

Heroic  Verse.  That  verse  in  which 
epic  poetry  is  generally  written.  In 
Greek  and  Latin  it  is  hcjcariuta'  verse,  in 


HERON  CRESTS. 


HEYDAY   OF    YOUTH.      403 


Enfflisb  it  is  ten-syllablo  verse,  either  in 
rlsyincs  or  not.  So  calloil  because  it  is 
eraployed  for  the  celebration  of  beroic 
exploits. 

Her'on-crests.  The  Uzbek  Tartars 
wear  a  plume  of  white  heron  feathers  in 
their  turbans. 

lieros'tratos  or  Eroslralos,  an  Ephe- 
sian  who  set  firo  to  the  temple  of  Ephesus 
in  order  that  his  name  might  bo  por- 
Jii'tuatcd.  The  Ephesians  made  it  penal 
to  mention  the  name,  but  their  la^v  elloc- 
tually  defeated  its  object.     (B.C.  356.) 

Herring.  Lead  as  a,  shoUcii  herring. 
Tlie  shotten  herring  is  one  that  has  shot 
off  or  ejected  its  spawn.  This  fi.sh  dies 
the  very  moment  it  quits  the  water,  from 
want  of  air.  Indeed,  all  the  herring 
tribe  die  very  soon  after  they  are  taken 
from  their  native  element,     [v.  Batflk.) 

Ey  K»r  de  herriiiK  is  no  dc-ui  so  u  1  fill  kiU  hiln- 
Snakt$peare,  "  ilerry  IKiiu  »/  M'i«nt»or."  iL  t. 
Meitticr  li«b.  Dor  tl«sb.  uur  good  rbd  l.emDt;. 

Vrj/den,  ■■  Ouke  •/  liuita,' 

llerriiig-bone  in  building.  Coursea 
of  stone  laid  angularly,  thus  :  cx'^C'x  • 
Alsoapjilied  to  strutting  jilaced  between 
Ihin  joists  to  increase  their  strength. 

Also  a  peculiar  stitch  in  needlework, 
chictly  used  iu  wuiking  flannel. 

Hertford.  Saxon,  luor(-/ord  (the 
hart's  ford).  Tiio  arms  of  the  city  are 
"a.  hart  couchant  in  water." 

Hertford,  invoked  by  Thomson  in  his 
"  Spring,"  was  Frances  Thynne,  who 
married  Algernon  Seymour,  earl  of  Hert- 
ford, afterwards  duke  of  Somerset. 

Hertha.  Mother  earth.  Worshipped 
by  all  the  Scandinavian  tribes  with  orgies 
and  mysterious  rites,  celebrated  in  the 
dark.  llerveile<l  statue  was  trauspoiteii 
from  district  to  district  by  cov.'s  which 
no  hand  but  the  priest's  was  allowed  to 
tjuch.   Tacitus  calls  this  goddess  Cyb'ole. 

Her  Trippa.  Henry  Corne'liua 
Agrippa  of  iS'etteshcim,  a  philosopher 
and  physician.  One  of  tlio  characters  in 
the  romance  of  "  Gargantua  and  l^an'- 
taffrucl',"  by  Rabelais. 

Hesi'one.  Daughter  of  Laora'cdoa, 
king  of  Troy,  exjio.sed  to  a  sea-nioLstor, 
but  rescued  by  Hercules. 

Hesper'in.  ."taly  was  so  called  by 
tlie  (ireeks,  because  it  was  to  them  the 
"  Western  Laud;"  but  the  Rom&us,  for 


n  similar  reason,  transferred  the  name  tc 
Spain. 

Hesper  idtis.  Th.'ee  sisters  who 
guarded  the  golden  apples  which  He'ra 
(Juno)  received  as  a  marriage  gift. 
They  were  assisted  by  the  ilragon  La'don. 
Many  EuLdish  poets  call  the  place  where 
these  golden  apples  grew  the  "garden  of 
the  liesperidc's."  Shake.'^peare  ("  Love's 
Laboiu-'sLost,"iv.3)  .^iieaks  of  "climbing 
trees  in  the  Hesperidcs." 

Shew  thee  the  tree.  leifeJ  wlih  refined  gold, 
Wlir'reon  the  feMfiil  dniKon  held  h\t  se.it. 
That  watched  the  garden  c  lUed  IlceperiJc';. 

Rohiit  C/'ft'n«,  "  liiar  Jiueon  and 
Fi\.ar  Uungay."    |.5j8.) 

Hes'perus      The  evening  star. 

Ere  twice  In  mur!c  and  occidental  damp 
Mui^t  111  Bperus  hath  ijuenche.l  bis  sleepv  Imcd. 
Shikisp.are,  •■  AWi  WM  ih«t  Jituit  »'<,((,    il  1. 

He'SUS  or  £'sus.  A  Gaulish  war-god 
corresponding  to  Mars. 

ITe'sychasts  (lle'-se-kasls).  The 
"quietists"  of  tlio  East  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  They  placed  perfection  in  con- 
templation. (Greek,  hesa'c/iia,  quiet.) 
{See  Gibbon,  "  Romati  Empire,"  Ixiii.) 
Milton  well  expresses  their  belief  iu  his 
"  Comus  ;" — 

Till  oft  converse  with  hiaveiily  hnb:;a!it3 
Butnii  to  civ^t  a  beam  on  the  outwar  I  sliai'e, 
And  tiirna  it  by  deijn^es  U>  the  soul's  euseuct 
Till  all  he  made  iiniii'irtal. 

Het'aerism  i3syl.).     Prostitution. 

The  Greek  heOili-a  (a  mistress).  Ac- 
cording to  Pl.ito,  "  meretrix,  spccioso 
nomine  rem  odiosam  denotante."— yVut. 
el  Allien. 

Hetman.  The  Chief  of  the  Cossacks 
of  the  Don  used  to  be  so  called.  He  w.as 
elected  by  the  people,  and  the  mode  of 
choice  was  this  :  The  voters  threw  their 
fur  caps  at  the  candidate  they  voted  for, 
and  he  who  had  the  most  caps  at  hia 
foot  was  the  successful  candidate.  The 
last  Hetman  was  count  PlatolT.  H^IJ- 
ISM.) 

Heu-Monat'  or  Ileij-MonclK.  Hav 
month,  the  Anglo-Saxon  name  for  July. 

Hewson.  Did  Uewson  lU  cobbler. 
Colonel  John  Hewson,  who  (as  Humo 
says)  "  rose  from  the  profession  of  a 
cobbler  to   a   high    rank   in  Cromwell's 

army." 

Heyday  of  Youth.  The  prime  oi 
youth.  (Saxon,  /uiida(/,  highdrtj  pr 
mid  (lay  of  youth,^ 


404 


HEXAPLA. 


HIOHGATE. 


Hex'apla.  A  book  containing  tlio 
text  of  tho  Bible  in  Hebrew  and  Greek, 
with  four  translations,  viz.,  tbe  Si-p'tua- 
gint,  with  those  of  A<inila,  Tbeoilo'tion, 
and  Syniniachus.  Tbe  whole  is  printed 
in  si.T  (•olunms  on  the  pape.  'I'his  waa 
the  work  of  Origen,  who  aJao  added  mar- 
giiial  noteB, 

Hext.  When  bale  is  hexl,  boot  is  yiexl. 
When  thinjj;s  como  to  the  worst  they 
must  soon  mend.  Dale  means  misery, 
hurt,  misfortune  ;  /text  is  highest,  as  next 
is  Highest ;  boot  means  help,  profit. 

Hiawath'a.  Son  of  Mudjekee'wis 
(tbe  west  wind)  and  Weno'nah.  His 
mother  died  in  his  infancy,  and  Hiawatha 
was  brought  up  i)y  his  grandmother, 
Noko'mis,  daughter  of  the  Moon.  He 
represents  the  progress  of  civilisation 
among  the  American  Indians.  He  first 
wrestled  with  Monda'min  ([ndian  maize), 
whom  he  subdued,  and  gave  to  man 
bread-corn.  He  then  t.auglit  man  navi- 
gation ;  then  he  subdued  the  Mishe- 
Naiima  or  sturgeon,  and  told  the  people 
to  "bring  all  tlieir  pots  au'l  kettles  and 
make  oil  for  winter."  His  next  ad- 
venture was  against  Megissog'won,  the 
magician,  "  who  sent  tlie  fiery  fever 
on  man  ;  sent  the  white  fog  from  the 
fen-lands;  sent  disease  and  death  among 
us  ;"  he  slew  the  terrible  monster,  and 
taught  man  the  science  of  medicine.  He 
next  married  "  Laughing  Water,"  setting 
the  people  an  example  to  follow.  Lastly, 
he  taught  the  people  picture-writing. 
When  the  white  men  lamiod  and  taught 
the  Indians  the  faith  of  Jesus,  Hiawatha 
exhorted  them  to  receive  the  words  of 
wisdom,  to  reverence  the  missionaries 
who  had  come  so  far  to  see  them,  and 
departed  "  to  the  kingdom  of  Pone'mah, 
the  land  of  the  Hereafter." 

Longfellow's  song  of  Hiawath'a  may 
1  ('  termed  the  "  Edda "  of  the  North 
American  Indians. 

lliaicatha's  mittcm.  "  Maunc  mittens 
made  of  deer-skin  ;  when  ujion  his  hands 
he  wore  them,  ho  could  smite  the  rocks 
asunder." — Loui/fellow,  "  JIi.a(ca(ha,"  iv. 

Hiawatha's  vioc'casijis.  Enchanted 
shoes  made  of  deer-skin.  "  When  he 
bound  them  round  his  ankles,  at  each 
stride  a  mile  he  mowaiirGd."  —  Lonfjfellow, 
"  Jliaaalha,"  iv. 

nibernia.  A  variety  of  leme  {Tre- 
land).       riiuy   says   tbe    Irish   mothers 


reed  their  babes  with  swords  instead  of 
spoons. 

Wlillf  in  IliherniVa  fir-Ids  the  labonrinj  swain 
Miiill  pndi  the  plouiih  o  cr  ukullg  of  warriurn  al&la. 

And  turn  up  liuti'rs  nn'l  broken  npears. 
AinoziMi.  lie'll  sliow  his  rdlwws  uf  thf)  plain 

The  relics  of  victorious  years. 
And    Icll   lioM-  swift    iliy  arms  ttial   kingdom   did 
rcg'  liii. 

Ilughft,  "  11  ,utt  of  Nauim." 

Hie  Ja'cets.  Tombstones,  so  callo'^ 
from  the  first  two  words  of  their  inscrip- 
tions :   "  Here  Lies  .  .  ." 

By  111  ■  cold  Ihc  JaaU  of  the  d  ad. 
Tenwjaon,  "  l.li/lU  ol  Ihe  King  "  (  Viiiin). 

UlcW a,i\\r\ft  {Tom  or  Jack).  A  poor 
labourer  in  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  of 
such  enormous  strength  that,  armed  with 
an  a.xletreeand  cartwheel  only,  he  killed 
a  giant  who  dwelt  in  a  ii,arsh  at  Tylncy, 
Norfolk.  He  was  knighted  and  made 
governor  of  Thanet.  He  is  sometimes 
called  Ifickafric. 

Hick'ory.  Old  IlirLoi-y.  General 
Andrew  Jackson.  Parton  says  he  was 
first  called  "  tough,"  from  his  pedestrial 
powers  ;  then  "tough  as  hickory  ;"  and, 
la.stly,  "  old  hick'  'ry." 

Hidal'go.  The  title  in  Spain  of  tho 
lower  nobility.  (According  to  bishop  St. 
Vincent,  the  word  is  compounded  of 
hijo  del  Goto,  son  of  a  Goth;  but  more 
probably  it  is  hijo  d'algo,  son  of  some- 
body).    In  Portuguese  it  is  "Fidalgo." 

Hieroc'lean  Legacy.  The  legacy 
of  jokes.  UiiSrocles,  in  the  fifth  Christian 
century,  was  the  first  person  who  hunted 
up  ami  compiled  jokes;  after  a  lite-long 
labour  he  mustered  together  as  many  aa 
twenty-eight,  which  he  has  left  to  the 
world  as  his  legacy. 

Higgledy-piggledy.     In    great 

confusion  ;  at  sixes  and  sevens.  A  hig- 
gler is  a  pedlar  whose  stores  are  all 
huddled  together.  Higgledy  means  after 
tho  fashion  of  a  higgler's  basket. 

High  Church.  I'hose  who  believe 
the  Church  [of  England]  tho  one  and  only 
ark  of  salvation  ;  that  its  clergy  are  apos- 
tolically  descended ;  that  its  baptism  is 
regeneration  ;  and  that  its  priests  have  the 
delegated  power  of  absohuion  (on  confes- 
eiou  and  promise  of  repentance). 

High  Falutin.    Tall  talk.    (Am«r.) 

Highgate  has  its  name  from  a  g.ite 

set   up    there    about   400   years   ago,   lo 

receive  tolls  for  the  bishop  of  London, 

when  the  old  miry  road  from  Gray's  Inn 


HIGH  HEELS. 


HILL   PEOPLE. 


405 


Lane  to  B;irnet  was  turned  through  the 
bishop's  park.  Tho  village  being  in  a 
ki;/k  or  elevated  situation  explains  the 
first  part  of  the  name. 

Siccym  at  llvihgaU.  Grose  says  that  a 
custom  anciently  jirovaited  at  the  public- 
bouses  in  Iligligalo  toadniinistor  a  ludi- 
crous oath  to  all  travellers  who  stopped 
tliyro.  The  paity  was  sworn  on  a  pair  of 
horns  fastened  to  a  stick — 

(1)  Xever  to  kiss  the  maid  when  he 
can  kiss  the  mistress. 

(■J)  Never  to  eat  brown  bread  when  hft 
can  get  white. 

(3)  Never  to  drink  small  beer  when  he 
can  get  strong — unless  he  prefers  it. 

High  Heels  and  Low  Heels.  The 
I  ( igh  and  Low  Church  party.  Tho  names 
of  two  factions  in  Swift's  talo  of  Lilliput 
("  Gulliver's  Travels"). 

High  Jinks.  He  is  at  his  hi;ihjiuks. 
Stilte<l  in  manner  ;  on  his  high  horse. 

Tilt  frolicsome  compaiiy  had  be'/un  t)  rractise  the 
anoout  au<l  uow  forgotteu  pastime  uf  tityh  Jmkt. 
1  he  Raine  w;ib  payeJ  lu  several  rliir>.reiil  waya  Must 
freci'ieiitly  tlie  die-  wc:ie  tliruwn  by  ilie  cuinpiu;, 
and  th'^se  upon  wlion)  the  lut  lell  weie  ohliK-  d  to 
aaiiiim>?  and  muiutain  fur  a  time  a  c  itaia  tictiiiuua 
ch;'racter,  or  tj  reiieat  a  ccrtiiu  Duiiil)'  r  of  fescen- 
niue  verses  in  a  pariic\ilar  oner.  If  they  di-pDrieJ 
from  the  characters  assigned  .  .  .  they  iii'-urred  for- 
feits, whit'h  were  coinpoutided  for  by  awallowio^  an 
ad  litiuual  bumper.— i'lr  WS^ult,  "  Guy  iLmtutring," 

UStL 

High  Places  (Scripture).  Places  of 
illicit  worship  among  the  Jews,  who,  in 
common  with  other  nations,  selected 
elevated  spots  for  their  altars. 

High  Seas.  All  the  sea  which  is  not 
the  projicrty  of  a  particular  country. 
The  sea  three  miles  out  belongs  to  the 
adjacent  coast,  and  is  called  mare  clau- 
tiim.  High  seas,  like  High-ways,  means 
(or  the  public  use.  In  both  cases  the 
word  A  1(7 A  meace  "chief,"  "principal." 
(Latin,  altuni,,  "the  main  sea  ;"  allv-s, 
'  high.') 

l.ligiiland  Wary.  A  name  im- 
mortalised by  liuriis,  gener.ally  thought 
to  be  Mary  Campbell,  but  more  prol>alily 
Mary  Morison.  In  ^7'^^2  wo  have  tluvo 
m.TLgs  to  Mary:  "Will  ye  go  to  the 
In.lie.s,  my  .Mary?"  "Highland  Mary" 
("  Ye  banks  and  braes  of  boiinio  Doon  "), 
and  "To  Mary  in  Heaven"  ("Thou 
lingering  star,"  kc).  These  were  all 
written  some  time  after  tho  consumma- 
tion of  his  marriage  with  Jean  Armour 
(i7i>8),  for  the  rocoUcctioa  of  "one  of 


the  most  interesting  passages  of  hij 
youthful  days."  Four  montlis  after  he 
had  sent  to  .Mr.  Thomson  the  song  called 
"  Highland  .Mary"  he  sent  that  entitled 
"  Mary  Morison,"  which  ho  calls  "  one  of 
his  juvenile  works."  Thus  all  the  four 
songs  refer  to  some  youthful  passion,  and 
three  of  them  at  least  were  sent  in  letter* 
addressed  to  Mr.  Thomson,  so  that  little 
doubt  can  exist  that  the  Mary  of  all  the 
four  is  one  and  tho  same  person,  called 
by  the  author  Mary  Morison. 

How  blylhely  wad  I  bide  the  stuupe. 
A  weaiy  slave  frae  sun  to  sua. 

CouM  I  tl.e  rich  reward  secure  - 
The  lovely  .Mary  Morison. 

Highlanders  of  Attica.  The 
operative  class,  who  had  their  dwelliugt 
on  the  hills  {Diiicrii). 

High  ness.  The  Khedive  of  Egypt  ii 
styled  ■'  Your  Highness." 

The  children  of  kings  and  queens, 
"  Your  Royal  Highness." 

The  children  of  emperors,  "  Your 
Imperial  Highness." 

Till  the  reign  of  Henry  VITI.  tho  kiii':,'s 
of  England  were  styled  "Your  lli:,^h. 
ness,"  "Your  Grace,"  "Your  Excellent 
Grace,"  &c. 

Hil'ary  Term,  in  the  Law  courts,  ii: 
from  the  11th  to  the  end  of  January,  so 
called  in  honour  of  St.  Hilary,  whoso  ilay 
occurs  on  the  13th. 

Hildebrand(.l/ew<er).  Tho  Ne.stor 
of  German  romance,  a  magician  as  well 
as  champion,  like  Maugis  among  the 
heroes  of  Charlematrne. 

mi.Ulmud.  Pope  Grcjjory  VII.  (1013, 
107J-1US5.) 

A  Uildtbraiid.  A  violent,  mischievon« 
tici-son.  So  calle<i  from  pojie  Gregory 
Vll.,  noted  for  subjugating  tiie  power  of 
tho  German  emperors  ;  and  sjieciallv 
detested  l>y  the  eai-ly  refoinx'rs  for  hil 
ulti-a-pontilical  views.     {See  above.) 

Hil'debrod  (^Duke)  President  of  the 
Alsa'lian  cluli.  — 6'i>  W.  Scull,  "  ForlUHtt 
ojWuid." 

Hildur.  Goddess  of  war,  the  liellu'na 
of  Scaiidiuavian  mytholcgy. 

Hill-People  or  l/iN-/„/t.  A  clvx 
of  beings  in  Scandinavian  tradition  be- 
tween the  elves  and  tho  human  race. 
They  are  supposed  to  dwell  in  eaves  and 
small  hills,  and  are  bent  on  receiving  the 
bcaelits  of  man's  redemption. 


406 


HILL  TRIBES. 


HIP!  niP!  HURRAn. 


Hill  Tril  68.  The  barbai-otis  tiibes 
dwelling:  in  remote  parts  of  ths  Deccan 
or  [ilatpan  of  Central  India. 

Hil'pa.  A  Chinese  antediluvian  prin- 
cess, one  of  the  150  daughters  of  Zilpali, 
of  the  race  of  Colui  (Cain).  Her  lover 
is    Siiallum   (q.v.)  —Spcclator,   vol.   viii. 

Himiltrude  (Ssyl.).  VVilo  of  Charle- 
mapne,  who  surpassed  all  otlier  woinou 
in  nolilcness  of  mien. 

Hit  licck  «a8  tin.-ed  wi!!i  p.  dclic :i!e  rose,  like  that 
of*  lUmnn  inatniii  lu  furiuer  au'cs.  Her  lochs  wi;re 
bjuna  iliout  lier  lemples  witli  colJ  una  purple  bands. 
Ilerdf'.-a  was  loopcl  up  wi;h  niliy  cliitips.  Uor 
coronet  au  I  lier  i  Ui  pie  robes  ■:  ivc  licr  au  air  of  am'- 
p»»8in<  inajeaiy.— "  Vruiiiusinilime."  iii. 

Iliminbiorgj.  A  city  fortified  by 
iioitiiduil.  It  was  situate  uudur  the 
,  -ii  cuiily  of  the  rainbow  or  bridge 
Bif.-  est,  and  commanded  a  view  of  100 
lea;^  ues  in  every  direction.— C«/^ic  mytho- 

H  ind.  Emblematic  of  St.  Giles, 
beca  use  "  a  heaven-directed  hind  went 
daily  to  give  him  milk  in  the  desert, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone."  (5e< 
Haht.  ) 

Thi  hind  of  Sertorius.  Serto'rius  was 
invite  d  by  the  Lusita'nians  to  defend  them 
ag-aiast  the  Romans.  He  had  a  tame 
wliite  hind,  which  he  taught  to  follow 
him,  and  from  which  he  pretended  to 
receive  the  instructions  of  Dian'a.  By 
(lis  artifice,  sajs  Plutarch,  he  imposed 
oil  the  superstition  of  the  people. 

He  !e  gnrd  a  J(ino:i  (in  a  hind  concealed) 
To   him  the  counsels  of  tlic  gods  revealed. 

Vjmoens,  "  Liisiad,"  i. 

Tfie  viilk-while  hind,  in  Dryden's  poem, 
"  The  Hind  and  the  Panther,"  means  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  milk-white  be- 
cause ' '  infallible."  The  panther,  full  of 
the  spots  of  error,  is  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

Without  unspotted,  innocent  within. 
She  feared  uo  danger,  for  she  knew  .lo  sin. 
Fl  i. 

11  ind  and  Panther.  A  satire  by 
Dryden.  The  "noble  buzzard"  is  bishop 
1  urnet,  who  cens\ired  Dryden  for  the 
great  immor.ality  of  his  dramas. 

Ilin'da.  Daughter  of  Al  Hassan,  the 
Arabian  aniecr  of  Persia.  Her  lover, 
llafed,  was  a  (Jheberor  I-'ire-worshippcr, 
the  sworn  enemy  of  Al  Hassan  and  all 
bis  race.  Al  Hassan  sent  her  away  for 
safety,  but  she  was  taken  captive  by 
Uafed's    party,    and    when     her    lover 


(betrayed  to  Al  Hassan)  burnt  himBelf 
to  death  in  the  sacred  6ro,  Hinda  cast 
herself  headlong  into  the  sea. —  T.  Moon, 
"  Tilt  Fire-  Worshippers." 

Jluida.  One  of  the  idols  of  the  Madiaa- 
ites. 

Ilin'der  is  to  hold  one  behind; 
whereas  pre-vent  is  to  go  before,  and  thua 
atop  one  s  progress. 

Hindustan'.  Hind  (Persic),  Siiid 
(Sanskrit),  means  "  black,"  and  u  or  oo 
is  the  common  adjunct,  about  equal  to 
our  ey.  Hence  "  Hindoo"  or  "  Hindu" 
means  hlackey  or  ne(jro.  "Tan"  means 
territory  in  all  the  A'ryan  family  of  lan- 
guages, and  therefore  "Hindus-tan" 
means  Negroeslet~i-iloi-y. 

Tan  appears  in  Koordistan,  Afi^anistan,  Mauri- 
tania, Fiirsistan,  &o.,  country  of  the  Koords.  tlia 
.^fJiau8,  the  Maurs  or  Moors.  I'ars,  to.  Kohistao 
(hn/li-cimnti:i/),  Katirialan  (iuQdcl  country),  *c. 

Hindustan  Regiment.  The  76th. 

So  called  because  it  first  distinguished 
itself  in  Hindustan.  It  is  also  called  tha 
Seven  and  Sixpennii:s,  from  its  number. 

Hinzelmann.  The  most  famous 
house-spirit  or  kobold  of  German  legend. 
He  lived  four  years  in  the  old  castle  of 
Hudemiihlenj  where  he  had  a  room  set 
apart  for  him  ;  at  the  end  of  the  fourth 
year  (1588)  he  went  away  of  his  own 
accord,  and  never  again  returned. 

Hip !  Hip  !  Hurrah !  Hip  is  said 
to  be  a  notarica,  composed  of  tlie  initial 
letters  of  IJierosoh/ma  Est  Po-'dita. 
Henri  van  Laun  sa3-s,  iu  JVotes  and 
Qtieriei,  that  whenever  the  German 
knights  headed  a  Jew-hunt,  iu  the  middle 
ages,  they  ran  shouting  "  Hip!  Hip  !"  a? 
much  as  to  say  "  Jerus.olem  is  destroy e<l." 
{See  NoTAUiCA.) 

Timbs  derives  Hurrah  from  the  Scla- 
vonic/tw-ny  (to  Paradise),  so  that  Hip  I 
hip  /  hi'.rrah/  would  mean  "Jerusalem 
is  lest  to  the  infidel,  and  we  are  on  th6 
road  to  Paradise."  These  etj-mons  may 
be  taken  for  what  thoy  are  worth. 

•'  y^ow,  infidel,  I  have  Ihee  on  tlie  hip" 
("Merchant  of  Venice");  and  again, 
"  77/  have  our  Jfichael  Cassio  on  (he  hip  " 
("Othello"),  to  have  the  whip  hand  of 
ouo.  The  term  is  derived  from  wrestlere, 
who  seize  the  adversary  by  the  hip  aud 
throw  him. 

In  fine  lie  doth  npply  one  speeiall  drift. 
Which  w:i6  to  eet'the  pagan  on  the  hip. 

And  liavini;  caucht  bim  right,  he  doth  him  lift 
By  uiml>lc  8lei):lit,  itud  in  such  wise  doth  trii>. 

That  down  he  fitew  hiir  Sw  J.  U^ringUm. 


HTPPERSWITCnES, 


HISTORY. 


407 


Hipper-Switches.  Coaise  willow 
withs.  A  kipper  is  a  coarse  osier  used 
in  basket-making,  and  an  osier  field  is  a 
h  ipper-kolm. 

Hippo.  liisliop  of  Hippo.  A  title  by 
wi  icl)  St.  Augubtiiie  is  designated.  (354- 
4;>0.) 

Hip'pocampus,  pi.  TTippocamies 
(1  «yl.).  A  sea-lioi'se,  liaving  the  bead 
and  fore-qnarters  of  a  liorse,  with  the 
tail  and  hiud-quarters  of  a  fish  ordolphia. 

Ilip'pocras.  A  cordial  made  of 
Livliuu  and  Canary  wines,  bruised  spices, 
and  sut,'ar  ;  so  called  from  the  strainer 
tlii-ongh  which  it  is  passed,  called  by 
apolheciiries  II ippoc  rates'  sleeve.  Hippo- 
cniUs  in  Iho  niiddlo  ages  was  called 
"  Yypocras"  or  "  Hippecras.''  Thus 
Chaucer : 

Well  knew  h«  the  old  Esculinius, 
Ad<I  I'cisciin.U'S.  and  e^V  Kr.tua, 
Old  Yy;  ocras.  Ilalv.  aud  Ct.lj^n. 

Hippocrat'ean  School.  A  school 
of  moiiiciiio,  so  called  from  Hippocrates. 
(iW  Dogmatic.) 

Hippoc'rates'  Sleeve.  A  woollen 
bag  of  a  square  piece  of  flannel,  having 
tlio  opposite  curuers  joined,  so  as  to  make 
it  triangular.  Used  by  chemists  for  strain- 
ing syrups,  &c.,  and  for  decoctions. 

Ilip'pocrene  (3  sjd.).  The  fountain 
of  the  Muses,  produced  by  a  stroke  of 
the  hoof  of  I'eg'asos  (Greek,  horsc-foun- 
tuin). 

Hip'pogryph  or  Ilippogrif.  The 
winged  liorse,  whose  father  was  a  griffin 
and  mother  a  lilly  (Greek,  hippos,  a  horse, 
Midfj)-yp/ius,  agrilfin).  Asyml)ol  of  love.— 
"  Orlando  Furioso,"  iv.  18,  19. 

So  laj-iii'.',  lie  cauvlit  him  un.  and  witlioiil  wiug 
Of  hiiipDijrir,  liiire  ihruunh  the  air  suhUme, 
Uver  the  wildcnieiig  &ud  o'er  the  r  laio. 

ilittvu.  "  PiirudUe  KrffiiiwJ,"  Iv. 

{See  SiucuGii.) 

Hippol'yta.  Queen  of  the  Am'a:^on9, 
anil  dau^(iitcr  of  Mars.  Shakespeare  has 
introduced  the  character  iu  his  "  Jlid- 
8\iminer  Night's  Dream,"  where  he  be- 
troths  her  to  Theseus,  duke  of  Athens. 
In  classja  fable  it  is  her  sister  An'tiope 
wlio  married  Theseus,  although  some 
writers  justify  Shakespeare's  account. 
Ilippolytti  was  famous  for  a  girdle  given 
her  by  her  father,  and  it  was  one  of  the 
twelve  labours  of  Hercules  to  possess 
liimself  of  this  prize. 


Hippol'ytos.  Son  of  Theseus,  king 
of  Athens,  lie  was  dragired  to  death  by 
wihl  horses,  and  restored  to  life  by  Escu- 
la'pios. 

(1)  Hippol'ytus,  the  cardinal  to 
whom  Ariosto  dedicated  his  "Orlando 
Furioso." 

(2)  1/lppoli/lii.i,  Fon  of  Alfonso,  duke  of 
Fcrrara  ;  a  cardinal  also. 

(^j)  Ilippotijtus,  of  the  family  of  Modi- 
cis  ;  a  cardinal ;  killed  by  poison. 

Kippom'enes  (4syl.).  A  Grecian 
prince,  who  ran  a  race  with  Atftlanta  for 
her  hand  in  marriage.  lie  lia<l  three 
golden  apples,  which  ho  drojiiiod  one  by 
one,  and  which  the  lady  stopped  to  pick 
up.     By  this  delay  she  lost  tne  race. 

Hi'rill.  A  sword,  a  swaegcrer,  a 
fighting  man.  It  is  the  Greek  lie'iii>, 
goddess  of  peace.  A  lucas  a  non 
luctndo. 

•'  Have  we  got  Hiren  here?  Wf'll  have  no  Rwaj- 
geriu^  yo«ut;at«r3."— A'ir  W.  S  ott,  "  'fne  A  ntit/u-trj/.'' 

Jlircn.  A  strunipi't.  From  VocVs 
play,  "  The  Turkish  AIahoi-;iet  and  Uyren 
the  fair  Greek." 

Seei  neiir>j  /I'.,  ii.  4. 

Kispa'nia.  Spain.  So  called  from 
the  Funic  word  Span  (a  rabbit),  on 
account  of  the  vast  number  of  rabbits 
which  the  Carthaginians  found  in  t!ie 
peninsula.  Others  derive  it  from  tlic 
Bas(iue  Expaiia  (a  border). 

IIistoricu.S.  Ihe  nom  de  plume  in 
the  Times  of  Sir  W.  Vernon  llarcourt, 
a  slashing  writer  in  the  Sulurdut/  licnieip. 

History.  Our  oldest  historian  is  the 
Venerable  Bedo,  who  wrote  in  Latin  an 
"Ecclesiastical  History"  of  very  great 
merit  (tJ72-735).  Of  secular  histori.ms, 
William  of  Poitiers,  who  wrote  in  Latin 
"The  Oests  or  Dee<ls  of  William,  Duke 
of  Normandy  and  King  of  the  English  " 
(1020-1083).  His  contemporary  was 
jQgulphus,  who  wrote  a  history  of  Crov- 
land  Abbey  (1030-1109).  The  oldest  prose 
work  in  Early  English  is  Sir  John  iMamlo- 
villo's  account  of  his  Eastern  travels  ip 
looo. 

The/athtr  0/  lliitory  IleroilV.tos,  Iht 
Greek  historian,  (B.C.  481-408.)  So 
called  by  Cicero. 

Father  of  French  lliitory.  Andr^ 
Duchesne.    (1584-1()40.) 

Father  of  Hi/turic  I'ainting.  Poh'gno'- 
tos  of  TlioOu      (t'luuiished  U.c.  4GJ  13j..> 


408 


HISTORY. 


BOBGOBI.IN. 


History  of  Croyland  Abbey,  by 

Inguli)lius,  and  its  continuatiou  to  1118 
by  Petor  of  lilois,  proved  to  be  literary 
impositions  by  Sir  Francis  Palgrave  ii» 
the  QuarUrly  Review,  vol.  xxxiv.,  No.  G7. 

Histrion'ic  is  from  the  Etruscan 
word  hisler  (a  dancer),  liixlrionci  (Ijaliot- 
dancor).  Ilonco  Insltio  in  Lalin  means 
a  stagu-playcr,  and  our  word  histrioiuc, 
pertaining  to  the  drama. 

Hit.  A  great  kit.  A  piece  of  good 
luck.  Fi\)m  the  game  hit  and  vn'sx,  or 
the  game  of  back-{;anunon,  where  ''  two 
hits  equal  a  gammon." 

Hitcb.  There  is  some  hitch.  Some 
impediment.  A  horse  is  said  to  have  a 
hitch  in  his  gait  wlien  it  is  lame.  (Welsh, 
hecian,  to  bait  or  limp.) 

Hoang.  The  ancient  title  of  the 
Cliinese  king-s,  meaning  "  sovereign 
lord."     (See  King.) 

Hoax  Welsh,  hoced,  a  trick  or  jn!:,'gle ; 
Saxon,  hi.-jx,  derision.     (6't'e  Canaud.) 

Hob  of  a   grate.     From   the    Anglo- 
Saxon  verb,  hali/xin  (to  hold).     Tlic  chim- 
ney-corner,  where  at  one  time  a  settle 
stood  on  each  side,  was  also  culled  "  the  ' 
hob." 

Hob  and  Nob  together.  To  drink 
as  cronies,  to  clink  glasses  to  drink  tete- 
d-lete.  In  the  old  English  houses  there 
was  a  hob  at  each  corner  of  the  hearth  for 
heating  the  beer,  or  holding  what  one 
wished  to  keep  liot.  This  was  from  the 
Saxon  habban  (to  hold).  The  little  round 
table  set  at  the  elbow  was  called  a  nob  ; 
hence  to  hob-nob  was  to  drink  snugly 
and  cosily  in  the  chimney  corner,  with 
the  beer  hobbed,  and  a  little  nob-table 
set  in  the  snuggery.     (See  Hob  Nub.) 

HoTDal.  An  idol  in  the  Caa'ba,  before 
the  time  of  Mahomet  ;  supposed  to  have 
the  power  of  giving  rain. 

Hob  bima. 

The  A'c,(/<<7t  Udbbima.  P.  Nasniyth,  a 
Scotch  landscape  painter.     (Born  ISjI.) 

The  Ewjlifh  Uubbima.  John  Cromo, 
the  elder  (of  Norwich),  «  hose  last  words 
were  "0  Hobbima,  ilobbiiaa,  how  I  do 
love  theo ! " 

Hob'bididance  (4  syl. ).  The  prince 
of  dumimess,  ami  one  of  the  five  fiends 
that  po.ssessed  "poor  Tom."  —  Sluxkc- 
tpearc,  "  King  Lear,"  iv.  1. 

UobTjinol.    The  shepherd  ('^abrioI 


Harvey,  the  poet,  1545-1630)  who  re 
lates  a  song  iu  praise  of  Eliza,  queen  ol 
siiepherds  (queen  Elizabeth). — Upeiucr, 
"  Shcjihcrdi'  C'aUudar." 

Hobbler  or  Clopinel.  Jean  de  Meung, 
the  poet,  who  wrote  the  sequel  to  the 
"  Itomauce  of  the  Rose."     (12oO-l:320.) 

Tyrtteus,  the  Greek  elegiac  poet,  waa 
called  Hobbler  because  he  introduced  tlie 
alternate  pentameter  verse,  whicli  is  one 
foot  short  of  the  old  heroic  metre. 

Hobby  or  Ilobbij-liorse.  A  favourite 
pursuit.  The  hobby  is  a  falcon  trained 
to  tly  at  pigeons  and  partridges.  As 
hawks  wore  universal  pets  in  the  days  of 
falconry,  and  hawking  the  favourite 
pursuit,  it  is  quite  evident  how  the  word 
hobby  got  its  present  meaning.  Hobby- 
horse is  a  corruption  of  Hohby-luxust 
(liawk-tossing),  or  throwing  off  tlie  hawk 
from  the  wrist.  Hobby  is  applied  to  a 
little  pet  riding-horse  by  the  same 
natural  transposition,  as  a  mews  for 
hawks  is  now  a  place  for  horses. 

Hobby-horse.  A  child's  plaything, 
80  called  from  tha  hobby-horse  of  the 
ancient  morris-dance ;  a  light  frame  of 
wicker-work,  in  which  some  one  was 
placed,  who  performed  ridiculous  gam- 
bols.    (See  above.) 

The  h'liliy-horse  doth  hither  prance. 
Maid  Marriaii  &ud  the  Morris  d.tnce. 

Hob'fcdy-hoy.     Between  a  man  and 

a  boy.  Spanish,  homhre  de  hoja  (a  man 
of  lath),  a  man  beaten  out  thin.  Hoja  is 
anything  very  thin,  as  gold  leaf,  a  sword- 
blade,  sheet  iron,  kc.  Tusser  says  the 
third  age  of  seven  years  is  to  be  kept 
"  under  Sir  Hobbard  de  Hoy."  I  fancy 
hobedy  is  diminutive  of  hub,  a  clownish 
lout,  a  word  which  appears  in  hob-nail, 
lujbgobliu;  if  so,  the  word  may  be  the 
diminutive  adjective  hobeiien  joined  to 
the  Welsh  hoiden  (a  toiu-buj',  male  or 
fi'iuale),  Hobeileu  hoedeu  contracted  into 
hobedy-hoy,  a  clownish  torn- boy. 

Hobgoblin.     Puck  or  Robin  Good- 

fellow.  Keighlley  thinks  it  a  corruption 
of  Rob-Goblin,  i.e.,  thegoiiiin  Robin,  just 
as  Hodge  is  the  nickname  of  Roger  ;  but 
I  fancy  the  first  syllable  is  a  contraction 
of  lIobliy,apetwee  thing,  and  that  Robin 
Goodfellow  is  termed  the  "  little  pet 
goblin." 

Tliaae  that  Hobgoblin  call  you.  and  sweet  Puck. 
Tou  du  their  woik.  and  they  ehill  li.>ve  uood  luok, 
Sttalitiyitar' ,"  .Midiummer  i\ig'ui  O'tum,    11.  V 


HOB-nOLR. 


nODGE. 


Kfy 


Hob-hole.  North  Ilidinp  of  York- 
shire, where  the  plant  Hob  used  to  live. 
Tlie  fishermen  still  regard  it  with  sujier- 
stitious  terror.  Th.o  Syrians  worshipi)ed 
llobal  undertheform  of  a  hng-o  red  stone. 

Hob'inol.    {See  Hodbinol.) 

Hoblers  or  Ilnvellers.  Men  who  keep 
s.  li^ht  nag  that  thoy  may  gfivo  instant 
information  of  threatened  invasion,  or 
uply  customers  at  sea.  (Old  French 
hohcr,  to  move  up  and  down  ;  our  hohhy, 
q.v.) 

.Sf  Mtiiiels  who  kept  natch  at  beaiMiH  in  th«  I'l«  of 
VVmtil.  and  ran  to  thr  covcninr  when  they  liad  »uy 
in  elli  enoe  to  coinniuuicate,  were  called  iioblers.— 
HS.  iMtitd.    (I1133  ) 

F.'ob-nail.  When  the  London  slierifT 
IB  sworn  in,  the  tenants  of  a  manor  in 
Shropshire  are  directed  to  come  forth 
and  do  service,  whereu|)on  the  senior 
alderman  below  the  chair  steps  forward 
and  chops  a  .stick,  in  token  that  the  tenants 
of  this  county  supplied  their  feudal  lord 
with  fuel. 

'I'he  owners  of  a  forpo  in  St.  Clements 
are  then  called  fortli  to  dosuit  and  service, 
when  an  olficer  of  the  court  produces  six 
horsc-shoesand  sixty-one  hob-nails,  which 
lie  usud  to  count  before  the  cursitor  baron 
till  that  oflico  was  abolished  in  1857. 

Hob  Nob.  A  corruption  of  fiah  nah, 
aioaninnf  "have  or  not,"  hence  hit  or 
miss,  at  random  ;  and,  secondarily,  givo 
or  take,  whence  also  an  oi)cn  dctianco. 
A  similar  construction  to  willy  nilly. 
Saxon,  liabban,  to  hare  ;  nalban,  not  to 
Lave.) 

The  citizi-n«  in  their  race  sliot  linbbe  or  nahhe  (Ai< 
or  mu<),  at  randum  —lIolmsKud,  "  Umtori/  of  lr»- 
liiiui." 

He  wrics  of  the  weather  hah  nah  at  rrm(/om),  and 
as  the  toy  (Aiiicy)  fakes  him.  che>|iicra  the  yrar  wiUj 
ion'  ond  fair.  -"  yn.icA  Asliidi)\;rr."     (iiTi.) 

lie  is  a  devil  in  (invale  hrawls  .  .  .  hoh  ii.jii  in  his 
woiil.  Hive  'tor  take  \.  -  Skia^!ii.eiirr.,  "luvl/ilt 
A>uht.'  lii  4. 

N.it  o'  Jack  Straw,  with  hii  rchelli,.n§  crew. 
Thar    fet    king,   re:ilin,  and   ln««,    at    lia'i    or   fah 
iJr/i'we).       t^irJ.  llitruii/Um,"  J[piur(iin,"ir. 

llob'omokko.  An  evil  spirit  among 
the  North  American  Indians. 

Hob3on'8  Choice.  This  or  nono. 
Tobi'.as  Ilobson  was  a  carrier  and  inn- 
keeper at  Cambridj^e,  who  erected  the 
handsome  conduit  there,  and  settled 
"seven  ltiy«"  of  pasture  ground  towaiils 
its  maintenance.  "  He  kept  a  slalile  of 
forty  good  cattle,  always  ready  and  fit 
lor  travelling  ;  but  when  a  man  came  for 
A  horso  ho  was  lod  into  t!u<  staMo.  whore    I 


there  was  great  choice,  but  was  obliged 
to  take  the  horse  which  stood  nearest  to 
the  stiible-door  ;  so  that  every  customer 
was  alike  well  served,  according  to  his 
chance,  and  every  horse  ridden  with  the 
same  justice."— .S'/^ec^aro)-,  No.  509. 

Milton  wrote  two  quibbling  epitaphs 
ui)on  this  eccentric  character. 

Why  is  the  ^rcale.it  of  free  ronimuuities  re '.uctd 
to  lloLisun'i  cli.>ioe  ?-  Tht  Timet. 

Hock.  So  called  from  Ilocklieim,  on 
the  Alaine,  where  the  best  is  supposed 
to  bo  made.  It  used  to  be  called  hocka- 
more  (3  syl.). 
As  uutjt  tip  hotileasold  hockaraore.— Jfor'imer 
Hock  Cart.  The  high  cart,  the  last 
cart-load  of  harvest. 

Hock-Day,  Hock-Tide. orllock- 
Tuesday.  The  day  when  the  English 
stir[>nised  and  slew  the  Danes,  who  liad 
annoyed  them  for  'J'lO  years.  This 
Tuesday  was  long  held  as  a  festival  in 
England,  and  landlords  received  an  an- 
nual tribute  called  llnck-money,  for  allow- 
ing their  tenants  and  serfs  to  commoino- 
rate  Hock-day,  which  was  the  second 
Tuesday  after  Easter-day. 

Hock'ey.  A  game  in  which  ojich 
player  has  a  hooked  stick  or  bandy  with 
which  to  strike  the  ball.  Hockey  is 
simply  the  diminutive  of  hook. 

Hockley-i'-the-Hole.  Public gar- 
de;is  near  Clerkcnwell  Green,  famous  for 
bear  and  bull  baiting,  dog  aivl  cock- tights, 
4:c.  The  earliest  record  of  this  garden  is 
a  little  subsequent  to  the  Restoration. 

Ho'cus  Po'cus.  The  words  uttcicd 
by  a  conjuror  when  ho  performs  a  trick,  to 
cheat  or  take  surreptitiously.  Tillotson 
atlirms  it  to  be  a  perversion  of  the  words 
Hoc  (St  Corpus  said  by  the  priest  when 
ho  consecrates  the  elements  in  the 
Eucharist,  but  there  scorns  no  sufficient 
reason  for  this  a.ssortioii.  The  Welsh 
hocea  pwcn  (a  goblin's  trick,  our  hoax) 
seems  a  mo.  e  probable  etymology 
(Danish,  py.Wvr,  a  hobgoblin).  Narca 
says  it  is  Ochus  Jioctius,  ao  Italian 
niagiciau  invoked  by  juggler.|j. 

Hod'eken  (■)  syl.)  means  /Mile-hat, 
a  (Icrmaii  goolin  or  domestic  fairy,  so 
(•:.lled  because  lie  always  wore  a  little  felt 
li.il  over  his  face. 

Hodge  (\  syl.).  The  "  Goodman  "  of 
Gaiiiiiii-r  I  i  niton,  in  the  old  play  called 
"Gaujiniir  Uurlou's  Needle." 


410 


IIODGE-PODGB 


noLBor.N. 


Hodge-podge  (2  syl.).  A  mwlley. 
A  corni|ition  of  ll.jtcli-pot,  i.e.,  varioui' 
frap-moiits  iiiixod  toj,'otlier  in  the  "  pot- 
au-feu."    (^ee  Hotch-pot.) 

llo'dur  or  JlikUr.  God  of  Darkness, 
the  bliiiil  god  who  killed  Balder,  at  the 
instigation  of  Loki,  with  an  arrow  made 
of  niistletoo.  Ilijder  typifies  night,  as 
Balder  typifies  day.— .b'f(t;uiutavut«?Hj/</io- 

And  Builder's  rile,  of  t'  e  flowing  oun 

A  eymljol  tnn-,  blazed  firth  ; 
Hut  soon  lis  splemlour  siiiketh  down 

Wlien  HoJiT  rules  tlic  earth. 

FrUkw/Siiga,  "  Ihddir't  B  ile-Fire." 

Hog.  A  hog  in  armour.  A  person  of 
awkward  manners  dressed  so  fine  that  he 
cannot  move  easily.  A  corrnption  of  "A 
hodgo  in  armour,"  a  rustic  in  the  armour 
of  a  knight. 

To  CIO  the  whole  hog.  An  American 
expression,  meaning  unmixed  dcmocrati- 
cal  principles.  It  is  used  in  England  to 
signify  a  "thorough  goer"  of  any  kind. 
In  Virginia  the  dealer  asks  the  retail 
butcher  if  "he  moans  to  go  the  whole 
hog,  or  to  take  only  certain  joints,"  and 
he  regulates  his  price  accordingly,  — 
"  Men  and  Manners  of  America." 

Another  explanation  is  this  :  A  hog  is 
an  Irish  expression  for  "a  shilling,"  as 
a  tester  is  for  "sixpence."  To  go  the 
whole  hog  means  to  spend  the  whole 
shilling. 

N.B.  In  England  a  hog  is  a  Sve-shil- 
liug  piece. 

11  Johnian  llo'js.  A  Cambridge  cant 
term  for  the  students  of  St.  John's 
College,  the  velvet  bars  on  the  sleeve  of 
their  gowns  being  called  cracJde,  in  allu- 
aiou  to  the  scored  rind  of  roast  pork. 
The  bridge  which  connects  the  grounds 
with  one  of  the  courts  is  termed  "the 
Bridge  of  Grunts,"  in  playful  allusion  to 
the  Jirid<je  of  Sirjhs  at  Venice  ;  it  is  also 
called  the  "Istiimus  of  Suez"  (a  pun  upon 
sues],  meaning  the  isthmus  of  swine. 

To  drive  ho(/s.  'J'o  snore,  or  make  a 
noise  like  hogs  driven  to  market. 

Hogarth.      The  Scottish  Hogarth 

David  Allan.     (174-1-1 790.) 

Ho'gon  Mo'gen.  Holland  or  the 
Netherlands,  so  called  from  Iloog'e  en 
Mogendi  (high  and  mighty),  the  Dutch 
style  of  addressing  the  States-Genera), 

Hut  I  h  ive  6cnt  him  for  a  token 
To  jour  Low-countrj  IIy£;cu-?.lo.-en 

hvUer,  '•  Uu'Jitirat" 

Hogg.  (5»;s  under  the  word  HnKWER.) 


Hogmanay',  Hogmena',  or  Ilag- 
men  o,  \loly  month.  l>uijcmi)er  is  so 
called  iiecauso  our  Lord  was  bom  on  the 
2.'".th  thereof,  (.'^ason,  hdtig  moruith,  holy 
mouth.) 

New  Year's  eve  is  called  hogvuinaij'- 
night  or  hogg-niglit,  and  it  is  still  cus- 
tomary in  parts  of  Scotland  for  persons 
to  go  from  door  to  door  on  that  night 
asking  in  rude  rhymes  for  cakes  or 
money. 

King  Ilaco,  of  Norway,  fixed  the  feast 
of  Yole  on  Christmas  Day,  the  eve  of 
which  used  to  be  called  hogg-niglit,  but 
the  Scotch  were  taught  by  the  French 
to  trauKfcr  the  feast  of  Yole  to  the  feast 
of  Noel,  and  hogg-night  has  ever  since 
been  the  last  of  December. 

Hogshead,  a  large  cask  =  ^-pipe 
or  butt,  is  a  Piirinns  instance  of  the 
misuse  of  A.  The  word  is  from  the  iMuish 
(^.c-Z/J/f/ (ox-bide),  the  larger  skins  in  con- 
tradislinetion  to  the  smaller  goat  skins. 

Hogs-Norton.  /  think  you  were 
born  at  Uogs- Norton.  A  reproof  to  an 
ill-mannered  person. 

1  think  thou  wxst  liom  .it  Huggs-Norton,  where  piggB 
play  upmi  the  org.ins. 

ilowelVi  '•  Englith  Prover^js,"  p.  16. 

Hoist.  IIoiH  with  his  own  2>etard. 
Beaten  with  his  own  weapons,  caught 
in  his  own  trap.  The  petard  was 
a  thick  iron  engine,  filled  with  gun- 
powder, and  fastened  to  gates,  barri- 
cades, and  so  on,  to  blow  thein  up, 
1'he  danger  was  lest  the  engineer  who 
fired  the  petard  should  be  blown  up  ia 
the  explosion. 


Lul  I  will  delve  one  yard  beluw  their  utiuca, 
And  blow  tUeiu  at  the  nKK.u.  »^ 

Hhaktsptiire.  "  Uamlet."  iii.  4- 

Hoky  or  Hockey  Cake.  Harvest 
cake.  The  cake  given  out  to  the  har- 
vesters when  the  Hock  cart  reached 
homo.     (See  Hock  CaRT.) 

Holborn  is  not  a  corruption  of  Old 
Bourne,  as  Stow  asserts ;  but  of  Hole- 
burno,  the  burne  or  stream  in  the  hole  or 
hollow.  It  is  spelt  Holeburne  in  "  Domes- 
day Book,"  i.  127a,  and  in  docunieutB 
temp.  Richard  I.  connected  with  the 
nunnery  of  St.  Wary,  Clerkcnwell,  it  is 
eight  times  spelt  in  the  same  way.— T/k 
Tines  (J.  G.  Waller). 

lie  rode  laci wards  up  Uolhoi~n  HilL 
He   went   to    bo   hanged.       The  way  to 


HOID 


nOLY  COAT, 


411 


Tyburn  from  Ncwgato  was  up  Flolborn 
Hill,  and  criminals  in  ancient  times  rode 
backwards  to  the  jilaco  of  execution. 

Hold  of  a  sliip  is  between  the  lowest 
dock  and  the  keel.  Tn  merchant-vessels 
it  hokU  the  main  part  of  the  carg-o.  In 
men-of-war  it  holds  the  provisions,  water 
{)r  drinkinp,  kc,  stores,  and  berths. 
The  ((/Cer  hold  is  a/f  the  main-mast;  the 
»ii!i>(  hold  is  before  the  same  ;  and  the 
/we  hold  ie  aljout  the  fors  hatches. 

lie  is  not  jU  to  Iwtd  Hit  candle  to  him. 
He  is  very  infciior.  The  allusion  is  to 
link-boys  who  held  candles  in  theatres 
and  other  places  of  night  amusement. 
The  French  say  Le  jcu  ne  vant  pas  la 
chandelle,  referring  to  the  same  custom. 

Olliers  Bay  tlint  .Vr.  llanJel 
To  UoDuciui  cau't  lit^lii  a  cau  ile. 

^■joift. 

To  hold  one  in  hand.  To  amuse  in 
Drder  to  get  some  advantage.  The 
allusion  is  to  horses  held  in  hand  or 
under  command  of  the  driver. 

To  cry  hold.  Stop.  The  allusion  is  to 
tlie  old  military  tournanients  ;  when  the 
umpires  wished  to  stop  the  onntcst,  they 
cried  out  "Hold." 

li-iy  on,  ManOijfT; 
Aiiddanin'dbe  him  tint  first  cries  "  Hold.  cnouRli  !" 
Shiikesiiia<t,  "  MiicbeHi,"  v.  (i. 

Hold-fast.  Brag  ix  a  good  dog,  htii 
IliiUlfaat  is  a  better.  Promi.'^os  are  all 
very  good,  but  acts  are  far  better. 

Uoldrast  is  the  only  'los,  mv  duck. 

bliakesiJean,  '■  Ilf.nru  V.,"  il.  3. 

Hole.  Pick  a  Iwie  in  his  coat.  To 
find  out  some  cause  of  blame.  The  allu- 
bion  is  to  the  Uonian  custom  of  dressing 
criminals  in  an  old  ragged  gov/n  (Liv.  ii. 
61).  Hence  a  holey  coat  is  a  synonym 
for  guilt. 

Holiplier'nes{4  .syl.),  c.illed  English 
Henry  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered"),  one 
of  the  Christian  knights  in  the  fir.st 
crusade,  was  slain  by  Dragu'tes. — Bk.  ix. 

Holland.  The  country  of  para- 
doxes. Tho  "houses  are  built  on  the 
sand  ;"  tho  sea  is  higher  than  the  shore  ; 
tho  keels  of  tho  ships  aro  above  the 
chin-.noy-tojis  of  tho  houses:  and  tho 
cow's  t.ail  does  not  "grow  downward,' 
but  18  tied  up  to  a  ring  in  the  roof  of  tho 
stable.  Voltaire  took  leave  of  tho  land 
and  people  in  theso  words,  "Adiou! 
canau.x,  canards,  canaille,"  (Adieu!  dykes, 
ducks,  dolls).     And  Jjullcr  culls  it — 

A  Iftrid  that  rides  At  anchor,  and  ia  mooro^ 
111  which  tbc>  do  not  live,  hut  i;u  at»>ard 

••  l>t.icni>iiM  of  UManir 


JloUand.  A  particul.ar  kind  of  cloth, 
so  called  because  it  used  to  be  sent  t) 
Hollan  1  to  be  bleacliod  Lo.wn.  is  cloth 
bleached  on  a  lawn  ;  and  grass-lawn  is 
lawn  bleached  on  a  grass-plat.  Bleaching 
is  now  performed  by  artilicial  processes. 

Hollow.  /  heat  him  hollow.  A  cor- 
rujition  of  "  I  beat  him  wholly." 

Holly  used  to  be  employed  by  the 
early  Christians  at  Homo  to  dccor.ate 
churches  and  dwellings  at  Christmas  ;  it 
had  been  previously  tised  in  the  great 
festival  of  the  Saturnalia,  which  occurred 
at  tho  same  season  of  tho  year.  The 
pagan  Romans  used  to  send  to  their 
friends  holly-sprigs,  during  tho  Satur- 
nalia, with  wishes  for  their  health  and 
well-being.  According  to  tradition  it  is 
the  bush  in  which  Jehovah  appeared  to 
Moses. 

Hollyhock  is  tho  Anglo-Saxon /io?»- 
hoc,  iho  marsh-mallow.  It  is  a  niistako 
to  derive  it  from  Holy-oak. 

Hohnan  (Lieutenant  Jamrs).  The 
blind  traveller.     (1787-1857.) 

Holoplier'nes  (4  syl.).  Master  Tuhal 
Ilolophernes.  Tho  great  sojihister-doct  or, 
who,  in  the  course  of  five  years  and  three 
months,  taught  Gargantua  to  say  his  A 
B  C  backward. — JiuOelais,  '•  G'urgauliui,'' 
bk.  i.  14. 

Ilolojlrnes,  in  "  Love's  Labour's  Lost." 
Shakespeare  sat! rises  in  this  characior 
tho  literary  affectations  of  tho  Lyiy 
school.     An  anagram  of  Joh'nes  Florio. 

Holy  Alliance.  A  league  formed 
by  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prus.iia  to  regu- 
late tho  affairs  of  Europe  "  by  the  prin- 
ciples of  Christian  charity,"  meaning  that 
each  of  the  contracting  jiarties  was  to 
keep  all  that  tho  league  assiijned  them. 
(181G.) 

Holy  City.  That  city  wliich  tho 
religious  consider  mo.st  especially  con- 
nected with  their  religious  faith,  thus  : 

Allahabad'  is  tho  Holy  City  of  ths 
Indian  Mahometans. 

Bena'res  of  tho  Hindus. 

Cuzco  of  the  ancient  Inc.as. 

Jerusalem  of  tho  Jews  and  Oiristians. 

Mecca  and  Meili'na  of  the  Mahomolaus. 

M>.»scow  and  Kief  of  the  liussiaua. 

Holy  Coat  of  Treves,  said  to  be  th« 
soandoss  coat  of  onr  Saviour,  dcpo.sited 
at  Troves  by  the  empress  Helo'na,  who 
discovered  it  in  tlie  fourth  century. 


412 


HOLY    FAMILY. 


nOMER. 


Holy  Family.  The  infant  Saviuur 
and  his  attomlants,  as  Joseph,  Mary, 
Kliwlieth,  Atma,  an<l  John  tho  Baptist. 
All  Iho  five  figures  .are  not  always  intro- 
duced in  pictures  of  the  "  Holy  l''aniily." 

Holy  Land, 

(1)  Christians  call  Palestine  the  Holy 
Land,  because  it  was  the  site  of  Christ's 
birth,  ministry,  and  death. 

(2)  Mahomet.ans  call  Mecca  the  Holy 
Land,  because  Mahomet  was  born  there. 

(3)  Tho  Chinese  Buddhists  call  India 
the  iloly  Land,  because  it  was  the  native 
land  of  yakyamuni,  the  Bu<ldha  (q.v.). 

(4)  The  Greek  considered  Elis  as  Holy 
Land,  from  the  templeof  Olympian  Zeus, 
ami  tlio  sacred  festival  held  there  every 
four  years. 

(.'))  In  America  each  of  the  strange 
politioo-religious  sects  calls  its  own  settle- 
ment the  Holy  Land,  or  something  imply- 
ing pretty  much  the  same  thing. 

Holy  League.  A  combination 
formed  by  pope  Julius  IL  with  Louis 
Xll.  of  France,  Maximilian  of  Germany, 
Ferdinand  III.  of  S)iain,  and  various 
Italian  princes,  against  the  republic  of 
Venice  in  L^)08. 

'I'hore  was  another  league  so  called  in 
the  reign  of  Henri  III.  of  France,  in 
157fi,  under  the  auspices  of  Henri  do 
(lUise,  "for  tho  defence  of  the  Holy 
Catholic  Church  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  reformers."  The  pope  gave 
it  his  sanction,  but  its  true  strength  lay 
in  Felipe  II.  of  Spain. 

Holy  Maid  of  Kent.  Elizabeth 
Barton,  who  incited  the  Roman  Catholics 
to  resist  the  progress  of  the  Reformation, 
and  pretended  to  act  under  direct  inspi- 
rntion.  She  was  hanged  at  Tyburn  in 
1534. 

Holy  Orders.  The  miiio'rcx  or'di- 
Hts,  or  lirst  four  iu  the  ivoiuau  Catholic 
( 'hurch,  arc  Ostia'rius,  Lector,  E.xorcis'ta, 
and  Acoly'tus. 

lioly  Places.  Places  in  which  the 
ishief  events  of  our  Haviovir's  life  occurred, 
Ruch  as  the  Sopidchre,  Gethsemane,  the 
Supper-room,  tlic  Church  of  the  Ascen- 
sion, the  tomli  of  the  Virgin,  and  so  on. 


Holy  Thiu'sday. 

Lord's  ascension. 


The  day  of  our 


Holy  Water.    Water  blessed  by  a 
priest  or  bi.shop  for  holy  uses. 

I'loe  (l-evii  hales  holv  water.     Johannes 


IBeli'thus  says  that  holy  water  is  "  very 

impopul.ar  with  the  demons,"  and  is  used 
in  sepulchral  rites  '"to  keep  them  away 
from  the  corpse." 

"  I  IcTe  hi;n  as  th':  devil  loves  holy  w  u^r." 

Holy  "Water  Sprinkle.  A  milit.ary 
club  set  with  spikes.  So  called  jocularly 
because  it  makes  the  blood  to  flow  as 
water  sprinkled  by  an  aspcrgillum. 

Holywell  Street  (London).  Fitz- 
stophens,  in  his  description  of  London, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  speaks  of  "tho 
excellent  springs  at  a  .small  distance  frcra 
the  city,"  whose  waters  are  most  sweet, 
salubrious,  and  clear,  and  whose  runnels 
murmur  over  the  sliiningstones.  "Among 
these  are  Holywell,  Clerkcnwell,  and  St. 
Clement's  well." 

Horae(l  syl.).  Who //oet  home  1  When 
the  House  of  Commons  breaks  up  at  night 
the  door-keeper  asks  this  question  of  the 
members.  In  bycgone  days  all  members 
going  in  the  direction  of  the  Speaker's 
residence  went  in  a  body  to  see  him  safe 
home.  The  question  is  still  asked,  but 
is  a  mere  relic  of  antiquity. 

Homer. 

T/it  L'tltic  Ho-mer.  Ossian,  son  of  Fia- 
gal,  king  of  Morven. 

Homer  of  the  Franks.  Charlemagne, 
called  Angilbert  his  Homer.    (Died  614.) 

Uojiier  of  Ftrra'ra.  Ariosto  is  so  called 
by  Tasso.     (U74  15.33.) 

The.  Scottish  Homer.  William  Wilkie, 
author  of  "  Tho  Epigouiad."   (1721-1772.) 

The  British  llomtr.     Milton. 

The  prose  Homer  of  human  tiature. 
Henry  Fielding  ;  so  called  by  Byron. 

It  was  Dorotheus  who  epent  liis  whole 
liftf  trying  to  elucidate  one  single  word  of 
Homer. 

Book  iv.  of  tlie  Iliad  laid  under  the 
patient's  pillow  will  cure  ague. — Screnus 
Samnwnicus. 

Oood  Homer  somefimts  nods.  We  are 
all  apt  to  make  mistakes  sometimes. 
The  phrase  is  from  Horace,  "Ar.$  Poetica." 

Quaado'que  bonus  dormi'tjvt,  Ilome'rus.    (359.) 

The  Casket  HomtT.  An  edition  corrected 
by  Aristotle,  which  Alexander  the  Great 
always  c-irried  about  with  him,  and  laid 
under  his  piMow  at  night  with  his  sword. 
After  the  battle  of  Arbela,  a  golden 
ca-sket  richly  studded  with  gems  was 
found  in  the  tout  of  Darius;  and  Alex- 


HOMERIC   VERSE. 


noNi. 


i13 


ander  being  asked  to  what  purpose  it 
should  be  assigned,  replied,  "There  is 
but  one  thing  in  the  world  worthy  of  so 
costly  a  depository  ;"  saying  which  he 
placed  therein  his  ediunnof  Hoiuor. 

Homer'ic  Verse.  Hexameter  verse, 
so  called  because  Homer  adopted  it  in 
his  two  great  epics. 

Homoeop'athy  (5  syl.).  The  plan  of 
curing  a  disease  by  very  minute  doses  of 
a  medicine  which  would  in  healthy  per- 
sons produce  the  very  same  disease.  The 
principle  of  vaccination  isasortof  homoeo- 
pathy,  only  it  is  producing  in  a  healthy 
person  a  mitigated  form  of  the  disease 
guarded  against.  You  impart  a  mild 
form  of  small-pox  to  prevent  the  patient 
from  taking  the  virulent  disease.  (Greek, 
limnoinf  pathos,  like  di.soase.)     {See  HaU- 

KEMANN.) 

Tut,  m%u  !  one  Are  Imrus  uui  auother's  turuiug  ; 
Oii«  paiii  ia  lesseaed  by  another's  aDi^iiixh  .  .  . 
Take  tliou  tome  uew  infrction  to  the  eye, 
Auil  Ibe  rank  poigun  i>f  the  old  \\  ill  die 

bliokaitart,  " Homto  and  Julul,"  L   t. 

Hon'est  (h.  silent).  Honest  Jack  Ban- 
nister.  An  actor  in  T.ondoQ  for  thirty- 
gix  years.     (1 7'30- 18:56.) 

Afierliii  retiremeat  he  wae  once  acoogied  hy  Sir 
fleurse  Ko3i\  when  llonent  Ja;k,  being  on  the  opi]'>- 
•ite  Bide  of  the  street,  cried  out.  "Stop  a  inoiufnt. 
^ir  Oeoree.  and  I  v»i  1  come  o»er  to  you."  "'  No. 
no,"  replied  hie  fnend.  "  "  I  ui;T«r  yet  made  you 
erim  and  will  not  begin  nov ." —Orin'ttd,  "  Reiict 
0/  Genius." 

Honeycomb.  The  hexagonal  shape 
of  the  bees'  cells  is  generally  ascribed  to 
the  instinctive  skill  of  the  bee,  but  is 
simply  the  ordinary  result  of  mechanical 
laws.  Solitary  V^ees  always  make  circular 
cells;  and  without  doulit  those  of  hive 
bees  are  made  cylindrical,  but  acquire 
their  hexagonal  form  by  mechanicivl  pres- 
sure. Dr.  WoUaston  says  all  cylinders 
made  of  soft  pliable  materials  become 
hex.agonal  under  such  circumstances.  The 
cells  of  trees  are  circular  towards  the 
extremity,  but  hexagotuil  in  the  centre 
of  the  substance  ;  and  the  cellular  mem- 
braiies  of  all  vegetal)lo8  are  hexagonal 
also.     (&«  Ant.) 

IJonei/comb    Will.     A   line  gentleman,    i 
One  of   tho  members  of  the  imaginary 
club  from  which  the  Speclalor  issued.  ' 

Honey-dew.      A  swoot   substance  ; 
found  on  limo-troosand  some  other  j)lants. 
iiees  and  ants  are  fond  of   it.     It  ia  a 
ourioiis  misnomer,  as  it  is  the  excretion 


of  the  aphis  or  vino-fretter.  Tho  way  it 
is  excreted  is  this :  the  ant  beats  with  its 
anteanio  the  abdomen  of  the  aphis,  which 
lifts  up  the  part  beaten,  and  excretes  a 
limpid  drop  of  swoi-t  juico  called  honey- 
Uew. 

Honey  Madness.  There  is  a  rho- 
dodendron about  Trebizoud,  the  flowers 
of  which  tho  bees  are  fond  of,  but  if  any 
one  eats  the  honey  he  becomes  mad. — 
Touriiefurd. 

Honey-moon.  The  month  after 
marriage,  or  so  much  of  it  as  is  spent 
away  from  home ;  so  called  from  tho 
practice  of  the  ancient  Teutons  of  driiik- 
iug  honey-wine  (/tv'/'""»ieO  for  thirty  days 
after  marriage.  Attila.  the  Hun,  indulged 
so  freely  iu  h3'dromol  at  his  weddiug- 
fe.ist  that  he  died. 

Honey  Soap  contains  no  portion  of 
honey.  Some  is  made  from  the  hne.st 
yellow  soap,  and  some  is  a  mixture  of 
palm-oil  soap,  olive-soap,  anil  curd-.soap. 
It  is  scented  with  oil  of  verbena,  rose- 
geranium,  ginger-grass,  bergamot,  &c. 

Honeywood.  A  yea-nay  type,  illus- 
trative of  what  Dr.  Young  says  :  "  What 
is  mere  good  nature  but  a  fool?" — Oold 
smith,  "  T/ie  Good-natured  Man." 

Hong  Merchants.  Those  mer- 
chants who  were  alono  permitted  by  tlio 
government  of  China  to  tratle  with  China, 
till  the  restriction  was  abolished  in  XSi'l. 
The  Chinese  applied  the  word  hong  to 
tho  foreign  factories  situated  at  Canton. 

Hon'i.  Ifoni  soil  qui  laal  ij  penxe  ( Evil 
be  [to  him]  who  thinks  evil  of  this). 
The  tradition  is  that  Kdward  HI.  gave  a 
grand  court  ball,  anil  one  of  the  ladies 
present  was  tho  beautiful  countess  of 
Salishuiy,  whose  gjirter  of  blue  ribbon 
accidentally  fell  off.  The  king  saw  a 
significant  smile  among  tho  guest.s,  and 
gallantly  came  to  the  rescue.  "  JJuin 
soil  qui  innl  y  peiise"  (Shame  to  him  who. 
thiuKs  shame  of  this  acciilont),  cried 
the  monarch.  Then,  binding  tho  ribbon 
round  his  own  kueo,  he  added,  "  I  will 
bring  it  about  that  the  proudest  noble 
in  tho  lan<l  shall  think  it  an  honour  to 
wear  thi.s  band."  The  inciileiit  ileter- 
mitied  him  to  aban<lon  his  plan  of  forming 
an  onler  of  tho  Round  Table,  and  he 
formed  instead  tho  onler  of  the  "  Oarter. " 
—  Ti</>u  ujut  Davit,  "AniuiU  of  WiiuUur." 


VA 


HONOUR. 


HOOK  OR  CROOK. 


Honour  C'''  silent).  A  suporiur 
seigniory,  on  which  other  lordshijis  or 
luanors  dopond  by  the  performance  of 
customary  service. 

A  n  aifair  of  Itonour.  A  dispute  to  be 
settled  by  a  duel.  Duels  were  peuerally 
provdkcd  by  olfcnccs  against  the  arbi- 
trary rules  of  etiquette,  courtesy,  or 
feeling,  called  the  "  laws  of  honour ;" 
and  as  these  ofl'onces  wore  not  recog- 
nisable in  the  law  courts,  they  were 
settled  by  private  combat. 

Dells  of  honour.  Debts  contracted  by 
betting,  gambling,  or  verbal  promise. 
As  these  debts  cannot  be  enforced  by 
law,  but  depeml  solely  on  good  faith, 
they  are  called  debts  of  honour. 

Laws  of  IioHoiir.  Certain  arbitrary 
rules  which  the  fashionable  world  tacitly 
admits  ;  they  wholly  regard  deportment, 
anil  have  nothing  to  do  with  moral 
offences.  Breaches  of  this  code  are 
punished  by  duels,  expulsion  from  so- 
ciety, or  suspension  called  "  sending  to 
Coventry  "  {q.v.). 

Poiht  of  honour.  An  obligation  which 
is  binding  because  its  violation  would 
offend  some  conscientious  scruple  or 
notion  of  self-respect. 

Word  of  honour.  A  gage  which  cannot 
be  violated  without  placing  the  breaker 
of  it  beyond  the  pale  of  respectability 
and  good  society. 

Honours  (A.  silent).  Criuhed  hj  his 
honours.  The  allusion  is  to  the  Roman 
damsol  who  agieed  to  open  the  gates  of 
Rome  to  king  Ta'tius,  provided  his  sol- 
diers would  give  hi-r  the  ornaments 
which  they  woio  on  their  arms.  As  tliey 
entered  they  threw  their  shields  on  her 
and  crushed  her,  saying  as  they  did  so, 
"  These  are  the  ornaments  worn  by 
Kabiucs  on  their  arms."  J\oman  story 
says  the  maid  was  named  Tarpe'ia,  and 
that  she  was  the  daughter  of  Tarpcius, 
the  governor  of  the  citadel. 

Draco,  the  Athenian  legislator,  was 
crushed  to  death  in  the  theatre  of  .lEgi'na, 
by  the  number  of  caps  and  cloaks 
showered  on  him  by  tho  audience,  as  a 
mark  of  their  high  appreciation  of  his 
merits. 

P^lagab'alns,  the  Roman  emperor,  in- 
Ti tod  the  leading  men  of  Rome  to  a 
banquet,  and  under  the  pretence  of  show- 
ing them  honour  rained  rosos  upon  them  ; 
birt  the  shower  continued  till  they  wore 
all  buried  and  smothered  by  the  flowers. 


Tic«  or  four  by  honjurs.  A  terra  in 
whist.  If  two  "partners"  hold  three 
court  cards,  they  score  two  points ;  if 
they  hold  four  court  cards,  they  score 
four  points.  These  are  honour  points, 
or  points  not  won  by  the  merit  of  play, 
but  by  courtesy  and  laws  of  honour. 
The  phrases  are,  "  I  score  or  claim  two 
points  by  right  of  honours,"  and  "  I  score 
or  claim  four  points  by  right  of  four 
court  or  honour  carils." 

Honours  of  war.  The  privilege  allowed 
to  an  honoured  enemy,  on  capitulation, 
of  being  permitted  to  retain  their  offen- 
sive arms.  This  is  the  highest  honour 
a  victor  can  pay  a  vanquished  foe. 
Sometimes  the  soldiers  so  honrinred  are 
reqviired  to  pile  arms,  in  other  cases 
they  are  allowed  to  march  with  all 
tlieir  arms,  drunis  bo.ating,  and  colours 
Hying. 

Hood  (RvUn).  Introduced  by  Sir 
VV.  Scott  in  "  IvanhGe."     (See  RoEl.v.) 

'Tis  not  the  hood  (hat  males  the  monk 
(Cucul'lus  non  facit  nion'achum).  We 
must  not  be  deceived  by  appearances,  or 
take  for  granted  that  things  and  persons 
are  what  they  seem  to  bo. 

Th-y  should  lie  good  mea ;  tlieir  affairii  are  ri^-lit  «>ijs ; 
liut  all  Iioods  make  act  ii.ouks. 

Sluikesutais,"  llewy  Vlll.riii-  '• 

Hook.  With  a  hook  at  the  end.  You 
sujipose  I  assent,  but  my  assent  is  not 
likely  to  be  given.  The  subject  ha.s  a 
hook  or  note  of  interrogation  to  denote 
that  it  is  dubious (?). 

lie  is  off  the  hoohs.  Done  for,  laid  on 
the  shelf,  superseded,  dead.  The  bent 
jiieces  of  iron  on  which  the  hinges  of  a 
gate  rest  and  turn  are  called  hooks  ;  if 
a  gate  is  off  the  books  it  is  in  a  bad 
way,  and  cannot  readily  be  opened  and 
shut. 

To  drop  off  the  hooks.  To  die.  Id 
allusion  to  the  ancient  practice  of  sus- 
pending the  quarters  of  folons  on  books 
till  they  dropped  off. 

Hook  or  Crook.  Somehow  ;  in  one 
way  or  another  ;  by  foul  means  or  by  just 
measures.  Many  suggestions  have  been 
ventured  in  exphin.ition  ot  this  phrase, 
but  none  are  satisfactory.  I  am  inclined 
to  think  it  means  "  foully,  like  a  thiof, 
or  holily,  like  a  bishop,"  the  honk  being 
tiio  initrument  used  by  footpaJsi  and 
the  "crook"  being  the  bisho;)'s  crosier 


HOOKEY   WALKER. 


nORACEl. 


415 


'  for  cr.tctiing  men."  The  French  phrase 
Is  "  A  droit  ou  a  tort."    [See  helotv.) 

Their  "ork  was  by  hook  or  crcok  lo  rap  «nJ  orinj 
til  uurtcr  tr.e  ernperor'B  power.— 7"Au«in«  U</mir, 
"  0"  rarliitmentj." 

Hook  and  crook.  Formerly  the  poor 
of  a  manor  were  allowed  to  po  into  the 
forests  with  a  hook  and  crook  to  get  wood. 
What  they  could  not  reach  they  might 
pull  down  with  their  crook.  This  sort  of 
living  was  very  jirocarious,  but  eagerly 
sought.  Boundary  stones,  beyond  which 
tho  "hook  and  crook  folk"  might  not 
pas.«,  exist  still.  'I'his  custom  docs  not 
satisfy  our  use  of  tho  preceding  phrase, 
which  does  not  mean  "  in  a  precarious 
manner,"  but  at  all  hazards,  ill  or  well. 

Dynmurc  Wood  was  ever  npr-a  anil  common  to 
Hie  .  .  .  iDiahiiniits  of  Bolmiii  ...  to  I'ear  anay 
iii'OD  the  r  hacks  a  hurde n  uf  lop,  crop,  hook,  crook, 
laa  bai!  wood.— ZfoJmin /£«!/«(«'■.    (li2S  ) 

Hookey  Walker.    (iV^WALKEn.) 

Hooped  Pots.  Drinking  pots  at 
one  time  were  made  with  hoops,  that 
when  two  or  more  drank  from  the  same 
tankard  no  one  of  them  should  take  moro 
than  his  share.  Jack  Cade  promises  his 
followers  that  "seven  half-penny  loaves 
shall  he  sold  for  a  penny  ;  the  three- 
hooped  pot  shall  have  ten  hoops ;  and  I 
will  make  it  fclonyto  drink  small  beer." — 
ahiikcapeare,  ^'  Henry  VI.,"  iv.  2. 

Hoopoo.  A  bird  revered  by  all  the 
ancient  Egy[itians,  and  placed  on  the 
sceptre  of  Horus,  to  symbolise  joy  and 
filial  affection. 

Hop.  One  of  queen  Mab's  maids  of 
honour.  —  Druylon. 

To  hop  lite  twig.  To  run  away  from 
one's  creditors,  as  a  bird  eludes  a  fowler, 
"hopping  from  spray  to  spray." 

ITop-o'-my-Thuinb.  A  very  little 
fellow,  sometimes  confounded  with  Tom 
Thumb. 

You  Slump  o'-the-gittter,  yoii  IJop-o'-my-lbumb, 
Vuurhushaud  muai  from  Lillipuc  come. 

A'.iiie  O  llara,  "  J/iJ/u." 

Hope.  Before  Alexander  sot  out  for 
Asia  he  divided  his  kingdom  among  his 
friends.  "  Jly  lord,"  said  Perdiccas, 
"what  have  you  Mt  for  yourself?" 
"Hope,"  replied  Alexander.  Whereupon 
Pordicca."?  rejoined,  "  If  hope  is  enough 
for  Alexander,  it  is  enough  for  Perdic- 
cas," and  declined  to  accept  any  bounty 
from  the  km^. 

Tilt  BarJ  of  Hope  or  Tli<  Author  o/ Ike 


Pli'tsvres  oj  Hope.  Thomas  Campbell. 
(1777-1844.)  The  entire  pro6ts  on  this 
poem  were  XOOO. 

Hopeful.  The  companion  of  Chris- 
tian after  the  death  of  Faithful. — Bua- 
yan,  "Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Hope-on-High  Bomby.  A  puri- 
tanical character  drawn  by  Heauraont 
and  Fletcher. 

"Well."  tail  WilJrake,  ••!  ihink  I  caa  make  a 
■  Hore-on-llii?h  Itomhy'  ju  well  as  thou  cauM  '— 
Sir  IK  iVv«,  "  iron<ij/odt."e.  vii. 

Hopkins  {MaHhew),  of  ManniuKti-ee, 
Essex,  the  witch-fmdcr  of  the  associated 
coimties  of  E.ssex,  Suffolk,  Norfolk,  and 
Ilvmtingdonshire.  In  one  year  he  bau£red 
sixty  reputed  witches  in  Essex  alone.  Dr. 
Z.  Grey  says  that  between  three  and  four 
thousand  persons  suffered  death  forwitch- 
craft  between  1643  and  IGril. 

Nicholas  Hopkins.  A  Chartreux  friar, 
confessor  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham, 
who  prophesied  "that  neither  tho  kinj; 
(Henry  VIII.)  nor  his  heirs  should  pros- 
per, hut  that  the  duke  of  Buckingham 
should  govern  Englaud." 

1  OenU  That  De\-ilraonlt 

Hupkiiu  th.it  made  thU  luiKhiet. 
1  Gent.  That  wu  he 

That  fed  Liiii  with  hU  prophecies. 

SUaJcttpeart.  '•  Ueiirj  rii;_"  ji.  l 

Hopkin'sians.  Those  who  adopt 
the  theological  opinions  of  Dr.  Samuel 
Hopkins,  of  Connecticut.  These  sec- 
tarians hold  most  of  the  Calvinistic  doc. 
trines,  but  entirely  reject  the  doctrines 
of  imputed  sin  and  imputed  righteous- 
ness. The  speciality  of  the  system  is 
that  true  holiness  consists  in  disinterested 
benevolence,  and  that  all  sin  is  selfshnets. 

Hopping  Giles.  A  lamo  person. 
So  called  from  St.  Giles,  tho  tutelar  saint 
of  cripples,  who  was  himself  lame. 

Hor'ace.    The  Roman  lyric  poet. 

The  Horace  of  England.  George,  duk^ 
of  Buckingham,  preposterously  declared 
Cowley  to  bo  the  Pindar,  Horace,  and 
Virgil  of  England.     (lt!18-lt;67.) 

Tlu  French  Horace.  Jean  Maorinus  or 
Salmon.     (1490-15.^7.) 

The  Horace  of  France  or  tho  French 
linrns.    Pierre  Joan  do  Borangcr,    (1760. 

isr.7.) 

Spanish  Horaces.  Tho  brothers  Argon'. 
sola,  whoso  C'l'.ri.slian  samos  wore  Liipor- 
cio  and  Bartolome. 


fl« 


HORATIO. 


HORN   OF   POWER. 


Hora'tio.  Hamlet's  intimate  friend. 
—  Slio'.es/xinr,  "  llamltt,  I'rince  of  bin- 
mark." 

Horn  ("Orlando  Furioso"^.  Lolhs- 
tilla  gave  Astolpho  at  partinj^  a  horn 
that  ha<l  the  virtue  to  ai'imll  and  j)ul  to 
Higbt  the  boldest  kuight  or  most  savage 
beast.     (Bk.  viii.) 

Horn.  Drinking  cups  used  to  be  rnado 
of  the  rhinoceros's  horn,  from  an  Oriental 
belief  that  "  it  sweats  at  the  approach  of 
poison." — Calmet,  "  liiJ'lical  Uiclioiuir;/." 

To  put  to  the  honi.  To  denounce  as  a 
rebel,  or  pronounce  a  person  an  outlaw, 
for  not  answering  to  a  summons.  In 
ScoMand  the  mossenger-at-arms  goes  to 
tho  cross  of  Edinburgh  and  gives  three 
blasts  with  a  born  before  he  heralds  the 
judgment  of  outlawry. 

jWi'i'j  Horn.  The  hero  of  a  French 
metrical  romance,  and  the  original  of 
our  "  Home  Childe,"  generally  calK.d 
"  Tho  Geste  of  Kyng  Horn."  The 
nominal  author  of  the  French  romance 
is  Mestre  Thomas.  Dr.  Percy  ascribes 
the  English  romance  of  "  King  Ilorno" 
to  the  twelfth  century,  but  this  is  pro- 
bably a  century  too  early.  {Hee  liitson's 
"  Ancient  Romances.") 

Horn  of  Fidelity.  Morgan  la  Faye 
sent  a  horn  to  king  Arthur,  which  had 
the  following  "  virtue  :" — No  lady  could 
drink  out  of  it  who  was  not  "to  her  hus- 
band true  ;"  all  others  who  attempted  to 
drink  were  sure  to  spill  what  it  contained. 
This  horn  was  carried  to  king  Marke,  and 
"his  queene  with  a  hundred  ladies  more" 
tried  the  experiment,  but  only  four  ma- 
naged to  driuko  cleaue."  Ariosto's  en- 
chanted cup  possessed  a  similar  spell. 
(Set  CiiASTirv  ) 

Horn  of  Plenty  {_Coriiu-co'pia). 
Emblem  of  plenty. 

Ce'rcs  is  drawn  with  a  ram's  horn  in 
ber  left  arm,  filled  with  fruits  and  llowers. 
Sometimes  they  are  bein-^  poured  on  the 
earth  from  "the  full  horn, "and  son'otimes 
they  are  held  in  itaj*  in  a  basket;  Diodo'- 
nis  (iii.  68)  says  the  horn  is  oiie  from 
the  hea<l  of  the  goat  by  which  Jujiiter 
was  suckled.  He  explains  the  fable  thus  : 
"  In  Libya,"  he  says,  "  there  is  a  strip 
of  land  shaped  like  a  horn,  bestowed  by 
king  Anunon  on  his  bride  Amalthtea, 
who  nursed  Jupiter  with  goat's  milk. 
When  Amalthe'n's  licm 

O'er  hill  »n<l  ilale  the  r»!<e-erown'  d  Fors  puur». 

Ana  •oatb-n  curt,  kud  nine,  ind  fruits  aoa  tlowera. 
C'amoenj,  "  lAUUui,"  bk.  U. 


Horn  of  Power.  When  Tam'ugin 
assumed  the  title  of  Ghengis  Khan,  he 
commanded  th.\t  a  white  horn  should 
be  thenceforward  the  standard  of  Lis 
troops.  So  tho  great  Mogul  "  lifted  up 
his  horn  on  high,"  and  was  exalted  to 
great  power. 

My  kiirn,  kaik  he  exalted  (1  Sam.  ii.  10; 
Ps.  Ixxxix.  24,  &c.).  Mr.  Buckingham 
says  of  a  Tyrian  lady,  "She  woro  on  her 
head  a  hollow  silver  horn,  rearing  itsell 
upwards  obliquely  from  the  forehead. 
It  was  some  four  inches  in  diameter  at 
the  root,  and  pointed  at  its  extremity. 
This  peculiarity  reminded  me  forcibly 
of  the  expression  of  tho  Psalmist,  'Lift 
not  up  your  horn  on  high  :  speak  not  with 
a  stiff  neck.  All  the  horns  of  the  wickeii 
also  will  1  cut  off  ;  but  the  horns  of  the 
righteous  shall  be  exalted'  (Ps.  Ixxv.  5, 
10)."  Bruce  found  in  Abyssinia  the  silver 
horns  of  warriors  and  distingiushed  men. 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  the  ''  horned 
head-gear  "  was  introduced  into  England, 
and  from  tho  eiSgy  of  Beatrice,  countcsa 
of  Arundel,  at  Arundel  Church,  who  is 
represented  with  two  horns  outspread  to 
a  great  extent,  we  may  infer  that  the 
length  of  tho  head-horn,  like  the  length  of 
the  shoe-point  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI., 
&.C.,  markeil  the  degree  of  rank.  "To 
aut  olf  "  such  horns  would  be  to  degrade, 
and  to  exalt  or  extend  such  horns  would 
be  to  add  honour  and  dignity  to  the 
wearer. 

Horns  of  a  dilemma.  A  difficulty  of 
such  a  nature  that  whatever  way  you 
attack  it  you  encounter  an  equal  amount 
of  disagreealiles.  Macbeth,  after  the 
munler  of  Duncan,  was  in  a  strait  be- 
tween two  evils:  If  he  allowed  Bani]uo 
to  live,  he  had  reason  to  believe  that 
Banquo  would  supplant  him ;  if,  on  tho 
other  hand,  he  resolved  to  keep  the  crown 
for  which  "he  had 'tiled  his  hands,"  he 
must  "stop  further  in  blood,"  and  cut 
Banquo  otf. 

Lemma  is  sometliing  that  has  been 
proved,  and  being  so  is  assumed  as  an 
axiom.  It  is  from  the  Greek  word 
luiu'liano  (I  assume  or  take  for  granted). 
Dl-Umma  is  a  double  lemma,  or  two- 
eilged  sword  which  strikes  either  way. 
The  hA.)riis  of  a  dilemma  is  a  figure  of 
sjieech  taken  from  a  buU,  which  tosscc 
with  either  of  his  horns. 

"Teach  me  to  plead,"  said  a  young 
rhetorician  to  a  sophist,  "  and  I  will  pay 
you  when  I  g^ain  a  caiise."    The  master 


HORNBOOK. 


UORSE. 


41'' 


5U3d  for  payment  at  once,  and  the  scholar 
pleaded,  "  If  I  gain  my  cause  you  must 
pay  me,  and  if  I  lose  it  I  am  not  bound 
ti)  pay  3'ou  by  the  terms  of  our  contract." 
The  master  pleaded,  "If  you  i/ain  you 
must  pay  me  by  the  terms  of  the  agree- 
ment, and  if  you  loso  the  court  will  com- 
pel j'ou  to  pay  mo." 

T/ce  horns  of  Moses'  fact.  This  is  a 
mere  blunder.  The  Hebrew  Luran  means 
"  to  shoot  out  beams  of  lifjlit,"  but  has 
by  mistake  been  translated  in  some  ver- 
lions  "to  wear  horns."  Thus  the  con- 
.'ontional  statues  of  Moses  represent  him 
with  horns.  "  Mosos  wist  not  that  the 
pkin  of  his  face  shone." — Kxo  1.  xx.xiv.  29; 
compare  2  Cor.  iii.  7 — 13  :  "  The  children 
of  Israel  could  not  .stedfastly  behold  tha 
face  of  Moses  for  the  plory  of  his  coun- 
tenance." 

To  toear  ike  horns.  To  be  a  cuckold. 
1  n  the  rutting  season,  the  stags  associate 
with  the  fawns  ;  one  stag  selects  several 
females  who  constitute  his  haicni,  till 
another  stag  comes  who  contests  the 
prize  with  him.  If  beaten  in  the  combat, 
he  yields  up  his  ha>im  to  the  victor,  and 
is  witliout  associates  till  he  finds  a  stag 
feebler  than  himself,  who  is  made  to 
submit  to  similar  terms.  As  sti^-s  are 
horned,  and  made  cuckolds  of  by  their 
fellows,  the  application  is  palpable,    {."iet 

COUNKTTE.) 

Horn-Book.  The  Alphabet  book, 
which  was  a  thin  board  of  oak  about  nine 
mches  long  and  five  or  six  wide,  on  which 
w;vs  printed  the  alphabet,  the  nine 
digits,  and  sometimes  the  Lonl's  Prayer. 
It  had  a  handle,  and  was  covereci  in 
front  with  a  sheet  of  thin  horn  to  prevent 
its  being  soiled,  and  the  back-board  w.is 
ornamented  with  a  rude  sketch  of  St. 
(leorge  and  the  Dragon.  The  board 
and  its  horn  cover  were  held  togetlier 
1  y  a  narrow  frame  or  border  of  brass. 

Thee  will  I  siug,  in  comely  w&insoot  bound, 
AnJ  goMeii  verge  iiioiusiiit:  tlic;  ar .1111  I ; 
The  laithiul  hum  befi.re,  from  age  to  ago 
Treserving  thy  mvuliicrable  page; 
Iteiiiii'l.  thy  patron   9  lint  in  nriii'iur  ihines, 
Wit  1  iwopl  "UJ  lacioe  to  guarJ  the  eacrid  iiiie«... 
Th' iiixruciire  ha-nllea  at  the  lititrm  fixed, 
Ijcit  wrangling  «rill>'a  slioulil  rerveri  khe  text 
Tickell.  "  The  Horn  Book.-" 

Their  booki  of  •'a'ures'iiall  tbey  took  in  band, 
^*'hich  With  p.;)]iic<d  iioru  secured  are, 
Toaatd  (ruu  Gu,-er  wet  ilie  lettera  (air. 

Shetntoru,  "  .b'cAuulmutreM.'* 

Horn-gate.    One  of  the  two  gates 
of  "  Dreams  ;"   the   other   is  of    ivory. 
Vision*  which  idsuo  from  t)i9  former  ooQi© 
o 


true.  This  whim  depends  upon  two 
Greek  puns;  the  Greek  for  horn  is  kerof, 
anil  tho  veib  kraino  or  karanoo  means 
"to  bring  to  an  issue,"  "to  fulfil;"  so 
a.:dn  elep/ia-i  is  ivory,  and  the  verb  ele- 
p/iairo  means  "to  clieat,"  "to  deceive." 
Tho  verb  kraino,  however,  is  derived 
from  kra,  "the  head,"  and  means  "to 
bring  to  a  head  ;  "  and  the  verb  elephairo 
is  akin  to  elachus,  "small." 

Anchi'ses  dismisses  ^Eno'as  through 
tho  ivory  gate,  on  quitting  tlie  infernal 
regions,  to  indicate  tho  unreality  of  his 
vision. 

■"^iint  gemiiixsomni  portx,  quarum  altera  f'-rtar 
C-niea,  qua  vcru  facili-'  'Intur  ev'itiis  umbris  ; 
.\ltern,  can  leiiti  perfeut*  aitens  i-lephaiito, 
S^d  falaa  ad  c<B  um  mitiuat  lUBorauia  iMaiies. 

Virtni,  "  JStuid,"  vi.  81)3,  *c. 

Horn  Mad.  Quite  mad.  Madness 
in  cattle  was  supposed  to  arise  from  a 
di.-itomper  in  the  internal  subsUmco  of 
their  horns,  and  furious  or  mad  cattle 
had  their  horns  bound  with  straw. 

"  Why,  misirtM,  sure  m>  master  11  horn-msd."- 
SAaifi/'fU'"',  ■  Comedy  a/  Jirrurt,'  ii.  1. 

Hornet'3  Nest.  To  poke  your  head 
iiilo  a  hornet's  nest.  To  get  into  trouble 
by  meddling  and  making.  The  bear  is 
very  fond  of  honey,  and  often  gets  stung 
by  pokmg  its  snout  by  mistake  into  a 
hornet's  nest  in  search  of  its  favourite 
dainty. 

Hor'nie  (2  syl.).  Auld  llomie.  Th* 
dovil,  BO  called  in  Scotland.  The  allu- 
sion is  to  tho  horns  with  which  Satan  is 
generally  represented. 

Horn'pipe  (2  syl.).  The  dance  is  so 
called  because  it  used  to  bo  danced  in  the 
west  of  Kngland  to  the  pib-  corn  or  horn- 
pijio,  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  pips 
with  a  horn  at  each  &ni\. 

Hor'oscopo  (3  syl.).  The  scheme  of 
the  twelve  houses  by  which  astrologers 
tell  your  fortune.  The  word  moans  the 
"  hour-scrutinised,"  l)ecause  it  is  the 
hour  of  birth  only  which  is  examined  in 
these  star-map-;.     {Ilura-scop'eo,  Crook.) 

Hors  de  Combat  (French).  Out 
of  battle.  Incapable  of  taking  any  further 
part  in  tho  tight. 

Horso  (1  syl.).  The.  standard  of  the 
ancient  Saxons  was  a  white  horse,  which 
was  jiroscrved  in  tho  royal  ahioid  of  the 
llouso  of  Hanover. 

Fauoub  ooiiSKa  or  fablk: 

•>ibaf'tir  (Greek).    One  of  tho  hor5«  of 


ns 


nORSE. 


HORSE. 


Pluto.  Tlio  woril  nicaus  "  away  from  the 
stars     or  "  liglit  of  day." 

Ab'a'os  (Greek).  One  of  tho  horses  of 
Phito.  Tho  word  moans  "  inaccessible," 
und  refers  to  tlio  infernal  realm. 

Ahraxax {Greek).  One  of  the  horses  of 
Auro'ra.  The  letters  of  this  word  in 
Greek  make  up  365,  the  number  of  days 
in  tho  year. 

yElhoii  (Greek).  Ono  of  tho  horses  of 
Hie  Sun.     The  word  means  "  firry  red." 

A'tlon  (q.v.).    ".Swift  as  an  eagle." 

Aff/ies  (black),  palfrey  of  Mary  queen 
of  ScXits. 

Alfa'na.  Gradasso's  horses.  Tlio  word 
meanp  "a  mare." — "Orlando  Furioso." 

Alif/e'ro  Clavlle'no.  The  "wooden-pin 
wing-horse  "  which  Don  Quixote  and  his 
squire  mounted  to  achieve  the  deliverance 
of  Dolori'da  and  her  companions. 

Alsvi'dur.  One  of  tho  horses  of  the 
Bun.  The  word  means  "  all  scorching." 
—Sen ndhiav ian  m y \hology. 

Aniethe'a  (Greek).  One  of  the  horses 
of  the  Sui .  The  word  means  "no 
loiterer." 

A<i'uili;u  (3  syl.).  Raymond's  steed, 
bred  on  the  banks  of  the  Tagus.  The 
word  means  "like  an  eagle." — " Jeru- 
lalem  Delivered." 

Arl'on  (Greek).  Hercules'  horse  given 
to  Adras  tos.  The  horse  of  NepLune, 
bronght  out  of  the  earth  by  striking  it 
with  his  trident;  its  right  feet  were  tliose 
of  a  human  creature,  and  it  spoke  with  a 
human  voice.  The  word  means  "  mar- 
tial," i.e.,  "  war-horse." 

A  r'undel.  The  horse  of  Bevis,  of  South- 
ampton. The  word  moans  "  swift  as  a 
swallow."  (French,  hiro7ideUe,  "a  swal- 
low.") 

Arvalc^ir,  One  of  the  horses  of  tho 
Sun.  The  word  means  "  sjilendid." — 
Scandinavia n  ini/thology. 

Bal'ios  (Greek).  One  of  the  horses 
^ven  by  Neptune  to  Peleus.  It  after- 
wards belonged  to  Achilles.  Like  Xan- 
thos,  its  sire  was  the  West-wind,  and  its 
dam  Swift-foot  the  harpy.  The  word 
means  "  sw:it." 

Babie'ca,  The  Cid's  horse.  He  survived 
his  master  two  years  and  a  half,  during 
which  time  no  ono  was  allowed  to  mount 
him,  and  when  lie  died  ho  was  buried 
before  the  gate  of  the  monastery  at  Valen- 
cia, and  twi  elms  were  planted  to  mark 
the  site.  The  word  means  a  booby. 
Uodrigu's  horse  was  so  called. 

Bcx'wd.     The  horse  of  tho  four  sons 


of  Aymon,  which  grew  larger  or  smaller 
as  one  or  more  of  the  four  sons  mounted 
it.  According  to  tradition,  one  of  the 
foot-prints  may  still  bo  seen  in  the  forest 
of  Soignes,  and  another  on  a  rock  near 
Dinant.  Tho  word  moans  "  bright  bay 
colour." 

Bajar'dn.  Rinaldo's  horse,  of  a  bright 
bay  colour,  once  tho  property  of  Am'adia 
of  Gaul.  It  w.as  found  by  Malagi'gi,  the 
wizard,  in  a  cave  guarded  by  a  dragon, 
which  the  wizard  slow.  According  to 
tradition,  it  is  still  alive,  but  flees  at  tho 
approach  of  man,  so  that  no  one  can  ever 
hope  to  catch  him. — "  Orlatido  Furioso." 
{See  above.) 

Be'vis.  The  horse  of  lord  Mar'mion. 
The  word  is  Norse,  and  means  "swift." — 
Sir  W.  ScoU. 

Black  Bess.  The  famous  mare  of  Dick 
Turpin,  which  carried  him  from  London 
to  York. 

Barak  (Al).  The  horse  which  conv^yeJ 
Mahomet  from  earth  to  the  seventh 
heaven.  It  was  milk-white,  had  the  wiugt 
of  an  eagle,  and  a  human  face,  with  horse's 
cheeks.  Every  pace  she  took  was  equal 
to  the  furthest  range  of  hum.an  sight. 
The  word  is  Arabic  for  "  the  lightning." 

Brigliado'r'e  (Bril  -  yar  •  do're).  Sir 
Guj'on's  horse.  The  word  means  "golden- 
bridle."— ^;)g«i(?7-,  '■'Faery  Queen." 

Brigliado'ro  (Brilyar-do'-ro).  Orlan- 
do's famous  charger,  second  only  to 
Bayardo  in  swiftness  and  wonderful 
powers.  The  word  means  "  golden- 
bridle." — "Orlando  Funoso,"  etc. 

BromomarCe  (4  syl.).  The  horse  of  Sir 
Launcelot  Greaves.  The  word  means 
"  a  mettlesome  sorrel." 

Buccph'aLos  (Greek).  The  celebrated 
charger  of  Alexander  the  Great.  Alex- 
ander was  the  only  person  who  could 
mount  him,  and  he  alwaj's  knelt  down  to 
take  up  his  master.  He  was  thirty  3'ears 
old  at  death,  and  Alexander  built  a  city 
for  his  mausoleum,  which  he  called  Bu- 
ceph'ala.     The  word  means  "ox-head." 

CVler.  Tho  horse  of  tho  Boman 
omperor  Ve'rus.  It  was  fed  on  almondi 
and  raisins,  covered  with  royal  purple, 
and  stalled  in  tlie  imperial  palaca 
(Latin  for  "swift.") 

Claviliuo,  q.v. 

Qomrade.    Fortunio's  fairy  horse. 

Copenha'gen.     Wellington's  charger. 

Cyl'larot  (Greek).  Named  from  Cylifc, 
in  Troas,  the  steed  of  Castor  or  Folliix. 
(>«  Haupaoos.) 


HORSE. 


HORSE. 


419 


Siiciipant's  char^t-r.    Tho 
"little     head." — •' Orlaudo 


Dapple.  Sancho  Panza's  ass.  So  called 
from  its  colour. 

Di'tios  (CJroek).  Diomcd's  horse.  The 
woril  means  "tho  marvel."  {See Lampon.) 

Dhuldul.     All's  famous  horse. 

Klhon  (Greek).  One  of  the  horses  of 
Hector.  The  word  means  "  fiery."  (See 
Ualalli£,  Podarqi.) 

Feirant  J! Espacjru.  The  horse  of 
Oliver.  The  word  means  "  the  Spanish 
traveller." 

FiddU-haclk.  Oliver  Goldsmith's  unfor- 
tunate pony. 

J-roiitUlello. 

wonl    means 
f 'arioso. " 

Froiiti'no  or  Fronfiii.  Once  called 
"  Balisarda."  Roge'ro's  or  Ilugio'ro's 
horse.  The  word  means  "  little  head." — 
"  Orlando  F arioso,"  d:c. 

Oal'aihii  (3  syl.).  One  of  Hector's 
horses.  The  word  moans  "  cream- 
coloured." 

Gnine  (2  syl.).  Siegfried's  horse,  of 
marvellous  swiftness.  The  word  means 
"  grey-coloured." 

GHzzle.  Dr.  Syntax's  horse,  all  skin 
and  bone.  The  word  means  "  grey- 
coioured." 

JIaWum.  The  horse  of  the  archangel 
Oahriel. — "  Koran." 

Jfai-'pagos  (Greek).  One  of  the  horses 
of  Castor  and  Pollu.x.  The  word  means 
"one   that  carries   off    rapidly."      (Se« 

CVLLAIIOS.) 

J/tp'p'iairn'prs  (4  dyl.)  One  of  Neptune  s 
liorsos.  It  lui'i  only  two  leg^i,  tho  liimlci- 
linnrtor  being  that  of  a  dragon's  tail  or 
li.sh.    The  word  moans  "  coiling  horse." 

Hrimfari.  The  horse  of  Night,  from 
whose  bit  fall  the  "rime  drops"  which 
every  night  bedew  the  eartli  [i.e.,  frost- 
\naiaG'\.—  Scandinavian  M ylkoloijy. 

lucita'lus.  Tho  horse  of  the  Roman 
emperor  Calig'ula,  made  priest  and  con- 
sul. It  had  an  ivory  manger,  and  drank 
wine  out  of  a  golden  pail.  Tho  word 
means  "  Bpurred-on." 

Kdpy  or  Kdpie.  Tho  water-horse  of 
fairy  mythohi^ry.  The  word  moans  "of 
the  colour  of  kelp  or  sea-weed." 

Lampon,  (Greek).  One  of  the  horses  of 
Diomcd.  'i'he  word  moans  "the  bright 
one."    {Set  DiNos.) 

Lnmpos  (Greek).  One  of  the  steeds  of 
the  Sun  at  noon.  The  word  means 
"  shining  like  a  lamp." 

Marocco.  lianks's  famous  horse.  Its 
sliass   were   of   silver,    and   one  of    its 


exploits  was  to  mount  the  etccple  of  St. 
Paul's. 

Nohbs.   ITio  steed  of  Southey's  doctor. 
Nonioi.     One  of  tho  horses  of  Pluto. 
Ore'lia.    The  charger  of  llodcriek,  laot 
of  the    Goths,   noted  for  its  speed  and 
symmetry. — Soulheu, 

Passe  Drewdl.  Sir  Tristram' -i  charger. 
— ^^ Uist.  oj  Prince  ArUntr,"  ii.  tJ."?. 

J'ei/'usos.  The  winged  horse  of  Apollo 
and  the  Muses.  (Greek,  "  born  near  the 
pege  or  source  of  the  ocean.") 

Pha'eto/i  (Greek).  One  of  tho  steeds 
of  Auro'ra.  The  word  means  "  the  shin- 
ing one."    {See  Abraxas.) 

Phallus.  The  horse  of  HeracTioo. 
The  word  means  "stallion." 

Pkre'iiicos.  The  horse  of  Hiero,  of 
Syracuse,  that  won  tho  Olympic  prize 
for  single  horses  in  the  seventy-third 
Olympiad.  The  word  means  "mind-like." 
Podar'ge  (3  syl.).  One  of  the  horses  of 
Hector.  The  word  means  "swift-foot." 
{See  Elhon.) 

Bahica' no  or  Rah'ican.  Argali'a's  horse 
in  "Orlando  Innamorato  ;"  and  Astol- 
pho's  horse  in  "  Orlando  Furioso."  Its 
dam  was  Fire,  and  its  sire  Wind  ;  it  fed 
on  unearthly  food.  Tho  word  means 
"  short-tailed." 
Reksh.  Sir  Rustrara's  horse. 
Roan  Darbary.  The  favourite  horse 
of  king  Richard  II. 

Rofinan'te    (4   syl.).      Don    Quixote's 
horse,    all    skin    and   bone.     Tho   word 
mcnns  "  formerly  a  hack." 
Siiladin  (black),     Warwick's  horse. 
Skehdli  {q.v.).  The  Persian  Buceph'alos 
Sleipnir.     Oiiin's    grey    horse,    which 
had  eight  logs,  and  could  traverse  either 
land  or  sea.    Tho  horse  typifies  tho  wind 
which  blows  over  land  and  water  from 
eight  principal  points. 

Tre'bizond.  The  grey  horse  of  admiral 
Gnari'nos,  ono  of  the  French  knight.s 
tiiken  at  RoncesvallUs. 

Veglianti'no  (Vail-3'an-te'-no).  Tho 
famous  steed  of  Orlando,  called  in  French 
romance  I '«(7/a«H/,  Orlando  being  called 
Roland.  The  word  means  "  the  littlo 
vigilant  one.'' 

White  Surrey.  The  favourite  horse  ai 
king  Richard  III. 

Xanthos.  One  of  the  horses  of  Achillea, 
who  announced  to  tho  hero  his  approach- 
ing death  when  unjustly  chidden  by  hinn. 
Its  sire  wa.^  Zephyros,  and  dam  Podargt 
(q.v.).  The  word  moans  "  chosr.ut- 
coloured." 


420 


HOUSE. 


[lORSES. 


lirazenhorse.  (.SeeCAMBUSCAN  :  see  also 
Arcos-baubs,  Bat-hoi!Si;s,  Dobbin.) 

§  SLakespcare  lias  "  bay  Curtal,"  ttie 
Iiorse  of  lord  Lafew  ("All's  Well  that 
Ends  Well,"  ii.  3);  "^rey  Capilet," 
the  horse  of  Sir  Amlrew  Agiiochcek 
("Twelfth  N'i-ht  "  iii    4). 

Bnnhs't  hay  horse  was  called  Marocco. 
Among  tho  entries  of  Stationers'  iiail  is 
"A  ballad  shewiiig  the  ptrange  qualities 
of  a  yotm;,' nay-;,'- called  M  u-()i;cio  "  (Nov. 
It,  1595).  Wiicn  exhiliiting  at  Ilonio 
both  Banks  and  his  horse  were  burnt  to 
death  for  iuaj,'ici:ins,  l.y  order  of  the  popo. 
"  J)o)i  Zara  del  Fo<jo,"  p.  114.     (IGW.) 

The  consular  korte.      Fncita'tus.    {q.v.). 

O'Dono/iue's  white  ho>se.  Those  waves 
which  come  on  a  windy  day,  crested  with 
foam.  The  spirit  of  the  hero  re-appears 
every  May-daj',  and  is  seen  gliding,  to 
sweet  but  unearthly  music,  over  the  lakes 
of  Killarney,  on  his  favourite  white  horse. 
It  is  preceded  by  groups  of  young  men 
and  miiidens,  who  Hing  spring-flowers  in 
his  path. — "  Derrick's  Letters." 

T.  Moore  has  a  poem  on  the  subject  in 
his  "Irish  Melodies,"  No.  V[.  ;  it  is 
entitled  "O'Donohue's  Mistiess,"  and 
refers  to  a  tradition  that  a  young  an<l 
beautiful  girl  became  enamoured  of  tho 
▼isionary  chieftain,  and  threw  herself  into 
the  lake  that  he  might  carry  her  olf  for 
his  bride. 

^  Horse.     Tho  public-house  sign. 

(1)  Tkt  White  Iiorse.  The  standard  of 
the  Saxons,  and  therefore  impressed  on 
bop  pockets  and  bags  as  tho  ensign  of 
Kent.  On  Utfington  Hill,  Berks,  there 
18  formed  in  tho  chalk  an  enormous  white 
horse,  supposed  to  have  been  cut  there 
after  tho  battle  in  which  Ethelred  and 
Alfred  .lefeated  the  Danes  (871).  This 
rude  ensign  is  about  374  feet  long,  and 
1,000  feet  above  the  sea-level.  It  may  be 
neon  at  the  distance  of  twelve  miles. 

("2)  The  galluping  xchite  horse  is  the 
device  of  the  house  of  Hanover. 

(3)  The  rampant  white  horse.  The 
device  of  the  house  of  Savcy,  descended 
trom  the  Saxons. 

^  'Tis  a  Trojan  horse  (Latin  proverb). 
A  deception,  a  concealed  danger.  Thus 
Cicero  says  "  Intua,  intus,  inqiiam, 
eat  equus  I'roja'uus"  ("Pro  .Uuren.," 
78i.  It  waf  KpSos  who  made  the 
'woodeu  borss  in  ihe  siege  of 
Troy. 

To  grl  upon  yo^r  kiyh  korse.  To  give 
(itiospli  lirs.     The  coiiite  de  ilontbrison 


nays  :  The  four  principal  families  of  Lor- 
raine are  called  the  high  horses,  the  de- 
scendants by  tho  female  line  from  the 
little  horses  or  second  cla.«s  of  chivalry. 
The  "high  horse-; "  are  D'Haraucourt, 
Lo'noncourt.  Ligncvillo,  an<l  Du  ('ha- 
telet. — "  Memoire  de  la  Baronnf  dOler- 
kirdi£." 

^  //o)v«  (in  the  Catacombs).  Emblem  of 
the  swiftness  of  life.  Sometimes  a  palm- 
wreath  is  placed  above  its  licad  to  denote 
that  "tho  race  is  not  to  tho  swift." 

Horse  (in  Christian  art).  Emblem  of 
courage  and  generosity.  The  attribute 
of  St.  Martin,  St.  Maurice,  St.  George, 
and  St.  Victor,  all  of  whom  are  repre- 
.■(ented  on  horseback.  St.  Lc'on  is  rcpro- 
seutcd  on  horseback,  in  pontifical  robes, 
blessing  the  people. 

"1  The  Ro'i'.d  Horse  Ouards  or  Oxford 
Blues  are  tho  three  heavy  cavalry  regi- 
ments of  tho  HousehoM  Brigade,  first 
raised  in  1601. 

Horses.  At  one  time  great  culprits 
were  fastened  to  four  horses,  a  limb  to 
each  horse,  and  the  horses  being  urged 
dilforent  ways,  pulled  limb  from  limb. 
The  last  person  who  so  suffered  in 
Europe  was  Robert  Fran9ois  Damiens, 
for  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  Louis  XV. 
in  1757.  Before  that  Poltrot  de  .Mer^ 
was  executed  by  four  wild  horses  for  the 
murder  of  the  due  de  Guise,  156i ;  Sal- 
cede,  for  conspiring  against  the  due 
d'Alencjon,  1582  ;  Brilland,  for  poisoning 
the  prince  de  Conde,  1583;  Ilavaiilac,  for 
the  murder  of  Henri  IV.  in  1610. 

Horses.  It  is  said  that  Di'omed,  tyrant 
of  Thrace,  fed  his  horses  with  the  stran- 
gers who  visited  his  coast.  HerculL-s 
vanquished  him,  and  gave  him  to  his  owo 
horses  for  food.     (.Set!  Strangehs.) 

Here  8Ui;h  ilire  welcome  if  for  t'  ee  pr  pare  I 
As  Dioncd'a  U'ltiappy  strangirs  sliarrd  : 
HiB  liaplesa  guegt-  at  ^iceut  iniiiuiglit  il  d. 
Oq  tbcir  toru  limbs  hit  soor  i'lt:  coirie'-a  fed 
Ciiti'Oi'ts,  **  Lu4iaa.' 

Horses.  The  first  person  that  drove  a 
four-in-hand  was  Erichtho'nius,  accord- 
ing to  Virgil : 

I'riraiis  Erichthoniut  -uirus  et  qa»tuor  auaal 
Jua:;t-re  equul.  deor.  iiL  IIS. 

Eridithon  was  the  first  who  dured  com'naod 
A  char.Li  yukel  with  bor&es  fuur-iD- bau J. 

H  Horse  or  Oorse.  A  corruotion  of  the 
Welsh  gwres  (hot,  fierce,  pungent). 
Saxon,  gorsl  ;curs,  cos,  coara,  grots,  &c.; 
German.  Iraus,  crisp. 


HORSE  AND   HIS  RIDER. 


HOSPITAL. 


421 


Uorse-clKstnut.  Tho  curs  or  punpent 
cheetnut,  in  opposition  to  the  mild,  sweet 
cue. 

Horse-laugh.     A  coarse,  vulgar  laugli. 

llorse-viinl.     The  pungent  mint. 

IJorse-radish.     Tlio  pungent  radish. 

Jlirrse-play.     Rough  pla\'. 

Similarly  hoarse,  having  a  rough  voice 
from  inflammation  of  the  tiiroat :  (jorsf, 
a  rough,  prickly  phmt ;  goose-bcrnj,  a 
rough  berry;  <;ooj«-7'""-'''>  t'ho  grass  whose 
leaves  are  rough  with  hair,  kc. 

Horse  and   his  Rider.     One  of 

.tsop's  fables,  to  show  that  nations  crave 
the  as.sistance  of  others  when  they  are 
aggrieved,  but  become  tho  tools  or  slaves 
uf  those  who  rendered  thcin  a.ssistanco. 
Thus  the  Celtic  Uritons  asked  aid  of  the 
Saxons,  and  tb/)  Danish  Duchies  of  the 
Ciermans,  but  in  both  cases  tho  rider 
made  the  horse  a  mere  tool. 

Horse-bean.  The  boan  usually 
given  to  horses  for  food. 

Horse  Latitudes.  A  region  of 
calms  between  S0°  and  35°  North  ;  so 
called  because  ships  laden  with  horses 
bound  to  America  or  the  West  Indies 
were  often  obliged  to  lighten  their  freight 
by  casting  the  horses  overboard,  when 
calm-bound  in  these  latitudes. 

Horse-milliner.  A  horse-soldier 
more  tit  for  the  toilet  than  the  battle- 
field. The  ex])rossion  was  first  used  by 
Rowley  in  his  "  Ballads  of  Charitie,"  but 
bir  Walter  Scott  revived  it  : 

Oue  comes  n  foreiRti  (msMerj 
Uf  tiikliii^  cli.i  11  auJ  «;<ur. 
A  wa  ki    K  hal'eria»:i  ry 

>'f  fealliern.  lace  and  far; 
Id  Kowiey  It  niiUiua  ed  p»ra«e, 
llorfc-ii. miner  uf  inodcrn  da  s. 

'•  bnilai  of  Tiiermain,'"  ii.  8. 

Horse  Power.  A  measure  of  force. 
Watt  estimated  the  "  force  "  of  a  London 
dray-horse,  working  eight  hours  a  day, 
at  33,000  foot-pounds  (^.w.)  per  miiiuto. 
In  calculating  the  horho-iiower  of  a  steam- 
engine  the  following  is  the  formula  : — 
Px  A  X  L X  N 
31.1  00 

P.  pressure  (iu  Iha)  r«r  »<1  i  loli  on  the  iiiston 
A,  ari'a  (in  inches)  of  the  ri-'.on. 
I.,  Icii;!th    Ml  fiet:  iiftlie  Uioke. 
N ,  II  umber  of  strokes  i  er  iniuiite. 

Horse  Protestant.  As  rjond  a 
Prolestanl  as  Oliver  Cromwell's  horse.  This 
expression  arises  in  a  comparison  made 
I'y    Cromwell    respecting    some    person 


deJuct  ,'„  for  friction. 


who  liad  less  discernment  than  his  Lorso 
in  the  moot  points  of  the  Protestant  cou- 
troversy. 

Horse-shoes  were  at  one  time  nailed 
up  over  doors  as  a  protection  against 
witches.  Aubrey  says  "  Most  houses  at 
the  west-end  of  London  have  a  horse- 
shoe on  the  thi-e.shold."  In  Monmouth 
Street  there  were  seventeen  in  1S13,  and 
seven  so  late  as  1855. 

.Str  iw«  laid  acrota  my  path  rot*rd  ; 
The  hoi»t,-slioe'»  nailed,  each  thrrtihold's  fniard. 
tiui/.  "Faille"  xxil  il.  1. 

Il  is  liKky  to  pick  up  a.  hurse-s/u>e.  This 
is  from  tho  notion  that  a  horse-shoe  was 
a  protection  against  witches.  For  the 
same  reason  our  superstitious  forefathers 
loved  to  nail  a  horse-shoe  on  their  house 
door.  Lord  Nelson  had  one  nailed  to 
the  mast  of  the  ship  "  Victory." 

Horse-shoes  and  Nails.  Ju  1'2j1 
some  lands  in  the  Strand,  held  of  the 
crown  by  a  farrier,  were  made  over  to 
the  corporation  of  London,  and  from  this 
time  the  sheritfs  tendered  the  annual  rent 
of  six  horseshoes  and  nails.     (Hen.  HL) 

Horse-vetch.  The  vetch  which  has 
pods  shaped  like  a  horse-shoe  ;  sonae- 
times  called  the  "  horse-slioe  vetch." 

Hortus  Siccus.  (Latin,  a  dry 
i/arden).  A  collection  of  plants  dried 
and  arranged  in  a  book. 

i.'o'rus.  The  Egyptian  day-god,  re- 
presented in  hieroglyphics  b,y  a  spairow- 
hawk,  which  bird  was  sacred  to  him. 
lie  was  son  of  Osi'ris  and  Isis,  but  hi& 
birth  being  premature,  he  wa.s  weak  in 
tho  lower  limbs.  As  a  child  he  is  seen 
carried  in  his  mother's  arms,  wearing 
the  pschcnt  or  atf,  and  seated  on  a  lotus- 
flower  with  his  finger  on  his  lips.  As  an 
adult  he  is  represented  liawk-headod. 
(Egyptian,  har  or  hor,  "the  day"  oi 
''  sun's  path.") 

Hos'pital.  From  tho  Latin  hiif/)ei 
(a  giicst),  boinir  originally  an  inn  or  house 
of  entortainaiciit  for  pilgrims  ;  hence  our 
Words /((W<(one  who  entertains),  Ao.</)t/(t/t/y 
(the  entertainment  given),  nudhoSjiilalliT 
(tlie  keeper  of  the  house).  In  process  of 
time  these  receptacles  were  resorted  to 
by  the  sick  and  iulirm  only,  and  tho  house 
of  entertainment  became  an  asylum  for 
tho  sick  and  wounded.  In  1:}1>9  Katherine 
de  la  Court  hold  a  "  hospital  "  at  the 
bottom   of  the   court   called   Robert  d© 


4-/2 


nOSriTALLERS. 


HOTSPUR. 


Paris ;  after  tho  lapso  of  four  years,  her 
landlord  died,  and  llio  tavern  or  hospital 
fell  to  his  heirs  Jeban  dc  ChevreuRe  and 
William  C'liolot.  A  lawsuit  between 
tlieso  parties  is  thus  stated  in  the 
"  I'laidoirios,"  matine'cs  reg.  cot^  x. 
m5,  fo.  75 :— 

L'aiiiiral  Jolian  •!«  Chcvieti^t  et  la  veuve  de  fen 
Ouillauiue  Cholet  dieat  que  Kathcrine,  Bau't  autori:^ 
du  ruy  nn  du  i)rc7uat  dc  I'uris,  a  Toiihi  creor  uq 
b'  Bjiital  d'omnies  ct  de  fi^mrnes  en  la  maison  dessus 
dicte,  oO  il  aruit  fcinmcs  el  homines  coucimiis  i'oiibi 
an  tcct  et  soubz  une  couverture,  qui  fuinoinQt  Icurs 
niatincs  ilcs  vcsiirfs  jusques  au  niatiu  ;  et  crioient 
telleiiieirt  qu'il  sonilrluu  qu;  ce  fust  uu  motet  de 
liciuesi^  el  y  a^oit  Kourrvn'  auulU^8cs  doun6c8  ct 
00  (Tea.  etestoient  de  la  parroi  se  ■■.  Merry;  cty  avoit 
dUtriliutiou  de  niereaulx  ct  meielles,  el  esloient 
p.iirz  tout  eec,  el  pour  qui'.t.ince  avoieut  rigura 
Diatiuc'U;   ct   y  ^etoi' nt  donnc.  horioos,  tellemeut 

?ue  loll  ne  povoit  ilormir  en  la  rue  iusques  eii 
laillclioc.  Si  fe  trili-.rcat  Jel.nn  Je  Cliovreusc  et 
fi'uyi.u'snutiesii'  \er8l''|'revo6t,iM)urcequ*ilzavoient 
e  ressort  de  (Jlatipny.Tiroii.etplusieuiBnutres  ;  ietj 
J  avoil  aucuna  ;iour  faire  It  guet  en  la  ville.  autres 
eu^i  p'.rtes  de  I'aiis,  comme  de  S  Aiii!;oiuc,  de  S. 
Vict-r,  et  autr  s.  si  fut.  in  formaoio  i  precedant, 
dit  a  Katlurinc,  que  eP.e  ee  p'lrtist  etalrist  tcnir  son 
eotUvt  aiileurs  "— .l/u'di,  l-> Fei'.  14)0.  • 

Hos'pitallers.  Firstappliedtothoso 
whoso  duty  it  was  to  provide  hoapitiuyn 
(lodging  and  entertainment)  for  pilgrims. 
The  most  noted  institution  of  the  kind 
was  at  Jerusalem,  ■which  gave  its  naaie 
to  .an  order  called  the  Knights  Hospital- 
lers. This  order  was  first  called  that  of 
the  Knights  of  St.  Jolin  at  Jerusalem  ; 
afterwards  they  were  styled  the  Knights 
of  Hhodes,  and  then  Knights  of  Malta, 
because  lUiodos  and  Malta  were  conferred 
on  them  by  dillerent  monarchs. 

Host.  A  victim.  The  consecrated 
bread  of  the  Eucharist  is  so  called  in  the 
Latin  Church,  because  it  is  believed  to 
be  a  real  victim  consisting  of  flesh,  blood, 
and  spirit,  offered  up  in  sacrifice.  ( Latin, 
hoslia.)  It  is  shown  to  the  laity  in  a 
transparent  vessel  called  a  "monstrance." 
(Latin,  vionstro,  to  show.) 

IIosl.  An  army.  At  the  breaking  up 
of  the  Roman  empire,  tho  first  duty  of 
every  subject  was  to  follow  his  lord  into 
the  field,  and  the  proclamation  was 
bniini're  in  hostem  (to  order  out  against 
the  foe),  which  soou  came  to  signify  "  to 
order  out  for  military  service,"  and  hc.ftem 
Cui-ere  camo  to  mean,  "  to  perform  mili- 
tary service."  lioslis  (military  service) 
next  came  to  mean  tho  arm>i  that  went 
against  the  foe,  whence  our  word  hoft. 

To  reckon  whhoiit  vour  hosl.  To  reckon 
from  yourown  stancl point,  without  taking 
in  certain  considerations  which  another 
standpoint  would  make  evident.     Guests 


who  calculate  what  their  expenses  at  &n 
hotel  will  come  to,  always  leave  out  cer- 
tain items  which  tho  host  contrivoa  to 
foist  into  the  account. 

Hos'tage  (2  syl.)  is  the  Latin  ohnt, 
through  the  French  Clageor  ostoge,  Italiai. 
osiariyio. 

Ilos'tler  is  properly  the  keeper  oH 
an  hotel  or  inn.  Wittily  derived  from 
oal- stealer. 

Hot.  Iloi  cross  buns.  Fosbroke  aays 
these  buns  were  made  of  the  dough 
kneaded  for  the  host,  and  were  marked 
with  the  cross  accordingly.  In  tho 
Roman  belief  the  host  is  supposed  to  be 
divine,  and  therefore  imperishable.  As 
the  Good  Friday  buns  are  said  to  keep  for 
twelve  months  without  turning  mouldy, 
some  persons  still  hang  up  one  or  more 
in  their  house  as  a  "  charm  against  evil." 
{See  Cross.) 

I'll  male  the  place  too  hot  fo  hold  him. 
The  allusion  is  to  Talos,  the  bra.'-.en  man 
who  guarded  Crete.  When  a  stranger 
approached,  Talos  made  himself  red-hot, 
and  went  to  embrace  ttie  stranger  as 
soon  as  he  set  foot  on  the  island. 

Hotch-pot  or  Holc.h-potch.  Black- 
stone  says  hotch-pot  is  a  pudding  made  of 
several  things  mixeri  together.  Lands 
given  in  frank-marriage  or  descending  in 
fee-simple  are  to  be  mixed,  like  the 
ingredients  of  a  pudding,  and  then  cut 
up  in  equal  slices  among  all  the  daugh- 
ters.—Bk.  ii.  12. 

As  to  'personality ;  Hotch-pot  may  b6 
explained  thus :  Suppose  a  father  h.\B 
advanced  mone}'  to  one  child,  at  the  de- 
cease of  the  father  this  child  receives 
a  sum  in  addition  enough  to  make  his 
share  equal  to  the  rest  of  the  family. 
If  not  content,  he  must  bring  into 
hotch-pot  the  money  advanced,  and  the 
whole  is  then  divided  amongst  all  tho 
children  according  to  the  terms  of  tho 
will. 

French,  hochepot,  from  hochcr,  to  shake 
or  jumble  together;  or  from  the  German 
hoch-pot,  the  huge  pot  or  family  caldron. 
Wharton  says  it  is  hachi  en poche. 

Hot'spur.  A  fiery  person  who  hn.% 
no  control  over  his  temper.  Harry  Percy 
was  90  called.  Lord  Derby  was  soinetimes 
calliMl  the  '■'■  Hotspur  of  Debate.''  Lord 
Lyttou  in  i\V;/)  Timon  calls  hiiu  "frank, 
haughty,  bold,  the  Ruperl  of  Debute." 
(.See  S'lakospeare,  "1  Henry  IV.") 


IIOUGOUMONT. 


H0UY1INHNM3. 


<Z) 


Hou'goumont  is  said  to  be  a  cor- 
niption  of  (JhaUnu  Goumonl;  but  Victor 
Hugo  sayB  it  is  Ilugo-moiis,  and  that  tho 
house  was  built  by  Hugo,  sire  do  Som- 
rncril,  tlio  same  person  that  endowed  tho 
sixth  chapolry  of  tho  abbey  of  Villers. 

Hound.  To  hound  a  peisoJi  is  to 
persecute  him,  or  rather  to  set  on  per- 
sons to  annoy  him,  as  hounds  are  lot  from 
the  slips  at  a  hare  or  sUig. 

Ai  lie  who  only  lets  loose  a  ereyhounci  out  of  tlie 
•lip  IB  8»;J  to  hound  him  al  the  h:iTe.—JJramhdl. 

Hou'qua.  A  superior  quality  of  tea. 
So  called  from  Hoqua,  the  celebrated 
Hong-Kong  tea  merchant,  who  died  184(5. 

Ilou'ri,  pi.  IIoHi-is.  The  largo  black- 
eyed  damsels  of  Paradise,  possessed  of 
perpetual  youth  and  beauty,  whose  vir- 
ginity is  renewable  at  pleasure.  Every 
believer  will  have  seventy-two  of  these 
houris  in  Paradise,  and  his  intercourse 
with  them  will  be  fruitful  or  otlierwise 
according  to  his  wish.  If  an  ofTspring  is 
desired,  it  will  grow  to  full  estate  in  an 
hour.  (Arabic,  kdr  al  oyiui,  the  black- 
eyed.)—  The  Koran. 

House  (1  syl.).  In  astrology  the 
whole  heaven  is  divided  into  twelve  por- 
tions, called  "  houses,"  through  which  the 
heavenly  bodies  pass  every  twenty-four 
hours.  In  casting  a  man's  fortune  by 
the  stars,  the  whole  host  is  divided  into 
two  parts  (beginning  from  tho  east),  six 
above  and  six  below  the  horizon.  The 
eastern  ones  are  called  the  ascetidaiil, 
because  they  aro  about  to  rise  ;  the 
other  six  are  the  dcscendaat,  because 
they  have  already  passed  the  zenith.  Tho 
twelve  houses  are  thus  awarded  : 

(1)  House  of  life  ;  (2)  House  of  fortune 
and  riches ;  (3)  House  of  brethren ;  (4) 
House  of  relatives;  (5)  House  of  chil- 
dren ;  (6)  House  of  health. 

(7)  House  of  marriage;  (S)  House  of 
death  (the  upper  portal);  (9)  House  of 
religion;  (10)  House  of  dignities;  (111 
House  of  friends  and  benef.ictors  ;  (I'J) 
House  of  enemies. 

House  and  Home.  Ih  hath  eaten 
me  out  oj  house  and  home  (Shakespeare, 
"  2  Henry  IV.,"  ii.  1)  It  is  the  com- 
plaint of  hostess  Quickly  to  the  lord  chief 
justice  when  he  asks  for  "  what  sum  " 
elie  h.ad  arrested  Sir  .lohn  FalstatT.  She 
osplains  the  phrase  by  "  ho  hath  put  all 
my  substance  into  that  fat  belly  of  his  ;" 
**  L  am  imdouo  by  his  going.'' 


House  of  Correction.  A  gtiol 
governed  by  a  keeper.  Originally  it  was 
a  j)l;\uo  where  vagrants  were  made  to 
work,  and  email  olfcnders  were  kept  in 
ward  for  the  correction  of  their  vjlTonccs.' 

Household  Gods.  Domestic  pets, 
and  all  those  things  which  help  to  endeai- 
home.  The  Romans  had  ho'isehold  goda 
called  pe-na'-te-f,  who  were  Kunposei  t3 
preside  over  their  private  houses.  Of 
these  pe-na'-tes  some  were  called  la'-res, 
tko  special  (jenii  or  angels  of  tho  family. 
One  was  Vesta,  whose  office  was  to  pre- 
serve domestic  unity.  Jupiter  and  Juno 
were  also  among  the  pe-na'-tos.  Tho 
modern  use  of  the  term  is  a  playful 
adaptation. 

nearii^a  nition  with  all  its  household  god*  Into 
exile.  — /.ijiiy/tiioHi,  "  KniinjcUnt." 

Household  Troops.  Those  troops 
whoso  special  duty  it  is  to  attend  the 
sovereign  and  guard  tho  Metropolis. 
They  consist  of  the  1st  and  2ud  Life- 
guards, the  Royal  Horse-guards,  and  the 
three  regiments  of  Foot-guards  called  the 
Grenadier,  Coldstream,  and  Scots  Fusilier 
Guards. 

House-leek  [Jove's  beard].  Grown 
en  house- roofs,  from  the  notion  that  it 
warded  off  lightning. 

If  the  herb  hoiieo-leek  or  eyngreen  do  rtow  on  thB 
hou«o-'oo,  the  paiue  hcu^i  is  unvpr  stricken  with 
liKht.ii-  e.  or  thuiKier.— r/iom  I  E\U,  •  Natural ani. 
Arts',  C'oiicJuMOit." 

House].  To  give  or  receive  tho 
eucharist.  (Saxon,  hiulian,  to  give  the 
hu'iel  or  host ) 

Chlldrea  were  ehrlstoneJ,  and  men  hon'O'ed  ani 
n|i905  led  through  all  the  lani.  except  auc'i  a't  n  sro 
in  I  he  hill  cf  etc  m  Tiiiiiijitionby  u»a.0Bii)ra«BBJ. 
— //oliii.'A.'d,    '  Chro'ncli." 

Houssain  (I'rincc),  brother  of  prince 
Ahmed.  He  possessed  a  piece  of  carpet 
or  tapestry  of  such  wonderful  power  that 
any  one  had  only  to  sit  upon  it,  and  it 
would  transport  him  in  a  momeut  to  any 
place  he  desired  to  go  to. 

If  prince  Iloiissaa'a  flviiig  tapestry  or  Aitolpho"! 
liippoKMlf  hnl  l«en  ^llOWll.  ho  would  hnve  judeej 
them  I'V  the  ordinary  rii'.'S,  nud  preferred  a  well- 
buuj;  chariot. -6'ir  lt'ul(«r  .Scott. 

Houyhnhams  (jv/tiu'/uuu^').  A  race 
of  horses  endowed  with  re;i8ou,  who  boar 
rule  over  the  race  of  man.  Gulliver,  ia 
his  "Travels,"  tells  us  what  ho  "saw" 
among  thsm. — Sioi/t. 

Nay,  would  kin  1  .Tove  inv  (T^pan  ao  diipose 

To   hyinu  hirinoii  oua    Uouyhiilinmi  through  th< 

IM  oall  thee  llouyhuhnm.that  highsoundinif  nam«  ; 
Thj  oU.ldreu'B  ajsti  all  ahould  twang  tho  iime. 


4Zi 


HOWARD. 


HUDIBRAS. 


How^ard.  A  jihikuithropist.  Jobn 
Howard  is  immortalised  by  his  efforts  to 
improve  the  condition  of  prisoners.  "He 
visited  all  Europe,"  says  liurke,  "  not  to 
survey  the  sumiituousncss  of  palaces  or 
the  statoliness  of  temples;  not  to  make 
accurate  measurements  of  the  remains  of 
ancient  grandeur,  nor  to  form  a  scale  of 
the  curiosity  of  modem  art ;  not  to  col- 
lect manuscripts ;  but  to  dive  into  the 
depths  of  dungeons  ;  to  plunf^e  into  tlio 
infection  of  hospitals  ;  to  survey  the 
mansions  of  sorrow  and  pain ;  to  take  , 
tlie  dimensions  of  misery,  depression,  j 
and  contempt ;  to  remember  the  for- 
gotten, to  attend  to  the  ncj,'lected,  to 
visit  the  forsaken,  and  to  compare  tho 
distress  of  all  men  in  all  countries.  His 
plan  is  original,  and  it  is  as  full  of  genius 
as  it  is  of  huuianity.  It  was  a  voyage  of 
discovery;  acircumnavigation  of  charity." 

The  radiant  rath  tt'at  Howard  trod  to  heaven. 
liloomJUild,  "  Farr>\er>  Luii." 

The  female  Howard.  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Fry.     (1780-1844.) 

All  the  Mood  of  all  the  Uoivards.  All 
the  nobility  of  our  best  aristocracy.  The 
ducal  house  of  Norfolk  stands  at  the  head 
of  the  English  peerage,  and  is  interwoven 
in  all  our  history. 

What  could  ennoble  eots,  or  si  ives,  or  cowards  7 
Ala.< !  not  alt  the  lil.od  of  all  tlw  1 1  oivnnls. 

Pope,  'Essai/  nn  Mnn,"  Kp.  iv. 

Howard.  Mr.  Bug,  late  of  Epsom 
(Surrey),  then  of  Wakefield  (Yorkshire), 
landlord  of  the  Swan  Tavern,  changed 
his  name  (June,  1862)  to  Norfolk  Howard. 

How'die  (2  syl.).  A  midwife.  As  an 
example  of  tortured  etymology  this  word 
has  been  derived  from  the  word  hodie  in 
the  line  "Jesus  hodie  natus  est  de  vir- 
gine."  Truly  we  may  say  the  word 
brethren  comes  from  the  word  tabernacle 
because  we  breathe  therein. 

Howleglass  {2  syl.).  A  clever  rascal, 
the  hero  of  an  old  German  romance  by 
Thomas  Muruor,  popular  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century. 

Hrimfax'i.  Tho  horse  of  night,  from 
whose  bit  fall  tho  rime-drops  that  evi-ry 
morning  bedew  the  ea,rth.-~Scaiuiiiiavutn 
mytholo'jy. 

HuTjal.  An  Arab  idol  brought  from 
Lulka,  in  Syria,  by  Amir  Ihn-Lohei,  who 
assorted  that  it  would  procure  rain  when 
wanted.  H  was  the  statue  of  a  man  in 
red  agato  :  one  hand  being  lost,  a  golden 


one  was  supplied.  lie  held  in  his  hand 
seven  arrows  without  wings  or  feathers, 
such  as  tho  Arabians  use  in  divination. 
This  idol  was  destroyed  in  the  eighth 
year  of  "  the  flight." 

Hub'bard  {Old  Mother).  The  famous 
dame  of  nursery  mythology,  who  went 
to  tho  cupboard  to  fetch  her  poor  dog  a 
bone  ;  but  when  she  got  there  the  cup- 
bo.ard  was  Viarc,  so  tiie  poor  dog  had 
none.  She  then  goes  upon  divers  errands 
on  her  dog's  behoof,  and  on  her  return 
finds  the  dog  engaged  in  some  marvellous 
feat.  Having  finished  her  wanderings 
to  and  fro,  she  makes  a  curtsey  to  the 
dog,  and  the  dog,  not  to  be  outdone  in 
politeness,  makes  the  dame  a  profound 
bow. 

Hubert  {h  silent),  in  Shakespeare's 
"  King  John,"  is  Hubert  de  Burgh, 
justice  of  England,  created  earl  of  Kent. 
He  died  1243. 

St.  Hubert.  Patron  saint  of  hunts- 
men. He  was  son  of  Bertrand,  due 
d'Acquitaine,  and  cousin  of  king  Pepin. 
Hubert  was  so  fond  of  the  chase  tliat  ho 
neglected  his  religious  duties  for  his 
favourite  amusement,  till  one  day  a  stag 
bearing  a  crucifix  menaced  him  with 
eternal  perdition  unless  he  reformed. 
Upon  this  tho  merry  huntsman  entered 
a  cloister,  became  in  time  bishop  of 
Liege,  and  the  apostle  of  Ardennes  and 
Brabant.  Those  who  were  descended  of 
his  race  were  supposed  to  possess  the 
power  of  curing  the  bite  of  mad  dogs. 

St.  Hubert  m  Christian  art  is  repre- 
sented sometimes  as  a  bishop  with  a 
miniature  stag  resting  on  the  book  in  his 
hand,  and  sometimes  as  a  noble  huntsman 
kneeling  to  the  miraculous  crucifix  borne 
by  the  stag. 

Hu'dibras.  Said  to  be  a  caricature 
of  Sir  Samuel  Luke,  a  patron  of  Samuel 
Butler.  The  Grul-slreel  Journal  (1731) 
maintains  it  was  colonel  Rolle,  of  t)evon- 
shire,  with  whom  the  poet  lodged  for 
some  time,  and  adds  that  the  name  is 
derived  from  Hugh  de  Bras,  the  patron 
saint  of  the  county.  He  represents  tho 
Presbjiierian  party,  and  his  squire  the 
Independents. 

•Tis  sunn,  there's  a  valnr.t  M&ioeliikf 
In  foreiiiU  luiidj  yclfptd  l-'^i'  /-"*•<' ]. 

Sir  Hudibras.  The  cavalier  of  ElissR 
or  Parsimony. —S/vn.s-fT,  "  Faery  Qiume.'' 
bk.  ii. 


HUDIBRASTIC  VERSE. 


DULL  CHEESE. 


426 


Hudibras'tic  Verse.  A  doggerel 
eight-syllable  rhyming  verse,  after  the 
style  of  Butler's  "  Iludibras." 

Hud'son  (^Sir  Jeffrey).  The  famous 
dwarf,  at  one  time  page  to  qnccn  Hen- 
rietta Maria.  Sir  \Valler  Scott  has  in- 
troduced him  in  his  "  Peveril  of  the 
Peak,"  eh.  xxxiv.  Vandyke  has  immor- 
talised him  by  his  brush  ;  and  his  clothes 
are  said  to  bo  prosorvod  in  Sir  nans' 
Sloauo's  museuin.     (UJl!)  1G78  ) 

Hugger-mugger.  The  primary 
meaning  is  clando.^liuely,  in  a  smuggled 
manner.  1'he  secondary  meaning  is 
disorderly,  meanly,  in  a  sloveijly  and 
muddled  manner.  Ilugfjer  means  "  like 
a  squatter,"  and  mwjger  moans  "  se- 
cretly," "  in  an  underhand  manner." 
(Of  the  first  we  have  Danish  hutjer,  to 
squat,  hence  Uu'jijtring,  lying  in  ambush. 
Of  the  latter  wo  have  Danish  sniurj, 
clandi'Stinelj',  whence  smugijle,  &c.) 
("  Mugger,"  o'lQ  who  sells  mugs,  is 
auiithor  word  ) 

The  King  in  "  Hamlet"  says  of  Polo'- 
niu.s,  "  We  have  done  but  grceuly  in 
hugger-mugger  to  inter  him,"  i.e.,  to 
smuggle  him  into  the  grave  clandestinely 
and  without  ceremony. 

Sir  T.  North,  iu  his  "  Plutarch,"  says : 
— "  Antonius  thought  that  his  body 
should  be  honourably  buried,  and  not 
IE  hugger-mugger"  (clandestinely). 

Pcalph  says  : — 

While  1,  111  ln;k(nrr-mu;:Ker  hid, 
Have  uutcd  all  th<  y  naid  bihI  di  I. 

hulUr,  "  IJudibiai,"  iii.  1 

Under  the  secondary  idea  we  have  the 
following  expressions:  —  ITe  lives  in  a 
hiii/'/er-inur/f/cr  Si-rl  of  ivay  ;  the  rooms  were 
all.  hui/ijer-mnf//jer  (disorderly).  Scotch, 
l>iiivter.  a  footless  stocking. 

Huggins  and  Muggins.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Viilgai'ity,  of  Preton.sion  llall.  The 
Itost  otyniology  I  know  for  thijse  two 
Words  IS  the  Dutch  Ihui'je  en  Moijcnde 
( high  and  mighty),  the  style  of  addressing 
the  States- General  of  Holland,  much 
ridiculed  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

Hugh  Lloyd's  Pulpit  (Merioneth- 
shire). A  natural  production  of  stone. 
One  pile  reseniMes  the  Kiimarth  Kocks. 
Tliero  is  a  platform  stone  with  a  back  iu 
ttone.     (Hugh  prun.  You.) 

Hugh  of  Lincoln.     It  is  saiil  that 
the  Jews  in  1 '2.0.5  stole  a  boy  named  Hugli, 
whom  they  tortured  for   ton    days   ancl 
0  * 


then  crucified.  Eighteen  of  the  lichest 
Jews  of  Lincoln  were  hanged  for  taking 
part  in  this  affair,  and  the  boy  was  buried 
instate.  This  is  the  subject  of  "The 
Prioress's  Tale "  of  Chaucer,  which 
Wordswurtli  ha<^  modernised.  In  Ry- 
nier's  "l''ccdera"are  several  dooumenta 
relating  to  thi.se vent.  (.S'(;c'\ViLLiAM,p.9570 

"Hugin  and  Mun'in  {mind  and 
memory).  The  two  mvens  that  sit  on  the 
shoulders  of  Odin  or  Alfader. 

Beihaps  the  nursery  sayinn,  "  A  little  I'ird  told  ma 
that."  is  a  (■oriujiti'U  of  Hugo  anil  Muitiin,  nnd  eo 
we  have  the  old  Nurlhcrii  Mii.tretiti'jn  liu;,'cr  n.i 
among  ub  without  our  bl•lll^'  aware  of  it.— Jii/n 
Uoddunl,  "Jui/c»  Huinter's  ^loru."  ii.  U.    {Hee  Uikd.) 

Hu'gO  (h  soft),  in  "Jerusalem  De- 
livered," count  of  Vermandois,  brother  of 
Philippel.of  France,  leaderof  thoFranks 
He  died  before  Godfrey  was  appointed 
leader  of  the  united  armies  ^bk.  i.),  but 
his  spirit  is  seen  by  Godfrey  amongst  the 
angels  who  came  to  aid  in  taking  Jeru- 
salem (bk   xviii.). 

Hugo,  natural  son  of  Azo,  marqiiis 
of  Estii,  who  fell  in  love  with  Parisi'na, 
his  father's  young  wife.  Azo  discovered 
the  intrigue,  and  condemned  Hugo  to  be 
beheaded. — Byron,  "  Paris aia." 

Hu'gon  (King).  The  great  hobgoblin 
of  France. 

Hu'guenot  (U-gue-no).  First  applied 
to  the  Reformed  Church  party  in  the 
Amboiso  Plot  (1,'j60).  From  the  German 
eid'/enossen  (confederates). 

Jliiguejiol  J'upe  ( Le  pape  des  Hugue- 
nots). Philippe  de  Mornay,  the  great 
supporter  of  the  French  Protestants, 
(15-i9-H)-23.) 

Hul'da  {the  Benignant).  Gofldcss  of 
marriage  an<l  fecundity,  who  sent  bride- 
grooms to  niiiidons  and  chiklrcu  to  the 
married.    (German.)     (<b'e<?  Bkucuta.) 

llaliia  is  making  her  led.  It  snows. 
(.b'ce  ahove.) 

Hulk.  An  old  ship  unfit  for  Rorvice. 
(Saxon,  Lidc,  a  hut ;   Lukt,  a  tiglit  ship.; 

Hulking.  A  great  hulking  fellote. 
A  great  overgrown  one.  The  monster 
sausage  brouglit  in  on  Cliristmas-day 
was  called  a  haulkin  or  liaukiii. 

Hull  Cheese.  Strong  ale,  or  rather 
intoxicating  cake,  like  "  tipsy  cake," 
th\is  described  by  Taylor,  the  water  poet : 
"  it  is  much  like  aloafo  out  of  a  brewer's 
basket;  it  is  composed  of  two  simples, 
mault  and  water.    .    .    .    and  is  cousin- 


«6 


HULLABALOO. 


HUMOUR. 


gonnane  to  the  mightiest  ale  in   Ens;- 
lanrl."   (.?««  vol.  ii.  of  "  Taylor's  Works.")  ' 

Hull'abaloo  Uproar.  Irish  name 
for  the  corauach  or  crying  together  at 
funerals.  Same  as  hurly-burly.  French, 
finrbi-berlu  (hurltr  bcrliie,  to  yell  [like] 
a  hair-braiuod  fellow). 

Hul'sean  Leetvires.  Instituted  by 
the  Kov.  John  Hulse,  of  Cheshire,  in 
1777.  Every  year  some  four  or  .six  ser- 
mons are  preached  at  Great  St.  Mary's, 
Cambridge,  by  what  is  now  called  the 
Hulsean  Lecturer,  who,  till  1S60,  was  en- 
tilled  the  Chrislian  A  dvocate.  Originally, 
twenty  sermons  a  year  wore  preached 
and  printed  under  this  benefaction. 

Hu'man  Race  (A  soft).  Father  o/Ua 
huiiian  race.     Adam. 

Human  Sacrifice.  A  custom  still 
subsisting  seems  to  prove  that  the  Egyp- 
tians formerly  sacrificed  a  young  virgin 
to  the  god  of  the  Nile,  for  they  now  make 
a  statue  of  clay  in  shape  of  a  girl,  which 
they  call  the  "betrothed  bride,"  and 
throw  it  into  the  river. — Savary. 

Humanita'rians.  Those  who  be- 
lieve that  Jesus  Christ  was  only  man. 
The  disciples  of  St.  Simon  are  so  called 
also,  because  they  maintain  the  perfecti- 
bility of  human  nature  without  the  aid 
of  grace. 

Humanities  or  Humanity  Studies. 
Grammar,  rhetoric,  and  poetry,  with 
Greek  and  Latin  (Uteres  huinaniores);  in 
contradistinction  to  divinity  (literx 
dirimt).  The  former  are  the  studies 
of  laymen,  the  latter  of  divines.  But 
kumiiiity  now  is  chiefly  restricted  to 
liatin  studies. 

HumLber.  Chief  of  the  Huns,  de- 
feated by  Locrin,  king  of  England,  and 
drowned  in  the  river  Abus,  ever  since 
called  the  Wnmhar. —Qeojfrey  of  Mon- 
mouth, "  Chrcnides." 

Their  chieft.iin  lluml  er  namod  wa"  aright 
Unto  the  minhty  strcame  liim  to  betate, 
■Where  he  an  euJ  or  battiiU  and  of  life  did  maie. 
^>f)ls^^■,  ••  Fiiiiy  (Jneem, '  li.  lu. 

Hu.m.ble  Bee.  A  comiption  of 
the  German  huiiimel  bee,  the  buzzy 
bee. 

Humble  Pie.  To  eal  humble  pie.  To 
come  down  from  a  position  you  have 
assumed,  to  be  oliligcd  to  tako  "  a  lower 
'oom."     "  Umbles  "  are  the  heart,  liver, 


nnd  entrails  of  the  deer,  the  huntsman's 
perquisites.  When  the  lord  and  liis 
household  dined  the  venison  pasty  was 
served  on  the  dais,  but  the  umbles  were 
made  into  a  pie  for  the  huntsman  and 
Lis  follows. 

N.B.— Pie  and  patty  are  both  diminu- 
tives  of  pasty.  Pasty  and  patty  are 
limited  to  venison,  veal,  and  some  few 
other  meat."  ;  pie  is  of  far  wider  sicmifi- 
cation,  including  fruit,  mince,  4:c. 

Hum'bug.  Mr.  F.  Crossley  suggests 
the  Irish  uim  bog  (pronounced  um-bvg), 
meaning  "soft  copper"  or  "worthless 
muncy."  James  II.  issued  from  the 
Dublin  Mint  a  mixture  of  lead,  copper, 
and  brass,  so  worthless  that  a  sovereign 
was  intrinsically  worth  only  2d.,  and 
might  have  been  bought  after  the  revo- 
lution for  a  halfpenny.  Sterling  and 
uinbug  were  therefore  expressive  of  real 
and  fictitious  worth,  merit  and  humbug. 
Churchill  uses  the  word  in  1750.  Cross- 
ley's  suggestion  is  very  ingenious,  but 
probably  the  mystery  lies  nearer  the 
surface.  To  "hum"  used  to  signify  "to 
applaud,"  "to  pretend  admiration,"  hence 
"to  flatter,"  "to  oxjole  for  an  end,"  "to 
deceive,"  as,  It  is  all  a  hum. 

Ue  ihreatenad.but  behold!  'twii  ail  a  hum. 

Ptter  t^ndar,  i.  4S0. 
"GcDlIemi^n,  thi8hnfrminer«rp>'«»«>«o/«PpJai*") 
Is  not  at  all  becoming  t!ie  giaiiiy  of  thu  court."— 
Hl,tie  TriiiU.    (i6->o.) 

i;Ium.e  (David),  the  historian,  takes 
the  lead  among  modern  philosophical 
sceptics.  His  great  argument  is  this  :  It 
is  more  likely  that  testimony  should  be 
false  than  that  miracles  should  be  true. 
(1711-1776.) 

Humjna.  Chief  deity  of  the  Kaffirs. 

HuiHvia.  A  bird  peculiar  to  the  East. 
Every  head  that  it  overshadows  will  wear 
a  crown  (Richardson).  The  splendid  little 
bird  suspended  over  the  throne  of  Tippoo 
Saib  at  Seringapatam  represented  this 
poetical  fancy. 

TTnmming  Ale.    Strong  liquor  that 

froths  well.     A  corruption  of  spuming. 

k  French,    espiima,    froth ;    Latin,   S2mnia. 

Major  Dalgetty  wishes  prison  water  were 

"  humming  Lubeck  beer." 

Hum^mujns,  in  Covent  GardoTi.  So 
called  from  an  Eastern  word,  sigruifying 

baths. 

Hu'mour,  As  good  humohr,  ill  or 
had  humour,  kc.  According  to  an  ancient 
theory,  there  are  tour  principal  humours 


HUMPBACK. 


HUNTER. 


427 


in  the  body: — phlegm,  blood,  cholcr,  and 
melancholy.  As  any  odo  of  these  pro- 
domiiiuted,  it  determined  the  temper  of 
the  mind  and  body ;  hence  the  expres- 
eions  cho'.eric  humour,  melancholic 
humour.  A  just  balance  made  a  good 
compound  callo<l  "  good  humour ;"  a 
proi)onderance  of  any  one  of  the  four 
made  a  bad  compound  called  an  ill  or 
evil  humour. — :See  IJen  Jonson,  "  Every 
Man  Out  of  his  Humour"  (Prologue). 

Humpback  (n^). 

Gero'nimo  Ameiunghi,  II  Oubo  di  Pisa. 
(IGth  century.) 

Andrea  Sola'ri,  the  Italian  painter,  Del 
GlUo.     (U70-1527.) 

Humphrey  (J/ai<er).  The  imaginary 
colhctor  of  the  talcs  in  "  Master  lium- 
phrey's  Clock,"  by  Charles  Dickens. 

The  good  dake  Uumpkrey.  Humphrey 
F^lantau'enet/lukeof  Gloucester,  youngest 
son  of  Iknry  IV.  (murdered  144tj). 

To  dine  with  duke  Humphrey.  To  have 
no  dinner  to  so  to.  Humphrey,  duke  of 
(Jloii.'.-sua-,  son  of  ilenrv  IV.,  was  re- 
Dowued  for  his  hospiulity.  At  death 
it  was  reported  that  a  monument  would 
bo  erected  to  him  iu  St.  Paul's,  but  his 
body  was  interred  at  St.  Albans.  When 
the  promenaders  left  for  dinner,  the 
poor  stay-behinds  who  had  no  dinner 
iiSHil  to  say  to  the  gay  sparks  who  asked 
if  they  wore  goin^,  that  they  would 
stay  a  little  longer  and  look  for  the  raonu- 
inuiitof  the  "good  duke.''    (^'ce  p.  228.) 

Humpty  Dumpty.  An  Q^g,  a 
little  ilufjnncd  dwarf.  Dumpty  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  duinity  (short  and  thick).  A 
dump  is  a  piece  of  load  used  in  chuck- 
farthing.  Humpty  is  having  a  hump  or 
huiK-h.  The  two  mean  short,  thick,  and 
round  shouldered. 

Hunchback.  Styled  My  Lord. 
Grose  says  this  was  done  'n  tho  reign  of 
Richard  III.,  when  many  deformed  men 
were  made  j)pers  ;  but  probably  the  word 
18  tho  Greek  lurdos  (crooked). 

Hundred.  Hero  o/t/u  hundred  jiijhu 
T  laities. 

Lord  Nelson.     (1758-180.').) 

Conn,  a  cnlobrated  Irish  lioro.  Is  ao 
callod  by  O'Guive,  the  bard  of  O'Niel : 
"  Conn,  of  the  hundred  lig'its,  sleep  iu 
thy  grass-growTi  tomb." 

Hundred  Days,  The  days  bolweon 
Mar'.;h  t)    1S15,  when  Napoljou  quitted 


Elba,  and  June  22,  of  tho  same  year, 
when  he  abdicated,  and  was  scut  to  St 

Helena. 

Hundred  Years'  War  ( 77(e)  Th# 
struggle  between  France  and  Englandjlio- 
ginuing  in  tho  reign  of  Edward  III.,  1337, 
and  ending  iu  that  of  Henry  VI.,  1453. 

Hunga'rian.  One  half-starved;  a 
pun  ou  the  woril  htinger. 

Hun'gary  Water.  Wade  of  rose- 
mary, sago,  and  spices;  so  called  because 
the  receipt  was  given  by  a  hermit  to  the 
queen  of  Hungary. 

Hungr(/'«"5r(r).  The  dish  out  of  which 
the  goddess  Ilel  (y.f.)  was  wont  to  feed. 

Hunia'des,  Ilunniades,  or  Uunyady 
(4  syl.).  One  of  the  greatest  captains  of 
ihe  14th  century.  The  Turks  so  much 
feared  him  that  they  used  his  name  for 
scaring  children.  (1400-1450.)  (AeBoaiE.) 

The  Turk*  employed  this  n«me  to  frieliteu  their 
terverBe  cliildren.  He  w.as  crmiitly  dtiioiiiiii.ited 
'J.UKUs  Lain."— Oiiion.  "  Dtxtiite  and  fall  of  th» 
iloinan  Kni^rire" xii.  166. 

Kunks.  An  old  hanks.  A  screw,  a 
mean  fellow      Icelandic,  hunsknir,  sordid. 

Hunneberg  and  Halleberg  (holy 
mounlaia).  West  Gothland.  (See  Hall 
OF  Odin.) 

Huiiooman.  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  monkey  god. 

Hunt,  Like  Hunt's  dog,  he  would 
neither  go  to  church,  nor  slay  at  home. 
One  Hunt,  a  labouring  man  in  Shrop- 
shire, kept  a  mastiff,  which,  on  being 
shut  up  while  his  master  went  to  church, 
howled  and  barked  so  terribly  as  to 
disturb  the  whole  contrregation  ;  where- 
upon Hunt  thought  he  would  take  his 
Lycisca  with  him  the  next  Sunday  ;  but 
ou  reaching  the  churchyard,  the  dog 
positively  refused  to  enter.  Tho  proverb 
is  aiiplied  to  a  tricky,  self-willed  pcrsou, 
who  will  neither  lead  nor  drive. 

Hunter.  Mr.  and  .Urs.  Leo  Hunter. 
Tw'o  lion  hunters,  or  persons  who  hunt 
up  all  tho  celebrities  of  Lonilon  to  grace 
their  parties.  —  Dickens,  "  Pickwick 
Papers. 

The  mighiy  hunter.  Nimrod  is  so  called 
(Gon.  X.  i)).  The  meaning  seems  to  be  a 
connueror.  Jeremiah  says,  "  I  (the 
Lord)  will  .ceiid  for  many  hunters  (irar- 
riors),  and  they  shall  hunt  (chuie)  thcnn 
(the  Jeiot)  from  every  mountain  .  .  .  and 


428 


HUNTING, 


HUSBAND. 


out  of  the  holes  of  tho  rocks' 
See  13). 


(xvi.  16. 


I'rouJ  Nimrod  first  the  bloody  chp.».'  Iie-sn- 
A  miilitv  liuuter,  ami  hit  prey  wan  mm. 

Hunting  of  the  Hare.  A  comic 
romance,  publisliedin  Webor's  collection. 
A  yeoinau  iuforms  the  inhabitants  of  a 
villaf,'e  that  he  lias  seen  a  hare,  and  invites 
them  to  join  him  in  hunting  it.  They 
attend  with  their  curs  and  niastiffs,  puKR, 
an<i  house-dogs,  .and  tho  fun  turns  on  tlu 
tnily  \msportsmau-like  manner  of  giving 
puss  tho  chase. 

Hunt'ingdon  means  tho  county 
famous  for  bunts.  It  was  once  a  deer 
forest. 

Huon  de  Bordeaux  encounters  in 
Syria  an  old  follower  of  the  family  named 
Gerasmes  (2  syl.),  whom  he  .asks  tho  way 
to  Babylon.  Gerasmes  told  him  the 
shortest  and  best  way  was  through  a 
wood  sixteen  leagues  long,  and  full  of 
fairies;  that  few  could  go  that  way 
because  king  O'boron  was  sure  to  en- 
counter them,  and  whoever  spoke  to  this 
fay  was  lost  for  ever.  If  a  traveller,  on 
the  other  hand,  refuseil  to  answer  him, 
he  raised  a  most  horrible  storm  of  wind 
and  rain,  and  made  tho  forest  seem  one 
great  river.  "But,"  says  the  vassal,  "the 
river  is  a  mere  delusion,  through  which 
any  one  can  wade  without  wetting  the 
soles  of  his  shoes."  Huon  for  a  time 
followed  the  advice  of  Gerasmes,  but 
afterwards  addressed  Oberon,  who  told 
Lim  the  history  of  his  birth.  They  became 
gre.at  friends,  and  when  Oberon  went  to 
i'ar.adiso  he  left  Huon  his  successor  as 
lord  and  king  of  Mommur.  lie  married 
Ksclairmond,  and  wascrowaod  "  King  of 
Jill  Faerie." — "  lluoti  de  Bordeaux"  (a 
yomnnce). 

liurlo-thrunibo.  A  ridiculous 
burlcsiiue,  which  in  1730  had  an  extra- 
ordinary run  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre. 
So  "reat  was  its  popularity  that  a  club 
called  "Tho  Hurlo-thruuilu)  Society"  was 
formed.  The  author  was  SamuelJohnson, 
a  half-mad  dancing  master,  who  put  this 
motto  on  tho  title-page  when  the  bur- 
les<pio  was  printed  : — 

Ye  sons  of  fire,  read  my  '•  Ilurlo-thruml.o." 
'I  U'  1!  it  bi'twixt  yuur  linger  and  your  tliumbo. 
And  beiug  quite  uudune,  be  quite  struck  dumbo. 

Hurly-burly.  Uproar,  tumult, 
especially  of  battle.     Dr.  Johnson  says. 


"  I  have  been  told  th.at  this  word  owes 
its  origin  to  two  neighbouring  familie? 
named  llurleigh  and  Burleigh,  which 
tilled  their  part  of  tlie  kingdom  with 
contests  and  violence."  Without  stop- 
ping to  examine  the  worth  of  this  hear- 
say derivation,  it  may  be  stated  that 
karly  is  probalily  deiived  from  the  verb 
hurt,  .and  refers  to  the  confusion  arisinjj 
from'  tho  hurling  of  mi.ssiles  in  battle. 
Burly  is  from  burl  (noisy)  ;  Rus.sian, 
bia-li/u  (turbulent),  our  buily  meaning 
boisterous,  powerful.  French,  kurLa-bcrLn 
{kurkr,  to  yell).  In  the  "Garden  of 
Eloquence"  (1.077)  the  word  is  given  aa 
a  specimea  of  ouoiuatopte hi. 

Wlien  the  liurly-burly'i  done, 
Wl  eu  tlie  ba  tl    s  \->*'  and  won. 

H'ltcAe*  u/"  Mudjilu." 

Hurrah'  or  Huzza'.  The  word  is 
common  to  many  nations.  JewLsh, 
hosanna  ;  Old  French,  hv.zzer  (to  shout 
aloud);  Dutch,  huxschen ;  Russian,  hoe)-a 
and  Icoizee.     {Hee  below.) 

Hur'rar'.  A  corruption  of  Tur  ait 
(Thor  aid),  a  battle  cry  of  the  North- 
men.— U'ac^,  "  Chronicle." 

liurry.  The  Mahouts  cheer  on  their 
elephants  by  repeating  ur-re,  the  Arabs 
theircan-.els  by  shouting  ar-)-t,  the  French 
their  hounds  by  shouts  of  hare,  the  Ger- 
mans their  horses  by  the  word  kurs,  the 
herdsmen  of  Ireland  their  cattle  by  shout- 
ing liurrish.  Whence  our  words  to  harry, 
harass,  huirii ;  Welsh,  gyru  (to  drive); 
Armenian,  haura  (to  hasten);  Latin, 
carro  (to  run) ;  &c. 

Don't  hui-ry,  lIopki)is.  A  satirical  re- 
proof to  those  wbo  are  not  prompt  in 
their  payments.  It  is  said  that  one 
Hopkins,  of  Kentucky,  gave  his  creditor 
a  promissory  note  on  which  was  this 
memoraudum  :  "  The  said  Hopkins  is  not 
to  be  hurried  in  paying  tho  above." 

HusToand  is  the  house  farmer.  Boiuit 
is  Norwegian  for  a  "farmer,"  hence 
londe-by(&  village  where  farmers  dwell); 
and  hus  means  "  house."  Bus-band-m<ni 
is  the  man-of-the-house  farmer.  Tho 
husband,  therefore,  is  the  master  farmer, 
and  the  husbandman  the  servant  or 
labourer.  Old  Tusser  w.as  in  error  when 
he  derived  the  word  from  "  house-band," 
as  in  the  following  distich  : — 

The  name  ot  the  hnshand,  what  is  it  to  »y  ' 
Of  wife  and  of  Aouie-lu.ld  theb.oid  yl  ti'»  ^hT 
••/ire  Hundred  I'oinU  of  Ooed  Uiubandn- 


HUSHAI. 


HYDRA. 


42» 


Hush'ai  (2  syl.),  in  Drydeu's  satire 
of  "  Absalom  and  Acliito]ihel,"  is  Tlydo, 
earl  of  Kochestor.  Hushai  was  David's 
friend,  who  counteracted  the  counsels  of 
Achitophol,  and  caused  the  plot  of  Absa- 
lom to  miscarry  ;  so  iiochestor  defeated 
the  schemes  of  Hhaftcsbury,  and  brought 
to  noug'ht  the  rebellion  of  the  duko  of 
Monmouth. 

N.LI.  This  was  not  John  Wijniot,  earl 
of  Rochester,  the  wit. 

Hussar'.  A  Hungarian  word  (Jiuisz, 
twenty,  ar,  pay).  When  JIathias  Corvi'- 
nns  succeeded  to  the  crown  of  Hungary, 
Mohammed  III.  and  Frederick  III.  con- 
spired to  dethrone  "the  boy  king,"  but 
Rlathias  was  equal  to  the  emergency.  In 
order  to  have  a  regular  and  ])Owerful 
cavalry,  he  decreed  that  one  man  out  of 
every  Uoenly  families  should  be  enrolled, 
and  share  the  expense  among  themselves. 
This  cavalry  went  by  the  name  of  "the 
twenty- paid  soldiers  "  or  "  Hussars." 

Hus'sites(2syl.).  Followers  of  John 
Huss,  the  Bohemian  reformer,  in  the 
fourteenth   century.        (See  Bethle.me- 

NITES.) 

Hussy.  A  lillle  hussy.  A  word  of 
slight  contenijjt,  though  in  some  counties 
it  seems  to  mean  simply  f/irl,  as  "  Come 
hither,  hussy."  Of  course  the  word  is  a 
corruption  of  koHscwife  or  hussif.  In 
Swedish  hiislru  means  wom.an  in  general. 
It  is  rather  remarkable  th.at  viother  in 
Norfolk  has  given  rise  to  a  similar  sort  of 
word,  morlher,  as  •  'Come  hither,  morther," 
I.e.,  girl.  Neither  hussy  nor  morther  is 
applied  to  married  women.  In  Norfolk 
thoy  also  say  mor  for  a  female,  and  bor 
for  the  other  sex.  Moir  is  Dutch  for 
woman  in  general,  and  boer  for  peasant, 
whence  our  buor, 

Hus'tab'.  One  of  tho  idols  of  tbo 
ancient  Ninovites. 

Hus'terlos.  A  wood  in  Flanders, 
f.herd  Reynard  declared  his  vast  trea- 
sures wore  concealed.  -"  Reynard  tM 
Fox." 

Hus'tingS.  House  things  or  city 
courts.  London  has  still  its  court  of 
Hustings  in  Guildhall,  in  which  areelcctcd 
the  lord  mayor,  tho  aldermen,  and  city 
members.  Tho  luislings  of  elections  arc 
80  called  because,  like  tho  court  of  Hust- 
ings, they  are  tho  places  of  elective  as- 
semblies. 

Hutchinso'nianB.       Followers    of 


Anne  Hutchinson,  who  retired  to  Rhode 
Island.  Anne  and  fifteen  of  her  children 
were  subsequently  murdered  by  the 
Indians.     (Died  1(343.) 

Hu'tin.  Louis  le  Ilulin.  Louis  X. 
Mazerai  says  he  receivo<l  the  name  be- 
cause he  was  tongue-doughty.  The  hnti- 
net  was  a  mallet  used  hy  coopers  which 
made  great  noise,  but  did  not  give  severe 
blows ;  as  we  should  s;iy,  the  barker  or 
barking  dog.  It  is  my  belief  that  he 
was  .so  named  because  he  was  sent  by 
his  father  against  the  "  Hutins,"  a  se- 
ditious peo))le  of  Navarro  and  Lyons. 
(1259,  1314-1.316.) 

Ilutkin.  A  cover  for  a  sore  finger, 
made  by  cutting  off  tho  tingor  of  an  old 
glove.  The  word  hut  in  this  instance  is 
from  the  German  InUen  (to  guard  or  pro- 
tect). It  is  employed  in  the  German 
noun  finger-hut  (a  thimble  to  protect  the 
finger),  and  in  the  word  huth  or  hnt.  (_Set 

IIOOEKE.V.) 

Hvergel'mer.  A  deep  pit  in  Nitl- 
hcim,  whence  issues  twelve  poisonous 
springs,  which  generate  ice,  snow,  wind, 
and  rain. — Scandinavian  mythology. 

ITy'acinth,  according  to  Grecian 
fable,  was  tho  son  of  Amyclas,  a  Spartan 
king.  The  lad  was  beloved  by  Apollo 
and  Zephyr,  and  as  he  preferred  tho  sun- 
go<l,  Zephyr  drove  Apollo's  quoit  at  his 
head,  and  killed  him.  The  blood  became 
a  Hower,  and  the  petals  are  inscribed  with 
the  boy's  name.— Ftr^i^,  "  A'c/.,"iii.  lOtf. 

Tlieliysninth  hi-wravs  the 'ioleful  "  AI," 
.*tiit  culls  tlie  tDliiite  of  .\ii.)ll.,  «  oigli. 
Ptjil  on  lis  Moom  tlie  niouriitul  llinvfr  rtU'iiK 
The  loveiy  blue  ihat  dye  i  the  giiiiilinn  •  v<-iii«. 

Hy'ades  (3  syl.).  Seven  nymphs 
placed  among  the  stars,  in  tho  constella- 
tion T.aurus,  which  threaten  rain  when 
they  rise  with  the  siui.  Tho  chief  of 
thom  is  by  the  Arabs  called  ALkharan. 

Hy'dra.  A  monster  of  tho  Ler  ncau 
marslios,  in  Ar'golis.  It  h.ad  nine  heads, 
and  Hercules  was  scut  to  kill  it.  As  soon 
as  he  struck  off  one  of  its  heads,  two  shot 
up  in  its  place. 

llydra-headed.  Having  as  many  he.id8 
as  the  hydra  (7.V. );  a  ditliculty  which 
goes  on  increasing  as  it  is  combated. 

llydra-luaded  Multilitde.  Tlio  rabble, 
which  not  only  is  many-headed  numeri- 
cally, but  seems  to  grow  more  uumcroui 
tho  more  it  is  attacked  and  rQUHtod. 


430 


nYEN\. 


RYSON. 


Uyo'na  was  worshipped  by  tho  ancient 
Efryjitians.  Pliny  says  that,  a  certain 
Btono,  called  the  "  hywnia,"  found  in  the 
eye  of  the  creature,  being  placed  under 
thetongiia,  imparts  thegiftof  prophecy  — 
xxxvii.  GO. 

Hygei'a  (3  syl.).  Goddess  of  health 
and  daughter  of  ^sculapios.  Her  symbol 
was  a  serpent  drinking  from  a  cup  in  her 
hand. 

Hyksos.  A  tribe  of  Cnthites  (2  syl.) 
driven  out  of  Assyria  by  Ara'lius  and  the 
Shomites,  foun<led  in  Egypt  a  dynasty 
called  Hyksos  (shepherd  kings),  a  title 
assumed  by  all  the  Cuthite  chiefs.  This 
dynasty,  which  gave  Egy))t  six  or  eight 
kings,  lasted  259  years,  when  the  whole 
horde  was  driven  from  Egypt,  and  retired 
to  Palestine.  It  is  from  these  refugees 
that  the  lords  of  the  Philistines  arose. 
The  word  is  compounded  of  hyk  (king) 
and  s6s  (shepherd). 

HylEeo-saiaruB  or  ZTyteo-jaiH- (Greek 
for  forest- lizard).  A  large  fossil  pre- 
Adamite  reptile.  Specimens  have  been 
discovered  in  the  Weaiden  of  Kent  and 
Sussex. 

Hyl'as-  A  boy  beloved  by  Hercules, 
carried  off  by  the  nymphs  while  drawing 
water  from  a  fountain  in  Mys'ia. 

Hy'men.  God  of  marriage,  a  sort  of 
overgrown  Cupid.  His  symbols  are  a 
bridal-torch  and  veil  in  his  hand. 

Hy'mer.  The  giant  in  Celtic  mytho- 
logy, who  took  Thor  in  his  boat  when 
that  god  went  to  kill  the  serpent;  for 
which  service  he  was  flung  by  the  ears 
into  the  sea. 

Hyperbo'reans  (5  syl. ).  The  most 
northern  people,  who  dwell  hetjond  Bo'reas 
(the  seat  of  the  north  wind),  placed  by 
Virgil  under  the  North  Pole.  They  are 
Baid  to  be  the  oldest  of  the  human  race, 
the  most  virtuous,  and  the  most  happy  ; 
to  dwell  for  some  thousand  years  under 
a  cloudless  sky,  in  fields  yielding  double 
harvests,  and  in  the  enjoyment  of  per- 
petual spring.  When  sated  of  life  they 
crown  their  heads  with  flowers,  and  plunge 
headlong  from  the  mountain  Hunneberg 
or  Halleberg  into  the  sea,  and  enter  at 
once  the  paradise  of  Odin. — Scandinavian 
myiholu'jy. 

Thi  Ili/pcrbo'reans,  it  is  said,  havo  not 
an  atmosphere  like  our  own,  but  oneoon- 
siating  wholly  of  feathers.  Both  Herod'o- 


tos  and  Pliny  mention  this  fiction,  which 
they  say  was  suggested  by  the  quantity 
of  snow  obsoiTcd  to  fall  in  those  regions. 
— JJerodotof,  iv.  31. 

Hyper'ion.  Apollo,  a  model  of 
manly  beauty.  The  proper  pronuncia- 
tion is  Hyperi'on.     Thus  Ovid — 

ritcat  equo  PerBis  riidjis  Hyperi'ne  cinctora. 

'•  J-\!Sll,"  L  JDS. 

6'i  excellent  a  kini;,  that  was  to  this 
llyper'iou  to  a  nalvr. 

Hhiiktsprart,  "  Ua7rM"l.  9. 

Hypochon'dria  (Greek,  hypo  chon,' 
dros,  under  the  cartilage),  i.e.,  the  spaces 
on  each  side  of  the  epigastric  region, 
supposed  to  be  the  seat  of  melancholy  as 
a  disease. 

Hsrpoc'risy.  L'kypocrisieesiun  horn.' 
mage  que  le  vice  rend  d  ia  vei'lu.— Roche- 
fov.cald. 

Hyp'ocrite  (3  syl.).  Prince  of  Hypo- 
crites. Tibe'rius  C;esar  was  so  called, 
because  he  affected  a  great  regard  for 
decency,  but  indulged  in  the  most  de- 
testable lust  and  cruelty.  (B.C.  42,  14 
to  A.D.  37.) 

Abdallah  Ibn  Obba  and  his  partisans 
were  called  The  Hypocrites  by  Mahomet, 
because  they  feigned  to  be  friends,  but 
were  in  reality  disguised  foes. 

Hypocrites'  Isle,  called  by  Piabo- 
lais  Chaneph,  which  is  the  Hebrew  for 
"  hypocrisy."  Rabelais  says  it  is  wholly 
inhabited  by  sham  saints,  spiritual  come- 
dians, bead-tumblers,  mumblers  of  ave- 
mari'as,  and  such  like  sorry  rogues,  who 
lived  on  the  alms  of  passengers,  like  the 
hermit  of  Lormont. — "  Panlagruel,"  iv. 
03. 

Hyposta'tie  Union.  The  union  of 
two  or  more  persons  into  one  undivided 
unity,  as,  for  example,  the  three  persons 
of  the  eternal  Godhead.  The  Greek 
hypoi'lasis  corresponds  to  the  Latin  per- 
so'na.  The  three  pcrsom:  of  the  God  and 
three  hypos' tases  of  the  GoiUitad  mean  one 
and  the  same  thing. 

Hypped  {hipi).  Melancholy,  low* 
spirited.  Hyp.  is  a  contraction  of  hypo- 
chondria. 

Hy'son.  One  of  the  varieties  of  green 
tea.  "  Ainsi  nomme  d'un  mot  chinois 
qui  veut  dire  priniemps,  parce  que  c'est 
au  commencement  de  cette  saison  qu'on 
le  cugille."— J/.  .V.  BouilUt. 


ICE-HKOOR. 


4Sl 


I,     This  letter  reprosonts  a  fiu.a:er,  an  J 
id  ciiUoJ  iu  ilcbrow  yod  or  jod  (a  hami). 
+  _ 

I.H.S.  or  I. U.S.,  i.e„  the  Greek  IH2, 
meauiug  JUIdu!  (Josus),  tLo  loug  e  (H) 
b.'iiig  mistaken  for  a  capital  II,  and  the 
(lash  perverted  into  a  cross.  TJie  letters 
being  thus  obtained,  St.  Bernardino  of 
Siena,  in  1347,  hit  upon  tlie  Latin 
anagram,  Jesus  Ilom'inum  Satvator.  In 
Greek,  Ix^-aui  'Hu'.Tifus  'Surtip.  In 
Gorman,  Jcsiia  lleiland  Sc/l'pnacher.  in 
English.  Jesus  Heavenly  Sacluur. 

I.O-XT.  Tlie  memorandum  of  a  debt 
given  by  the  brirrower  to  the  lender.  It 
must  n  it  contain  a  promise  to  pay.  The 
letters  mean,  "  1  owe  You." 

I.  B .  B.  Irish  Rebellion  Brotherhood 
(?  Irish  Republican  Brotherhood),  mean- 
ing the  Fenian  conspiracy. 

lach'imo  (Yak-e-mo).  An  Italian 
libertine,  in  Shakespeare's  "  Cymbeliue." 

lago  (l'tt>-'.'7o  or  K-ar'-go).  Othello's 
ensign  or  ancient.  He  hated  the  Moor 
both  because  Cassio,  a  Florentine,  was 
preferred  to  the  lieutenancy  instead  of 
himself,  and  also  from  a  K>i:-:i)icion  that 
the  Moor  had  tampered  with  his  wife  ; 
but  he  concealed  his  hatred  so  well  that 
Othello  wholly  trusted  him.  lago  per- 
Biiaded  Othello  that  Dosiiomo'na  intrigued 
with  Cassio,  and  urged  him  on  till  he 
murdered  his  bride.  Ills  chief  argument 
Has  that  Desdemona  had  given  Cassio  a 

i)ocket-hanukerchicf,  the  fact  being  that 
ago  had  set  on  his  wife  to  purloin  it. 
After  the  death  of  Desdemona,  iMuilia 
(lago's  wife)  revealed  the  fact,  and  lago 
wa.s  arrested. 

Shakespeare  generally  makes  three 
syllables  of  the  name,  as — 

Let  it  nnt  rhII  your  patience,  good  I-a-gn.  ) 
Left  m  tlie  cundiict  of  the  liold  la-mi.         Vii.  1. 
"lis  one  1-a-go,  ancient  to  t.'ie  geueral.         j 

10.1111310.  Fallter  vf  Iambic  vertc. 
Archil'ochos  of  Faros.     (B.C.  714-676.) 

liin'the  (-3  syl.),  to  whom  lord 
Byron  dedicated  his  "ChiMe  Ilarolde," 
wa.i  lady  Charlotte  llarley,  born  liijy, 
and  only  elevou  years  old  at  the  time. 

lap'etos.  The  father  of  Atlas  and 
ancestor  of  the  human  race,  called  gains 
Idp'tti,  the  progeny  of  lapetus  (Greek 
mythology).  By  many  considered  theaamo 
as  Japheth,  one  of  Iho  Rons  of  JS'o.ih. 


IJitraleip'tes  (5  syl.).  One  who 
cured  diseases  by  friction  and  anointing. 
(Crock  iatros  aUipko,  a  physician   who 

anoints.) 

Ibe'ria.  Spain;  the  coimtry  of  the 
Iberus  or  Ebro.  (See  Rowo  "  On  the 
Late  Glorious  Successes.") 

I^uis  or  Nile-lb d.  The  Egyptians 
call  the  sacred  Ibis  Father  John.  It  is 
the  avatar  of  the  god  Thoth,  who  in  the 
guiso  of  an  Ibis  escaped  the  purs\iit  of 
Typhon.  The  Egyptians  say  its  pluraago 
symbolises  the  light  of  the  sun  and 
sliadow  of  the  moon,  its  body  a  heart, 
and  its  legs  a  triangle.  It  was  said  to 
drink  only  the  pure.st  of  water,  and  its 
feathers  to  scare  or  even  kill  the  croco- 
dile. It  is  also  said  that  the  bird  is  so 
fond  of  Egypt  that  it  would  pine  to  death 
if  transported  elsewhere.  It  appears  at 
the  rise  of  the  Nile,  but  disapptars  at 
its  inundation.  If  indeed  it  devours 
crocodiles'  eggs,  scares  away  the  croco- 
diles themselves,  devours  serpents  and 
all  sorts  of  noxious  reptiles  and  insects^ 
no  wonder  it  should  be  held  iu  veneration, 
and  that  it  is  made  a  crime  to  kill  so 
u.sefui  a  creature. 

Ibis.  The  Nile-bird,  says  Solinus, 
"rummages  in  the  mud  of  the  Nile  for 
serpents'  eggs,  her  most  favourite  food." 

Iblis  or  Ibices.  Satan,  and  tho 
f  atlier  of  the  Shey  tans  or  devils. —ylroi>ia;> 
myihology. 

Ib'raham.  The  Abraham  of  the 
Koran. 

Icar'ian.  Soaring,  adventurous. 
{See  ICAlios.) 

Ic'aros.  Sou  of  D;c'dalos,  who  flew 
with  his  father  from  Crete,  but  the  sun 
melted  tho  wax  with  which  his  wings 
were  fastened  on,  and  ho  fell  into  tlie 
sea,  hence  called  the  Ica'rian.  {See 
Shakespeare,  "  3  Ueury  VI.,"  v.  6.) 

ICG  (1  syl.).  To  break  l/ie  ice.  To 
broach  a  disagreeable  subject,  to  open 
the  way.  In  allusion  to  breaking  ice  fo» 
bathers.  {Latiu, si.in'dere yhwurin ;  It.ilian, 
romper  il yi-accio.) 

(\Vf)  .All' if  you  Vin-ak  tlia  Ice,  and  lio  this  f<ait.... 
■Will  not  »o  wT  iCclets  I*,  to  be  iiu;rate 

6hakttpMr»,"  Tummg  u/  the  Ulirev,"  I.  !, 

Ice- brook.  .1  swurU  of  ict-brook 
temper.  Of  tho  very  boat  quality.  The 
S()auiards  used  to  plunge  tlioir  sworde 
and  other  woopons,  while  hot  from  th«» 


43= 


icn  Dies. 


IDOMENEUS. 


forp;e,  into  the  brook  Salo  [Xalon],  near 
Bilbilis,  in  Celtiberia,  to  barden  thorn. 
The  wator  of  this  brook  is  very  cold. 

It  is  (I  eword  of  Spain,  th«  loo-orook  temrpr. 
Stiakeiptari,  "  Othelln,"  v  1 

PfBvo  Bilbilin  op'timam  metillo 
Kt  ferro  l'lat,'e»in  suo  «  inntera 
Qiam  fluotu  teiiui  se'i  iniuic'to 
Arino'rurn  Salo  tempera'tor  ambit 

Martini. 

Icli  Dien.  Accordina;  to  a  Welsh 
tradition,  Edward  I.  promised  to  provide 
\Va;les  with  a  princo  "who  could  speak 
no  word  of  Ens'lish,"  and  when  his  son 
Edward  of  Carnarvon  was  born  he  pre- 
sented him  to  the  assembly,  saying  in 
Welsh,  I'Jich  dyn  (behold  the  man). 

The  more  general  belief  is  that  it  was 
the  motto  under  the  plume  of  John,  king 
of  Bohemia,  slain  by  the  Black  Princo  at 
Cressy  in  1346,  and  that  the  Black  Prince 
who  slew  the  Bohemian  assumed  it  out 
of  modesty,  to  indicate  that  "ho  served 
under  the  king  his  father."' 

Iclineu'm.on.  An  animal  resem- 
bling a  weasel,  and  well  worthy  of 
being  defended  by  priest  and  princo  in 
Eirypt,  as  it  feeds  on  serpents,  mice,  and 
other  vermin ;  and  is  especially  fond  of 
crocodiles'  eggs,  which  it  scratches  out 
of  the  sand.  According  to  legend,  it 
steals  into  the  mouth  of  crocodiles  when 
they  gape,  and  eats  out  their  bowels. 

Ichnobate  {Ik-m'-ba-te:).  One  of 
Action's  dogs.  The  word  moans  •'  track 
follower." 

Ichor  (r-kor).  The  colourless  blood 
of  the  heathen  deities. 

Icon  Basil'ike  (4  st/l.).  Portraiture 
of  King  Charles  I.  ''  The  lUav,  or  Por- 
traiture of  hys  Majesty  in  hys  solitudes 
and  sufferings  .  .  .  was  wholly  and 
only  my  invention." — Gauden,  Letter  to 
Clarendon. 

Icon'oclasts  (Greek,  tnt^^^e  breakers). 
Reformers  who  rose  in  the  eighth  cen- 
tury, esppcially  averse  to  the  employ- 
ment of  pictures,  statues,  emblems,  and 
all  visible  representations  of  sacred 
objects.  The  crusade  against  these 
things  beean  in  7-26  with  the  emperor 
Leolll.  aud  continued  for  120  years. 

Ichthus  for  /e'sous,  C//ristaa,  Tffaon 
CTios,  -Soter.  This  notarica  is  found  on 
many  seals,  rings,  urns,  aud  tombstones, 
belonging  to  the  early  timos  of  Chris- 
tianity, and  was  supposo  1  to  be  a  "charm" 
of  mvstical  eflicacy. 


Idao'an  Mother.  Cyb  ele,  who  had 
a  temple  on  mount  Ida,  in  Asia  Minor. 

I'des  (1  syl.).  In  the  Roman  calendar 
the  15th  of  >iarch.  May,  July,  and  Octo- 
ber, and  the  13th  of  all  the  other  months. 
So  called  because  they  always  fell  eight 
days  after  the  Nones.  (Welsh,  tcytk ; 
Haxon,  call  ta  ;  French,  huit  ;  Swedish, 
olta;  Greek,  ocfo;  in  Ide  we  have  the 
substitution  of  d  for  t.) 

Kememticr  Mafh  ;  the  ides  cf  March  remember. 
Shnk'.'fitai'f,,  "  JiUius  Crvmr,'' \y.  3. 

Id'iom.  A  mode  of  expression  pe- 
culiar to  a  language,  as  a  Latin  idiom,  a 
French  idiom.  (Greek,  id'ios,  peculiar  to 
oneself.) 

Id'iosyn'crasy.  A  crotcliot  or  pe- 
culiar one-sided  view  of  a  subject,  a  mono- 
mania. Properly  a  peculiar  effect  pro- 
duced by  medicines  or  foods,  as  when 
coffee  acts  as  an  aperient,  the  electrical 
current  as  an  emetic.  (Greek,  idios  sun 
krasis,  something  peculiar  to  a  person's 
temperament.) 

Td'iot  means  simply  a  private  person, 
one  not  engaged  in  any  public  office. 
Hence  Jeremy  Taylor  says,  "  Humility 
is  a  duty  in  great  ones,  as  well  as  in 
idJots"  (private  persons).  The  Greeks 
have  the  expressions  "  a  priest  or  aa 
idiot"  (layman),  "a  poet  or  an  idiot" 
(prose-writer).  As  idiots  were  not  em- 
ployed in  public  offices,  the  term  became 
synonymous  with  incompetency  to  fulfil 
the  duties  thereof.  {Greek,  idio'les.)  (See 
Baron.) 

I'dle  Lake.  The  lake  on  which 
Phasdria  or  Wantonness  cruised  in  her 
gondola.  It  led  to  Wandering  Island. — 
Speiiser,  "Faery  Queene,"  bk.  ii. 

I'dlG  Worms.  It  was  once  supposed 
that  little  worms  wore  bred  in  the  fingers 
of  idle  servants.  To  this  Shakespeare 
alludes  : 

A  round  lit'l?  worm. 
Pricked  from  tlie  luzy  linger  of*  maid. 

"  Riimeo  anil  Juiut.  '  i.  4. 

Idleness.  The  Likt  of  Idleness. 
Speiisor  says  whoever  drank  of  this  lake 
grew  "instantly  faint  and  wearj-."  The 
Bed  Cross  Kniti:ht  drank  of  it,  and  was 
maiie  captive  by  Orgoglio.  —  Speiiser, 
"Faery  Queene,"  bk.  i. 

Idom'eneus  (4  syl.).  King  of  Crete, 
and  ally  of  the  Greeks  in  the  siege  of 
Troy.  After  the  city  was  burnt  he  made 
a  vow  to  sacrifice  whatever  he  tjrst  en- 


IDUNA 


THRAM. 


433 


countered,  if  the  gods  granted  him  a  safe 
return  to  his  kingdom.  It  was  his  own 
son  that  he  tirst  mot,  and  when  he  ofTerod 
him  up  to  fulfil  his  vow  he  was  banished 
from  Crete  as  a  murderer.  —  Homer, 
"Iliad." 

Compare  the  gtory  of  Jephthah  in 
Judges  xi. 

Idun'a  or  Idun'.  Daughter  of  the 
dwarf  Svald,  and  wife  of  Bragi.  She 
kept  in  a  box  the  apples  which  the  gods 
tasted  as  often  as  the)'  wished  to  renew 
their  youtli.  Loki  on  one  occasion 
changed  her  into  a  nut. — Scandinavian 
mi/Uwiogy. 

Ifalcins.  A  corruption  of  In  good 
faith,  r  fa'  kin,  where  kin  is  equivalent 
to  dear  or  good. 

Ifreet  or  'Efriel.  A  powerful  evil 
jin  or  spirit  of  Arabian  mythology. 

Ifurin.  The  Hades  of  the  ancient 
(Jauls.  A  dark  region  infested  by  ser- 
pents and  savage  beasts.  Here  the 
wicked  are  cliained  in  loathsome 
caverns,  plunged  into  the  lairs  of  dra- 
gons, or  subjected  to  a  ceaseless  distilla- 
tion of  poison.  —  Celtic  vu/t/uilo'/j/. 

Iger'na,  Ioernk,  or  Iouay.ne.  Wife 
of  Gorlols,  duke  of  Tintag'el,  in  Corn- 
wall, and  motlier  of  king  Arthur.  His 
father  was  Uther,  ponilragon  of  the 
Britons,  who  married  Igerna  thirteen 
days  after  her  husband  was  slain. 

Igna'ro.  Foster-father  of  Orgoglio. 
Whatever  question  Artlnir  asked,  the 
old  dotard  answered,  "Ho  could  not 
tell."  Spenser  says  this  old  man  walks 
one  way  and  looks  another,  because 
ignorance  is  always  "wrong-headed." — 
iipenser,  "  Fah-y  Queen,"  bk.  i. 

Igna'tius  (^St.)  is  represented  in 
Christian  art  accompanied  by  lions,  or 
chained  and  exposed  to  them,  in  allusion 
to  his  martyrdom.  The  legend  is  that 
he  was  brou<jht  before  the  emperor 
Trajan,  who  condemned  him  to  bo  made 
the  food  of  lions  anil  other  wild  bea.sts 
for  the  delectation  of  the  people.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition,  St.  Ignatius  was  the 
little  child  whom  our  Saviour  set  in  tho 
midst  of  his  disciples  for  their  example. 
(About  30-115.) 

Ign(.i(itts  Loi/'ola,  founder  of  che  order 
of  Jesuits,  is  depicted  in  art  sometimes 
with  tho  sacred  monogram  t.H.S.  on  his 
brea;st  ;  and  sometimes  as  contemplating 


it,  surrounded  by  glory  in  the  ski'S,  in 
allusion  to  his  boast  that  ho  had  a  miracu- 
lous knowloflge  of  the  mystery  of  the 
Trinity  vouchsafed  to  him.  He  is  so  re- 
presented in  Rubens'  famous  picture  iu 
Warwick  Castle. 

Brother  Ignativj.  The  Rev.  Jamci 
•  Lej'cester  Lyne,  for  some  time  head  of 
the  English  Beucdictinos  at  tho  Norwich 
Protestant  monastery. 

Father  Ignatius.  The  Hon.  and  R<*v. 
Geo.  Spencer,  formerly  a  clergyman 
of  the  Church  of  Enirland,  who  joined 
tho  Roman  communion,  and  became 
Superior  of  the  order  of  Passionists. 
(1799-1861) 

Igneous  Rocks.  Those  which  have 
been  produced  by  tho  agency  of  fire,  as 
the  granitic,  the  trappcan,  and  tho  vol- 
canic, the  last  of  which  belong  to  the 
Tertiary  strata. 

.  Ignis  Fafuiis  means  strictly  a 
fatuous  fire;  also  called  "Jack  o'  Lan- 
ta-n"  "Spunlie,"  "  Will  o'  tlte  Wisp" 
"  Walking  Fire,"  and  "  The  Fair  Maid 
of  Ireland."  Milton  calls  it  Friar's  hi.n- 
l/ie)-n,  and  Sir  Walter  Scott  Friar  Hush 
tcith  a  lantern.  Morally  speaking,  a  Uto'- 
pian  scheme,  no  more  reducible  to  prac- 
tice than  the  meteor  so  called  can  be 
turned   to  any  useful   end.     (&«  Fiti.vii'a 

IjANTHEKN.) 

"  Wheo  thou  ran'rt  up  Oad^hill  In  the  nieht  to 
catch  my  liornc  if  I  did  not  tl.ink  thou  hadst  hcen 
in  U,'uU  falMus  or  a  ball  of  will  are,  there's  no  pur- 

chasfl  iu  money." ahaktsi.ean,  "  1   Henru  I  K.." 

iii.  3. 

Ignora'mus.  One  wlio  ignores  tho 
knowledge  of  something  ;  one  really  un- 
acquainted with  it.  It  is  an  ancient  law 
term.  The  grand  jury  used  to  write 
Ignoramus  on  the  back  of  indictments 
"  not  found  "  or  not  to  bo  sent  into  court. 
Hence  ignore. 

Ignoran'tines  (4  syl.).    A  religious 

association  founded  by  the  abbe  do  la 
Salle  in  1724,  for  educating  gratuitously 
the  children  of  the  poor. 

Igrayne.    (i^'«  Igeuna.) 

Ig'uan'odon.  An  extinct  gigantic 
reptile,  with  the  tooth  of  tho  iguan'a. 

Ihram.  The  pilgrim  garb  of  Ma- 
hometans. For  men,  two  scarfs,  without 
seams  or  ornament  of  any  kind,  of  any 
material  except  silk  ;  one  scarf  is  fo-ldod 
round  tho  loins,  anri  tho  other  is  thrown 
over  the  nock  and  shoulders,  leavings  the 


434 


n^  BinniENA. 


ILIAD. 


rit;lit  arm  free ;  the  hoaJ  is  uncovered. 
For  W()7nc)i,  an  amplo  cloak,  enveloping 
the  whole  person. 

II  Bibbie'na.  Cardinal  Bernardo,  who 
refilled  at  Bibbiena,  in  Tuscany  ;  author 
of  "  Calandra,"  a  comedy.    (1470-1520.) 

II  Passato're.  A  title  assumed  by 
Delli'uo,  a  talented  bandit  chief  of  Italy, 
who  died  1851. 

II  Pastor  Fi'do  {the  Faithful  Swain). 
This  standard  of  elegant  pastoral  compo- 
jition  is  by  Giov:\.nni  Battista  Guari'ni, 
afFerrara.     (1537-1612.) 

III  May-day.  The  1st  of  May,  1517, 
«\'heu  the  London  apprentices  rose  up 
against  the  resident  foreigners,  and  did 
great  mischief.  More  commonly  known 
Rs  £vil  May-day. 

HI  Omens  averted. 

M  hen  Julius  Caesar  landed  at  Adrume'- 
tum,  in  Africa,  he  happened  to  trip  and 
fall  on  his  face.  This  would  have  been 
considered  a  fatal  omen  by  his  army, 
but,  with  admirable  presence  of  mind, 
ho  exclaimed,  "Tims  I  take  possessioji 
of  thee,  0  Africa."    Told  of  Scipio  alsat 

When  William  the  Conqueror  leaped 
upon  the  shore  at  Bulverhythe  he  fell 
on  his  face,  and  a  great  cry  went  forth 
that  it  was  an  ill  omen ;  but  the  duke 
exclaimed,  "1  have  taken  seisin  of  this 
land  with  both  my  hands." 

Ill-starred.  Unlucky  ;  fated  to  be 
unfortunate.  Othello  says  of  Desdemona, 
"  0  ill-starred  wench  !  "  Of  course  the 
allusion  is  to  the  astrological  dogma 
that  the  stars  intiuenco  the  lot  of  men. 

Il'iad  (3  syl.).  The  tale  of  the  siege 
of  Troy,  an  epic  poem  by  Homer.  Men'e- 
la'os,  king  of  Sparta,  received  as  his  guest 
Paris,  a  son  of  Priam  (king  of  Troy),  who 
ran  away  with  Helen,  his  hostess.  Meno- 
la'os  induced  the  Greeks  to  lay  siege  to 
Troy  to  avenge  the  perfidy,  and  the  siege 
lasted  ten  years.  The  poem  begins  in 
the  tenth  year  with  a  quarrel  between 
Agamemnon  commander-in-chiof  of  the 
rvllied  Greeks,  and  Achilles  the  hero 
who  retires  from  the  army  in  ill-temper. 
The  Trojans  now  prevail,  and  Achilles 
sends  his  friend  Patroc'los  to  oppose 
them,  but  Patroclos  is  slain.  Achilles, 
in  a  desperate  rage,  rushes  into  the 
battle,  and  slays  Hector,  the  commander 
of  tho   Trojac   army      The  poem   ends 


witli  the  funeral  rites  of  Hector.  (Greek, 
Il'i'in,  and  tho  snifix — iailrs.  \)f]nus\iis  to. 
Tlu  "  Iliad  "  in  a  nutshell.  Pliny,  vil. 
21,  tolls  us  that  tho  "  Iliad"  was;  cojiied 
in  so  small  a  hand  that  the  whole  work 
could  lie  in  a  walnut-shell.  Pliny's  au- 
thority is  Cicero  ("Apud  Gellium,"  ix. 
421).  Hnet,  bishop  of  Avranche.s,  de- 
monstrated the  possibility  of  this  achieve- 
ment by  writing  eighty  verses  of  tho 
"  Iliad"  on  a  sinjrle  line  of  a  page  similar 
to  this  "  Dictionary."  This  would  be 
19,000  verses  to  the  page,  or  2,000  mor  j 
than  the  "  Iliad  "  contains 

Whilst  they  (as  FFoncer's  "Iliad "in  »  nut) 
A  world  of  wonders  in  one  closet  shut 

Ok  the  monumtnC  il  sVnenf  the  TrndeKrinU 
in  Lambkh  Churchj/ard. 

The  French  Iliad.  "The  Romance  of 
the  Ptose,"  begun  by  Guillanme  di  Lorris 
in  the  latter  half  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, and  continued  by  Jean  de  Meung 
in  the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth.  The 
poem  is  supposed  to  be  a  dream.  The 
poet  in  his  dream  is  accosted  by  dame 
Idleness,  who  conducts  him  to  thejialace 
of  Pleasure,  where  he  meets  Love,  accom- 
panied by  Sweet-looks,  liiches.  Jollity, 
Courtesy,  Liberality,  and  Youth,  who 
spend  their  time  in  dancing,  singing, 
and  other  amusements.  By  this  retinue 
the  poet  is  conducted  to  a  bed  of  roses, 
whore  he  singles  out  one  and  attempts 
to  pluck  it,  wiien  an  arrow  from  Cupid's 
bow  stretches  him  fainting  on  the  ground, 
and  he  is  carried  far  away  from  the  flower 
of  his  choice.  As  soon  as  he  recovers, 
he  finds  himself  alone,  and  resolves  to 
return  to  his  rose.  Welcome  goes  with 
him  ;  but  Danger,  Shame-face,  Fear, 
and  Slander  olistruct  him  at  every  turn. 
Reason  advises  him  to  abandon  the  pur- 
suit, but  this  he  will  not  do  ;  whereupon 
Pity  and  Liberality  aid  him  in  reaching 
the  rose  of  his  choice,  and  Venus  permits 
him  to  touch  it  with  his  lips.  Meanwhile, 
Slander  rouses  up  Jealousy,  who  seizes 
Welcome,  whom  he  casts  into  a  strong 
castle,  and  gives  the  key  of  the  castle 
door  to  an  old  hag.  Here  the  poet  is 
left  to  mourn  over  his  fate,  and  the  ori- 
ginal poem  ends.  Meung  added  18,000 
lines  as  a  sequel. 

The  Geman  Iliad.  "The  Nibelungen- 
lied,"  put  into  its  present  form  in  1210 
by  a  wandering  minstrel  of  Austria.  It 
consists  of  twenty  parts.  (See  Nibelunq.) 

The  Portuguese  Iliad.  "ThoLusiad" 
{q.v.),  by  Camoens. 


ILK- 


IMMACULATE. 


485 


The  Scotch  Iliad.  "  The  Epigo'niad," 
by  William  Wilkie,  called  The  Scottish 
JJoiiur  (1721-1772).  The  Epigo'iiiad  is 
tlio  taloof  tlio  Epig'oiii,  or  seven  Grecian 
horo(^8  who  hiid  Sicgo  to  Thebes,  When 
ffi'dipos  fttjdicated.  his  two  sons  agreed  to 
reign  alternate  years;  but  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  first  y^ar,  the  elder  son,  named 
Ete'oclos,  refused  to  give  up  the  throne, 
'>vhoreuponPol3'nTkos,the  younger  brother, 
iuduced  six  chii'fs  to  espouse  his  cause. 
The  allied  army  laid  siego  to  Thebes, 
but  without  su'ci.-ss.  Subsequently,  seven 
sons  of  the  chiefs  resolved  to  avenge 
their  fathers' deaths,  marched  against  ihn< 
city,  took  it,  and  placed  Torpauder,  cue 
of  their  uuuiber,  on  the  throne.  The 
Greek  tragic  pools  ^'schylus  and  Eurip'- 
dos  have  dramatised  this  subject. 

An  Il'iad  of  ills  (a  punning  trans- 
lation of  the  Latin  Il'uis  malo'rum).  A 
number  of  evils  falling  simultaneously  ; 
there  is  scarce  a  calamity  in  the  whole 
catalogxio  of  human  ills  that  finds  not 
mention  in  the  "  Iliad,"  hence  the  Ho- 
meric poem  was  the  fountain  of  classic 
tragedy. 

Ilk  (Saxon).  The  same ;  as  Macleod 
of  thai  Hi.;  i.e.,  "Waclcod  of  Macleod." 
Ail  «J  thai  ilk,  i.e.,  of  thai  name,  c!  arac- 
Icr,  or  clan. 

Illumina'ted  Doctor.     Raymond 

Lully.     (1235-1015.) 

John  Tauler,  the  German  mystic. 
(121)4-1361). 

Illiimina'ti.  There  have  been  four 
societies  so  called  : — 

(1)  The  Alombra'dos  of  Spain  in  the 
sixtcentii  century. 

(2)  The  Guerinets  of  France  in  the 
seventeenth  century. 

(3)  The  Mystics  of  Belgium  in  the 
eighteenth  century. 

(4)  The  order  of  the  Illumina'ti  of 
Germany  founded  at  Ingoldstadt  in  1776, 
and  having  for  its  object  the  establish- 
ment of  a  religion  consistent  with  "  sound 
reason."    (See  llosicuociANS.) 

lUuminations.  Characteristics  of 
An.lo-Saxon  illuminations  from  the 
eighth  to  the  eleventh  century.  Ex- 
treme intricacy  of  pattern. 

Interlacings  of  knots  in  a  diagonal  or 
square  form,  sometimes  interwoven  with 
animals  and  terminating  with  hcivls  of 
acrpeute  or  birda.  — 6'tr  /".  Madder.. 


The  "  Durham  Book,"  the  work  of 
Eadfrid,  bishop  of  Landisfarno,  who 
died  721,  is  a  most  splendid  specimen  of 
illumination. 

The  "  Benedictional  of  St.  Ethelwold," 
an  illuminated  MS.  by  Godemann,  in  the 
duke  of  Devonshire's  library,  is  wortliy  of 
Raphael  or  Michael  Angelo.  It  was  ex- 
ecuted between  9G3  and  984,  and  is  full 
of  miniatures  and  designs  in  tiie  highest 
stylo  of  art.  Beautiful  engravings  of  it 
may  be  seen  in  the  "  Archreologia." 

Illuminator.  Gregory,  the  aposUe 
of  Christianity  among  the  Armenians. 
(•257-331.) 

Illustrious  {The). 

Albert  V.,  duke  and  second  emperor  of 
Austria.     (1308-14:jy.) 

Nicome'des  II.  Eniiih'anSs.  (143- 
191.) 

Ptolemy  V.  Epiph'anit.  (210.  205- 
lai,  B.C.) 

Jam-sheid  (JanWAe  Tllu,strioni),  nephew 
of  Tah  Omurs,  fifth  king  of  the  Paisda- 
dian  dynasty  of  Persia.     (B.C.  840-SOO. ) 

Kien-long,  fourth  of  the  Manchoo 
dynasty  of  China.     (1736-1796.) 

Ilo'gO.  A  spirit  whose  house  is  the 
moon.  Hers  are  the  forests,  rivers,  and 
heavenly  host.— {E<iuatorial  Africa. ) 

Im'ailites  (3  syl.).  A  secret  society 
of  the  Caliphate. 

Im'aura  (2  syl.).  One  of  the  Ule'raa 
or  priestly  boily  of  the  Maliomctans. 
Im'aums  wear  a  high  turban.  The  sultan 
as  "  head  of  the  Moslems  "  is  aa  Imaura. 
The  word  means  Uacltey. 

Ima'us  (3  syl).  The  Him'alay'a. 
The  word  means  snow  hills  ihima,  snow). 

The  huge  iDcumhriinoe  of  liorrifio  wocd» 
irom  Aaiau  Taurus,  from  Iniaiis  streichsd 
Atliwarl  tUe  roTiUtj  Tartar's  sullen  bounds. 

thcmson,  -'Autumn." 

ImTDecile  (3  syl.).  One  who  lei^ns 
"on  a  stick."     (Latii>,  in-bacillum.) 

Imbroca'do,  in  feueiug,  is  a  thr'!.-;! 
over  the  arm.     (Italian.) 

Imbro'glio  (Italian),  a  comidicatod 
plot,  a  misundersUinding  between  na- 
tions and  persons  of  acomplicated  nature. 

Immac'ulate  Conception.  Th.at 
the  Virgin  Mary  w.aa  conceived  without 
"OriK^inal  Sin."  This  dotrma  was  Crj-t 
broached  by  St.  Hcmani,  an<l  w.as  stoutly 
maintained  by  Duns  Scotus  and  his  dis- 


436 


IMMOLATE. 


IMPROVISATOR. 


ciplos,  Init  was  never  received  by  the 
Buinan  Church  as  an  article  of  faith 
till  l»Jl. 

Im'molate  (3  syl.).  To  "  put  meal 
an  one."  The  reference  is  to  the  ancient 
custom  of  sprinkling  meal  and  salt  on 
the  head  of  a  \'ictim  to  be  offered  in 
sacrifice.     (Latin,  iii-molo.) 

Id  tlie  r'<;''i'e  of  tlie  immolation  of  Isnno,  or 
Abialinm  sacriticmg  bis  sod,  Isaac  is  des.Titied  a< 

\  1  ttle  buy.— iiru«  I. 

Immor'tal.  The  immorlal.  Yon^- 
'I'chinc:,  third  of  the  Manchoo  dynasty 
uf  China,  assumed  the  title.    (172:M730.) 

The  immorial  tinier.  John  Bunyan,  a 
tinker  by  trade.     (1G28-16S8.) 

Immortals.  A  regiment  of  10,000 
choice  foot-soldiers,  which  constituted 
the  body-guard  of  the  Persian  kings. 
There  was  also  an  army  so  named  at 
Constantinople,  according  to  Ducange, 
tirst  embodied  by  major  Ducas. 

Immu'ring  {Latin).  Burying  in  a 
tv'all.  The  Vestal  virgins  among  the 
Romans,  and  the  nuns  among  the  Roman 
Catholics,  who  broke  their  religious  vows, 
were  buried  in  a  niche  sufficiently  largo 
to  contain  their  body  with  a  small  pit- 
tance of  bread  and  water.  The  sentence 
of  immuring  was  Vade  in  pace,  or  more 
correctly,  Vade  in  pacem  (Go  into  peace  — 
i.e.,  eternal  rest).  Some  years  ago  the 
remains  of  an  immured  nun  were  dis- 
covered in  the  wallsof  C'oldingham  abbey. 

Tlie  immuring  of  Constance,  a  nun 
who  had  broken  her  vows, forms  a  leading 
incident  in  Scott's  poem  of  "Marmiou." 

Im'Ogen.  Daughter  of  Cymbeline,the 
"  most  tender  and  artless  of  all  Shake- 
speare's characters." — "  Cymheline." 

Imoijlne.  The  lady  who  broke  her  vow 
and  was  carried  off  by  the  ghost  of  her 
former  lover,  in  the  ballad  of  "Alonzo 
the  Brave,"  by  Matthew  Gregory  Lewis, 
generally  called  Monk  Lewis. 

Alonzo  'he  Srave  was  the  name  of  tlie  knigut. 
The  maid  wa^  ihe  fair  imu^iue. 

Imp  {Saxon).  A  graft ;  whence  also 
I  child,  as  "You  little  imp."  In  hawk- 
ing, "to  imp  a  feather"  is  to  engraft  or 
add  a  new  feather  for  a  broken  one.  The 
needles  employed  for  the  purpose  were 
called  "  imping  needles."  Lord  Crom- 
well, writing  to  Henry  V I IL,  speaks  of 
"  that  noble  imp  your  son." 

Let  us  rray  for  .  .  ■  the  kiaj's  most  eicellent 
m^isty  tul  for  ...  .  his  i:.lovel  son  i;i\\ard, 
oar  prince,  that  iccit  nuuelic  un?.-"  i'uUneaj/ to 
fro**-.' 


Imp  of  darl:ne.fs.  Milton  calls  the  sor- 
pout  "  fittest  imp  of  fraud,"  P.  L.,  ix- 

Impana'tion.  The  dogma  of  Luthot 
that  the  body  and  soul  of  Christ  are 
infused  into theeucharisticolements after 
consecration,  and  that  the  bread  and 
wine  are  united  with  the  body  and  soiil 
of  Christ  in  much  the  same  way  as  the 
body  and  soul  of  man  are  united.  The 
word  means  puUinrj  into  the  bread 

Impanna'ta.  TJu  Madonna  del 
liRpuii/iala,  by  Kaphaol,  takes  its  dis- 
tinctive name  from  the  oiled  paper  win- 
dow in  the  back-ground.  (Ualiau,  iin- 
pannata,  oiled  pjaper. ) 

Imper'tinence  (1  .syl.).  A  legal 
term,  meaning  matter  introduced  into 
an  afudavit,  kc,  not  pertinent  to  the 
case. 

Impon'derables  (Latin,  thingx^ritk- 
out  vxif-fht).  The  "  matter"  of  light,  heat, 
electricity,  and  magnetism.  If  indeed 
there  is  such  matter,  it  is  without  ap- 
preciable weight. 

Imposition.  A  task  given  for 
pimishment.  Of  course  the  word  le 
taken  from  the  verb  impose,  as  the  ta.'^k 
is  imposed  ;  it  is  an  imposition,  or  thing 
imposed.  The  term  is  common  in  schools, 
colleges,  and  universities.  In  the  sense 
of  a  deception  it  means  to  "  put  a  trick 
on  a  person,"  hence  the  esprcs.sions  "  to 
put  on  one,"  "  to  lay  it  on  thick,"  &c. 

Imposition  of  Hands.  The  bishop 
laying  bis  hand  on  persons  confirraed  or 
ordained. — Acts  vi.,  viii.,  xix. 

Impropria'tion.  Profits  of  eccle- 
siastical property  in  the  hands  of  a  lay- 
man. Appropriation  is  when  the  profits 
of  a  benefice  are  in  the  hands  of  a  college. 

Impro'priator.    A  layman  who  has 

church  lands  or  ecclesiastical  preferment. 
(Latin,  in-proprius,  belonging  to.) 

Improvis'ator  (Italian).  One  who 
utters  verses  impromptu.  It  was  intro- 
duced by  Petrarch,  ond  is  still  a  favourite 
amusement  wilh  Italians.  The  most 
celebrated  improvisatori  or  male  impro- 
visators are — 

(1)  Serafi'no  d'Aqnil.i,     fl4nG-1500.) 

(2)  Metastas'io      (ld9S-1781.) 

(3)  Bemai-dino  Perfetti,  of  Sienna 
(1681-1747),  who  received  a  laurel  crown 
in  the  Capitol,  an  honour  conferied  only 
upon  Petrarch  and  Tasso. 


IMPROVISATKIX. 


INCOG. 


•lo'7 


(4)  Marc-Antony  Zucco,  of  Vero'na. 
(•-1761.) 

(5)  Serio,  beheaded  at  Naples,  1199. 

(6)  Rossi,  beheaded  at  Naples,  WM. 

(7)  Gianni,  pensioned  by  lioiiaparte. 
(17.09-1S-22.) 

(8)  Tommaso  Sgricci.    (1788-1836.) 

Improvis'atrix  or  Lmprovisatrice. 
The  most  famous  iinprovisatrictis  or  fe- 
male improvisators  are — 

Maria  Magdale'na  Moralli,  surnamed 
the  Olympic  Gorilla  Fernando/.,  crowned 
at  Rome  for  improvisation.     (1740.1S0U.) 

Toru'.sa  Handetti'ni.     (1756-*.) 

RosaTaddei.     (ISOl-*.) 

Signora  Mazzei,  the  mo*t  talented  ot 
all.     Nur  Jeluiu,  of  Heni/al  (d.  161!)). 

Jn  (JermaHt),  Anna  Louisa  Karsch, 

In  Casna  Dom'ini.  A  papal  bull, 
containing  a  collection  of  extracts  from 
ditfereut  constitutions  of  the  popes,  with 
anathemas  airainst  those  who  violate 
them.  So  called  because  it  was  annually 
read  "at  the  Lord's  Supper"  on  Holy 
Thursday. 

In  Commen'dam  (ImHu).  The 
holdini,'  of  church  preferment  for  a  time, 
on  the  recommendation  of  the  (.'rown,  till 
a  suitable  person  can  bo  provided.  Tluis 
a  clL'r;,'-yman  elevated  to  the  bench  re- 
tains for  a  time  his  "  living  "  i>i,  commen- 
duhi. 

In  Esse  (^Latin).  lu  actual  existence. 
Thusa  child  iioiny  is  "  in  esse,"  but  before 
birth  is  only  "  in  posse." 

In  Exten'so  (Laiin).  At  full  length, 
word  for  word  without  abridgment. 

In  Forma  Pauperis.  A  person 
who  will  swear  ho  is  not  wortli  £5  has 
writs,  kc,  gratis,  and  is  supplied  gra- 
tuitouslv  with  attorney  and  counsel 
(Henry  VII.,  c.  12). 

In  Liim'ino  {Latin.).  At  the  outset, 
at  the  threshold. 

In  Perpet'uim  {Latin,).  In  per- 
pctuit}'. 

In  Fetto {Italian).  Held  in  reserve, 
kept  back,  something  done  privately,  and 
not  announced  to  the  gencial  public.  (In 
pec' tore,  Latin,  in  the  breast.) 

In  Posse  (Latin).  What  may  be 
consi<lered  probable,  but  has  not  yet  any 
real  existence. 

In  Pro'pria  Perso'na  (Latin). 
Perbonully,  and  uot  hy  deputy  or  agents. 


In  Prospect'u  (Latin).  What  is 
intended  or  in  contemplation  to  be  dona 
at  some  future  time. 

In  Re  (Latin).  In  the  matter  of,  ae 
In  lie  Jones  v.  Robinson. 

In  Si'tU  (Latin).  In  its  original 
place. 

In  Stat'u  Quo  or  "  In  stat'u  quo 
ante"  {Latin).  In  the  condition  things 
were  before  the  change  took  place.  Thus, 
two  nations  arming  for  war  may  agree 
to  lay  down  arms  on  condition  that  all 
things  bo  restored  to  the  same  state  as 
they  were  before  they  took  up  arms. 

In  Terro'rem  (Latin).  As  a  warn, 
ing,  to  deter  others  by  terrifying  them. 

In  To'to  (Latin),  Entirely,  alto- 
gether. 

In  Vac'uo  (Latin).  In  a  vacuum, 
i.e.,  where  all  the  air  has  been  taken  away. 

Inau'gurate  (4  syl.)  means  to  be  led 
in  by  augurs.  The  Roman  augurs  met 
at  their  college  doors  the  high  otiiciats 
about  to  be  invested,  and  led  them  up  to 
the  altar;  hence  to  install. 

Inca.  A  king  or  royal  jirince  of  the 
ancient  Peruvians.  The  empire  of  the 
Incas  was  founded  by  Manco  Capac. 

Incanta'tion.  A  singing  ugainxt, 
that  is,  singing  a  set  form  of  words  in 
order  to  bring  Divine  wrath  upon  persons 
or  nations. 

Inehcape  Rock.  Twelve  miles 
from  land,  in  the  German  Sea.  It  is 
dangerous  f&r  navigator.'--,  and  therefore 
the  al'bot  of  Aberbrothok  fi.xcd  a  bell  on 
a  tloiit,  which  gave  notice  to  sailors  of  its 
whereabouts.  Ral])!)  the  Rover,  a  sea 
pirate,  cut  the  bell  from  the  Hoat,  .and 
was  wrecked  on  his  return  homo  on  the 
very  roc»..  Southoy  has  a  ballad  on  tho 
sutiject. 

l'rocis(>iv  tlio  same  tale  is  told  of  St. 
Goven's  boll,  in  Pembrokeshire.  In  tho 
chapel  wasa  nilver  bell,  which  was  stolen 
one  summer  rvening  by  pirates,  but  no 
sooner  had  the  boat  put  to  sea,  tlian  all 
the  crew  was  wrecked.  The  silver  nell 
was  carried  by  sea  nymphs  to  tho  brink 
of  a  well,  and  wlienever  the  stone  of  tliat 
well  is  struck  the  bell  is  heard  to  moan. 

N.Ij.  Inch  or  luis  means  island. 

Incog., I.?.,  Incognito  (Italian).  With- 
out wishing  to  have  your  rank  rocoguisod. 


438 


INCUBUS. 


INFANT. 


When  a  royal  person  travels,  and  does 
not  wish  to  be  treated  with  royal  cere- 
moiiy,  he  assumes  some  inferior  title  for 
the  nonce,  and  travels  incog. 

Tn'cubus.  A  nightmare,  anything 
that  weighs  heavily  on  the  mind.  (Latin, 
in  cubo,  to  lie  on.) 

Indenture,  a  written  contract,  so 
called  because  the  skin  on  which  it  was 
written  in  duplicate  was  divided  with  an 
inaeiKod  eilge,  to  fit  into  each  other. 

Tndepen'denee.  The  Declaration 
of  Indifiirlence.  A  declaration  made 
j\ily  4,  1776,  by  the  American  States, 
declaring  the  colonies  free  and  indepen- 
dent, absolved  from  all  allegiance  to 
Great  Britain. 

Independents.  Certain  Dissenters 
are  so  called,  because  it  is  a  fundamental 
principle  with  them  that  every  congrega- 
tion is  an  independent  church,  and  has  a 
right  to  choose  its  own  minister  and 
make  its  own  laws. 

Index  ( The),  or  Tfie  Roman  Index,  or 
the  Iwlex  Lihro'i~um  Prohibito'rum,  or 
the  Index  Ex/mfgato'vius.  A  list  of  books 
prohibited  by  the  church  of  Rome,  and 
published  every  year  by  a  board  of  car- 
dinals called  the  "  Congregation  of  the 
Index." 

Indian  Arrow-root.  The  root 
which  the  Indians  apply  to  arrow-wounds 
to  neutralise  the  venom  of  the  arrow. 
They  mash  the  meal,  and  apply  it  as  a 
poultice.— J/ i7 /dr. 

Indian  Ink.  So  called  because  it 
was  tirst  brought  from  China.  It  is  now 
made  at  home  of  lampblack  and  glue. 

Indian  Red.  Red  hematite  (per- 
oxide of  iron)  found  abundantly  in  the 
forest  of  Uean,  Gloucestershire.  It  is 
of  a  deep  lakey  hue,  used  for  tlesh  tints. 

The  Persian  Red,  which  is  of  a  darker 
hue  with  a  sparkling  lustre,  is  imported 
from  the  islmd  of  Ormuz  in  the  Persian 
Gulf. 

The  Romans  obtained  this  pigment 
from  the  island  of  Elba.  "  Insulaiu  ex- 
haustis  chalybdum  generosa  metailis." 
—  Ovid, 

Indians.  American  Indians.  When 
Columbus  landed  at  Cat  Island,  bethought 
that  he  had  landed  on  one  of  the  Indian 
isbnds,  and  in  this  belief  gave  the  natives 
the  name  of  Indiems. 


India  proper  is  so  named  from  Indua 
(the  river),  in  Sanskrit  Siyidhu,  in  Persio 
Hind,  whence  the  Greek  Uiiuius.  llin- 
dusUuh  is  the  Ian  or  "country"  of  the 
river  Hindus. 

Indra.  A  Hindu  deity  of  the  Vedio 
period,  notad  for  having  slain  the  demon 
Vri'tra.  As  god  of  the  firmament  he 
corresponds  with  the  Latin  Jupiter.  In 
works  of  art  he  is  represented  as  a  youth- 
ful god  mounted  on  a  gigantic  elephant. 

Indraeit'tran.  A  famous  giant  iu 
Indian  mythology,  the  ally  of  Slirira'ma, 

Indrant.  Wife  of  the  god  Indra, 
the  god  who  presides  over  the  air,  winds, 
and  thunder. — Ilinuii  myihologij. 

Indue'tion  (Latin,  the  act  of  leading 
in).  When  a  clergyman  is  inducted  to 
a  living  he  is  led  to  the  church  door, 
and  the  ring  which  forms  the  handle  is 
placed  in  his  hand.  The  door  being 
opened,  he  is  next  led  into  the  church, 
and  the  fact  is  announced  to  the  parish 
by  tolliug  the  bell. 

Indul'gence  (3  syl.),  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  is  tbe  entire  or  paitial 
pardon  of  sins  granted  by  the  pope,  to 
gave  or  relax  the  puuishmeut  thereof  in 
this  world  or  in  purgatory. 

Iner'tia  (Latin,  pou-erlesmess).  That 
want  of  power  in  matter  to  change  its 
state,  either  from  rest  to  motion,  or  from 
motion  to  rest.  Kepler  calls  it  Vis  i?i- 
ertia:.  (Ars  in  Latin  is  the  Greek  ar'elS, 
power  or  inherent  force ;  In-art  is  the 
absence  of  this  power.) 

Infallibility  (of  the  church  of  Rome) 
is  the  doctrine  that  the  church  of  Rome 
cannot  at  any  time  cease  to  be  orthoilox 
in  her  doctrine,  and  that  w^hat  she  de- 
clares ex  cathedra  is  substantially  true. 
The  doctrine  is  based  on  the  Divine  pro- 
mise to  the  disciples,  "Howbeit  when 
the  Si>irit  of  Truth  is  cotae,  he  will  guide 
you  into  all  truth." — John  xvi.  13. 

In'fanious  means  not  allowed  to 
speak  or  give  witness  in  a  court  of  justice. 
(Latin,  in,  negative, /a?-j,  to  speak; 
Greek,  phemi  or  phami.^ 

Infant.  Infant  of  Luhech.  Christian 
Henry  Heinecken.  (1721-1725.)  At  one 
year  old  he  knew  the  chief  events  of  the 
Pentateuch  ;  at  thirteen  months  he  knew 
the  history  of  the  Old  Testa-ment ;  at 
(ourtoen  months  he  knew  the  history  ot 


INFANTA. 


INOCULATE. 


i33 


the  New  Testament,  at  two  and  a-half 
years  he  could  answer  any  onlinary  ques- 
t  on  of  history  or  g-eography  ;  at  three 
rears  he  knew  well  both  French  and 
Latin.  So  says  Schoueich,  his  preceptor. 
Infanta.  Any  princess  of  the  blood 
royal,  except  an  heiress  of  the  crown,  is 
so  called  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Infan'te  (-3  syl.).  All  the  sons  of  the 
sovereigns  of  Sj'ain  and  Portugal  bear 
this  title,  except  the  crown  prince,  who 
is  called  in  Spain  the  prince  of  Astu'rias. 
In  the  middle  ages  the  word  childe  was 
used  as  a  title  of  honour  in  England, 
France,  and  Germany :  hence  Childe 
tlaroh!,  Childe-ric,  Childe-bert,  kc. 

Infernal  Column.  So  the  corps 
of  Latour  d'Auvergue  was  called,  from 
its  terrible  charges  with  the  bayonette. 
(1743-lSOO.) 

Inferno.  We  have  Dante's  notion 
of  the  infernal  rcirions  in  his  "  Inferno  ;" 
Homer's  in  the  "Odyssey,"  book  xi. ;  Vir- 
gil's in  the  "  .i4iluei:d,".book  vi.  ;  Spenser's 
in  the  "  Faery  Queen,"  book  ii.  canto  7 ; 
Ariosto's  in  the  ■'  Orlando  Furio'so,"  book 
xvii. ;  Tasso's  in  "Jerusalem  Delivered," 
bk.  iv. ;  ililtou's  in  "Paradise  Lost;' 
I'^dnelou's  in  "  T<^!dniaque,"  bk.  xviii. ;  and 
Uockfeird's  in  his  romance  of  "  Vathek." 

Infra  Dig.  (diffiiita'ttm).  Not  in  ac- 
cordanca  with  one's  position  and  charac- 
ter.    (Latin.) 

Infra-Lapsa'rians.  A  sect  which 
Jicild  that  God  has  created  some  men  to 
condemnation,  without  the  possibility  of 
being  saved.  They  are  called  Infra- 
laj>SM-ian,  because  they  suppose  that 
thi!S6  ill-fated  beings  are  justly  treated, 
as  they  have  fallen  in  Adam. 

Ingoldsby.  The  Rev.  Richard 
Ih'.rris  Barham,  author  of  "Ingoldsby 
Legends."     (178S.1S45.) 

Injunc'tion  A  writ  forbidding  a 
person  to  do  a  specified  meditated  wrong. 
The  wrong  specitlcd  does  not  amount  to 
a  crime.  Injunctions  are  of  two  sorts — 
temporary  and  perpetual.  The  first  is 
limited  "till  the  coming  on  of  the  de- 
fendant's answer;"  the  latter  is  based 
on  the  merits  of  the  case,  and  is  of  per- 
petual force. 

Ink.  Pancirollus  sayg  the  emperors 
used  a  fluid  for  writing  called  encaiislum. 
(Italian,  incJiiosiro ;  French, f«crf;  Dutch, 
iti/a, ) 


Inkle  and  Yar'ico,  The  hero  and 
heroine  of  a  drama  so  called  by  George 
Colinan.  The  story  is  from  the  "Spec- 
tator," No.  11.  Inkle  is  a  young  English- 
man who  is  lost  in  the  Spanish  main  ;  iio 
falls  in  love  with  Yarico,  an  Indian 
maiden,  whom  he  lives  with  as  his  wife  ; 
but  no  sooner  does  he  find  a  vessel  to 
take  him  to  Barbadoes,  than  he  sells  hei 
for  a  slave. 

Inland  Navigation.    Francis 

Egerton,  duke  of  Bridgewater,  is  called 
the  Father  of  British  lalo.hd  Naviqalion. 
(1729-1803.)  A  title  certainly  due  to 
James  Brindloy.     (l'/16-1772.) 

Ixin  (Saxon).  Chamber;  originallyap- 
plied  to  a  mansion,  like  the  French  hotel. 
Hence  Clifford's  Inn,  once  the  mansion 
of  De  Clifford  ;  Lincoln's  Inn,  the  man- 
sion of  the  Earls  of  Lincoln  ;  Gray's  Inn, 
that  of  the  Lords  Gray,  kc. 

Now,  when  as  I'hojbus,  with  bis  fiery  wtliu, 
Uuto  UU  inue  began  to  draw  apace. 

Spinsrr,  "  t'uery  Quten,"  vt  i. 

Inns  of  Court;  The  four  voluntary 
societies  which  have  the  exclusive  right 
of  calling  to  the  bar.  They  are  the  Inner 
Temple,  the  Middle  TempJe,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  and  Gray's  Inn.  Each  is  governed 
by  a  board  of  benchers. 

Innings.  He  has  had  a  long  innings, 
A  good  long  run  of  luck.  A  term  in 
cricket  for  the  time  that  the  eleven  are 
in,  or  not  out  as  scouts.  The  innings 
of  an  individual  is  the  time  he  has  the 
bat.     The  field  or  scouts  are  outers. 

Innocents.  Feast  of  the  Iloly  Inno- 
cents. The  "iSth  December,  to  commemo- 
rate Herod's  butchery  of  the  children  of 
Betlilehera  from  two  years  old  and  up- 
ward, with  the  design  of  cutting  off  the 
infant  Jesus. 

Innuen'do.  An  implied  or  covert 
hint  of  blame.  It  is  a  law  term,  meaning 
the  person  nodded  to  (Latin,  in-nuo\ 
and  is  thus  used :  A  defendant  or  his 
pleader  speaking  of  the  plaintiff  would 
say,  "  He,  innuendo,  did  so  and  so,"  i.e.. 
He,  the  person  1  nod  to  or  refer  to  (viz., 
the  plaintiff)  did  so  and  so. 

Inoc'ulate  (4  syl.)  is  to  put  in  an 
eye  (Latin,  in  oculiis).  The  allusion  is 
to  a  plan  ado|)tod  by  gardeners  who 
insert  the  "  eye  "  or  small  bud  of  a  superior 
plant  into  the  stock  of  an  inferior  one, 
in  order  to  produce  flowers  or  fruits  of 
better  quality. 


440 


INOGENK 


INTERPRETER. 


In'ogene  or  Io'noge  (3  rjI.).    Wife 
of  Brntu,  the  mythological  kinf,'of  nritaiii. 
Thus  Unite  tliis  renlme  uuto  hi's  rule  subdev/d. 

Ana  laiBUiid  louR  im  KVtai  feliciiy. 
Loved  of  liiB  triendB,  and  of  liia  foes  esohewd 
I'e  left,  three  sons,  his  faoums  piom-uy, 
rforii  of  fayre  Inosene  of  Italy. 

Speitser,  "  h'lxeiu  Queen,"  ii.  10. 

Inquisition.  A  court  instituted  to 
inquire  into  offences  against  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion.  The  first  was  estab- 
lished in  the  south  of  France  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  (Latin,  inqidsitio,  a 
searching  into.) 

Insolence.  (Latin,  insoleo.)  Un- 
usual conduct. 

Inspired.  The  in-fpired  idiot.  So 
Walpole  called  Oliver  Goldsmith. 

Instinct.  Something  pricked  or 
punctured  into  one.  Dislinguish  is  of 
the  same  root,  and  means  to  prick  or 
puncture  separately.  Extbifjaish  moans 
to  prick  or  puncture  out.  In  all  cases 
the  allusion  is  to  marking  by  a  puncture. 
At  college  the  "  markers  "  at  the  chapel 
doors  still  hold  a  pin  in  one  hand,  and 
prick  with  it  the  name  of  each  "  mau  " 
that  enters. 

InsuTari.  The  district  of  Lombardy, 
which  contained  Milan,  Como,  Pa'via, 
Lodi,  Nova'ra,  and  Vorcelli. 

Insult.  To  leap  on  the  prostrate 
body  of  a  foe. 

Insultor.  One  who  leaps  upon  you 
or  against  you.  Thus  Terence  says, 
"insulta're  fores  cal'cibus"(A'w;i.  2.  2.54). 
It  will  be  remembered  that  the  priests 
of  Baal,  to  show  their  indignation  against 
their  gods,  "  leaped  upon  the  altar  which 
they  had  made"  (1  Kgs.  xviii.  26).  Zepha- 
niah  (i.  9)  says  that  God  will  "punish 
all  those  that  leap  on  the  threshold." 
[See  Desultory.) 

Intaglio  [Italian).  A  design  cut  in 
a  gem,  like  a  crest  or  initials  in  a  stamp. 
The  design  does  not  stand  out  in  relief, 
as  in  cam!eos,  but  is  hollowed  in. 

Intellect.  The  power  of  reading 
mentally.  (Latin,  intus  lajo,  I  read  within 
me.) 

Inter  al'ia  [Latin).  Among  other 
tilings  or  matters. 

Intereal'ary  [Latin).  Called  be- 
tween. Thus,  an  intercalary  day  is  a 
day  foisted  in  between  two  others,  as 
the  29th  Febniary  in  leap-year.  (See 
Calends.) 


Interdict  and  Excommunicate. 

The  ]>oi>e  or  some  ecclesiastic  interdicts 
a  kingdom,  province,  county,  or  town, 
but  excommunicates  an  individual.  Thi.s 
sentence  excludes  the  place  or  individ'.ial 
from  partaking  in  certain  sacraments, 
pulilic  worship,  and  the  burial  service. 
The  most  remarkable  instances  are  the 
following: — 

1081.  Poland  was  laid  under  an  inter- 
dict by  pope  Gregory  VII.,  because 
Holcslas  II.  had  murdered  Stanislaus  at 
the  altar. 

1180.  Scotland  was  p\it  under  a  similar 
ban  bv  pope  Alexander  III. 

1200.  France  was  interdicted  by  In- 
nocent III.  because  Philippe  Augn.ste 
refused  to  marry  Iiigolburge,  who  had 
been  betrothed  to  him. 

1209.  England  was  laid  under  similar 
sentence  by  Innocent  III.,  and  continued 
so  for  six  years,  in  the  reign  of  king  John. 

In  France,  Robert  the  IHous,  Philippe 
I.,  Louis  VII.,  Philippe  ^zt/7iw<e,  Philippe 
IV.,  and  Napoleon  I.,  have  all  been 
subjected  to  the  papal  thunder.  In 
England,  Henry  II.  and  John.  Victor 
Emmanuel  of  Italy  has  been  excommu- 
nicated by  Pius  IX.  for  despoiling  the 
papacy  of  a  large  portion  of  its  temporal 
dominions. 

In'terest  [Latin).  Something  that 
is  between  the  parties  concerned.  The 
interest  of  money  is  the  sum  which  the 
borrower  agrees  to  pay  the  lender  for  its 
use.  To  take  an  interest  in  anything  is 
to  feel  there  is  something  between  it  and 
you  which  may  affect  your  happiness. 

Interlard  (French).  To  put  lard 
or  fat  between  laj'ers  of  meat.  Meta- 
])horically,  to  mix  what  is  the  solid  part 
of  a  discourse  with  f  ul.'iome  and  irrelevant 
matter.  Thus  we  say,  "To  interlard 
with  oaths,"  to  "interlard  with  compli- 
ments," &c. 

Interlo'per.  One  who  runs  between 
traders.  One  who  sets  up  business,  and 
by  so  doing  interferes  witli  the  actual 
or  supposed  rights  of  others.  (Dutch, 
loopen,  to  run.) 

Inter'polate  (4  syl.).  For  two  or 
more  persons  to  j)olish  up  something 
between  them ;  spurious  emendations. 
(Latin,  inter  polio.) 

Inter'preter  [^fr.).  The  imper- 
sonation of  the  Holy  Spint  in  "  Pilgrim'i 
Progress,"  by  John  Bunyan. 


KTER  REX, 


INVISIBLES. 


441 


Interpreter  really  means  the  Holy 
Sjiirit.  In  "Pilgrim's  ProgresB"  he  is 
lord  of  a  house  .a  little  way  beyond  the 
Wicket  Gate.  Here  Christian  wa.s  kindly 
entertained  anfl  shown  many  wonderful 
sights  of  an  allegorical  character.  Chris- 
tiana and  her  parly  stopped  hero  also, 
and  were  entertained  in  a  oimilar  manner. 
— lluni/an. 

Inter  Rex  {Latin).  A  person  ap- 
pointed to  hold  the  office  of  king  pro 
tern, 

Into'ne  (2  syl.).  To  thunder  out; 
intonation,  the  thundering  of  the  voice. 
(Latin,  tono,  to  thtinder).  The  Iloniana 
said  that  Cicero  and  Demosthenes  "  thun- 
dered out  their  orations."  It  is  instruc- 
tive to  notice  how  thunder  symbolises 
the  human  voice  even  in  its  musical  cha- 
racter. 

Intrigue  (2  syl.)  cornes  from  the 
Greek  thrix,  hair,  whence  the  Latin 
liiae,  trifles  or  hairs  ;  the  German  Iruff, 
a  deception  carried  on  by  false  hair. 

Inure  (2  syl  )  is  to  bum  in,  as  colours 
used  to  be  in  encaustic  painting,  or  as  a 
brand  was  bui-nt  on  the  skin  of  a  criminal. 
To  inure  oneself  to  labour  is  to  burn  it 
into  the  body  by  habit  till  it  can  bo  no 
more  separated  than  a  brand,  or  the 
colour  of  encaustic  tiles. 

Invalide  {French).  A  four-sou  piece, 
60  called  because  it  was  debased  to  the 
ralue  of  three  sous  and  a-half. 

T!eD,  prsns  cet  invali'le  k  m*  9?nt5  va  bolre. 

"  Vetix  Arlequin)."    (Iti'Jl.) 

Invei'gle  (3  syl.).  To  lead  blind- 
fold. ('^OTma.ui rcnch,  enveor/ler ;  French, 
aveugler ;  Italian,  invar/Hare.) 

Invention  of  the  Cross  (diacovery 
of  the  cross).  A  festival  hold  on  ALay  3rd, 
in  commemoration  of  the  discovery  of 
the  cross  by  the  agents  of  St.  ilel'ena, 
mother  of  Constantino  the  emperor 
(ol6).     (Latin,  inoen'io,  to  discover.) 

Inventors  punished  by  their  owu 
inventions  :  — 

(a)  I'crillos,  who  invented  the  Brazen 
Hy II  for  Phararis,  tyrant  of  Agrigentuni, 
was  the  first  person  baked  to  death  in 
the  monster. 

(6)  The  regent  Morton  of  Scotland, 
who  invented  or  adopted  tlce  Maiden,  a 
sort  of   guillotine,  was  the    first  to  l)0 


executed  by   his   own  machine  (in  the 
reign  of  queen  Elizabeth). 

(c)  Ungues  Aubriot,  provost  of  Paris, 
who  built  the  Jiastile,  was  the  first  person 
confined  in  his  own  strong  castle.  The 
cliarije  against  him  was  heresv. 

(d)  'J'ho  bishop  of  Verdun  who  inventeil 
the  iron  cages,  too  small  to  allow  the 
person  confined  in  them  to  stand  miright 
or  lie  at  full  length,  was  the  first  to  bo 
shut  up  in  one  ;  and  cardinal  La  Balue, 
who  recommended  them  to  Louis  XI., 
was  himself  coutinedin  one  for  ten  years. 

(e)  Ludovi'co  Sforza,  who  iuventeii  the 
Iron  Shroud,  was  tlie  first  to  suffer  dnath 
fiy  the  horrible  torture. 

(/)  Haman,  son  of  Ilammeda'tha,  the 
Amalckite,  of  the  race  of  Agag,  devised 
a  gallows  fifty  cubits  high,  on  which  to 
hang  Mordecai,  by  way  of  commencing 
the  extirpation  of  the  Jews  ;  but  the  fa- 
vourite of  Ahasue'ruswas  himself  hanged 
on  his  gigantic  gallows.  In  modern  his- 
tory we  have  a  repetition  of  this  incident 
in  the  case  of  Euguerrand  de  ftLarigni, 
Minister  of  Finance  to  Philippe  tl-.e  F'air, 
who  was  hung  on  the  gibbet  which  he 
had  cau.sed  to  be  erected  at  Mor.tfaucon, 
for  the  execution  of  certain  felons  ;  and 
four  of  his  successors  in  office  underwent 
the  same  fate. 

(g)  Captain  Cowper  Coles,  inventor  of 
the  iron  turret  ship,  perished  in  the  Cap- 
lain,  otf  Cape  Finisterre,  .Sept.  7,  1870. 

Inves'titure.  (Latin,  clothing  in  or 
putting  on  canonicals.)  The  admission 
to  otfice  is  generally  made  by  investiture; 
Thus  a  pair  of  gloves  is  given  to  a  Free- 
ma.son  in  France;  a  cap  is  given  to  a 
graduate;  a  crown,  &c.,  to  a  sovereign, 
&c.  A  crosier  and  ring  used  to  be  given 
to  a  cliurch  dignitary.  In  the  eleventh 
and  twelfth  centuries  the  kings  of  Europe 
and  the  pope  were  perpetually  at  variance 
about  the  right  of  investiture  ;  the  ques- 
tion was,  should  the  sovereigns  or  should 
the  pope  invest  clergj'men  or  appoint 
them  to  their  livings  and  dignities^ 

Invincible  Doctor.  William  of 
Occam  or  Ockliam  (a  village  in  Surrey), 
also  called  Doctor  Singulu'ris.  (12(U- 
1347.) 

Invisibles.  (1)  The  Piosicnicians 
were  so  called,  because  they  never  dared 
to  appear  in  public. 

(2)  The  disciples  of  Osiander,  Flaccius, 
Illirlcua,  &c.,  who  denietl  tho  perpetual 
Vi.sibility  of  tho  church. 


442 


lOL. 


n^ELAND. 


Tol  (pron.  Vol).  The  Danish  word 
for  Christmas ;  the  same  as  Yule. 

The  saTn(?e  Dane 
At  lol  more  de«p  the  mtidiH  ilrain. 

Sii   Wuier  iif/jU,"  ilarmiOK." 

lo'nian  Mode.  A  species  of  church 
music  in  the  key  of  C  n-ajor,  inimitation 
of  the  ancient  Greek  mode  so  called. 

Ionic  Accomplishments.  Ges- 
ture and  dress. 

lon'ic  Architeetiire.  So  called 
from  lo'nia  where  it  took  its  rise.  The 
capitals  are  decorated  with  volutes,  and 
the  comico  with  dentils. 

The  people  of  loni*  formed  their  order  of  archi- 
tecture on  the  mfjdel  of  a  yoong  woman  dressed  in 
lipr  hair,  and  of  an  ea^y,  cligant  shape;  whereas  the 
Djric  had  been  fori;ied  OJ-  <-'•«  luudel  of  a  robast,  strong 
innu.  —  i'itruvitis. 

lon'ic  Scliool  or  Jonic  Pkiloso/>I'.ert. 
Thales,  Anaxim^nder,  Anaxime'nes,  Hera- 
cli'tos,  and  Anaxag'oras  were  all  natives 
of  Ionia,  and  were  the  earliest  of  the 
Greek  philosophers.  They  tried  to  prove 
that  all  created  things  spring  from  one 
principle ;  Thales  said  it  was  water,  Anax- 
imcnes  thought  it  was  air  or  gas,  Anax- 
agoras  that  it  was  atoms,  Heraclitos 
maintained  that  it  was  fire  or  caloric, 
while  Anasimander  insisted  that  the 
elements  of  all  things  are  eternal,  for 
ex  nihilo  nUdlfil. 

lormungan'dxir.  The  serpent  that 
encompasses  the  whole  earth,  according 
to  Scandinavian  mythology. 

Iota  or  Jot.  A  very  little,  the  least 
quantity  possible.  The  iota  is  the 
smallest  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
called  the  Lacedemonian  letter. 

This  bond  doth  glTe  thee  here  no  jot  of  blood. 
6hakeipiart,  '•  iltrclant  of  VoKCt,"  iv.  1. 

lo'thun.  A  generic  naras  for  the 
giants  of  Celtic  mythology. 

lo'thunheim  or  lotunheim  (4  syl.). 
The  home  of  the  lothun,  somewhere 
on  the  pinnacles  of  the  Scandmavian 
mountains. 

Iphigeni'a.  Daughter  of  Agamem- 
non. Her  father  having  offended  Ar'- 
temis  (Diana),  vowed  to  sacritice  to  the 
angry  goddess  the  most  beautiful  thing 
that  same  into  his  possession  in  the  next 
twelvemonths;  this  was  an  infant  daugh- 
ter The  father  deferred  the  sacrifice 
till  the  fleet  of  the  comluned  Greeks 
reached  Auiia  and  Iphigenia  had  grown 


to  woraanliood.  Then  Calchas  told  him 
that  the  fleet  would  be  wind-bound  till 
he  had  fulfilled  his  vow ;  accordingly  the 
king  prepared  to  sacrifice  his  daughter, 
but  ArtSmis  snatched  her  from  the  alt.ar 
and  carried  her  to  heaven,  substituting 
a  hind  in  her  place. 

The  similarity  of  this  legend  to  the 
Scripture  stories  of  Jephtha's  vow,  and 
Abraham's  offering  of  his  son  Isaac,  is 
noticeable.     (See  Idomeneus.) 

Ipse-dixit  (Latin).  A  mere  assertion, 
wholly  unsupported.  We  say  it  is  "  your 
ipse-dixit,"  ''his  ipse-dixit,"  "their ipso- 
disit,"  and  so  on. 

Ipswicll.  A  corruption  of  Gypes-wicl, 
the  town  on  the  river  "Gyppen,"  cow 
called  the  Orwell. 

Iram.'.    The  pilgrim's  garb  is  so  called 

by  the  Arabs. 

Iran.    The  empire  of  Persia. 

.4venge  the  aliJime 
His  race  hath  brin::ht  nn  irnn's  name. 

Tkumas  iljjie,  "  Firt  Wonhit  pen." 

Ireland  or  Erin  is  Celtic ;  from  Eri  or 
/ai-  (western).  Lloyd  ("  State  Worthies," 
article  Grandiion),  with  a  gravity  which 
cannot  but  excite  laughter,  says  the 
island  is  called  the  land  of  Ire  because 
of  the  broils  there,  which  have  extended 
over  400  years.  Wormius  derives  the 
word  from  the  Runic  I'r,  a  bow.  (See 
heloxc. ) 

Irela'od. 

Called  by  the  natives  "  Erin,"  i.e., 
Eri-iitnis,  or  lar-innis  (west  island). 

By  the  Welsh ' ' Yver-den  "  (west  valley). 

By  Apule'ius,  Hibcr'nia,  which  is 
leruia,  a  corruption  of  lar-inni-a. 

By  Juvenal  (ii.  260)  Juverna  or  Ju- 
bema,  the  same  as  lerna  or  lernia. 

By  Claudian,  Ouemia,  the  same. 

By  moderns,  Ireland,  which  is  lar-on- 
land  {land  of  the  west). 

TI  Tke  three  great  saints  of  Ireland 
are  St.  Patrick,  St,  Columba,  and  St. 
Bridget. 

Tlie  fair  maid  of  Ireland.     Ignis  fatuus 

(qv). 

He  had  read  In  former  times  of  a  Oolng  Mre,  called 
"  Ignis  Fatuus,"  the  fire  of  deatiny  ;  by  some,  "  WiU 
with  the  Whiip,"  or  "Jack  with  the  Laotem  ;"  ant 
likewise,  by  some  Bimjie  country  jwople,  "  Tl  e  Fail 
XU;.l  of  Irelanil,"  wbich  un-.!  tu  lead  wandering 
tr:iv.rl:.;r^  out  of  theii  Way — "  Ike  S4c€n  Champwin 
0/  ChrntcTidom,"  L  7. 

I        Th«  three  tragic  stones  of  the  Irish.     (1) 
I    The  death  of  the  children  of  Tourac : 


IHENA. 


IRON  MASK. 


413 


(2)  The  death  of  the  children  of  Lir  ;  (3) 
The  death  of  the  children  of  Usnach. — 
0' Flanagan,  vol.  i.,  "  Trantacliuiis  of  the 
Gaelic  Society  of  DubUn." 

Ire'na.  The  impersonation  of  Ireland, 
whose  inheritance  was  withheld  by  the 
tyrant  Grantorto.  Sir  Artecral  {Juidce) 
is  sent  by  the  Faery  Queen  to  succour 
the  distressed  lady.  Grantorto,  or  the 
rebellion  of  15S0,  being  slain,  she  is 
restored  to  her  throne  and  rolgns  in 
peace. — Spenser,  "Faery  Queev,,"  v. 

Iris.  Goddess  of  the  rainbow,  or  the 
rainbow  itself.  In  classic  mytholog-y 
she  is  called  the  messenger  of  the  gods 
when  they  intended  discord,  and  the 
rainbow  is  the  bridge  or  road  let  down 
from  heaven  for  her  accommodation. 
When  the  gods  meant  peace  they  sent 
Mercury. 

I'll  bare  tin  Iris  th&t  shall  find  tbee  out. 

Shakesi>tart,    -3  Henry  VI.,"  Ui.  i. 

Irish  Agita'tor.  Daniel  O'Connell. 
(1775-1847.) 

Irish  Beauty.  A  woman  with  two 
black  eyes— no  uncommon  "  decoration  " 
among  the  low  Irish. 

Irish  Legs.  Thick  and  clumsy  ones. 
Grose  says  that  "the  Irish  women  have 
a  dispensation  from  the  pope  to  wear  the 
thick  end  of  their  logs  downwards." 

Irish  Wedding.  When  a  person 
has  a  black  eye  we  sometimes  say  to  him, 
"You  have  been  to  an  Irish  wedding,  I 
gee,"  because  the  Irish  are  more  famous 
for  giving  their  guests  on  these  occasions 
black  eyei  than  ichile  favours. 

Iron.  The  hieroglyphic  for  iron  is 
(J,  wliich  denotes  "gold  at  the  bottom 
(O),  only  its  upper  part  is  too  sharp, 
volatile,  and  half  corrosive  ( r)  ;  this  being 
taken  away,  iron  would  become  gold. 
Iron  is  called  Mars. 

T/ce  iron  ente^'s  into  his  soul.  The  an- 
g\iish  or  annoyance  is  felt  most  keenly. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  ancient  custom  of 
torturing  the  flesh  with  instnmients  of 
iron. 

I  8TW  the  Ircn  enter  Into  lils  ooul.ani  felt  wtint 
•ort  of  p&in  U  was  Uiat  tmetU  fi  om  hope  deferred.— 
ilUmt. 

Iron  Age.  The  era  between  the 
death  of  Charloinapruo  and  the  close  of 
the  Carlovingian  dyn.osty  is  so  called 
from  its  almost  ceaseless  wars.  It  is 
somotimes   called  the  leaden  age  for  its 


worthlossness,  and  the  dark  age  for  its 
barrenness  of  learned  uren. 

Iron  A(/e.  The  asre  of  cruelty  and 
hard-hearted noss.  When  Hubert  tells 
Prince  Arthur  he  must  burn  his  eyct 
out,  the  young  prince  replies,  "  Ah,  none 
but  in  this  iron  age  would  do  it." — 
S-uilrspeart,  " King  John,"  iv.  1. 

Iron-arm.  Francis  de  Lanoue,  the 
llut'uenot  suldicr,  Lras  de  Ilr.  (L531- 
1501.) 

Iron  Crown  of  Lombardy  is  bo 
called  from  a  narrow  baud  of  iron  within 
it,  said  to  be  beaten  out  of  one  of  the 
nails  u.sed  at  the  Crucifixion.  This  band 
is  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  broad, 
and  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 
According  to  tradition,  the  nail  was  first 
given  to  Constantino  by  his  mother,  who 
discovered  the  cross.  The  outer  circlet 
of  the  crown  is  of  beaten  gold,  and  set 
with  precious  stones.  The  crown  is  pro- 
served  with  great  care  at  Mon7,a,  near 
Milan,  and  Napoleon,  like  his  predecessor 
Charlemagne,  was  crowned  with  it. 

After  the  war  between  Austria  and 
Italy,  the  Iron  Crown  was  delivered  by 
the  former  power  to  Victor  Emmanuel. 

Iron -hand  or  The  Tron-hander. 
Goetz  von  Berlichingen  {Golfre;/  of  Ber- 
lichingea),  who  lost  his  right  hand  at  the 
siege  of  Landshut,  and  had  one  made  of 
iron  to  supply  its  place.     (1430-15(32.) 

Iron  Mask.  The  man  in  the  iron 
masfc  (called  Lestang)  was  count  Er'- 
colo  Anto'uio  Mattliio'li,  a  senator  of 
Mantua,  and  private  agent  of  Ferdinand 
Charles,  duke  of  Mantua  lie  suffered 
imprisonment  of  twenty-four  years  for 
having  deceived  Louis  XIV.  in  a 
secret  treaty  for  the  purchase  of  the 
fortress  of  Casale,  the  key  of  Italy.  The 
agents  of  Spain  and  Austria  bribed  him 
by  outbidding  the  Grand  Monarquo.  Tlie 
secresy  observed  by  all  parties  w.as  in- 
violate, because  the  infamy  of  tlie  trans- 
ection would  not  bear  daylight. — //.  O. 
A.  Kllis,  "  Tnie  History  of  the  Iron  Mask." 

There  are  sevenU  otiiers  "identified" 
&s  the  verifiable  Iron  Mask,  g.e.— 

(1)  Louis,  due  de  Vermandois.  natural 
son  of  Louis  XIV.  by  De  la  Valli^ro,  who 
was  imprisoned  for  life,  because  he  gave 
the  Dauphin  a  box  on  the  ears.  {"  Me- 
moire*  HcLiyts  pour  seiiHr  d  I'Histoire  dt 
J'erse.")  This  cannot  be,  as  the  duke 
died  in  camT\  1GS3. 


444 


IRONSIDE. 


ISABELLA. 


(2)  A  young  foroijjn  nobleman,  cham- 
berlain of  Queen  Anne,  and  real  father 
of  Louis  XIV. — A  Dutch  story. 

('.5l  Due  do  Beaufort,  Kinq  of  the 
Miirlfis.  (Lej.'-ran'^e-Ohance',  "  L' .'  nnie 
Litleniire,  17o9.  ")  This  supposition  is 
wiirllilcss,  as  llio  diiko  was  slain  by  the 
'I  Uiks  ;it  tho  sic^o  of  Caiidin.      (KJiiH  ) 

(4)  An  elder  brother  of  Louis  XIV., 
«oino  6ay  by  tlio  Uuko  of  Bucking- 
!inin,  others  by  Cardinal  Ma/.arin.  (.SV« 
Voltaire,  "  JJidionnaire  I'/iilosnpki<jne" 
(Anna),  and  Lingiiet,  "  Baft  He  Itevoi/ee." 

{[>)  A\>\>6  Suulavie  asserts  it  was  a  twin 
brother  of  Louis  XIV.,  Mareckal  Pucli^- 
lieu.  This  tale  forms  the  basis  of 
Zschokke's  German  tragedy,  and  i'our- 
nier'd  drama. 

(<))  Some  maintain  that  it  was  Fouqnet, 
tho  disgraced  minister  of  Fiuauce  to 
Louis  XIV. 

(7)  Some  that  it  was  an  Anninian 
patriarch,  Aveilik. 

(5)  Some  that  it  was  the  duke  of 
Monmouth ;  but  ho  was  executed  on 
Tower  Hill  in  1635. 

Ironside.  Edmund  IT.,  king  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons,  was  so  called,  from  his 
iron  armour.     (989,10161017.) 

JS'estor  Ironside.  Sir  Richard  Steel, 
who  assumed  tho  nom  de  plume  in  "  The 
Guardian."     (1671-1729.) 

Ironsides.  The  soldiers  that  served 
under  Cromwell  were  so  called,  especially 
after  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor,  where 
they  displayed  an  iron  resolution. 

Iron-tooth  ( Dent  de  Fer) .  Frederick 
II.,  elector  of  Brandenburg.  (1<J''7, 
168S1713.) 

Irony.  A  dissembling.  (Greek, 
tiron,  a  dissembler.) 

So  prave  ah'dv  upon  so  solemn  sin  occasion  ehuiiM 
■  lot  deal  in  irony,  or  explain  tLeir  meuuicig  by  cou- 
tiaries  — Aici/l 

Irrefragable  Debtor.  Alexander 
Hales,  an  English  friar,  founder  of  the 
scholastic  theology,     (loth  cent.) 

Irrel'evant  is  not  to  relievo,  not  to 
Hghten.  Irrelevant  matter  is  that  which 
does  not  help  to  bear  tho  burden  or 
make  it  lighter.  (Latin,  tn  rekva'r'e  ; 
levis,  light.) 

Irresis'tible.  When  Alexander 
went  to  consult  the  Delphic  oracle  befoie 
bis  Persian  invasion,  he  arrived  on  a  day 
when  no  rosL'onsou  were  niailo.     Nothing 


daunted,  ho  went  in  search  of  tho  Pythia 
and  when  she  refused  to  attend,  took 
her  to  the  templo  by  foroo.  "  Son,"  said 
tho  priestess,  "'thou  art  I'rosistible." 
"  Kiiouu'h  !"  cried  Alexander;  "  I  accept 
your  words  as  my  response." 

Irspilles  Fellas.  Skins  having 
bristly  hair  like  that  of  goats.  (Ilirci- 
piltts,  i.e.,  ''goats'  hair." — Fcstu.i).  A 
fell  is  Saxon  for  "  skin,"  like  the  Latin 
pell-is,  PJnglish  ))cel.  Thus  we  say  still  a 
"wool-fell."  Shakespeare  speaks  of  "a 
fell  of  hair"  {"Macbeth,"  v.  5).  Fell- 
vion(/er,  a  dealer  in  s-kins. 

Irus.  The  beggar  of  gigantic  stature 
who  kept  watch  over  the  suitors  of  I'eiiel'- 
ope.  11  is  real  name  was  Ar'neos,  but  the 
suitors  nicknamed  him  Iros  because  be 
carrie<l  their  messages  for  them.  Ulysses, 
on  his  return,  felled  him  to  the  ground 
with  a  single  blow,  and  flung  him  out  of 
doors. 

Poorer  than  Irus.  A  Greek  proverb, 
adopted  by  tho  Romans  (see  Ovid),  and 
existing  in  the  French  language  [pins 
paunre  qu'lrus),  alluding  to  the  beggar 
referred  to  above. 

Ir'vingites  (3  syl.).  The  self-styled 
Catholic  Apostolic  Church,  founded  by 
the  Rev.  Edward  IiTing  in  1829. 

Isaac.  A  hedge-sparrow,  a  corrup- 
tion of  Chaucer's  word,  heistiaage.  (.Saxon, 
heag,  hedge  ;  sur/ga,  tho  sugga  bird.) 

Isaac  of  York.  The  Jew  in  "Ivan- 
hoe,"  and  father  of  Rebecca. — Sir  Walter 
6coll. 

Isabel,  called  Stie-wolf  of  France. 
The  adulterous  queen  of  Edward  II., 
daughter  of  Philippe  IV.  (le  Bel)  of 
France.  According  to  tradition,  she 
mtirdered  her  royal  husband  by  thrusting 
a  hot  iron  into  his  bowels. 

Mftk  the  year  and  mark  the  night 
Wlien  ,»eTeru  «h»ll  re-echo  wiih  affright 
The  shrieka  ot  death  ihrougti  Berklei'B  rooft  till 

riui;, 
Shrieks  of  an  &Eoni^ing  kin^. 
Sh. '-wolf  of  t'rance.  wih  unrelentiixj  fnnst, 
Ti  at  lear  it  the  lioweU  of  thy  ii.aut'.ed  maJel 

Qrau,  •  The  Hard 

Is'ahtl.  Tho  Spanish  form  of  Eliza- 
beth.    The  French  form  is  Isabello. 

Isabella,  princess  of  Sicily,  in  love 
with  Robert  le  Diable,  but  promised  in 
marriage  to  the  prince  of  Grana'da,  who 
challenged  Robert  to  mortal  combat. 
Robert  is  allured  from  the  combat  by  his 


I3ABELLE. 


ISIDORIAN 


445 


fiend-father,  but  when  Alice  tells  him 
that  Isaliella  "  the  princess  is  waitiui^  for 
him  at  the  altar,"  a  strug^^le  takes  place 
between  Bertram  and  Alice,  the  one 
tryiiif,'  to  drag  the  duke  to  the  infernal 
re^'ioas,  ani  the  other  tryintc  to  win  him 
to  the  ways  of  virtue.  Alice  prevails, 
but  the  audience  is  not  informed  whether 
Robert  marries  f&ibella  or  not.  —Maj/er- 
beer's  opera,  "  Itubirlo  il  Diavolo." 

IsahdUi,  daiiijfhter  of  Hercules,  duke  of 
Ferra're,  sister  of  Alfonso  and  Ipp'orito, 
and  wife  of  Francisco  (Jonza'go,  lord  of 
Mantua 

Isabelle  or  haheUa  (in  "Orlando 
Furioso"),  daughter  of  the  king  of  (Jali- 
cia,  in  love  with  Zerlu'no;  but  being-  a 
pagan,  Zerbino  could  not  marry  her. 
Zerbino  induces  her  co  quit*  her  native 
land,  and  gives  Odori'co  charge  of  her. 
She  is  wrecked,  and  Odorico  escapes  with 
her  to  Rochelle.  Here  Odorico  assails 
her  virtue,  but  is  alarnie>l  by  a  vessel 
which  ho  sees  approaching,  and  tlccs.  She 
is  kept  captive  by  the  crew  for  nine 
months,  but  Orlando  slays  or  hangs  all 
the  crew,  and  Isabella  being  free,  ac- 
companies her  rescuer.  Her  lament  at 
the  death  of  Zerbino  is  one  of  the  best 
parts  of  the  poem  (bk.  xii.).  She  retires 
to  a  chapol  to  bury  Zerbino,  and  is  there 
slain  by  Kod'omont. 

Isabelle.  The  colour  so  called  is  the 
yellow  of  soiled  calico.  A  yellow-dun 
horse  is  called  in  France  un  ckeoal  Isa- 
belle. The  origin  of  the  term  is  as  fol- 
lows: — In  the  Spanish  wars  queen  Isabel 
made  a  vow  to  the  Virgin  never  to  chan'-^o 
her  linen  till  (Jrana'da  full  into  her  hands. 
The  siege  lasted  much  longer  than  she 
had  anticipated,  and  her  bod^'-liaen  ac- 
quired a  tint  which  the  French  still  call 
Isabelle. 

Uri^-lit-Suii  wris  mountc!  on  a  Mnc);  hur'se,  tli»t 
of  Felix  »:ts  a  itrey.  Cilery's  virua  wli.te  as  milk,  nil  1 
thepr.U'  e?8'9  \n  Is  &,r\le.  —  C'iuiUe»a  irAiiDU,"  Miir- 
aCir  uiul  I'l-ince  Clur^j  " 

Isaf.  An  Arabian  idol  in  the  form  of 
a  man,  brought  from  Syria,  and  placed 
in  Es-Safa,  near  the  temple  of  Mecca. 
Some  say  Isaf  wiis  a  man  converted  into 
stone  for  impiety,  ami  that  Mahomet 
suffered  this  one  "idol"  to  roiuain  as  a 
warning  to  his  disciples. 

Isenbras  or  Sir  Isiimbra*.  A  hero 
of  mediaeval  romance,  first  proud  and 
presvunptuous,  when  he  was  visited  by  all 
Korta  of  punishments  ;  aftor\viird8  peni- 
tent and  hnmk'f*,  when  his  atllictions  were 


turned  into  blossitigs.  It  was  in  this 
latter  stage  that  ho  one  day  carried  on 
his  horse  two  children  of  a  poor  wood- 
man across  a  ford.     (See  YaAMnitAS.) 

1  »ariie  you  fi-'t  at  the  heKynrnn.-f 
T  i:it  I  will  It  ake  no  vaiii  caipiuuc  {tdk) 
Of  deeds  of  ariujs  lie  of  amours, 
.4H  (Jus  mvustreHcj  an)  j  >t  urs, 
ThM  '1  akys  carp  ii-e  i  i  inany  a  pltcf 
Uf  Uctoriaue  and  iaembra-e 

•■  II  liJiiHi  o/ JVaMin;/tc^." 

I'sengrin  or  .StV  Isgrim,  the  wolf, 
afterwards  created  eari  of  Pitwood,  in 
the  bea.st-epic  of  "Reynard  the  Fox." 
Iseiigrin  typifies  the  barons,  and  Reynard 
the  cliuroh,  and  the  gist  of  the  tale  is  to 
show  how  Reynard  bamboozles  his  uncle 
Wolf.  (German,  Iseyrinm,  a  wolf,  a 
surly  fellow.) 

Isfen'diar.  The  angel  which  guanls 
the  chastity  of  women,  and  preserves 
domestic  peace. — MajLomttan  niyt/iolo'/i/. 

Isha'ni.  The  personification  of  the 
active  power  of  I.^a  or  Iswara.  It  is 
rejirescuted  under  the  form  of  a  woman, 
and  regarded  as  the  goddess  of  nature 
and  protectress  of  water,  ller  chief  fete 
is  called  Durgotsa'va. 

Ishban,  in  the  satire  of  "  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,"  by  Dryden  and  Tate, 
is  Sir  Robert  Clayton,  who'd  "  e'en  turn 
loyal  to  be  made  a  peer"  (pt.  ii.). 

IshTjosheth,  in  Dryden's  satire  of 
"Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  is  meant 
for  Richard  Cromwell.  liis  father  Oliver 
is  called  Siuil.  At  the  death  of  Saul, 
Ishbosheth  was  acknowledged  king  by  a 
party,  and  reigned  two  years,  when  he 
was  as.sassinated. 

Tliey  »h  ,  when  S  ul  -jras  dead,  with  'Ut  a  blow, 
Maje  foolmh  IsbbuBhe.h  t-'ie  crowa  forego. . 

Ish'monie'.  The  petrified  city  in 
Ufiper  Egypt,  full  of  men  and  women 
turned  to  stone.  —  I'erry,  ''  yiew  of  Uie 
Levant." 

Marryatt  has  borrowed  the  idea  in  his 
"  I'acha  of  Many  Tales." 

I'siac  Table.  A  spiirioua  Kcryptian 
monument  sold  by  a  soldier  to  cardin:d 
Bembo  in  1527,  and  preserved  at  Turin. 
It  is  of  copper,  and  on  it  are  represented 
most  of  the  Egyptian  deities  in  the 
mysteries  of  I  sis.  It  was  said  to  have 
been  found  at  the  siege  of  Rome  in  15'J5. 
Tlie  word  Isiac  is  an  .idjectivo  formed 
from  Isis. 

laido'rian  Docro'tals.  Also  card 
Pscudo  or  Faist    Ih-KitUiU.      A    spurious 


MS 


ISINGLASS. 


13MENE. 


compilation  of  fifty-nine  decretals  by 
Mentz,  who  lived  in  the  ninth  century, 
and  fraiidulcntiy  ascribed  them  to  I'sidore 
of  Seville,  who  died  in  the  sixth  century. 
Prior  to  the  ninth  century  the  only 
authentic  collection  of  decretals  or  letters 
of  the  popes  in  reply  to  questions  pro- 
posed to  them  by  bishops,  ecclesiastical 
judges,  and  others,  was  that  of  Dionysius 
the  Little  [Exig'mis],  a  Koman  monk, 
who  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  sixth 
century.  lie  commences  with  pope 
Siricius  (fourth  century).  The  Isidorian 
decretals  contain  fifty-nine  letters  as- 
cribed to  persons  living  between  Cle- 
ment and  Sirioius,  and  forty  others  not 
contained  in  the  Dionysiau  collection. 
The  object  of  these  forged  letters  is 
either  to  exalt  the  papacy  or  enforce 
some  law  assuming  the  existence  of  such 
exaltation.  Amongst  these  spurious 
letters  are  the  decretal  of  St.  Anacle'tus, 
the  decretal  of  St.  Alexander,  the  letter 
of  Julir.s  to  the  Easterns,  the  synodical 
letter  of  St.  Athana'sius,  the  decretal  of 
St.  Fabian  instituting  the  rite  of  the 
chrism,  and  so  on. 

La  i6forrae  pseurio-Isidorienne.  adopts  par  S. 
Nicholas,  eii  SfK.paf  le  huit.Sme  oonciie  oecumtu  que 
eu  8711.  conlirmee  par  le  coacile  de  Tiea;  eii  I'lili,  el  * 
est  depui.  neuf  iieclfi  le  droit  coinmun  danfr.-'i  «- 
eilholiqiie.  ..ce  n'l'il  fst  imj'osgible  de  ju^t:8er  eC 
miSmcd'eicuscr.c'est  lerauyeaei  ploye  i  ar  le  pseudo- 
Jaidorepuui  arriver  «  b«3  &t\t—"ElitJ.ex  HtUtiiewstt," 
Wo.  1/.  P  iSJ-'. 

I'singlass.  A  corruption  of  the 
Dutch  h)/zeiihlas  (an  air-bladder),  being 
prepared  from  the  bladders  and  sounds 
of  sl-argeou. 

I'sis.  Wife  of  Osiris,  and  mother  of 
Ho'rus.  The  cow  was  sacred  to  her. 
She  is  said  to  have  invented  spinning 
and  weaving. — Egyptian  mytnology. 

Xnventre'=8  of  the  woof,  fair  Liui  [ftar)  flings 

The  tlrim;  s'luttle  thro'  the  dauoint;  sTiuijs  .  .  . 
I'ungl'it  hy  lier  lah.mr»,  from  the  fertile  suil 
Immortal  Isis  i-lotiied  tlie  iianke  of  >ile. 

Diirwin,  "  huVi*  0/  IK*  flanlt,"  0.  U. 

Milton,  in  "  Paradise  Lost,"  names 
Osiris,  Isis,  and  Orus  amongst  the  fallen 
angels  (bk.  i.  478). 

his,  Herodotos  thinks,  is  Deme'ter 
(Ce'res). 

Diodo'roe  confounds  her  with  the 
Moon,  Demeter,  and  Juno. 

Plutarch  confounds  her  with  Athe'na 
(Mine.rva),  Perseph'one  (Proserpine),  the 
Moon,  and  To'thys. 

Apuleius  calls  her  the  mctV.cr  of  the 
gods,  Minerva,   Venus,   Diana,   Proser- 


pine, Core's,  Juno,  Bello'na,  Hecate,  and 
Uhamnu'sia  [N'em'esis]. 

his.  Some  maintain  that  Isis  was  at 
one  time  the  protectress  of  Paris,  and 
that  the  word  Paris  is  a  contraction  ol 
the  Greek  I'ara  I'sidos  (near  the  temple 
of  Isis),  the  temple  referred  to  being  the 
Pantheon  or  Church  of  St.  Genevieve. 
We  are  told,  moreover,  that  a  statue  of 
Isis  was  for  a  long  time  preserved  in  the 
cliuro^i  of  St.  Gerinain-des-Pr6s,  but  was 
liroken  to  pieces  by  cardinal  Bri^onnet 
because  he  saw  certain  women  olifering 
candles  to  it  as  to  the  Virgin. 

T/uYoung his.    Cleopatra.    (69-30 B.C.< 

Islam  or  IsLAMisM.  The  true  faith, 
according  to  the  Mahometan  notion. 
The  Moslems  say  every  child  is  born  in 
I.slam,  and  would  continue  in  the  true 
faith  if  not  led  astray  into  Magism, 
Judaism,  or  Christianity.  The  word 
moans  resignation  or  submission  to  Oie  vill 
oj  God. 

Islaraite  (3  syl.).  A  follower  of 
JIahomet  or  believer  in  Islam. 

Island  of  Saints.  So  Ireland  wai 
called  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

Island   of    St.   Brandan.     The 

flying  island,  the  supposed  retreat  of 
king  Rodri'go.  So  called  from  St.  Bran- 
dan,  who  went  in  search  of  the  Islands 
of  Paradise  in  the  sixth  century. 

Islands  of  the  Blest.  Islands  to 
which  the  favourites  of  the  gods  were 
conveyed  at  death.—  Classic  mythology. 

Isle  of  Dogs.  So  called  from  being 
the  receptacle  of  the  greyhounds  ol 
Edward  IIL  Some  say  it  is  a  corruption 
<jf  the  hie  oJ  Ducks,  and  that  it  is  so 
called  in  ancient  records,  from  the  num- 
ber of  wild  fowl  inhabiting  the  marshes. 

Ismael'lans  (4  syl.).  A  Mahometan 
sect,  which  maintained  that  Isma'el,  and 
not  Moussa,  ought  to  be  Imaum'.  In  the 
tenth  century  they  formed  a  secret  so- 
ciety, from  which  sprang  the  Assassins. 

Isme'ne  (3  syl.).  Daughter  of  CE'di- 
pus  and  Jocasta.  Antigone  was  buried 
alive  by  the  order  of  king  Creon,  for 
burj'ing  her  brother  Polyni'ces,  slain  in 
combat  by  his  brother  Eto'ocles.  Isme'ne 
declared  that  she  had  aided  her  sister, 
and  requested  to  be  allowed  to  share  the 
same  punisl'jnent. 

Isme'ne-    The  kdj-loTe  of  Isme'nias. 


ISMENIAS. 


ITALICS. 


447 


in  tho  erotic  rc'tnanco  of  Eustathius  or 
Eumatliius,  entitled  "  Ismcne  and  Is- 
mecias"  (twelfth  century). 

Isme'nias.  A  Theban  musician  of 
whom  Ath'eas,  kin^  of  the  IScyth'ians, 
declared,  "  I  liked  the  music  of  Israeniaa 
better  l!ian  the  braying  of  an  ass." — 
Piutfoch. 

Isme'uo  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered"). 
A  map:ician  who  could  "call  spirits  from 
the  vasty  deep."  Ho  was  once  a  Chris- 
tiun,  but  became  Mahometan.  Ho  was 
killed  by  a  stone  hurled  at  him  by  an 
•ngino  (bk.  xviii.). 

Isoc'rates.  The  French  hocrala. 
I'lechier,  bishop  of  Nismes.     (1632-1710.) 

Is'olde  (2  syL).  Wife  of  king  Mark, 
of  Cornwall,  who  had  an  illicit  affection 
for  Sir  Tristram,  her  nephew.  Isolde  the 
White,  Sir  Tristram's  wile,  or  Isoi.t 

I'aothor'mal  Lines.  Lines  laid 
down  in  maps  to  show  tho  places  which 
have  thesame  mean  temperature.  (Greek, 
MJi  thermos,  equal  heat.) 

laparetta.  Supreme  god  of  the 
people  of  Malabar,  blie  converted  herself 
into  an  egg,  from  which  was  hatched 
heaven  and  earth  with  all  that  they  con- 
tain. She  has  three  eyes  and  eight 
hands.     (6't;e  Leda.) 

Is'rael,  in  Drydon's  satire  of  "  Ab- 
salom and  Achitophol,"  stands  for  Eng- 
land. 

Is'rafil'.  The  an^-el  of  music,  who 
possessed  tho  most  melodious  voice  of  all 
God's  creatures.  This  is  the  angel  who 
is  to  sound  the  Resurrection  Trump,  and 
will  ravish  the  oars  of  the  saints  in  para- 
dise. Isralil,  Gabriel,  and  Michael  were 
the  three  angels  that  warned  Abraham 
of  Sodom's  destruction.— .b'a/«,  "Koran," 

A  wiajeJ  I'lni.  commmiJel  hy  Isrtfil,  the  ansel 
of  111*  rirsurr^-ction,  cmuc  tu  meet  llulauii— "  CVo^u«- 
ri.i/.iK.f,"  ii.  0. 

ISSa.      J  9  JUS. 

Is'sacliar,  in  Dryden's  satire  of 
"Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  moans 
Thomas  riiyiiu-.-,  oi  Loni;leaie  Hall,  a 
friend  of  tho  duko  of  MoiiUiuuth  lie 
wa-s  ussiisKii.ated  m  his  carriage,  in  Pall 
Mall,  by  rullians  hired  by  count  Kouings- 
mark.  The  cause  of  this  murder  was 
jealousy;  both  Mr.  Thyuuo  and  tho  count 
were  in  love  with  lady  Elizabeth  Percy, 
the  widow   of  the  oarl   of   0^:10.      Uer 


friends  contracted  her  to  the  rich  com- 
moner, but  before  the  marriage  was 
consummated  Mr.  Thynnewas  murdered. 
Within  three  mouths  the  lady  married 
the  duke  of  Somerset.     (Sf^  Mohu.n.) 

hsachar't  Ears.  Ass's  ears.  The  allu- 
sion is  to  Gen.  xlix.  14  :  — "  Issachar  is  a 
strong  ass  crouching  down  between  two 
burdens. " 

Ut  poMible  that  you.  whose  eau 

Are  of  the  tribe  of  Itfachar'a 

PhoulJ  jet  be  deaf  arai'>sc  a  duIm 
So  roariiit;  m  the  puhlio  voice  ? 

S.  HulUr,  HuiUbrut  to  Sidroihtl. 

Issland.  The  kingdom  of  Brunhild 
is  identitied  by  Von  der  Hagen  with  Ice- 
land, but  Wackernagel  says  it  means 
Amazonian-land,  and  derives  it  from 
tho  Old  Gernian  itis  (a  woman).  —  Thi 
"  Nibelungen- Lied." 

Isth'niian  Games.  Epsom  racee 
were  styled  "Our  Isthmian  Games" 
by  lord  Palmerston,  in  allusion  to  the 
famous  games,  consisting  of  chariot 
races,  running,  wrestling,  boxing,  &c., 
held  by  the  Greeks  in  the  Isthmus  of 
Corinth  every  alternate  spring,  the  first 
and  third  of  each  Olympiad. 

Isthmus    of  Suez.    The  covered 

bridge  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
is  so  called,  because  it  connects  tho  col- 
lego  with  the  grounds  on  tho  other  side 
of  the  river.  Suez  in  this  cose  is  a  pun 
on  the  word  sus  (a  hog),  the  Johnians 
being  nicknamed /toy*  in  University  slang, 
whether  because  they  are  "  porci  litcra'- 
rum  "  or  "  Epicu'ri  de  grege  porci,"  I 
shall  leave  others  to  determine. 

Italian  Architecture.  The  Roman 
architecture  revived  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, and  in  vogue  during  that  and  the 
two  succeeding  ones.  It  is  divided  intc 
three  schools:  the  Florentine,  Roman, 
and  Venetian. 

Italic  School  of  Philosophy. 
The  Pyth.agore'an,  so  called  because  Py- 
thag'oras  taught  in  Italy. 

Italic  Version.  A  vcrsfon  of  the 
Bible  from  the  Septnagint,  which  pre- 
ceded the  Vulgate,  or  tho  version  by  St. 
Jerome. 

Italics.  The  typo  first  usodLy  AMo 
Manu'zio  in  printing  the  Aldine  classics. 
It  was  called  by  him  Cmsi'vL  Virgil 
was  the  first  author  printed  in  this  type 
(1601).     Francesco  of  Bologna  cast  it. 

Tlui  Ko'ds  UitiUised  io  tlie  Bible  ttave 


us 


ITALY. 


JACK. 


uo  corresponding  words  in  the  original. 
The  translators  supplied  these  words  to 
tender  the  sense  of  the  passape  more 
full  and  clear.  In  some  casss  they  are 
m.-'.r.ifestlv  in  errdr,  as  1  Cor.  i.  26,  "not 
many  wise  meu  after  the  flesh  .  ,  .  are 
called"  should  bo  call  you.  '1  ho  whole 
fii-t  of  the  chapter  is  to  show  that  men 
aro  called  by  the  foolishness  of  preaching. 

Italy.  The  champion  of  Italy  wa.? 
St.  Anthony.  —  "  Seven  Champions  of 
Christendom,"  pt.  i.  6. 

Ithu'riel.  One  of  the  ancrols  com- 
missioned by  Gabriel  to  search  for  Satan, 
who  had  effected  his  entrance  into  Para- 
dise. The  other  angel  who  accompanied 
him  was  Zephon.  (Ithuriel  means  "the 
discovery  of  God.") — Millon,  "Paradise 
Lust,"  iv. 

Itiha'sas.  The  Ramaya'ua  and 
Maha-Bhara'ta,  the  two  great  heroic 
poems  of  the  Hindus. 

I'van.  The  Russian  form  of  John, 
called  Juan  in  Spain,  Giovanni  in  Italian. 

Ivan  the  Terrible.  Ivan  IV.  of  Russia, 
infamous  for  his  cruelties,  but  a  man 
of  great  energy.  He  first  adopted  ihe 
title  of  czar.     (15.?9,  1533  1584.)., 

I'vanhoe  (3syl.)  Sir  Wilfred, knight 
of  Ivanhoe,  is  the  disinherited  son  of 
Cedric  of  Rotherwood.  He  is  first  intro- 
duced as  a  pilgrim,  in  which  guise  he 
enters  his  father's  hall,  where  he  meets 
Rowe'na.  He  next  appears  as  Des- 
dichardo,  the  "  Disinherited  Ivnight,"  in 
the  grand  tournament  where  ho  van- 
quishes all  opponents.  At  the  inter- 
cession of  King  Richard  he  is  reconciled 
to  his  father,  and  ultimately  marries 
Rowena,  his  father's  ward.  Rebecca, 
the  Jew's  daughter,  to  whom  he  had 
shown  many  acts  of  kindness,  was  in 
love  with  him. 

Sir  Walter  Scott  took  the  name  from 
tho  village  of  Ivanhoe,  or  Ivinghoe,  in 
Bucks,  a  line  in  an  old  rhymed  proverb 
—  "  Tring,  King,  and  Ivanhoe  " — having 
attracted  his  attention. 

Ivanovitch.  A  lazy,  good-natured 
person,  tho  national  impersonation  of  the 
Russians  as  a  people,  as  John  Bull  is  of 
the  English,  Brother  Jonathan  of  the 
ftmericans,  Jean  Crapaud  ol  the  French, 
ind  Coiuin  Michael  of  the  Germans. 

Ivory  Oate.  One  of  the  two  gates 
of  dreams.   The  dreams  that  pass  through 


this  gate   are  false   and   delusive.     (Set 
HoKN  Gate.) 

Ivy  (in  Christian  art),  symbol  of  ever- 
lasting life,  from  its  remainingcontinuall y 
green.  An  ivy  wrc-.-^th  was  the  prize  of 
the  Isth'mian  games,  till  it  was  super- 
seded by  a  pine  garland.  Tho  plant  was 
sacred  to  Bacchus  and  Osi'ris. 

Ivy  Lane  (London).  So  called  frojn 
the  bouses  of  the  prebendaries  of  St, 
I'aul,  overgrown  with  ivy,  which  onco 
stood  there. 

Ixi'on.  A  king  of  the  Lapithae,  bounti 
to  a  revolving  wheel  of  fire  in  the  Infernal 
regions,  for  his  impious  presumption  in 
trying  to  imitate  the  thunder  of  heaven. 
—  Greek  mythology. 


Jaafer.  At  the  battle  of  Muta,  Ja;ifi.T 
carried  the  sacred  banner  of  "the  •Pro- 
phet." One  hand  being  lopped  off,  Le 
held  it  with  the  other ;  tho  other  being 
struck  off,  he  embraced  it  with  his  two 
stumps ;  his  head  being  cleft  in  twain, 
he  flung  himself  on  the  banner  staff,  and 
the  banner  was  detainetl  thus  till  Ab- 
dallah  seized  it  and  handed  it  to  Khaled. 
A  similar  tale  is  told  of  Cynseglros  {q.v.), 
(Sfie  Bkjjbow.) 

Jaca.  The  devil  in  the  mytLology  of 
Ceylon. 

Ja'chin.  The  parish  clerk  in  Crabbe's 
"Borough."  He  appropriated  tlio  sa- 
cramental money,  and  died  disgraced. 

Jachin.     (See  Boaz.) 

Jack  and  James.  Jewish,  Jacob,' 
French,  Jacques;  our  "Jack,"  and 
Jacquemes,  our  "  J a-inoi."  Jaci^ues  used 
to  be  the  commonest  name  of  France, 
hence  the  insurrection  of  the  common 
peofile  was  termed  the  insurrection  of 
the  Jacques,  or  the  Jacquerie  ;  and  a  rustic 
used  to  bo  eallea  a  Jacques  bon  homme. 
The  Scotch  call  Jack  Jock. 

Jack.  (I.)  Applied  to  men,  but 
always  depreciatingly ;  personally  or 
morally  little.     {&«  Tom.) 

(1)  J ack-a-dandy  (q.v.). 

(2)  Jack-a-dreains.  A  man  of  inaction, 
a  mere  dreamer.  Handet  calls  himself 
"a  Jack-a-droams." 

(3)  Jack-a-drognes.  A  good-natured, 
lazy  fool.  (Dutch,  druilen,  to  be  listless: 
our  drawl.) 


JACK. 


JACK. 


449 


(4)  Jack-a-lent.  A  half-starved,  sheep- 
ish booby.  Hence  Shakespeare  says : 
"You  little  Jack-a-leut,  have  you  been 
true  to  us.     (&e  helow,  4  6.) 

(5)  Jack-a-napes  (q.v.). 

(6)  J ack-at-a-pinch.  One  who  lends 
a  hand  in  an  emergency ;  an  itinerant 
clergr3'man  who  has  no  cure,  but  officiates 
for  a  fee  in  any  church  whore  his  assist- 
ance is  required. 

(7)  Jack  lirag.    (See  Brag.) 

(8)  Jack-jool.  More  generally  Tom 
Fool  iq.v.). 

(9)  Jack  Ketch  (q.V.). 

(10)  Jack  PuMinj  {(J.V.). 

(11)  Jack-sauce.  An  insolent  sauce-box, 
"the  worst  Jack  of  the  pack."  Fluolleu 
says  one  who  challenges  another  and 
refuses  to  fight  is  a  "  Jack-sauco." — 
"  Henry  V.,"  iv.  7- 

(12)  Jack-snip.    A  botching  tailor. 

(13)  Jack-slave.  "  Every  Jack-slave 
hath  his  belly  full  of  fighting." — Skaki- 
tpeare,  "  Cymbeline,"  ii.  1. 

(14)  Jack-straw.     A  peasant  rebel. 

(15)  Jack-sprat  (q.v.). 
(Iti)  Jack-tar  {q.v.). 

(17)  Jack-in-ojfice.  A  conceited  official, 
or  upstart,  who  presumes  on  his  official 
appointment  to  give  himself  airs. 

(18)  Jack-iii-the-gyeen.  A  chimney- 
»\ve.>p  boy  in  the  midst  of  boughs,  on 
May  .lay. 

(19)  Jack-vi-lhe-water.  An  attendant 
at  the  waterman's  stairs,  kc,  willing  to 
wet  his  feet,  if  needs  be,  for  "a  few 
coppers." 

(20)  Jachof-all-trades.  One  who  can 
turn  his  hand  to  anything,  but  excels  in 
nothing. 

(21)  Jack-of-holh-sides.  One  who  tries 
to  fav  our  two  antagonistic  parties,  either 
from  fear  or  for  profit. 

(22)  Jack-oitt-oJ-office.  "  But  long  I 
will  not  be  Jack-out-of-office." — iihake- 
tpeare,  "  1  Henry  VI.,"  i.  1. 

(23)  C/uapJack.    (.Se*  Cheap.) 

(24)  Jack  will  never  be  a  gentleman.  A 
mere  parvenu  will  never  be  like  a  well- 
bred  gentleman. 

(25)  Ever //-man,- Jack  of  them.  All  with- 
ou  t  exception,  even  the  most  insignificant. 

(26)  Rememher  j)Oor  Jack.  Throw  a 
copper  to  the  boys  paddling  about  the 
ietty  or  pier,  or  performing  tricks  under 
the  hope  of  gettiijg  a  small  bounty. 

(27)  All  ftlluws,  Jockey  and  the  laird. 
Man  and  master  are  boon  companions. 

CIS)  Jack  is  as  good  as  Ids  muslcv. 
P 


II.  Applied  to  boys  who  act  the 

FAKT  or  MKJf. 

(Id)  Jack  Frost.  Frost  personified  as 
a  mischievous  boy. 

(2a)  Jack  Sp-at.  Who  bears  the  same 
relation  to  a  man,  as  a  sprat  does  to  a 
mackerel  or  herring. 

(3a)  Jack  and  Jill  (nursery  rhyme). 
Jill  or  Gill  is  a  contraction  of  Julienne  or 
Gillian,  a  common  Normau  name.  Jack 
and  Jill  represent  the  complete  amal- 
gamation of  the  Saxon  and  Norman 
stocks  in  the  nation. 

(4a)  Jack  and  the  Bean-stalk  (nursery 
tale),  of  German  origin. 

(5a)  Jack  and  the  Fiddle):     Ditto. 

(Ga)  Jack  of  cards.  The  Knave  or  boy 
of  the  king  and  queen  of  the  same  suit. 

(7a)  Jack  the  Giant  Killer  {q.v.). 

(8a)  GlymJack.  A  link  boy  who  carries 
aglym.    (Germz,n,  glimmen.)   {See  Glih.) 

(9a)  Little  Jack. 

(lOtt)  Little  Jack  Ilonier.  (See  Jack 
Horner.) 

(11a)  The  house  thai  Jack  luilt  (nursery 
tale). 

III.  Applied  to  the  males  op  in- 
ferior ANIMALS  :  as  — 

Jack-ass,  Jack-laker  (a  kind  of  owl). 
Jack  or  dog  fox,  Jack-hare,  Jack-hem, 
Jack-rat,  Jack-shark,  Jack-snipe;  a  young 
}i.  e  is  called  a  Jack,  so  also  were  the, 
ma'e  bii'ds  used  in  falconry. 

IV.  ApI'likd  to  Ikstruments  which 
supply  the  place  of  or  represent  inferioi 
men  or  boys  :— 

(16)  A  jack.  Used  instead  of  a  turnspit 
boy,  generally  called  Jack. 

(2i)  A  jack.  Used  for  lifting  heavy 
weiahts. 

('6b)  Jack.  The  figure  outside  old  public 
clocks,  made  to  strike  the  bell. 

Strike  like  Jack  o'  the  clock-housa,  never  but  in 
beuBOU. — Strode,  **  yivatiiiff  Inland." 

(46)  Jack-a-lent.  A  puppet  represent- 
ing Judas  Iscariot,  carried  about  in  the 
season  of  Lent ;  a  scare-crow.  Shake- 
speare says — 

Wit  may  be  mtde  a  Jack-a-Ient.— "  Mtity  JTicw 
of  lyiitUivr,'^.  5.    ISee  uOove,  4.) 

(56)  Jack-roll.  The  cylinder  round 
which  the  rope  of  a  well  coils. 

(G6)  Jack-iji-the-ha.d-et.  The  cup  or 
basket  on  tl>e  top  of  a  polo,  to  indicate 
the  place  of  a  sand-bank  at  sea,  &c. 

(76)  Jack-in-the-box.  A  toy  represent- 
ing a  man  which  popa  up  when  the  lid 
0^  the  bo?  is  roinovoij. 


iBO 


JACK. 


JACKANAPES. 


(86)  Booi-jach.  An  instruraont  fi>r 
dmwing  off  boots,  which  used  to  bo  doue 
by  inferior  servants. 

i^Jb)  BoUle-jack.  A  machine  for  turn- 
ing the  roast  instead  of  a  turnspit. 

(lOi)  Llfling-jack.  A  machine  for  lift- 
ing the  axlo-trce  of  a  carriage  when  the 
wheels  are  cleaned. 

(116)  Roasling-jaclc.  (^eeBoTTLE-JACK, 
96.) 

(\2h)  Smoke-jach  An  apparatus  m  a 
cbimney-fluo  for  turning  a  spit.  It  is 
made  to  revolve  by  the  upward  current 
of  smoke  and  air. 

V.  Applied  to  inferior  articles 
which  bear  the  same  relation  to  the  thing 
imitated,  as  Jack  does  to  a  gentleman. 

(Ic)  Jack.  A  rough  stool  or  wooden 
horse  for  sawing  timber  on. 

(2c)  Jack.  A  small  di-inking  vessel 
made  of  waxed  leather. 

(3c)  Jack.  Inferior  kind  of  armour; 
(See  H  Jack.) 

(4c)  A  Jack  and  a  Half-jack.  A  cornier 
resembling  a  sovereign  and  a  half-sove- 
reign, 

(5c)  Jack-block.  A  block  attached  to 
the  top-gallant-tio  of  a  ship. 

(6c)  Jack-bools.  Cumbrous  boots  of 
tough,  thick  leather.  Jacks  or  armour 
for  the  legs. 

(7c)  Jack-pan.  A  vessel  used  by  bar- 
bers for  heating  water  for  their  cus- 
tomers. 

(8c)  Jack-plane.  A  menial  plane  to  do 
the  rough  work  for  finer  instruments. 

(9c)  Jack-rafter.  A  rafter  in  a  hipped 
roof,  shorter  than  a  full-sized  one. 

(10c)  Jack-rib.  An  inferior  rib  in  an 
arch,  being  shorter  than  the  rest. 

(lie)  Jack-screws.  Large  coarse  screws. 
(12c)  Jack-timbers.     Timbers  in  a  bay 
shorter  than  the  rest. 

(13c)  Jack-toicel.  A  coarse,  long  towel 
for  the  servants'  use. 

(14c)  Jack  of  Dover  (q.v.). 
(15c)  Jacket  (q.v.). 

(16c)  Black  Jack.  A  huge  drinking 
vessel  A  Frenchman  speaking  of  it 
says,  "The  English  drink  out  of  their 
boots." — Ilejjwocd. 

VI.   A  TERM   OF  CONTEMPT. 

(If/)  Jack-a-lantern  or  Jack-o'-lantern, 
the  fool  fire  {ignis  fatuns). 

(2d)  Jaci-ass.    An  unmitigated  fool. 

(id)  Jack-at-howls.  The  butt  of  all 
the  players. 

(id)  Jack-dare.     A  prating  nuisance. 

{W;  Jack  Drum's  entertain inait  {q.v.)' 


(6i)  Jockey.    A  monkey. 

(Id)  Skip-jack.     A  toy,  an  upstart. 

^A  good  Jack  makes  a  good  Jill.  A  good 
husband  makes  a  good  wife,  a  good  master 
makes  a  good  servant.  Jack,  a  generic 
name  for  man,  husband,  or  master,  and 
Gill  or  Jill  his  wife  or  female  servant. 

Evei~jf  Jack  sfuill  have  his  Jill,  hvery 
man  may  find  a  wife  if  he  likes;  or  rather, 
every  country  rustic  shall  find  a  lass  for 
his  mate. 

Jack  shall  have  his  Jill, 
Nou?ht  shall  ko  ill  ; 
Tlin  rnan  eliall  have  his  mare  again,  and  all  thill 
be  well. 

Shukisiieare, "  Midmmmer  NioM't  Dream,"  iii  2. 

To  Play  the  Jack.  To  play  the  rogue 
or  knave  ;  to  deceive  or  lead  astray  like 
Jack-o'-lantern,  or  ignis  fatuus. 

your  fairy,  wliich  you  say  is  a  harmleni 

faTy,  has  doue  little  hetter  thau  playei  the  Jack 
Willi  us.— Maiesp«ar«, "  Temt'est,"  iv.  1. 

To  he  upon  their  Jacks.  To  have  the 
advantage  over  one.  The  reference  is 
to  the  coat  of  mail  quilted  with  stout 
leather,  more  recently  called  a  jerkin, 

Tl  Jack.  Armour  consisting  of  a 
leather  sureoat  worn  over  the  hauberk, 
from  the  fourteenth  to  the  seventeenth 
century,  both  inclusive.  The  word  is  a 
contraction  oi  jazerine,  a  corruption  of  the 
Italian  ghiazeri'no  (a  clinker-built  boat), 
which  it  resembled  in  construction.  It 
was  formed  by  over-lapping  pieces  of 
steel  fastened  by  one  edge  upon  canvas, 
coated  over  with  cloth  or  velvet.  In 
short,  it  was  a  sureoat  padded  with  metal 
to  make  it  sword-proof.  These  jaze- 
rines  were  worn  by  the  peasantry  of  the 
English  borders  when  they  journeyed 
from  place  to  place,  and  in  their  skir- 
mishes with  moss-troopers. 

Jack.    (See  Jockey.) 

%  Colonel  Jack.  The  hero  of  Defoe's 
novel  so  called.  He  is  a  thief  who  goes 
to  Virginia,  and  becomes  the  owner  of 
vast  plantations  and  a  family  of  siavos. 

The  Union  Jack.    (See  Union.) 

Jaek-a-dandy.  A  finikin  coxcomb. 
French  dandin  (a  ninny),  similar  to  tha 
Spanish  to'iiro(&  dolt). 

Jack-amend-all,  One  of  the  nick* 
natnes  given  to  Jack  Cado  the  rebel, 
who  promised  to  remedy  all  abuses.  {Set 
Cade.) 

Jack-a-napes.  An  impertinent, 
vulgar  prig,     in    1379  was   brought  to 


JACK   DRU.M. 


JACK  TUE  GIANT-KILLER.    451 


Viterbo  the  game  at  cards  called  by  tlie 
Saracens  na'ib,  and  Mr.  W.  Chatto  says 
that  Jack-a-napc3  is  Jack  o  nails.  The 
adjective  is  Jack-a-nape.   (See  Jeannot.) 

I  will  Uach  a  scurvy  jackantpe  pripst  to  mci!'* 
lor"  1.  -L 

Jack  Drum's  Entertairunent. 
A  beatiug.     {See  John  Dbum's,  ka.) 

Jack  Horner.  Halliwell,  in  hia 
"Nursery  Ilhynies  of  England,"  lias  given 
a  full  account  of  Master  Horner's  witty 
tricks  and  pleasant  pranks. 

A  correspondent  in  Solei  and  Queries 
says :  There  is  a  tradition  in  Somersot- 
shiro  that  the  abbot  of  Gla.stoubury, 
hearing  that  Henry  VHI.  had  spoken 
with  indignation  of  his  building  such  a 
kitchen  as  the  king  could  not  burn  down, 
sent  up  his  steward,  Jack  Horner,  to 
present  the  king  with  a  s\iitabIo  VjriVio — 
viz.,  a  pie  containing  the  transfer  deeds 
of  twelve  manors.  Jack,  lifting  up  the 
crust,  abstracted  from  the  dish  the  deed 
of  the  manor  of  Wells,  and  told  the 
abbot  that  the  king  had  given  it  him. 
Hence  the  nursery  rhyme:  — 

Little  Jack  ITorner 

Sat  in  a  ounierlc/^'i!  imggLn^, 

£yc;ug  his  Christmas  pic. 

}le  put  in  his  thumb 

Ana  pulled  rut  a  plum  Uhe  tiiU-dfti], 

S»j  ing  "  Vi'liat  a  brave  boy  am  I !" 

Jack  Ketch,  Although  this  looks 
very  much  like  a  sobriqiiet,  there  seems 
DO  suflicient  evidence  to  believe  it  to  be 
otherwise  than  a  real  proper  name.  We 
are  tol<l  that  the  name  Jack  was  ajiplicd 
to  hangmen  from  llichard  Jaquett,  to 
whom  the  manor  of  Tybiu-n  once  bo- 
longed.     (.Sse  Hangmen.) 

Jack  Pudding.  A  bufloon  who 
performs  puilding  tricks,  such  as  swal- 
lowing a  certain  number  of  yards  of  black- 
pudding.  S.  Bishop  observes  that  each 
country  names  its  stage  buffoon  from  its 
favourite  viands :  The  Dutchman  calls 
him  I'iehl-lierrinfe ;  the  (Jermans,  J/a)iS 
Wurst  (John  Sausage) ;  the  Frenchman, 
Jean  I'ofaf/e  ;  the  Italian  Macardni  ;  and 
the  English  Jack  Pudding. 

Jack  Robinson.  Before  you  can 
*ay  Jack  liohinson.  Immediately.  Grose 
says  that  the  saying  had  its  hirth  from 
a  very  volatile  gentleman  of  that  name, 
who  u-'jed  to  pay  flying  visits  to  his  neigh- 
bours, and  vas  no  sooner  announced  than 


he  was    off  again ;    but    the  following 
couplet  does  not  confirm  this  derivation. 

A  warke  it  ye  as  easie  to  be  done 
As  tys  to  6aye  Jacke :  roh>jt  on. 
Ano!Ji-lav,eittdl>j)  UnUiwill,"  Arch.  Vict,' 

Jack  Sprat.  A  dwarf ;  as  if  sjirals 
were  dwarf  mackerels.  Children,  h\'  a 
similar  metaphor,  are  called  small  fry. 
(See  Fry.) 

Jack  Tar.  A  common  sailor,  whope 
hands  aad  clothes  are  tarred  by  the  ship 
tackling. 

Jack  of  Dover.  A  stock  fish, 
"hake  salted  and  dried,"  The  Latin 
for  a  hake  is  merliicius,  and  lucius  is  a 
jack  or  pike.  Mer  of  course  means  the. 
sea,  and  Dover,  the  chief  cinque  port,  is 
used  as  a  synonym.  Also,  refuse  wine 
collected  into  a  bottle  and  sold  for  fresh 
wine. 

Many  a  Jack  of  Poyer  hastow  soM 

Tb:it  hath  been  twyijs  hot  and  twviis  cold. 

Chauctr, "  CankrOuru  TuU$." 

Jack  of  ITewbury.  John  Winch- 
comb,  the  greatest  clothier  of  the  world, 
;n  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He  kept 
lO'J  looms  in  his  own  house  at  Newbtiry, 
and  equipped  at  his  own  expense  100  of 
his  men  to  aid  the  king  against  the 
Scotch  in  Floddon  Field, 

Jack  o'  the  BowL  The  most  fa- 
mous brownie  or  house-spirit  of  Switzer- 
land ;  so  called  from  the  custom  of  placing 
for  him  every  night  on  the  roof  of  the 
cow-house  a  bowl  of  fresh  sweet  cream. 
The  contents  of  this  bowl  are  sure  to 
disappear  before  morning. 

Jack  the  Giant-killer  owed  much 
of  his  success  to  his  four  marvellous  pos- 
sessions—an invisible  coat,  a  cap  of  wis- 
dom, shoes  of  swiftness,  and  a  resistless 
Bword.  When  he  put  on  his  coat  no  eye 
could  see  him,  when  he  had  his  shoes  on 
no  one  could  overtake  him,  his  sworU 
would  cut  throu^'h  everything,  and  when 
his  cap  was  on  he  knew  everything  bo 
rotiuircd  to  know,  Yongo  says  the  story 
is  based  on  the  Scandinavian  tale  of  Thor 
and  Loki,  while  ilasson  maintains  it  to 
be  a  nursery  version  of  the  feats  of  Co- 
rin'eus  in  Ueodrey  of  Monmouth's  mar- 
vellous history.  I  ai^piohcnd  that neitlur 
of  those  suggestions  will  flud  many  suii, 
pur  tors. 


452 


JACKAL. 


JACQUES. 


Jackal.  A  toady.  One  who  does 
the  dirty  work  of  another.  It  was  ouco 
thouf^'ht  tliat  the  jackals  bunted  in 
trooi)s  to  provi<Ie  the  lion  with  proy, 
bcnco  they  wore  called  the  "  lion's  pro- 
viders." No  doubt  the  lion  will  at  times 
avail  himself  of  the  jackal's  assistance 
by  appropriating  prey  started  by  these 
"  hunters,"  but  it  would  be  folly  to  sup- 
pose that  the  jackal  acted  on  the  principle 
of  vos  non  vobis.     {See  HoNErcoMB.) 

Jacket.  A  little  jack,  orsurcoat.— 
See  Jack  (armour). 

Jackson.    (,See  Stonewall.) 

Jackso'nian  Professor.  The  pro- 
fessor of  natural  and  experimental  phi- 
losophy in  the  University  of  Cambricltre. 
This  professorship  was  founded  in  17^3 
by  the  liev.  Richard  Jackson. 

Jacob.  Jacob  the  scourge  of  Oram,- 
mar.  Giles  Jacob,  master  of  Romsey,  in 
Southamptonshire,  brought  up  for  an 
attorney.  A  poetaster  in  the  time  of 
Pope.    (See  "  Dunciad,"  iii.) 

Jacob's  Ladder.  A  ladder  seen 
by  the  patriarch  Jacob  in  a  vision.  It 
■was  set  on  the  earth  and  reached  to 
heaven,  and  angels  seemed  to  be  ascend- 
ing and  descending  on  it  (Gen.  x.xviii.  12). 
Jacob  is,  on  this  account,  a  cant  name 
for  a  ladder.    There  is  a  (lower  so  called. 

Jacob's  Stone.  The  stone  inclosed 
in  our  coronation  chair,  brought  from 
Scone  by  Edward  I.,  and  said  to  be  the 
stone  on  which  the  patriarch  Jacob  laid 
his  head  when  he  dreamt  about  the 
ladder  referred  to  above. 

This  stone  was  originally  us&l  in  Ireland 
as  a  coronation  stone.  It  was  called 
"  Innisfail,"  or  stone  of  fortune. 

Jacobins.  The  Dominicans  were  so 
called  in  Franco  from  the  "  Ruo  St. 
Jacques,"  Paris,  where  they  first  esta- 
blished themselves  in  1219. 

Jacobins.  A  political  club,  originally 
called  the  Club  Breton,  formed  at  Ver- 
sailles in  17S9.  On  their  removal  to  Paris, 
they  met  in  the  hall  of  an  ex-convent  of 
Ja-cobins  (see  above),  in  the  "  Kue  St. 
Honort?." 

Jac'obites  (3  syl.).  The  partisans 
of  James  II.,  his  son,  and  grandson. 

Jacobites,  nicknamed  Warminrj-pans. 
It  is  aadd  that  Mary  d'Este,   the  wife 


of  James  II.,  never  had  a  living  child, 
but  that  on  one  occasion  a  child,  intro- 
duced to  her  in  a  warming-pan,  was 
suljstitutod  for  her  dead  infant.  Thib 
"  wartiiing-pan  child"  was  the  Pretender. 
Jacobites.  An  Oriental  sect  of 
Monoph'ysites,  so  called  from  Jaco'bus 
Baradiuus  (Jacoub  Al-Baradei),  bishop  of 
Edessa,  iu  Syria,  in  the  sixth  century. 

Jaco'bus.  A  gold  coin  of  the  value 
of  25s.,  struck  in  the  reign  of  James  I. 

Jacquard  Loom.  So  called  from 
Jos.  Marie  Jacipiard,  of  Lyons,  who  in- 
vented this  ingenious  device  for  weaving 
figures  upon  silks  and  muslins.  (1752- 
1834.) 

Jacqueline  (of  Paris).  A  bell 
weighing  15,000  lbs.,  cast  in  1400. 

Jacquerie  {La).  An  insurrcctioa 
of  the  peasantry  of  France  in  1353,  ex- 
cited by  the  oppressions  of  the  privileged 
classes  *nd  Charles  the  Bad  of  Navarre, 
while  king  Jean  was  a  prisoner  in  Eng- 
land. When  the  peasants  complained, 
and  asked  who  was  to  redress  their 
grievances,  they  were  told  in  scorn 
Jacques  lioxL-liomme  (Johnny  Goodman)— 
i.e.,  no  one.  At  length  a  leader  appeared, 
called  himself  Jacques  Bonhomme,  and 
declared  war  to  the  death  against  every 
gentleman  in  France.  In  six  weeks  some 
12,000  of  these  insurgents  were  cut  down, 
and  amongst  their  number  was  the  leader 
himself.    (See  Jack,  Jacques.) 

Jacques.  A  generic  name  for  the 
poor  artisan  class  in  France.  Jaques  is 
a  sort  of  cotton  waistcoat  without  sleeves. 

Jacqneii,  il  me  faut  troubler  ton  somme  ; 

l)j.at,  le  villai?e,  un  gros  hui88ier 

Kade  et  cjurt.  siiivi  du  messier  : 
C'est  pour  I'lmpdt,  las  !  nion  pauTre  liomrot:. 
l.eve-toi,  Jacques,  levo-toi, 
Voici  veuir  I'huissier  du  rol. 

BSranf/ar  (1331.) 

Pa^im-e  Jacques.  Said  to  a  maiden 
when  she  is  lackadaisical  (French).  JIarie 
Antoinette  had  at  the  Little  Trianon  an 
artificial  Swiss  village,  which  she  called 
her  "  Petite  Suisse,"  and  actually  sent 
to  Switzerland  for  a  peasant  girl  to  assist 
iu  milking  the  cows.  The  Swiss  maidou 
wivS  one  day  overheard  sighing  fqt 
"  Pauvre  Jacques,"  and  the  queen  seat 
for  the  distant  swain,  and  had  the  lovere 
married.  To  finish  this  absurd  romance, 
the  marctiQuses  4e  Travanet  wrote  an 


JACQUES  BON-UOMME. 


JA.MSHID. 


4^.1 


oiJc  on  the  event,  which  was  for  a  time 

wonJcrfuily  pojiu'.ar. 

Pauvre  Jacques,  (|uand  j'etais  pris  de  tol, 

Je  ne  sentais  pas  ma  inieere  : 
Mais  a  preteut  que  tu  vis  loin  rtp  moi, 

.'e  manque  de  tout  6ur  la  t-rre. 

ii'tiquiie  de  Tro.tantt. 

Jacques  Bon-homme.  A  sort 
of  fairy  good-luek,  who  is  to  redress  all 
wronps,  and  make  all  the  poor  wealthy. 
The  French  peasants  are  so  called  some- 
times, and  then  the  phrase  is  like  our 
term  of  sneering  pity,  "my  good  fellow," 
or  "my  fine  fellow."    {See  Jacquerie.) 

Jaeu'si.    God  of  medicine.- /apanM* 

m.ijlkolo<jy. 

Jade  or  The  Divine  Slone.  Worn  hy 
the  Indians  as  an  amulet  to  preserve 
them  from  the  bite  of  venomous  animals, 
and  to  cure  the  gravel,  epilepsy,  &c. — 
—II  ill. 

Jaffier  (3  syl.),  in  "Venice  Pre- 
served," a  tragedy  by  Otway.  Jle  joins 
the  conspiracy  of  Pierre  against  the  Ve- 
netian state,  but  communicates  the  secret 
to  his  wife  Belvide'ra.  Belvide.'ra,  being 
the  daughter  of  a  senator,  is  naturally 
anxious  to  save  the  life  of  Priu'li,  her 
father,  and  accordingly  induces  her  hus- 
band to  disclose  the  plot,  under  promise 
of  pardon  to  all  the  conspirators.  The 
plot  being  revealed,  the  senate  condemned 
the  conspirators  to  death,  whereupon 
Jaffier  stabbed  Pierre  to  prevent  his 
being  broken  on  the  wheel,  and  then 
stabbed  himself. 

Jaga  Baba.  The  Belo'na  or  war- 
goddess  of  the  Slaves. 

Jai'nas.  The  followers  of  Jai'na,  a 
heterodox  sect  of  the  Hindus.  They 
believe  that  all  objects  are  cl.issed  under 
nine  categories. 

Jamambuxes  {Solriierx  of  the  rohnd 
valleys).  Certain  f.-xnatics  of  Japan,  whc 
roam  about  and  pretend  to  hold  converse 
with  the  devil.  They  scourge  themselves 
severely,  and  sometimes  refrain  from 
sleeping  for  several  days,  in  order  to  win 
the  odour  of  sanctity.  They  are  employed 
by  the  people  for  the  discovery  of  articles 
stolen  or  lost. 

Jambuscha  (Jambus-rar).  Adam's 
preceptor,  according  to  the  pre- Adamites. 


Sometimes  called  Boan,  and  sometimes 
Zaglith. 

James  {St.).  Patron  saint  of  S[)ain. 
At  Padron,  near  Compostello,  they  used 
to  show  a  huge  stone  as  the  veritable 
boat  in  which  the  apostle  sailed  from 
I'alestine.  His  body  was  discovered  in 
810  by  divine  revelation  to  bii-hop  Theo 
domi'rus,  and  king  Alphonso  built  a 
church  at  Compostello  for  its  shrine. 
According  to  another  legend  :  It  was  the 
rdicsoi  at.  James  that  were  miraculously 
conveyed  to  Spain  in  a  ship  of  marble 
from  Jerusalem,  where  ho  was  bishop. 
A  knight  saw  the  ship  sailing  into  port, 
his  horse  took  fright,  and  plunged  with 
its  rider  into  the  sea.  The  knight  saved 
himself  by  "boarding  the  marble  vessel," 
but  his  clothes  were  found  to  be  entirely 
covered  with  scallop  sheila. 

In  Christian  art  this  saint  has  some- 
times the  sword  by  which  he  was  be- 
headed, and  sometimes  he  is  attired  ai 
a  pilgrim,  with  his  cloak  covered  with 
shells.     {See  above.} 

St.  James  (tJie  Less).  His  attribute  is 
a  fuller's  club,  in  allusion  to  the  instru- 
ment by  which  he  was  put  to  death, 
after  having  been  precipitated  from  the 
summit  of  the  temple. 

St.  Jatnes's  CoUe<je.  So  called  from 
James  I.,  who  granted  a  charter  to  a 
college  founded  at  Chelsea  by  Dr.  Sut- 
cliffe,  dean  of  Exeter,  to  maintain  priests 
to  answer  all  adversaries  of  religion. 
Laud  nicknamed  it  "Controversy  Col- 
lege." The  College  was  a  failure,  and 
Charles  II.  gave  the  site  to  the  Royal 
Society,  who  sold  it  for  the  purpose  of 
erecting  the  Royal  Hospital  for  Old 
Soldiers,  which  now  exists. 

&t.  James's  Day.  July  25,  the  day  of 
his  martyrdom. 

Jamiua-Locon.  The  Indian  hell ; 
after  a  time  the  spirits  return  to  earth 
aud  enter  the  first  body  they  encounter. 

Jam'nes  and  MaraTares.  The  two 
magicians  of  Pharaoh,  wiio  imitated  some 
of  the  miracles  of  Moses.  The  .J.?nne6 
and  Jambres  who  "  withstood  JIosos," 
mentioned  by  St.  Paul  (2  Tim.  iii.  8,  9), 
are  supposed  to  be  the  same.  The  para- 
phrast  Jonathan  says  they  were  the  sont 
of  Balaam. 

Jamshid'.  King  of  the  Genii,  famous 
for  a  golden  cup  full  of  the  elixir  of  life. 
Tills  cup,  bidden  by  the  genii,  wa«  die* 


45i 


JANE. 


JAKUS. 


covered  while  digging  the  foundations  of 

Pcrsep'olis. 

I  know  loo  where  fie  eenii  hid 

The  jewelled  tun  of  tlieir  kine  Jamsbid, 

■NVltli  lift's  elixir  epirklnn  lii-'li. 

Thumat  iluore,  "  /"uruiiue  and  tht  reri" 

Jane.  A  Genoese  halfpenny,  a  cor- 
ru]ition  of  Januensis  or  Geuoensis. 

Jane.  A  most  ill-starred  name  for 
rulers.  To  pfive  a  few  examples :  Ladi/ 
Jane  Grey,  beheaded  by  Mary  for  treason ; 
JaKe  Htymour ;  Jane  or  Juan  Beaufort, 
wife  of  James  I.  of  Scotland,  who  was 
infamously  and  savagely  murdered  ;  Jane 
of  Bimjundi/,  wife  of  Philippe  le  Lo/ig, 
who  imprisoned  Lor  for  adultery  in  l^Jl-i  ; 
Jane  of  Flanders,  who  was  in  ceaseless 
war  with  Jane  of  I'enlkievre,  after  the  cap- 
tivity of  their  husbands.  This  contest  is 
known  in  history  as  "  The  wars  of  the 
two  Janes"  (fourteenth  centur)').  Jane 
of  France  (de  Valois),  wife  of  Louis  XII., 
who  repudiated  her  for  being  ugly  ;  Jar^e 
d'Albret,  mother  of  Uenri  IV.  of  France. 
Being  invited  to  Paris  to  attend  the 
espousals  of  her  son  with  Margaret  de 
Valo'is,  she  was  poisoned  by  Catharine  do' 
JIedicis(1572) ;  Jane,co^intas  ofllainault, 
daughter  of  Baldwin,  and  wife  of  Fernand 
of  Portugal,  who  was  made  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  Bouvines  in  1214.  She  re- 
fused to  rauscm  him,  and  is  thought  to 
have  poisoned  her  father ;  Jane  llenri- 
quez,  wife  of  John  II.  of  Navarre,  stirred 
np  war  between  her  husband  and  his  son 
Carlos  by  a  former  marriage,  and  ulti- 
mately made  away  with  the  young  prince, 
a  proceeding  which  caused  a  revolt  of  tho 
Catalonians  (14G2) ;  Jane  ike  imbecUe  of 
Castile,  who  lost  her  reason  from  grief  at 
the  neglect  of  her  husband,  PhiHp  the 
handsome,  archduke  of  Austria;  Jane  I. 
of  Naples  married  Andrew  of  Hungary, 
whom  she  caused  to  be  murdered,  and 
then  married  the  assassin.  Her  rciga 
was  most  disastrous.  La  Harpe  has  a 
tragedy  entitled  "Jeanne  de  Naples;" 
Jane  II.  of  Naples,  a  woman  of  most 
scandalous  character,  guilty  of  every 
Bort  of  wantonness.  She  maiTied  James, 
count  of  March,  who  put  to  death  her 
lovers  and  imprisoned  J ano  for  two  years. 
At  her  release,  James  fled  to  France, 
when  Jane  had  a  liaison  with  Caraccioli, 
whom  she  murdered.  Joan,  the  pope,  if 
indeed  such  a  person  ever  existed.  Jeanne 
la  Pucelle  [Joan  of  Arc]  cannot  he  called 
a  ruler,  but  her  lot  was  not  more  happy; 
&c.  &c.    (.S('«  John  ;  Two  ) 


Jane  "Eyte.  The  heroine  in  a  novel 
of  tho  same  name,  by  Currer  Bell  (q.v.). 

Jangu-Mon  (Oood  man).  Two  gods 
of  the  negroes  of  the  Gold  Coast. 

Janic'ulum.  One  of  the  armed  po- 
sitions  on  tho  farther  side  of  the  Tiber, 
which  prohibited  approach  to  Rome. 

Jan'i.gsarie3  or  Jan'izaries,  a  cele- 
brated militia  of  tho  Ottoman  empire, 
raised  by  Orchan  in  1326,  and  called  the 
Yengi-ischeri  (new  corps).  It  was  blessed 
by  Hadji  Bektash,  a  saint,  who  cut  off 
a  sleete  of  his  fur  mantle  and  gave  it  to 
tho  captain,  who  put  it  on  his  head,  and 
from  this  circumstance  arose  the  fur  cap 
worn  by  these  foot-guards. 

Janitor  {Latin).     A  door-porter. 

Jan'nanins.  The  departed  spirits 
of  the  Africans  of  Guinea.  They  resem- 
ble in  a  strildug  manner  the  Iloman 
ma'nes,  in  their  guardian  care,  and  in  the 
great  interest  they  take  in  the  family 
over  which  they  preside. 

Jannat  (JO  (The  Garden).  Tlie 
name  given  by  Mahomet  to  his  paradise. 

Jan'senists.  A  sect  of  Christians, 
who  followed  the  opinions  of  Janse'uius, 
bishop  of  Ypres,  in  France.  They  en- 
tertained Calvinistic  views,  and  long  did 
battle  with  the  Jesuits;  but  Louis  XIV, 
took  part  against  them,  and  they  were 
put  down  by  pope  Clement  XI.,  in  1705, 
in  the  famous  bull  called  Unigen  itus  (q.v.). 

Janua'riua  (St.).  A  martjT  in  305. 
Two  vials  of  his  blood  are  preseri'cd  in 
tho  cathedral  at  Naples,  and  every  year 
on  September  19  (the  day  of  his  martyr- 
dom) the  blood  liquefies. 

Order  of  St.  Jaanarius  (patron  saint 
of  Naples),  instituted  in  1738  by  infante 
don  Carlos. 

Jan'uary.  The  month  dedicated  by 
tho  Pomans  to  Janus  {q.v.). 

Ja'nus.  The  temple  of  peace,  in 
Rome.  The  doors  were  thrown  open  in 
times  of  war  and  closed  in  times  of 
peace.  Some  think  the  two  faces  of  this 
mythical  deity  allegorise  Noah  and  his 
sons,  who  look  back  on  the  world  before 
the  flood,  anil  forward  on  the  world  after 
the  deluge  had  abated.  This  idea  will 
do  very  well  in  poetry. 

Sl&Terj  was  the  hini?e  on  which  the  irafes  of  th» 
temp'.e  of  Jauui  turned  On  the  Aiaer:c»Q  wir).— 
T^  1%m4t. 


JAPANESE. 


JEAN    DB    LETTRE. 


455 


Japanese  (3  Byl).  Tlio  lan^ago  of 
Japan,  a  native  of  Japan,  anytliing  per- 
taining thereto. 

Oapheth's  Stone.  According  to 
tradition,  Noah  gave  Japheth  a  stone 
which  the  Turks  call  giudetasch  and  senk- 
jede.  Whoever  possesses  this  stone  has 
the  power  of  bringing  rain  from  heaven 
at  will.  It  was  for  a  longtime  preserved 
by  the  Moguls. 

Jaques  (1  syl.).  A  morose  cynical 
moraliser  in  Shakespeare's  "As  You 
Like  It."  It  is  much  disputed  whether 
the  word  is  a  monosyllable  or  not. 
Charles  Lamb  makes  it  a  dissyllable — 
"  Where  Jaques  fed  in  solitary  vein  ;" 
but  Sir  Walter  Scott  uses  it  as  a  mono- 
syllable— "  Whom  humorous  Jaques  with 
envy  viewed." 

Jarkman.  An  Abram-man  (q.v."). 
Jark  means  a  seal,  whence  also  a  .safe- 
conduct.  Abram-men  were  licensed 
bogn^ars,  who  had  the  "seal"  or  licence 
of  the  Bethlehem  Hospital  to  beg. 

Jarnac.  Coup  de  Jai^nac,  A  peculiar 
stroke  of  the  sword  by  which  the  oppo- 
nent is  ham-strung.  The  allusion  is  to 
the  duel  between  Jarnac  and  La  Ch9,- 
teigneraie,  on  the  10th  July,  1547,  in  the 
presence  of  Henri  II.,  when  Jarnac  dealt 
his  adversary  such  a  blow,  from  which 
he  died. 

Jarndyce  v.  Jarndyee.  An  in- 
terminable Chancery  suit  in  Dickens's 
"  Bleak  House."  The  character  of  Jarn- 
dyce  is  that  of  akind-hcarted,  easy  fellow, 
who  is  half  ashamed  that  his  left  hand 
should  know  what  his  I'ight  hand  gives. 

Jarvie  {BaiUit  Nkol).  A  Glasgow 
magistrate  in  Scott's  "  Rob  Roy."  Ho 
is  petulant,  conceited,  purse-proud, 
without  tact,  and  intensely  prejudiced, 
but  sincere  and  kind-hearted. 

Jatte  (pron.  Yeita).  Giants  in  Swedish 
1]  ythology. 

Jaun'dice  (2  syl. ).  A  jaundiced  eye. 
A  prejudiced  eye,  which  sees  "  faults  tliat 
are  not."  It  was  a  popular  belief  among 
the  Romans  that  to  the  eye  of  a  person 
wlio  had  the  jaundice  everything  looked 
of  a  yellow  tinge 

All  Cfems  infectctf  th»t  Hi'  Inftctod  npy, 
4j  lU  3«;m3  yellow  to  the  jaundiced  evo. 

Font,  "  A'lauv  oa  CriXicusiV." 


Javan  (day).  Son  of  Japheth.  In 
most  eastern  languages  it  is  the  collective 
name  of  the  Greeks,  and  is  to  be  so  un- 
derstood in  Isa.  Ixvi.  19,  and  Ezek, 
xxvii.  13. 

In  the  "  World  before  the  Flood,"  by 
James  Montgomery,  Javan  is  the  hero. 
On  the  day  of  his  birth,  his  father  died, 
and  Javan  remained  in  the  "  patriarch's 
glen"  under  his  mother's  care,  till  she 
also  died  ;  then  he  resolved  to  see  the 
world,  and  sojourned  for  ten  years  with 
the  race  of  Cain,  where  he  became  th« 
disciple  of  Jubal,  and  noted  for  his  mu- 
sical talents.  At  the  expiration  of  that 
time  he  returned,  penitent,  to  the  patri- 
arch's glen,  where  Zillah,  daughter  of 
Enoch,  "won  the  heart  to  Heaven  de- 
nied." The  giants  invade  the  glen,  and 
carry  off  the  little  b.and  captives.  Enoch 
reproved  the  giants,  who  would  have 
slain  him  in  their  fury,  but  they  could 
not  find  him,  "for  he  walked  with  Gcd." 
As  he  ascended  through  the  air,  his 
mantle  fell  on  Javan,  who,  "  smiting 
with  it  as  he  moved  along,"  brought  the 
captives  safely  back  to  the  glen  again- 
A  tempest  broke  forth  of  so  fearful 
nature  that  the  giant  army  fled  in  a 
panic,  and  their  king  was  slain  by  some 
treacherous  blow,  given  by  some  un- 
known hand. 

Jav'anese  (3  syl.).  A  native  of 
Java,  anything  pertaining  to  Java. 

Javert.  An  ofBcor  of  police,  the 
impersonation  of  inexorable  law  in  "  Lea 
Miserables,"  by  Victor  Hugo. 

Jawbone  (2  syl.).  Credit,  promises, 
(./aw,  words  or  talk;  bon,  good.) 

Ja'sey.  A  wig ;  a  corruption  of  Jer- 
sey, and  so  called  because  they  are  made 
of  Jersey  flax  and  fine  wool. 

Je  Maintiendrai  (I  will  maintain). 
The  motto  of  the  house  of  Nassau,  When 
William  III.  came  to  Engla"ad,  he  re- 
tained the  motto,  but  added  to  it,  "  I 
will  maintain  llie  Uherlifs  of  England  and 
l/ce  Proleslant  religion." 

Jeam.es  (1  syl.).  Any  flunky.  Some- 
times the  Morning  Post  is  so  called. 

Thackeray  wrote  in  /'ioicA.  "  Jonmes's 
Diary,"  ol  which  Jeames  de  la  Rluche 
was  tlie  hero, 

Jean  de  Lettra  (^fr,  Jenkins), 
"  Qui  pour  I'ordinaire.  dit  Talleinaat, 


46a       JEAN  DE  LA  SUlfi. 


JEMMY  DAT^^SON. 


•ert  un  animal  mal  iiloine  h,  touto  autre 
chose."— M  me.  DeshouU€rej,"lIUloi-ieUes" 
ix.  209,  X.  82. 

Jean  de  la  Suie  (French).  A 
Savoyard. 

Jean  das  Vignes  (French).  So 
the  jone;lers  call  the  poupce  to  which 
they  address  themselves.  The  French 
Protestants  in  the  sixteenth  century 
called  "  the  host "  Jean,  and  the  word  is 
pretty  well  synonvmous  with  buffoon. 
Jean  des  Vignes  was  a  drunken  ma- 
rionette performer  of  considerable  ability ; 
"Jean"  was  his  name,  "des  Vignes" 
Ilia  sobriquet.  Hence  when  a  person 
does  an  ill  action,  the  French  say,  "  II 
fait  comme  Jean  des  Vignes;"  an  illicit 
marriage  is  called  "le  manage  de  Jean 
des  Vignes,"  and  a  bad  fellow  is  "un 
Jean  des  Vignes."  Hence  Assoucy  says, 
"  Moi,  pauvre  sot,  plus  sot  que  Jean  des 
Vignes ! " 

Jran  '.  qu»  dire  mr  Jeui?  e'est  nn  teirihle  nmn. 
Qui  jamiit  n'»ccumpa  jne  un«  epitheU  lioui-M. 
JeiH  lies  Vignes,  Jean  ligne.    OilTai--je?    TrouTeu 
bon 
Qa'en  tl  hesn  chsmin  je  m'srrSte. 

"  yirgitt  I'raiciti,"  vii.  [Juno  to  ^¥ntai.) 

Jean  de  la  Vigne  (French),  A  crucifix. 
{See  above.) 

Jean  Farine  (Jack  Flour).  A  sort 
of  Scaramouch,  generally  very  tall,  and 
representing  a  loutish  boy  dressed  all  in 
white,  the  hair,  face,  and  hands  being 
covered  with  flour. 

Jean  Farine  s'en  fcrrii^nt  (dn  mantein  d'un  grn- 
tilhomrae  Gaaeoa)  uu  bonaet ;  et  i  le  voir  b'.acchastre, 
11  aemb'e  qu'U  soit  iie!»ja  eafaruie.— ie>  Jf'i  <it  fin- 
connu  (IMi). 

Jeannot  (French).  One  who  is  mi- 
nutely great,  ono  who  exercises  his  talents 
and  ingenuity  on  trifles,  one  who  after 
great  preparation  at  table  to  produce 
some  mighty  effect,  brings  forth  only  a 
ridiculous  mouse. 

Jeljis  or  Jebistj'.  The  Neptune  of 
Japanese  mythology,  especially  revered 
by  fishermen. 

Jeb'usites  (3  syl.),  in  Dryden's  satire 
of  "Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  stands 
for  the  Roman  Catholics ;  so  called  be- 
cause England  was  Roman  Catholic  before 
the  Refonnation,  and  Jerusalem  was 
oalled  Jehus  before  the  time  of  David. 


Jedwood  Justice.  Putting  aii  ob- 
noxious person  to  doa:h  first,  and  trjnag 
him  afterwards.     Same  as  Ji  dlnirirh. 

We  wiM  hare  Jedwood  justice— haon  In  hc«'»  8d4 
try  at  leisure.— icoU, "  fair  Uaid  of  Ft'iK,"  xixh. 

Jehen'nam.  The  Gehenna  of  the 
Arabs.  It  consists  of  seven  stages,  one 
below  the  others.  TLe  first  is  allotted 
to  atheists ;  the  second  to  Manicheans 
(q.v.);  the  third  to  the  Brahmins  of 
India  ;  the  fourth  to  the  Jews  ;  the  fifth 
to  Christians  ;  the  sixth  to  the  Magianj 
or  Ghebers  of  Persia ;  and  the  seventh 
to  hypocrites. — The  Koran. 

Jehovis'tic.    (Set  ELomsxic.) 

JellU-  A  coachman,  especially  ono  ttiat 
drives  at  a  rattling  pace.     (<Seep.  179.) 

The  witohmaa  told  hira  •aTin?....lhe  driTtn^!  ii 
like  th»  riririii;;  of  Jehu,  the  wa  of  Kimslii,  for  be 
drlTeth  funounJy.— i  Kmjt  iz.2u. 

Jejune  (2  syl.).  A  jejune  narrative. 
A  dry,  tedious  ono.   (Latin,  jejvfnus,  dry. ) 

Jelly  Pardons.  When  Thomas 
Cromwell  was  a  clerk  in  the  English  fac- 
tory at  Antwerp,  two  of  his  fellow-coun- 
trymen from  Boston  (Lincolnsliire),  con- 
sulted with  him  as  to  the  best  means  of 
getting  the  pardons  renewed  for  the 
repair  of  Boston  h.arl'our.  Cromwell, 
knowing  that  pope  Juli's  was  very  fond 
of  dainties,  provided  f^r  him  some  ex- 
quisite jelly,  and  told  his  holiness  that 
only  royalty  ever  ate  it  in  England.  The 
pope  was  so  pleased  with  the  delicacy 
that  he  signed  the  pardons^  on  condition 
of  having  the  receipt  of  the  jelly. 

Jellyby  (Mrs.).  A  philanthropist 
who  would  spend  and  be  spent  to  help 
the  poor  fan- makers  and  flower  girls  of 
Borrioboolah  Gha,  but  would  bundle  into 
the  street  a  poor  beggar  djing  of  star- 
vation on  her  own  doorstep. — Dickem, 
"  Bleak  House," 

Jemmy,  a  name  found  in  engravings 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  was  Jamea 
Worsdale,  the  painter  and  dramatic 
writer  (died  1767). 

Jemmy  Dawson  was  one  of  the 

Manchester  rebels,  who  was  hanged, 
drawn,  and  quartered,  on  Kennington 
Common,  Surrey,  July  30, 1746.  A  l<«iy 
of  gentle  blood  was  in  love  with  the  gal- 
lant young  rebel,  and  died  of  a  broka-. 


JENKINSON. 


JERUSALEM  DELIVERED.    457 


heart  on  the   day  of  bis    execution. — 
"  Percy's  Rtliques,"  series  2,  bk.  iii.  26. 

Shenstone  lias  a  ballad  on  the  subject, 
Iieninning  "Come  listen  to  my  mournful 
Lalo." 

Jenkinson  (Ephraim).  A  swindling 
rascal,  who  makes  a  tool  of  Dr.  Primrose, 
— Goldsmith,  "  Vicar  of  Wakefield." 

Jenny.  The  spinning  jenny  moans 
tho  little  spinning  engine.  The  word  is 
a  corrupt  diminutive,  'ginie.  It  is  an 
error  to  derive  the  word  from  the  in- 
ventor's wife  or  daughter,  seeing  bis 
wife's  name  was  Elizabeth,  and  ho  bad  no 
daughter. 

Jenny  I'Ouvi'iere.  A  generic 
name  for  a  hard-working,  poor,  but  con- 
tented needlewoman.  The  name  was 
devised  by  Emile  Barateau,  and  rendered 
popular  by  bis  song  so  called. 

Fntendei-Toim  un  oicenu  familier? 
C'est  le  cliauteur  de  Jenny  I'Uuvriire. 

Aucociir  content,  content  de  pcu 
£lle  pourraltcitre  riclie,  et  pr^fere 

Ce  qmTiont  de  Uieu.  (lil") 

Jenny  Wren  (Miss).  A  doU- 
dresser  and  a  cripple.  She  takes  charge 
of  a  drunken  father,  whom  she  calls 
her  boy,  and  trf'its  as  a  child. — Dickens, 
"  Mutual  Friend." 

Jeop'ardy  (3  syl.).  IIa;'.ard,  danger. 
Tyrwhitt  says  it  is  the  French  jcm  parti, 
and  Froissart  uses  tlio  phrase.  Si  novj 
Its  voyons  djeu  parti  (vol.  i.  c.  234).  Jeu 
parti  is  a  gamo  whore  the  chances  are 
exactly  balanced,  hence  a  critical  state. 

Jereed.  A  javelin  with  wbicb  the 
Easterns  exercise. — Castellan,  "  Mceuri 
des  Olhomans." 

Jer'emiad  (4  syl.).  A  pitiful  tale, 
a  tale  of  woe  to  produce  compassion  ;  so 
called  from  the  "  Lamentations"  of  the 
prophet  Jeremiah. 

Jeremi'all.  The  British  Jeremiah. 
Gibbon  so  calls  Gildas,  author  of 
"  Lamentatioiis  over  the  Dostruction  of 
liiitain  "  (.ilG-i»7U). 

Jeremy  Diddler.  An  adept  at 
raising  money  on  false  pretences.  From 
Kenny's  farce  called  "  Raising  the  Wind." 

Jer'icho.    Gone  to  Jericho.    No  ono 
knows  whore.     Tlie  manor  of  Ulackmore, 
De:u-  Chelmsford,  was  called  Jericho,  and 
p  * 


was  ono  of  the  bouses  of  pleasure  of 
Henry  VIII.  AVhen  this  lascivious  prince 
had  a  mind  to  bo  lost  in  the  embraces  of 
his  courtesans,  the  cant  phrase  among 
bis  courtiers  was  "  He  is  gone  to  Jericho." 
/  wish  you  tcere  at  Jericho.  Anywhere 
out  of  my  way.     {See  above.) 

Jerome  {St.).  Generally  represented 
as  an  aged  man  in  a  cardinal's  dress, 
writing  or  studying,  with  a  lion  seated 
beside  him.  The  best  painting  of  this 
saint  is  "The  Communion  of  St.  Jerome," 
by  Domenichi'no,  in  the  Vatican.  It  is 
placed  opposite  Raphael's  "Transfigura- 
tion." 

Jeron'imo.  The  chief  character  in  tUe 
"Spanish  Tragedy,"  by  Thomas  Kyd. 
On  finding  bis  application  to  the  king 
ill-timed,  ho  says  to  liimsolf,  "  (Jo  by, 
Jeronimo,"  which  tickled  the  fancy  of 
tho  audience  so  that  it  became  for  a 
time  the  current  street  jest. 

Jerry  Sneak.  A  henpecked  hus- 
band, from  a  celebrated  character  in 
Footo's  farce  of  the  "  Mayor  of  Garratt." 

Jersey  is  czar's-oy — i.e.,  Ciesar's 
island,  so  called  in  honour  of  Julius 
Ctesar. 

Jeru'salem,  in  Drydcn's  satire  of 
"Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  means  Lon- 
don. 

A  Jerusalem  pony.  A  needy  clergyman 
or  minister,  who  renders  temporary  aiil 
to  his  brother  ministers  for  hire ;  so  called 
in  bumoursome  discourtesy.  The  Jeru- 
salem jiony  is  a  large  species  of  donkey. 

Jerusalem  Artichoke.  A  cor- 
ruption of  Girasol'e  artichoke.  Girasole 
is  the  sun-flower,  which  this  vegetable 
resembles  both  in  leaf  and  stem. 

Jerusalem  Chamber.  The  Chap- 
ter-house of  Westminster  Abbey.  Henry 
IV.  died  there,  March  20,  14i:i. 

It  liath  been  proi  hesied  to  me  many  rMin, 
1  bhould  Dot  die  but  in  Joiu»klem. 

The  Lower  House  of  Convocation  now 
meets  in  the  .lerusalem  Chamber.  Tho 
Upper  House  meets  at  Mr.  Hodgson's, 
in  Dean's  Yard,  Westminster 

Jerusalem  Delivered.  An  opio 
in    twenty    books,  by   Torquato    Tasso 

(1541-ir.yi;). 

The  crusaders,  encamped  on  the  plains 
of  Torto'sa,  chose  Godfrey  for  th'  ii"  rhief. 


458 


JES3. 


JEWS-EYE. 


and  Aladiuo,  king  of  Jerusalem,  made 
preparations  of  defence.  Tlio  overtures 
of  Argantc's  to  Godfrey  boiiip:  declined, 
he  declared  war  in  tlie  nanao  of  the  kin^ 
of  Ef^pt.  Tlio  Christian  army  havintj 
reached  Jerusalem,  the  kinj?  of  Damascus 
sent  Amii'da  to  bcf^uile  tlie  Christians; 
she  told  an  artful  tale  by  which  she 
drew  off  several  of  the  most  puissant. 
It  was  found  that  Jerusalem  could  never 
bo  taken  without  the  aid  of  Rinaldo ;  but 
Uinaldo  had  withdrawn  from  the  army, 
because  Godfrey  had  citc<l  him  to  answer 
for  the  death  of  Girnando,  slain  in  a  duel. 
Godfrey  being  informed  that  the  hero  was 
dallying  with  Armi'da  in  the  enchanted 
island,  sent  to  invite  him  back  to  the 
army ;  he  returned,  and  Jerusalem  was 
taken  in  a  night  attack.  As  for  Armi'da, 
after  setting  fire  to  her  palace,  she  fled 
into  Egypt,  and  offered  to  marry  any 
knight  who  slew  Punaldo  ;  but  when  she 
found  the  Christian  army  was  success- 
ful, she  fled  from  the  field.  The  love  of 
Kinaldo  returned  ;  he  pursued  her  and 
she  relented.  The  poem  concludes  with 
the  triumphant  entry  of  the  Christian 
army  into  the  Holy  City,  and  their  de- 
votions at  the  tomb  of  the  Redeemer. 
The  two  chief  episodes  are  the  loves  of 
Olindo  and  Sophro'nia  (see  Olindo),  and 
of  Tancred  and  Corinda  (see  Tancred). 

Jess  (pi.  Jesses).  A  short  strap  of 
leather  tied  about  tlie  legs  of  a  hawk  to 
hold  it  on  the  fist.  Hence  a  bond  of 
affection,  &c. 

If  I  prove  her  haggard. 
Though  that  her  jfases  were  my  de;ir  hear.Btrmgg, 
I'd  whistle  her  off. 

Shnkisper.re,  "  Othillo,"  iii.  3. 

Jesse-tree.  In  Christian  art,  a  vine 
tracing  the  genealogy  of  Christ,  called 
a  "rod  out  of  the  stem  of  Jesse"  (ha. 
xi.  1).  Jesse  is  generally  represented  in 
a  recumbent  position,  and  the  vine  is 
made  to  rise  out  of  his  loins. 

Jes'sica.    The  Jew's  daughter  in  the 
"  ilerchant  of  Venice,    by  Shakcspeai'e. 
Jesters.    (See  Fools.) 

Jes'uit  (3  syl.).  When  Ignatius  de 
Loyola  was  asked  what  name  he  would 
give  his  order,  he  replied,  "  We  are  a  little 
battalion  of  Jesus ; "  so  it  was  called  the 
"  Society  of  Jesus,"  vulgarised  into 
Jesuits,  The  society  was  noted  for  it8 
learning,  political  influence,  and  "  pious 
fraxids."  The  order  was  driven  from 
France  iu  15t)4,  from  England  in  1G04, 


from  Venice  in  1605,  from  Spain  in  17G7, 
from  Naples  in  17G8;  and  in  1773  was 
suppressed  by  pope  Clement  XIV. ; 
b\it  it  revived  again,  and  still  exists. 
Tlie  word  is  used  to  expres.s  ono  who 
"  lies  like  truth,"  or  palters  with  us  in 
a  double  sense,  that  "keeps  the  worrl  of 
promise  to  our  ear,  and  breaks  it  to  our 
hope." 

Jet  d'Eau  (French).  A  spout  or 
jet  of  water  thrown  up  into  the  air, 
generally  from  an  artificial  fountain. 
The  great  jet  ut  Versailles  rises  to  a 
height  of  KjO  feet ;  that  at  Chatsworth, 
tho  highest  in  esisteace,  to  2o7  feet. 

Jetsam  or  Jetson.  Goods  cast  fnto 
the  sea  to  lighten  a  ship.  (French, _;«{«?•, 
to  cast  out.)    (See  Flotsam.) 

Jeu  d'Esprit  (,FreJicJi).  A  witti- 
cism. 

Jew.     The  Waiulcriny  Jew. 

(1)  Said  to  be  Kartaph'ilos,  Pilate's 
porter.  When  the  officers  were  dragging 
Jesus  out  of  the  hall,  Kartaph'ilos  struck 
him  with  his  fist  in  the  hack,  saying,  "Go 
quicker,  man;  go  quicker!"  Whereupon 
Jes'.is  replied,  "  I  indeed  go  quickly;  but 
thou  shalt  tarry  till  I  come  again."  This 
man  afterwards  became  a  Christian,  and 
was  baptised  under  the  name  of  Joseph. 
Every  100  years  he  falls  into  an  ecstacy, 
out  of  which  he  rises  again  at  the  age  of 
thirty. — Matthew  Paris. 

(2)  Ahasue'rup,  a  cobbler,  who  dragged 
Jesus  before  Pilate.  As  the  Man  of 
Sorrows  was  going  to  Calvary,  weighed 
down  witii  his  cross,  he  stayed  to  rest 
on  a  stone  near  the  man's  door,  when 
Ahasuerus  pushed  him  aw.ay,  saying, 
"  Away  with  you,  here  you  shall  not 
rest."  The  gentle  Jesus  replied,  "  I 
truly  go  away,  and  go  to  rest ;  but  thou 
shalt  walk  and  never  rest  till  I  come." 

(3)  In  the  fourteenth  century,  Isaao 
Lakedion  or  Laquedem. 

(4)  Croly's"Salathiel."  (.JmAuisteas.) 

Jews,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  "  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,"  those  English  who  wore 
loyal  to  Charles  II.,  called  David. 

Je^cs  borii.  with  tails.     (See  Raboin.) 

Jew's-eye.  Worth  a  Je^o's-e-i/e.  Ac- 
cording  to  fable,  this  expression  arose 
from  the  custom  of  torturing  Jews  to 
extvirt  money  from  them.  The  expe.lient 
of  King  John  is  well  known :  hedomanded 
IC.OOO  marks  of  s  rich  Jaw  of  Bristol  j 


JEWS-HARP. 


JINNISTAN. 


4C9 


the  Hebrew  resisted  the  atrocious  ex- 
action, but  the  t^-raut  ordered  him  to  be 
brought  before  him,  and  that  one  of  his 
teeth  should  be  tugpfcd  out  every  day, 
till  the  money  was  forthcoming.  This 
went  on  for  seven  days,  when  the  sufTercr 
pave  in,  and  John  jestingly  observed,  "A 
Jew's  eye  may  bo  a  quick  ransom,  but 
Jews'  teeth  give  the  richer  harvest." 

So  much  for  tradition,  but  as  a  matter 
of  serious  philology  the  word  Jew's-eya 
is  i=iniply  a  corruption  of  the  Italian  gioia 
(a  jewel). 

Launcelot,  in  the  "  Merchant  of  Venice," 
ii,  5,  puns  upon  this  phrase  when  he  says 
to  Jessica — 

There  wili  come  a  Chrieti&n  by 

Will  be  wonli  a  Jewess'  eye.  v 

•Tew's-liarp,  called  by  Bacon  jtii- 
trompe,  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  jew- 
trump,  by  Hackluyt,  jews-harp,  is  evi- 
dently the  French  jeii-trompe  (toy-trum- 
pet) or  _;'(ru-/iar/)e  (toy-harp).  "  Trompe  " 
in  French  has  a  very  wide  signification, 
and  means  a  horn,  trumpet,  rittle,  jew's- 
harp,  and  many  other  things. 

The  best  players  on  this  instrument 
have  been  Koch,  a  Prussian  soldier  under 
Frederick  the  Great;  Kunert,  Amstein, 

&C.' 

Jew's  Myrtle.  So  called  from  the 
popular  notion  that  it  formed  the  crown 
of  thorns  placed  by  the  Jews  on  the 
Saviour's  head. 

Jewels  in  heraldry  represent  colours. 
The  topaz  represents  or  (gold),  or  tlie 

planet  Sol. 

The  pearl  or  crystal  represents  argent 
(silver),  or  the  planet  Luna. 

The  ruby  represents  gules  (red),  or  the 
planet  Mars. 

The  6ai)phire  represents  azure  (Hue), 
or  the  planet  Jupiter. 

The  diamond  represents  sable  (hlach), 
or  the  planet  Saturn. 

The  emerald  represents  yert  (green), 
or  the  planet  Venus. 

The  amethyst  represents  purpuro  (pur- 
pie),  or  the  planet  Mercury, 

Jez'ebel.  A  painted  Jezehel.  A 
flaunting  woman  of  bold  spirit,  but  loose 
morals  ;  so  called  from  queen  Jezebel, 
the  wifo  of  Ahab. 

Jib.  A  triangular  sail  borno  in  front 
of  the  foremast.  It  has  the  bowsprit  for 
a  base  in  snrall  vessels  and  the  jib-boom 
ia  larger  oneSj  and  oicrts  an  important 


eflfect  when  the  wind  is  abeam,  in  throw- 
ing the  ship's  head  to  leeward. 

Jih.  The  under-lip.  A  sailor's  ex- 
pression ;  the  under-lip  indicating  the 
temper,  as  the  jib  indicates  the  character 
of  a  ship. 

The  cut  of  his  jih.  The  expression  of 
tho  face  dependent  on  the  "hang"  of 
tho  imder-lip.     (See  above. ) 

To  hang  (Jiejib.  To  look  cross,  to  drop 
tho  under-lip  in  ill-temper. 

Jib-boom.  An  extension  of  tho 
bowsprit  by  the  addition  of  a  spar  pro- 
jecting beyond  it.  Sometimes  tiie  boom 
is  further  extended  by  another  spar 
called  the  flying  jib-hoom. 

Jib-door.  A  door  flush  with  tha 
outside  wall,  and  intended  to  bo  con- 
cealed ;  forming  thus  part  of  tho  jib  or 
face  of  tho  house.  (See  "  Cut  of  nis  Jib.") 

Jig,  from  gigu^.  A  short  piece  of 
music  much  in  vogue  in  olden  times,  of 
a  very  lively  character,  either  six-eight 
or  twelve-eight  time,  and  usetl  fordanco- 
tunos.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  each  of 
eight  bars. 

You  jij,  you  amble,  and  you  liip. 

SluiUspemre,  ''  llumltt,'  Ui  1. 

Jihon.    The  river  Oxus. 

Jim  Crow.  Brought  out  at  the 
Adolphi,  in  1S3G.  Tho  character  of  Jim 
Crow  played  by  T.  D.  Rice,  as  the  original 
of  the  "  nigger  minstrels "  since  so 
popular.  A  renegade  or  turncoat  is  called 
a  Jim  Crow,  from  the  bunion  of  the 
song,  "  Wheel  about  and  turn  about," 

Jingo.  By  Jingo,  or  By  the  Living  Jiirrjo. 
Basque  "  Jainko,"  the  Supremo  Being. 

Jinn.  A  sort  of  fairy  in  Arabian 
mythology,  tho  offspring  of  fire.  Tiioy 
propagate  their  species  like  human  be- 
ings, and  are  governed  by  a  race  of  kings 
named  Suleyman,  one  of  whom  "built 
the  pyramids."  Their  chief  abode  is 
tho  mountain  KM,  and  they  appear  to 
men  under  tho  forms  of  serpents,  dogs, 
cats,  monsters,  or  even  human  beinu's, 
and  become  invisililo  at  pleasure.  Tlio 
evil  jinn  are  hideously  ugly,  but  tho 
good  are  exquisitely  beautiful.  The 
singular  of  jinn  is  jinnee, 

Jin'nistan.  The  country  of  the 
Jinn,  or  Fairy  Ijand,  the  chief  province 
of  which  is  The  Country  of  Delight,  and 
tho  capital  The  CU>j  of  Jewels. 


400 


JOACHIM. 


JOCKEY  OF  NORFOLK. 


Jo'achim  (.^<.).  TLo  father  of  tho 
Virgin  Mary.  Ooncrally  represented  as 
nD  ol<i  man  carrying  in  a  basket  two 
turtle-doves,  in  allusion  to  the  offering 
made  for  the  purification  of  his  daughter. 
His  wife  was  St.  Anne,  or  St.  Anna. 

Joan  {Pope).  A  supposed  female 
"pope"  between  Loo  IV.  and  Benedict 
lU.  She  is  said  to  have  been  born  in 
England  and  educated  at  Cologne,  pass- 
ing under  the  name  of  Joannes  An'glicus 
{John  of  Kngland).  Blindcl,  a  Calvinist, 
has  shown  that  no  such  person  ever  oc- 
cupied the  papal  chair. 

Joan  Cromwell.  Joan  CromioeU'e 
lilcheii-sluj'  lab.  A  tub  of  kitchen  per- 
quisites. The  lilchings  of  servants  sold 
for  "  market  pennies."  The  royalists 
used  to  call  the  Protector's  wife,  whoso 
name  was  Elizabeth,  JoaJi  Cromivdl,  and 
declared  that  she  exchanged  the  kitchen- 
stuff  of  the  palace  for  tallow  candles. 

Joan  of  Arc  or  Jeanne  la  Piicelle. 
M.  Octave  Dolepierro  has  published  a 
pamphlet,  called  "  Doute  Ilistorique," 
to  deny  the  tradition  that  Joan  of  Arc 
was  burnt  at  llouen  for  sorcery.  Ho 
cites  a  document  discovered  by  Father 
Vignier  in  the  seventeenth  century,  in 
the  archives  of  Metz,  to  prove  that  she 
became  the  wife  of  isieur  des  Armoise, 
with  whom  she  resided  at  Metz,  and 
became  the  mother  of  a  family.  Vignier 
subsequently  found  in  the  family  muni- 
ment-chest the  contract  of  marriage  be- 
tween "  Robert  des  Armoise,  knight,  and 
Je.aune  D'Arcy,  surnamed  the  JIaid  of 
Orleans."  In  1740  there  were  found  in 
the  archives  of  the  Maison  de  Ville 
(Orleans)  records  of  several  payments 
to  certain  messengers  from  Joan  to  her 
brother  John,  bearing  the  dates  1435, 
143(3.  There  is  also  the  entry  of  a  pre- 
Fi'atation  from  the  council  of  the  city  to 
the  Maid,  for  her  services  at  the  siege 
(dated  1439).  M.Delepiorrehas  brought 
forward  a  host  of  other  documents  to 
corroborate  the  same  fact,  and  show  tliat 
the  tale  of  her  martyrdom  was  invented 
to  throw  odium  on  the  English.  A 
.sermon  is  preached  annually  iu  Franco 
towards  the  beatification  of  the  Maid, 
who  will  eventually  become  the  patron 
saint  of  that  nation,  and  Shakespeare  will 
prove  a  true  prophet  in  the  words— 

No  lonQir  on  St.  Denis  will  we  cry, 

£ut  Joau  la  f  uceUe  stall  bo  Fr.tiice's  SiSnt 


Joannes  Hagustaldensis  is  John, 
prior  of  liexha.'ii,  autliorof  an  old  English 
"  Chronicle,"  and  "  Lives  of  the  Bishops 
of  llexliam  "  in  two  books. 

Job  (o  long).  The  personification  of 
poverty  and  patience.  "  Patient  as  Job," 
in  allusion  to  tho  patriarch  whose  history 
is  given  in  the  Bible. 

Poor  oj  Job.  Referring  to  the  patriarch 
when  ho  was  by  Satan  deprived  of  all  hia 
worldly  possessions. 

I  ao  as  poor  as  Job,  my  lord,  but  not  bo  patient 
SImkeiprme,  "a  JItmy  iy.,"i.i. 

Job's  Comforter.  One  who  pre- 
tends  to  sym[)athise  in  your  grief,  but 
s,a^  that  you  brought  it  on  yourself ; 
thus  in  reality  adding  weight  to  your 
sorrow.     {See  above.) 

Job  Thornberry.  A  rough,  but 
generous  and  tender-hearted  brazier,  who 
is  reduced  to  bankruptcy  ;  but  while  the 
bailiffs  are  in  the  house,  a  youth  named 
Peregrine,  to  whom  he  once  lent  ten 
pounds,  arrives  and  pays  the  several 
claims.  Of  course  the  young  mau  be- 
comes the  old  brazier's  son-in-law. — 
George  Colman,  "  John  Bull." 

Job  (o  short).  A  ministei~ial  job. 
Sheridan  says  : — "  Whenever  any  emolu- 
ment, profit,  salary,  or  honour  is  con- 
ferred on  any  person  not  deserving  it — 
that  is  a  job  ;  if  from  private  friendship, 
personal  attachment,  or  any  view  except 
the  interest  of  the  public,  any  one  is 
appointed  to  any  public  office  .  .  .  that 
is  a  job." 

Joba'tion.  A  scolding ;  so  called 
from  the  patriarch  Job,  who  was  well 
rated  by  his  three  friends. 

Jocelin  de  Brakelonda,  de  Relnn 
geitis  Samsonis,  &,c.,  published  by  the 
Camden  Society.  This  record  of  the 
acts  of  abbot  Samsou  of  Edmondsbury, 
contains  much  contemporary  history, 
and  gives  a  good  account  of  English  life 
and  society  between  1173  and  1202. 

Joekey  is  a  little  Jack  (boy).  So  in 
Scotch,  "  Ilka  Jeanie  has  her  Jockio." 
(See  Jack.) 

All  fellows,  Jockey  and  the  laird  (man 
and  master). — Scotch  proverb. 

Jockey  of  Norfolk.  Sir  John 
How.ird,  a  firm  adherent  of  Richard  III. 
On  tho  night  before  the  battle  of  Bos- 


JOE. 


JOHN. 


4dl 


wortb,  ho  found  in  liis  tent  the  warning 
couplet:  — 

Jockey  of  Norfolk, be  Dot  too  bold. 

Fur  l>ickou,  til)'  master,  Is  bought  and  ioli. 

Joe  or  a  Joe  Miller.  A  stale  joke ; 
80  called  from  the  compilation  of  jokes 
under  that  no7ii  de  plume.     (See  JIillku.) 

Joey.  A  groat ;  so  called  from  Josejih 
Hume,  M.F.,  who  strongly  recommended 
the  coinage  for  the  sake  of  paying  short 
cab-fares,  kc— IJaickins. 

Jog.  Jo;j  aivay,  jog  off,  jog  on.  Got 
away,  be  off,  keep  moving.  iShakespearo 
uses  the  word  ,5/1017  in  the  same  sense— as, 
"  Will  you  shog off? "("Henry  V.,"  ii.l.) 
and  again  in  the  same  play,  "Shall  we 
shog'"  (ii.  3).  Beaumont  and  Fletcher 
use  the  same  expression  in  "  The  Cox- 
comb"—  "Come,  prithee,  let  us  shog 
off  ;"  and  again,  in  "  Pasquilland  Katha- 
rine"— "  Thus  it  shogges  "  [goes].  In 
tlie  "  Morto  d'Arthur"  wo  have  another 
variety— "  Ho  shokkes  in  sharpcly " 
[rushes  in].  The  words  soem  to  bo  con- 
nected with  the  Dutch  srhol:ke>i,  to  jolt, 
and  tho  Saxon  scacan,  to  depart;,  to  Uee. 

To  jofj  his  mcmorij,  or  Give  Lis  memory 
a  jog.  To  remind  one  of  something  ap- 
parently forgotten.  Jog  is  to  shako  or 
stir  up.  (Welsh,  gogi,  to  shake  ;  French, 
dioquer  ;  our  shock,  shake,  &c.) 

Joggis  or  Jogges.  The  pillory. 
Jamicson  says,  "  They  punish  delin- 
quents, making  them  stand  in  jogges,  as 
they  call  their  pillories.  (The  word  is 
i'oke ;  Latin,  jugum  ;  French,  joiig  ; 
Saxon,  geoc.) 

St»unfl  »ne  wlioll  fabothe  daye  in  ye  Joigij.— 
Glen,  "  llittarj/  oj  Vutiibarton." 

Johai.  A  contraction  of  Johannes 
(Joh'n).  The  French  contract  it  dif- 
ferently, Jean — ie.,  Jehan  or  Johann  ; 
in  Italian,  Giovanni. 

John.  A  proverbially  unhappy  name 
with  royalty,  insomuch  that  when  John 
Stuart  ascended  the  throne  of  Scotland, 
he  changed  his  name  to  Robert ;  but 
misfortune  never  deserted  him.  and  after 
an  evil  reign  he  died  overwhelmeil  with 
calamities  and  infirmity.  Witness  John 
Baliol  of  Scotland ;  John  of  England,  a 
most  disastrous  reign.  John  I.  0/  France 
reigned  only  a  few  days;  John  II.  was 
for  years  a  captive  in  England,  and  to 
France  his  reign  was  a  tissue  of  evils. 
John  of  Bohemia  was  slain  at  Cressy. 
John  I.  of  Arcgiin  was  at  ceaseless  war 


with  his  subjects,  by  whom  he  was  exe- 
crated ;  John  II.  was  at  ceaseless  war 
•with  his  son,  Don  Carlos.  John  I.  of 
Constantinople  was  poisoned  by  Ba.'^il, 
his  eunuch;  John  IV.  had  his  eyes  put 
out ;  John  V.  was  emperor  in  name 
only,  and  was  most  unhappy  ;  John  VI., 
harassed  with  troubles,  aiidicated,  and 
died  in  a  monastery.  Pope  John  I.  died 
wretchedly  in  jail;  John  VIII.  was  im- 
prisoned by  Lambart,  duke  of  Spolc'to  ,* 
at  a  subsequent  period  he  was  dressed 
in  female  attire  out  of  mockerj',  and  was 
at  last  poisoned  ;  John  X.  was  overthrown 
by  Gui,  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  died  in 
prison ;  John  XI.  was  Imprisoned  with 
his  mother  by  Alberic,  and  died  there ; 
John  XII.  was  deposed  for  sacrilege,  and 
was  at  last  assassinated  ;  John  XXI. 
was  crushed  to  death  by  the  fall  of  a 
house  at  Viterho  (1-277);  John  XXIII. 
fled  in  disguise,  was  arrested,  and  cast 
into  prison  for  three  years.  John  I.  of 
Sit-edtn  was  unhappy  in  his  e.Tpoditions, 
and  died  childless;  John  II.  had  his  wife 
driven  out  of  tho  kingdom  by  his  anjry 
Bubjects.  Jean  Sans  Perir  of  Burg\iudy 
engaged  in  tho  most  horrible  massacres, 
and  was  murdered.  John  of  Sriahia, 
called  the  Parricide,  because  he  murderoil 
his  father  Albert,  after  which  ho  was  a 
fugitive  and  a  vagabond  on  the  face  o( 
the  earth,  &c.  he.     {See  Jane.) 

N.  B. — John  of  Portug;al  was  a  signal 
exception. 

King  John  and  the  abhot  of  Canterhuiy, 
John,  f)eing  jealous  of  the  st.ate  kept  by 
the  abbot,  declared  he  should  be  put  to 
death  unless  he  answered  three  questions 
— The  first  question  was,  how  much  tho 
king  was  worth  ;  the  second,  how  long  it 
would  take  to  ride  round  tho  world ;  and 
the  third,  what  the  king  was  thinking  of. 
The  king  gave  the  abbot  three  weeks' 
grace  for  his  answers.  A  shepherd  un- 
dertook to  answer  tho  three  qiiostions, 
so  with  crozier,  mitre,  rochet,  and  cope, 
he  presented  himself  before  the  king. 
"What  am  I  worth?"  asked  John. 
"  Well,"  was  the  reply,  "  tho  Saviour 
was  sold  for  thirty  pcnce^  and  your  ma- 
jesty is  a  penny  worse  than  he."  The 
king  laughed,  and  demanded  what  lie  had 
to  say  to  the  next  question,  and  tho  man 
replied,  "  If  you  rise  with  the  sun  :md 
ride  with  tho  sun,  you  will  get  round  the 
world  in  a  day."  Again  tho  king  was 
gatisfied,  and  demanded  that  the  respond- 
ent should  teU  him  his  thousfht*.    "  YuU 


402 


JOIINA  DREAMS. 


JOnN   IN   TUB   WAD. 


think  I  am  tbe  abbot  of  Cantcrbviry,  but 
I'm  only  a  poor  s!iej)licrd  who  am  corao 
to  ask  your  niajosty's  pardon  for  him 
and  rao.  The  king  was  bo  pleased  with 
tho  jest,  that  ho  would  have  mado  the 
Bhephenl  abljot  of  Canterbury;  but  tho 
man  ])luaded  that  ho  could  neither  write 
nor  read,  whereupon  tho  king  dismissed 
him,  and  gave  him  a  pension  of  four 
nobles  a  yiodk..—Fercy,  "lieliquai,"  series 
2,  bk.  iii.  6. 

Presler  John.  Tho  supposed  Christian 
king  and  priest  of  a  mediiieval  kingdom 
in  tho  interior  of  Asia.  This  Prcster 
John  was  the  Khan  Ung  who  was  de- 
feated and  slain  by  Genghis  Khan  in 
1202,  said  to  have  been  converted  by  the 
Nestorian  Christians.  lie  figures  in 
Ariosto,  and  has  furnished  materials  for 
a  host  of  medixval  legends. 

I  will  fetch  you  a  tooth-ricki'r  now  from  the  fur- 
thest inch  of  Afia  ;  bring  jou  the  length  of  Prester 
John's  foot;  fetch  you  s  linir  off  tho  great  Cham's 
\)et,li.,,,—Sliulietpenre,"  Much  Ado  about  Kothing," 
U.  1. 

The  three  Johns — an  alehouse  picture 
in  Little  Park  Street,  Westminster,  and 
in  White  Lion  Street,  Pentouvillo— is 
John  Wilkes  between  tiie  Ilev.  John 
Horno  Tooko  and  Sir  John  Glynn  (ser- 
jeant-at-law).— Jloiten,  "History  of  Si(j)i- 
hoards." 

St.  John  the  Evangelist  is  represented 
writing  his  gospel ;  or  bearing  a  chalico, 
from  which  a  serpent  issues,  in  allusion 
to  his  driving  the  poison  from  a  cup  pre- 
sented to  him  to  drink.  He  is  sometimes 
represented  in  a  cauldron  of  boiling  oil, 
in  allusion  to  the  tradition  of  his  being 
plunged  in  such  a  cauldron  before  his 
banishment  to  the  isle  of  Patmos. 

ISt.  John.  Tho  usual  war-cry  of  the 
English  of  the  North  in  their  encounters 
with  the  Scotch.  The  person  referred 
to  is  St.  John  of  Beverley,  iu  Yorkshire, 
who  died  721. 

John-a-Dreams.  A  stupid,  dreamy 
fellow,  always  in  a  brown  study  and  half 
asleep. 

Yet  I, 
A  dull  and  niuddy-mettl(>d  ruscal,  peak 
Like  JuhQ-a-dreams  unpreguautof  m;  cttU';«, 
And  can  say  nothing. 

Hhaktiptart,  "  Hamlet,'  ii.  3. 

John-a-Droynes.  A  foolish  cha- 
racter in  Whetstone's  "Promos  and 
Cassandra  "  (1578).  Being  seized  by  in- 
formers, he  stands  dazed,  and  suffers 
himself  to  be  quietly  cheated  out  of  hia 
monoy. 


John  Bull.  The  national  nickname 
for  an  Englishman,  represented  as  a  bluff, 
kind-hearted,  bull-headed  farmer.  The 
character  is  from  a  satire  by  l)r.  Arbuth- 
not.  In  this  satire  the  Frenchman  is 
termed  Lewii  Lahoon,  the  Dutchman 
Nicholas  Frog,  kc. 

John  Bull.  A  comedy  by  George 
Colman.  Job  Thornberry  is  the  chief 
character. 

Johnny  Crapaud.  A  Frenchman, 
80  called  by  the  English  sailors  in  the  long 
Napoleon  contest.  The  ancient  Flem.ings 
used  to  call  the  French  "  Crapaud  Fran- 
chos."  The  allusion  is  to  the  toads 
borne  originally  in  the  arms  of  France. 

John  Dory.  Either  a  corruption  of 
Jaune  doree  (yellow  gilt),  from  its  golden 
lustre ;  or  of  the  Gascon  Jan  doree  (the 
golden  cock),  the  fish  being  called  tho 
sea-chicken,  or  St.  Peter's  cock,  being 
(according  to  tradition)  the  fish  caught 
by  St.  Peter  with  a  piece  of  money  in 
its  mouth.  Tho  derivation  from  janilo'r'e, 
the  janitor  or  door-keeper  [of  heaven], 
is  worthless. 

John  Drum's  Entertainment. 

Hauling  a  man  by  his  ears  and  thrusting 
him  out  by  tho  shoulders.  The  allusion 
is  to  "  drumming "  a  man  out  of  the 
anny.  There  is  a  comedy  so  called,  pub- 
lished IGOl. 

When  your  lordship  si-es  tlie  bottom  of  his  success 
in't....if  you  give  him  not  John  Drum's  euterrain. 
n.ent,  your  inc^iiimj  crainoc  he  removed.— jSAoAe- 
tpeai'i,"AWi  WMlhalEmU  WM,"iii.6. 

John  LiOng.  To  wait  for  John  Long, 
the  carrier.  To  wait  a  long  time  ;  to  wait 
for  John,  who  keeps  us  a  long  time. 

Mess-John  or  Mass- John.  A  priest. 

John  Audley,  Is  John  Audley 
there  y  Get  done  as  soon  as  possible,  for 
there  are  persons  suflicient  for  another 
audience.  John  Audley  was  a  noted 
sliowman  and  actor  ;  when  his  platform 
was  full,  he  taught  tho  ticket  collector 
to  poke  his  head  behind  the  green  cur- 
tain, and  cry  out :  '•  Is  John  Audlty 
there  ?  "  This  was  a  signal  to  the  actors 
to  draw  their  piece  to  a  close,  and  clear 
the  house  as  quickly  as  possible.  Audloy 
taught  this  trick  to  Kichardaoo. 

John  in  the  Wad.  A  Will-o'- 
Wisp.  A  wad  is  a  wisp,  and  John  or 
Jack  is  a  name  for  any  inferior  person 
uuknown.    (Su  Jacs.)  * 


JOHN  OF  1JRUGE3. 


JOLLy-BOAT. 


46S 


John  of  Bruges  (1  syl.),  John 
7an  Eyck,  tlio  Flemish  painter.  (1370- 
1141.) 

John  of  Loyden  (the  prophet), 
being  about  to  marry  Bertha,  met  with 
three  Anabaptists  who  observed  a  strong 
Hkcness  in  him  to  a  i)icture  of  David  in 
Munster  Cathedral.  They  entered  into 
conversation  with  him,  and  finding  him 
apt  for  their  purpose,  induced  hiin  to 
join  their  rebellion.  The  rebels  took  the 
city  of  Munster,  and  John  was  crowned 
"  Ruler  of  Westphalia."  His  mother 
met  him  in  the  street,  and  John  dis- 
claimed all  knowledge  of  her ;  but  sub- 
fcquently  visited  her  in  prison,  and 
obtained  her  forgiveness.  When  the 
emperor  arrived  with  his  army,  his  Ana- 
baptist friends  deserted  him,  and  John, 
setting  fire  to  the  bauquet-room  of  his 
palace,  perished  with  his  mother  in  the 
ihimos.— Alt i/erbeer,  " Le  rropkete^^  {an 
Optra). 

John  o'  Groat,  with  his  two 
brothers  JIalcolm  and  Gavin,  arrived  at 
Caithness  in  the  reign  of  James  IV.  of 
Scotland,  and  purchased  the  lands  of 
Warse  and  Dungisbay.  In  the  process 
of  time  their  families  increased,  and 
there  camo  to  bo  eight  families  of  the 
same  name.  They  lived  together  amic- 
ably, and  met  once  a  j'car  in  the  original 
house ;  but  on  one  occasion  a  question 
of  precedency  arose,  who  was  to  co  out 
first,  and  who  was  to  take  the  head, 
of  the  table.  Jolm  o'  Groat  protnisrd 
them  the  next  time  they  came  ho  would 
contrive  to  satisfy  them  all.  Accordingly 
Lo  bviilt  an  eight-sided  room,  with  a  door 
and  window  in  each  side,  and  placed  a 
round  oak  table  in  the  room.  This  build- 
ing went  ever  after  with  the  name  of 
John  o'  Groat's  House.  Tho  site  of  this 
bouse  is  the  Berubium  of  Ptolemy,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Dungisbay  Head. 

Hunr.  Unil  o'  cakes  and  tnltlier  Scots, 
rrao  Mftidenkirk  lo  Johnny  Croat's  .  . . 
A  chlold'a  aniang  you  takin'  notes, 
And,  falib,  l,e'll  proni  it. 

liunu, "  Oiptain  Crw*" 

John  the  Almouer.  Chr.v«istom 
was  so  called,  because  he  bestowoii  so 
largo  a  portion  of  his  revenues  on  hos- 
piUils  and  other  ciiahties.     (317-407.) 

John  the  Baptist.  Fatrou  saint 
of  missionaries.  He  was  sa?t  "  to  prei>are 
Uio  way  of  the  Lord." 

In  Ckristiau  art  he  is  r&preswitod  in  ft 


coat  of  sheepskins,  in  allusion  to  his  life 
in  tho  desert,  either  holding  a  rude 
wooden  cross,  with  a  pennon  bearing  the 
words,  "  Ecce  Agnus  Dei ;"  or  with  a 
book  on  which  a  lamb  is  seated  ;  or  hold- 
ing in  his  right  hand  a  lamb  surrounded 
by  a  halo,  and  bearing  a  cross  on  tho 
right  foot. 

John  with  the  Leaden  Sword. 

So  earl  Douglas  used  to  call  the  duko  of 
Bedford,  who  acted  as  regent  for  Henry 
VI.  in  Franca. 

Johnson  (Dr.  Samuel)  lived  in  Fleet 
Street — first  in  Fetter  Lane,  then  ia 
Boswell  Court,  then  in  Gough  Square, 
then  in  the  Inner  Temple  Lano  for  seven 
years,  then  in  Johnson's  Court  (No.  7) 
for  ten  years ;  and  lastly  in  Bolt  Court 
(Xo.  8),  where  he  died  eight  years  after. 
The  coffee-house  he  most  frequented  was 
the  Mitre  taveru  in  Fleet  Street,  and  not 
that  which  has  assumed  tho  name  of 
"  Dr.  Johnson's  Coffee-house."  The 
church  he  frequented  was  St.  Clement 
Danes  in  the  Strand. 

Johnstone.  The  crest  of  this  family 
is  a  wuifjed  spur,  or  sjntr  letioeen  Ucoxiiings, 
leathered,  with  the  motto,  Nuiiquam,  non 
para'tm.  When  king  Edward  I.,  was 
meditating  treachery  in  favour  of  Balliol, 
Johnstone  sent  to  Bruce  (then  in  England) 
a  spur  with  a  feather  tied  to  it.  Bruce 
took  tho  hmt  and  fled,  and  when  ho 
became  king  conferred  tho  crest  on  tho 
Johnstone  family. 

Jolly.  He  is  jolly  green,  very  simple. 
That's jollif  good,  very  good.  John  Trapp, 
in  his  "Commentary,"  says,  "All  was 
jolly  quiet  at  Ephesus  before  St.  Paul 
came  thither  "  (lG5tJ).  It  is  the  French 
joli  (pretty),  but  e.xpressos  rather  more 
than  our  adverb  pretty :  thus  pretty 
good  means  "  rather  good,"  but  jolly 
good  is  "  slap  up." 

Jolly.  A  sailor's  nickname  for  a  ma- 
rine, who,  in  his  opinion,  bears  the  same 
relation  to  a  "  regular,"  as  a  jolly-boat 
or  yawl  to  a  ship. 

Jolly-Boat,  D.anish,joi.'<;  Dutch, 
jol  ;  Swedish,  ju/Zc,  a  yawl.  Tho  French 
say,  Se  mettre  en  joly,  meaning,  "Stop." 
"  Stand  fast."     (French,  jaU,  a  bowl.)" 

Amsteirnt  lenn  giil«i«*-,  et  m  mlrcat  taat«t  ot 
Jol>'  ic'i  >t  u:i  mot  >lc  i;alcri'«  quf  Ion  un?  otMod  ella 
nr  Vi'cnciit  cu  ftilTant  uj  »  am«re.  M  i}u'eil««  fool 
ballMl.   kC'  l>nfM»n\t,    •'  ViM    tiet  tirj^U   Ovmt 


464 


JONAS. 


JOURNAL. 


Jo'nas,  in  Prydcn's  saliro  of  "Absa- 
lom and  Achitoiihel,"  is  meant  for  Sir 
William  Joiies,  tlio  attornoy-gencral 
who  condiictotl  tlio  prosecution  of  tlio 
I'opish  I'lot.  Drydeu  calls  him  "bull- 
faced  Jonas." 

Jonathan.  Brolher  Jonathan,  In 
tbo  revolutionary  war,  Washing-ton,  being 
in  great  want  of  supplies  for  tbo  army, 
and  having  unbounded  confidence  in  his 
friend,  Jonathan  Trumbull,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  said,  "  We  must  consult 
brother  Jonathan."  Brother  Jonathan 
was  consulted  on  all  occasions  by  tho 
American  liberator,  and  was  accepted  as 
tho  national  namo  of  the  Americans  as 
a  people. 

Jone  {French},  A  wedding-ring ;  so 
called  becaiise  those  who  were  married 
by  compulsion  at  Ste.  Marine  wore  rings 
of  jonc  or  straw. 

C'est  dans  I'Sglise  de  Ste.  Marine  que  Ton  marie 
ceux  que  I'on  condamne  a  s'epoiiser.  Anciennemect 
on  les  mariait  avec  un  anneau  de  paille ;  etait-re 
pour  marquer  au  man  que  la  Tertu  de  celle  qu  il 
ipousait  eiait  bien  fragile  T—I)ulaxire. 

Jonos.  Jiire  sur  les  joncs  (to  be  on 
tho  straw) — i.e.,  in  prison. 

Plantez  aux  huimes  vos  piooni 
l)a  paour  les  bi^ans  si  ties- dura 

Et  ausBi  d'estre  sur  les  joncz, 
Emmancliez  eu  coffrc  et  gros  murs. 

ViHon,  "  Jargon U  Jubelin,"  ballade  i. 

Jor'inungan'dar  or  Midgaudsok- 
MEN  (i.e.,  earth's  monster).  Tlie  great 
serpcut,  brother  of  Hel  and  Fenris  (q-v.^ 
It  used  to  lie  at  tho  root  of  the  celestial 
ash  till  All-Fader  cast  it  into  tho  ocean  ; 
it  then  grew  so  large  that  in  time  it  en- 
compassed the  whole  world,  and  was  for 
ever  biting  its  own  tail.  '^ 

Jos  or  Joss.  The  pena'tes  of  tbo 
Chinese  ;  every  family  has  its  jos.  A 
temple  is  called  a  jos-house. 

Jos'aphat.  An  Indian  prince  con- 
verted by  tho  hermit  Bar'laam,  in  the 
Greek  religious  pastoral,  entitled  "  Josa- 
phat  and  Barlaam,"  generally  ascribed 
to  St.  John  of  Damascus  (eighth  century). 

Joseph  (St.).  Patron  saint  of  car- 
penters, because  he  was  of  the  same  craft. 
This  is  Joseph,  the  reputed  father  of 
Jesus. 

In  Christian  art  he  is  represented  as 
an  aged  man  with  a  budding  staff  in  his 
Land. 

A  Joseph.  One  not  to  be  seduced  from 
hia  oontinoncy  by  the  severest  temptatior , 


Tlio  reference  is  to  Joseph  in  Potiphar's 
house.— &'e«.  xxxix.  (.Vm  BiXLEUOi-noN.) 

Joseph    Andrew^s.     The  hero  of 

a  novel  written  liy  Fielding  to  ridicule 
liichardson's  "  Pam'ela,"  whose  brother 
Joseph  is  supposed  to  be. 

Joseph  of  A'rimathe'a  brought 
to  Listciiiso  the  sanctgraal  and  also  the 
spear  with  which  Longi'nus  wounded 
the  crucified  Saviour.  When  Sir  Balin 
entered  this  chamber,  which  was  in  the 
palace  of  king  Pellam,  he  found  it "  mar- 
vellously well  dight  and  richly  ;  the  bed 
was  arrayed  with  cloth  of  gold,  the  riche.st 
that  might  bo  thought,  and  thereby 
stood  a  table  of  clean  gold,  with  four 
pillars  of  silver,  and  upon  the  table  stood 
the  spear  strangely  wrought." — '■^History 
of  Prince  Arthur"  Ft.  i.  chap.  40. 

Josse.  Vans  etes  or/vvre,  Mnnsienr  Josse 
(You  are  a  jeweller,  Mr.  Josse).  Nothing 
like  leather;  great  is  Diana  of  the  Ephe- 
siaus  ;  your  advice  is  not  disinterested. 
In  Moli6re's  comedy  of  "L'Araour  M(5- 
decin,"  a  silversmith,  by  the  name  of 
Josse,  being  asked  the  be.st  way  of 
curing  a  lady  pining  from  lovo,  recom- 
mends a  handsome  present  of  jewellery. 
The  father  replies,  "  You  advise  me  like 
a  jeweller,  Mr.  Josse." 

Jotenheim,  or  Jotiiunheim  (pron. 
Uten-hdm).  The  hems  or  region  of  the 
Scandinavian  giants  or  joten. 

Jo'tham.  in  Dryden's  satire  of  "Ab- 
salom and  Acliitophel,"  means  Savilie, 
marquis  of  Halifax.  Jotham  was  the 
person  who  uttered  the  parable  of  "  The 
Trees  choosing  a  King,"  when  the  men 
of  Shechem  made  Abimelech  king. — 
Judges  ix. 

Jour  Maigre  {French).  A  day  of 
abstinence,  when  meat  is  forbidden  to 
be  eaten.     {See  Banian  Days.) 

Jourdain  {Momieur),  in  Moli^re's 
comedy  of  "  Le  IBourgeois  Gentilhommo. " 
He  represents  a  bourgeois  placed  by 
wealth  in  the  ranks  of  gentlemen,  and 
making  himself  extremely  ridiculous  by 
his  endeavours  to  acquire  accomplish- 
ments. 

Journal.  Latin,  diumum  (a  daily 
thing)  ;  ^^'elsll,  diicraod;  Italian,  giorno; 
French  (journee).,  journal. 

Applied  to  newspapers ;  the  word 
strictly  means  a  daily  paper,  but  the 
extension  of  the  term  to  weekly  par  err 
is  sanctioned  by  custom. 


JOURNEY-WEIGHT. 


JUDAS. 


'1G5 


Journey-weight.  Tho  weight  of 
certain  parcels  of  yoiJ  in  the  mint.  A 
jonrney  of  gold  is  fifteen  pounds  Troy, 
wliich  is  coined  into  701  sovereigns  or 
double  that  number  of  half-sovereigns. 
A  journey  cf  silver  is  sixtj'  pounds  Troy, 
which  is  coinoa  ".nto  3,U60  shillings,  or 
double  that  number  of  sixpences,  haJf 
that  number  of  florins,  i:c.  So  called 
because  this  weight  of  coin  was  required 
as  a  day's  work.     {Yrauch,  joumee.) 

Jouvence  (2  syl.).  Yon  have  been  to 
the  fountain  of  Jouvence — i.e.,  You  have 
grown  young  again.  This  is  a  French 
phrase.  Jouvenco  is  a  town  of  Franco 
in  the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  and 
has  a  fountain  called  la  fontaine  de 
Jouvence ;  but  Jouvenco  means  also 
youth,  and  la  fontaine  de  jouvence  may  bo 
rendered '*  the  fountain  of  j^outh."  The 
play  on  the  word  gave  rise  to  tho  trailitioa 
that  whoever  drank  of  this  fountain 
would  become  young  again. 

Jove  (1  syl.).  (See  JnriTEu.)  ThG 
Titans  made  war  against  Jove,  and  tn<3d 
to  duthrono  him. 

Nut  strong'  r  were  of  old  fhe  (riant  crew. 
Who  isoii,;lu  lo  pull  lii^li  Jovt  fiom  reK.il  e'ate. 
Tliumioii,  "  Cnslle  of  liiUuUiice,''  eauto  1. 

Milton,  in  "  Paradise  Lost,"  makes 
Jovo  one  of  the  fallen  angels  (i.  512). 

Jo'vial.  Merry  and  sociable,  likin 
those  born  under  tho  planet  Jupiter, 
which  astrologers  considered  tho  haj)picKt 
of  tho  natal  stars. 

Oar  Jovial  Btir  rtiBned  at  his  hirth. 

iVjuiespeure,  "  Ci/TitOeUM,"  v.  4. 

Joy.  The  sn'en  joys  of  the  Virqin  : 
(1)  Tho  annunciation  ;  (2)  tho  visitation  ; 
{o)  tho  nativity;  (4)  the  adoration  of  the 
three  kings;  (5)  tho  presentation  in  tho 
tomplo  ;  (G)  the  discovery  of  her  youthful 
Hon  in  tho  temple  in  tho  midst  of  the 
doctors  ;  (7)  her  assumption  and  corona- 
tion.    {See  Sorrow.) 

Joyexise  (2  syl.),  Charlemagne's 
sword,  which  bore  the  inscription  JJecetn 
jineccpto' rum  custos  Car'olus;  tho  sword 
of  Gnillaumo  au  Court-Ncz;  any  one's 
Bword.     Itwasburicii  with  f'harloin;igne. 

Joyeuse  Garde  or  Garde-JnyeMte. 
Tho  estate  given  by  king  Arthur  to 
Sir  Launcelot  of  tho  Lake  for  defending 
the  queen's  honour  against  Sir  Mador. 

.  Juan  Fernandez.  A  rocky  island 
111  tho  Pacific  Ocean,  on  tho  coast  of 
(Jhili.     Hers  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  buc- 


caneer, resided  in  solitude  for  four  years, 
and  his  history  is  commonly  supposed 
to  be  tho  basis  of  Defoo's  "  Kobiuson 
Cnisoe." 

Sailors  commonly  belie^xi  that  this 
island  is  the  scene  of  Crusoe's  adventures ; 
but  Defoe  distinctly  indicates  an  island 
on  theea^^  coast  of  South  America,  some- 
where near  Dutch  Guinea. 

Jubal  (a  trumpet).  The  son  of  Lamcch 
and  Adah.  He  is  called  the  invoiitor  of 
the  lyre  and  flute  (Gen.  iv.  19—21). 

Thonwhenhe  Unvinl  htanl  the  voice  of  Jubal'aljr*. 
Instinctive  geniua  cauglit  the  eiliere»l  sre. 

J,  Manti/omrr]/,  •'  The  /Kot  Id  brjort  tht  Fivil,"  o.  1. 

JuTailee.  The  Year  of  Jubilee.  Every 
fiftieth  year,- when  the  land  which  had 
passed  out  of  the  possession  of  those  to 
whom  it  oriijinally  belonged  was  restored 
to  them  ;  all  who  had  boon  reduced  to 
poverty,  and  were  obliged  to  let  them- 
selves out  for  hire,  were  released  from 
bondage ;  and  all  debts  were  cancelled. 
Tho  word  is  iromjobil  (a  ram's  horn),  so 
called  because  it  was  proclaimed  with 
trumpets  of  rams'  horns. 

y?(/;iY?«  (in  tho  Catholic  church).  Every 
twenty-fifth  year,  for  tho  purpose  of 
granting  indulgences.  Bonifaco  \'II[. 
instituted  it  in  1300,  and  ordered  it  to  be 
observed  every  hundred  years.  Clement 
VI.  reduced  the  interval  to  fifty  years. 
Urban  IV.  to  thirty,  and  Sixtus  IV.  to 
Lwonty-five. 

Protestant  Jubilee,  celebrated  in  Ger- 
many in  1617,  tho  centenary  of  the  Uo- 
formation. 

Shakespeare  Jubilee,  held  at  Stratford- 
on- Avon,  September  6th,  UoO. 

Jubilee  to  commemorate  the  commenco- 
ment  of  the  fiftieth  year  of  tho  reign  of 
George  III.,  October  25,  1809. 

Jubilee  to  celebrate  the  close  of  Ilovo- 
lutiouary  War,  August  1,  1814. 

Ju'daiae  (3  syl.).  To  convert  or 
conform  to  tho  doctrines,  rites,  or  man- 
ners of  tho  Jews.  A  Judaisinff  spirit  is 
a  desire  to  convert  others  to  the  Jewisb 
religion. 

Ju'daism  (3  syl.).  Tho  religion  of 
the  Jews,  or  any  tiling  else  which  is  spe- 
cial to  that  people. 

Ju'das,  in  the  satire  of  ♦■  Ahsalot^ 
and  Achitophol,"  by  Drydcn  and  T.ate, 
was  meant  for  Mr.  Forgucson,  a  Non- 
conformist. Ho  was  ejijctt'd  in  lGtJ2 
from  his  living  of  Godmersham,  in  Kent, 
and  afterwards  distinguished  himself  by 


4C6    JUDAS-COLOURED  DAIR. 


JUGGERKAUt 


his  political  iniri^uo^  lie  joined  tbo 
duke  of  Moumoutlij  whom  he  aft-orwards 
betra3-ad. 

A  Jwiai  h'ss.  A  dccoitfnl  act  of  cour- 
tesy. Judas  betrayed  his  Master  with  a 
kiss. 

Po  Ju'las kissed  bis  Master; 
And  orjetl,  "All  ha  1 !  "  when  as  l:e  mp.int  mi  harm. 
i>hakesi:enie,"3  JJtiiry  \'l  "v.  7. 

Le  point  de  Judas  {French).  The  num- 
ber thirteen.  The  Messiah  and  hi-s 
twelve  disciples  made  thirteen.  And  as 
Judas  was  the  fiist  to  die,  he  was  tde 
thirteenth.  At  the  death  of  the  Saviour, 
the  number  being  reduced  to  eleven,  a 
twelfth  was  elected  by  lot  to  fill  the 
vacant  place  of  the  traitor. 

Judas- coloured  Hair.    Fiery  red. 

His  very  hair  is  of  the  diese-nWing  colour,  Bomo- 
thing  hrcwner  (baa  J ud&i's. —Shakispeare,  "At  I'ou 
Like  /(,"  iii  i. 

Judas  Tree.  A  corruption  of  Kuamos 
tree — i.e.,  the  legruminous  or  bean  tree. 
The  corrupt  name  has  given  rise  to  the 
tradition  that  it  was  upon  one  of  these 
trees  that  Judas  Iscariot  hanged  himself. 

Judee.  La  peliU  Judee  (French). 
The  prefecture  of  police,  so  called  because 
the  bureau  is  in  the  Rue  de  Je'rusalem, 
iind  those  taken  there  for  offences  look 
on  the  police  as  their  betrayers. 

Jude  (St.),  in  Christian  art,  is  repre- 
sented with  a  club  or  staff,  and  a  car- 
penter's square,  in  allusion  to  his  trade. 

Judge's  Black  Cap.  The  jud^e 
puts  on  his  black  cap  (now  a  three-cor- 
nered piece  of  black  silk)  when  he  con- 
demns to  death,  in  sign  of  mourning. 
This  sign  is  very  ancient.  "Haman 
hasted  to  his  house  mourning,  having  his 
head  covered"  (Esth.  vi.  12).  David  wept 
"  and  had  his  head  covered  "  (2  Sara. 
XV.  30).  Demosthen'is  went  home  with 
his  head  covered  when  insulted  by  the 
populace.  Darius  covered  his  head  on 
learning  the  death  of  his  queen.  Malcolm 
Bays  to  jMacduff  in  his  de2p  sorrow, 
"  What,  man  !  ne'er  pull  your  hat  upon 
your  brows"  ("Macbeth,"  iv.  3).  And 
the  ancient  English,  says  Fosbroke, 
"drew  their  hoods  forward  over  their 
heads  at  funerals." 

Judges'  Robes.  In  the  criminal 
courts,  where  the  judges  represent  the 
Boveroign,  they  appear  in  full  court 
dress,  and  wear  a  scarlet  robe ;  but  in 
NijBi  Prius  Courts  the  judge  sits  merely 


t.o  ha'anco  the  law  between  civilians,  Kid 
therefore  appears  in  his  judicial  undreeia, 
or  violet  gown. 

Ju'dica  (Latin).  The  fifth  Sunday 
after  Lent,  so  called  from  the  first  word 
of  the  sendee  for  the  day,  Jvdica  me, 
Don'iiie  (Judge  me,  0  Lord). — Pt.  xliii. 

Judicium  Crucis  ^as  stretchinp- 
out  the  arms  before  a  cross,  til!  one  of 
tho  party  could  hold  out  no  loni;'er,  and 
lost  his  cause.  The  bishop  of  Paris  and 
abbot  of  St.  Denis  appealed  to  tliis  judg- 
ment in  a  dispute  they  had  about  the 
patronage  of  a  monastery  ;  each  of  the 
disputants  selected  a  man  to  represent 
their  cause,  and  tho  man  selected  by  the 
bishop  gave  in,  so  that  the  award  wa.s 
given  in  favour  of  the  abbot. 

Judicium  Dei  (Latin).  The  trial 
of  guilt  by  direct  appeal  to  God,  under 
the  notion  that  he  would  defend  the 
right  even  by  miracle.  There  were  nu- 
merous methods  of  appeal,  as  by  single 
combat,  ordeal  by  water  or  fire,  eating  a 
crust  of  bread,  staiiding  with  arms  ex- 
tended, consulting  the  Bible,  kc.  kc. 

Ju'ditll.  The  Jewish  heroine  ol 
Bethu'lia,  who  perilled  her  life  in  the  tent 
of  Holof ernes,  the  general  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, in  order  to  save  her  native  town. 
The  bold  adventurer  cut  off  the  head  ol 
the  Assyrian,  and  her  townsmen  rushing 
on  the  invaders,  defeated  them  with 
great  slaughter. — The  Look  of  J^idiih. 

Juge  de  Paix  (French).    A  cudgel. 

Alhert  Mangin,  condamnSimort  le7floreaI  an.  it 
ayant  dit  que  Ic.s  jacobins  itaitnt  tou  des  sceleratg 
et  ^icsco;uin?.  et  montrautnu  groslatouqu'ilteu.iit 
a  la  main  :  VoiUun  "ju?e  de  paii"  qui  lae  servira 
a  leur  casser  la  barre  du  coil— L.  P.  FruJhomine, 
"  Did.  det  Indiiidut  Condanuiis,"  .V«. 

Juggernaut  or  Jaggemaut.  A 
Hindu  god.  The  word  is  a  corruption 
of  the  'SAnsoni  jag anmVJia  (lord  of  the 
world).  The  temple  of  this  god  is  in  a 
town  of  the  same  name  in  Orissa.  King 
Ayeen  Akbery  sent  a  learned  Brahman 
to  look  out  a  site  for  a  temple.  The 
Brahman  wandered  about  for  many  days 
and  then  saw  a  crow  dive  into  the  water, 
and  having  washed,  made  obeisance  to  the 
element.  This  was  selected  as  the  site 
of  the  temple.  While  the  temple  wao 
a-building  the  rajah  had  a  prophetio 
dream,  telling  him  that  the  true  form  ol 
Vishnu  should  be  revealed  to  him  in  the 
morning.     When  the  rajah  wont  to  SK«i 


JUGGLER. 


JUNIOR  OPTIME. 


467 


tha  temple  ho  behold  a  log;  of  wood  in 
the  water,  and  this  log  ho  accepted  as 
the  realisation  of  his  dream,  eushrin?<l  it 
in  the  temple,  and  called  it  JajrannUh'. 

Car  ofJvgiiernaut.  An  enonnous  wooden 
machiuo  adorned  willi  all  sorts  of  figures, 
and  mounted  on  sixteen  wheels.  Fifty 
men  dra!^  it  annually  to  the  temple,  and 
it  is  said  to  contain  a  bride  for  the  god. 
Devotees  place  themselves  in  the  road, 
and  allow  the  car  to  crush  them  to  death, 
that  they  may  "  inherit  eternal  life." 
(.See  Kesora.} 

Juggler  means  a  player  on  a  jongleur 
a  sort  of  hurdy-gnrdy.  These  jugglers 
accompanied  the  minstrels  and  trouba- 
dours, to  assist  them,  and  added  to  their 
musical  talents  EleiL^ht-ofhand,  antics, 
and  feats  of  prowess,  to  amuse  the  com- 
|)auy  assembled.  In  time  the  music  was 
dropped  as  the  least  attractive,  and  tricks 
became  the  staple  of  these  wandering 
performers. 

Juggs  or  JoPfjs.  The  name  given  in 
Scotland  to  a  sort  of  pillory,  consisting 
of  an  iron  ring  or  collar  fastened  by  a 
fji'irt  chain  to  a  wall,  as  the  "jutr'is"  of 
Uuddiugston,  Edinburgh.    (See  JoaGis.j 

Julian,  the  Roman  emperor,  boasted 
that  ho  would  rebuild  Jerusalem  ;  but 
was  mortally  wounded  by  an  arrow  before 
the  foimdation  was  laid.  Much  has  been 
made  of  this  by  early  Christian  writers, 
who  dwell  on  the  prohibition  and  curse 
pronounced  against  those  who  attempt 
to  rebuild  the  city,  and  the  fate  of  Jidian 
is  pointed  out  as  an  example  of  Divine 
N-rath  against  the  impious  disrogarder 
of  the  threat. 

\\e\\  pleassd  they  look  for  Sion's  coming  state, 

t\oi  tbiukof  Julian'ii  boast  nuUJuliaQ'B  dite. 

Crabbe,  "  Jiorough. " 

St.  Julian.  Patron  saint  of  travellers 
and  of  hospitality.  Represented  as  ac- 
companied by  a  stag  in  alhision  to  his 
early  career  as  a  hunter,  and  either  re- 
ceiving the  poor  and  aftlicted,  or  ferrying 
travellers  across  a  river. 

An  liouRehttldere,  oml  ttiat  a  Kfot.  wns  lie  ; 
gej'iit  Julian  he  was  in  hie  cuuntrc, 
Ills  breed,  his  ulc.uasalway  aid  roon;  ['I'lepatttrn] 
A  beureeuvynod  man  was  ivj'v  here  u  on. 

Vhuneer,    ■  The    Fraukilei/n,"   ItUroduCtion   to 
"Canlerburi/  Talcs" 

St.  Julian  wa3  he  deemed.  A  great 
epicure.  St.  Julian  w.-w  the  epicurean  of 
saints.     {See  above.) 


Julian  Epoch  or  Era.  That  of  the 
re fonued calendar  bj' Julius  Cro-;ar,  which 
began  fortj'-six  years  before  Christ. 

Julian  Period  is  produced  by  mul- 
tiplying together  the  luuar  cycle,  the 
solar  cycle,  and  the  Roman  iudiction. 
The  first  year  of  the  Christian  eracorre- 
pponded  to  the  year  47M  of  the  Julian, 
and  therefore  to  reduce  our  B.C.  dates  to 
the  Julian,  we  must  subtract  them  from 
4714,  but  our  A.d.  dates  we  must  add  to 
that  number.  So  named  from  Julius 
Scaliger,  the  deviser  of  it. 

Julian  Year.  The  year  regulated 
by  J  uuus  Cicsar,  v.'hich  coidinucd  to  be 
ohserved  till  it  was  corrected  by  Popo 
Gregory  XIII.   in  15S2. 

Juliet.  Daughter  of  Lady  Capulct, 
and  "sweet  sweeting"  of  Romeo,  iu 
Shakespeare's  tragedy  of  "  Romeo  and 
Juliet."  She  has  become  a  household 
word  for  a  lady-love. 

Jiiliura  Si'dus.  The  comet  which 
appeared  at  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar, 
and  which  in  court  flattery  was  called 
the  apotbeo'sis  of  the  murdered  man. 

July'.  The  seventh  month,  named  by 
M.ark  Antony,  in  honour  of  Jiilius  Ca-sar, 
who  was  born  in  it. 

Ju'mala.  The  supreme  idol  of  the 
ancient  Finns  and  Lapps.  The  word  is 
sometimes  used  by  the  ScandinaviaD 
poets  for  the  Almighty. 

On  a  lonely  cliff 
Aq  ancient  shrine  he  tuuud,  .'f  Jumii'a  the  f«it, 
tor  many  a  ye^ir  cone  by  closed  up  and  dcsidaic. 
Fitihiot-iaaii,  "  The HecoticUi.Uiun.'' 

Jump,  meaning  "  just,"  aa  jump  at 
this  same  hour,  is  the  Welsh  imp  (a 
graft  or  shoot);  Danish,  y»i/;e;  our  imp 
(q.v.).  To  jump  or  to  tit  or  unite-with 
liKe  a  graft ;  a.s,  both  our  inveiilioiu  meet 
and  Jump  in  one.  Hence  the  adverb 
exactly,  precisely. 

The  Scotch  use  jimp,  as  "When  she 
had  been  m.arried  jimp  four  months." — 
"  The  Anti'iuary." 

June  (1  syl.).  The  sixth  month,  so 
named  by  the  Romans  from  the  festivalj 
give  in  honour  of  Juno. 

Ju'nior  Op'time.  A  Cambridge 
University  term,  meaning  a  third-class 
"  honour  "  m.an—  t.^.,  in  the  matliomatioal 
"  honour"  examination. 


408 


JUNIOR  SOPll. 


JUST. 


Ju'uior  Soph.  A  man  of  tho  aecoml 
year's  .stamliii;^  is  so  called  in  tlio  Univer- 
sity of  Oaiubridgo.     {See  Soru.) 

Ju'nius.  Letlert  of  Junius.  In  1871 
was  publisbod  a  book  entitled  "Tlie 
Handwritiiif,'  of  Junius  professionally  in- 
vestitjated  by  Mr.  Charles  Ghabot,  ex- 
pert." The  object  of  this  book  is  to 
prove  that  Sir  l'hilij[>  Francis  was  tho 
author  of  these  ktleri,.  In  May  22,  1871, 
appeared  an  article  in  tLe  Times,  to  show 
that  the  case  is  "not  proven"  by  Mr. 
Chabot.  Mr.  I'itt  told  Lord  Aberdeen 
that  he  knew  who  wrote  the  Junius 
Letters,  and  that  it  was  not  Francis. 
Lady  Grenville  sent  a  letter  to  the  editor 
of  Diaries  of  a  Lady  of  Qualily,  to  the 
8ame  effect. 

Junk.  Salt  meat  supplied  to  vessels 
for  long  voyages  ;  so  called  because  it  is 
hard  and  tough  as  old  rope-ends  so  called. 
Ropes  are  called  junks  because  they  were 
once  made  of  bulrushes.  (Latin,  juncut, 
a  bulrush.) 

Jun'ket.  A  cheese-cake,  a  sweet- 
meat, properly  made  of  curd.  The  word 
is  the  Italian  ginnada  (curd  or  cream- 
cheese),  so  called  because  carried  on  junk 
or  bull-rushes  {i/iunco). 

Yun  know  there  wants  no  junkets  at  the  fc'iwt. 
Sluiknapeare,  "  Turning  of  tht  Hhraw,''  iii.  2. 

Junner.  A  giant  in  Scandinavian 
mythology,  said  in  the  Eddato  represent 
the  "eternal  principle."  Its  skull  form. s 
the  heavens ;  its  eyes  the  sun  and  moon  ; 
its  shoulders  the  mountains  ;  its  bon  s 
the  rocks  ;  &c.  Hence  the  poets  call 
heaven  "  Junner's  skull;"  the  Sun, 
"  Junner's  right  eye  ;  the  moon,  "Jun- 
ner's left  eye  ;"  the  rivers,  "  The  ichor 
of  old  Junner." 

Ju'no.  The  "  venerable  ox-eyed  "  wife 
of  Jupiter,  and  queen  of  heaven. — Roman 

mythology. 

Juno'nian  Bird.  The  peacock, 
dedicated  to  the  goddess-queen. 

Junto.  A  faction  consisting  of 
Russell,  lord-keeper  Somers,  Chp.rles 
Montague,  and  several  other  men  of 
mark,  who  ruled  the  Whigs  in  the  reign 
of  William  III.  for  nearly  twenty  years, 
and  exercised  a  very  great  influence  over 
the  nation.  The  word  is  a  corruption  of 
tbe  Spanish  jiuita  (an  administrative 
assembly),  but  is  in  English  a  term  of 
oensure. 


Ju'pitcr  is  dies-pater,  tho  day-godL 
Tho  French  joiiv  is  a  remarkable  illus- 
tration of  tho  same  sort  of  change, 
derived  through  diurn-na,  Italian  girmio, 
Fronch  journee  axi'l  joxr,  onr  journal.  The 
Roman  god  of  tho  air  and  king  of  the 
celestials.  Camoens, in  his"  Lusiad, "calls 
"the  Ford  of  destiny"  Jupiter,  and  makes 
him  prijnouncein  council  that  the  Lusians 
shall  succeed  in  their  undertaking. 

Jupiter  Scapin.  A  nickname  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte,  given  him  by  the 
abbd  de  Pradt.  Scapin  is  a  valet  famous 
for  his  knavish  tricks,  in  Moliere's  comedy 
of  "  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin." 

Jurassic  Eocks.  Limestone  rocks, 
80  called  from  the  Jura  ;  tho  Jurassic 
period  is  the  geological  period  when  these 
rocks  were  formed.  Our  oolitic  series 
pretty  nearly  corresponds  with  tho  Ju- 
rassic. 

Jurisprudence.  Tlt^  Father  of 
Jurisprudence.  Glanville,  who  wrote 
"  Tracta'tus  de  Lcgibus  ct  Consuetudi- 
nibus  Angliw,"  in  llSl.     (Died  1190.) 

Jury  Mast.  A  corruption  of  jourif 
mast — i.  «.,  a  mast  for  tho  day,  a  tempo- 
rary mast,  being  a  spar  used  for  the 
nonce  when  the  mast  has  been  carried 
away.    (French, ^ojo-,  a  day.) 

Jus      de      Eeglisse      (Liquorice). 

French  slang  for  a  negro. 

Jus  Gen'tium  {Latin).  Interna- 
tional law. 

Jus  Mari'ti  {Latin).  The  right  of 
the  husband  to  the  wife's  property. 

Just  {The-). 

Aristi'des,  the  Athenian.  (Died  B.C. 
468.) 

BaTiaram,  styled  Shah  endeh  (the  Just 
King)  fifth  of  the  Sassanid-Js  iq.v.). 
(276-296.) 

Casimir  II.,  king  of  Poland.  (1117 
1177-1194.) 

Ferdinand  I.,  king  of  Aragon.  (1373, 
14r2-lU6.) 

Harouu  al  Easchid  (the  Just).  The 
most  renowned  of  the  Abbasside  califs, 
and  the  hero  of  several  of  the  "  Arabian 
Nights  "  stories.     (765,  786-808.) 

James  II.,  king  of  Aragon.   (1261-1327.) 

Khosru  or  (Jhosroes,  called  by  tho 
Arabs  Molk  al  Add  (the  Just  King). 

Moran  the  Just,  conncillorof  Feredach, 
king  of  Ireland. 

Pedro  I.  of  Portugal.    (1320, 1357, 1 367.) 


JUSTE  MILIEU. 


KALMAR. 


4':9 


J tiste  Milieu  {F>e}ich).  The  golden 
nean. 

Justices  io  JUyre  (pron.  ire).  A  con- 
traction and  corruption  of  Iliii'ere—i.  e., 
in  circuit. 

Justing  of  Watson  and  Barbour, 
A  description  of  a  ludicrous  tilt  between 
Watson  and  Barbour,  in  Scotch  verso,  by 
Sir  David  Lindsay. 

Justinian.  The  Enqlish  Juslinian. 
Edward  I.    (12:39,  1272-la07.) 

Ju'venal  (Latin).  A  youth  ;  common 
in  Shakespeare,  thus— 

Tlie  juveiml,  the  priiio«  your  iraBt^-r,  whoes  chin 
Unot  jtt  flcJjed.— ".!  Ilenry  l\'.,"  i.  i. 

The  Enfjlish  Juvenal.  John  Oldham. 
'IG53-1GS3. 


The    Juvenal    of    I'ainlers, 
lIo-arth(lUU7-17C4). 


Wiliiam 


K.  The  three  had  K't.  The  Greeks 
go  called  the  Ka'rians,  Kre'tans,  and 
Kilik'ians.  The  llomans  retained  the 
same  expression,  thouj^di  they  spelt  the 
Uireo  nations  with  C  instead  of  K. 

K.C.B.  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Bath. 

K.G.     Knight  of  the  Garter. 

K.  K.  is  the  German  Kaisoiiche  Kit- 
nujliche.  The  emperor  of  Aiistria  is  styled 
K.K.  Majestat — His  imperial  royal  ma- 
jesty. 

KaaTsa  (Araliic  for  square  house). 
An  oliloiig  stone  building  witliin  a  mosque 
at  Mecca,  on  the  spot  where  Adam  is 
said  to  have  first  worshipped  after  his 
expulsion  from  I'aradise.  The  stone  was 
originally  white,  but  the  sins  of  mankiiid 
have  turned  it  black.  (See  Adam's  Peak.) 

Kablbonoklca  ( Xorih-A  merkan 
Indian).  Son  of  Mudjekcc'wis,  and  the 
Indian  Boreas,  who  dwelt  in  Wabasso 
(the  North).  Ho  paints  the  autunm  leaves 
Bcarlet  anil  yelh)w,  sends  the  snow,  binds 
tiio  rivers  in  ice,  and  drives  away  the 
Bcaguli,    cormorant,   and    heron.      {See 

SlIINU'KIlIS.) 

Kadris.  Religious  Turks,  whoso 
devotion  is  characterised  by  their  lacera- 
tions with  seour^roa. 


Kaffir  (Arabic.  Kiajir,  an  inlidol). 
A  name  given  to  the  Hottentots,  who 
reject  the  Moslem  faith.  Kajiristan,  in 
Central  Asia,  means  "  the  country  of  the 
iufidt'ls." 

Kai-an'ians.  The  sixth  Persian 
dynasty.  The  semi-historic  period  (b.c. 
G6U-3:il).  So  called  because  they  took 
for  their  affix  the  term  hii  (mighty), 
callo<l  by  the  Greeks,  Kn  (Kuros),  and 
by  the  Romans,  Cy  (Cyrus). 

Kai-Omurs  {Ihe  mi'jhty  Omurs),  sur- 
namcd  GhU-shah  (earth's  king).  Son  of 
Du'lavcd,  founder  of  the  city  Balk,  and 
first  of  the  Kai-Omurs  or  I'aishdad'ian 
dynasty  of  Persia  (B.C.  940-920).  {Set 
Paisdadian.) 

Kail'yal  (2  syl.).  The  beroino  of 
Southey's  "  Curse  of  Kohuraa." 

Kaiser.  Tho  emperor  of  Austria, 
lie  receives  tho  title  from  Dalmatia, 
Croatia,  and  tho  line  of  the  Danube, 
which,  by  the  arrangement  of  Diocletian, 
was  governed  by  a  prince  entitled  C;esar, 
heir-presumptive  to  tho  imperial  throno. 
It  was  Albert  II.,  duke  of  Austria,  who 
adiled  this  part  to  the  imperial  throne 
in  1138. 

Kaled  is  Gulnare  (2  syl.)  in  the  dis- 
g\iise  of  a  page  in  the  service  of  Lara. 
After  Lara  is  shot,  she  haunts  tiio  spot 
of  his  death  as  a  crazy  woman,  and  diey 
at  length  of  a  broken  heart.  — /iyro//, 
"Lava." 

Kaleda  {Sclavonic  mtjtholoj ;/).  The 
god  of  peace,  somewhat  similar  to  the 
Latin  Janus.  His  feast  was  celebrated 
on  tho  2Ith  of  December. 

Kali.  A  Hindu  goddess  after  whom 
Calcutta  receives  its  name,  Kali-KutU 
{Kali's  village). 

Kaliyu'ga.  The  last  of  tho  four 
Himlu  periods  contained  in  tho  great 
Yug.a,  equal  to  tho  Iron  ago  of  classic 
mythology.  It  consisted  of  132,000  solar- 
fiidereal  years,  and  began  3102  years  be- 
fore tlie  Cliriytian  era.  Tiio  bull  repre- 
senting truth  ami  right  has  but  one  foot 
in  this  period,  because  all  tho  world  de- 
lights in  wickedness.     {See  IvltiTA.) 

Kalmar'.  The  union  of  Kalmar.  A 
treaty  made  on  July  12,  1397,  to  settle 
tlio  succession  of  Norway,  Swcilon,  and 
Denmark    on   quoon    Marjjarot  and    Lor 


»70 


KALMUCKS. 


KASWA 


hoii-8  for  over.    )j.'liis  treaty  lasted  only 
till  tho  death  of  JIargarot. 

Kalmucks— I.e.,  Khalimih  (apos- 
tates) from  Buddhism. 

Kalpa.  A  day  and  nijjhtof  Brahma, 
a  period  of  4,320,000,000  soIar-sidercal 
years.  Some  say  there  are  an  infinity 
of  Kalpas,  others  limit  tlie  number  to 
thirty.  A  Great  Kalpa  is  a  life  of  Brahmi. 

Kalpa-Tarou.  A  tree  in  Indian 
mythology  from  which  might  be  gathered 
whatever  a  person  desired.  This  tree  is 
"  the  tree  of  the  imagination." 

Kalyb.  The  "  Lady  of  the  Woods,' 
who  stole  St.  George  from  his  nurse, 
brought  him  up  as  her  own  child,  and 
endowed  him  with  gifts.  St.  Geoi'ge 
enclosed  her  in  a  rock,  where  she  was 
torn  to  pieces  by  spirits. — ''Seven  Cham- 
pions  of  C/irislendom,"  pt.  i. 

Kam.  Crooked.  (Erse  laam,  squint- 
eyed.)  Clean  Kam,  perverted  into  Kim 
Kam,  means  wholly  awry,  clean  from  tho 
purpose. 

This  is  clean  kam— merely  awry. 

Shiikispeare,  "  Coriolanut"  ili.  1. 

^ama.  Tho  Hindu  god  of  love.  Ilia 
wife  is  Rati  {volunfuousness),  and  he  is 
represented  as  riding  on  a  sparrow, 
holding  in  his  hand  a  bow  of  sugar-caao 
and  five  arrows  (i.e.,  tho  five  senses). 

Ka'mi.  The  celestial  gods  of  tho 
first  mythical  dynasty  of  Japan,  the 
demi-gods  of  the  second  dynasty,  the 
spiritual  princes,  and  any  one  sainted  or 
deified. 

Kamsin.  A  simoom  or  samiel,  a  hot, 
dry,  southerly  wind,  which  prevails  in 
Egypt  and  the  deserts  of  Afrii'a. 

Kanoon  or  Camui'.  A  sort  of 
psaltery. 

Kansa.  A  king  of  tho  race  of  Bhoja, 
notorious  for  his  enmity  to  Krishna,  who 
ultimately  slew  him. — Jlindu  mythology. 

Kansas.  Bleeding  Kansas.  So  called 
liecause  it  was  the  place  where  that  san- 
guinary strife  commenced,  which  was  the 
prelude  of  the  civil  war  of  America. 
A-ccordiug  to  the  Missouri  Compromise 
made  in  1820,  slavery  was  never  to  be 
introduced  into  any  western  region  lying 
beyond  3(3°  30'  north  latitude.  In  ISol, 
the  slavediolders  of  Missouri,  by  a  local 
ftctj   pushed  their  west  frontier  to  th» 


river-bank,  and  slave  lords  with  their 
slaves  took  possession  of  the  Kansas 
hunting  grounds,  declaring  that  they 
"  would  lynch,  hang,  tar  and  feather 
any  white-livered  abolitionist  who  j)ro- 
Bumcd  to  pollute  tho  soil."  In  185 1, 
thirty  New  England  free-soilcrs  crossed 
the  river  in  open  boats  ;  they  were  soon 
joined  by  others,  and  dared  the  slavers 
to  carry  out  their  threats.  Many  a 
fierce  battle  was  fought,  bat  in  18G1 
Bleeding  Kansas  was  admitted  into  tho 
Union  as  a  free  state. —  W.  Hepworth 
Dixon,  "  New  America,"  vol.  i.,  c.  2. 

Karaites  (Scripturisls).  A  Jewi.sh 
sect  that  adhered  to  the  letter  of  the 
Scriptures,  rejecting  all  oral  traditions. 
Ttisy  abhorred  the  Talmud,  and  observed 
the  Sabbath  with  more  rigour  than  oven 
the  rabbiuists. 

Karma.  The  Buddhists'  judgment, 
which  determines  at  death  the  future 
state  of  the  deceased.  It  is  also  their 
fiat  on  actions,  pronouncing  them  to  be 
meritorious  or  otherwise. 

Karma'thians.  A  Mahometan  sect 
which  rose  in  Irak  in  the  ninth 
Christian  century.  Its  name  is  from 
Karmata,  its  founder,  a  poor  labourer 
who  assumed  to  l<3  a  prophet. 

Karoon  or  Korah,  The  riches  oj 
Karoon  (Arabic  proverb).  Korah,  accord- 
ing to  the  commentators  of  the  Koran, 
was  the  most  wealthy  and  most  beautiful 
of  all  tho  Israelites.  It  is  said  that  he 
built  a  large  palace,  which  he  overlaid 
with  gold,  and  that  the  doors  of  his 
palace  wore  solid  gold  (Sale,  "  Koran  "). 
He  was  the  Croesus  of  the  JMahometans, 
and  guarded  his  wealth  in  a  labyrinth. 

Karrows.  A  set  of  gamblers  in 
Ireland,  who  played  away  even  the 
clothes  on  their  backs. 

The  karrows  plaie  awaie  mantle  and  all  to  tb« 
bare  skin,  and  tlien  trusse  tliemselvi-g  in  straw  or 
leaves.  They  wait  for  pa;seng;T8  in  the  high-wuie, 
invite 'hem  to  frame  upon  the  preene.  and  aske  co 
more  but  companions  to  make  tliem  sport.  For 
default  of  other  stulTe  they  piwne  thoir  gli)>a,  the 
nailes  of  their  fingers  and  toe-",  their  diinissar  ea 
which  they  leefe  or  redeeme  at  the  courteaie  of  the 
winner.— i'Jdii  iAurst. 

Karttikey'a.  The  Hindu  Mars  or 
war-god,  and  commander-in-chief  of  th« 
celestial  armies.  He  slew  Tiraka,  the 
demon-king,  whose  power  threatened  the 
very  existence  of  the  gods. 

Kaswa  (AI).  Mahomet's  favourite 
camel,  which  fell  on  its  knees  in  adoratii'io 


KATHAY. 


KEMA. 


471 


»fhon  "tlie  projihet"  delivered  the  last 
clause  of  tho  Koran  to  the  assembled 
multitude  at  Mecca.  This  is  one  of  the 
dumb  creatures  admitted  into  the  Moilom 
paradise.     [See  I'auadise.) 

Kathay'.    China. 

Katharine  or  Kalharl'ita,  danc^htcr 
of  JJaptista,  a  rich  gpiitlcman  cf  Padua. 
She  was  very  boautiiul,  but  a  uhrow. 
I'etnichio  of  Vero'iia  married  her,  aud  so 
subdued  her  iir.poriou.s  temper  by  his  in- 
domitable will,  tliat  she  became  tiie 
model  of  a  "  submissive  wife,"  and  pivcs 
Biauca,  hur  sister,  most  excellent  advice 
respeciiu;;  tho  duty  of  submission. 

The  Kathcrine  rfe'  Medici  of  China.  Voo- 
thee,  widow  of  kiugTae-tsoiig. 

Katmir,  the  dog  of  the  7  sleepers. — 
Sale's  iwran,  xviii.  n. 

Kau'scroon',  in  Persia,  famous  for 
its  orange  groves,  from  which  bees  ex- 
(ract  a  most  delicious  honey. — Aloricr, 
"Travels." 

Kay  or  Sir  Key,  son  of  Sir  Ector, 
and  foster-brother  of  king  Arthur.  In 
Arthurian  romance,  this  seneschal  of 
England  is  represented  as  a  rude  and 
bcjastful  knight,  tho  first  to  attempt  any 
achievement,  but  very  rarely  successful. 

Kayre  or  Kaire  (1  syl.).     Cairo. 

stra-'.te  unto  Kayrf  his  wny  he  fon?eth, 
\\  here  he  the  souldan  ihauuii  fuude. 

(Jowcr. 

Kayward.  The  hare,  in  the  tale  of 
"  lloynard  tho  Fox."  (The  word  means 
"  Country-guardian.") 

Keber'.  A  Persian  sect  (generally 
rich  merchants),  distinguished  by  their 
beards  and  dress.  When  one  of  thcin 
dies,  a  cock  is  driven  out  of  the  povUtry 
yard  ;  if  a  fox  seizes  it,  it  is  a  proof  that 
tho  soul  of  tho  deceased  is  saved.  If 
this  experiment  docs  not  answer,  tney 
prop  the  dead  body  against  a  wall,  and 
if  tho  birds  peek  out  tho  right  eye  lirst, 
tho  Keber  is  gone  to  heaven  ;  if  the  left 
G\  e,  the  carca>:e  is  (lung  into  a  ditch,  for 
tho  Keber  vras  a  reprobate. 

Kobla.  The  point  of  adoration — i.e., 
tho  ijuarler  or  point  of  tho  comj«vs3  to- 
wards which  persons  turn  when  they 
v/orsliip.  The  Persian  firo-worshippers 
turn  to  tho  east,  the  pl.ace  of  tho  rising 
sun  ;  tho  Jews  to  Jerusalem,  the  city  of 
tl'.o  King  of  kings  ;  tho  Mahometan.^  to 
liocca ;  t|io  early  Christiana  turned  to 


the  "east,"  and  the  "  communion  talde" 
even  of  tho  "Reformed  Church"  ii 
placed  at  the  east  end  of  the  buihling, 
whenever  this  arrangement  is  practicable. 

Kebla-Noma.  The  pocket  compa-ss 
carried  by  Mussulmans  to  direct  them 
which  way  to  turn  when  they  pray.  (.S« 
above.) 

Ke'derli.  The  St.  George  of  Ma- 
hometan mythology.  Ho  slew  a  mon- 
strous drngon  to  save  a  damsel  exposed 
to  its  fury,  and  having  drunk  of  the 
water  of  life,  rode  about  the  world  to 
aid  those  warriors  who  invoked  him. 
This  tradition  is  exactly  parallel  to  that 
of  St.  George,  and  explains  the  reason 
why  the  one  is  the  field-word  with  the 
Tui-ks,  and  tho  latter  with  the  ancient 
English. 

Ked'jeree'.  A  corrujition  of  the 
Indian  word  Khichri)  a  medley  or  hotch- 
potch). Tho  word  has  been  confounded 
with  a  place  so  called,  forty  miles  south- 
west of  Calcutta,  on  the  Iloogly  river. 

Keel-Hauling  or  Haling.  A  longr, 
troublesome,  and  vexatious  examination 
or  repetition  of  annoyances  from  a  land- 
lord  or  government  odicial.  In  the  Dutch 
and  almost  all  other  navies,  delinquents 
were,  at  one  time,  tied  to  a  yard-arm 
with  weights  on  their  feet,  and  dragged 
by  a  rope  under  tho  keel  of  their  ship, 
in  at  one  side  and  out  at  the  other. 

Keep  touch.  To  keep  faith  ;  the 
exact  performance  of  an  agreement,  as, 
"To  keep  touch  with  my  promise" 
(More).  Tho  idea  seems  to  bo  embodied 
in  tb.o  proverb,  "  Seciiit:  is  believing,  but 
feeling  is  naked  truth." 

And  trust  me  on  my  truth. 
If  Ihou  keep  lo\i.li  w.th  me, 

Jly  (loarest  uieiil.  aa  my  own  iictrt, 
Tiiou  Shalt  rii;ht  welcome  he. 
" ijnyj of  Uii  London  'PrenlUet"  p.  37 

Keha'ma.  A  Hindu  rajah  who  o\)- 
tains  and  sports  with  supernatur.J 
powers. — SouUici/,  "Curse  of  Kehama." 

Kelpy  or  Kelpit.  A  spirit  of  tho 
waters  in  tho  form  of  a  horse,  in 
Scottish  mythology.  Not  unlike  the 
Irish  Phooka. 

Every  lake  hni  iti  Kelpl*  or  Wattr-horne,  oftpfi 
iC'Mi  liy  Iheshoplierd  s.tiiMK  upon  the  browof  aroolc 
da.^hin?  aloii<  the  lurlace  of  ihe  >!efp.  or  lirowiiu| 
upjii  the  pmiire  oa  iti  sevgt.— Graham,  "^jketchci 
of  reiVuliire." 

Ko'ma.  Tho  book  containing  the 
secrets  of  the  goniij  who,  infatuated  with 


472        KEIMI-FRR-HAUSEN. 


KENSINGTON. 


love,  revealed  the  marvels  of  nature  to 
men,  and  wore  banished  out  of  heaven. 
According  to  some  etymologists,  the 
word  chemislry  is  derived  from  this 
word.  —  "  Zozline  J'anopoUle." 

Kemp'fei'-Hau'sen.     The  non  de 

■plume  of  riobert  Pearco  Gillies,  one  of 
the  sjieakers  in  the  "  Noctus  Am- 
brosia'naj. — "  HackwooO' s  Mafjazine." 

Kempis.  The  authorship  of  the 
work  entitled  "  De  Imitatio'ne  Christi," 
lia,s  afforded  as  much  controversy  as  the 
"  Letters  of  Junius."  In  ltI04,  a  Spanish 
Jesuit  discovered  a  manuscript  copy  by 
the  abbot  John  Gersen  or  Gesen,  and 
since  then  three  competitors  have  had 
ang-ry  and  wordy  defenders,  viz.,  Thomas 
k  Kempis,  Chancellor  Gersen,  and  the 
abbot  Geiscn.  M.  Malou  gives  Lis  ver- 
dict in  favour  of  the  first. 

Ken  or  Klim,  An  Egyptian  goddess 
similar  to  the  Roman  Venus.  She  is 
represented  as  standing  on  a  lion,  and 
holding  two  serpents  in  one  hand  and  a 
Bower  in  the  other,     {^See  Amos  v.  26.) 

Kendal  Green.  Green  cloth  for 
foresters,  so  called  from  Kendal,  West- 
moreland, famous  at  one  time  for  tliis 
manufacture.  Kendal  green  was  the 
livery  of  llobin  Hood  and  his  followers. 
In  Rymer's  Fiedera  (ii.  283)  is  a  letter  of 
protection,  dated  1331,  and  granted  by 
Edward  III.  to  John  Kempe  of  FlandoPS, 
who  established  cloth-weaving  in  the 
borough. 

How  couM'st  tliou  know  these  men  in  Kend.il- 
creeii.  wlien  it  was  fo  dark  thou  oouli'st  not  see  thj 
band  l—ahakc^'pcari,  "  1  lUnri/  I V."  il.  4. 

Kenelm  {St.)  was  murdered  at 
Cleute-in-Cowbago,  near  Winchelcumb, 
in  Gloucestershire.  The  murder,  says 
Roger  of  Wendover,  was  miraculously 
notified  at  Rome  by  a  white  dove,  wliich 
alighted  on  the  altar  of  St.  Peter's, 
bearing  in  its  beak  a  scroll  with  these 
words — 

In  Clent  cow  past';re.  under  a  thoru, 
Of  head  bereft,  lies  Keuehii  ting  born. 

Kenna.  Daughter  of  king  O'beron, 
who  fell  in  love  with  Albion,  son  of  the 
island-king.  Oberon  drove  the  prince 
from  his  emjiire,  and  when  Albion  in 
revenge  invaded  the  kingdom  he  was 
slain.  Kenna  poured  the  juice  of  the 
herb  moly  on  the  dead  body,  and  it  was 
turned  into  a  snow-drop.  Kensington 
receives  its  name,   accordjog  to  fable, 


from  the  fairy  Kenna. — Tickttl,  "  Ken^ 
singLon.  Oardetit." 

Kenna  Quhair  (/  Inov  not  where). 
Scotch  for  terra  incog'nita. 

Kenne.  A  stone  said  to  be  formed 
in  tlio  eye  of  a  stag,  and  used  as  an 
antidote  to  poison. 

Kennedy.  A  poker,  or  to  kill  with 
a  poker  ;  so  called  from  a  man  of  that 
name  who  was  killed  by  a  poker. — "Dic- 
tionary of  Modern  Slang." 

Kennel.  A  dog's  house ;  from  the 
Latin  canis  (a  dog),  Italian  canile;  but 
kennel  (a  gutter)  from  the  Latin  canna 
(a  cane),  our  canal,  channel,  &c. 

Ken'sington.  O'beron,  king  of  the 
fairies,  held  his  royal  seat  in  these  gar- 
dens, which  were  fenced  round  with 
spells  "interdicted  to  human  touch;" 
but  not  unfrciiuently  his  thievish  elves 
would  rob  the  human  mother  of  her  babe, 
Aad  leave  in  its  stead  a  sickly  changeling 
ol  the  eltin  race.  Once  u;i  a  liuin  it  so 
fell  out  that  oae  of  the  infants  fostered 
in  these  gardens  was  Albion,  the  son  of 
"  Albion's  royal  blood ;"  it  was  stolen  by  a 
fairy  named  Milkah.  When  the  boy  was 
nineteen,  ho  fell  in  love  with  Kenna, 
daughter  of  King  Oberon,  and  Kenna 
vowed  that  none  but  Albion  should  ever 
bo  her  chosen  husband.  Oberon  heard 
her  when  she  made  this  vow,  and  instantly 
drove  the  prinee  out  of  the  garden,  and 
mai'ried  the  fairy  maid  to  Azu'riel,  a  fairy 
of  groat  beauty  and  large  possessions,  to 
whom  Holland  Park  belonged.  In  the 
meantime  Albion  prayed  to  Neptune  for 
revenge,  and  the  sea-god  commanded  the 
fairy  O'riel,  whose  dominion  lay  along 
the  banks  of  the  Thames,  to  espouse  the 
cause  of  his  line.al  offspring.  Albion  was 
slain  in  the  battle  by  Azuriel,  and  Nep- 
tune in  revenge  crushed  the  whole  empire 
of  Oberon.  13eing  immortal,  t'ne  fairies 
could  not  be  destroyed,  but  tb.ey  fled 
from  the  angry  sea-god,  some  to  the  hills 
and  some  to  the  dales,  some  to  the  caves 
and  others  to  river-banks.  Keuua  alone 
remained,  and  tried  to  revive  her  lover 
by  means  of  the  herb  moly.  No  sooner 
did  the  juice  of  this  wondrous  herb  touch 
the  body  than  it  turned  into  a  snow-drop. 
When  Wise  laid  out  the  grounds  for  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  Kenna  planneil  it  "  in 
a  morning  dream,"  and  gave  her  name  to 
the  town  and  garden. —  TickcU,  "Kensing- 
ton (J  ardent." 


KJlKT. 


KETTLE  OF  B'lSU. 


473 


Kent  (Latin,  Can'lium,  tho  territory  j 
of  tho  Kantii  or  Cantii.  Old  British, 
Kant,  a  corucr  or  headlaml;.  In  the  | 
rcig'n  of  queen  Elizabeth,  Keub  was  so  | 
notorious  for  highway  robbery,  that  the  I 
word  signified  a  "  nest  of  thisva.'i,"  \ 

Some  bookcs  are  arrogant  and  impu'lent :  I 

80  are  mubt  thieves  in  (Jiisteii'l'imc  :vnd  Kent. 
Tai/lor, Che  \Va.'a    tcetil Ut). 

A  Man  of  Kent.  One  born  east  of  the 
Medway.  Those  men  wont  out  with 
green  bous^hs  to  meet  tho  Conqueror, 
and  obtained  in  consequence  a  coutlrina- 
tion  of  their  ancient  i)rivilcj,'^es  from  the 
new  king.  Tliey  call  themselves  the 
iiiricti.  The  hops  of  E.  Kent  are  liked  best. 

A  Kentitf/i  man.  A  resident  of  West 
Kent. 

Holy  ^faid  of  Kent.  Elizabeth  B.arton, 
who  protended  to  tho  gift  of  prophecy 
and  power  of  miracles.  Having  de- 
nounced the  doom  and  speedy  death  of 
Henry  VIIL  for  his  marriage  with  Anne 
]3oleyn,  she  was  executed.  Sir  Walter 
Hcott  ("Abbot,"  xiii.)  calls  her  "The 
Nun  of  KGnt."—See  Fair  (.Maid  of  Kent). 

Kent's  Hole.  A  largo  cave  in  the 
limestone  rock  near  Torquay,  Devon. 

Kent  Street  Ejectment.  Taking 
away  the  street-door  ;  a  method  devised 
t)y  the  landlords  of  Kent  Street,  Sout.S- 
wark,  when  their  tenants  were  more  thau 
a  fortnight  in  arrears. 

Kenti sh  Fire,  llapturous  applause, 
or  throj  times  three  and  one  more.  Tho 
e.xpression  originated  with  Lord  Win- 
chelsea,  who  proposed  tho  health  of  tho 
Earl  of  Roden,  on  the  15th  August,  1834, 
and  added,  "  Let  it  be  given  with  the 
'Kentish  Fire.'"  In  proposing  another 
toast  ho  a.sked  permission  to  bring  his 
"Kentish  Artillery"  again  into  action. 
Chambers,  in  his  "Encyclopedia,"  says 
it  arose  from  tho  protracted  cheers  given 
in  Kent  to  the  No-Popery  orators  in 
1828-9. 

Kentish  Moll.  Mary  Carlton,  nick- 
named T/te  GeniKtn  Princess.  She  was 
transported  to  .Jamaica  in  Ifjjl  ;  but 
returning  without  leave,  was  hanged  at 
Tyburn,  January  '2'2nd,  1G73. 

Kepler's  Laws : 

(1)  That  the  planets  describo  ellipses, 
and  that  the  centre  of  the  sun  is  in  one 
of  tho  foci. 

(2)  That   every  planet  so  moves  that 


the  line  drawn  from  it  to  the  suu  describo* 
equal  areas  in  equ;il  times. 

(3)  Th.at  the  s<|uares  of  the  tiracR  of 
tho  planetary  revolutions  ere  as  the  cubes 
of  tb.eir  mean  distances  from  the  cun. 

Kerehef  of  Plosaunce.    An  om- 

broiilered  cloth  presented  by  a  lady  to 
her  knight  to  wear  for  her  Kike.  The 
honoured  knight  was  bound  to  place  the 
gift  in  his  hehnec. 

Kerna.  A  kind  of  trumpet  used  by 
Tamerlane,  the  blast  of  which  might  be 
hoard  for  miles. 

Kernel  is  the  German  Kern  (com, 
seed  in  general),  whence  acorn  (the  ac  or 
oak  corn). 

Kersey.  A  coarse  cloth,  usually 
ribbed,  and  woven  from  long  wool ;  so 
named  from  Jersey,  where  it  was  origi- 
nally  made. 

Ker'zereh  or  Kerz'rah.  A  flower 
which  grows  in  Persia.  It  is  said,  if  any 
one  in  .June  or  July  inhales  tho  liot 
south  wind  which  has  blown  over  this 
flower  he  will  die. 

Keso'ra.  The  female  idol  adored  in 
tho  temple  of  Juggernaut.  Its  head  and 
body  are  of  sandal-wood  ;  its  eyes  two 
diainiinds,  and  a  third  diamond  is  sus- 
pended round  its  neck  ;  its  hands  are 
made  entirely  of  small  pearls,  called 
perles  d  I'once  ;  its  bracelets  are  of  pearls 
and  rubies,  and  its  robe  is  cloth  of  gold. 

Ketch.    (5e<  Jack  Ketch.) 

Ketchup.  A  corruption  of  the 
Jap;ineso  Ki/Jap,  a  siniilarcoiidinu'iit  some- 
times sold  as  soy,  but  not  equal  to  it. 

Ketmir  or*  Katmir.     The  dog  of 

tlic  .Seven  Sleepers.  Sometimes  called 
Al  Iiakini. 

Kettle.  Tkor's  great  kellh.  The  god 
Thor  wanted  to  brew  some  beer,  but  not 
having  a  vessel  suitdl  for  tho  purpose  in 
Valhalla,  stole  the  kettle  of  tho  giant 
Wymav.—Scandiiutvian  m>jthologi/. 

Kettle  of  Pish.  A  fito-champ6tre 
in  which  .salmon  is  tlio  chief  dish  proviiloil. 
In  these  iiic-nics,  a  large  caldron  being 
j)rovidod,  the  party  select  a  place  near  a 
salmon  river.  ILaving  thickened  soma 
water  with  s.alt  to  tho  consistency  of 
brine,  tho  salmon  is  put  therein  and 
boiled;  and  when  fit  for  eating,  the  cora- 
jiany  partake  thereof  in  ifipsy  fashion. 


«71 


KKTTLEDRUM. 


KEYNE. 


Boino  think  Uio  discomfort  of  this  sort  of 
pio-iiic  gavo  rise  to  the  jjhraso  "  A  pretty 
kettle  of  llsli."    (aSVc  Kittle  of  Fish.) 

Tlio  whole  comimny  po  to  the  watirsiilo  to-dftjr  to 
ent  a  ki-ttie  of  Ilsh.— fiir  II  cUer  6<vtt,  •■  Afc  ttonan'i 
Wdl,"  «ii. 

Kettle-drum.  A  larc;n  social  party. 
Ajuoiig  tlio Tartars  a  " kettle "  rrpresonts 
a  family,  or  as  many  as  feed  from  one 
kettle.  Ou  Tweedsido  it  signifies  a 
"social  party,"  met  toirethor  to  take  tea 
from  the  same  tea-kettle.     {See  Druji.) 

Kc'itle-drvm,  a  drum  in  the  shape  of  a 
kiddle  or  fish-basket. 

Kettledrummle  (Gabriel.)  A  Cove- 
nanter preacher  iu  Sir  Walter  Bcott's 
'Old  Mortality." 

Kev'in  (St.)  like  St.  Sena'mis  (q.v.) 
retired  to  an  island  where  he  vowed  no  v.'o- 
man  should  ever  land.  Kathleen  loved  the 
saint,  and  tracked  him  to  his  retirement, 
but  the  saint  hurled  her  from  a  rock. 
Kathleen  died,  but  her  ghost  rose  smiling 
from  the  tide,  and  never  left  it  so  long 
BS  the  saint  lived.  A  bed  in  the  rock 
at  Glendalough  (Wicklow)  is  shown  as 
t'.-.e  bed  of  St.  Ke^nn.  Thomas  Bloore 
lias  a  poem  on  this  tradition. — "  Irish 
Melodies"  iv. 
Key.    {See  Kat.) 

Keys  of  stables  and  cowhouses  havo 
not  unfrequently,  even  at  the  present 
day,  a  stono  v.'ith  a  hole  through  it  and  a 
piece  of  horn  attached  to  the  handle. 
This  is  a  relic  of  an  ancient  superstition. 
The  hag,  halig,  or  holy  stono  was  looked 
upon  as  a  talisman  which  kept  off  the 
fiendish  Mara  or  night-mare  ;  and  the 
horn  was  supposed  to  ensure  the  protec- 
tion of  the  god  of  cattle,  called  by  the 
Romans  Pan. 
Key  as  an  emhleni, 

St.  Peter  is  always  represented  in 
Christian  art  with  two  keys  in  his  hand  ; 
they  are  consequently  the  insignia  of  the 
rai)acy,  and  are  homo  saltire-wiso,  one 
of  gold  and  the  other  of  silver. 

They  are  the  emblems  also  of  St.  Ser- 
va'tius,  St.  Hippol'ytus,  St.  Genevieve, 
St.  Petronilla,  St.  Osyth,  St.  Martha, 
and  St.  Germa'nus  of  Paris. 

One  British  bishop  bears  two  keys  and 
Bword  in  saltire,  viz.,  Winchester. 

Four  bear  two  keys  in  saltiro,  viz., 
St.  Asaph,  Gloucester,  Exeter,  and 
Peterborough. 


The  Cross  Keys.  A  pnblic-houso  sig-a ; 
the  arms  of  the  archbishop  of  York. 

The  key  shall  he  upon  his  shoulder.  IIo 
shall  have  the  dominion  The  ancient 
keys  were  instruments  about  a  yard  long, 
made  of  wood  or  metal.  On  public 
occasions  the  steward  slung  his  key  over 
his  shoulder  as  our  mace-bearers  carry 
their  mace.  Hence,  to  have  the 
key  upon  one's  shoulder  means  to  be 
in  authority,  to  have  the  keeping  of 
something.  It  is  said  of  Eliakim,  that 
God  would  lay  upon  his  shoulder  the  key 
of  the  house  of  David  (Isa.  xxii.  22) ; 
and  of  our  Lord  that  "  the  government 
should  be  upon  his  shoulder  "  (Isa.  ix.  6). 
The  chamberlain  of  the  court  used  to 
bear  a  key  as  his  insignia. 

The  poxi'er  of  the  keys—i.  e.,  the  bu- 
prcme  authority  vested  in  the  pope  as 
successor  of  St.  Peter.  The  phrase  is 
derived  from  St.  Matt.  xvi.  19. 

To  throw  the  keys  into  the  int.  To  dis- 
claim a  debt ;  to  refuse  to  pay  the  debts 
of  a  deceased  husband.  This  refers  to 
an  ancient  French  custom.  If  a  deceased 
husband  did  not  leave  his  widow  enough 
for  her  aliment  and  the  payment  of 
his  debts,  the  widow  was  to  throw  the 
bunch  of  house-keys  which  she  carried 
at  her  girdle  into  the  grave,  and  this 
answered  the  purpose  of  a  public  renun- 
ciation of  all  further  ties.  No  one  after 
this  could  come  on  the  widow  for  any  of 
her  late  husband's  debts. 

Key-cold.  Deadly  cold,  lifeless.  A 
key,  on  account  of  its  coldness,  is  stiil 
sometimes  employed  to  stop  bleeding  at 
the  nose, 

rof.r  bcy-cold  f.jure  of  a  holy  king ! 
Tftle  ashei  of  the  house  of  I.ancsaterl 
Thou  bloodless  remnant  of  that  roj'al  Hood  ! 
Shikisptart,  "Richard  ///.,"  i.  2. 

Key-stone.  The  Key-stone  State. 
Pennsylva'nia,  so  called  from  its  position 
and  importance. 

Key  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
fortress  of  Gibraltar ;  so  called  because 
it  commands  the  entrance  thereof. 

Key  of  Russia.  Smoleufik,  on  the 
Dnieper. 

Keyne  {St.').  The  well  of  St.  Kcyue, 
Cornwall,  has  a  strange  superstition 
attached  to  it,  which  is  this:  "If  the 
bridegroom  drinks  therefrom  before 
the  bride,  be  will  be  master  of  his  bouse; 
but  if  the  bride  gets  the  first  draught, 
the  grev  mare  will  bo  the  better  horse." 


KHEDIVE  D'EGYPTE, 


KILKENNY  CATS. 


475 


Soutboy  has  a  ballad  on  tliis  tradition, 
and  says  the  man  loft  his  wife  at  the 
church  porch,  and  ran  to  the  well  to  get 
the  first  draught;  but  when  he  returned 
his  wife  told  him  his  labour  had  been 
quite  vain,  for  she  had  taken  with  her  a 
"  bottle  of  the  water  to  church." 

Khedive  d'Egypte.  An  old  regal 
title  revived  by  Ihiiiaid  I.,  liijjlicr  tlian 
viceroy,  but  not  so  high  as  sultau.  (2  syl.] 

Khem  or  Chamno.    A  Semitic  deity. 

Khora3san  {Re^on  of  the  Sun).  A 
province  of  Persia,  anciently  called 
Aria'na. 

T/n  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan.  Mo- 
kanna,  a  prophet  chief,  v,'ho  wore  a  veil 
under  pretence  of  shading  the  dazzling 
lii^dit  of  his  countenance. 

Terror  iciiti  hnr  lent  the  lo7c-li«ht  which  endr- 
ck'l  him  8li  uli  faie  away,  aul  leave  him  like  the 
veiled  rrnphc'.  of  Kliorasmi,  a  sia-et^ined  thing  of 
clay.-iO''^  lliirdi/,"A  Catuai  Acquaiiitanct." 

Khordad.  The  good  genius  of  the 
Persians. 

Khors  (Sclavonic  mytholo^fi/).  The 
Eseulapius  or  medicine-god  of  the  Slavi. 

Ki.  A  Chinese  word,  sia^nifyinjj  ago 
or  period,  generallv  applied  to  the  ten 
periods  prececiing  the  first  Imperial 
dynasty,  founded  B.C.  2205.  It  extended 
over  some  300,000  years.  The  first  was 
founded  by  Puon-ku  (hi,,diest  eternity), 
and  the  last  by  Fo-hi,  surnaraed  Tien-Tie 
(sou  of  heaven). 

Kiak-Kiak  (fjod  of  gois).  An  idol 
worshipped  in  Pegu.  Tliis  god  is  to 
sleep  (J.OOO  years,  and  when  ho  wakes 
the  end  of  the  world  will  come. 

Kick.  "  It  is  hard  for  (hce  to  Hick 
against  the  pricks"  (Acts  ix.  5).  Tiie 
reference  is  not  to  tho  ox  kicking  against 
the  goad,  but  to  a  horse  kicking  against 
the  spur.  The  proverb  occurs  in  Pindar 
(2"Pyth."v.l7:i),inii;scliylos("Agam.," 
1,020),  in  Euripides  ("  liacch.,"  793), 
kc,  in  all  wliich  cases  the  spur,  and  u)t 
the  ox-goiid,  is  referred  to. 

To  hick  the  Ivckct.  A  bucket  is  a 
pulley;  and  in  Norfolk  a  beam,  called 
in  Lincolnshire  a  buckler.  When  [dgs 
are  killed,  they  are  lnuig  by  their  hind- 
logs  on  a  bucket,  with  their  heads  down- 
wards, and  oxen  are  hauled  up  by  a 
pulley.  To  kick  the  bucket  is  to  bo 
bung  on  tho  bulk  or  bucket  by  the  heels. 

(^v.itc  t/ie  kick.     Quito  a  dandy.     'JliC 


Italians  call  a  dandy  a  chic.  Tho  French 
chic  means  knack,  as  avoir  le  chic,  to 
have  the  knack  of  doing  a  thing  smartly. 

I  cocked  my  hat,  »nd  twirl'd  my  stirfc. 
And  the  girls  they  caU'd  mp  quite  the  kick. 

Ceergt    Oilman     ht   i'uunger. 

Kickshavps.  Made  dishes,  odds 
and  ends,  formerly  written  "  kickshose." 
(French,  qnelqne  chose.} 

Kicksy-v/insy.  A  horse  that  kicks 
and  winces  in  impatience  ;  figuratively 
a  wife  {(/rei/  mure).  Tho  word  is  u.sed  by 
Taylor,  the  water  poet.  Shakespeare 
spells  it  kick.'s>/-icicks>/. 

Ife  wears  his  honours  in  &  box  utispen 

That  husshisUicksywicl.sy  here  at  home, 

FrendiiiK  Ini  m.-inly  mairuw  in  her  arms, 

V  hich  should  sustain  the  buund  aud  higli  curvet 

or  Man's  lieiy  6tef:d. 

"All;  mil  t\at  Ends  Well,"  ii.  3. 

Kidderminster  Poetry.  Coarse 
doggrel  verse,  like  the  coarse  woollen 
manufacture  of  Kidderminster.  The 
term  was  first  used  by  Shenstone,  who 
applied  it  to  a  Mr.  C,  of  Kidderminstei-. 

Thy  Terscs.  friend,  are  Kid  ierninster  i'uff ; 
Aud  I  must  01VU  you've  nicaiurcd  out  euoush. 

Kidnapper.  A  kid  (common  slan-jj 
for),  a  child;  nappe  (Danish),  to  snatch 
at ;  our  nah.  One  who  snatches  at  children, 
or  "kiddies." 

Kidney.  Men  of  anoth^  kidney,  ot 
of  Ihe  same  kidney.  Th.e  reins  or  kidneys 
wore  even  by  tho  Jews  supposed  to  be 
tho  seat  of  the  afleetions. 

Kikymo'l'a  (Sclavonic  mythology). 
The  god  of  night,  corresponding  to 
Morpheus  of  Iloman  mythology. 

Kilda  (St.).  Tho  farthest  of  tho 
western  isles  of  Scotland. 

Kilda're  (2  syl.)  is  the  Irish  Kill  dara, 
church  of  tho  oaks. 

Kildare'a  Holy  Fane.  Famous 
for  the  "  Fire  of  St.  Bridget,"  which  was 
iiK-xtinguishablc.  bor-auso  tlic  nuiiS  never 
allowed  it  to  go  out.  f^very  twentieth 
night  Ht.  iJiiii.,'et  returneci  to  tend  the 
fire.  Part  of  the  chapel  of  St.  Bridiret 
still  remains,  and  is  called  "The  Fire- 
house." 

Apui  Kildirinra  cccurrit  ignii  ?»nct«s  BrlgldmiQea 
luextiuifuitiilein  vocant. 

OiiaUui  LuMliremil,  -  Iltbrrnia,"  11.  3^ 

Kilken'ny  is  the  Gaelic  Kill  Kenny, 
church  of  St.  Kenny  or  C'ftn'icli. 

Kilkonny  Cata.    (See  Cat.) 


476      KILLED  DY   INCHES. 


KINGLY  tlTLES. 


Killed,  by  Inches.  In  allusion  to 
divers  ways  of  jiroloiiging  capital  punish- 
ments in  olden  tiiDCS  ;  e.g.  :  (l)Tho  "  iron 
coffin  of  Lissa  The  prisoner  was  laid 
in  the  coffin,  and  saw  the  iron  lid  creep 
slowly  down  with  almost  imperceptihlo 
movoroeiit  — slowly,  silently,  but  surely  ; 
on,  on  it  came  with  relentless  march, 
till,  after  lingering  days  and  nights  in 
suspense,  the  prisoner  was  at  last  as 
slowly  crushed  by  the  iron  lid  press- 
ing on  him.  {'2)  The  "baiser  de  la 
Vierge  "  of  Baden-Baden.  The  prisoner, 
blindfolded  and  fastened  to  a  chain, 
was  lowered  by  a  windlass  down  a  deep 
shaft  from  the  top  of  the  castle  into  the 
very  heart  of  the  rock  on  which  it  stands. 
Here  he  remained  till  he  was  conducted 
to  the  torture- chamber,  and  commanded 
"  to  kiss  "  the  brazen  statue  of  the  "  Vir- 
gin "  which  stood  at  the  end  of  a  passage ; 
but  immediately  he  raised  his  lips  to 
give  the  kiss,  down  he  fell  through  a 
trap-door  on  a  wheel  with  spikes,  which 
was  set  in  motion  by  the  fall.  (3)  The 
"  iron  cages  of  Louis  XI."  were  so  con- 
trived that  the  victims  might  linger  out 
for  years  ;  but  whether  they  sat,  stood, 
or  lay  down,  the  position  was  equally 
uncomfortable.  (4)  The  "  chambre  k 
crucer "  was  a  heavy  chest,  short,  shal- 
low, and  lined  with  sharp  stones,  in 
which  tbp  sufferer  was  packed  and  buried 
alive.  (5)  The  "benr.cles"  consisted  of 
a  mattress  on  which  the  victim  was  fas- 
tened by  the  neck,  while  his  legs  wore 
crushed  between  two  logs  of  wood,  on 
the  uppermost  of  which  the  torturer 
took  his  seat.  This  process  continued 
for  several  days,  till  the  sufferer  died  with 
the  lingering  torment.  ]\Iany  other 
modes  of  stretching  out  the  torment  of 
death  might  e'sily  be  added. 

Killed  by  Blindness.  It  is  said 
that  Draco,  the  Athenian  legislator,  met 
with  his  death  from  his  popularity,  being 
smothered  in  the  theatre  of  .(Egi'na  bj' 
the  number  of  caps  and  cloaks  showered 
on  him  by  the  spectators  (B.C.  690). 
(.SVe  Kindness.) 

Killing  no  Murder.  A  tract 
written  by  Se.xby,  who  was  living  in 
Holland  at  the  time  of  its  publication. 
Probably  Sexby  was  paid  for  fathering 
it,  and  that  the  real  author  was  William 
Allan 

Killing-stone  in  Louth.  A  crom- 
lech, probably  used  for  human  sacrifice. 


Kilmansegg  (Miss).  An  heiress  of 
great  cxjiectalion  with  an  artificial  ley 
of  solid  gold.  —  Thonuix  Hood,  "A  Ooldtn 
Lc'jencL" 

Kiimarnock  Cowls.  Nightcaps. 
The  Kilmarnock  nightcaps  were  once 
celebrated  all  over  Scotland. 

Kilmarth  Rocks  {Scotland).  A 
pile  of  stones  towering  twenty-eight  feet 
in  height,  and  overhanging  more  than 
twelve  feet,  like  the  tower  of  Pisa  (Italy). 
(See  CuEESEwr.iNG.) 

Kilwinning,  in  the  county  of  Ayr, 
Scotland,  the  .^ccne  of  the  renowned 
tournament  b.eld  in  1839  by  the  Earl  of 
Eglinton.  It  was  also  the  cradle  of  Free- 
masonry in  Scotland. 

Kin,  Kind. 

King.  Put  now,  my  cons'n  Hamlet,  and  mjaon— 
Uaui,  A  httlc  ni'  re  tliau  l.:Q,aud  kflstliuu  km<I. 

Kin  or  kinsman  is  a  relative  by  mar- 
riage or  blood  more  distant  than  father 
and  son. 

Kind  means  of  the  same  sort  or  genus, 
as  man-kind  or  man-genus. 

Hamlet  says  he  is  more  than  kin  to 
Claudius  (as  he  was  step-son),  but  still 
he  is  not  of  the  same  kind,  the  same 
class.  He  is  not  a  bird  of  the  same  feather 
as  the  king. 

Kincliok.  One  of  the  two  chief 
divinities  of  Thibet. 

Kind-liart.  A  jocular  name  for  a 
tooth-drawer  ;  so  called  from  a  dentist  of 
the  name  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth. 
Kindbart,  the  dentist,  is  mentioned  by 
Rowland  in  his  "  Letting  of  Humours- 
Blood  in  the  Head-vaine."     (1600.) 

Kindness.  Killed  with  kindnets. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  ape,  which  not  un- 
frequently  strangles  its  young  ones  by 
hugging  them  too  hard.     {See  Killed.) 

King  means  Father.  The  word  takes 
us  back  to  patriarchal  times,  when  fami- 
lies were  grouped  into  clans,  clans  into 
tribes,  and  tribes  into  nations.  The 
elders  formed  the  senate,  and  each 
"assembly  of  elders"  had  its  father. 
((Jerman,  konig  ;  Sanskrit,  janaka,  a 
f.ather,  Greek,  anax,  and  Latin,  senex, 
the  old  n.an  of  the  tribe,  or  paterfamilias 
of  the  nation.)    (5«  Queen.) 

Kingly  Titles : 

AbinieUch  (my  father  the  king).  The 
chief  raler  of  the  ancient  Philistines. 


KINGLY  TITLES. 


KINGS  OF  COLOGNE. 


477 


Agog  (lord).  The  chief  ruler  of  tho 
Amal'ekites  (1  syl.). 

Akbar  Khan  (very-great  chieftain). 
Hindustan. 

Aiuu:  and  BasiUus.  The  chief  ruler 
of  the  ancient  Greek  kingdoms. 

A  sser  or  A  ssyr  (1  ilossed  one).  Tho  chief 
ruler  of  ancient  Assyria. 

AUaleg  (father  prince).     Persia,  1118. 

Augunlns.  Tho  title  of  the  reigning 
emperor  of  Rome,  when  tho  heir  pre- 
Buinptive  was  styled  "  Cicsar."  (.b'c< 
Augustus.) 

..^utoo-u^  (self-potentate).  One  whose 
power  in  absolute— Ru.ssia. 

Beglerheg.     CA^q  Bey.) 

Ben- IJ adad  (son  of  the  sun)  or  Iladad. 
Tho  chief  ruler  of  ancient  Damascus. 

Bey  of  Tunis.  In  Turkey,  a  boy  is 
the  governor  of  a  banner,  and  the  chief 
over  the  seven  banners  is  the  beglar- 
bey. 

Breiin  or  Brenhin,  (war  chief)  of  the 
ancient  Gauls.  A  dictator  appointed  by 
the  IJruids  in  times  of  danger. 

Brelualda  (wielder  of  Britain).  Chief 
king  of  the  heptarchy. 

Cxsar,  Proi)er  name  adopted  by  tho 
Roman  emperors. 

C'a/iy  (successor).  Successors  of  M.aho- 
met ;  now  the  Grand  Siguier  of  Turkey, 
and  Sophi  of  Persia. 

Cauda'ce.  Proper  name  adopted  by  the 
queens  of  Ethiojiia. 

Cazique  (Ca-zcek').  American  Indians; 
native  princes  of  tho  ancient  Peruvians, 
Cubans,  Mexicans,  &c. 

Cham.     (See  Kluin.) 

Cyrus  (mighty).  Ancient  Persia.  {See 
Cruus.) 

Czar  (Caesar).     Russia. 

Darius,  Latin  foiiu  of  Darawcsh 
(king).    Ancient  Persia. 

Bey.  Algiers,  before  it  was  aunc.Kod 
to  France. 

Dicta' tor.  A  military  autocrat,  ap- 
])Ointc(l  by  tho  Romans  in  tiinesof  danger. 

Domnn  (loni).     liouiiiania. 

Emptror.     {See  Tmpkrator.) 

Esi7i'(/ii:(q.v.).     Kings  of  Kent. 

Jlos'podar.     Moldavia  and  Wall.achia. 

Impeia'tor  (ruler  or  commander).  The 
I>atin  form  of  emperor. 

Inca.     Aucie-nt  Peru."^ 

Judge.     Ancient  Jews  (Shovhtl). 

Kaiicr  (siime  as  Cajsar,  q.v).     Austria. 

/i7ia,a  (chieftain)  or  (JlungU-Khan. 
Tartary.  In  Persia,  the  governor  of  a 
proTioce  is  calle;!  a  A'Aan. 


Khedive  {q.v.).     Modem  Egypt. 

Kitig  or  Queen.    Great  Britain,  &c. 

Lama  or  Dalai  Lama  (great  mother, 
of-souls).     Thibet. 

Melech  (king).     Ancient  Jews. 

Mogul  or  Great  Mogul'.     MongoTia. 

Nejus  or  Nejusliee  (lord  protector) 
Abyssinia. 

Nizam'  (rulor).     Hj'derabad. 

Padi.fltah  (fatherly  protector).  Tlie 
Gultrui's  title-. 

Pendrag'on  (chief  of  the  dragon."!,  or 
"summus  rex").  A  dictator,  created  by 
the  ancient  Celts  in  times  of  danger. 

I'ha'raoh  (light  of  the  world).  Ancietit 
Egypt. 

President.    Republic  of  America. 

Ptolemy  (proper  name  adopted).  Egypt 
after  the  death  of  Alexander. 

Ra'jak  or  Muha-rajah  (great  king). 
Hindustan. 

Rex  (ruler).  A  Latin  word  equivalent 
to  our  king. 

Scheri/  (lord).    Mecca  and  Medi'na. 

Shah  (protector).    Persia. 

<S7i«^  (patriarch).    Arabia. 

So'phi  (holy)  A  title  of  the  Shah  of 
Persia. 

Stadtholder  (city- holder).  Formerly 
chief  magistrate  of  Holland. 

Sufff^s  (dictator).     AncicDt  Carthage. 

Sultan  or  Suldan  (ruler)      Turkey. 

Vayvode  or  Waywode  of  Transylvania, 
Moldavia,  siiul  Waliarhia. 

Vladika  (ruler).     Montenegro 

Also,  Aga,  ameer  or  emir,  arcliduk-e, 
count,  doge,  duke,  effendi,  elector,  exarch, 
imaum,  infanta,  landamman,  landgrave, 
mandarin,  nargrave  or  margravine, 
neirauh,  pacha  or  bashaw,  prince,  sachem, 
satrap,  seigner.tr  or  grand-sngncur,  sirdar, 
subaUdur,  suzerain,  tttrarrh,  rireroy.  <jc-., 
in  some  cases  are  chief  independent 
rulers,  in  some  cases  dependent  rulers  or 
governors  subject  to  an  over-lord,  and  in 
others  simply  titles  of  honour  without 
sejiarate  dominion. 

H  TJi£  factory  king.  Richard  O.istler, 
of  Bradford,  the  successful  advocate  of 
the  "Ten  Hours'  Bill."    (178U1SiJ:.) 

Ref  galantuomo  (tho  gallant  king) 
Victor  Emmaiiuei  of  Italy.    (1820-1S78.) 

7'he  three  kings  oj' Cologne.  Tho  npre- 
sentatives  of  tno  three  magi  who  came 
from  tho  East  to  offer  gifts  to  the  infant 
Jesus.  Tradition  m:ikes  tliem  three 
eastern  kings,  and  at  Colugiio  the  names 
ascribed  to  them  are  Ka*par,  Meleljior, 
add  liolthazar. 


478      KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 


The  booh  of  the  four  kingt.  A  pack  of 
cards. 

After  Bupier  »»r«  broueht  in  the  books  of  the 
four  kines.  —  ytuteiuij,  "(rar^iiUu^  and  Prnta- 
gruel,"  i.  2i. 

Like  a  ling.  When  Poms,  the  Incliau 
prince,  was  taken  prisoner,  Alexander 
asked  him  how  ho  expected  to  bo  treated. 
"  Like  a  kin^,"  be  replied ;  and  Alex- 
ander made  him  his  friend. 

A  king  should  die  standing.  So  sail 
Louis  XVIIL  of  Franco,  in  imitation  of 
Vespasian,  emperor  of  Rome. 

The  king  can  do  no  wrong.  A  sovercifrn 
is  not  responsible  for  the  acts  of  his 
ministers  ;  whatever  wronj;;  is  done,  the 
administrative  government  must  be  held 
responsible  for  it.  This  is  contrary  to  the 
general  axiom,  quod  Jacit  per  alios  facit 
per  se.  It  was  the  dictum  of  Uinckmar, 
archbishop  of  liheims.  (-Ses  WouKs,i.  Wi.) 

Kings  have  long  hands.  Do  not  quarrel 
with  a  king,  as  his  power  and  auihority 
reach  to  the  end  of  his  dominions.  The 
Latin  proverb  is,  An  nescis  longus  rc'gibus 
esse  manus ;  and  the  German,  Jlit  grossen 
hemn  es  ist  nicht  gut  klrschen  zu  essen  (It  is 
not  good  to  eat  cherries  with  great  men), 
B8  they  throw  the  stones  in  your  eyes. 

There'i  such  diyfmty  doth  hedse  a  kini;, 
Thai  treaioo  i-au  hut  peep  lo  what  it  would. 

ahakopeare.  King  in  "  Ilumlit,"  iv.  5. 

PniT/  aid  of  (he  king.  When  some  one, 
under  the  belief  that  hehas  a  right  to  t!;o 
land,  claims  rent  of  the  king's  tenants, 
they  appeal  to  the  sovereign,  or  "pray 
aid  of  the  king." 

Kings,  &c.,  of  England.  Much 
foolish  superstition  has  of  late  been  cir- 
culated respecting  certain  days  supposed 
to  be  "  fatal"  to  the  crowned  heads  of 
Great  Britain.  Tho  following  list  may 
help  to  discriminate  truth  from  fiction : — 

[Prom  means  the  rejniil  year  oommeaccd  from : 
To  is  the  dny  of  death.J 

William  I.,  from  Monday,  December 
25th,  106G,  to  Thta-sday,  September  9lh, 
1037  ;  William  II.,  from  Sunday,  Sep- 
tember 26th,  1087,  to  Thursday,  Ausnist 
2ud,  1100;  IIknuy  I.,  from  Sunday, 
August  5ih,  1100,  to  Sunday,  December 
lst,'^1135;  Stephen,  from  Thursdny, 
December  2'ith,  1135,  to  Monday,  Octo- 
ber 2bth,  1154. 

Henrt  II.,  from  Sunday,  December 
19th,  1154,  to  Thursday,  July  Cth,  11S9  ; 
liiciiAUD    I.,    from  Sunday,  September 


3rd,  1189,  to  Tuesday,  AprW  Cth,  1199  ; 
John,  froru  Thursday,  May  27th,  1199,  to 
Wednesday,  October  19th,  1216  ;  Hexuy 
HI.,  from  Saturday,  October  28th,  1216, 
to  Wednesday,  November  16ih,  1272 ; 
Edwaud  I.,  from  Sunday,  November 
20th,  1272,  to  Friday,  July  7tb,  1307 ; 
Edward  II.,  from  Saturday,  July  8th, 
1307,  to  Tuesday,  January  20th,  1327  ; 
Edward  111.,  from  Sunday,  January 
25th,  1327  (.\.S.),  to  6'ync/ay,  Juno  21st, 
1377;  RiCUAUD  II.,  from  Aloiiday,  June 
22nd,  1377,  to  Monday,  September  29th, 
1399  ;  He.vuy  IV.,  from  Tuesday,  Sep- 
tember SOtli,  1399,  to  Monday,  March 
20tb,  1'113;  IlENiir  V.,  from  Tuesday, 
March  21st,  1413,  to  Monday,  August 
31st,  1422 ;  Henry  VI.,  from  Tuesday, 
September  1st,  1422,  to  Wednesday, 
March  4th,  1461 ;  Edward  IV.,  from 
Wednesday,  March  4th,  ll'Jl,  to  ^^'ednes' 
day,  April  9ih,  1433  ;  Edward  V.,  from 
Wednesday,  April  9th,  14S3,  to  Sunday, 
June  22nd,  14S3 ;  RicuaRD  III.,  from 
Thursday,  June  2Cth,  1433,  to  Monday, 
August  22nd,  1485. 

Henry  VII.,  from  Monday,  Aucrust 
22nd,  14S5,  to  Saturday,  April  21st,  1509  ; 
Henry  VIII.,  from  Sunday,  April  22nd, 
1509,  to  Friday,  January  2Sth,  1547 ; 
Edv/ard  VI.,  fromi^»-i(/«y,  January  28th, 
1547,  to  Thursday,  July  6th,  1553 ; 
JIary,  from  Thursday,  July  6th,  1553,  to 
2'hursday,  November  17th,  1553  ;  Eliza- 
beth, from  Thursday,  November  17th, 
15i8,  to  Thursday,  March  21th,  1G03. 

James  L,  from  Thursday,  March  24th, 
1603,  to  Sunday,  Marcli  2Tth,  1625  ; 
Charles  I.,  from  Sunday,  March  2(th, 
1625,  to  Tuesday,  January  30th,  1649 ; 
[Commonwealth — Cromwell  died  Fri- 
day, September 3-13. 1658 ;]  Ciiakles  II., 
restored  Tuesday,  May  '-'9th,  IGGO,  died 
Friday.  February  6th,  1685;  James  II., 
from  Tuesday,  February  6th,  1685,  to 
Saturday,  December  11th,  1688  ;  William 
III.,  from  Wednesuay.I\'hi-aa.iy  13th,16S9, 
to  Monday,  March  btli,  1702  ;  Anne,  from 
Monday,  March  8th,  1702,  to  Sunday, 
August  1st,  1714. 

George  I.,  from  Sunday,  August 
1st,  1714,  to  Saturday.  June  11th, 
1727;  George  II.,  from  Saturday,  June 
11th,  1727,  to  Saturday,  October  25ih, 
1760;  George  III.,  from  S'durday, 
Octt^ber  25th,  1760.  to  Saturday,  January 
29th,  1820;  Geof-ge  IV.,  from  Saturday, 
January  29th,  1820,  to  Saturday.  June 
26th,  1830 ;  William  IV.  from  Siiturdai/, 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 


KING  0^  MlSllULE.      479 


June  2Gtb,  1S30,  to  Tmsday,  Juno  20th, 
1837;  ViCTOUiA,  from  Tuesdaj/,  Juno 
20th.  1837    *    • 

Hence  five  ho'-e  terminated  their  reign 
on  a  SuHdaii,  six  on  a  J/oiidai/,  four  on  a 
Tuesday,  four  on  a  Wednesday,  six  on  a 
Thursdau,  four  on  a  Friday,  and  six  on  a 
i'aturday.  A'tne  luive  be'ynn  and  en^lct 
llieir  rexgn.  on  tht  tame  day  :  Henry  I.  and 
Edward  III.  on  a  Sunday  ;  Rickard  II. 
on  a  Monday ;  Edvard  IV.,  Anne,  and 
George  I.  on  a  Wednesday ;  Mary  on  a 
Thursday ;  George  HI.  and  George  I V. 
on  a  Saturday, 

Kings,  etc.,  of  England. 

William  I.  styled  himself  King  oj  Uu 
English,  Kormans,  and  Cinomantians ; 
Henry  I.,  King  of  the  English  and  duke 
of  the  Nonnans ;  Stephen,  King  of  the 
English;  Ileury  II.,  King  of  England, 
duke  of  Normandy  and  Aquilania,  and 
count  of  Anjou;  John,  King  of  Eng. 
land,  lord  of  Ireland,  duke  of  Normandy 
and  Aquilania,  and  count  of  Anjou  ; 
Heury  ill.,  in  1250,  dropped  tlie  titles 
of  "duke  of  Normandy"  and  "count  of 
Anjou;"  Edward  I.,  K>ng  of  England, 
lord  of  Ireland,  and  dale  of  Aquilania  ; 
Edward  II.  ma'lo  his  son  "duke  of 
Aquitania"  in  the  nineteenth  year  of 
his  reign,  and  styled  himself  King  of 
England  ayid  lord  of  Ireland;  Edward 
III.  from  1337  adopted  the  style  of 
King  of  France  an-l  England,  and  lord 
of  Ireland,  and  duke  of  Aquilania ; 
Richard  II.,  Ki7ig  of  England  and 
France ,  and  lord  of  Ireland ;  Edward 
VI.,  of  England,  France,  and  Ireland, 
hin-g,  defender  of  the  faith— ihis  last  titlo 
was  given  to  Henry  VIII.  in  the  thirty, 
fifth  year  of  his  reign  ;  Slary,  Of  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Ireland,  queen,  defender 
of  the  faith,  and  supreme  head  of  the  An- 
glican and  Hibernian  Church;  Charles  I., 
Of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Ireland, 
king,  defender  of  the  faith,  kc;  Common- 
wealth, T/ie  keepers  of  the  lilertiet  of 
EiiijLind,  by  iJie  authority  of  Parliament, 
and  Cromwell  was  styled  his  highness; 
Ciiarles  II.  and  James  II.  as  Charles  I. ; 
William  and  Mary,  Of  England,  Scotland, 
France,  and  Ireland,  king  and  queen,  de- 
fewlers  of  the  faiih,  &c. ;  Anne,  Of  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Ireland,  queen,  de- 
fender of  the  faith,  kc. ;  George  III.,  in 
1801,  abandoned  the  words  "king  of 
Franco,"  which  had  been  retained  for  432 
years,  and  his  stylo  was,  George  III.,  by 
Uit  grace  of  God  of  tlit  United  Kingdom  of 


Great  EHtain  and  Ireland  king,  defender 
of  Ute  faith. 

U  The  King's.  A  fashionable  theatro 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I L 

King-at-Arms.  An  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  direct  the  heralds,  preside 
at  chapters,  and  have  the  jurisdiction  of 
armoury.  There  are  three  kin^^s-at-arms 
in  KnLjland,  viz.,  Garter,  Clarencieux, 
and  Norroy  ;  one  in  Scotland,  viz.,  Lyon ; 
and  ono  in  Ireland,  called  Ulster, 

Eath  King-of-Anns  is  no  member  of 
the  college,  but  takes  precedence  next 
after  Garter.  Office  created  in  1725  for 
the  service  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath. 

King  of  Bark.  Christopher  III.  of 
Scandinavia,  who,  in  a  time  of  great 
scarcity,  had  the  bark  of  birchwood  mixed 
with  meal  for  food,     (loth  century.) 

King  of  Bath.  Beau  Nash,  master 
of  ihe  ceremonies  at  that  city  for  some 
56  years.     (107-1-1761.) 

King  of  Beasts.  Tho  lion,  noted 
for  the  grandness  of  its  nature,  and  its 
royal  quality  of  mercy. 

King  of  Khorassan.  So  Anva'ri, 
the  I'eraian  poet  of  tho  twelfth  century, 
is  called. 

King  of  Metals.  Gold,  which  is 
not  ou.y  the  most  valuable  of  metals, 
but  also  is  without  its  peer  in  f rec  iom 
from  alloy.  It  is  got  without  smelting  ; 
wherever  it  exists  it  is  visible  to  the  eye  ; 
and  it  consoria  with  little  else  than  pure 
silver.  Even  with  this  precious  alloy, 
tho  pure  metal  ranges  from  sixty  to 
ninety-nine  per  cent. 

King  of  Misriile.  Sometimes  called 
LoiiU,  and  sometimes  Abbot,  kc.  At 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  one  of  the 
Masters  of  Arts  superintended  both  the 
Christmas  and  Candlemas  sports,  for 
which  he  was  allowed  a  fee  of  4iis. 
These  diversions  continued  till  tho 
Reformation.  I'olydor  Virgil  says  of 
tho  feast  of  Misrule  that  it  was  "derived 
from  the  Roman  Saturnalia,"  held  in 
December  for  five  days  (17th— 22ud).  Tho 
feast  of  Misrule  lasted  twelve  days. 

If  wpcompire  oar  liacchaiiali&ii  rhrittmaoim  ind 
Nt'W  Year  Tulet  witti  tliep«  ^aiurnHlia  and  Feiiiti 
of  Jaiiun.  vre  sUall  tiu  le  such  ucar  aMinityc  lietwecDa 
them  both  iu  rc^arJ  of  tim«....au'J  lu  their  maiiiior 
of  au  einiiiziaii....that  we*  niuat  nee  l<  lOuchi'Jt  \i\t 
oua  to  l>«  Ihe  Tcr;  ar'*  or  issuol  tUtutlier  — i'rynM, 
"  JIiitrto^adM."    (7S;J 


480      KING  OF  PAINTERS. 


KING  ESTMERE. 


King  of  Painters.  A  title  assumed 
by  Parrhas'ios,  tho  painter,  a  contem- 
porary of  Zeuxis.  Plutarch  says  ho  wore 
a  purple  robo  and  a  golden  crown.  {Fl. 
400  B.C.) 

King  of  Preachers.  Louis  Bonr- 
daloue,  a  French  clergyman.  (lGo2- 
1704.) 

King  of  Rome.  A  tide  conferred 
by  Napoleon  I.  on  his  son  on  the  day  of 
his  birth;  who  was  more  generally  called 
duke  of  Pveichstadt.     (1811-1832.) 

King  of  Shreds  and  Patches.  In 
the  old  mysteries  Vice  used  to  bo  dressed 
as  a  mimic  king  in  a  party-coloured  suit. 
(Shakespeare,  "  Hamlet,"  iii.  4.)  The 
phrase  is  metaphorically  applied  to  cer- 
tain literary  operatives  who  compile  books 
for  publishers,  but  supply  no  originality 
of  thought  or  matter. 

King  of  Terrors.    Death. 

King  of  Waters.     The  river  Am'- 

»zon  of  tjouth  America. 

King  of  Yvetot  (pron.  Ev-to).  A 
man  of  mighty  pretensions  but  small 
merits.  Yvetot  is  near  Eouon,  and  was 
once  a  seigneurie,  the  possessors  of  which 
were  entitled  kings— a  title  given  them 
in  534  by  Clotaire  I.,  and  continued  far 
into  the  fourteenth  century. 

Jl  et.iit  un  roi  d'Yvetot, 

I'eu  connu  dans  I'histoire'; 
Be  levant  tard.  secouchant  tot. 

Dormant  fort  bien  Bans  glulre; 
Et  couronne  par  Jeanneton 
D'un  simple  bonnet  de  cotou. 

Dit  on; 
Oil  1  oh  I  oh  1  oh  I  Ah  1  ah  I  ah  !  ah  ] 
Quel  bon  petit  roi  c'etait;  la  1  la  1  la ! 
A  king  there  was  "  roi  d'lfvetot"  clept. 

liut  little  known  in  story. 
Wont  soon  to  bed,  till  daylight  slept, 

And  soundly  without  glory; 
His  royal  brow  in  cotton  cap. 
Would  Jannet,  when  he  took  his  nap. 

Enwrap. 
Oh  I  oh  1  oh  I  oh  !  Ah  I  ah  I  ah  1  ah  I 
A  famous  king  he  1  La  1  la  1  la  ]—E.  C.  B. 

King  of  the  Beau  (Hoi  de  la  Ffeve). 
The  Twelfth-night  king;  so  called  be- 
cause lie  was  chosen  by  distributing 
slices  of  Twelfth-cake  to  the  children 
present,  and  the  child  who  had  the  slice 
with  a  bean  in  it  was  king  of  tho  com- 
pany for  the  night.  This  sport  was 
indulged  in  till  the  Eeformation,  even 
at  tlie  two  universities. 

King  of  the  Beggars  or  Oipsies. 
Banipfyldo  Moore  Oarew,  a  noted  English 
vagabond.     (1G93-1770.) 

King  of  the  Forest.  The  oak, 
which  not  only  brayes   the  storm,  bijt 


fosters  tho  growth  of  tendor  para-sites 
under  its  arms. 

King  of  the  Teign.  Baldrick  cf 
South  Devon,  son  of  Kri,  who  long  de- 
fended his  territory  against  Algar,  a 
lawless  chief. 

King  of  the  World  (Shah-Jelian). 
The  title  assumed  by  Khorrum  Shah, 
third  son  of  Selim  Jehan-Ghir,  and  fifth 
of  tho  Mogul  emperors  of  Delhi.  {Died 
166G.) 

King  Ban.  Father  of  Sir  Launcelot 
du  Lac.  He  died  of  grief  when  his 
castle  was  taken  and  burnt  through  the 
treachery  of  his  seneschal. — "  Launcelot 
du  Lac."  (1494.) 

King's  Cave.  Opposite  to  Camp- 
beltou  ;  so  called  because  it  was  here 
that  king  Robert  Bruce  and  his  retinue 
lodged  when  they  landed  on  the  main- 
laud  from  the  isle  of  Arran.—  "  Sialisdcal 
Account  of  Scollaiid,"  v.,  p.  167  (article, 
Arran). 

King's  Chair.  A  seat  made  by 
two  bearers  with  their  hands.  On  Can- 
dlemas Day,  the  children  of  Scotland 
used  to  bring  their  schoolmaster  a  present 
in  money,  and  the  boy  who  brought  the 
largest  sum  was  king  for  tho  nonce. 
When  school  w;is  dismissed,  the  "  king" 
was  carried  on  a  seat  of  hands  in  pro- 
cession, and  the  seat  was  called  the 
"kiug's  chair." 

Bang  Cotton.  Cotton,  the  staple 
of  the  Southern  States  of  America,  and 
the  chief  article  of  manufacture  in  Eng- 
land. The  expression  was  first  used  by 
James  II.  Hammond  in  the  senate  of  the 
United  States,  in  1853.  The  great  cotton 
manufacturers  are  called  "cotton  lords." 

King's  Crag.  Fife,  in  Scotland; 
so  called  because  Alexander  III.  of  Scot- 
land was  killed  there. 

Ap  he  was  riding  in  tha  dusk  of  the  evening  along 
the  sea-coast  of  Fife,  betwiit  Burnt-island  aud  King- 
horn,  he  appioaohed  too  near  the  brink  of  the  pre- 
cspica,  auj  his  horse  startine  or  stumbling,  be  waa 
thrown  over  t.^ie  rock,  and  killed  on  the  spot.. ..the 
people  of  the  country  etiil  pjiut  out  the  very  spoi 
wliere  it  happened,  and  whicl)  is  called  "  The  Kin,;  s 
Crag."— .Sir  W^lUr  ScoU," TdUa oj a  GrandfaUttr ," y\. 

King  Estmere  (2  syl.)  of  England 
was  induced  by  his  brother  Adler  to  go 
to  king  Adland,  and  request  pc-mission 
to  pay  suit  to  his  daughter.  King  Adlaml 
replied  that  Bremor,  king  of  Spain,  had 
already  proposed  to  her  and  been  re- 
jected ;   but  whoa   tho  U'iy  ^yas    intru. 


KING'S   EVIL. 


KINO   RYENCR 


481 


duced  to  the  English  king,  she  accepted 
him.  King  Estmere  and  his  brother  re- 
turned home  to  prepare  for  the  wedding, 
but  had  not  proceeded  a  mile  when  the 
king  of  Si)ain  returned  to  press  his  suit, 
and  threaten  vengeance  if  it  wore  not  ac- 
cepted. A  page  was  instantly  dispatched 
to  inform  king  Estmere,  and  request  him 
to  return.  The  two  brothers  in  tho  guiso 
of  harpers  rode  into  the  hall  of  king 
Adland,  when  Breraor  rebuked  them, 
and  bade  them  leave  their  steeds  in  the 
etabie.  A  <iuarrel  ensued,  iu  wliicli 
Adier  sjevv  "the  sowdau,"  and  the  two 
brothers  put  tho  retainers  to  llight.— 7'. 
I'trci/,  " Relique^"  dc,  series  I.,  bk.  i.  G. 

King's  Evil.  Scrofula,  so  called 
from  a  notion  which  prevailed  from  the 
reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor  to  that  of 
queen  Anno,  that  it  could  be  cured  by 
the  royal  touch.  The  Jacobites  con- 
sidered that  tho  power  did  not  descend 
to  William  III.  and  Anne,  because  tho 
"divine"  hereditary  right  was  not  fully 
possessed  by  them,  but  the  office  re- 
mained in  our  Prayer  Book  till  1719. 
Prince  Charles  Edward,  when  ho  claimed 
to  be  prince  of  Wale.s,  touched  a  female 
child  for  the  disease  in  1745 ;  but  the  last 
person  touched  in  England  was  Dr. 
J  ohnson,  in  1712,  when  only  thirty  months 
old,  by  queen  Anne.  The  French  kings 
laid  claim  to  tho  same  divine  power  even 
from  the  time  of  Anne  of  C'lovis,  a.d.  481, 
and  on  Easter  Sunday,  1686,  Louis  XIV. 
touched  1,600  persons',  using  these  words: 
Le  roy  te  louche,  iJicu  te  guerisse.  The 
practice  was  introduced  by  Henry  VII. 
of  presenting  the  person  "  touched  "  with 
a  small  gold  or  silver  coin,  called  a  touch- 
piece.  The  one  presented  to  Dr.  Johnson 
has  St.  George  and  the  Dragon  on  one 
side  and  a  ship  on  the  other;  the  legend 
of  the  former  is  Soli  deo  gloria,  and  of 
the  latter  Anna  D:O.M.BR.F: ET.II. 
REG.  (Anne,  by  the  Grace  of  Go.i,  of 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Ir'jland 
Queen). 

King-fisher  is  not  so  called  because 
it  is  a  king  of  lishors,  lor  it  is  a  very  bad 
fisher,  wounding  more  fish  than  it  cap- 
tures. It  receives  its  name,  like  t!io 
cvickoo  and  many  other  birds,  from  ita 
note,  which  sounds  like  ke-ke-scheiv'r. 

King  Franco'ni.  Jo.achim  Murat, 
•P  called  because  l)0  resembled  in  dress 


and  finery  Franconi  the    mountebank. 

(1707-1815.) 

King  Horn  or  ChihU  IToi-n.  '.fh< 
hero  of  a  metrical  romance  by  Mesin 
T/iomas. 

King'o  Keys.  The  crow-bars  and 
hammers  used  by  sheriffs'  officers  to  force 
doors  and  locks  (law  phrase). 

King  Log.  A  roi  faineant,  a  king 
that  rules  in  peace  and  quietness,  but 
never  makes  his  power  felt.  The  allusion 
is  to  the  fable  of  "Tho  Frogs  Asking  for 
a  King,"  when  Jupiter  threw  a  log  into 
their  pond. 

King-maker.  Richard  Neville,  earl 
of  Warwick  ;  so  called  because,  when  he 
sided  with  Henry  VI.,  Henry  was  king  ; 
but  when  he  sided  with  Edward  IV., 
Henry  was  deposed  and  Edward  was 
king.     He  fell  at  Barnot.     (1420-1471.) 

King's  Men.  The  7Sth  Foot;  so 
called  from  their  motto,  Cuidiolir  liiti 
(Help  the  king). 

King  Petaud.  The  court  oj  king 
PHaud.  A  kind  of  Alsatia,  where  all 
are  talkers  with  no  hearers,  all  are  kings 
with  no  subjects,  all  are  masters  and 
none  servants.  There  was  once  a  society 
of  beggars  in  France,  the  chief  of  whom 
called  himself  king  Pe'taud.  (Latin, 
■pelo,  to  beg.) 

King's-picture.  Money ;  so  avlled 
because  coin  is  stamped n-ith  "the image" 
of  the  reigning  sovereign. 

King  Ryence,  of  North  Wales, 
sent  a  awarf  to  king  Arthur  to  say  "  he 
had  overcome  eleven  kings,  all  of  which 
paid  him  homage  in  this  sort — viz.,  they 
gave  him  their  beards  to  purfell  hie 
mantle.  He  now  required  king  Arthur 
to  do  likewise."  King  Arthur  returned 
answer,  "  My  beard  is  full  young  yet 
for  a  purfell,  but  before  it  is  long  eLoiigh 
for  such  a  purpose,  King  Ryence  shall 
do  me  homage  on  both  his  knees."  {ISef 
Percy,  "  Reliquos,"  &c.,  series  iii.,  bk,  1.} 

Spenser  says  that  Lady  Bria'na  loveO. 
a  knight  named  Crudor,  who  refused  to 
marry  her  till  she  sent  him  a  mantle 
lined  with  the  beards  of  knights  and 
locks  of  ladies.  To  accomplish  this,  she 
appointed  Mal'effort,  her  seneschal,  to 
divest  every  lady  that  drew  near  the 
castle  of  her  locks,  and  every  knight  ol 
his    board.— " /'nt^ry    l^iucn,"    blj..    ri., 


482 


KING  STORK. 


KISSING. 


King  Stork.  A  tyrant  tbat  dovoura 
Lis  s\il)jects,  and  makes  them  submissive 
with  fear  and  trembling.  The  allusion 
is  to  the  fablo  of  "The  Frogs  Desiring 
a  King,"  but  not  such  a  one  as  King 
Log. 

Kingston-on-Thames.  Named 
Kings-simie  from  a  lar£,^o,  square  block  of 
stone  near  the  town  hall,  on  wliich  the 
early  Anglo-Saxon  monarchs  knelt  when 
they  wore  anointed  to  the  kingly  oflice  : 
Kdward  the  Elder,  Athelstan,  Edmund, 
Ethelred,  Edred,  Edwy,  and  Edward 
the  Martyr  received  on  this  stone  the 
royal  unction.  The  stone  is  now  enclosed 
with  railings. 

Kingstown  {Ireland),  formerly  called 
Diiuleary.  The  name  was  changed  in 
1821  out  of  compliment  to  George  IV., 
who  visited  Ireland  that  year,  and  left 
Dunleary  harbour  for  his  return  home 
on  the  5th  of  September. 

Kingswood  Lions.  Donkeys; 
Kingswood  being  at  one  time  famous  for 
the  number  of  asses  kept  by  the  colliers 
who  lived  thereabout. 

Kinless  Loon.  The  judges  whom 
Cromwell  sent  into  Scotland  wero  so 
termed,  because  they  condemned  and 
acquitted  those  brought  before  tlictn 
wholly  irrespective  of  party,  and  solely 
on  the  merits  of  the  charge  with  which 
they  wero  accused. 

Kiosk'.  A  Turkish  summer-house 
or  alcove  supported  by  pillars. 

Kirk  of  Skulls.  Gamrie  church 
in  IJanlfshire ;  so  called  because  the 
skulls  and  other  bones  of  the  Norsemen 
who  fell  in  the  neighbouring  field,  called 
the  Bloody  Pots,  were  built  into  its 
walls. 

Kii'ke-grim.  The  nix  who  looks  to 
order  in  churches,  and  punishes  those 
who  misbehave  themselves  there,  and 
the  persons  employed  to  keep  it  tidy  if 
they  fail  in  their  duty. — Scandinavian 
mythology. 

Kirke's  Lambs.  The  2nd  Foot. 
Tlioir  colonel  was  Piercy  Kirke,  when 
they  were  appointed  as  a  guard  of  honour 
to  the  queen  of  Charles  11.  on  her  pro- 
gress to  London.  For  this  servict  they 
were  allowed  to  carry  on  their  colours 
the  "Paschal  Lamb." 

Kirkrap'ine  (3  syi.).  "While  Una 
was  in  the  hut  of   Corcoca,  Kirkrapiue 


forced  his  way  in  ;  but  the  lion  springing 
on  him  tore  him  to  pieces.  The  meaning 
is  that  Romanism  was  increased  by  ra- 
pine, b>it  the  English  lion  at  the  Re- 
formation put  an  end  to  the  rapacity  of 
moxiks.— Spenser,  "Faery  Queen,"  bk.  i. 

Kishmee.    An  island  in  the  Persian 

Gulf,  famous  for  its  white  wine. 

Kjss,  as  a  mode  of  salutation,  coraeu 
from   its   use   to    express  reverence    or 
worship.      Thus  to   adore  idols  and  to 
kiss  idols  mean  the  same  thing.    Indeed, 
the  word  adore  signifies  simply  to  carry 
the  hand  to  the  moulh,  that  is,  to  kiss  it 
to  the  idol.     We  still  kiss  the  band  in 
s.alutatioH.     Various  parts  of  the  body 
are  kissed  to  distinguish  the  character  of 
the  adoration  paid.    Thus,  to  kiss  the 
lips  is  to  adore  the  living  breath  of  tke 
person  saluted  ;  to  kiss  the  feet  or  gi-ound 
is  to  humble  oneself   in  adoration ;   to 
kiss  the  garments  is  to  express  venera- 
tion to  whatever  belongs  to  or  touches 
the  person  who  wears  them.     "  Kiss  the 
Son  lest  he  be  angry"  (Ps.  ii.  12)  means 
Worship  the  Son  of  God.     Pharaoh  tells 
Joseph  "Thou  shalt  be  over  my  house, 
and  upon  thy  mouth  shall  all  my  people 
kiss,"  meaning  they  shall  reverence  the 
commands  of  Joseph  by  kissing  the  roll 
on  which  his  commands  would  be  written. 
"Samuel  poured  oil  on  Saul  and  kissed 
him,"  to  acknowledge  subjection  to  God's 
anointed  (1  Sam.  x.  1).     In  the  Hebrew 
state,  this  mode  of  expressing  reverence 
arose  from  the  peculiar  form  of  govern- 
ment   established^   whether    under   the 
patriarchal  or  matrimonial  figure. 

A  Judas  liiss.  An  act  of  treachery. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  apostle  Judas,  who 
betrayed  his  Master  witli  a  kiss. 

Kissing  the  Pope's  Toe.  Matthew 
of  Westminster  saj-s,  it  was  customary 
formerly  to  kiss  the  hand  of  his  holiness; 
but  that  a  certain  woman,  in  the  eighth 
century,  not  only  kissed  the  pope's  hand, 
but  "  squeezed  it."  The  church  magnate, 
seeing  the  danger  to  which  be  was  ex- 
posed, cut  off  his  hand,  and  was  com- 
pelled in  future  to  offer  his  foot,  a  custom 
which  has  continued  to  the  present  hour. 

Kissing  under  the  Mistletoe. 
Balder,  the  Apollo  of  Scandinavian  my- 
thology, was  killed  by  a  mistletoe  arrow 
given  to  the  blind  Hbder,  by  Loki,  the 
god  of  mischief  and  potentate  of  our 
earth.     Balder  was  restored  to  life,  but 


KISSING  CEU  ST. 


K!sAVE, 


4S8 


the  mistletoo  was  placed  in  future  under 
the  care  of  Friga,  and  was  never  again 
to  be  an  instrument  of  evil  till  it  touched 
the  earth,  the  empire  of  Loki,  Hence 
is  it  always  suspended  from  ceiling's. 
And  when  persons  of  opposite  sexcB 
pass  under  it,  they  give  each  other  the 
kiss  of  peace  and  love,  in  the  full  assur- 
ance that  the  epiphyte  is  nr>  longer  an 
instrument  of  mischief. 

A  correspondent  ia  I^otes  and  Qiicriei 
suggests  that  the  Romans  dedicated  the 
holly  to  Saturn,  whoso  festival  was  in 
December,  and  that  the  early  Christians 
decked  their  houses  with  the  t^aturnian 
emblems  to  deceive  the  llomaus  and 
escape  persecution.  It  was  this  sort  of 
compromise  that  Naaman  the  Syrian  re- 
quested when  his  master  bowed  in  wor. 
£hip  to  Rimmon. 

Kissing-erust.  The  cnist  where 
the  lower  lump  of  bread  kisses  the  upper, 

Kist'nerap'pan.  The  Indian  water- 
god.  Persons  at  the  point  of  death  are 
sometimes  carried  into  the  Ganges,  and 
sometimes  to  its  banks,  that  Kistnerap- 
nan  may  purify  thom  from  all  deQlement 
before  they  die.  Others  have  a  little 
water  poured  into  the  palms  of  their 
hands,  with  the  same  object. 

Kit.  A  sMier's  kit.  His  outfit. 
(Saxon,  kilte.) 

T/ie  whole  kit  of  them.  The  whole  lot. 
(See  above.) 

Kit's  Coty  House  (Keiil)  is  Kati- 
geru's  or  Kiliijcrn's  coli/  /iOiw«— that  is, 
the  house  or  tomb  of  Kitigern,  made  of 
coits  or  huge  flat  stones.  (See  IIackell's 
CoiT  and  IJkvil's  Coit.) 

Katigcrn  was  tlie  brother  of  Vortimor, 
and  leader  of  the  JJritons,  who  was  slain 
in  the  battle  of  Aylesford  or  Epsford, 
lighting  against  Heiigist  and  llorsa. 
l.ambarde  calls  it  CitscMiotue  (1570). 
The  structure  consists  of  two  upright 
side-stonos,  one  standing  in  the  middle 
a.4  a  support  or  tenon,  and  a  fourth  im- 
posed as  a  roof. 

Kitchi-man'itou.  The  good  deity 
of  the  savages  of  Canada.  Once  a  year 
they  celebrate  his  festival  with  dancing 
and  singing. 

Kite  {Sergeant),  in  Farquhar's  "  Ko- 
cruiting  Officer." 

Kite-flying.  To  pj  the  kite  is  to 
"  raise  tlio  wind,"  or  obtain  money  on 


bills,  whether  good  or  bad.  It  is  a  Stock 
Exchange  phrase,  and  means,  as  a  kite 
flutters  in  the  air  by  reason  of  its  light- 
ness, and  is  a  mere  toy,  so  these  bills  tly 
about,  but  are  light  and  worthless. 

Kitely  (2syl.).  A  jealous  city  mer- 
chant in  Boa  Jousou's  "  Every  Man  ui 
his  Humour." 

Blit-cat  Club.  A  club  fonned  ia 
1688  by  the  leading  wliigs  of  the  day, 
aud  held  in  Sliiro  Lane  (now  Lower 
Serle's  Place),  in  the  house  of  Christo- 
pher Cat,  a  pastry  cook,  -who  supplied 
I  he  nnitton  pies,  and  after  whom  the  club 
was  named.  Sir  Godfrey  KncUer  painted 
a  series  of  portraits  of  the  club-members 
for  Jacob  Touson,  the  secretary,  whoso 
villa  was  at  Barn  Kims,  and  where  latterly 
the  club  was  hold,  la  order  to  accom- 
modate the  paintings  to  the  hoiglit  of 
the  club-room,  he  was  obliged  to  make 
them  three-quarter  lengths;  hence  a 
throe-quartor  portrait  is  still  called  a 
kit-c<tt. 

Strictly  speaking,  a  kit-cat  canvas  ia 
twenty-eight  inches  by  thirty-six. 


Steele,  AiMison,  Congrove,  Oarth.  Va 


iigh,  Man- 


waring,  Stcpn.y,  Wa1|)oIo,  and  Tulloncy  wure  of  it ; 
so  was  lord  Uorsot  and  the  proont  duko.  Mim- 
wariiig....w.is   the  ruling   man   in    all  converaation 

lord  Slanhopo  and  tlie  carl  of  Kssei   were  also 

meml)ur9....1iach  member  gave  liij  [picture].— I'.j>« 
to  Spenet' 

Kit  Cats.  Mutton  pies,  so  called 
from  Christopher  Cat,  the  pastrycook, 
who  excelled  in  those  pasties,  (See 
above.) 

Blittle  of  Fish.  A  pretty  kittle  of 
fish.  A  pretty  muddle,  a  bad  job.  Cor- 
ruption of  "  kiddle  of  fish."  A  kiddie  ia 
a  baslcet  sot  in  the  opening  of  a  weir  for 
catching  lish.    {See  Kettle.) 

Ki'was'a-  An  idol  of  the  Virginian 
savages, 

Klaus  (Peter).  The  prototype  of 
Rip  Van  Winkle,  whose  sleep  lasted 
trrcnty  years,     {See  Santa  KlaU3.) 

Kloka-nian  [wise-folk).  Doctors 
who  undertake  to  cure  the  evils  caused 
by  wicked  elves.  They  correspond  to  the 
Fairy-women  of  Ireland.  — 5ca«iZuiai>ia. 

Knave.  A  lad,  a  garden,  a  servant, 
(Saxon,  cnafa,  a  boy;  Gorman,  knabe.) 
The  knave  of  clubs,  &c.,  is  the  son  or 
servant  of  the  king  and  queen  thereof. 


484 


KNECIIT  GLOBES. 


KNIGHTS  OF  THE  GARTER. 


In  an  old  version  of  the  Bible  we  read  : 
"Paul,  a  knavo  of  Jckus  Christ,  called 
to  bo  a7i  apostle,"  &c.  (Rom.  i.  1). 

A  knave  of  Sologne.  More  knavo  than 
fool.  The  French  say  un  niais  de  Sologne. 
Sologne  is  a  part  of  the  departments  of 
Loirot  ot  Loir-et-Cher. 

Kneelit  Globes.  {See  Santa 
Klaus.) 

Knee.  Greek,  goriH  ;  Latin,  genu  ; 
French,  genou  ;  Sanskrit,  janu  ;  Saxon, 
cneo^o ;  Gorman,  knie  ;  English,  knee. 

Knee  Tribute.  Adoration  or  re- 
verence shown  by  prostration  or  bonding 
the  knee. 

Kneph.  The  ram-headed  god  of 
ancient  Egypt,  called  also  Amen-ra,  and 
by  the  Greeks,  Ammon. 

Knicker-bocker  {Die'drieh).  The 
imaginary  author  of  a  facetious  "History 
of  New  York,"  by  Washington  Irving. 

Knife  is  the  emblem  borne  by  St. 
Ag'atha,  St.  Albert,  and  St.  Christi'na. 

The  flaying  hvft  is  the  emblem  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  because  he  was  flayed  with 
one. 

A  sao'ificing  knife  is  borne  in  Christian 
art  by  St.  Zadkiel,  the  acgel. 

The  knife  of  academic  knots.  Chrysip'- 
pos,  so  called  because  he  was  the  keenest 
disputant  of  his  age.     (B.C.  280-207.) 

Knight  means  simply  a  hoy.  (Saxon, 
cnihl.)  As  boys  (like  the  Latin  piiera.uA. 
French  gar(on)  were  used  as  servants,  so 
cnilit  came  to  mean  a  servant.  Those 
who  served  the  feudal  kings  bore  arms, 
and  persons  admitted  to  this  privilege 
were  the  king's  knights  ;  as  this  distinc- 
tion was  limited  to  men  of  family,  the 
word  became  a  title  of  honour  nest  to 
the  nobility.  In  modern  Latin  a  knight 
is  termed  aura'lui  (golden),  from  the  gilt 
spurs  which  they  used  to  wear. 

Last  of  the  knights.  Maximilian  I.  of 
German^.    (1459,1493-1519.) 

Knights  Bachelors.  Persons  who 
are  simply  knights,  but  belong  to  no 
order.     (French,  las-chevaliers.) 

Knights  Bannerets.  Knights 
created  on  the  field  of  battle.  The  king  or 
general  cut  off  the  point  of  their  flag,  and 
made  it  square,  so  as  to  resemble  a  bann  er. 
Hence  knights  bannerets  are  called 
Knights  oj  the  Square  Flag. 

KniglXtS  Baronets.      Inferior  ba- 


rons, an  order  of  hereditary  rank,  created 
by  James  I.  in  1611.  The  title  was  sold 
for  money,  and  the  funds  went  nominally 
towards  the  plantation  in  Ulster.  These 
knights  bear  the  arras  of  Ulster,  viz.,  a 
field  argent,  a  sinister  hand  couped  at  the 
wrist  guies.    (^See  Hand.  ) 

Knights  Errant.  In  France,  from 
768  to  987,  the  land  was  incumbe>-ed  with 
fortified  castles  ;  in  England  this  was  not 
the  case  till  the  reign  of  Stephen.  The 
lords  of  these  castles  used  to  carry  ofi 
females  and  commit  rapine,  so  that  a 
class  of  men  sprang  up,  at  least  in  the 
pages  of  romance,  who  roamed  about  in 
full  armour  to  protect  the  defenceless  and 
aid  the  oppressed. 

'•  Prox'ima  qiiaeqne  metit  glad'io"  ii  the  perf«cl 
account  of  a  ktuj^bt  tiiaut. —Jjri/den,  bedicutKni 
0/  Vie  "jUnt'it." 

Knight's  Fee.  A  portion  of  land 
held  by  custom,  sufficient  to  maintain  a 
knight  to  do  service  as  such  for  the  king. 
William  the  Conqueror  created  60,0u0 
such  fees  when  he  came  to  England.  All 
who  had  £20  a-year  in  lands  or  income 
were  compelled  to  be  knights. 

Knight  Eider  Street  (^London). 
So  named  from  the  processions  of  knights 
from  the  Tower  to  Smithfield,  where 
tournaments  were  held.  Leigh  Hunt 
says  the  name  originated  in  a  sign  or 
some  reference  to  the  Heralds  College 
in  the  vicinity. 

Knight  of  Arts  and  Industry. 
The  hero  of  Thomson's  "  Castle  of  Indo- 
lence," canto  ii.  7-13. 

Knights  of  the  Bath.    (Su  Bath.) 

Knights  of  the  Blade.  Bullies 
who  were  for  ever  appealing  to  their 
swords  to  brow-beat  the  timid. 

Knights  of  the  Carpet  or  Carpet 

Knights,  are  not  military  but  civil 
knights,  such  as  mayors,  lawyers,  and 
so  on  ;  so  called  because  they  receive 
their  knighthood  kneeling  on  a  carpet, 
and  not  on  the  battle-field. 

Knights    of    the     Chamber    or 

Chamber  Knights,  are  knights  bachelors 
made  in  times  of  peace  in  the  ;;)•«««« 
chamber,  and  not  in  the  camp.  Being 
military  men,  they  differ  from  "  carpet 
knights,"  who  are  always  civilians. 

Knights  of  the  Garter.    {See  G^H- 


KNIGHTS  OF  THE   HARE. 


KNlPl'ERDOLLINGS, 


486 


Knights  of  the  Hare.  An  order 
of  twelve  knights  created  by  Edward  111. 
in  France,  upon  the  following  occasion : — 
A  great  shouting  was  raised  by  the  French 
army,  and  Edward  thought  tho  shout 
was  the  onset  of  battle,  but  found  after- 
wards it  was  occasioned  by  a  hare  run- 
aing  between  the  two  armies. 

Knight  of  La  Mancha  Don 
Quixote  de  la  iMancha,  the  liero  of  Cer- 
vantes' novel,  called  "  Don  Quixote." 

Knights  of  Malta  or  Hospitallers 
of  St.  John,  of  Jerusalem.  Some  time 
after  tho  first  crusade,  some  Neapolitan 
merchants  built  at  Jerusalem  an  hospital 
for  sick  pilgrims  and  a  church  which  they 
dedicated  to  St.  John;  these  they  com- 
mitted to  the  charge  of  certain  knights, 
ca.l\Qd  JJos^pitallers  0/  m.  John.  In  1310 
these  Hospitallers  took  Rhode  Island, 
and  changed  their  title  into  Kiiights  of 
Rhodes.  In  1523  they  were  expelled 
from  Rhodes  by  the  Turks,  and  took  up 
their  residence  in  the  Isle  of  JIalta. 

Knight  of  the  Pestle  or  Ivnight  of 
Uie  Pestle  and  Mortar.  An  apothecary  or 
druggist,  whose  chief  instrument  is  the 
pestle  and  mortar,  used  in  compounding 
medicines. 

Knights  o'  the  Post.  Persons 
who  haunted  the  purlieus  of  the  courts, 
ready  to  be  hired  for  a  bribe  to  swear 
anything;  so  called  from  their  being 
always  found  waiting  at  the  posts  which 
the  sheriffs  set  up  outside  their  doors 
for  posting  proclamations  on. 

There  are  kniuhts  of  the  post  and  boo>>T  chuts 
eiioiwh  to  swear  tlie  truth  of  the  broadetit  coiitra- 

dictioni.— SiiiifA. 

K^nighl  of  the  Post.  A  man  in  the  pil- 
lory, or  that  has  been  tied  to  a  whipping- 
post, is  jestingly  so  called. 

Knight  of  the  Eoad.  A  highway- 
man. 

Knights  of  the  Round  Table. 
King  Arthur's  knights,  so  called  from 
the  large  circular  table  round  whicli  they 
sat.  The  table  was  circular  to  prevent 
any  heart-soro  about  precedency.  Tho 
number  of  these  knights  is  variously 
given;  the  popular  notion  is  that  they 
were  twelve ;  several  authorities  place 
the  number  at  forty  ;  but  the  "  History 
of  Prinoe  Arthur"  states  that  the  table 
was  made  to  accommodate  150.  King 
Loodegraunce,  who  gave  Arthur  tho  table 


on  his  wedding-day,  sent  him  also  100 
knights,  Merlin  furnished  twenty-eight, 
Arthur  himself  added  two  ;  and  twenty 
"sieges"  were  left  to  reward  merit. — 
Chaps.  45,  46.  These  knights  went 
forth  into  all  countries  in  quest  of  ad- 
ventures.    The  most  noted  are — 

Sir  Acolon,  Ballamore,  Beau'maris, 
Beleolnis,  Belvoure,  Btrsiait,  Dors,  Ector, 
Eric,E-(caiii,Floll,Ga'heris,Oal'a]Md,OaV- 
ohalt,  (Jartth,  Ga^Critl,  Gaxcain  or  Y^cain, 
Grislet,  Kay,  Lameroc/c,  Launcelot  du  Lac, 
Lionell,  Jlarhaiu,  Palamide,  Pa'quinel, 
Pel'leas,  J'er'edur  or  Per'ceval,  Sagrut, 
Sitperah'ilis,  Tor,  Trisfnm  or  T)-istaTi  de 
Le'onnais,  2\irquine,  Wig'alois,  Wig'amur, 
&c.  kc. 

Knight  of  the  Rueful  Counte- 
nance.   Don  Quixote. 

Knight  of  tho  Shears.  A  tailor. 
The  word  shear  is  a  play  on  tho  word 
shire  or  county. 

Knights  of  St.  Patrick.  Instituted 
in  1763,  in  honour  of  the  patron  saint  of 
Ireland. 

Knight  of  the  Swan.  An  old 
English  prose  romance,  compiled  by 
Lord  iJerners.  It  was  an  order  of  tho 
house  of  Clcve. 

Knights  of  the  Thistle.  Said  to 
have  been  established  in  SOD  by  Achaicus, 
king  of  the  Scots,  and  revived  in  1540 
by  James  V.  of  Scotland.  Queen  Anne 
placed  the  order  on  a  permanent  footing. 
These  knights  are  sometimes  called 
Knights  of  St,  And7'eio. 

Knights  of  the  Whip.    Coachmen. 

Knighten  Guild,  now  called  Port- 
Boken  Ward.  King  Edgar  gave  it  to 
thirteen  knights  on  the  following  con- 
ditions :— (1)  Each  knight  was  to  be 
victorious  in  three  combats,  one  above- 
ground,  one  underground,  and  one  in  the 
water ;  (2)  each  knight  was  on  a  given 
day  to  run  with  spears  against  all  comesr 
in  East  Smithfield.  William  the  Con. 
queror  confirmed  the  same  unto  the 
heirs  of  these  knights.  Henry  I.  gave 
it  to  the  canons  of  Holy  Trinity,  and 
acquitted  it  "  of  all  service." 

Knipperdollings.  A  set  of  Ger- 
man heretics  about  tho  time  of  the  Re. 
formation,  disciples  of  a  man  named 
Bernard  Knipperdolling. — Blount, "  Olot- 
sographia.''    (1(381.) 


486- 


KNOCK  UNDER. 


KOLI. 


Knock  Under.  Johnson  says  this 
expression  arose  from  a  custom  once 
common  of  knocking  under  the  table 
when  any  gTjest  wislied  to  acknowlcdg'6 
himself  beaten  iu  argument.  Another 
derivation  is  knuckle  under — i.e.,  to 
knuckle  or  bend  the  knuckle  or  knee  in 
■proof  of  submission.  BellendcD  Kerr  says 
It  is  Te  nock  under,  which  he  interprets 
'•'  I  am  forced  to  yield." 

Knockers.  Goblins  who  dwell  in 
8-iines,  and  point  out  rich  veins  of  lead 
f.nd  silver.  In  Cardiganshire  the  miners 
attribute  the  strange  noises  so  frequently 
hoard  in  mines  to  these  spirits,  which  are 
sometimes  called  coblyns  (German, 
kobohU). 

Knot.  He  has  tied  a  knot  mth  kis 
tongue  he  cannot  untie  u-ilh  Ms  teeth.  Ho 
has  got  married.  lie  has  tied  the  mar- 
riage knot  by  saying  "  I  take  thee  for  ray 
wedded  wife,"  &c.,  but  the  knot  is  not  to 
be  untied  so  easily. 

True  lovtrs'  knot.  "True  lover.s"  is  a 
corruption  of  the  Danish  trulofa,  "  I 
plight  my  troth,"  a  knot  being  the  em- 
blem, in  Scandinavia,  of  fidelity,  love, 
and  friendship.  Sir  Thomas  Browne 
thinks  the  knot  owes  its  origin  to  tlie 
nodus  llercula'tius,  a  snaky  complication 
in  the  cadu'ceus  or  rod  of  JMercurj',  in 
which  form  the  woollen  girdle  of  the 
Greek  brides  was  fastened. 

The  ship  went  six  or  seven  knots  an  hour. 
Miles.  The  log-line  is  divided  into 
lengths  by  knots,  each  length  is  the  same 
proportion  of  a  nautical  mile  as  half  a 
minute  is  of  an  hour.  The  log-line 
being  cast  over,  note  is  taken  of  the 
number  of  knots  run  out  in  half  a  minute, 
and  this  number  shows  the  rate  per  hour. 

Knotted.  The  knotted  stick  is  planed. 
The  house  of  Orleans  is  worsted  by  that 
of  Burgundy.  The  house  of  Orleans 
bore  for  its  badge  a  Idton  noueux,  the 
house  of  Burgundy  a  plane ;  hence  the 
French  saying,  "  Le  baton  noueux  est 
plan6." 

Knout  (1  syl.)  is  a  knotted  bunch  of 
thongs  made  of  hide.  It  is  a  Tartar  in- 
vention, but  was  introduced  into  Russia. 
{Knout,  Tartar  for  knot.) 

EZnow.  Know  the  filling  moment.  The 
favourite  maxim  of  Pittacos,  one  of  the 
"seven  wise  men." 

Know  thyself.  The  wise  saw  of  Chilon, 
the  Spartan  ephor.    (B.C.  635-560.) 


Know  your  men  mind.  By  Murj.hy ; 
borrowed  from  Dostouches,  the  French 
dramatist. 

Know-nothin  gs.  A  secret  politiail 
party  of  the  United  States,  which  arose 
in  1853,  who  replied  to  every  question 
asked  about  their  society,  "  I  know 
nothing  about  it."  Their  object  was  to 
accomplish  the  repeal  of  the  naturalisa- 
tion laws,  and  of  the  law  which  excluded 
all  but  natives  from  holding  office.  The 
party  split  on  the  slavery  question  and 
died  out. 

Knox's  Croft,  in  Gifford  Gate, 
Hachlington;  so  called  because  it  was 
the  birtia-place  of  John  Knox. 

Kobold.  A  house-spirit  in  German 
supor.stilioa ;  the  same  as  our  Uobin 
Goodfellow,  and  the  iicoichb}-ownie{q.v.), 

{See  HiNZELMANN.) 

Kocllla'ni.  Arabian  horses  of  royal 
stock,  of  which  genealogies  have  been 
preserved  for  more  than  2000  years.  It 
is  said  that  they  are  the  offspring  of 
Solomon's  stud. — Niehuhr. 

'Kdh.-i-lSvj:  (rnountain  of  light).  A 
large  diamond  in  the  possession  of  the 
Queen  of  England.  It  was  found  iu  God- 
avery  (Deccan)  (1550;,  and  belongpd  to 
Shah  Jehan  and  Aurungzebe  the  Great, 
(Mogul  kings).  In  1739  it  passed  into 
the  hands  of  Anadir  Shah,  who  called  it 
the  Koh-i-nftr.  It  next  went  to  the 
monarchs  of  Afghanistan,  and  when  Shah 
Sujah  was  dispossessed  he  gave  it  to 
Runjeet  Singh,  of  the  Punjab,  as  the 
price  of  his  assistance  towards  the  re- 
covery of  the  throne  of  Cabul'.  It  next 
went  to  Dhuleep  Singh,  but  when  the 
Punjab  was  annexed  to  the  British  crown 
in  1849,  this  noble  diamond  was  surren- 
dered to  Great  Britain.  It  is  valued  at 
£120,664,  some  say  £140,000. 

Kohol.    Russell  says,  "  The  Persian 

women  blacken  the  inside  of  their  ej-elids 
with  a  powder  made  of  black  Kohol." 

And  others  mix  the  Kohol's  jetty  dye 
To  give  that  lonz.  dark  languish  to  the  eye. 
Thomai  Moure,  "Laila  Rookh,"  yX.  I 

Kola'da.  The  Janus  of  the  Slaves. 
His  fute  is  December  24-th. 

Kolah  {a  Ptrsiayi  cap).  Made  of  the 
wool  of  the  sheep  of  Tartary. —  Waring. 

Koli.  The  51st  Foot,  so  called  from 
the  initial  letters  of  the  regimental  title, 
King's  Own  Light  Infantry. 


KONX  OMPAX. 


KRIS3  KRISGLE. 


487 


Konx  Ompax.  The  words  of  dis- 
missal in  the  Eleusinian  Mysteries.  A 
correspondent  in  jS'otes  and  Queries  says 
"konx"  or  "kogx"  is  the  Sanscrit 
Canscha  (the  object  of  your  desire) ; 
"ompax"  is  om.  (amen),  pacska  (all  is 
over).  If  this  is  correct  the  words  would 
mean,  God  bless  you,  Amen,  The  ctremo- 
nies  are  concluded.  Wlie-n  a  jud£,'o  gave 
sentence  by  dropping  his  pebble  into  the 
urn  of  mercy  or  death,  he  said  Pacska 
(I  have  done  it).  The  noiso  made  by  the 
stone  in  falling  was  called  pacska  (fate), 
and  so  was  the  dripping  noise  of  the 
clepsydra,  which  limited  the  pleader's 
quota  of  time. 

KoomorComaudCashan.  "Two 
Persian  cities,  full  of  mosques,  mauso- 
le'ums,  and  sepulchres  of  the  descendants 
of  Ali  (the  saints  of  Persia)."—  Cluirdin. 

Kor  (sichiess).  The  bed  of  the  god- 
dess Hel  (7. v.).  Its  canopy  is  called 
"  splendid  misery." 

Koran,  or,  with  the  article,  ^/-A'oj-Aa 
(the  Reading).  The  religious,  social, 
civil,  commercial,  military,  and  legal 
code  of  Islam.  It  is  rather  remarkable 
that  wo  call  our  Bible  the  lorilinr;  (Scrip- 
ture), but  the  Arabs  call  their  Bible  the 
reading  (Koran).  We  are  told  to  believe 
that  portions  of  this  book  were  com- 
municated to  the  prophet  at  Mecca  and 
Modi'na  by  the  angel  Gabriel,  with  the 
sound  of  bells. 

Kor'rigail8  ov  Kor'igans.  Nine  fays 
of  Brittany,  of  wonderful  powers.  They 
can  predict  future  events,  assume  any 
shape  they  like,  movo  quick  as  thought 
from  place  to  place,  and  cure  diseases  or 
wounds.  They  are  not"  more  than  two 
feet  high,  havo  long  flowing  hair,  which 
they  are  fond  of  combing,  dress  only 
with  a  white  veil,  are  excellent  singers, 
and  their  favourite  haunt  is  beside  some 
fountain.  They  flee  at  the  sound  of  a 
bell  or  benediction.  Their  breath  is 
most  deadly. — Breton  mythology. 

Kraal.  A  South  African  village, 
being  a  collection  of  huts  in  a  circular 
form ;  so  named  by  the  early  Dutch  set- 
tlors, from  h-aal,  French  corail,  a  coral 
reef. 

Kraken.  A  supposed  soa-monster 
of  vast  size,  said  to  have  been  seen  off 
tho  coast  of  Norway  a!id  on  the  North 
American  coasts.     It  was  first  described 


by  Pontoppidan.  Pliny  speaks  of  a  sea- 
monster  in  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  which 
barred  the  entrance  of  ships. 

Kratim.      The   do»  of   tno  Seven 

Sleopcrs.     More  correctly  callnl  Katmir 

Kremlin.  The  imperial  palace  at 
Moscow,  of  a  triangular  form,  and  about 
two  miles  in  circumference.  (Russian, 
krem,,  a  fortress.) 

EZrenis  Wliite  takes  its  name  from 
Krems  in  Austria,  the  city  where  it  ii 
manufactured. 

Kreuzer  (pron.  hroite-zer').  A  8n):ill 
copper  coin  in  Southern  Gcrmauy,  ouco 
marked  with  a  cross.  (German,  Ireu3,  a 
cross.) 

Krierallild  (2  syl.).  A  beautiful 
Burgnndian  lady,  daughter  of  Dancrat 
and  Uta,  and  sister  of  Gunther,  Gemot, 
and  Gis'elher.  She  first  married  Sieg- 
fried, king  of  the  Netherlanders,  and 
next  Etzei,  king  of  the  liuus.  Ilagan, 
the  Dane,  slew  her  first  husband,  and 
seized  all  her  treasures  ;  and  to  revenge 
these  wrongs,  she  invited  her  brothers 
and  Hagan  to  visit  her  in  Hungary.  In 
the  first  part  of  the  "Nibelungen-Lied," 
Kriemhild  brings  ruin  on  herself  by  a 
tattling  tongue  : — (1)  She'  fells  Brunhild, 
queen  of  Burgundy,  that  it  is  Siegfried 
who  has  taken  her  ring  r.ud  girdle,  which 
so  incenses  the  queen,  that  she  prevails 
on  Hagan  to  murder  the  Netherlander  ; 
(2)  she  tells  Hagan  that  the  only  vul- 
nerable part  in  Siegfried  is  a  spot  be- 
tween his  shoulders,  a  hint  which  ena- 
bles Hagan  to  direct  his  wound  aright. 
In  the  second  part  of  the  great  ejiic,  she 
is  represented  as  bent  on  vengeance,  and 
in  the  accomplishment  of  this  object, 
after  a  most  terrible  slaughter  of  friends 
and  foes,  she  is  slain  by  llildebrand. 

Krish'na  (the  Hack  one).  The  eighth 
avatJlraor  incarnation  of  Vishnu.  Kansa, 
demon -king  of  Matimra',  having  com- 
mitted great  ravages,  I3rahman  com- 
plained to  Vishnu,  and  prayed  him  to 
relievo  the  world  of  its  distress  ;  where- 
upon Vishnu  plucked  off  two  hairs,  one 
white  and  the  other  black,  and  pi'omiscd 
they  should  revenge  the  wrongs  of  the 
demon-king.  The  black  hair  became 
Krishna. — Hindu  mythology. 

KriSB  BIringle.  A  sort  of  St. 
Nicholas  {<].v.).  On  Christmas  Kvo,  Krisa 
Kringlo,  arrayed  in  a  fur  c-ap  and  strange 


488 


KRITA. 


LABADIST3. 


apparol,  goes  to  the  bedroom  of  all  good 
chihlrcn,  whore  he  finds  a  stocking  or 
sock  hung  up  in  expectation  of  his  visit, 
in  which  depository  he  leaves  a  present 
for  the  young  wearer.  The  word  means 
Christ-child,  and  the  eve  is  called  "  Kriss- 
Kringlo  Eve." 

BIri'ta.  The  first  of  the  four  Hindu 
periods  contained  in  the  great  Yuga,  whoa 
the  genius  of  Truth  and  Kight,  in  the 
form  of  a  bull,  stood  firm  on  his  four  feet, 
and  man  gained  nothing  by  iniquity. 
(See  Kaliyuga.) 

Krodo.  The  Saturn  of  the  ancient 
Baxons. 

BIrupp's  Steel.  Steel  from  the 
works  of  Herr  Krupp,  of  Essen,  in  Prus- 
sia. 

Krusman.  The  Hercules  of  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  the  Rhine. 

Ku'dos.     Praise,  glory.     {Greek.) 

Ku'fic.  Ancient  Arabic  letters ;  so 
called  from  Kufa,  a  town  in  the  pashalic 
of  Bagdad,  noted  for  its  expert  and  nu- 
merous copyists  of  the  ancient  Arabic 
MSS. 

Kufie  Coins.  Mahometan  coins 
with  Kufic  or  Ancient  Arabic  characters. 
The  first  were  struck  in  the  eighteenth 
year  of  the  Heg iia  (a.D.  Oodj. 

Kumara  (youthful).  The  Hindu 
war-god,  the  same  as  Karttikeya  (q.v.)- 
One  of  the  most  celebrated  Hindu  poems 
is  the  legendary  history  of  this  god. 
R.  T.  H.  Griffith  has  translated  seven 
eantcG  of  it  into  English  verse. 

Kurd.    A  native  of  Kurdistan. 

Kuril.  A  noted  legendary  hero  of 
India,  the  contests  of  whoso  descendants 
foim  the  subject  of  the  two  great  Indian 
epics. 

Ku'vera.  The  god  of  riches,  repre- 
sented as  riding  in  a  car  drawn  by  hob- 
goblins.— Uindxi,  mythology. 

Kj^anise  (3  syl.).  To  apply  cor- 
rosive sublimate  to  timber  in  order  to 
prevent  the  dry-rot ;  so  called  from  Mr. 
kyan,  who  invented  the  process.  (See 
Patxising.) 

Kyle,  Carrie k,  and  Cunning- 
ham. 

Ayrshire  is  divided  into  three  parts : 
Kyle,  a  strong  corn-growing  soil ;  Carrick, 
a  wOd  hilly  portion,  only  tit  for  feeding 


cattle ;    and  Cunningham,  a  rich  dairy 
land.     Hence  the  saying — 

Kyle  for  A  man,  Carrick  for  &  coo  [tow'], 
CuuniiiBliam  lur  buttur,  OaUoway  for  woo'twool], 

Kymris,    a    Scythian   tribe,   which 
eetUrd  iKiii.li  of  the  Jjlack  Sea. 

Ky'rie  Elei'son.    Creek,  Aorrf,Aaw 

mercy  upon  us. 

Kyrle.    (Sse  Ross.) 


L.  This  letter  represents  ab  osgoad, 
and  is  called  in  Hebrew  lamed  (an  ox- 
goad). 

Ii  for  fifty  is  half  C  {centum,  a  hun- 
dred). 

L.  E.  3j.  Letitia  Elizabeth  Laiidon 
(afterwards  ^Irs.  Jlaclean),  a  poetess 
of  the  "Lara"  and  "Corsair"   school. 

(1802-1S39.) 

LXi.D.  Doctor  of  Laws — i.e.,  both 
civil  and  canon.  The  double  L  is  the 
plural ;  thus  MSS.  is  the  plural  of  MS. 
(manuscript)  ;  pp.,  pages, 

L.L.  Whiskey.  Lord-Lieutenant 
whiskey.  Mr.  Kiuahan  being  requested 
to  preserve  a  certain  cask  of  whiskey 
highly  approved  of  by  his  excellency, 
marked  it  with  the  initials  L.L.,  and  ever 
after  called  this  particular  quality  L.L. 
Whiskey. 

L'Africaine.  An  opera  by  Meyer- 
beer. 

La  Garde  Meurt,  ne  se  Rend 
Pas.  The  words  falsely  ascribed  to 
General  Cambronne,  at  the  battle  of 
Waterloo,  and  inscribed  on  his  monu- 
ment at  Xantes. 

La  Muette  de  Portici.  Auber'g 
best  opera.  Also  known  as  "Masaniello."' 

La  Roche  (1  syl.).  A  Protestant 
clergyman,  whoso  story  is  told  in  Tht 
Mirror,  by  Henry  Mackenzie. 

Lab'adists.  A  religious  sect  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  so  called  from  Jean 
Labadie,  of  Bourg  in  Guyenne.  They 
were  Protestant  ascetics,  who  sought 
reform  of  morals  more  than  reform  of 
doctrine.  They  rejected  the  observance 
of  all  holy  days,  and  held  certain  mystic 
notions.  The  sect  fell  to  pieces  early  in 
the  eighteenth  century. 


LABARINTO. 


LADY. 


48S 


Labarinto  or    Las   Treeientas. 

The  chief  work  of  the  poet  J  nan  de 
J[ena,  called  the  Spanish  Ennius;  sug^ 
gessled  by  Dauiii's  "  Diviua  Goiumc'dia." 

Liab'arum.  The  standard  borno  bo- 
fore  the  lioiiian  emperors.  It  consisted 
of  a  lance  with  an  eagle  on  tbdtop,  while 
from  a  cross-staiT  hung  a  splendid  pnrjilo 
ktreainer,  with  a  fringe,  adorned  with 
precious  stones.  Conslantine  substituted 
a  crown  for  the  eagle,  and  inscribed  in 
the  midst  the  mysterious  monogram  {see 
Constantink's  Citoss).  (Greek,  /n/xi.  a 
steiff;  ruumcd,  to  rescue  from  danger.) 

La'be  (Queeii).  The  Circe  of  the 
Arabians,  who,  by  her  enchantments, 
transfornied  men  into  liorses  ani  other 
brute  beasts.  She  is  introduced  into  the 
"Arabian  Nights'  Eiit?rtaiuments,"wheie 
Heder,  prince  of  Persia,  marries  her,  de- 
feats her  plots  against  him,  and  turns  her 
into  a  mare.  15eiiig  restored  to  her  i)ruper 
shape  by  lier  mother,  she  turns  Ueder  into 
ail  owl ,  but  the  prince  ultimatelj'  regains 
his  own  proper  form,  and  escapes. 

Labourers  ('/'/"?  Stntute  of)  An 
Attempt  made  iu  lo-W  to  fix  the  rate  of 
w^iges  at  which  labourers  should  bo  com- 
pelled to  Work. 

Lab'yTinth.  Said  to  be  so  called  from 
I.iib'yris,  an  IC^'yptian  moiiarcli  of  the 
l:iihdyna.sty.  'J' lie  chief  labyrinths  are; — 

(1)  The  Egyptian,  by  Petesu'chis  or 
rithoes,  near  the  lake  Mceris.  It  had 
3,000  apartments,  half  of  which  were 
underground.     (B.C.  lSi')0.) 

(2)  The  Cretan,  by  D»'dalos,  for  im- 
prisoning the  Mi'notaur.  The  only 
means  of  finding  the  way  out  of  it  was 
by  a  skein  of  thread. 

(3)  The  Cretan  conduit,  which  had 
1 ,000  br.auches. 

(4)  The  Lcm'nian,  by  the  architects 
Zrailus,  liholus,  and  Theodorus.  It 
bad  150  columns,  so  nicely  adjusted  that 
&  child  could  turn  tliem. 

(5)  The  laViyrinth  of  Clu'sium,  by  Por- 
senna,  king  of  Etruria,  for  his  tomb. 

(6)  The  Samian,  by  Theodo'rus.  (B.C. 
640.) 

(7)  The  labyrinth  at  Woodstock,  by 
Henry  II.,  for  the  fair  Rosamond. 

(8)  Of  mazes  formed  by  hedges,  the 
best  known  is  that  of  Hampton  Court. 

Liabyrinth'odon  (Greek  for  Laly- 
rhtK-tooUi).     A    giganti/i  fos-il  sauroiil, 
V   * 


of  the  frog  family,  so  called  frum  the  in- 
ternal structure  of  its  teeth. 

Laee.  I'll  lace  your  jacket  for  you— 
beat  you.  (French,  laisse,  a  lash;  Ger- 
man, laschen,  to  strike.) 

Lnce,  to  mix  with  spirits,  as  laced  coffee, 
laced  lea. 

Lachesis  \!Mk'-e-sis].  The  Fate  who 
spins  life's  thread,  which  Atr^pos  cuts  oft 

Lacon'ie.  Very  concise  and  pithy, 
A  Spartan  was  called  a  I.iaeon  from  I^- 
co'uia,  the  land  in  which  he  dwelt.  The 
Si)artans  were  noted  for  „their  brus^pie 
and  sententious  speech.  When  Philip 
of  Macedon  wrote  to  the  Spartan  magis- 
trates, "  If  I  enter  Laco'nia  I  will  level 
Laceda;mon  to  the  ground,"  the  ephors 
wrote  word  back  the  single  word,  "  If." 
The  Greek  t,  being  the  smallest  of  the 
alphabet,  is  called  the  Lacediemonian 
letter. 

Lacus'trino  Deposits.  Deposits 
formed  at  the  bottom  of  fresh-water 
pools  and  lakoa.     (Latin,  lacus,  a  lake.) 

Lacus'trine  Habitations.     The 

remains  of  human  dwellings  of  great  an- 
tiquity, constructed  on  certain  lakes  in 
Ireland,  Switzerland,  Sec.  They  seem 
to  have  been  villages  built  on  piles  in  the 
middle  of  a  lake. 

Lad  and  Lass.  A  lad  is  one  led 
or  in  "  leading  strings "  under  a  peda- 
gogue (^}xcd-iig'>'jv.e,  boy-leader).  I^ass  is 
"lad-ess"  contracted  first  into  "la'ess," 
and  then  into  "lass."    (6V«  Miss.) 

Lad  o'  Wax.  A  little  boy,  a  doll 
of  a  man.  In  "  Romeo  and  Juliet,"  the 
Nurse  calls  Paris  "  a  man  of  wax,"  meaa- 
ingavory  "  proper  man."  Horace  sjieak.s 
of  the  "  waxen  arms  of  Tel'ephus," 
meaning  well  modelled. 

La'das.  Alexanders  messenger,  notcvl 
for  his  swiftness  of  foot. 

La'don.     One  of  the  dogs  of  Actwon. 
La'kni.     'I'he   dragon    which   guarded 
the  apples  of  the  Hespcr'idcs. 

Lady.  A  woman  of  wealth,  stiition. 
or  rank.  Verstegau  says,  "  It  w:is  an- 
cieiulv  wr-iiteu  illoafdian  L?  Ixfdign], 
cuijLractuii  tirst  into  I<afdy,  and  then  lutu 
Lady.  Z(i/ or  y//(i/ (loaf)  means  food  in 
general  or  bread  in  particular,  and  <^i'(j/i 
moans  'to  serve,'  whence  lady  means 
tiio   'bread-server"      The  lord  iuppUitd 


400 


LADY-BIRD. 


LADY    OF   TITS    LAtCP. 


tho  food,  an<i  the  la'ly  saw  that  it  was 
properly  wved,  for  ladies  used  to  cftrv" 
and  distribute  the  food  to  the  guest.3. " 
[Dian,  i.t.,  duj-iaA\.\ 

Ladiet  retire  to  tbo  drawing-room  after 
dinner,  and  leave  the  gontlonien  be- 
hind. This  custom  was  brouglit  in  by 
the  Nortemoa  Vho  Vikings  always 
dismissed  all  women  from  tlioir  drinking 
parties.— 1>'.  Bunbv.ry. 

Lady-bird.  The  bishop  Barnaby, 
called  in  Gorman,  (Inser  herrui  huhii 
(otir  Lady-fowl),  Marieti-huhn  (Mary- 
fowl),  and  Maricn  h'dfer  (Mai'y's  beetle). 
"  Cushcow  Lady,"  as  it  is  called  in  York- 
shire, is  also  tlio  Gerumu  Mariea-knlb 
(Lady-calf).  Probably  our  bird  in 
Ibis  instance  is  a  corruption  of  bug. 
Thus  the  cockchafer  is  called  the  May 
bug,  where  the  German  kiifer  is  ren- 
dered bug  ;  and  several  of  the  scaralnci 
are  called  bugs,  as  the  rose-bug.     (^Set 

131  SHOP.) 

Lady  Bountiful.  The  benevolent 
lady  of  a  village.  The  character  of  Lady 
Bountiful  is  from  the  "  Beaux'  Strata- 
gem," by  Farquhar. 

Lady  Chapel.  Th?  small  cliapol 
behind  the  sereen  of  the  high  altar  ;  so 
called  because  usually  dedicated  to  the 
Virgin  Mary. 

Lady-day.  The  25th  of  March,  to 
commemorate  the  Annunciation  of  Our 
Lady,  the  Virgin  Mary.      .^ 

Lady  Isabella,  the  beloved  daugh- 
ter of  a  noblo  lord,  accompanied  her 
father  and  mother  on  a  chase  one  day, 
when  her  step-mother  requested  her  to 
return  and  tell  the  master-cook  to  pre- 

Eare  "  the  milk-white  doe  for  dinner." 
ady  Isabella  did  as  she  was  told,  and 
the  master-cook  replied,  "  Thou  art  the 
doe  that  I  must  dress."  The  scullion- 
boy  exclaimed,  "  O  save  the  lady's  life, 
and  make  thy  pics  of  mo;"  but  the 
inaster-cook  heeded  him  not.  When  the 
lord  returned  he  callea  for  his  daughter, 
the  fair  Isabelle,  and  the  scullion-boy 
said,  "  If  now  you  will  your  daughter 
see,  my  lord,  cut  up  that  pie."  When 
the  fond  father  comprehended  the  awful 
tragedy,  he  adjudged  the  cruel  stop-dame 
to  be  burnt  alive,  and  the  master-cook 
'■in  boiling  lead  to  st.and ;"  but  the  scul- 
lion-boy ho  made  his  heir.— Percy,  "  Re- 
U^ues,    JL-c,  series  iii.,  bk,  2. 


ijady  Magistrate.  Queen  Mary 
made  lady  Ijorkley  a  justice  of  the  peace 
for  Gloucestershire,  ana  appointed  bar 
to  the  quorum  of  Suffolk.  Lady  Berkley 
sat  on  the  bench  at  assizes  and  sessions, 
girt  with  a  sword.  Tony  Lumpkin  sayi 
of  Mr.  Hardcastle — 

He'll  rersuade  you  that  his  mother  was  »n  tdlea 
man  tnj  hia  aunt  a  jn-ticeof  tUe  ^cAa*.—<joldimilh 

'*Ahe  Stuopi  to  ConqMer.** 

Lady    Mar^ai'et    Professor   of 

Divinity,  founded  in  1502  by  the  moUiej 
of  Henry  Vfl.  The  year  following,  sha 
founded  a  prcacliership,  both  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Catu'iridge. 

Lady  of  England.  Maud,  dangh. 
tor  of  ilenry  1.  'i  ho  tillo  of  "Doiiiina 
Anglorum"  was  conforreil  upon  her  bj 
tho  council  of  Winciicster,  held  A])ri' 
7t.h.  lliL—Rijm'r,  "  Fccdera,"  i. 

Lady  of  Mercy  (Our).  An  ordei 
cf  knighthooil  in  Sjiain,  ia.stituted  in 
121S  bj'  James  I.  of  Aragon,  for  the 
deliverance  of  Christian  captives  araonest 
the  Moors.  Within  the  first  sis  years 
as  many  as  400  captives  wore  rescaed  by 
those  knights. 

Lady  of  Shalott'.  A  maiden  who 
fell  in  love  with  Sir  Lancelot  of  tho  Lake, 
and  died  because  her  love  was  not  re- 
turned. Tennyson  hns  a  poem  on  the 
subject,  and  the  story  of  Elaine,  "ihe 
lily  maid  or  As'tolat,"  in  the  "Idylls  of 
tho  King,"  is  substantially  the  same. 
{i>ee  Elaine.) 

Lady  of  the  Bleedini^  Heart. 
Ellon  Douglas;  so  callud  fioiu  the  cog- 
nisance of  the  family. — Sir  Walter  Scutl 
"  Ixidi/  of  the  Lake"  ii.  10. 

Lady  of  the  ITaystaek  —  mad. 
her  appearance  in  177t>  at  Bourton,  ne.ii 
Bristol.  She  was  young  and  beautifid, 
graceful,  and  evidently  accustomed  to 
good  society.  She  lived  for  four  years 
in  a  haystack  ;  but  was  ultimately  kept 
by  Mrs.  Hannah  More  in  an  asylum,  and 
died  suddenly  in  December,  1801.  Mrs. 
More  called  her  Louisa;  but  she  was 
probalily  a  Mailemoiselle  La  Friiinn, 
natural  daughter  of  Francis  Joseph  I., 
emperor  of  Austria,  [See  "  World  oi 
Wonders,"  p.  134.) 

Lady  of  the  Lake.  ViWon,  mis- 
tress of  Merlin,  the  ench.anter,  who  lived 
in  tho  midst  of  an  imaginary  lake,  sur- 
rounded by  knights  and  damsels.  Ten- 
nyson, in  the  "  Idylls  of  th^  KinS^/*  tells 


LADY  OF  THE   ROCK. 


LAMA. 


491 


thts  story  of  Vivien  and  Merlin,  (5<6 
Lancelot.) 

Lttdy  of  the  Lake.  Ellen  Douglas,  who 
lived  witli  lior  father  near  Loch  Kairiiio. 
—Sir  Walter  Scott,  "•  La'h/  of  the  Lake." 

iMdles  of  the  Lake,  struiupots.  (Sax, 
laki:r,  an  actor.)  Laker-ludios,  ladies 
who  Jirmiit  the  theatres. 

Bnt  for  the  difference  mamagi;  maEcs 
"Iwixt  wivcB  and  lulies  of  the  lakes. 

S.  JJuf/o-.  "  llwUhrat,"  iiJL  1. 

Lady  of  the  Eock  {Our).  A  mi- 
mculous  imago  of  tho  Virgin  found  by 
the  wayside  between  Salamanca  and 
Cuidad  Jvodrigo  in  1409. 

Lady  in  the  Sacque.  Tho  appa- 
rition of  this  hag  forms  the  story  of  tho 
"  Tapestried  Chambor,"  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott. 

An  old  woman,  whose  dress  was  an  old-fashionel 
yowl.,  wliioh  luiliis  call  a  Bicqiie  ;  that  is,  a  sort  of 
riihe  complelcly  loose  in  the  hod}',  but  Kfit!iC;eJ 
into  broad  pluiti  upon  the  neck  auJ  bboulUirs. 

Laelaps  {Storm).    One  of  the  dogs  of 

Actix^on. 

La  laps.  A  very  powerful  do*  given 
by  Diana  to  Procris  ;  Procris  gave  it  to 
Ccph'alos.  While  pursuing  a  wild  boar 
it  was  metamorphosed  into  a  stone. 

Laer'tes  (3  syl).  Son  of  Polo'nius 
and  brother  of  Opiiclia.  He  kills  Hamlet 
with  a  poisoned  rapier,  and  dies  himself 
from  a  wound  by  tlio  same  foil. — Shake- 
ipeare,  " Ihuulel." 

Lo3ta'r{J  Sunday.  The  fourth  Sun- 
day of  Lent  is  so  called,  from  tho  first 
word  of  tho  Introit,  which  is  from  Isa. 
Ixvi.  10:  "Rejoice  ye  with  Jerusalcir, 
and  be  glad  with  her,  all  ye  that  lov.; 
her."  It  is  on  this  day  that  the  pope 
blesses  tho  Golden  llosa. 

Lag'ado.  C:ipitul  of  Balnibarbi, 
celebrated  fur  its  grand  »cademy  of  pro- 
jectors, where  tho  scholars  spend  thoir 
time  in  such  useful  [irojects  as  making 
pincushions  from  softened  rocks,  ex- 
tracting sun-beams  from  cucumbers,  and 
converting  ice  into  gunpowder. — Swift, 
"  (j'ulliver't  Travels"  (  Voyage  to  Lapu'(a). 

Lais.  A  courto/.an  or  Greek  Iletaira. 
There  were  tv/o  of  tho  name ;  the  older 
was  tho  most  beautiful  woman  of  Corinth, 
and  lived  at  tho  timo  of  the  I'oloponne'- 
sian  war,  Tlie  beauty  of  the  latter  ox- 
cited  the  jealousy  of  tho  Thossaloniao 
women,  who  stoned  her  to  death.  She 
was  contemi>orary  with  Phryne,  her 
rival,  and  sat  to  Apelles  as  a  model. 


Laissez  Faire,  Laissez  Passer. 

Lord  John  Russell  said — "  Colbert,  with 
the  intention  of  fostering  the  manufac- 
tures of  France,  cstablisheii  regulations 
which  limited  the  webs  woven  in  looms 
to  a  particular  size.  He  also  prohibited 
tho  introduction  of  foreign  manufactures. 
Tho  French  vino-growers,  finding  they 
could  no  longer  get  rid  of  their  wine, 
began  to  grumble.  Then  Colbert  askeil 
a  merchant  what  relief  he  could  give, 
and  received  for  answer  '  Laissez  faire, 
laissez  passer' — Don't  interfere  with  our 
mode  of  manufactures  and  don't  stop 
the  introduction  of  foreign  imports." 

The  laissez-faire  lyslem.  The  let-alone 
system. 

Lake-school  {The).  The  school  of 
poetry  introduced  by  the  Lake  Poets, 
Wordsworth,  Coleridge,  and  Southey, 
who  resided  in  the  Lake  district  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland,  and  sought 
inspiration  in  the  simplicity  of  nature. 
The  term  was  first  used  in  tho  Edinburgh 
Jleview. 

N.B.  Chailos  Lamb,  Lloyd,  and  Pro- 
fessor Wilson  (Chrisloi>]icr  North)  are 
somotimos  placed  in  the  list  of  "Lakers." 

Laked'ion  or  Laquedem  {Isaac). 
The  name  given  in  France,  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  to  the  Wandering  Jow. 

Lalcin.  By'rLakin.  An  oath,  mean- 
ing "  By  our  Jjady-kin,"  or  Little  Lady, 
where  little  does  not  refer  to  size,  but  is 
equivalent  to  dear. 

Dy'r  Lakin,  a  rarlous  (prrifoio)  fetX.—Shako'ptari. 
"  J/i'iiumnier  XiiiH'$  Dream,"  iiL  1. 

Laks'mi  or  Lakshmi.  One  of  tho 
con.sorts  of  Vishnu,  goddess  of  beauty, 
wealth  and  pleasure.— i/i/u/u  mylholoyy. 

Lalla  Rookh  {Trdip  Check)  is  the 
supposed  dauLditor  of  Aurung-zo'-be, 
emperor  of  Deilii,  betrothod  to  Al'iris, 
sultan  of  liosser  B\ichar'ia  ;  on  her  jour- 
ney from  Delhi  to  the  valley  of  Cashmere, 
she  is  entertained  by  a  young  Persian, 
poet  name<l  Fer'amorz,  who  is  supposed 
to  relate  the  four  poetical  tales  of  tho 
romance,  and  with  whom  she  falls  in 
lovo.  Her  delikdit  is  unbounded  when 
she  discovers  that  tho  pout  and  tho  sultan 
aro  one  and  the.  same  porsoD. — Thovuu 
Moore,  "Lalla  Rookh." 

La'ma,  among  tho  Mongols,  roe.ane 
tho  priestly  order.  Hence  the  religion 
of  tho  Mongols  send  Calmuos  is  toruicd 


492 


LAMAISM. 


LAMP. 


Lamaism.  The  Grand  Latnas  wear  yellow 
caps,  the  suborilinato  Lamas  red  caps. 
{See  GuAND  Lama.) 

La'maisni  (Tibetan,  Blama,  spiritual 
toachcr).  I'lio  reli<;;ion  of  Tibut  arnl 
Mont^olia,  which  is  iJtiddhism  corrupted 
by  Bivaism  and  .'spirit-worship. 

Lamb.  lu  Christian  art,  an  emblem 
of  the  Kedeemer,  called  "  the  Lamb  of 
God."  It  is  also  the  attribute  of  St. 
Agnes,  St.  Genevieve,  St.  Catherine,  and 
St.  Rcgi'na.  St.  John  either  carries  a  lamb, 
or  is  accompanied  by  the  paschal  lamb. 
It  is  also  iutroduceii  symbolically  to  re- 
present any  of  the  "  types"  of  Christ,  as 
Abraham,  Moses,  and  so  on. 

Lamb-pie.  A  flogging.  Lamb  is  a 
pun  on  the  Latin  verb  lamho  (to  lick), 
and  the  word  "  lick"  has  been  perverted 
to  mean  flog  {see  Lick)  ;  or  it  may  be  the 
old  Norse  lam  (the  hand),  meaning  hand 
or  slap  pie.    {_See  Lamming.) 

Lamb's  Conduit  Street  {London). 
Stow  says,  "  One  WilUam  Lamb,  citizen 
and  clothworker,  born  at  Sutton  Valence, 
Kent,  did  found  near  unto  Oldbourne  a 
faire  conduit  and  standard  ;  from  this 
conduit,  water  clear  as  crj'stal  was  con- 
veyed in  pipes  to  a  conduit  on  Snow  hill." 
(2t5th  March,  1577.) 

Lambs' WooL  A  beverage  consist- 
ing of  the  juice  of  apples  roasted  over 
spiced  ale.  A  great  day  for  this  drink 
was  the  feast  of  apple-gathoring,  called 
(a  maes  Ahhat,  pronouiiL'o<l  "laminas 
ool,"  and  corrupted  into  "  lambs'  wool." 

Lam.bro  (_Don  Juaii),  father  of  HaidBU. 
Blajor  Lambro,  the  prototype,  was  head 
uf  the  Kussian  piratical  squadron  in  17'Ji. 
He  contrived  to  escape  whoa  the  rest 
were  seizod  by  the  Algerines  on  the  islauii 
of  Zia. — £i/roii,  "  JJoii  Juan,''  iii.  "26,  &,c. 

Lame  King.  A  Grecian  oracle  had 
told  Sparta  to  "■  Beware  of  a  lame  king," 
^gesila'os  was  lame,  and  during  his  reign 
Sparta  lost  hor  supremacy. 

Lame  Vicegerent  (in  "Hudibras"). 
Richard  Cromwell. 

Lam'erock  (.Sir),  of  Wales.  A 
kniglit  of  the  Round  Table,  sou  of  Sir 
Pelliuoro,  and  brother  of  Sir  Percival. 
He  had  an  amour  with  his  own  aunt,  tlie 
fc^ife  of  king  Lcte  Strange  that  of  all 
the  famous  knights  of  the  Koiiud  Table, 
Sir  Caradoc  and  Sir  Galahad  were  thi» 
only  ones  who  were  co.utiueut. 


Lam'ia.  A  female  phantom,  whose 
name  was  used  by  the  Greeks  and  Roman* 
as  a  bugbear  to  children  She  was  a 
Lib'yan  queen  beloved  by  Jupiter,  but 
robbed  of  her  offspring  by  the  jealous 
Juno  ;  and  in  consequence  she  vowed 
vengeance  acainstall  children,  whom  she 
delighted  to  entice  and  murder. 

Lam'ies  (3  syl.).  Spectres  of  Africa, 
with  the  head  of  a  woman  and  tail  of  a 
serpent.  They  attracted  strangers  by  a 
sort  of  hissing  sound,  anrl  then  devoured 
them.  In  the  story  of  "  Machates  and 
riiilemon,"  a  young  man  is  rejiresented 
as  marrying  one  of  these  empu.sa,  who 
sucks  his  blood  at  niglit-  Goethe  bor- 
rowed his  ballad  of  tlio  "Bride  of  Corinth" 
from  this  tale.  (Greek,  laimoi,the  throat, 
voracity.) 

Lammas.  Al  laKei'  Lammas — i.t,, 
never.     (iVe  Gueek  Calends.) 

Lammas-day,  1st  August,  means 
the  loaf-mass  day.  The  day  of  fi.rst-fruit 
offerings,  v.'hen  a  loaf  was  given  to  the 
priests  in  lieu  of  the  first-fruits.  (Saxon, 
/ilam-masse,  for  hlaf-maase  dceg.) 

Laamer  Beads.  Amber  beads, 
once  used  as  charms.  (French,  I'ambre; 
Teutonic,  lamertyn-stein.) 

Lammermoo V.  \  See  Edg  \  t?  .  7,rn  .a  . 

Lammiliin,  Laml-in,  Linkln,  ot 
Bold  RuiLki-  A  Scottish  ogre,  repre- 
sented in  the  ballad  as  a  bloodthirsty 
lu       11, -the  terror  of  the  Scotch  nursery. 

Lamming  (^4).  A  beating.  {Sa 
Lamb  1'ie.) 

Lam'ourette's  Kiss.  On  July  7th, 
1792,  tlie  abbe  Lamouretto  induced  the 
diderent  factions  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly  of  France  to  lay  asi<le  their 
ditferonces ;  so  tht  deputies  of  the 
Royalists,  Constitutionalists,  Girondists, 
Jacobins,  ana  Orleanists  ru.-ilied  into 
each  other's  arms,  and  the  king  was  sent 
for  to  see  "how  these  Christians  loved 
one  another;"  but  the  reconcihation  was 
hollow  and  unsound.  The  term  is  now 
used  for  a  reconciliation  of  policy  without 
abatement  of  rancour. 

Lamp.  To  smell  of  the  lamp.  To  bear 
the  marks  of  great  study,  but  not  enough 
laboured  to  conceal  the  marks  of  labour. 
The  phrase  was  first  applied  to  the 
oratiurs  of  Demosthenes,  written  by 
lanifi-light  with  enormous  car© 


LAiirs. 


LANCELOT  DU    LAC.       idZ 


The  Lamp  0/ the  Law.  Irnerius  the  Gor- 
man was  so  ealled,  wlio  first  lecturcii  on 
tlie  Pandects  of  Justinian,  after  their 
discovery  at  Anialplii  in  1137. 

Lamps.  T/ie  seven  lamps  of  sleep. 
In  tl-e  mansion  of  the  Kuig^litof  the  Black 
Castle  wore  seven  lamps,  which  co'ild  be 
quenched  only  with  water  from  an  on- 
chanted  fountain.  So  long  as  these 
lamps  kept  burnint^,  every  one  within  the 
room  fell  into  a  deep  sleep,  from  which 
nothing  could  rouso  them  till  the  lamps 
^^•ere  extinguished.  {See  Jvosana.) — 
"The  Seven  Champions,"  d:c.,  ii.  8. 

Sepulchral  Lamps.  The  Romans  are 
said  to  have  preserved  lamps  in  some  of 
their  sepulchres  for  centuries.  In  the 
papacy  of  Pa\il  IlL  one  of  these  lamjis 
was  found  in  the  tomb  of  TuUia  (Cicero's 
daughter),  which  had  been  shut  up  for 
\fihO  years.  At  the  dissolution  of  the 
monasteries  a  lamp  was  found  which  is 
said  to  have  been  burning  1,200  years. 
Two  have  been  preserved  in  the  Leyden 
museum. 

jLampad'ion.  The  received  name 
of  a  lively,  petulant  courtezan,  in  the 
later  Greek  comedy. 

Lampoon.  Sir  Walter  Scott  says, 
"These  personal  and  scandalous  libels, 
carried  to  excess  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
If.,  acquired  the  name  of  lampoons  from 
the  burden  siuig  to  them  :  '  Lampono, 
latnpone,  canierada  lampono' — Guzzler, 
Pfuzzler,  my  fellow  guzzler."  (French, 
lumper,  to  guzzle.)  Sir  Walter  obtained 
his  information  from  Trevoux. 

Lampos  and  Pha'eton.  The  two 
steeds  of  Auro'ra.  One  of  Actason's  dogs 
was  called  Lampos. 

Lancashire  Lads  or  "The  Lan- 
cashire."     The  47th  Foot. 

Lancaster.  The  camp-town  on  the 
river  Lune. 

Lancaster  Gun.  A  species  of 
rided  cannon  with  elliptical  bore ;  so 
called  from  Mr.  Lancaster,  its  inventor. 

Lance  (1  syl.),  in  Christian  art,  is  an 
attribute  of  St.  Matthew  and  St.  Thomas, 
tiio  apo.stlea  ;  also  of  St.  Longi'nus,  St. 
George,  St.  Adalbert,  St.  Oswin,  St.  I!ar- 
bivra,  St.  Michael,  St.  Deme'trius,  and 
soToral  others. 

Astolpho  bad  a  lance  of  gold  that  with 
enchanted  force  dismounted  every  one 
it  touched. — "  Orlando  Furioso,"  bk.  ix. 


Lance  of  the  Ladies.  At  the  termination 
of  every  joust,  a  course  was  nm  "  pour 
les  dames,"  and  called  the  "  Lance  of 
the  I^adies." 

Lance-Corporal.  The  lowest  of 
the  non-commissioned  ofiBcers.  Ho  wears 
one  chevron  or  slash  on  his  sleeve.  In 
the  middle  ages  a  lance  meant  a  soldier. 

Lance-knight.  A  foot-soldier ;  a 
corruption  of  las<]uenet  or  laacequenet, 
a  German  foot-soldier. 

Lan'celot  (Sir).  "The  chief  of 
knights"  and  "darling  of  the  court." 
Elaine,  the  lily  of  Astolat,  fell  in  lovo 
with  him,  but  ho  returned  not  her  love, 
and  she  died.  (See  J'^Lai.ne.) — Tennyson, 
"  hhjlls  of  the  King  "  (Elaine). 

Lan'celot  du  Lac.  One  of  the  ear- 
liest romances  of  the  "  Hound  Table" 
Uiyi).  Sir  Lancelot  was  the  son  of  king 
Ban  of  Ben  wicke,  but  was  stolen  in  i  u  fancy 
by  Vivienne,  called  "  La  Dame  du  Lac," 
wlio  dwelt  "en  la  marche  do  la  petite 
Bretaigne  ;"  she  plunged  with  the  babe 
into  the  lake,  and  when  her  prot<?g^  was 
grown  to  man's  estate,  presented  him  to 
king  Arthur.  The  lake  referred  to  was 
a  sort  of  enchanted  delusion  to  conceal 
her  demesnes.  Hence  the  cognomen  of 
du  Lac  given  to  the  knight.  Sir  Lancelot 
goes  in  search  of  the  St.  Grail  or  holy 
cup  brought  to  Britain  by  Joseph  of 
Ariniathe'a.  (See  GhaaL.)  Though  al- 
ways represented  in  the  Arthurian  ro- 
mances as  the  model  of  chivalry.  Sir 
Lancelot  was  the  adulterous  lover  of 
Guinevere, wife  of  king  Arthur,  bis  friend. 
At  the  close  of  his  life  the  adulterous 
knij,'ht  became  a  hermit. 

Sir  Lancelot  du  Lac  and  '/arquin.  Sir 
Lancelot,  seeking  some  adventure,  met 
a  lady  who  requested  him  to  deliver  cer- 
tain knights  of  the  Round  Table  from  the 
power  of  Tarquin.  Coming  to  a  river, 
he  saw  a  copper  basin  suspended  to  a 
tree,  and  struck  at  it  so  hard  that  the 
basin  broko.  This  brought  out  Tarquin, 
when  a  furious  encounter  took  placo,  iu 
which  Tarquin  wa.s  slain,  and  Sir  Lancelot 
liber.ated  from  durance  "  threescore 
knights  and  four,  all  of  the  Table  Kound." 
—I'ercy,  "  Jieli'/ius,"  dc,  bk.  2,  series  1. 

Lancelot  of  the  Laik.  A  Scottish  me- 
trical romance,  taken  from  tho  French 
roman  called  "Lancelot  duLac."  Galiot, 
a  uoigljl)Ouring  king,  invades  Arthur's 
territory,  and  captures  the  caetio  of  \a/^v 


4&4        LANCELOT  GOBBO. 


LcVNO  SYNE. 


Melyhalt  among  otbers.  Sir  Laucolot 
goes  to  chastise  Galiot,  sees  queen  Gui- 
nevere and  falls  in  love  with  her.  Sir 
Gawayno  is  wounded  in  the  war,  and  Sir 
Lancelot  taken  prisoner.  In  the  French 
romance,  Sir  Lancelot  makes  Galiot  sub- 
mit to  Arthur,  but  the  Scotch  romance 
terminates  witn  the  capture  of  the  knight. 

Lancelot  or  Launcelot  Gobbo. 

Shyloek's  servant,  famous  for  his  soli- 
loquy whether  or  not  he  should  nm  away 
from  his  master. — ShaJcespeare,  "  Mer- 
duxnt  of  Venice." 

Land  of  Beulah,  "  where  the  sun 
shineth  night  and  day  "  (Isa.  Ixii.  4).  In 
"Pilgrim's  Progress"  it  is  that  land  of 
heavenly  joy  where  pilgrims  tarry  till 
they  are  summoned  to  enter  the  Celestial 
City  ;  the  Paradise  before  the  resurrec- 
tion. 

Land  of  Bondage.  Egypt  was  so 
called  by  the  Jews,  who  were  bondsmen 
there  to  the  Pharaohs  "  who  knew  not 
Joseph." 

Land  of  Cakes.  Scotland,  famous 
for  its  oatmeal  cakes. 

Land  of  Myrrli.    Azab  or  Saba. 

Land  of  Pi^omiae.  Canaan,  the 
land  which  God  promised  to  give  to 
Abraham  for  his  obedience. 

Land  of  Stars  and  Stripes.  The 
United  States  of  America.  The  reference 
is  to  their  national  flag. 

Land  o'  the  LeaL  The  Scotch 
Dixey  Land  {q.v.).  An  hypothetical  land 
of  happiness,  loyalty,  and  virtue.  Caro- 
lina Oliphant,  baroness  Nairn,  meant 
Iieavtn  in  her  exquisite  song  so  called,  and 
this  is  now  its  accepted  meaning. 

Land-damn.  A  corruption  of 
landan  (to  rate  or  reprove  severely). 
According  to  dean  Milles  the  word  is 
still  used  in  Gloucestershire. 

ToH  »re  abuaed... .would  I  knew  the  Tillain,  I 
Would  laad-iiimu  Vixa.  —  Shdkixpeart,  "  WinUr'$ 
fa!e,"ii.  i. 

Land-loupers.  Persons  who  fly  tha 
eountry  for  crime  or  debt.  Louper, 
loper,  loafer,  and  luffer  are  varieties  of 
the  German  Idufer,  a  vagr.ant,  a  runner. 

Land-lubber.  Lubber  is  a  lazy  or 
fat  person  {JJanUh), 

Landan'.  A  four-wheeled  carriage, 
the  top  of  which  may  be  thrown  back ; 
inyenlod  at  Landav.,  in  Germany. 


Landey'da.    {-See  Raven.) 

Landiere  (French,  3  syl.).  A  booth 
in  a  fair;  so  called  from  Le  Landit,  a 
famous  fair  at  onetime  held  at  St.  Deni.s. 
Landit  means  a  small  present  such  as 
one  receives  from  a  fair. 

II  gainbadoit,  il  faigoit  le  badin  ; 
OiiC<i  uD  ue  vit  \iuK  plus  parfait  laodin. 

Buurdiijni,  " Legendc,"  o.  li. 
Mcrcure  avec  davide?  mains  .  .  . 
Ml  t  iraroit  tt  taxes  noavelles  .  .  , 
Sur  lc9  lan<l<8,  siir  les  estreiinea. 

L.  CnamhouUry,  "  Le  Voi/ace  de  Uereurt,' 
bit.  iii.,  p.51.    (IfloX) 

Landscape  is  a  land  picture. 
"Scape"  is  from  the  German  tcluiffen 
(to  make).  Father  of  Landscape  Gardet^ 
tnff.     A.  Lenotre  (1C13-17C0). 

Lane.  No  evil  thing  that  walks  by 
Eight,  blue  meagre  hag,  or  stubborn  un- 
laid ghost,  no  goblin,  or  smart  fairy  of 
the  mine,  has  power  to  cross  a  lane  ;  once 
in  a  lane,  and  the  spirit  of  evil  is  in  a  fix. 
The  reason  is  obvious  :  a  lane  is  a  spur 
from  a  main  road,  and  therefore  forms 
with  it  a  sort  of  T,  quite  near  enough  to 
the  shape  of  a  cross  to  arrest  such  simple 
folk  of  the  unseen  world  as  care  to 
trouble  the  peaceful  inmates  of  this  we 
live  in. 

Lane,  of  King's  Brcmley  Manor, 
Staffordshire,  bears  in  a  canton  "The 
arms  of  England."  This  honour  was 
granted  to  colonel  John  Lane,  by  Charles 
II.,  for  conducting  the  king  from  tha 
field  of  battle  to  his  father's  seat  aftei 
the  battle  of  Worcester.  {See  below. ) 
'  Ja)ie  Lane,  daughter  of  Thomas  and 
sister  of  Colonel  John,  to  save  king 
Charles  IL  after  the  battle  of  AVorces- 
ter,  rode  behind  him  from  Bentley,  in 
Staffordshire,  the  ancient  seat  of  the 
Lanes,  to  the  house  of  her  cousin, 
Mrs.  Norton,  near  Bristol.  For  this  act 
of  loyalty,  the  king  granted  the  family 
to  have  the  following  crest :  A  strawberry- 
roan  horse  saliant  (couped  at  the  flank), 
bridled,  bitted,  and  garnished,  supporting 
between  its  feet  a  royal  crown  proper ; 
motto,  "  Garde  le  Roy." 

Lanfu'sa,'s  Son.    (See  Ferrau'.) 

Lang  Syne  (Scotch,  long  since). 
In  the  olden  time,  in  days  gone  by.  The 
song  called  "  Auld  Lang  Syne,"  generally 
attributed  to  Robert  Burns,  was  not 
composed  by  him,  for  he  says  expressly 
in  a  letter  to  Thomson,  it  is  "  the  old 
song  of  the  olden  times,  which  has  never 
bc-jn  in  print.  ...  I  took  it  down  from 


LANGBOURN    WARD. 


LAO-KIUM. 


4P5 


in  old  man's  sinijins:."  In  another  lottor 
he  says,  "  Lifrhl  be  the  turf  on  tlie  heaven- 
inspired  poet  who  composed  this  glorious 
fnig-ment."  Nothing  whatever  is  known 
of  the  author  of  the  words,  the  composer 
is  wholly  unknown. 

Langbourn  Ward  {London).  So 
callt-d  from  the  long  bourn  or  rivulet  of 
sweet  water  which  forn)crly  broke  out 
of  a  spring  near  Jfagpyo  Alley.  This 
boirni  gives  its  nanw)  to  Sharebourue  or 
Southbourne  Lane. 

Langstaff  {Lcmncehti).  Tho  name 
under  which  "  Snlmagiiadi "  was  pub- 
lished, the  real  authors  being  Washington 
Irving,  William  Irving,  and  J.  K.  Paul- 
ding. 

Language.  {The primevan)  Psam- 
metichos,  an  Egyptiiiu  king,  entrusted 
two  now-born  infants  to  a  shepherd,  with 
strict  charge  that  they  were  never  to 
hear  any  one  utter  a  word.  These  chil- 
dren were  afterwards  brought  before  the 
king,  and  uttered  the  word  bei:os  (baked 
bread).  Tiie  same  experiment  was  tried 
by  Frederick  II.  of  Sweden,  James  IV. 
of  Scotland,  and  one  of  tho  Mogul  em- 
perors of  India. 

The  Persians  say  that  Arabic,  Persian, 
and  Turkish  are  the  three  primitive  lan- 
guages. Tho  serpent  that  seduced  Ere 
spoke  Arabic,  th-o  most  suasive  language 
in  the  world  ;  Adam  and  Eve  spoke  Per- 
sian, tho  most  poetic  of  all  langaiage.s; 
and  the  angel  Gabriel  spoko  Turkish, 
the  most  menacing  of  all  languasjes.— 
Churdin. 

"  LuiKjuafje  given  to  men  to  conceal  their 
thoughts"  is  by  Montroud,  but  is  gene- 
rally fathered  on  Talloyraud. 

Langue  d'Oc.  The  Provenfal 
branch  of  the  Gallo-Romaic  idiom ;  so 
called  from  their  oc  (yes). 

Langue  d'Oil.  Walloon  or  Cfcr- 
maniseu  Gallo-Komaic ;  so  called  from 
their  pronouncing  our  yes  as  oil  (o-e). 
These  Gauls  lived  north  of  tho  Loire ;  the 
rrovoa9als  dwelt  south  of  that  river. 

Languish  (Lydia).  A  young  lady 
of  romantic  notions  in  "  The  Uival.s,"  by 
Sheridan. 

Lantern.  In  Christian  art,  the  attri- 
bute.' of  St.  Gudulo  and  St.  Hugh. 

The  Foist  of  Ldntei-Ht.  Tradition  says 
tl'.at  tho  (kiughteir  of  a  famous  mandai-in, 
walki'ig  OB  tho  odgo  of  a  lake  one  evon- 


iiig,  fell  in  and  was  drowned.  The  father, 
with  all  his  neighbours,  went  with  lan- 
terns to  look  for  her,  and  hai>pily  she 
was  rescued.  In  commemoration  thereof 
an  annual  festival  was  held  on  the  spot, 
and  grew  in  time  to  the  celebrated  "  Feast 
of  Lanterns." — "  Present  State  of  China." 
A  la  lanlerne.  Hang  him  with  the 
lantern  or  lamp  ropes.  A  cry  and  custom 
introduced  in  tho  French  revolution. 

Lanterns.  Authors,  literary  men, 
and  other  inmates  of  Lantern-land  (7.V.). 
Rabelais  so  calls  the  prelates  and  divines 
of  the  council  of  Trent,  who  wasted  the 
time  in  great  displays  of  learning,  to  very 
little  profit;  henco  "lantemise"  {q.v.). 

Lanternise.  Spending  one's  time 
in  learned  trifles;  darkening  counsel  by 
words  ;  mystifying  the  more  by  attempt- 
ing to  unravel  mysteries;  putting  truths 
into  a  lantern  through  which,  at  best, 
we  see  but  darkly.  When  monks  bring 
tlieir  hoods  over  their  faces  "to  medi- 
tate," they  are  said  by  the  French  to 
lanternise,  because  thej'  look  like  the 
tojis  of  lanterns  ;  but  the  result  of  their 
meditations  is  that  of  a  "  brown  study," 
or  "  fog  of  sleepy  thought."    (See  above.) 

Lantern-land.  Tho  land  of  literary 
charlatans,  whose  inhabitants  are  gra- 
duates in  arts,  doctors,  professors,  pre- 
lates, and  so  on. — Rahela  it, " Pantagrnel," 
V.  33. 

Ls  JCOOn  [La-ok'-o-oii).  A  son  of 
Priani,  famous  lor  the  tragic  fate  of  himself 
and  two  sons,  who  were  crushed  to  death 
by  serpeuts.  The  group  representing  these 
threo  in  their  death  agony,  now  iu  the 
Vatican,  v.'as  discovered  in  1506.  Thom- 
son has  described  iho  group  in  hia 
"Liberty,"  pt.  iv.    (Virgil,  d^neidu.) 

Laodami'a.  The  wife  of  Protesila'os, 
who  was  slain  before  Troy.  She  begged 
to  be  allowed  to  converse  with  her  dead 
husband  for  only  three  hours,  and  hef 
request  was  granted  ;  wh^n  the  resjiit* 
was  over,  she  accompanied  tho  dead  hero 
to  the  shades  of  death.  Wordsworth 
has  a  poem  on  the  subject. 

Laodicean.  One  indifferent  to  re- 
ligion, caring  littlo  or  nothing  about  the 
matter,  like  the  Christians  of  that  chBrch, 
mentioned  in  the  Book  of  Revelation 
(iii.  14-18). 

Lao-kium.  A  Chinese  phi^osophw, 
who  lived  about  B.C.  600,  and  after  dsath 


499 


LAPlTlIiB. 


LARGE. 


was  placed  amonfc  the  gods.    His  syctem 
was  a  sort  of  qiuclisra. 

Lap'ithOB.  Descendants  of  Lap'itlios, 
son  of  Apollo  ;  noted  for  their  defeat  of 
the  Centaurs. — Classic  inyllMloyy. 

Lapping  Water.  When  Gideon's 
army  was  too  numerous,  the  men  were 
taken  to  a  stream  to  drink,  and  300  of 
them  lapped  water  with  their  toiiicne;  all 
the  rest  sucked  it  up  (Judg.  vii.  4-7).  All 
carnivorous  anim.als  lap  water  like  dofjs, 
all  herbivorous  animals  suck  it  up  like 
horses.  The  presumption  is  that  the 
lajipers  of  water  j>artook  of  the  carni- 
vorous character,  and  were  more  fit  for 
military  exploits. 

Laprel.  The  rab}>it  in  the  tale  of 
"Reynard  tlie  Fox."  (French,  lupin, 
rabbit.) 

Lapsus  Lin^Tee  {Latin).  A  slip  of 
the  tongue,  a  mistake  in  uttering  a  word, 
%  word  iuadverteutly  spoken. 

Lapu'ta-  Tlio  flyiu'j  island  inhabi- 
ted by  scLeutific  quacks,  and  visited  by 
Gulliver  in  his  "  Travels."  Those  dreamy 
philosophers  were  so  abs-orbed  in  their 
speculations,  that  they  c/inploycd  atten- 
dants called  "  tlappers,"  to  Haj)  them  on 
the  mouth  and  ears  with  a  blown  bladder 
when  their  attention  was  to  be  called  off 
from  "high  things"  to  vulgar  mundane 
matters.— <S'(C'i/i!. 

Reaiisiii!!  in  a  manner  the  dreams  of  Laputa,  »nd 
endtavoiiriDR  to  extract  aunbcams  from  oucumljciji. 
—J>t  Qmiicy. 

Lar.  The  chief  town  of  LaristaD,  in 
Persia,  once  famous  for  its  bazaars. 

Lar  Familia'ris.  The  familar  lar 
was  the  spirit  of  the  founder  of  the 
house,  which  never  left  it,  but  accom- 
panied his  descendants  in  all  their 
changes.     (See  Lares.) 

La'ra.  The  name  assumed  by  lord 
Conrad,  the  corsair,  after  the  death  of 
Medo'ra.  He  returned  to  his  native  land, 
afld  was  one  day  recognised  by  Sir 
]']s?ieiu  at  tlie  table  o-f  lord  Otlio. 
Ezzelin  charges  him  home,  and  a  duel  is 
arranged  for  the  day  following,  but 
Eazelin  is  never  heard  of  more.  In  time 
I^ara  heads  a  rebellion,  and  is  shot  by 
lord  Otho,  the  leader  of  the  other  party. 
— Byrofi,  "Lara." 

flit  tsttm  infants  of  Lara.  Gonzales 
Gustioade  Salas  de  Lara,  a  Castiliau  hero 
of  tb«  eleveuth  eeiitury,  had  seven  sons. 


Hisbrotlier,  Rodri'go  Velasquez,  mameri 
a  Moorish  lady,  an(l  these  seven  ne|)hews 
were  invited  to  the  feast.  A  fray  took 
place  in  which  one  of  the  seven  slow  a 
Moor,  anil  the  bride  demanded  vengeance. 
Kodri'go,  to  please  his  bride,  waylaid  liis 
brother  Gonzalce,  and  kept  him  in  dur.ince 
in  a  dungeon  of  Cor'dova,  and  the  scvcq 
lioys  were  bctrayeil  into  a  ravine,  wliere 
they  were  crticliy  nmrdeied.  While  in 
the  dungeon,  Z.iida,  daughter  of  th« 
Moorish  king,  fell  in  love  with  Gonzales, 
and  became  the  molhur  of  Mudarra,  who 
avenged  the  death  of  Lara's  seven  sous 
by  s:aying  llodri'go. 

Larboard,  now  called  port  Oi.v.). 
Starboard,  corruption  of  French  stri-burd 
[dextri  bord]  right  side  of  the  ship  (stri, 
stir,  star),  and  larboard,  a  corruption  of 
French  bd-bord,  i.e.,  bas-bord,  left 
side. 

Larder.  A  place  for  keeping  lard  or 
bacon.  This  shows  that  swine  were  the 
cliief   animals   salted  aud  preserved  in 

olden  times. 

The  Douglas  Larder.  The  English 
garrison  and  all  its  provisions  in  Dougi:i8 
?asile  massed  together  by  Good  lord 
James  Douglas,  in  13U7. 

IIr>  caused  all  the  barrels  c  .ntaiainit  Sour,  meal, 
wlieat.and  malt  to  he  kuockid  in  pieces,  aud  their 
oontfiit-!  mixed  ou  Ihe  floor;  then  lie  tliiircd  tti« 
great  hoL'Stieadeof  wineand  ale,  and  mixed  tiie  Ii.j'ior 
with  the  stores  ;  and  laet  of  all.  he  killed  the  priKoa- 
ers,  and  flung  the  dead  bodies  anions  tlu»  di^eusting 
hiap,  which  Ids  men  called  in  deneiou  of  the  Kudish, 
•■  The  i)oui?laa  l.ardcr."— iir  Waiter  ScuU,  "  Z.iici  of 
a  Giandjathcr,"  ix. 

Lares.  The  Etnisciin  lar  (lord  or 
hero).  Among  the  Romans  lares  were 
either  domestic  or  public.  Domestic  lares 
were  the  souls  of  virtuous  ancestors 
exalted  to  the  rank  of  protectors.  PMic 
lares  were  the  protectors  of  roads  and 
streets.  Domestic  lares  were  images, 
like  dogs,  set  behind  the  "hall"  door,  or 
in  the  lara'rum  or  slirine.  Wicked  souls 
became  lem'ures  or  ghosts  that  made 
night  hideous.  Pena'tes  were  the  natural 
powers  personified,  and  their  office  was 
to  bring  wealth  and  plenty,  rather  than 
to  protect  and  avert  danger. 

Large.  Stt  at  large — i.e.,  at  liberty. 
It  is  a  French  phrase  ;  prendre  le  lan/t 
is  to  stand  out  at  sea,  or  occupy  the 
main  ocean,  so  as  to  be  free  to  move. 
Similarly,  to  be  set  at  large  is  to  be  placed 
free  in  the  wide  world. 

To  tail  large  is  to  sail  on  a  large  wind 


LARIGOT. 


L.S.TH. 


•107 


— i.e.,  with  the  wind  not  straJLrht  astern, 
but  what  sailors  call  "abaft  tho  beam." 

Lar'igot.  Doireiltirelarigot.  To  tope, 
to  bou=e.  Larigol  is  a  corruption  of 
"  L'arig-ot"  (a  limb),  and  hoire  a  tire 
Carigol  means  simply  "to  drink  with  all 
your  mig^bt,"  as  jorter  de  Varigot  means 
"to  play  your  best" — i.e.,  "  with  all  your 
power."  It  is  absurd  to  derive  the  word 
larifjol  from  "  la  Ilieaud,"  according  to 
Noel  Taillepied,  who  says  ( "  Rouen,"  xlv.) : 
"  Au  siii.  si^clo,  I'archevdqiio  Eudes 
Rif^aud  fit  present  k  la  ville  de  Rouen 
d'une  cloche  h.  laqucllo  rcsta  son  nom. 
Cette  cloche  6tait  d'une  grandeur  et 
d'une  prosseur  tellcs,  quo  ceux  qui  la 
niettaient  en  mouvcmcnt  no  manquaient 
pas  deboireabondanimentpourreprendre 
d'}s  forces.  De  la  I'iiabitude  de  com- 
parer ceux  qui  buvaiont  bcaucoup  aux 
sonneurs  charges  de  lirer  la  Higaud " 
•  i.e.,  the  bell  so  called. 

Liark.  A  spree  ;  a  corruption  of  the 
SaAou  Idc  {play,  fvm). 

Larry  Du^an's  Eyewater.— 
Blacking  ;  so  called  from  I^arry  Dugan, 
a  noted  shoe-black  of  Dublin,  who.^e  face 
was  always  smudged  with  Lis  blacking. 

Larvae.  ^lischievous  spectres.  The 
larva  or  ghost  of  Caligula  was  often  seen 
(according  to  Suetonius)  :a  his  palace. 

Lascar.  A  native  East  Indian  sailor 
in  the  British  service.  Tho  natives  of 
tho  East  Indies  call  camp-followers  las- 
cars. 

Last.  The  cohUer  should  stick  to 
his  last  ("Ne  sutor  ultra  crep'idam "). 
Apelles  having  executed  a  famous  paint- 
ing, exposed  it  to  public  view,  when  a 
cobbler  found  fault  because  tho  painter 
had  made  too  few  latchets  to  the  go- 
loshes. Apelles  amended  the  fault,  and 
set  out  his  picture  again.  Next  day  tho 
cobbler  complained  of  the  egs,  when 
Apelles  retorted,  "  Keep  to  tho  shop, 
friend,  but  do  not  attempt  to  criticise 
what  you  do  not  imderstand."  (See 
Wics) 

Last  Man  {Tlie).  Charles  I.  was  so 
called  by  tho  Parliamentarians,  meaning 
that  he  would  bo  tho  last  man  to  sit  on 
the  throne  of  Groat  Britain  as  king.  Uis 
son,  Charles  II.,  was  jailed  Tht  Son  of 
Oie  Last  Man. 

Last  of  the  Fathers.  St.  Bernard, 
abbot  of  Clair\-aux.     (lOyi-1163.) 


Last  of  the  GrOths.  Roderick,  who 
reigned  in  Spain  from  41ito  711.  Southey 
has  an  historic  tale  in  blank  verse  on  tliid 
subject. 

Last  of  the  Greekn.     rhilopoemen 

of  Arcadia.     (B.C.  2j3-1S3.) 

Last  of  the  Knights.  (See 
Knights.) 

Lastof  theMoTlicans.  The  Indian 
chi>  f,  Uucas,  is  so  called  by  Cooper  in  his 
novel  of  that  title.     Properly  Moliic'aus. 

Last  of  the  Romans. 

Marcus  Junius  Brutus,  one  of  the  mur- 
derers of  C;rsar.     (B.C.  85-42.) 

Caius  Cassius  Longi'nus,  so  called  by 
Brutus.     (B.C.      -42.) 

Aetius,  a  general  who  defended  the 
Gauls  against  the  Franks  and  other  bar- 
barians, and  defeated  Attila  in  tho 
Champs  Cat.alarimques,  near  Chalon,  iu 
451.     So  called  by  Proco'pius. 

Francjois  Joseph  Terasse  Dosbillons,  so 
called  from  tho  elecrance  and  purity  of 
his  Latin.     (1751-1789.) 

Pope  calls  Congreve  Ultimas  lioman- 
or.m.     (1670-1729.)     (See  Ulti.mis.) 

Last  of  the  Troubadours.  Jacques 
Jasmin,  of  Gascony.     (1793-lSo4.) 

Lat  (fil).  A  female  idol  made  of 
stone  and  said  to  be  inspired  with  life  ; 
the  chief  object  of  adoration  by  the 
Arabs  before  their  conversion. 

Lat,  at  Somanat  in  India,  was  a  single 
stone  fifty  fathoms  high,  placed  in  the 
midst  of  a  temple  supported  by  fifty-six 
pillars  of  massive  gold.  This  idol  was 
broken  in  pieces  by  Mahmood  Ibn-Sabuk- 
tigeen,  who  conquered  that  part  of  India. 
Lat'eran.  The  ancient  palace  of 
the  Latera'ni,  given  by  tho  emperor 
Constantino  to  the  popes.  Lateran,  from 
Z«i«7,  to  hide,  and  rana,  a  frog.  It  is  said 
that  Nero  ...  on  one  occasion  vomited  a 
frog  covered  with  blood,  which  he  be- 
lieved to  be  his  own  progeny,  and  had  it 
hidden  in  a  vault.  The  palace  which  was 
built  on  this  site  was  called  the  '•  Lat- 
eran," or  palace  of  the  hidden  frog. — 
Buckle,  "  Uistorg  of  Civilization." 

Lath  or  LaUie.  A  division  of  a 
county.  Sometimes  it  was  an  intorme- 
diato  division  between  a  hundred  and  a 
ehire,  as  tho  lai/i^s  of  Kent  and  rajHS  oj 
Hasscx,  each  of  which  contained  three  or 
four  "  hundreds  "  a-piece.  In  Ireland  the 
arrangenaent  was  different,     The  officer 


498 


LATIN. 


LAUNFAL. 


over  a  latli  was  called  alathreovo.  (Saxon 
UitJi,  lsorwL'(,aau  lad,  articulation.) 

If  all  thftttyttiing  failed,  then  all  that  lath  wns 

cliau-edfortluittythiin! :  aii.i  if  the  lath  failed,  tliea 
(ill  th'il  Imndrcd  wn-i  drnvii  k.i  for  tlitm  (i.e.,  tur- 
Dul'-iit  fellowj  I  :  and  if  tUc  huudrcd,  then  th(;  ehire. 
— iS^'fUirr,  '^ li tlandj" 

Latin.  Tho  language  spoken  by  the 
pcojilo  of  La'tium,  in  Italy.  The  Latins 
are  called  aborigines  of  Italy.  Alba 
Longa  was  Load  of  tbo  Latin  league,  and, 
as  Ilorao  was  a  colony  of  Alba  Longa,  it 
is  plain  to  see  how  the  Homan  tongue 
was  Latin. 

The  Latin  Church.  The  Western 
Church,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Greek 
or  Eastern  Church. 

The  Latin  Cross.    Formed  thus ;    "p 

Latin  Learning,  properly  so  called, 
terminated  with  Boe'liiius,  but  continued 
to  bo  used  in  literary  compositions  and 
in  the  services  of  the  church. 

Lati'niis.  King  of  the  Laurentians, 
a  people  of  Latium.  According  to  Virgil, 
Latinus  opposed  ^neas  on  his  first  land- 
ing, but  subsequently  formed  an  alliance 
with  him,  and  gave  him  Lavin'ia  in  mar- 
riage. Turnus,  king  of  the  Ru'tuli,  de- 
clared that  Lavinia  had  been  betrothed 
to  him,  and  prepared  to  support  his 
claim  by  arms.  It  was  agreed  to  decide 
the  rival  claims  by  single  combat,  aiid 
iEne'as,  being  victor,  had  Lavinia  to  wife. 

Latinus  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered"), 
an  Ttalian,  went  with  his  five  sons  to  the 
Holy  War.  His  eldest  son  was  slain  by 
Solyman ;  Aramantes,  going  to  his  bro- 
ther's aid,  was  also  slain  ;  then  Sabi'nus ; 
and  lastly,  Picus  and  Laurentes,  twins. 
The  father  now  rushed  on  the  soldan, 
and  was  slain  also.  In  one  hour,  the 
father  and  his  five  sons  were  all  slain. 

Latitudina'i-ians.  A  sect  of  divines 
in  the  time  of  Charles  XL,  opposed  both 
to  the  High  Church  party  and  to  the 
Puritans.  The  term  is  now  applied  to 
those  who  hold  very  loose  vie  wis  of  Divine 
inspiration,  and  what  are  called  orthodox 
doctrines. 

Lato'na.  Mother  of  Apollo  and 
Diana.  When  she  knelt  by  a  fountain 
in  Delos,  infants  in  arras,  to  quench  her 
thirst  at  a  small  lake,  some  Lycian  clowns 
insulted  her,  and  were  turned  into  frogs. 

4.B  when  those  hinds   that   Ttre   transformed  to 

frogs 
Hailed  at  Latons's  twin-born  progeny, 
Wbiob  after  bold  the  sua  and  moon  in  fee. 

i/iiioM.  "Sonnefs- 


Latri'a  and  Duli'a.  Greek  words 
adopted  by  the  Roman  Catholics:  the 
foriLicr  to  express  that  supreme  reverence 
and  adoration  which  is  offered  to  God 
alone  ;  and  the  latter,  that  secondary 
reverence  and  adoration  which  is  offered 
to  saints.  (LairUi  is  the  reverence  of  a 
latris  or  hired  servant,  who  receives 
wages;  didia  is  the  reverence  of  a  doulot 
or  slave.) 

Lattice  or  Chequers.  A  public- 
house  sign,  the  arms  of  Fitzwarren,  the 
liead  of  which  house,  in  tho  days  of  the 
Henries,  was  invested  with  the  power  of 
licensing  tho  establishments  of  vintners 
and  publicans.  Houses  licensed  notified 
tho  same  by  displaying  the  Fitzwarren 
arms.— ne  Times,  April  29,  1869. 

The  Fitzwarren  arms  were  chequy  or 
and  fjfules,  hence  public-houses  and  their 
signs  are  frequently  called  the  "Rod 
Lattice." 

He  called  me  eyen  now,  my  lord,  through  a  red 
lattice.— i'Aaitspeare,  "  2  Henry  I V.,"  ii.  3. 

Laudicceni.  Roman  claqueurs,  who 
attended  to  applaud  speeches,  plays,  &c. 
{See  Claque.) 

Laughing  Philosopher.  Democ'- 
rites  cf  Abde'ra,  who  viewed  with  su- 
preme contempt  tho  feeble  powers  ol 
man.      (B.C.    4(50-357.)      {^ee    Weepi.no 

PUILOSOPU£U.) 

Launce.    The  clownish  serving'  man 

of  Proteus,  famous  for  his  soliloquies  ta 

his  dog  Crab.Shalcespeare,  "  Tico  Gentle, 

men  of  Verona." 

Launcelot.    (See  Lancelot.) 

Launched  into  Eternity.  Hanged. 

He  a'.e  Bcveial  oranges  on  his  passage.  Inquired 
If  hislordibipwasre.-idy.and  then.  a«  old  Ilo^vc  used 
to  say,  "was  launched  into  eternity."— OiUy  W  Miomt 
1,1  Icr  1  Harrington.  (The  person  referred  to  r.as  ui» 
lordship's  scrTant,  hanged  for  robbery.) 

Launfal  {Sir).  Steward  of  king  Ar- 
thur. He  so  greatly  disliked  queen 
Gwennere,  daughter  of  Ryon,  king  of 
Ireland,  that  he  feigned  illness  and 
retired  to  Carlyoun,  where  he  lived  in 
great  poverty.  Having  obtained  the 
loan  of  a  horse,  he  rode  into  a  forest,  and 
while  he  rested  himself  on  the  grass  two 
damsels  came  to  him,  who  invited  him 
to  rest  in  their  lady's  bower  hard  by. 
Sir  Launfal  accepted  the  invitation,  and 
fell  in  love  with  tho  lady,  whose  name 
was  Tryamour.  Tryamour  gave  the 
knight  an  unfailing  purse,  and  when  he 
left  told  him  if  he  ever  wished  to  see  her 


LAUEj\. 


LA  VOLT. 


m 


all  he  had  to  do  was  to  retire  into  a 
i)rivato  room,  and  sho  would  instantly  bo 
with  him.  Kir  Lauufal  now  returned  to 
court,  and  excited  much  attention  by  his 
proat  wealth,  but  having  told  Gwenuero, 
who  solicited  his  love,  that  she  was  not 
worthy  to  kiss  the  foot  of  his  lady-love, 
the  queen  accused  him  to  Arthur  of  in- 
sulting her  person.  Thereupon  Arthur 
told  him,  luiloss  he  naado  good  his  word 
by  producing  this  paragon  of  women  he 
should  bo  burno  alive.  On  the  day 
ajipointed,  Tryamour  arrived  ;  Launfal 
was  set  at  liberty,  and  accompanied  his 
mistress  to  the  isle  of  Ole'ron,  and  no 
man  ever  saw  him  mors.  —  Thomas 
Ckestre,  "Sir  Launfal"  (a  melrical 
romance  of  lleivy  VI.'s  time). 

Laura— the  name  immortalised  by 
Petrarch — was  either  tho  wife  of  Hugues 
do  Sade,  of  Avignon,  or  a  fictitious  name 
used  by  him  on  v.-hich  to  hang  incidents 
of  his  life  and  luve.  If  tho  former,  her 
maiden  name  was  Laura  do  Noves. 

Laura.     Bcppo's  wife.     (See  Beppo.) 

Laureate.  Poets  so  called  from  an 
ancient  cu.stom  in  our  tiniversities  of  pre- 
senting a  laurel  wreath  to  graduates  in 
rhetoric  and  poetry.  Voting  aspirants 
wei'e  wreathed  with  laurels  in  berry  (orne 
de  bales  de  laurier).  Autlmrs  are  still  so 
"  crowned '' in  France.  Tlio  poets  lau- 
reate of  the  two  last  centuries  have  been — 


John  Dryden,  15701 

Tlioma8.-Sliaawell,  ICS8. 
Nullum  Tate,  lOIii 
Nicholas  Kowe,  1715. 
liiuirence  Kuaji^u,  1718. 
Colley  Cibber,  17.i). 
William  W  hitehead,1757. 


ThomiB  \Vnrton,1783. 
llonry  Ja'i.cs  Pye.  1730. 
Hol.-rt  Houtliey,  IMH. 
Willi.'iin    WorUjworth, 

1^-11. 
Alfred  Teunysoii,1850. 


Laurel.  The  Greeks  gave  a  wreath 
of  laurels  to  the  victor  in  tho  Pythian 
games,  but  the  victor  in  tho  Olympic 
games  had  a  wreath  of  wild  olives,  the 
victor  in  the  Nem'eun  games  a  wreath  of 
green  parsley,  and  the  victor  in  tho 
Isthmian  games  a  wreath  of  dry  parsley 
or  green  pine-leaves.     (See  Ckown.) 

Laurel.  Tho  ancients  believed  that 
laurel  communicated  the  spirit  of  pro- 
phecy and  poetry,  llcuoe  ll-o  custom  of 
crowning  the  pythoness  and  poets,  auj 
of  puiiing  laurel  leaves  under  one's  pilhw 
to  acquire  inspiration. 

Laurel,  in  moderp.  times,  is  a  symbol 
of  victory  and  poiuo.  St.  Gudulo,  iu 
Christian  art,  carries  a  laurel  crown. 

Laurence  (Friar).  The  Franciscan 
friar  who  U'-lirt.akoa   to   marry  Komeo 


and  Juliet.  To  savo  Juliet  from  a  second 
marriage  he  gives  her  a  sleeping  draught, 
and  sho  is  carried  to  the  family  vault  as 
dead.  liomeo  finds  her  there,  and  be- 
lieving her  sleep  to  be  the  sleep  of  death, 
kills  himself.  On  waking,  Juliet  dis- 
covers Romeo  dead  at  her  side,  and  kills 
herself  also.  (See  Lawrence.) — Shake- 
spcare,  "  Jiomeo  and  Juliet." 

Lavaine', '5i>  (2syl.).  Brotho:  of 
Elaine',  and  son  of  the  lord  of  As'tolat. 
He  accompanied  Sir  Lancelot  when  he 
went  incofj.  to  tilt  for  the  ninth  diamond, 
Ilo  is  described  as  young,  brave,  and 
a  true  knight. — Tennyson,  "  Idylls  of  the 
King  "  (Elaine). 

Lav'ender.  Laid  up  in  lavender,  i.e., 
taken  great  care  of,  laid  away,  as  women 
put  things  away  in  lavender  to  keep  olf 
moths.  Things  in  pawn,  or  persons  in 
hiding,  are  said  to  be  in  lavender. 

Lavin'ia.  Daughter  of  Lati'nus,  be- 
trothed to  Turnus,  king  of  tho  Rutuli. 
When  .^neas  landed  in  Italy,  Latinus 
made  an  alliance  with  the  Trojan  hero, 
and  promised  to  give  him  Lavin'ia  to 
wife.  This  brought  on  a  war  between 
Turnus  and  yEneas,  which  was  decided 
by  single  combat,  in  which  ^Eneas  was 
victor. —  Virgil,  "  JEneid." 

Lavinia.  Tho  daughter  of  Titus  An- 
dron'icus,  bride  of  Ba.ssia'nus,  brother 
of  the  emperor  of  Rome.  Being  grossly 
abused  by  Chiron  and  Demetrius,  sons 
of  Taiu'ora,  queen  of  tho  Goths,  the 
savage  wantons  cut  ofT  iier  hands  and 
pluck  out  her  tongue,  that  she  may  not 
reveal  their  names.  Lavinia,  guiding  a 
stick  with  her  stumps,  nialces  her  tale 
known  to  her  fatlier  and  brothers ;  where- 
upon Titus  murders  tho  two  Moorish 
princes  and  serves  their  heads  in  a  pasty 
to  their  mother,  v.'hom  he  afterwards  slays, 
together  with  the  emperor  Saturni'nus 
her  husband. — "Titus  Andron'icus"  (a 
2>lay  pidlished  with  those  o/ Shakespeare). 

Lavinia.  Italy ;  so  called  from 
Lavinia,  daughter  of  Lati'nus  and  wifo 
of  J'^neas.  itineas  built  a  town  which 
he  called  Laviu'ium,  capital  of  La'tium. 

Lavin'ia  and  Pale  mon.  A  fre« 
poetical  version  of  Ruth  and  Boaa,  by 
Thomson  in  hia  "Autumn." 

Lavolt  or  Lavolt/  JFrench,  la 
Volte).  A  lively  dance,  iu  which  was  a 
g(^o<i  deal  of  jumping  or  capering,  whence 
its  name.     Troiliis  says,  "  I  cannot  ainjf, 


soo 


LAW. 


LAZARIST3. 


nor  heel  tlie  high  lavolt"  (iv.  4).     It  is 
thus  described  : 

A  lofty  jumping  or  &  Icnrinc  rniinJ, 

\\  liere  arm  in  iirm  two  UuC'i'is  are  entwmed. 
And  wliirl  tliemsclvcs  with    ttiict  enibraccmeilta 
bound. 
And  BtiU  their  feet  an  anapest  do  sound 

i'lr  John  VairUt. 

Law.  To  give  one  law.  A  sporting 
term,  meaning  the  chance  of  saving 
oneself.  Thus  a  hare  or  a  stag  is  allowed 
"law" — i.e.,  a  certain  start  before  any 
hound  is  permitted  to  attack  it ;  and  a 
tradesman  allowed  law  is  one  to  whom 
time  is  given  to  "  find  his  legs." 

Qdips  of  laip,  called  "  devices  of 
Cepola,"  from  Bartholomew  Ce'pola,  who5e 
law-quirks  tcacLing  how  to  elude  the 
most  express  law,  and  to  perjietuate  law- 
suits ad  vifini'lum,  have  been  frequently 
reprinted — once  in  octavo,  in  black  letter, 
hy  John  Petit,  in  1508. 

The  Man  of  Lawes  Tale,  by  Chaucer. 
This  story  is  found  in  Gower,  who  pro- 
bably took  it  from  the  French  chronicle 
of  Nicholas  Trivet.  A  similar  story  forms 
the  plot  of  Em'are,  a  romance  printed  in 
Ritson's  collection.  The  treason  of  the 
knight  who  murders  Ilermengilde  re- 
sembles an  incident  in  the  French  "Ro- 
man de  la  Violetto,"  the  English  metrical 
romance  of  "  Le  bone  Florence  of  liomo" 
(in  Ritsor),  and  a  tale  in  the  "Gesta 
Romanorum,"  c.  69  (Madden's  edition). 
I^Sce  Constance.) 

The  Laws  of  llowel  Dha,  who  reigned 
in  South  Wales  in  the  tenth  century, 
printed  with  a  Latin  translation  by 
Wotton,  in  his  "Leges  Wallicte"  (18il). 

Law's  Bubble.  The  famous  Mis- 
sissippi scheme,  devised  by  John  Law, 
for  paying  off  the  national  debt  of  France 
(1716-17"2U).  By  this  "  French  South- 
Sea  Bubble"  the  nation  was  almost 
ruined.  It  was  called  Mississippi  because 
the  company  was  granted  the  "exclusive 
trade  of  Louisia'na  on  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi." 

Lawn  Is  fine  cloth  bleached  on  a 
lawn,  instead  of  the  ordinary  bleaching 
grounds. 

LawT.'ence  (St.).  Patron  saint  of 
curriers,  because  his  skin  was  broiled  on 
a  gridiron.  In  the  pontiticate  of  Scxtus  I. 
to  was  charged  with  the  care  of  the  poor, 
the  orphans,  and  the  widows.  In  the 
persecution  of  Vale'rian,  being  summoned 
to  deliver  up  the  treasures  of  the  church, 
he  produced  the  poor,   &c.,  under  his 


charge,  and  said  to  the  praetor,  "  These 
arc  tlie  church's  treasures."  In  Christian 
art  hois  generally  represented  as  holding 
a  gridiron  in  his  hand.  He  is  the  subject 
of  one  of  the  principal  hymns  of  Prudea- 
tius.    (See  Lauhe.nce.) 

Si.  Lawrence's  tears  or  Thef-enj  tears  oj 
St.  Lawrence.  Meteoric  or  shooting  stars, 
which  generally  make  a  great  dispKay  on 
this  anniversary  (August  10th).  The 
great  periods  of  this  phenomenon  are 
between  the  9th  and  14th  of  August,  from 
the  I'ith  to  the  14th  of  NovemVjer,  and 
from  the  6th  to  the  12th  of  December. 

I'om  Lawrence,  alias  "  Tyburn  Tom " 
or  "Tuck."  A  highwayman.— .S'tr  Waller 
Scott,  "  II earl  of  Mid- Lothian." 

Law^suits.  Allies  d'lUiers,  bishop  of 
Chartres  (1459-1493)  was  so  litigious,  that 
when  Louis  XI.  gave  him  a  pension  to  clear 
off  old  scores,  and  told  him  in  future  to 
live  in  peace  and  good- will  witVihis  neigh- 
bours, the  bishop  earnestly  entreated  the 
king  to  leave  him  some  three  or  four  to 
keep  his  mind  in  good  exercise.  Simi- 
larly Panurge  entreated  Pantag'ruel  not 
to  pay  off  all  his  debts,  but  to  leave  some 
centimes  at  le.ast,  that  he  might  not  fee] 
altogether  a  stranger  to  his  own  self.— 
Jiabelais,  "  Fantagmel,"  iii.  5.    (5e«  LiU 

BURN.) 

Lay-brothers.  Persons  not  in  holy 
orders  received  into  convents  under  the 
three  vows.  They  belong  to  the  Laity. 
(Greek,  laiis,  people.) 

Lay  Figures.  Wooden  figures  with 
free  joints,  used  by  artists  chiefly  for  the 
study  of  drapei7.  This  is  a  metaphorical 
use  of  lay.  As  divines  divide  the  world 
into  two  parties,  the  ecclesiastics  and 
the  laity,  so  artists  divide  their  models 
into  two  classes,  the  li\'ing  and  the  lay. 

Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel.  (For 
plot  see  Margaket.) 

Lay'amon,  who  wrote  a  translation 
in  Saxon  of  the  "  Brut"  of  Wace,  in  the 
twelfth  century,  is  called  The  English 
Ennius.    (5ee  Ennius.) 

Lazar-house  or  Lazaretto.  A  house 
for  poor  persons  affected  with  contagious 
diseases.  So  called  from  the  beggar 
Lazarus  {q.v.). 

Laz'arists.  A  body  of  missionaries 
founded  by  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  in  1632, 
and  so  termed  from  the  priory  of  St. 
Lazarus,  at  Paris,  which  was  their  head- 
quarters. 


LAZAKILLO   DE  TORMES 


LEAl>TNG-PTrj.\(;s. 


601 


Lazarillo  de  Tormes  (1553).  A 
comic  romance,  somethintj  in  the  "Gil 
Bias"  style,  the  object  beingr  to  satirise 
all  classes  of  society.  Lazai'illo,  a  light, 
joWal,  audacious  man-servant,  sees  his 
masters  in  their  undress,  and  exposes 
their  foibles.  This  work  was  written  by 
Diego  Hurta<lo  de  Jlendoza,  general  and 
statesman  of  Spain,  author  of  "  VVar 
against  the  Moors,"  the  best  historical 
production  in  Spain. 

Lazaro'ne,  plur.  Lazaroni  {Italian}. 
The  mob.  Originally  all  those  people  of 
N.iples  who  livid  in  the  streets  without 
any  habitation  of  their  own  ;  so  called 
from  the  hospital  of  St.  Lazarus,  which 
served  as  a  refuge  for  the  destitute  of 
that  city.  Every  year  they  elected  a 
chief,  called  the  Capo  Lazzaro.  Ma,- 
paniello,  in  1G47,  with  these  vagabonds 
accomplislied  the  revolution  of  Naples. 
In  1  lyS  Michelo  Sfoi'za,  at  the  head  of  the 
Lazaroni,  successfully  resisted  Etienne 
Chanipionnet,  the  French  general. 

Lazarus.  Any  poor  beggar ;  so 
called  from  the  Lazarus  of  the  parable, 
who  was  laid  daily  at  the  rich  man's  gate 
(St.  Luke  xvi.). 

La'zy  means  serfs. 

Diviilebiiiiturauti'qiuSaio'nc8(ut  teata'tur  Nitliiir- 
dug)  in  trea  ordfucs,  Uuuillingos,  Tkilingus  ct 
Lizzos  hoc  est  unlnict  inijeii'uus,  et  leiti'its)  quam 
el  nos  diotinclio'uem  dm  retiDuinus.  Sed  llicardj 
aiiti:iii  sccuud'o  pars  servu'ruin  mnx'lma  se  in  lil>er- 
la'iem  viudica'vit;  Bio  ut  liod'ie  apud  Anijios  raiior 
iuveuia'tur  servuD,  qui  ninuicip'iuai  di'citur.  Iteslat 
nihilurninus  anti'<)UM  nppellatio'nis  commomora'tio. 
Igiia'vua  eiilni  liudie  Lute  dicijnus. —  Syflman. 

1-Uzy  03  David  iMwreuce's  dog,  thai 
kuned  Ids  head  against  a  wall  to  hark. 

Imzij  as  Joe,  the  marine,  who  laid 
down  his  musktt  to  sneeze. — Sailor's 
I'rorerb. 

Lazy  as  Ludlam's  dog,  which  leaned  his 
head  against  the  wall  to  bark.  This  Lud- 
1am  was  the  famous  sorcei'ess  of  Surrey, 
who  lived  in  a  cave  near  Farnham,  called 
"Jvudhim's  Cave.*'  She  kept  a  dog, 
noted  for  its  laziness,  so  that  when  the 
rustics  camo  to  consult  the  witch,  it 
would  hardly  condescend  to  give  notice 
01  ihoir  approach,  oven  with  the  ghost  of 
a  liaik. — Uay,  " I'rovcrbs." 

Lazy  Lawrence  of  Lubberland. 
The  hero  of  a  pojiular  tale.  He  served 
ILe  schoolmaster,  the  squire's  cook,  the 
farmer,  and  his  own  wife,  which  was  ac- 
co;iuted  hiirb  treason  in  LubberlauiL 


Lazy-man's  Load.    One  too  heavy 

to  bo  carried ;  so  called  because  lazy 
people,  to  save  themselves  the  trouble  of 
coming  a  second  time,  are  apt  to  over- 
load themselves. 

Lazzaro'ni.    {See  Lazaroni.) 

L'Etat  c'est  Moi  (/  ««  the  SlaU). 
The  saying  and  belief  of  Louis  XIV.  On 
this  principle  ho  acted  with  toler<.blo 
consistency, 

Le  Roi  le  Veut  {French,  The  king 
wills  it).  The  form  of  roj'al  assent  made 
by  the  clerk  of  parliament  to  bills  sub- 
mitted to  the  crown.  The  dissent  is 
expressed  by  Le  roi  s'avisera  (The  king 
will  give  it  his  consideration). 

Le'a.  One  of  the  "daughters  of  men  " 
beloved  by  one  of  the  "sons  of  God." 
The  angel  who  loved  her  ranked  with  the 
least  of  the  sjnrits  of  light,  whose  post 
around  the  throne  was  in  the  uttermost 
circle.  Sent  to  earth  on  a  message,  ho  saw 
Lea  bathing,  and  fell  in  love  with  her  ; 
but  Lea  was  so  heavenly-minded  that 
her  only  wish  was  to  "dwell  in  purity, 
and  serve  God  in  singleness  of  heart." 
Her  angel  lover,  in  the  madness  of  hie 
passion,  told  Lea  the  spell- word  that  gave 
him  admittance  into  heaven.  The  mo- 
ment Lea  uttered  that  word  her  body 
became  spiritual,  rose  through  the  air, 
and  vanished  from  his  sight.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  angel  lost  his  ethereal  nature, 
and  became  altogether  earthy,  like  a 
ciiild  of  clay. — Moore,  "Loves  of  iJu 
Angels,"  story  i. 

Lealja  na  Feine  {Ceds  of  the  Feine). 
The  name  of  several  large  piles  of  stones 
in  Ireland.  The  ancient  Irish  warriors 
were  called  Fe'-i-ne,  which  some  mistake 
for  Phoini  (Carthaginians),  but  which 
means  hunters;  thus  Is'imrod  was  called 
"a  mighty  hunter"  (warrior  or  Fenian). 

Leading  Note  in  music.  The  sh.irp 
seventh  of  the  diatonic  scale,  which  Uadi 
to  the  octave,  only  half  a  tone  higher. 

Leading  Question,  A  question  so 
worded  as  to  suggest  an  answer.  "  Was 
he  dressed  in  a  black  coat?"  leads  to  the 
answer  '"  Yes."  In  cross-examining  a 
witness,  leading  questions  are  permitted, 
because  the  chief  object  of  a  cross- 
examination  is  to  obtain  contradictions. 

Leading-strings.  To  he  in  leading- 
sttihgs,  is  to   be  under  the  control  of 


602 


LEAF, 


LEARN. 


another.  Leadinp^-strinr^g  are  those 
strings  used  for  holding-up  infants  just 
learning  to  walk. 

Leaf.  Before  tlio  invention  of  paper, 
one  of  the  sulistancoi3  employed  for 
writing  was  the  leaves  of  certain  plants. 
In  the  British  Museum  are  some  writings 
on  leaves  from  the  Malahar  coast,  and 
several  copies  of  the  Bihle  written  on 
palm-leaves.  The  reverse  and  obverse 
pages  of  a  book  are  still  called  loaves ; 
and  tho  doulilo  [lagcof  a  ledger  is  termed 
a  "  folio,"  from  folium  (a  leaf). 

League.  The IIol>/ Leai)uewci.s fonnded 
at  I'eronne  in  1.^7<),  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  in  its 
predominancy,  and  the  exclusion  of  Pro- 
testant princes  from  the  throne.  This 
league  was  mainly  duo  to  tho  Guises. 

Lean'der  (3  syl.).  A  young  man  of 
Aby'dos  who  swam  nightly  across  the 
Hellespont  to  visit  his  lady-love,  Hero, 
a  priestess  of  Scstos.  One  nicrht  he  was 
drowned  in  his  attempt,  and  Hero  leaped 
into  the  Hellespont  also.  This  story  is 
told  in  one  of  the  poems  of  Mu=ajus,  en- 
titled "  Hero  and  Leander." 

Leandro  the  Fulr.  A  knight  whose 
adventures  and  exploits  form  a  supple- 
mental part  of  the  Spanish  romance 
called  "  Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Pedro  de  Lujan. 

Leaning  Tower.  The  one  at  Pisa, 
in  Ital}',  leans  a  little  more  than  six  feet 
in  eighty  ;  but  at  Caerphilly,  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, there  is  a  tower  which  leans 
eleven  feet  in  eighty. 

Leap-year.  Every  year  divisible  by 
four.  Such  years  occur  every  fotu'th 
year.  In  ordinary  years  the  day  of  the 
month  which  falls  on  Monday  this  year, 
will  fall  on  Tuesday  next  year,  and 
Wednesday  the  year  after;  but  the  fourth 
year  will  leap  over  Thursday  to  Friday. 
This  is  because  a  day  is  added  to  Febru- 
ary, which  of  course  affects  every  sub- 
geiiucnt  day.     {:<ce  Bissextile.) 

The  ladles  propose,  and  if  not  accepted, 
tlaim  a  silk  gown.  St.  Patrick,  having 
•'  driven  the  frogs  out  of  the  bogs," 
teas  walking  along  the  shores  of  Lough 
Neatrh,  when  ho  was  accosted  by  St. 
Bridget  in  tears,  and  was  told  that  a 
mutiny  had  broken  out  in  the  nunnery 
over  which  she  presided,  the  ladies  claim- 
ing the  rii,'ht  of  "  popping  the  question-" 


St.  Patrick  said  ho  would  concode  thenj 
the  right  every  seventh  year,  when  St, 
Bridget  throw  her  arms  round  his  neck, 
and  exclaimed,  "  Airah,  Pathrick,  jewel, 
I  daurn't  go  back  to  the  girls  wid  such  a 
proposal.  Make  it  one  year  in  four." 
St.  Patrick  replied,  "  Bridget,  acushla, 
squeeze  mo  that  way  agin,  an'  I'll  give 
ye  loajt-j'ear,  the  longest  of  the  lot."  St. 
Bridget,  upon  this,  popped  the  question 
to  St.  Patrickhimself,  who  of  course  could 
not  marry ;  so  he  patched  up  the  diffi- 
culty as  best  he  could  with  a  kiss  and  a 
silk  gown. 

Lear  {King).  A  legendary  king  of 
Britain,  who  in  his  old  age  divided  his 
kingd'-im  beUvt-cn  Goneril  and  Regan, 
two  of  his  daughters,  who  professed  great 
love  for  him.  These  two  fiaughters  drove 
the  old  man'  mad  by  tlieir  unnatural 
conduct. — Shakespeaye,  "  King  Lear." 

Percy,  in  his  "  lleliques  of  Ancient 
English  Poetry,"  has  a  ballad  about 
"  King  Leir  and  his  Three  Daughterg" 
(series  i.,  bk.  2). 

Camden  tolls  a  similar  story  of  Ina, 
king  of  the  West  Saxons  (see  "  Remains," 
p.  306,  edition  1674).  The  story  of  king 
Lear  is  given  by  Geoffrey  of  Jlonmouth 
in  his  "  Chronicles,"  whence  Holinshed 
transcribed  it.  Spenser  has  introduced 
the  same  story  into  his  "  Faery  Queen," 
bk.  ii.,  canto  10. 

Learn  (1  syl.).     Live  and  learn. 

Cato,  the  censor,  was  an  old  man  when 
he  taught  himself  Greek. 

Michael  Angelo,  at  seventy  years  of 
age,  said,  "  I  am  still  learnuitr." 

John  Kemble  wrote  out  Hamlet  thirty 
times,  and  said,  on  quitting  tho  stage,  "1 
am  now  beginning  to  understand  my 
art." 

Mrs.  Siddons,  after  she  left  the  stas^o, 
was  found  studying  Lady  Macbeth,  and 
said,  "  1  am  amazed  to  discover  some 
new  i)oints  in  tho  character  which  I  never 
founil  out  while  acting  it." 

IMilton,  in  his  blindness,  when  past 
fifty,  sat  down  to  complete  his  "  Paradise 
Lost." 

Scott,  at  fifty-five,  took  up  his  pen  to 
redeem  an  enormous  liability. 

Richardson  was  above  fifty  when  hs 
published  his  first  novel  {"  Pam'cla  "). 

Benjamin  West  was  sixty-four  when 
he  commenced  his  series  of  paintings, 
one  of  which  is  "  Christ  Healing  the 
Sick," 


LEARNED. 


LEEK.. 


603 


Learn  hy  heart.  The  heart  is  the  scat 
of  understanding;  thus  the  Scriiiture 
speaks  of  men  "wise  in  heart;"  and 
"slow  of  heart"  means  dull  of  under- 
standinf^.  To  learn  by  heart,  is  to  learn 
and  understand ;  to  learn  by  roie,  is  to 
learu  so  as  to  bo  able  to  rejieat ;  to  learn 
by  memory,  is  to  commit  to  memory 
without  roforenco  to  understanding  what 
is  so  learnt. 

Learned.  Coloman,  king  of  TTun- 
gn  ry,  was  called  The  Learned.  (1'.'95- 
1114.)    (.See  BEAUCLKur.) 

The  Learned Blacksnilh.  Elihu  Burritt, 
the  lintruist,  who  was  at  one  time  a 
blacksmiih.     (1811-1879.) 

The  Learned  Painter.  Charles  Lebrun  ; 
80  called  from  the  great  accuracy  of  his 
costumes.     {1619-l»iy0.) 

The  Learned  Tailor.  Henry  Wild,  of 
Norwich,  who  mastered,  while  he  worked 
at  his  trade,  the  Greek,  Latin,  Hebrew, 
Clialdaic,  Syriac,  Persian,  and  Arabic 
languages.     (16Si-1734.) 

Leather   or   Prunella.     It  is  ell 

huUnr  or  prunelli.  Noihing  of  any 
moniout,  all  rubbish.  Prunella  is  "u 
woollen  stuff,  used  for  the  uppers  of 
ladie.s'  boots  and  shoes.     [See  Salt.) 

Worth  irittko"  tho  man,  and  iv.^ut  of  it  the  fellow; 
The  rent  ia  all  bui  k'atlier  orpi'UM.n.a. 

i'ofC,  "  iix/ay  on  J/'.m,"lv. 

Leathering.  To  give  one  aiealherinj 
is  to  beat  him  with  a  leather  belt,  such 
as  policemen  wear,  and  boys  used  to 
wear  ;  or,  more  probably,  it  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  lathering  (Welsh,  llalhen,  a  rod), 

Leatherstocking  (Xatty).  Tho 
nickname  of  Natty  Bumi)po  ('/.v.),  in 
Cooper's  novel,  called  "  The  Pioneers." 
h.  half  savage  and  half  Christian  chevalier 
of  American  wild  life. 

Led  Captain  (/I).  An  obsequious 
person,  who  dances  attendance  on  tho 
master  and  mistress  of  a  house,  for 
which  service  ho  has  a  knifo  and  fork  at 
ilir  dinner-table,  lie  is  led  like  a  dog, 
and  always  graced  with  tho  title  of 
eaptain.  H  led  is  short  for  ledilf/,  tho 
phrase  would  bo  analogous  to  our  "lady's 
man." 

Loda.  Zciis  [^t?ie  heavens  alorel,  in 
the  form  of  a  swan  [the  clouils'j^etwhi Acea 
I-edii  [mother  earihi.  and  begets  tho  Dios- 
curi and  lleh'n  [woni  and  evening  twilight, 
and  Helen  the  inoon'i. 

Lee-      Under  the  lee '■f  i/ie  land.   Du4er 


tho  shelter  of  the  cliffs  which  break  th^ 
for«e  of  the  winds.  (A  Sax.  hleo,  a  sheU'T.) 

Under  Uk  lee  of  a  ship.  On  the  sulfe 
opposite  to  the  wind,  so  that  the  ship 
shelters  or  wards  it  off. 

To  lay  a  ship  hi/  (he  lee,  is  to  bring  her 
so  that  all  her  sails  may  bo  fiat  against 
the  masts  and  shrouds,  and  that  the  wind 
may  come  right  on  her  broadside,  so  that 
she  will  make  little  or  no  way. 

Lee  Hatch.  Take  care  of  the  let 
hatch.  Take  care,  helmsman,  that  the 
ship  goes  not  to  tho  leeu-aid  of  her 
course— i.e.,  tho  part  towards  which  the 
wind  blows. 

Lee  Shore,  is  the  shore  under  tho 
lee  of  a  ship,  or  that  towards  which  the 
wind  blows,     (^ee  Ler.) 

Lee-side  and  Weather-side.  The 
he-side  of  a  ship  is  that  farthest  from 
the  point  whence  the  wind  blows ;  the 
weather-side  is  the  opposite  part,  viz., 
that  upon  which  the  wind  blows,  or  in 
other  words,  the  part  to  xcindrcard. 

Lee  Tide  or  Leeward  Tid,',  is  a  tide 
running  in  the  same  direction  as  the 
wind  blows.  A  tide  in  tho  opposite 
direction  is  called  a  tide  under  the  lee. 

Leeward  and  Windward.  Loo- 
ward  is  toward  tho  lee,  or  that  part 
towards  which  the  wind  blows  ;  windward 
is  in  the  opposite  direction,  viz.,  in  the 
tectli  of  the  wind.    "  Leeward"  pro.  tu'.  od. 

Leek.  Wearing  the  leek  on  St.  Davi,rt 
dai/.  Mr.  Brady  says  St.  David  caused  tho 
Britons  under  king  Cadwallader.  to  di.s- 
tinguish  themselves  by  a  leek  in  theit 
caps.  They  conquered  tho  Saxon.s,  and 
recall  their  victory  by  adopting  the  leek 
out-very  anniversary  (Maich  l).—''Cur,it 
Calendaria."  Wearing  tho  leek  ia  obsolete. 

Shake.speare  makes  out  that  the  Welsh 
wore  leeks  at  the  battle  of  Poitiers,  for 
Fluellen  says  : 

If  your  m.ijesty  is  remembered  of  it.  the  W'eUh 
men  did  poot  service  in  a  gnriica  where  Iccks  did 
grow,  wearing  leeks  in  their  Monmouth  caps,  whiih 
vour  majesty  knows  to  this  hour  is  an  honmiraUle 
badge  of  the  service  ;  and  I  do  believe  your  m.ijestj 
takes  no  scorn  to  wear  Icclc  upon  St.  Tavys  Uav  -- 
"  y/fwry  K,"  ir.  7, 

To  eat  the  leek.  To  be  compelled  to  oa) 
your  own  word's,  or  retr.act  what  you 
l.Rve  said.  Fluellen  (in  Shake.^pcaro'i 
"  Henry  V,")  is  taunted  by  Pi.-^tol  for 
wearing  a  leek  in  his  hat.  "  Hence  " 
nays  Pistol,  "I  am  qualiui.sh  at  tho  .smell 
of  lock."      FluolloD  replies,  "  I  peeeech 


604 


LEES. 


LEGLIN-GIRTH. 


you  ...  at  my  desire  ...  to  eat  this 
leek."  The  ancient  an.swers,  "Not  for 
Cadwallailer  anJ  all  liis  goats."  Then 
the  pejipery  Welshman  beats  him,  nor 
desists  till  Pistol  has  swallowed  tho  en- 
tire abhorrence. 

Lees.  Tliere  are  lees  to  every  wine. 
The  best  thinjjs  have  some   defect.     A 

French  proverb. 

Lefevre.  The  poor  lieutenant  whose 
etory  is  so  touchingly  told  in  Steruo's 
"Tristram  Shandy." 

Left,  unlucky ;  Right,  lucky.  The 
augur  among  tho  Romans  having  taken 
Lis  stand  on  the  Capit'oline  hill,  and 
marked  out  with  his  wand  the  space  in 
tlie  heavens  to  be  the  field  of  observation, 
divided  the  space  into  two  from  top  to 
bottom.  If  the  birds  appeared  on  the 
left  side  of  the  division  the  augury  was 
unlucky,  if  on  the  right  side  the  augury 
was  pronounced  to  be  favourable. 

"  riail.  Rentle  bird,  turn  thy  wins?  onj  fly  on  my 
right  liaud  ! "  buttlie  bird  flew  ou  the  left  side.  Thea 
the  cat  giew  very  lieavy,  for  lie  knew  the  omeo  to 
be  unlucky.— "yjcyiiarii  lh&  Fox,"  iii. 

The  Left,  in  the  Legislative  Assembly 
of  France,  meant  the  Girondists  ;  it  was 
famous  for  its  orators.  In  the  House  of 
Commons  the  opposition  occupies  the 
left-hand  side  of  the  Speaker.  In  the 
Austrian  Assembly  the  democratic  party 
is  called  The  Left. 

Ooer  the  left.  A  way  of  expressing 
disbelief,  incredulity,  or  a  negative.  The 
allusion  is  to  morganatic  marriages 
(q.v.).  When  a  woman  so  married  claimed 
to  be  a  wedded  wife,  she  was  told  that 
such  was  the  case  "  over  the  left."  {See 
below.) 

Left-handed  Marriage.  A  mor- 
ganat'ic  marriage  {q.v.).  In  these  mar- 
riages the  husband  gives  his  left  hand  to 
the  bride  instead  of  the  right,  when  he 
Bays  "  I  take  thee  for  my  wedded  wife." 
George  William,  duke  of  Zell,  married 
Elcanora  d'Esmiers  in  this  way,  and  tho 
latly  took  the  name  and  title  of  Lady  of 
Ilarburg;  her  daughter  was  Sophia 
Derothe'i,  the  wife  of  George  I. 

Leg  (/I),  that  is,  a  olacklcg  {q.v.). 
To  male  a  leg,  is  to  make  a  bow. 

The  pursuivant  smiled  at  their  simplicitye, 
Aui  iiiakmi;  many  le^^'S.  tooke  their  reward. 
■■  TIk  Kmj  and  iliUer  of  Mansfield." 

Leg-bail- -I.e..  to  cut  and  run. 


Legend  means  simply  "something 
to  be  road  "  as  j>art  of  the  divine  service. 
The  narratives  of  the  lives  of  saints  and 
martyrs  were  so  termed  from  their  being 
read,  especially  at  matins,  and  after  din- 
ner in  the  refectories.  Exaggeration  and 
a  love  for  the  wonderful  so  predominated 
in  these  readings,  that  tho  word  came  to 
signify  the  untrue,  or  rather,  an  event 
based  on  tradition. 

Ler/end  0/  Pierce  Gaveslon.  A  poem  of 
702  lines,  by  Michael  Drayton. 

Legend  of  Hollo,  Duke  of  Noi-mandy. 
A  poem  of  about  940  lines,  by  Michael 
Drayton. 

Legen'daAu'rea,  by  Jacob  deVora- 
giue.  A  collectior  of  monkish  legends 
in  Latin. 

Leger.  St.  Leger  Stales  (Doncaster) ; 
so  called  from  colonel  Anthony  St.  Leger, 
who  founded  them  in  177d.  The  colonel 
was  governor  of  St.  Lucia,  and  cousin  of 
the  Hon.  Elizabeth  St.  Leger  (the  lady 
Freemason). 

Legion,  ^fl/  name  is  Legion,  for  ice 
are  many  (St.  jStark  v.  9).  A  proverbial 
expression  somewhat  similar  to  hydra- 
headed.  Thus,  speaking  of  the  houseless 
poor  we  should  say,  "Their  name  is 
I.egion ;"  so  also  we  should  say  of  the 
diseases  arising  from  want  of  cleanliness, 
the  evils  of  ignorance,  and  so  on. 

Legion  of  Honour.  An  order  of  merit 
"nstituted  by  the  First  Consul  in  1802, 
for  either  military  or  civil  merit.  In 
1843  there  were  49,417  members,  but 
in  1851  one  new  member  was  elected  for 
every  two  extinct  ones,  so  that  the  honour 
is  no  lontrer  a  mere  farce. 

The  Thundering  Legion.  The  Roman 
legion  that  discomfited  tho  Marcomanni 
in  179  is  so  called,  because  (as  the  legend 
informs  us)  a  thunder-storm  was  sent  in 
answer  to  the  prayers  of  certain  Chris- 
tians. This  storm  relieved  the  thirst  of 
the  legion  like  that  which  was  sent  to 
the  aid  of  Joshua  after  he  commanded 
tho  Sim  to  stay  its  course,  and  assisted 
them  to  their  victory. — Dion.  Cassiiu 
lx.xi.  8. 

Legislator  or  Solon  of  Parnas- 
sus. Boileau  was  so  called  by  Voltaire, 
because  of  his  "  Art  of  Poetry,"  a  pro- 
duction unequalled  in  the  whole  range  of 
didactic  poetry.     (1636-1711.) 

^  Jjeglin-girth.    To  cast  a  leglin-girth- 
To  have  "a  screw  loose  :"  t  >   have  made 


LEGREE. 


LEONARD. 


505 


R.  /aiur  pat;  *,o  have  one's  reputation 
blown  upon.  ^  leglin-frirth  is  the  lowest 
hoop  of  a  leglin  or  milk-pail.  (Ste  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  "  Fortunes  of  Nigel,"  ch. 
xxii.) 

Legree.  A  slave-dealer  in  "  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin,"  by  Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe. 

Leicester  is  the  camp-town  on  the 
river  I^eire,  now  called  the  Soar. 

Leicester  Square  (London).  So 
called  from  a  family  mansion  of  the  Syd- 
neys,  earls  of  Leicester,  which  stood  on 
the  north-east  side. 

Ill*  earl  of  LeicMter,  father  of  AlirPmon  Sidney 
tbe  patriot. ...built  for  himself  a  5tat«l7  liou^e  at 
the  III  rth-east  corner  of  a  square  plot  of  "Lamma? 
Land,"  bflon^in;:  to  the  pnristi  of  St.  Martin's,  whicb 
plot  henc>;rjith  bicarae  knowa  to  Londoners  as 
Leicester  l  ieUia.  A  square  gradually  grew  up  ou 
the  spot,  and  wa«  completed  in  \S!\.—  CniteU't  31<i- 
faitHt,^  Londun  Lfgetuit,"  xi. 

Leigh  {A  urora).  The  heroine  of  Mrs. 
Browning's  poem  so  called,  designed  to 
show  the  noble  aim  of  true  art. 

Leilah  (Li-lahy  A  beautiful  young 
slave,  tho  concubine  of  Hassan,  caliph 
of  the  Ottoman  empire.  She  falls 
in  love  with  the  Giaour,  flees  from 
the  seraglio,  is  overtaken  by  an  emir, 
and  cast  into  the  sea. — Byron,  "  The 
Oiaour." 

Lely  (5ir  Peter),  the  painter,  was  the 
son  of  Vander  Vaas  or  Faes,  of  West- 

fihalia,  whose  house  had  a  lily  for  its  sign. 
>oth  father  and  son  went  by  the  nick- 
name of  Le-lys  (the  Lily),  a  sobriquet 
which  Peter  adopted  as  his  cognomen. 

Le'man  (Lake).  Geneva;  called  in 
L\tin  Lemannus. 

Lake  Lrmnn  woos  me  with  its  crystal  face. 

L'ird  ISyron,  *•  Cliilde  llarutd,'  iil  <^8. 

Leninian.  A  Lemnian,  act.  One 
of  unusual  barbarity  and  cruelty.  The 
phrase  arose  from  two  horrible  massacres 
peri)etrated  by  tho  Lemnians :  The  first 
was  tho  murder  of  all  the  men  and  male 
chililren  on  the  island  by  the  women  ; 
and  tho  other  was  the  murder  by  tho 
men  of  all  the  children  in  tho  island  bom 
of  Athenian  parents. 

Lem'nian  Earth.  A  species  of 
earth  of  a  yellowish-grey  colour,  found 
in  the  island  of  Lemnos,  said  to  euro 
the  bites  of  serpents  and  other  wounds. 
It  was  called  trrra  sv/illa'ta,  V>ecau.=e 
it  was  scaled  by  tho  priest  before  being 
vended.  Philocte'U;s  was  left  at  Letiinoa 
when  wounded  in  the  foot  by  Hercules. 


Lem'ures.  The  spirits  of  the  dead. 
Good  lem'ures  were  called  Lares,  but 
bad  ones  I.Karv.-B,  spectres  who  wandered 
about  at  night-time  to  terrify  the  living. 
Milton  makes  Lares  one  syllahle,  and 
Lemuros  two  syllables. — Ovid,  "Fasti,"  v. 

Tb«  lars  ind  lemaren  moan  with  miininht  p'aint 
JIiUoii,  "  0U<  oil  Ikt  .V.itii  ily." 

Length  (/I).  Forty- two  lines.  This 
is  a  theatrical  term  ;  an  actor  says  ha 
ha.r,  one,  two,  or  more  lengths  in  his  part; 
and  if  written  out  for  him,  tho  scribe 
is  paid  by  the  length. 

Length-month.    (See  Lent.) 

Lens  (Latin,  a  lentil  or  bean).  Glasses 
used  in  mathematical  instruments  are  so 
called  because  the  double  convex  one, 
which  may  be  termed  the  perfect  lens, 
is  of  a  bean  shape. 

Lenson.  At  muck  ak-in,  as  Lemon 
hill  to  I'ilsen  pin — i.e.,  not  at  all.  Lenson 
and  Pilsen  are  two  high  hills  in  Dorset- 
shire, called  by  sailors  the  Cow  and  Calf. 
Otit  at  sea  they  look  like  one  elevation, 
though  in  reality  several  hills  separate 
them. 

Lent  13  from  Lenet.  Lenctmtid 
(spring-tide)  was  the  Saxon  name  for 
March,  because  in  tiiis  month  there  is  a 
manifest  lengthening  of  the  days.  As 
the  chief  part  of  the  great  fast  falls  in 
March,  this  period  of  fast  received  the 
name  of  the  Lenctrn-fcesten,  or  Lent. 

Lenten.  Frugal,  stinted,  a.?  food  it 
Lent.  Shakespeare  has  "  lenten  enter 
tainment"  {"  Ilamlet,"  ii.  2)  ;  "a  lenten 
answer"  ("Twelfth  Night,"  i.  5);  "  i| 
lenten  pye"  ("  Romeo  and  Juliet,"  ii.  4). 

Le'on  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"),  son  of 
Constantine,  the  Greek  emperor,  is  pro- 
mised Bradamant  in  marriage  by  her 
parents,  Amon  and  Beati-ice ;  but  Brad- 
amant  loves  Rogc'rr  By-and-by  a 
friendship  springs  up  between  Leon  and 
Rogero,  and  when  the  prince  learns  that 
Bradamant  and  Rogo'ro  are  betrothed  to 
each  other,  be  nobly  withdraws  his  suit, 
and  Rogero  is  married  to  the  lady  of  hia 
affection. 

Leonard.  A  real  scholar,  forced  for 
daily  bread  to  keep  a  common  school.— 
(Jral'he,  "  Dnrough,"  letter  xxiv. 

St.  Lroiuird  is  usually  represented  in  a 
deacon's  dress,  and  holding  chains  or 
broken  fetters  in  his  hand,  in  allusion  to 


COS 


LEONIDAS. 


LEOPARD. 


bis  ui)tirinf>  noal  in  releasing  prisoners. 
Contouiporary  with  Clovis. 

Leon'idas   of  Modem   Greece. 

Jffin^o  JiozzarJ!^,  wlio  witli  1,200  men  put 
to  rout  4,000  Turco-Albanians,  at  Ker- 
penisi,  but  was  killed  in  the  attack  (1823). 
JIo  was  buried  at  Mosolonghi. 

Le'onine  Contract.  A  one-sided 
atrreemcnt,  so  called  in  allusion  to  the 
Faille  of  "  The  Lion  and  bis  i'ellow- 
lluntors."    (^'e«  GLAUCD3.) 

Le'onine  Verses.  Verses  in  which 
the  middle  word  rhymes  with  the  end 
one ;  so  called  from  the  inventor  Leoni'nus, 
a  canon  of  the  church  of  St.  Victor,  in 
Paris,  in  the  twelfth  century. 

Ni  fallat  fulum,  Scoti,  quociinriuc  locntiim 
iiivi-nient  (optiism,  regnare  teneutiir  iXiidem; 
Glwrla/acioniin  couccdilur  honoriim. 

If  true  the  fate  thy  banis  relate, 

SVhere  hides  this  staiie,  Sootcli  kings  shall  reign  J 

Whose  dceJs  of  glory  shall  live  iu  story. 

One  of  the  most  noted  specimens  of 
Leonine  verse  celebrates  the  tale  of  a 
Jew,  who  fell  into  a  pit  on  Saturday  and 
refused  to  be  helped  out  because  it  was 
his  Sabbath.  His  comrade,  being  a 
Christian,  refused  to  aid  him  the  day 
following,  because  it  was  Sunday : — 

Tcnde  manus,  Salomon,  ego  te  de  stercore  collam. 

Sahbata  nostr.i  coto,  de  stercore  ni>!o. 

Sabbata  nostra  quidem  Salomon  celebrabU  ibidem. 

"Your  hand,"  cried  John  Bull,  "and  ni  give  you 

a  pull." 
"  'Ti8  our  Sabbath,  dear  John,  when  no  \?ork  mujt 

be  done." 
"As  mine  is  on  Sunday,  you  must  stay  there  till 

Monday." 

Leonnoys,  Leoiuicsse,  or  Lyonnesse. 
A  mythical  coimtry,  contiguous  to  Corn- 
wall. 

Leono'ra,  wife  ot  Fernando  Flores- 
tan,  a  state  prisoner  in  Seville,  in  order 
to  aid  his  release,  assumed  the  attire  of  a 
man  and  the  name  of  Fide'lio.  She  en- 
ters the  service  of  Rocco  the  jailor,  and 
Marcellina  the  jailor's  daughter  falls  in 
love  with  her.  Pizarro,  governor  of  the 
prison,  being  resolved  to  murder  Fer- 
nando, sends  Rocco  and  Fidelio  to  dig 
his  grave  in  his  cell.  Pi/arro  descends 
to  accomplish  his  nefarious  pur]wse,  when 
Leonora  draws  a  pistol  and  intercepts 
him.  At  this  moment  the  minister  of 
state  arrives,  and  orders  the  prisoner  to 
bo  released.  Leonora  is  allowed  to  un- 
lock the  chains  of  her  husband,  and  the 
revenge  of  Pizarro  is  foiled.— .fiee^Aoven, 
"  I'UUlio  "  (an  opera). 


Leojwra.  A  princess  who  falls  in  love 
with  Wanri'co,  the  supposed  on  ol 
Azucon'a  the  gip.sey.  Theconto  di  L\ina 
is  in  love  with  her,  and  hapi)ening  to  get 
Manri'co  and  his  rc[iutcd  mother  into  his 
power,condemnsthem  todeath.  Leonora 
intercedes  for  Manrico,  and  promises  the 
count  if  ho  will  sfiare  his  life  to  "give 
herself  to  him."  The  count  consents,  and 
goes  to  the  prison  to  fulfil  his  promi.se, 
when  Leonora  falls  dead  from  the  elfect 
of  poison  which  she  has  stickcd  from  a 
ring.  Manrico,  perceiving  this,  dies  also. 
—  Verdi,  "II  Trovatore  "  (an  ope)-a). 

Leono'ra  de  Guzman..  The  mistress  or 
"favourite"  of  Alfonso  XL  of  Castile. 
Ferdinando,  not  knowing  who  she  was, 
fell  iu  love  with  her  ;  and  Alfonso,  to  save 
himself  from  excommunication  and  re- 
ward Ferdinando  for  services,  gave  thera 
in  marriage  to  each  other.  No  sooner  was 
this  done  than  the  bridegroom,  hearing 
who  his  bride  was,  indignantly  rejected 
her  and  became  a  monk.  Leonora 
entered  the  same  monastery  as  a  novice, 
made  herself  known  to  Ferdinando,  ob- 
tained his  forgiveness,  and  died. — Doni- 
zelli,  "La  Favorila"  {an  opera). 

Leon'tes  (3  syl.),  king  of  Sicilia,  in- 
vited his  friend  Polix'enes,  king  of 
Bohemia,  to  pay  him  a  visit,  and  being 
seized  with  jealousy,  ordered  Camillo  to 
poison  him.  Camillo  told  Polixenes  of 
the  king's  jealousy,  and  tied  with  him  to 
Bohemia.  The  flight  of  Polixenes  in- 
creased the  anger  of  Leontes  against  Her- 
mi'one,  his  virtuous  queen,  whom  he  sent 
to  prison,  where  she  was  confined  of  a 
daughter  (Per'dita),  and  it  was  reported 
that  she  had  died  in  giving  birth  to  the 
child.  Per'dita,  by  order  of  the  jealous 
king,  was  put  away  that  she  might  be 
no  more  heard  of  as  his  ;  but  being 
abandoned  in  Bohemia,  she  was  dis- 
covered by  a  shepherd,  who  brought 
her  up  as  his  own  child.  In  time, 
Florizel,  the  son  and  heir  of  Polixenes, 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Doricles,  fell 
in  love  with  Perdita ;  but  Polixenes,  hear- 
ing of  this  attachment,  sternly  forbada 
the  match.  The  two  lovers,  under  the 
charge  of  Camillo,  fled  to  Sicily,  where 
the  mystery  was  cleared  up,  and  all 
"  went  merry  as  a  marriage  bell." — 
Shakespeare,  "  Winter's  Tale." 

Leopard,  in  Christian  art,  is  em- 
ployed to  represent  that  beast  spoken  of 
in  the  Apooa,iypse  with  seven  heals  and 


LEPOLEMO 


LETTER  OF  CREDIT.      W7 


ten  horns ;  six  of  the  boras  are  nimbed, 
but  the  seventh  being  "  wounded  to 
death"  has  lost  its  power,  and  conse- 
quently has  no  nimbus. 

Leopard,  in  heraldry,  represents  those 
brave  and  geuorous  warriors  who  have 
performed  some  bold  enterprise  with 
force,  coura^jo,  promptitude,  and  activity. 

Leopards.  So  the  French  designate 
the  English,  because  their  heralds 
describe  our  device  as  a  lion,  leoparde. 
Bertrand  du  Guesclin,  the  famous  Breton, 
declared  that  men  "  devoyent  bien 
honorer  la  noble  Fleur-de-lis,  plus  qu'ils 
no  faisaient  le  f<;lon  Liepard." 

Leporemo.  A  knight  whose  adven- 
tures and  exploits  form  a  supplemental 
part  to  the  Spanish  romance  called 
"  Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Pedro  de  Lujan. 

lieporello.  The  valet  of  Don  Gio- 
vanni, in  Mozart's  opera  of  *'  Don 
Giovanni." 

Lerna.  A  Lema  of  ills  (malo'nim 
Lerua).  A  very  great  evil.  Lake  Lerna 
is  whore  Hercules  destroyed  the  hydra 
which  did  incalculable  evil  to  Argos. 

Spain  was  »  litrun  of  ills  to  all  Europe,  while 
It  Rspircd  to  universal  mouarcby.— i*.  UotUitvj,, 
frtfiict  to  "iiotslaij." 

Les  Angiiilles  de  Melun.  Crying 
out  before  you  are  hurt.  When  tho 
Mystery  of  St.  Bartholomew  was  per- 
formed at  Melun,  one  Languille  took  the 
character  of  the  saint,  but  when  tho  ex- 
ecutioner came  to  "  flay  him  alive,"  got 
nervous  and  began  to  shriek  in  earnest. 
The  audience  were  in  hysterics  at  the  fun, 
and  shouted  out,  "  Laiifjuille  a-ie  arani 
qn'on  Uecorche,"  and  "  Les  anguilles  de 
Melun  "  passed  into  a  French  proverb. 

Les'bian  Foots  {The).  Terpan'dor, 
Alcaj'us,  Ari'on,  aod  the  poetess  Sappho, 
all  of  Lesbos. 

Les'sian  Diet.  Great  abstinence  ; 
80  called  from  Lessius,  a  physician  who 
prescribed  vcrj'  stringent  rules  for  diet. 

Let  us  Eat  ami  Drink,  for  to-mor- 
row wo  shall  Die  (isa.  xxii.  13),  The 
Egyptians  in  their  banqiiets  exhibited  a 
skeleton  to  tho  guests,  to  remind  them 
of  the  brevity  of  human  life,  saying  as 
they  did  so,  "Let  us  eat  and  drink,  for 
to-morrow  wo  die." 

Lethe  (-  sy).),  in  Greek  mytholosry, 
ifi  one  of  the  rivera   of  iladiis,  which 


the  souls  of  all  the  dead  are  obliged  to 
taste,  that  they  may  forget  everything 
said  and  done  in  the  earth  on  which  they 
lived. 

Letters.      Their  proportionate    use 
is  as  follows  : — 


E     . 

l.'CI 

n  . 

510 

p    . 

I3f 

K 

T     . 

770 

K    . 

.      S2S 

\v  . 

lad 

J 

A     . 

723 

D     . 

.      332 

V     . 

.     l>i 

Q 

I      . 

704 

li    . 

,      36') 

V     . 

,       11)8 

X 

8     . 

680 

u    . 

,      593 

0      . 

ICS 

z 

()     .. 

67J 

c     . 

.       £SJ 

B     , 

1.'8 

i;   . 

67  ij 

M     . 

.     2:2 

V    . 

120 

ConBonants,  5,!»;7,    Vowel*,  i.Mi. 

As  initial  letters  tho  order  is  very  dif- 
ferent, the  proportion  being — 


fl  .. 

1,194 

n 

.   i-;9 

W 

.    27a 

0 

(!     . 

1137 

V 

.      S^8 

(» 

.     2''.6 

K 

1'    . 

801 

I 

.     S77 

U 

.    823 

v: 

A    . 

07 1 

K 

.    310 

u 

.     IWO 

z 

T    , 

671 

11 

.     JH 

V 

.     Vli 

X 

1)    , 

&US 

li 

.     ■.■ii 

w 

.     1S3 

B    . 

m 

u 

,     281 

J 

.     ta , 

Letters.  Philo  affirms  that  letters  were 
invented  by  Abraham. 

Many  attribute  the  invention  to  Bada- 
manth,  the  Assyrian. 

Blair  says  they  were  invented  by 
Memnon,  the  Egyptian,  B.C.  1822. 

The  same  authority  says  that  Menes 
invented  hieroglyphics,  and  wrote  in  them 
a  history  of  Egypt,  B.C.  'IVl'L 

Josephus  asserts  that  he  had  seea  in- 
scriptions by  Seth,  son  of  Adam. 

Lucan  says — 

Phoeni'ccs  primi,  famae  si  credltur,  ausi 
Mansu'ram  ru'dibut  Tocem  sigua'ro  tigu'rls. 

•'i'Aorjiilin,'    iii.  320. 

Sir  Richard  Phillips  says— "Thoth, 
the  Egyptian  who  invented  current  writ- 
ing, lived  between  B.C.  2S0G  and  3U00." 

I^lany  maintain  that  Jehovah  taught 
men  written  characters  when  he  inscribed 
on  stone  the  ten  commandments.  Of 
course  all  these  assertions  have  a  similar 
value  to  mythology  and  fable. 

Father  of  Lcttas  (P6re  des  Lettres). 
Francois  I.  of  France.     (149-4-1547.) 

Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  ilu  MagiuficenL 
(1443-1492.) 

Letters  Patent.  So  denominated 
bocau.'ie  tlioy  are  written  upon  open  sliceta 
of  parchment,  with  the  seal  of  tho  sove- 
reign or  party  by  whom  they  were  issue<l 
pentlont  at  tho  bottom.  Close  letters 
are  folded  up  and  sealed  on  the  outside. 
—.Sir  Thomas  Liijj'us  Hardy. 

Lettei'  of  Credit.  A  letter  written 
by  a  merchant  or  liauker  to  another,  re- 
questing him  to  credit  the  bearer  with 


608     LETTER  OF   MARQUE. 


LEWD. 


certain  sums  of  money.  Circidar  notes 
are  letters  of  credit  carried  by  gentlemen 
when  they  travel. 

Letter  of  Marque.  A  commission 
authorising  a  privateer  to  make  reprisals 
(■n  a  hostile  nation  till  satisfaction  for 
injury  has  been  duly  made.  Called 
marque  because  the  persons  to  whom 
they  are  given  may  sell  or  bring  to 
market  all  the  spoil  they  take,  and  keep 
the  proceeds  for  their  own  use. 

Lettre  de  Cachet  (French).  An 
arbitrary  warrant  of  iraj>risonment ;  a 
letter  folded  and  sealed  with  the  king's 
cachet  or  little  seal.  These  were  secret  in- 
structions to  the  person  addressed  to  pro- 
ceed against  some  one  named  in  the  letter. 
The  lieutenant-general  of  police  kept  an 
unlimited  number  of  these  instruments, 
and  any  one,  for  a  consideration,  could 
obtain  one,  either  to  conceal  a  criminal,  or 
to  incarcerate  some  one  obnoxious.  This 
power  was  abolished  in  the  Revolution. 

Lettre  de  Jerusalem.  A  letter 
written  to  extort  money.  {See  Vidocq, 
"  Les  Voleurs,"  i.  240--253.) 

Leuca'dia  or  Lencas.  The  prc»- 
montoi-y  from  which  desponding  lovers 
threw  themselves  into  the  sea.  Sappho 
threw  herself  from  this  rock  into  the  sea, 
when  she  found  her  love  for  Phaon  was 
in  vain. 

Thence  injured  loTcrs,  leaping  from  ahoye. 
Their  Hamct  extinguish,  anJ  loract  to  love. 

l^ope^  '•  Sapiho  to  i'haon,^* 

Leucippus  (Greek,  LeuHppos). 
Founder  of  the  Atomistic  school  of  Greek 
philosophy  (about  B.C.  428). 

Leucotli'ea  (White  Goddess).  So 
Ino  was  called  after  she  became  a  sea- 
nymph.  Her  son  Palicmon,  called  by 
the  Romans  Portu'nus,  was  the  protecting 
genius  of  harbours. 

Levant'.  lie  hat  levan'ted—i.e.,  made 
off,  decamped,  A  levan'ter  is  one  who 
makes  a  bet,  and  runs  away  without 
paying  his  bet  if  he  loses.  (Saxon,  Ue/uii, 
to  leave.) 

Lev'ant  and  Coiiehant.  Applied 
to  cattle  which  have  .'^titiyed  into  another's 
field,  and  hare  been  there  long  enough 
to  lie  down  and  sleep. 

Levee.  Levee  en  masse  (French).  A 
patriotic  rising  of  a  whole  nation  to 
defend  their  country  from  inrasion. 

The  Queen's  Levee,    It  was  customary 


for  the  queens  of  Fr.tnce  to  receire  at 
the  hour  of  their  lev^e  —  i.e.,  while 
making  their  toilet — the  vi.sitsof  certain 
noblemen.  This  custom  was  afterwards 
demanded  as  a  right  by  the  court 
physicians,  messengers  from  the  king, 
the  queen's  secretary,  and  some  few 
other  gentlemen,  so  that  ten  or  more 
persons  were  often  in  the  dressing-room 
while  the  queen  was  making  her  toilet 
and  sipping  her  coffee.  The  word  is  now 
used  to  express  that  concourse  of  gen- 
tlemen who  wait  on  the  Queen  on 
mornings  appointed.  No  ladies  except 
those  attached  to  the  court  are  present 
on  these  occasions. 

Lev'ellers.  Radicals  in  the  time  of 
Charles  I.  and  the  Commonwealth,  who 
wanted  all  men  to  be  placed  on  a  level 
mth  respect  to  their  eligibility  to  office. 
(See  LiLBURN  :  White  Boys.) 

Levelling-up.  Raising  the  lower  to 
the  higher  level.  The  expression  was  first 
employed  by  lord  Mayo  when  opposing 
Mr.  Gladstone's  proposition  to  abolish 
the  Church  Establishment  of  Ireland. 
Lord  Mayo  meant  by  it  that  the  tory  go- 
vernment wished  to  endow  the  Roman 
Catholics  and  Dissenters  as  the  Church 
of  England  was  endowed,  and  not  to 
disendow  the  Church  of  England,  and 
lower  it  to  the  condition  of  other  religious 
communities  in  Ireland.     (ISGS.) 

Lev'eret.  The  duko  d'Epemon  al- 
wajs  swooned  at  the  sight  of  a  leveret, 
though  he  was  not  affected  if  he  saw  a 
hare.     (See  Fox.) 

Levi'athan.  The  crocodile,  or  some 
extinct  sea-monster,  described  in  the 
Book  of  Job  (chap.  xli.).  It  sometimes 
in  Scripture  designates  Pharaoh,  king  of 
Egj^pt,  as  in  Psa.  Isxiv.  14  ;  Isa.  xxvii.  1 ; 
and  Ezek.  xxix.  3,  &c.,  where  the  word 
is  translated  "dragon." 

The  Leviathan  of  literature.  Dr. 
Johnson.    (1709-17S4.) 

Levit'ical.  Belonging  to  the  Levites 
or  priestly  tribe  of  Levi ;  pertaining  to 
the  Jewish  priesthood,  as  the  Levitical 
la  ic,  Levitical  rites. 

Le'wd.  (Saxon,  leode)  simply  means  the 
laity.  This  word  carries  wiih  it  a  com- 
ment on  the  old  ecclesiastical  notion  of 
the  virtue  of  celibacy.  The  clergy  were 
bound  to  celibacy,  not  so  the  laity,  hence 
the  clergy  were  the  "chaste  men,"  aad 
the  laity  tho  "  lewd  or  wanton  wie*." 


LEWIS. 


LIBRARY. 


609 


LeTxas  (Monk).    {See  Monk.) 

Lewis  Baboon.  Louis  XIV.  of 
France  is  so  called  in  Arbuthnot's  "  His- 
tory of  John  Liall." 

Lex  non  scx'ipta.  Tlie  common 
law  as  distinguisbeii  from  the  statute  or 
t^ritten  law.  Common  law  does  not 
derive  its  force  from  being'  recorded,  and 
thoug-h  its  several  provisions  have  been 
compiled  and  printed,  the  compilations 
are  not  statutes,  but  simply  remem- 
brancers. 

Lex  Talionis  (Latin).  lit  for  tat ; 
the  law  of  retaliation. 

Leyden  Jar  or  Phial.  A  glass 
vessel  jiartly  coated,  inside  and  out,  with 
lead-foil,  and  used  in  electrical  experi- 
ments to  receive  accumulated  electricity  ; 
invented  by  Vanleigh,  of  Leyden,  in  the 
Netherlands. 

Liak'ura  (3  syl.).     Parnassus. 

But  wliere  is  lif  that  hath  heheld 
Tljepi:ak  of  i.iakura  uuveiled. 

i*^iu;i,"  'Ihe  Giaour.*' 

Liar  (Tlu).  Al  Aswa<l,  who  set  him- 
self up  as  a  prophet  against  Mahomet, 
and  fur  four  mouths  met  with  great  suc- 
cess, lie  was  called  the  Weather-cock 
because  he  changed  his  creed  so  often, 
Uu  Imjxistur,  aud  the  Liar. 

Mosoilnia,  another  contemporary,  who 
afhrmed  that  the  "  belly  is  the  seat  of 
the  soul."  He  wrote  to  Mahomet,  and 
began  his  letter :  "  From  Mosoilma 
prophet  of  Allah,  to  Mahomet  prophet 
of  Allah,"  and  received  for  answer  a 
letter  beginning  thus  :  '•  From  Mahomet 
the  j)rophet  of  God,  to  Moseilma  the 
Liar." 

Prince  of  Liars.  Ferdinand  Mendez 
Pinto,  a  Portuguese  traveller,  whoso 
narrative  partakes  so  much  of  the  Mun- 
chausen character,  thatCervantes  dubbed 
him  "the  Prince  of  Liars."  He  is  alluded 
to  in  the  "  Tatler"  as  a  man  "  of  infmito 
Adventure  aud  unbounded  imagination." 

LiT^el  means  a  little  hook  (Latin, 
libelhis).  A  lampoon,  a  satire,  or  any 
defamatory  writing.  Originally  it  meant 
a  ])laintifT'H  statement  of  his  ra.sc,  which 
usunlly   "defames"  tlie  defendant. 

The  (/riutir  the  Truth  the  gnater  the 
lihel.  \S'illiani  Murray,  earl  of  Mansfield. 
ri7U4-17'.t3.) 

Do&t  not  know  that  oM  Uansfleld,  who  write*  like  tho 

Uiblft. 
I»T> :  '  Tb?  more  'tii  »  tnitb,  Sir,  Uie  more  'tin  a  libel." 


Li  ber  Albus  contains  the  laws  and 
customs  of  tho  citj'  of  Loudon. 

Li'ber  Niger  or  The  Black  Book  of 
Vie  K.vchequer,  compiled  by  Gcrvase  ot 
Tilbury. 

Lib'erals.  A  political  term  first  em- 
ployed when  lord  Pyron  and  his  friends 
set  on  foot  the  periodical  called  "  The 
Liberal,"  to  represent  their  views  in 
politics,  religion,  and  literature. 

Libei-al  Arts.  Book-learning  (Latin, 
liher)  ;  viz.,  Grammar,  Rhetoric,  Philo- 
sophy, Arithmetic.Geometry,  Astronomy, 
and  Music. 

Lib'erator  ( The).  The  Peruvians  so 
call  Simon  Bolivar,  who  established  the 
independence  of  Peru  (1785 — 1831). 

Liberator  of  tJie  Wo^id.  So  Dr.  Frank- 
lin has  been  called  (170G— 1790). 

Lib'ertines.  A  sect  of  heretics  in 
Holland,  led  by  Quinton  a  factor,  and 
Copin.  They  maintained  that  nothing 
is  sinful  but  to  those  who  think  it  sin- 
ful, aud  that  perfect  innocence  is  to  live 
without  doubt. 

Liberty  means  "to  do  what  one 
likes."     (Latin,  libel.') 

Cap  of  liberty.  The  goddess  of  liberty, 
in  tho  Avontiiie  Mount,  was  reprosenteti 
as  holding  in  her  hand  a  cap,  the  .^^ymbol 
of  freedom.  In  France,  the  Jacobins 
wore  a  red  cap  ;  in  England,  a  blue  cajt 
with  a  white  border  is  the  symbol  of 
libortj',  and  Britannia  is  sometimes  ro. 
presented  as  holding  such  a  cap  on  tha 
point  of  her  sjiear.     {See  Cap.) 

Libissa.    Queen  of  the  fairies. 

LiTara  (the  balance).  One  of  the  twelve 
signs  of  the  Zodiac  (September  23rd  to 
October  '23rd)  when  day  and  night 
being  weighed  would  be  found  equal. 

LiTDrary.  One  of  the  most  approved 
materials  for  writing  on,  before  the  in- 
vention of  |)apcr,  was  the  thin  rind 
between  tho  solid  wood  and  the  outside 
bark  of  certain  trees.  This  substance  is 
in  Latin  called  liber,  which  camo  in  time 
to  signify  also  a  "  book."  Hence  our 
librari/,  the  place  for  books;  librarian, 
tho  keeper  of  books ;  aud  the  French 
Uvre,  a  book. 

A  living  or  walking  library.  Longi'ntia, 
tho  chilosopher  and  rhotorician,  was  >j 
oallpd,    (213-273,) 


510 


LIBYA. 


LIB. 


PuJilic  Uhrarift. 

*!J  AHcietU.  Thatof  Alex.iiiflria,  founded 
by  tlio  rioleiiiies.  IJurut  by  order  of  the 
calif  Oiii:ir  A.I).  C-ll. 

Tho  first  public  library  of  Homo  was 
fodiidc'd  by  As'inus  I'olio  ;  tlio  second, 
called  the  Palatine,  by  Aug'ustus. 

The  royal  library  of  tho  Fatimites  of 
Ep^ypt  contained  100,000  manuscripts, 
splendidly  bound. — Gil)hoii. 

Tho  library  of  tho  Ommiadea  of  Spain 
contained  600,000  volumes,  44  of  which 
were  catalognaes. — Gibbon. 

There  were  seventy  public  libraries  in 
the  kingdom  of  Andalu'sia. —  Gibbon. 

When  tho  monastery  of  Croydon  was 
bui-ut,  in  1091,  its  library  consisted  of 
900  volumes,  300  of  which  were  very 
larfro. — Ingulphns. 

Tl  Modtrn.  The  British  Museum  con- 
tains 89,000  manuscripts,  and  about 
900,000  volumes  (some  40,000  additions 
are  made  annually). 

Tho  Impe'riale,  France,  about  600,000 
books,  500,000  pamphlets,  and  85,000 
manuscripts. 

The  Munich,  about  500,000  books  and 
10,000  manuscripts. 

The  Vienna,  about  400,000  books  and 
20,000  manuscripts. 

The  Vatican,  about  150,000  books  and 
40,000  manuscripts. 

The  Imperial,  of  Russia,  about  600,000 
books  and  21,000  manuscripts. 

The  Copenhagen,  about  450,000  books 
and  15,000  manuscripts. 

Liib'ya.  Africa,  or  all  the  interior  of 
Africa. 

Licen'tiate  (4  syl.).  One  who  has  a 
licence  to  practise  some  art  or  faculty, 
afi  a  licentiate  of  medicine. 

Licll-  A  dead  boay.  ^Saxon,  lie; 
German,  Iciche.) 

Lick-figld,  In  StafTordshire.  The  field  cf 
the  dead — i.e.,  of  the  martyred  Christians, 

Lick-foiols,  Birds  that  feed  on  carrion, 
as  night-ravens,  screech-owls,  kc. 

Lich-gate.  The  shed  or  covered  place  at 
the  entrance  of  church-yards,  intended  to 
afford  shelter  to  the  coffin  and  mourners, 
while  they  wait  for  the  clergyman  to 
conduct,  the  cortege  into  the  church. 

Lich-owl.  The  owl  superstitioutly 
supposed  to  foretell  death. 

Lich-wale  or  Lylce-wake.  Tlie  funeral 
feast  or  the  waking  of  a  corpse— I'.f., 
WKlching  it  all  uight. 


Lich-way.  Tho  path  by  which  a  fune- 
ral is  convoyed  to  church,  which  not 
unfrequcntiy  deviates  from  tho  ordinary 
road.  It  wau  long  supposed  that  wher- 
ever a  dead  body  passud  became  a  public 
thoroughfare. 

Lichten.  Belonging  to  the  lich- 
ground  or  cemetery.  In  Chichester,  just 
outsiile  tho  city  walla  on  the  east  are 
what  the  common  people  call  the  liglitnen 
or  liten  schools,  a  corruption  of  lichten 
schools,  so  termed  because  they  stand 
on  a  part  of  the  ancient  Saxon  lich-acro. 
The  spelling  usually  adojited  for  these 
schools  is  "  litten." 

Liick.  I  liched  him.  I  flogged  or  beat 
him.  (Saxon,  5/ic-an,  to  strike.)  Generally 
derived  from  lictors,  the  lioman  officers 
who  inflicted  punishment  on  criminals, 
but  the  resemblance  of  tho  words  is  acci- 
dental. 

To  lich  into  shape.  According  to 
tradition  the  cubs  of  bears  are  cast 
shapeless,  and  remain  so  till  tho  dam  ha? 
licked  them  into  proper  form. 

So  watchful  Bruin  forms,  with  plastic  care, 
Each  gru»  lug  lump,  and  liricKS  it  to  a  bear. 
*'X>u>ict«ci,"  tk.  i.  1«1, 

Liictors.  Binders  (Latin,  Ugo,  to  bind 
or  tie).  These  Roman  officers  wore  so 
called  because  they  bound  the  hands 
and  feet  of  criminals  beforo  they  exe- 
cuted the  award  of  the  law  upon  them, 
— Atihis  Gellius. 

Lid.  Greek,  kleid  (to  shut  down) ; 
Latin,  claiuV  and  chuV ;  Saxon,  hlid  ; 
Dutch  and  Danish,  lid ;  our  lid  and 
close. 

Lidsluarfa  {the  terror  of  nations). 
The  throne  of  Alfader,  whence  ho  can 
view  the  whole  universe. — Scanduuivian 
mythology. 

Xjie.     (Saxon,  ligf,  a  falsehood.) 

A  lie  hath  no  feci,  because  it  cannot 
stand  alone.  In  fact  a  lie  wants  twenty 
others  to  support  it,  and  even  then  is  in 
constant  dang^er  of  tripping. 

You  lie  for  the  whetstone.  This  refers 
to  an  ancient  custom  mentioned  by  Lup- 
ton  in  his  "Too  Good  to  be  True  "(15S0) : 
lie  who  told  the  greatest  lie  gained  a 
silver  whetstone. 

Father  of  Lies.  Satan  (St.  John  viii. 
44). 

Lie.    (Saxon,  Jlcoan,  to  'bide  or  rest.; 

I.ie  hea^T  on  i.im.  eartli.  for  he 
Laid  maujr  a  hcj^J  loaJ  uu  lUiA 


LIEBENSTEIN. 


LIGHTNING. 


611 


This  IB  part  of  Dr.  Evans's  epitaph  on 
Sir  John  Vanbrncrli,  tho  comic  poet, 
barakl,  and  architect.  The  "heavy 
loads"  referred  to  were  Blenheim,  Green- 
wich Hospital  (which  he  finished),  Castle 
Howard  iu  Yorkshire,  and  other  massive 
buildings.     (lGGG-1726.) 

Lie  at  the  catch.  Thus  Talkative  says 
to  Faithful,  "You  lie  at  the  catch,  I 
perceive."  To  which  Faitljful  replies, 
"No,  not  I ;  I  am  only  forsottincf  thingrs 
right."  "To  lie  at  tlie  catch,"  or  lie  on 
tho  catch,  is  to  lie  in  wait  to  catch  one 
up— to  lay  a  trap  to  catch  one. 

Liebenstein  and  Stei'nfels.  Two 
ruined  castles  of  the  Rhine.  According 
to  tradition,  Leoline,  tho  orphan,  was 
the  sole  surviving  child  of  tho  lord  of 
Lielienstein  ;  and  two  brothers,  named 
Wurbeck  and  Otho,  were  the  surviving 
cluldron  of  the  lord  of  fiternfels.  Both 
the  brothers  fell  in  love  with  Leoline ; 
but,  as  Leoline  gave  the  preference  to 
Otho,  Warbeck  joined  the  Crusades.  A 
templar  in  time  persuaded  Otho  to  do 
the  same  ;  but  the  war  being  over,  Otho 
stayed  at  Constantino) )lo,  wliere  he  fell 
in  love  with  a  Greek,  whom  he  brought 
Lome  for  liis  bride.  LeoHuo  retired 
ta  the  adjacent  convent  of  Boruhofen. 
Warbeck  defied  his  brother  to  single 
combat  for  this  insult  to  his  betrothed ; 
but  Leoline  with  tho  nuns  interposed  to 
prevent  the  light.  The  Crock  wife,  in 
time,  eloped  with  one  of  the  inmates  of 
Sternfels,  and  Otho  died  cliildless.  A 
band  of  robbers  broko  into  tho  convent ; 
but  Warbeck  armed  in  its  defeuoo.  Ho 
repelled  the  robbers,  but  received  his 
death -wound,  and  died  in  the  lap  of 
Leoline,  and  thus  jiasscd  away  tho  last 
lord  of  Liebenstein.— Trac^tUt^w  of  Uu 
IVdne. 

liiege,  applied  to  a  king,  is  a  lucui  a 
non  lucemlo.  Tho  word  means  one  bound, 
a  bondsman  (Latin,  lu/o,  to  bind) ;  hence, 
vassals  were  called  lui/e-men — i.e.,  men 
bound  to  serve  their  lord.  The  lord  was 
called  tho  lie<ie-lord,  meaning  not  the 
bond-lord,  but  the  liego-man's  lord,  or 
tho  lieging-lord. 

Li'en.  A  bond  (Latin,  liga'men). 
Legally,  a  bond  on  gooils  for  a  debt ;  a 
right  to  retain  goods  in  a  creditor's  hands 
till  he  has  satisliod  a  legal  claim  for  debt. 

Liesse  (2  syl.).  Ahhe  dt  Liesit  or 
Abbiii  LelUia.     The  French  term  for  the 


"  Boy  Bishop,"  or  "  Abbot  of  Unreason." 
{See  Abbot.) 

Lieutenant  is  the  Latin  locum-tenent, 
through  tho  Fre<ich. 

Liife-Quards.  Two  senior  regiments 
of  the  mounted  body-guard,  conipri.sing 
873  men,  all  sis  feet  high  ;  hence  a  fine, 
tiill,  manly  fellow  is  called  "a  regular 
Life-guards'  man." 

Li-Flambe.  The  banner  of  Clevis, 
miraculously  displayed  to  him  in  the 
skies,     (.'iee  Toads.) 

Li  ft.  To  have  one  at  a  lift  is  to  have 
one  in  your  power.  When  a  wrestler 
has  his  antagonist  in  his  hands  and  lifts 
him  from  the  ground,  he  has  him  "at  a 
lift,"  or  iu  his  power. 

"  Sirra,"  siys  he,  "  I  have  you  at  a  lift. 
Now  y' 11  arc  come  unto  vor.r  lati^st  ehift," 

i'e/iy,"7£Wi/yii«"(Ui.y  and  Amai atil). 

Lifter.  A  thief.  Wo  still  call  one 
who  plunders  shops  "  a  shop-lifter." 
(Gothic,  hliflus,  a  thief.) 

Is  he  io  Touni;a  man,  and  so  oMa  lifter? 
.iVi(iA«;iear«,  "  Trodttt  and  Cretiulu,"  i.  t. 

Lige'a.  A  sea-nymph  and  syren 
(Greek,  ligus,  sweet  or  shrill  voiced). 

Light  of  the  Age.  Maimon'idos  or 
Rabbi  Moses  ben  Jlairaon,  of  Cordova. 
(1135-1204.) 

Light  of  tho  Harem.  Tho  sultana 
Nourmahal',  afterwards  called  Soiii-jtAaii 
(Light  of  the  World).  She  was  the  bride 
of  beliui. —  Thomas  Moore,  "LallalLookh." 

Lii/hl  gaitis  mnke  a  heavy  purse.  Small 
protits  and  a  quick  return,  is  tho  best  way 
of  gaining  wealth  ;  French,  Le  petit  fjain 
remplit  la  bourse;  Italian,  /  guadagni 
mediocri  empiouo  la  borsa. 

Light-foot.  One  of  Fortunio's  s-or- 
vants.  He  could  run  ten  times  faster 
than  a  deer. — "Grimm's  Goblins"  {For- 
tunio). 

Lighthouse.  The  most  celebrated 
of  aiuiquity  was  the  one  erected  by 
Ptolemy  Sotcr  in  the  island  of  Pharos, 
opposite  Alexandria.  Josephus  says  it 
could  be  seen  at  tho  distance  of  42  miles. 

Of  modern  lighthouses  the  most  famous 
are  the  Eddystone,  op|>osito  I'lymouth 
Sound  ;  tho  Tour  de  Cordu.an,  at  the 
entrance  of  tho  Gironde,  in  France  ;  and 
the  Boll  Rock,  opjjosite  the  Frith  of  Tay. 

Lightning  (/Jn-at).  Ilamilcar  of 
Cartlia^je  wu«  so  called  for  tho  rapidity 


612 


LIGUORIANS. 


LILY. 


of  his  march  and  severity  of  hrs  attacks, 
(B.C.  2i7-'218.) 

Lightning.  The  most  approved  classi- 
cal preservatives  against  ligdilning  were 
the  eagle,  the  sea-calf,  and  the  laurel. 
Jupiter  chose  the  first,  Augustus  Cio.sar 
the  second,  and  Tiberius  the  third. — 
Co/lumella,  x.  ;  Sueton.  in  Vit.  Aug.,  xc.  ; 
ditto  in  Vit.  Tib.,  Ixix. 

Bodies  scathed  and  persons  struck 
dead  by  lightning  were  said  to  bo  incor- 
ruptible; and  any  one  so  distinguished 
was  held  by  the  ancients  in  great  honour. 
— J.  C.  Btdlenger,  "  De  I'erroe  M  Au," 
&c.,  V.  11. 

Liguo'rians.  A  congregation  of 
missionary  priests  called  also  Redemp- 
tionists,  founded  in  1732,  by  Liguo'ri. 
Their  object  is  the  religious  instruction 
ot  the  people,  and  the  reform  of  public 
morality. 

LigtirianArts.  Deception,  trickery. 

The  Ligurian  Republic.  Venetia,  Ge- 
noa, and  a  part  of  Sardinia,  tied  up  in 
one  bundle  by  Napoleon  I.  in  1797,  and 
bound  with  a  constitution  similar  to  that 
of  the  French  "  Directory  ;"  so  called 
from  Ligu'ria,  pretty  well  commensurate 
with  these  districts. 

The  Ligurian  Suge.  Aulus  Persius 
Flaccus,  born  at  Volaterroe,  in  Etruria, 
according  to  ancient  authors ;  and  at 
Lunno  Portus,  in  Liguria,  according  to 
some  modern  auihoiitius,  a.d.  31-62. 
{See  "  Satire,"  vi.  6.) 

Iiil'buril.  //  no  one  else  were  alive, 
John  would  quarrel  with  Lrlburn.  John 
Lilliurn  was  a  contentious  leveller  in  the 
Commonwealth,  so  rancorous  against 
rank  that  he  could  never  satisfy  himself 
that  any  two  persons  were  exactly  on  the 
Bame  level,    {See  Lawsuits.) 

Liil'inau.  was  wooed  by  a  phantom 
that  lived  in  her  father's  pines.  At 
nightfall  the  phantom  whispered  love, 
and  won  the  fair  Lilinau,  who  followed 
his  green  waving  plume  through  the 
forest,  and  was  naver  seen  again. — Ameri- 
can-Indian tradition. 

liilis  or  Li'lith  {Rabbinical  mj/iho- 
logy).  The  Talmudists  say  that  Adam 
had  a  wife  before  Eve,  whose  name  was 
Lilis.  Refusing  to  submit  to  Adam,  she 
left  Paradise  for  a  region  of  the  air.  She 
still  haunts  the  night  as  a  spectre, 
9Cd    ig   especially  hostile  to  tiewbon) 


infants.  Some  superstitious  Jews  still 
put  in  the  chamber  occupied  by  their 
wife  four  coins,  with  labels  on  which  the 
names  of  Adam  and  Eve  are  inscribed, 
with  the  words  "  Avaunt  thee,  Lilith  !" 
According  to  the  "  Cyclopaedia  Metro- 
politana,"  our  word  ^£//tt/;y  is  a  corrugation 
of  "  Lilla,  abi"  (Lilith,  avaunt).  Goethe 
has  introduced  her  in  his  "  Faust."  (.See 
Lamia.) 

Jliiili-Burle'ro  and  Bdllen-a-lah. 
Said  to  have  been  the  words  of  distinc- 
tion used  by  the  Irish  Papists  in  their 
massacres  of  the  Protestants  in  1641.  A 
song  with  the  refrain  of  "  Lilli-burlero, 
buUen-a-la  !"  was  written  by  lord  Whar- 
ton, which  had  a  more  powerful  effect 
than  the  philippics  of  either  Demosthenes 
or  Cicero,  and  contributed  not  a  little  to 
the  great  revolution  of  1688.  Burnet 
says,  "It  made  an  impression  on  the 
[king's]  army  that  cannot  be  imagined. 
.  .  .  The  whole  army,  and  at  last  the 
people,  both  in  city  and  country,  were 
singing  it  perpetually  .  .  .  never  had  so 
slight  a  thing  so  great  an  effect."  The 
song  is  in  Percy's  "Reliques  of  Ancient 
English  Poetry,"  series  ii.,  bk.  3. 

Lilliput.  The  country  of  pigmies 
called  "  Lilliputians,"  to  whom  Gulliver 
was  a  huge  Colossus. — Swift,  "  Gulliver  i 
Travels." 

Xiily.  Emblem  of  Franco.  Tasso,  in 
his  "  Jerusalem  Delivered,"  terms  the 
French  Gi;ili  d'oro  (golden  lilies).  It  is 
said  the  people  were  commonly  called 
Liliarts,  and  the  kingdom  Lilium  in  the 
time  of  Philippe  le  Bei,  Charles  VIII., 
and  Louis  XII.  They  were  so  called  from 
thejieiir  de  lys,  the  emblem  of  France. 

I  BTW  my  country's  lily  torn. 

BloomfidJ.    (.\  Frenclimau  is  speaking  ) 

The  burghers  of  Ghent  were  bound  by  solemn 
oath  not  to  make  war  upon  the  M^a.— itiUineton, 
"  Heraldry, "  i. 

Lily  of  France.  The  device  of  Clevis 
was  three  black  toads,  but  an  aged  her- 
mit of  Joye-en-valle  saw  a  miraculous 
light  stream  one  night  into  his  cell,  and 
an  angel  appeared  to  him  holding  a 
shield  of  wonderful  beauty  :  its  colour 
was  azure,  ami  on  it  were  emblazoned 
three  gold  lilies  that  shone  like  stars, 
which  the  hermit  was  commanded  to  give 
to  queen  Clotilde.  Scarcely  had  the 
angel  vanished  when  Clotilde  entered- 
and  receiving' th?  celestial  shield,  gave  it 


LILY   MAID   OF   ASTOLAT. 


LINDABRIDES 


61 S 


to  hor  royal  husband,  whose  arms  were 
everjTR'hore  victorious. 

Un  hennite  appona  i  la  ditte  royno  ra  drep 
d'&zur  k  I  roi8  Mevrs  'le  Ijis  'I  or.  qi*  I'liDKe  luy 
auoit  douDec  et  U-  driiu'a  la  ditte  ra\  DC  i  fou  m:iry 
le  roy  CI  vit  pour  le  porier  comme  sea  arniei  en 
Uea  qu'il  lef  purtoii  d'ur  i  iti>><  orapavx  Ue  gable. 
-CkiffleL 

Lily  in  Chi-istian  art  is  an  emblem  of 
chastity,  innocence,  and  purity.  In  pic- 
tures of  the  Annunciation,  Gabriel  is 
sometimes  represented  as  carrying  a  lily- 
branch,  while  a  vase  containing  a  lily 
stands  before  the  Virgin,  who  is  kneeling 
in  prayer.  St.  Josejih  also  holds  a  hly- 
branch  in  his  hand,  to  show  that  his 
wife  Mary  was  always  the  virgin. 

LilyMaidof  Astolat.  (.See  Elaine.) 

Tiim  Hay.  Lick  it  up  like  Lim  hay. 
Lim,  on  the  Slersey,  is  famous  for  its  ex- 
cellent hay. 

Liirab.  To  tear  limb  from  Warhurton. 
Lymin  cum  Warhurton  form  one  rectory 
in  Cheshire.  The  play  is  on  limb  and 
Lymin. 

Limberham.  A  tame,  foolish  keeper. 
The  character   is   in   Dryden's   comedy 
of  "  Limberham  or  the  Kind  Keeper, 
and  is  supposed  to  satirise  the  duke  of 
Lauderdale. 

Xiimbo.  A  waste-basket;  a  place 
where  things  are  stowed,  too  good  to 
destroy,  but  not  good  enough  to  use.  In 
School  Theology,  unbaptised  infants  and 
good  heathens  go  to  Limbo.  (Latin, 
limhtis,  the  edge).  They  cannot  go  to 
heaven,  because  they  are  not  baptised, 
and  they  cannot  go  to  the  place  of  tor- 
ment, because  they  have  not  committed 
sin  at  all,  or  because  their  good  prepon- 
derates. {See  Milton,  "  Paradise  Lost," 
bk.  iii. )  In  slang  phraseology,  /;i  Limbo 
means  in  prison.     (See  Araf.) 

limbus  Fatuo'rum  The  Limbus 
of  Fools,  or  Fool's  Paradise.  As  fools 
are  not  responsible  for  their  works,  they 
are  not  punished  in  purgatory,  but  can- 
not be  received  into  heaven  ;  so  they  go 
to  a  place  called  the  Paradise  of  Fools. 

Limbus  Patrum.  The  half-way 
bouse  between  earth  and  heaven,  where 
the  patriarchs  and  prophets,  after  death, 
await  the  coming  of  Messiah.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Roman  Catholic  notion,  this 
is  the  "  hell  "  or  hades  into  which  Jesus 
Christ  descended  after  he  gave  up  the 
ghost  on  the  cross.     Limbo,  and  some- 


times  Limbo  patrum,  is  used  for  "quod," 
jail,  confinement. 

I  have  some  of  them  Id  I'mbo  p^tnun.  and  theie 
they  are  like  to  dance  these  tliref  ittsa.— SSakatMir. 
"Hciiry  ViH.,"r.3. 

Limbus  Puero'runi.  The  Child's 
Paradise,  for  cliililren  who  die  before 
they  are  responsible  for  their  actions. 

Lime  Street  (London).  The  plaoe 
where  in  former  times  lime  was  sold  in 
public  market.  It  gives  its  name  to  one 
of  the  wards  of  London. 

Limisso.  A  city  of  Cyprus,  called 
Caria  by  Ptolemy.— "Or;tt;i(/o /'Mrtoio." 

Limited  Liability.  The  liability 
of  a  shareholder  in  a  company  only  for 
a  fixed  amount,  generally  the  amount  of 
the  shares  he  has  subscribed  for. 

Limner.  A  drawer,  a  painter,  an 
artist.  A  contraction  of  illuminatw,  or 
rather  lumineur  (one  who  illuminates 
manuscripts.) 

Lim.p.  Formed  of  the  initial  letters 
of  Louis  [XIV.],  James,  Mary,  Prince 
[cif  Wales].  A  Jacobite  toast  in  the  time 
of  William  III.    (.See  Notauica.) 

Lina.    The  goddess  flax. 

Inyentrees  of  the  woof,  fair  Lina  flin^e 
The  flyiuif  shuttle  tiiroueh  the  dancing  itrlnirs. 
Darwin,  "  Lovit  of  Ou.  Flanli,"  o.  U. 

Lincoln.  A  contraction  of  Lindum- 
colonia.  Lindum  was  an  old  British 
town,  called  Llyn-dune  (the  fen-town). 
If  we  bad  not  known  the  Latin  name 
we  shodld  have  given  the  etymology 
LI tjn-coUynt  (the  fen-hill,  or  hill  near  the 
p(iol),  as  the  old  city  was  on  a  hilL 

Lincoln  College  y  Oxford).  Founded 
by  Richard  Fleming  in  1427,  and  com- 
pleted by  l\otherham,  bishop  of  Lincoln, 

H7y. 

Lincoln's  Inn.  One  of  the  fashion 
;ible  theatres  in  the  reigu  of  Charles  II. 

Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  (London). 
Henry  Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln,  built  an 
inn  (mansion)  here  in  the  14th  century. 
The  ground  belon;4cd  to  the  Bl.ack  Friars, 
but  was  granted  by  Edwani  I.  to  that 
earl.  SubseijueLitly  one  of  the  bishops 
of  Chichester,  in  the  reign  of  ileury  VII., 
granted  leases  hero  to  certaiu  student* 
of  law. 

Iiindab'rides.  A  heroine  in  "  The 
.Mirror  of  Knighthood,"  whose  name  at 
one  time   was    a   synonym   for  a    kept 


5^^ 


LINDOR. 


LINNiEAN   SYSTEM.. 


mistress,  in  which  seime  it  is  used  by  Sir 
Walter  beott,  Kenilworth  and  Woodstock. 

Xiindor.  A  poetic  swain  of  the  Cor'y- 
don  type,  a  lover  en  bergere. 

Do  not,  for  heaven's  sake,  bring  down  Corydon 
Mid  Lindor  upon  us.— Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Line.  A  line  a  day  (Nulla  dies  sine 
linea).  Apellos  the  artist  said  he  never 
passed  a  day  without  doing  at  least  one 
line,  and  to  this  steady  Industry  he  owed 
his  great  success. 

the  line.  All  numbered  cavalry  and 
infantry  regiments,  except  the  life- 
guards, foot-guards,  and  dragoon-guards, 
belong  to  the  line.  A  "  line  of  battle  "  is 
when  the  army  is  so  drawn  up  that  tlie 
front  extends  as  far  as  the  ground  will 
allow,  to  prevent  its  being  flanked. 
There  are  three  lines,  the  van,  the  main 
body,  and  the  rear.  A  fleet  drawn  up  in 
line  of  battle  is  so  arranged  that  the  ships 
are  ahead  and  astern  of  each  other  at 
equal  distances. 

To  break  the  enemy's  line  is  to  destroy 
their  order  of  battle,  and  so  put  them  to 
confusion. 

The  deep-sea  line.  A  long  line  marked 
at  every  five  fathoms,  for  sounding  the 
depth  of  the  sea. 

What  line  are  you  in  t  What  trade  or 
profession  are  you  of?  "In  the  book 
line" — i.e.,  the  book  trade.  This  is  a 
Scripture  phrase.  "  The  lines  have  fallen 
to  me  in  pleasant  places,  yea,  I  have  a 
goodly  heritage."  The  allusion  is  to 
drawing  a  line  to  mark  out  the  lot  of 
each  tribe,  hence  line  became  the  syno- 
nym of  lot,  and  lot  means  position  or 
destiny,  and  hence  calling,  trade,  or 
profession. 

Line  of  Beauty,  according  to  Ho- 
garth, is  a  curve  thus  -^.^^^  Mengs  was 
of  the  same  opinion,  but  thought  it 
should  be  more  serpentine.  Of  course, 
these  fancies  are  not  tenable,  for  the  line 
which  may  be  beautiful  for  one  object 
would  be  hideous  in  another.  What 
would  Hogarth  have  said  to  a  nose  or 
Tnoath  which  followed  his  line  of  beauty  ? 

Line  of  Communication,  or  rather 
Lines  of  Communication,  are  trenches 
made  to  continue  and  preserve  a  safe 
correspondence  between  two  forts,  or 
two  approaches  to  a  besieged  city,  or  be- 
tween two  parts  of  the  same  army,  that 
they  may  co-operate  with  each  other. 


Line  of  Demarcation.    The  imc 

which  divides  the  territories  of  different 
proprietors.  The  space  between  two 
opposite  doctrines,  opinions,  rules  of 
conduct,  &c. 

Line  of  Direction.  The  line  in 
which  a  body  moves,  a  force  acts,  or  mo- 
tion is  communicated.  In  order  that  a 
body  may  stanri  without  falling,  a  line 
let  down  from  the  centre  of  gravity  must 
fall  within  the  base  on  which  the  object 
stands.  Thus  the  leaning  tower  of  Pisa 
does  not  fall,  because  this  rule  is  pre- 
served. 

Line  of  March.  The  ground  from 
point  to  point  over  which  an  urnjy  moves. 

Line  of  Operations  is  that  line 
which  corresponds  with  the  line  of  com- 
mimication,  proceeding  from  the  place 
whence  the  army  draws  its  supplies  to 
the  spot  occupied  by  the  army. 

Linen  Goods.  In  1721,  a  statute 
was  passed  imposing  a  penalty  of  £5 
upon  the  weaver,  and  £20  upon  the  seller 
of  a  piece  of  calico.  Fifteen  years  later 
this  statute  was  so  far  modified  that 
calicoes  manufactured  in  Great  Britain 
were  allowed,  "  provided  the  warp  thereof 
was  entirely  of  linen  yam."  In  1774,  a 
statute  was  passed  allowing  printed  cot- 
ton goods  to  be  used  on  the  payment  oi 
threepence  a  yard  duty ;  in  1806,  the 
duty  was  raised  to  threepence-half- 
penny. This  was  done  to  prevent  the 
use  of  calicoes  from  interfering  with  the 
demand  for  linen  and  woollen  stuffs.  The 
law  for  burying  in  woollen  was  of  a 
similar  character.  The  following  extracts 
from  a  London  news-letter,  dated  August 
2nd,  1768,  are  curious.  [Note — chintz  is 
simply  printed  calico.'\ 

Yesterday  .1  tradesmen's  wives  of  this  city  were 
convicted  before  the  Kt.  Hon.  the  Ld.  Mayor  foi 
wearing  chintz  gowns  on  Sunday  last,  and  each  ol 
them  was  lined  £.5.  Tliese  make  SO  who  have 
been  cuuvictcd  of  the  above  offence  within  12 
mouths  past.  .  .  .  There  were  several  ladies  in 
St.  J  imcg's  Pk.  on  the  same  da.v  with  cliiniz  gowns 
on,  but  the  persons  who  gave  informas  of  the  abov« 
S  were  not  able  to  discover  their  names  or  placet 
of  abode.  .  .  .  Yesterday  a  waggon  loaded  with 
£3,Miju  worth  of  cliintz  wiis  seiied  at  DartXord  in 
Kent  by  some  custom-house  officers.  Two  post 
chaises  loaded  with  the  same  commodity  got  ofl 
with  their  goods  by  swiituess  of  driviug. 

Lingua  Franca.  A  species  of  cor- 
rupt Italian  spoken  on  the  coasts  of  the 
Mediterranean.  The  Franks'  language 
mixed  with  the  Italian. 

Linnasan  System.  A  system  de- 
riaed  by  Linnseus  of  Sweden,  who  arranged 


LINNE. 


r.TON. 


610 


his  three  kingdoms  of  animals,  vej^eta- 
bles,  and  minerals  into  classes,  orders, 
genera,  species,  and  varieties,  according 
to  certain  specific  characters. 

Linne  ( The  Heir  of).  The  lord  of  Linne 
was  a  great  spendthrift,  "  who  wasted 
his  substance  iu  riotous  living."  Having 
spent  all,  he  sold  his  estates  to  John  o'  the 
Scales,  his  steward,  reserving  to  himself 
only  a  "  poor  and  lonesome  lodge  in  a 
lonely  glen."  When  he  had  squandered 
away  the  money  received  for  his  estates, 
and  found  that  no  one  would  lend  or  give 
him  more,  he  retired  to  the  lodge  in  the 
glen,  where  he  found  a  rope  with  a  run- 
ning noose  dangling  over  his  head.  He 
put  the  rope  round  his  neck  and  sprang 
aloft,  when  lo  !  the  ceiling  burst  in  twain, 
and  he  fell  to  the  ground.  When  he 
came  to  himself  he  espied  two  chests  of 
beaten  gold,  and  a  third  full  of  white 
money,  and  over  them  was  written, ' '  Once 
more,  my  son,  I  set  thee  clear ;  amend 
thy  life,  or  a  rope  at  last  must  end  it." 
The  heir  of  Linne  now  returned  to  his 
old  hall,  where  he  asked  his  quondam 
steward  for  the  loan  of  forty  pence  ;  this 
was  denied  him.  One  of  the  guests 
proffered  the  loan,  and  told  John  o'  the 
Scales  he  ought  to  have  lent  it,  as  he  had 
bought  the  estate  cheap  enough.  "  Cheap 
call  you  it?"  exclaimed  John  ;  "  why,  he 
shall  have  it  back  for  100  marks  less." 
"  Done,"  said  the  heir  of  Lynne,  and 
counted  out  the  money.  He  thus  reco- 
vered his  estates,  and  made  the  kind 
guest  his  forester. — Percy,  "  Reliques," 
series  ii.,  bk.  2. 

Linspre  (French,  2  syl.)  means  a 
prince  in  slang  or  familiar  usage.  It 
comes  from  the  inspector  or  monitor  of 
the  cathedral  choir  called  the  Spe  or  the 
In/rpe  (inspector),  because  he  had  to 
superintend  the  rest  of  the  boys. 

Lion.  A  marble  lion  was  set  up  in 
honour  of  Leonidas,  who  fell  at  Ther- 
mopyke. 

•|  T/it  Lion. 

Alep  Arslan  (Uu  Valiant  Lion),  son  of 
Togrul  Beg,  the  Perso-Turkish  monarch. 
•,  1063  1072.) 

Ali  was  called  The  Lion  of  God  for  his 
religious  zeal  and  groat  courage.  His 
mother  called  him  at  birth  Al  Ilaldura 
(the  Rmjyed  Uoii).     (a.d.  002,  G55.CG1.) 

An  i'ASHA,  called  The  Lion  of  Janina, 
overth'i)-vru  in  1822  by  Ibrahim  PasLa. 
a741   17f»8-1822) 


Arioch  (fifth  of  the  dynasty  of  Ninu, 
the  Assyrian),  called  Arioch  EUas'ar — i.e., 
Arioch  Melcch  al  Asser,  The  Lion  King 
of  Assyria.    (B.C.  1927-1897.) 

Damelowiez,  prince  of  Haliez,  who 
founded  Lemberg  (tlu Lion  City)  in  1259. 

Gusta'vus  Adolphus,  called  The  Lim 
of  the  North.     (1594,  1611-1G32.) 

Hamza,  called  The  Lion  of  God  and  oj 
hit  Pronhet.  So  Gabriel  told  Mahomet 
his  uncle  was  enregistered  in  heaven. 

Henry,  duke  of  Bavaria  and  Saxony, 
was  called  Tli^Lion  for  his  daring  courage 
(1129-1195.) 

Louis  VIII.  of  France  was  called  The 
Lion  because  he  was  bom  under  the  sign 
Leo.     (11S7,  1223-1226.) 

RiCDAiUD  I.  Cceur  do  Lion  (Lion's 
heart),  so  called  for  his  bravery.  (1157, 
1189-1199.) 

William  of  Scotland,  so  called  because 
ho  chose  a  reil  iiou  rampant  for  his  cog- 
nizance   (»,   11^5-1214.) 

'^  The  Lion  Killer.  JulesGerard.  (1817- 
1864.) 

The  Lion  of  the  tnbe  of  Judah.  The 
Messiah.      (Rev.  v.  5.) 

The  Lion  of  the  Reformation.  Spenser 
says  that  while  Una  was  seeking  St. 
George,  she  sat  to  rest  herself,  when  a 
lion  rushed  suddenly  out  of  a  thicket, 
with  gaping  mouth  and  lashing  tail ;  but 
as  he  drew  near  he  was  awe-struck,  and 
laying  aside  his  fury,  kissed  her  feet  and 
licked  her  hands  ;  for,  as  the  poet  adds, 
"  beauty  can  master  strength,  and  truth 
subdue  venge.ance.  [The  lion  is  the 
emblem  of  England,  which  waits  u])on 
Truth.  When  true  Faith  was  deserted 
by  all  the  world,  E]ngland  the  lion  came 
to  its  rescue.]  The  lion  now  follows 
Una  as  a  dog,  but  when  Una  meets  Hy- 
pocrisy, Sansloy  comes  upon  them  and 
kills  the  lion.  That  is  :  During  the  reigns 
of  Henry  VIII.  and  Edward  VI.,  England 
the  lion  followed  the  footsteps  of  Truth ; 
but  iu  the  reign  of  Mary  Hypocrisy  came, 
and  False-faith  killed  the  lion — i.e.,  se- 
parated England  from  Truth  by  fire  and 
sword. 

T/i£  lion  an  emblem  of  the  resurrection. 
According  to  tradition,  the  lion's  whelp 
1b  bom  dead,  and  remains  so  for  throe 
days,  when  the  father  breathes  on  it  and 
it  receives  life.  Hence  is  it  assigned  by 
arti.sts  to  St.  Mark,  the  historian  of  the 
resurrection.     (See  Evanoelist.) 

A  lion  emblematic  of  St.  Jei-ome.  Typi« 
fying  his  substitute.     Jesus  Chrisi,  i^s 


616 


LION. 


LION. 


"  Lion  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,"  is  somo- 
timos  symbolised  under  the  form  of  a 
lion. 

'W  The  lion  in  heraldry,  as  a  symbol  of 
80veroif>:nty  and  power,  has  always  been 
aelectecl  as  the  suniiorfc  of  royal  thrones. 
In  coat  armour  the  attribute  particu- 
larised depends  on  the  attitude  given ; 
thus— 

Couchant  represents  sovereignty,  in 
which  attitude  also  it  is  employed  as  the 
support  of  lecterns  and  candlesticks. 

Gardant  represents  prudence. 

Passant—  resolution. 

Ravipant — magnanimity. 

Rer/ardarU — circumspection. 

SaHunt — valour. 

Sejant — counsel. 

Strictly  speaking,  there  is  a  difference 
between  a  lion-leoparded  and  a  leoparded 
lion.  The  former  is  passant  and  in  profile, 
the  latter  passant  gardant.  The  latter 
has  always  a  mane,  the  former  none. 

The  lions  in  the  arms  of  England,  They 
ere  three  lions  passant  gardant — i.e., 
walking  and  showing  the  full  face.  The 
first  lion  was  that  of  Rollo,  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, and  the  second  represented  the 
country  of  Maine,  which  was  added  to 
Normandy.  These  were  the  two  lions 
borne  by  William  the  Conqueror  and  his 
descendants.  Henry  II.  added  a  third 
lion  to  represent  the  duchy  of  Aquitaine, 
which  came  to  him  through  his  wife 
Eleanor.  The  French  heralds  call  thp 
lion  passant  a  leopard;  accordingly  Na- 
poleon said  to  his  soldiers,  "  Let  us  drive 
these  leopards  (the  English)  into  the  sea  !" 

The  lion  in  the  arms  of  Scotland  is  de- 
rived from  the  arms  of  the  ancient  earls 
of  Northumberland  and  Huntingdon, 
from  whom  some  of  the  Scotch  monarcbs 
were  descended.  The  tressure  is  referred 
to  the  rei'gn  of  king  Acha'icus,  who  made 
a  league  with  Charlemagne,  "who  did 
augment  his  arms  with  a  double  trace 
formed  with  Floure-de-lyces,  signifying 
thereby  that  the  lion  henceforth  should 
be  defended  by  the  ayde  of  the  Frenche- 
men." — Holinshed,  "  Chronicles." 

Sir  Walter  Scott  says  the  lion  rampant 
in  the  arms  of  Scotland  was  first  assumed 
by  William  of  Scotland,  and  has  been 
continued  ever  since. 

William,  king  of  Scotland,  havini?  oliosen  for  hie 
urmorial  hearings  a  Ked  Lion  ramiiani.  acquired  the 
name  of  William  the  Lion;  and  this  raiiirant  lion 
gtill  constilutts  the  arms  of  Sd'tland  ;  and  tlie  pre- 
sident of  the  heraldio  court  — is  called  Lori  Lion 
Kin^-at-AriUS.  -■'  Titles  0/  a  QrandfalKer,"  i». 


H  Lions  metaphorical. 

(1)  A  man  who  is  a  notoriety,  and  ia 
made  much  of  by  the  public,  is  called  a 
lion. 

(2)  To  lionise  a  perso7i  is  either  to  show 
him  the  lions  or  chief  oVjjects  of  attraction 
or  to  make  a  lion  of  him,  by  filiny  him 
and  making  a  fuss  about  him.  To  be 
lionised  is  to  be  so  treated. 

H  Lion,  a  puHic-house  sign. 

Black  lion  comes  from  the  Flemmings. 

Au  noir  lyou  la  flcur-de-lig 
Print  la  terre  de  (a  le  Lys. 

Godefroy  de  Parii. 

Blxu,  the  badge  of  the  carl  of  Mortimer, 
also  of  Denmark. 

Crowned,  the  badge  of  Henry  VIII. 

Golden,  the  badge  of  Henry  I.,  and 
also  of  Percy,  duke  of  Northumberland. 

Passant  gardant  (walking  and  showing 
a  full  face),  the  device  of  England. 

Red,  of  Scotland ;  also  the  badge  of 
John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancaster,  who 
assumed  this  badge  as  a  token  of  his 
claim  to  the  throne  of  Castile. 

Rampant,  the  device  of  Scotland. 

Rampant,  with  the  tail  between  its 
legs  and  turned  over  its  back,  the  badge 
of  Edward  IV.  as  earl  of  March. 

Sleejnng,  the  device  of  Richard  I. 

Slatant  gardant  {i.e.,  standing  and 
showing  a  full  face),  the  device  of  the 
duke  of  Norfolk. 

White,  the  device  of  the  dukes  of  Nor- 
folk ;  also  of  the  earl  of  Surrey,  earl  of 
Mortimer,  and  the  Fitz-Hammonds. 

For  w  ho,  in  field  or  fray  slack. 
Saw  the  blanche  lion  e'er  fall  back  ?(rfui<o/jVor/oit  J 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  Liry  oj  the  Last  Minstrel." 

Blue  seems  frequently  to  represent 
silver;  thus  we  have  the  Blue  Buar  of 
Richard  III.,  the  Blue  Lion  of  the  earl 
of  Mortimer,  the  Blue  Swan  of  Henry  IV., 
the  Blue  Dragon,  &c. 

The  wingtd  lion.  The  republic  of 
Venice.     Its  heraldic  device. 

*[]  Lion.  One  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac 
(28th  July  to  23rd  August.) 

%  Lions  in  classic  mytuoLogy.  Cyb'ele 
is  represented  as  riding  in  a  chariot  drawn 
by  two  tame  lions. 

Praciuti,  the  goddess  of  nature  among 
the  Hindus,  is  represented  in  a  similar 
manner. 

Hippom'ekes  and  Atalanta  (fond 
lovers)  were  metamorphosed  into  lions 
by  Cybele. 

Hehcules  is  said  to  have  worn  over 
hifi  shoulders  the  hide  of  the  Neni'eaB 


LION   OF  GOD. 


LIRIS. 


517 


lion,  which  he  slew  with  his  club.  Ter- 
ROUU  is  also  represented  as  arrayed  in 
a  lion's  hide. 

The  Nem'ean.  liou,  slain  by  Hercules. 
The  first  of  his  twelve  labours. 

H  The  lion  attachf.d  to  man. 

Anduoc'lus,  a  Roman  slave,  was  con- 
demned to  encounter  a  lion ;  but  when 
the  lion  was  let  loose  be  coached  at  the 
feet  of  Androclus,  and  began  licking 
them.  The  reason  was  this  :  Androclus 
one  day  had  taken  a  tliorn  out  of  tho 
lion's  foot,  and  the  beast  recognised  its 
benefactor. 

Sir  Iwain  de  Galles  was  attended 
by  a  lion,  which,  in  gratitude  to  the 
knight,  who  had  delivered  it  from  a  ser- 
pent with  which  it  had  been  engaged  in 
deadly  combat,  ever  after  became  his 
faithful  servant,  approaching  the  knight 
with  tears,  and  rising  on  his  hind-feet 
like  a  dog. 

SiH  Geoffrey  dk  Latour  was  aided 
by  a  lion  against  tho  Saracens ;  but  tho 
faithful  brute  was  drowned  in  attempting 
to  follow  the  vessel  in  which  the  knight 
had  embarked  on  his  departure  from  the 
Holy  Land. 

St.  Jerome  is  represented  as  attended 
by  a  lion. 

The  lion  will  not  iotich  the  true  prince 
(  '1  Henry  IV.,"  ii.  4).  This  is  a  religious 
superstition  ;  the  "true  prince,"  strictly 
speaking,  being  the  Messiah,  who  is  called 
"the  Lion  of  tho  tribe  of  Judah."  Loosely 
it  is  applied  to  any  prince  of  blood  royal, 
supposed  at  one  time  "to  be  hedged 
around  with  a  sort  of  divinity." 

Fetch  the  Numidinn  liun  I  broiisht  over  ; 
If  she  be  BpruuK  from  myal  liloyii,  the  lion 
Will  do  her  reverence,  else  he  11  tear  her. 

Beaumont  and  Flelchcr,  "  The  Mad  Lovrr." 

Lion  of  God.   (See  above,  The  Lion. ) 

Liion  and  Unicorn.  The  animosity 
which  existed  between  these  beasts,  re- 
ferred toby  Spenser  in  his  "  Faury  Queen," 
is  allegorical  of  tho  animosity  which  once 
existed  between  England  and  Scotland. 

Like  a>ft  lyon,  whose  imperiall  powre 

A  prowd  rebfllious  unicoru  defyei.— (li  B.) 

Lion  and  Unicorn.  Ever  since  1603 
the  royal  arms  have  been  supported  as 
now  by  tho  Engli.sh  lion  and  Scottish 
unicorn  ;  but  prior  to  the  accession  of 
James  I.,  the  sinister  supporter  was  a 
family  badge.  Edward  HI.,  with  whom 
iupporters  began,  had  a  lion  and  eagle; 
Henry  IV.,  an  antelope  and  swan;  Ilonry 


v.,  a  lion  and  antelope;  Edward  IV.,  a 
lion  and  bull  ;  Richard  III.,  a  lion  and 
boar;  Henry  VII.,  a  lion  and  dra^i'on ; 
Elizabeth,  Mary,  and  Henry  VIII.,  a 
lion  and  greyhound.  The  lion  is  dexter 
— i.e.,  to  the  right  hand  of  the  wearer  or 
person  behind  the  shield. 

Lion's  Head.  In  fountains  the 
water  generally  is  made  to  issue  from 
the  mouth  of  a  lion.  This  is  a  ver}'  an- 
cient custom.  The  Egyptians  thus  sym- 
bolised the  inundation  of  the  Nile,  which 
happens  when  the  sim  is  in  Leo.  The 
Greeks  and  Romans  adopted  the  same 
device  for  their  fountains. 

Lion's  Provider.  A  jackal ;  a  foil 
to  another  man's  wit ;  a  humble  friend 
who  plays  into  your  hand  to  show  you 
to  best  advantage.  The  jackal  feeds  on 
the  lion's  leavings,  and  is  supposed  to 
serve  the  lion  in  much  the  same  way  as 
a  dog  serves  a  sportsman.  The  dog  lifts 
up  its  foot  to  indicate  that  game  is  at 
hand,  and  the  jackal  yells  to  advertise 
the  lion  that  prey  is  close  by.  {See 
Jackal.) 

Lion's  Share.  The  larger  part ;  all 
or  nearly  all.  In  ".^Esop's  Fables," 
several  beasts  joined  the  lion  in  a  hunt, 
but  when  the  spoil  was  divided,  the  lion 
claimed  one  quarter  in  right  of  his  pre- 
rogative, one  for  his  superior  courage,  one 
for  his  dam  and  cubs,  "  and  as  for  the 
fourth,  let  who  will  dispute  it  with  me." 
Awed  by  his  frown,  the  other  beasts 
silently  withdrew.     {See  Montgomery.) 

Lion-sick.  Sick  of  love,  like  tho  lion 
in  the  fable.  (See  "  Troilus  and  Cressida," 
ii.  3.) 

Liosal'far.  The  light  Alfs  who  dwell 
in  the  city  Alf-heim.  They  are  whiter 
than  the  sun.  {See  DiiCK-ALFAR.)— 5ca»- 
dinavian  mythology. 

Lip.  To  hang  the  lip.  To  drop  the 
under  lip  in  sullenness  or  coutcnii)t.  Thus 
Helen  explains  why  her  brother  Troilus 
is  not  abroad  by  saying,  "  He  hangs  the 
lip  at  something."     (Act  iii.  1.) 

A  foolish  hanidn«  of  thy  nether  lip. 

Shakenpfurt,  "  1  I!tnr\i  1  V.,"  Act  iL  4. 

Liris.  A  proud  but  lovely  daughter 
of  tho  r.tce  of  man,  beloverl  by  Ruhi, 
first  of  the  angel  host.  Her  passion  was 
the  love  of  knowledge,  and  she  was  capti- 
vated by  all  her  lover  told  her  of  heaven 
and   the   works   of    God.       At   last    shr 


518 


JJS. 


LITTLE  JOHN. 


requested  Rnhi  to  appear  before  her  in 
all  his  glory,  and  as  she  fell  into  his  era- 
brace  was  burnt  to  ashes  by  the  rays 
which  issued  from  him. — Moore,  "'Loves 
of  the  A  iKjfJn,"  storj'  ii. 

Lis.  FUur  de  lis.  The  tradition  is 
that  Us  is  a  corruption  of  Clovis,  which 
of  course  is  the  same  as  'lovis  or  lovAs. 
The  chroniclers  say  that  Clovis,  after  the 
battle  of  Tolbiac,  on  his  way  to  Rheims, 
where  he  was  goins  to  be  V)aptised,  re- 
ceived a  lily  from  heaven.  It  was  Louis 
le  Jeune  who  ailopted  the  "celestial 
flower"  in  the  national  standard.  At 
first  the  flag  was  thickly  sown  with  lilies 
(1180),  but  later  in  the  same  reign  the 
number  was  reduced  to  three,  in  honour 
of  the  Holy  Trinity. 

Lisbo'a  or  Lis'boa.     Lisbon  (q.v.). 

Wliat  beauties  doth  lisbo'a  first  unfold. 

Huron,  "  Childe  Harold,"  i.  16. 

And  tliou,  famed  Lis  boa,  whose  embattled  wall 
Kose  by  the  hand  that  wrought  promt  Ilion's  f:ill. 
iliekle,  "  Lxisiad." 

Lisbon.  A  corruption  of  'Ulyssippo 
(Ulysses*  polls  or  city).  Said  by  some  to 
have  been  founded  by  Lusus,  who  visited 
Portugal  with  Ulysses,  whence  "Lusi- 
tania"  (q.v.) ;  and  by  others  to  have  been 
founded  by  Ulysses  himself.  This  is 
Camoens'  version.     (See  above.) 

Lismaha'go  (Captain),  in  Smollett's 
"  Humphry  Clinker."  Very  conceited, 
fond  of  disputation,  jealous  of  honour, 
and  brim-full  of  national  pride.  This 
poor  but  proud  Scotch  officer  marries 
Miss  Tabitha  Bramble.  The  romance  oi 
Captain  Lismaha'go  among  the  Indians 
is  worthy  of  Cervantes. 

Lisuar'te  of  Greece.  One  of  the 
knights  whose  adventures  and  exploits 
are  recounted  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
Spanish  version  of  "  Am'adis  of  Gaul." 
This  part  was  added  by  Juan  Diaz. 

Lit  de  Justice.  Properly  the  seat 
occupied  by  the  French  king  when  he 
attended  the  deliberations  of  his  parle- 
ment.  The  session  itself.  Any  arbitrary 
edict.  As  the  members  of  parlement 
derived  their  power  from  the  king,  when 
the  king  himself  was  present  their  power 
returned  to  the  fountain-head,  and  the 
king  was  arbitrary.  What  he  then  pro- 
posed could  not  be  controverted,  and  of 
course  had  the  force  of  law.  The  last 
lit  de  justice  was  held  by  Louis  XVI, 
in  1787 


Little.  Thomas  Moore  published  a 
volume  of  amatory  poems  in  1808,  under 
the  name  of  Thomas  Ldllle. 

Little  Britain  or  Bntlany.  Same 
as  Armor'ica.     Also  called  Benwic 

Little  Corporal  (T/u).  General 
Bon.aparte.  So  called  after  the  battle  of 
Lodi,  in  1796,  from  his  low  stature, 
youthful  age,  and  amazing  courage. 

Little  Dauphin  (The).  The  eldest 
son  of  the  Great  Dauphin — i.e.,  the  due 
de  Bourgogne,  son  of  Louis,  and  grand- 
son of  Louis  XIV. 

Little-endians.  The  two  great 
empires  of  Lilliput  and  Blefuscu  waged 
a  destructive  war  against  each  other, 
exhausted  their  treasures,  and  decimated 
their  subjects  on  their  different  views 
of  interi)reting  this  vital  direction  con- 
tained in  the  54th  ch.ipter  of  the  Blun'de- 
cra,l(  Koi-an) :  "All  true  believers  break 
their  eorgs  at  the  convenient  end."  The 
godfather  of  Calin  DeiTar  Plune,  the 
reigning  emperor  of  Lilliput,  happened 
to  cut  his  finger  while  breaking  his  egg 
at  the  big  end,  and  very  royaUy  pub- 
lished a  decree  commanding  afl  his  liege 
and  faithful  suljjects,  on  pains  and  penal- 
ties of  great  severity,  to  break  their  eggs 
in  future  at  the  small  end.  The  orthodox 
lilefuscu'dians  deemed  it  their  duty  to 
resent  this  innovation,  and  declared  war 
of  extermination  against  the  heretical 
Lilliputians.  Many  hundreds  of  large 
treatises  were  published  on  both  sides, 
but  those  of  a  contrary  opinion  were  put 
in  the  Index  expurgato'riiu  of  the 
opposite  empire.  —  "  Oulliver's  Travels" 
(  Voijnge  to  Lilliput,  iv. ). 

The  quaire!  between  the  Little-enrlians  and  the 
Big-eii  jians  hruke  out  on  Tiiursday,  like  the  aftei^ 
fire  of  a  more  serious  conflagration.— TA*  Timti. 

Little-go.  The  examination  held  in 
the  Cambridge  University  in  the  second 
year  of  residence.  Called  also  the  "pre- 
vious examination,"  because  it  precedes 
by  a  year  the  examination  for  a  degree. 
In  Oxford  the  corresponding  examination 
is  called  The  Smalls. 

Little  Jack  Homer.   (See  Jack.) 

Little  John.  A  big  stalwart  fellow, 
named  John  Little  (or  John  Nailor),  who 
encountered  Robin  Hood,  and  gave  him 
a  sound  thrashing,  after  which  he  wm 


LITTLE   MASTERS. 


LIZA. 


519 


re-christened,  and  Robin  stood  godfather.    | 
Little  Jolin  in  introduced  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott  in  "  The  Talisman." 

"  Thi»  inf;int  was  called  John  Little."  qnoth  he  ; 

"  Which  name  nhrill  h«  clunv^J  an  in. 
The  words  we  11  transpose,  so  wliererer  he  go«a, 

Uia  Dame  shall  b«  called  Little  John." 

Riltoti,  '■  Rohm  Jlood,"  xxi 

Littlo  .John  was  executed  on  Arbor 
Hill,  Dublin. 

It  will  be  rennembered  that  Maria  in 
'Twelfth  Night,"  represented  by  Shake- 
speare as  a  Lillle  woman,  is  by  a  similar 
plea-santry  called  by  Viola,  "  Olivia's 
giant ;"  and  Sir  Toby  says  to  her,  "  Good 
night,  Penthesile'a" — i.e.,  Amazon. 

Little  Masters.  A  name  applied 
to  certain  designers,  who  worked  for  en- 
gravers, &c.,  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries.  Called  lillU  because 
their  designs  were  on  a  small  scale,  fit 
for  copper  or  wood.  The  most  famous 
are  Jost  Amman,  for  the  minuteness  of 
his  work  ;  Hans  Burgmair,  who  made 
drawings  in  wood  illustrative  of  the  tri- 
umph of  the  emperor  Maximilian;  Hans 
Sebald  Beham ;  Albert  Altdorfer,  and 
Henrieh  Aldegraver.  Albert  Durer  and 
Lucas  van  Leyden  made  the  art  renowned 
a,nd  popular. 

Little  Nell.  A  child  oJ  beautiful 
purity  of  character,  living  in  the  midst 
of  selfishness,  worldliuess,  and  crime. — 
Dicheiu,  "  Old  Curiosity  Shop." 

Little  Paris.  Brussels,  the  capital 
of  Belgium,  and  Milan  in  Italy  are  so 
called,  from  their  gaiety  and  resemblance 
in  miniature  to  the  French  capital. 

Little  Peddlington.  The  village 
of  quackery  and  cant,  htirabug  and  ego- 
tism, wherever  that  locality  is.  A  satire 
by  John  Poole. 

Little  Red-Ridinghood.  This 
Dursery  talc  is,  with  slight  variations, 
common  to  Sweden, Germany ,  and  France. 
It  comos  to  us  from  the  French,  called 
"  Le  Petit  Chaperon  Rouge,"  in  Charles 
Perrault's  "Contes  des  Temps.'' 

Litnrgy  means  pubUc  vork,  such  as 
arrangingtho  dancing  and  sinsring  parties 
on  public  festival.'',  the  torch-races,  the 
equipping  and  manning  of  ships,  &c.  In 
the  church  it  means  the  public  ministry 
of  its  ceremonies  and  service.  (Greek, 
leiloi-erffoti.') 


Live.  He  lived  like  a  knare^  and  died 
like  a  Jool.  Said  by  Bishop  Warhurton 
of  Henry  Rich,  first  e;irl  of  Holland, 
the  turncoat.  He  went  to  execution 
dressed  in  white  satin,  trimmed  with 
silver. 

Liver.  Wldte-Uvered,  Ubj-livered. 
Cowardly.  In  the  auspices  taken  by 
the  Greeks  and  Romans  before  battle, 
if  the  liver  of  the  animals  sacrificed 
was  healthy  and  blood-red,  the  omen 
was  favourable ;  but  if  pale,  it  augured 
defeat. 

Liverpool.  Said  to  be  tl.e  "  livei 
pool."  The  liver  is  an  extinct  bird,  like 
the  heron.  The  arms  of  the  city  contain 
two  livers.  ■ 

Livery.  What  is  delivered.  The 
clothes  of  a  man-servant  delivered  to  him 
by  his  ma.ster.  The  stables  to  which 
your  horse  is  delivered  for  keep.  During 
the  Merovingian  and  Carlovingian  dynas- 
ties, splendid  dresses  were  given  to  all 
the  members  of  the  royal  household  ; 
barons  and  knights  gave  uniforms  to 
tlieir  retainers,  and  even  a  duke's  son, 
serving  as  a  page,  was  clothed  in  the 
livery  of  the  prince  he  served.  (French, 
livrer.) 

Wl'.at  lirery  Id  we  know  well  enouRh  ;  it  is  the 
allowMic;  of  hoi.ie-meate  to  kecpe  horaei  at  livery; 
tie  wliicli  word.  I  tenets,  is  derired  of  deliTeriDf 
forth  thtir  nighlly  food.— S(><i»rr  on  Irtiaud. 

Livery.  Ihe  colours  of  a  livery  should 
bo  those  of  the  field  and  principal  charge 
of  the  armorial  shield  ;  hence  the  queen's 
livery  is  gules  (scarlet)  or  scarlet  trimmed 
with  gold.  The  Irish  regiments  preserve 
the  charge  of  their  own  nation,  either 
by  blue  uniform  or  blue  facinrrs,  scarlet 
being  the  reverse.  Thus  the  Royal  Irish 
Dragoon  Guards  have  scarlet  uniform 
with  blue  facings,  and  the  Royal  Iris 
Lancers  have  blue  uniform  with  scarlet 
facings. 

Livery-men.  The  freemen  of  the 
ninety-one  guilds  of  London  are  so  called, 
because  they  are  entitled  to  wear  the 
livery  of  their  respective  companies. 

Livy.  The  T.ivy  of  Portugal.  Jdko  A« 
Barros,  the  best  of  the  Portuguese  his- 
torians.   (1496-1570.) 

Liza.  An  innkeeper's  daughter  in 
love   with    Elvi'no,   a    rich   farmer;  but 


6'20 


LIZARD  ISLANDS. 


LOCKMAM. 


Elvi'no  loves  Ami'na.  Suspicious  circum- 
stances make  tlio  farmer  renounce  the 
hand  of  Amina  and  promise  marriaj^'c  to 
her  rival;  hut  Liza  is  shown  to  be  the 
paramour  of  another,  and  Amina,  being 
proved  innocent,  is  married  to  the  man 
wiiu  lovL't!  hiiv.  —  Bellini,  '^  La  Sonnam- 
biila"  (his  best  opera).     Or  Lisa. 

Lizard  Islands.  Fabulous  islands 
where  damsels,  oiitcast  from  the  rest  of 
the  world,  are  received. —  Torquemada, 
"  Oardfn  of  Flowers." 

Lloyd's.  So  called  because  the 
nuderwriters,  when, in  171(),  they  removed 
from  O'ornhill,  met  in  a  coffee-house  in 
Lombard  Street,  kept  by  a  man  named 
Lloyd.  Lloyd's  Rooms  now  form  a  part 
of  the  Royal  Exchauce,  and  are  under  the 
management  of  a  committee. 

Lloyd's  List.  A  London  periodical, 
in  which  the  shipping  news  received  a.\ 
Lloyd's  Rooms  is  regularly  published. 

Lo  af .  Never  turn  a  loaf  in  the  presence 
of  a  Menteith.  Sir  John  Stewart  de  Men- 
teith  was  the  person  who  betrayed  Sir 
William  Wallace  to  king  Edward.  His 
signal  was,  when  he  turned  a  loaf  set  on 
the  table,  the  guests  were  to  rush  upon 
the  patriot,  and  secure  him. — Sir  Walter 
Scott,  "  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,"  vii. 

A  loaf  held  in  the  hand  is  the  attribute 
of  St.  Philip  the  apostle,  St.  Osyth,  St. 
Joanna,  Nicht)las,  St.  Godfrey,  and  of 
many  other  saints  noted  for  their  charity 
to  the  poor. 

Loafer.  An  idle  man  who  gets  his 
living  by  expedients,  a  chevalier  d^india- 
Irie.     (German,  Idvfer,  a  runner.) 

Loathly  Lady.  A  lady  so  hideous 
that  no  one  would  marry  her,  except  Sir 
Gaw'ain  ;  and  immediately  after  the  mar- 
riage, her  ugliness — the  effect  of  enchant- 
ment—disappeared, and  she  became  a 
model  of  beauty.     Love  beautifies. 

Lob's  Pound.  A  prison,  the  stocks, 
or  any  other  place  of  confinement 
CWelsh,  llob,  a  dolt).  The  Irish  call  it 
Pock's  or  Pouk's  pondfold,  and  Puck  is 
called  by  Shakespeare  "the  lob  of 
spirits,"  and  by  Milton  "the  lubber 
fiend. "  Our  word  lobhi/  is  where  people 
are  confined  till  admission  is  granted 
them  into  the  audience  chamber ;  it  is 
idso  applied  to  that  enclosed  space  near 
farm-yards  where  cattle  are  confined. 

Lob's  pound.  Dr.  Grey  says :  "  Dr. 
Lob  was  a  dissenting  preacbei  who  used 


to  hold  forth  when  conventicles  were 
prohibited,  hut  made  himself  a  way  of 
escape  through  the  floor  of  the  p\ilpit. 
One  day,  being  pressed  by  the  officers, 
the  doctor  was  followed  ;  hut  the  officers 
lost  their  way,  and  were  obliged  to  crj 
for  help.  This  maze  was  ever  after termeS 
"  Lob's  pound." 

Lobby.  The  bill  will  cross  the  lobbies. 
Be  sent  from  the  House  of  Commons  to 
the  House  of  TiOrds. 

Loblolly,  among  seamen,  is  spoon- 
victuals  or  pap  for  lobs  or  dolts.     (Set 

LOLLYPOP.<»  ) 

LocM'el  (2  syl.)  of  Thomas  Campbell 
is  Sir  Evan  Cameron,  lord  of  Lochiel, 
9urnamed  The  Black,  and  The  Ulysses  oj 
the  Hiijhlands.  His  grandson  Donald  was 
called  The  Gentle  Lochiel. 

And  Cameron,  in  the  shock  of  steel, 
DieUke  the  offspring  of  L»chiel. 

Sir  W.  Sco:t,  ••  The  Field  of  Waterloo. 

Lochinvar',  being  in  love  with  a 
lady  at  Netherby  Hall,  persuaded  her  to 
dance  one  last  dance.  She  was  con- 
demned to  marry  a  "laggard  in  love  and 
a  dastard  in  war,"  but  her  young  chevalier 
swung  her  into  his  saddle  and  made  off 
with  her,  before  the  "bridegroom"  and 
his  servants  could  recover  from  their  as- 
tonishment.— Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  Mar- 
mion." 

Lockhart.  When  the  good  lord 
James,  on  his  way  to  the  Holy  Land 
with  the  heart  of  king  Robert  Bruce, 
was  slain  in  Spain  fighting  against  the 
Moors,  Sir  Simon  Locard,  of  Lee,  was 
commissioned  to  carry  back  to  Scotland 
the  heart,  which  was  interred  in  Mel- 
rose Abbey._  In  consequence  thereof 
he  changed  his  name  to  Lock-heart,  and 
adopted  the  device  of  a  lieart  within  a 
fetterlock,  with  this  motto  — "Corda  ser- 
rata  pando"  (Locked  hearts  I  open).  Of 
course  this  is  romance ;  Lockhart  is 
Teutonic,  "  Strong  beguiler." 

For  this  renaon  men  chaneed  Sir  Simon's  nsme 
from  ],ockhard  to  Locklieart,  and  all  who  are  oe- 
tcendei  from  Sir  Simon  are  called  Lockhart  to  thit 
day.— Sir  V'alttr  Scoll,"  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,"  A 

Lockit.  The  jailor  in  Gay's  "  Beg 
gar's  Opera." 

Lockitt's.  A  fashionable  coffe€ 
house  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

Lockman.  An  executioner ;  .so 
called  because  one  of  his  dues  was  a 
loci  (or   ladleful)   of    meal    from   every 


LOCKSLEY. 


LOO. 


621 


caskful  exposed  for  sale  in  the  market. 
In  the  Isle  of  Man  the  under-sheriff  is 
so  called. 

Locksley.  So  Robin  Hood  is  some- 
times called,  from  the  village  in  which 
he  was  born.     (i>te  "  Ivanhoe,"  ch.  xiii.) 

Locksmith's  Daughter.  A  key. 

Loco  Parentis  (Latin).  One  acting 
in  the  place  of  a  parent,  as  a  guardian 
or  schoolmaster. 

Locofo'cos.  Lucifer  matches ;  so 
called  in  America.  (Latin,  loco-foci,  in 
lieu  of  fire.) 

Locofo'cos.  Ultra-radicals,  so  called  in 
America,  because  at  a  grand  meeting  in 
Tammany  Hall,  New  York,  in  \SM,  the 
chairman  left  bis  seat,  and  the  lights  were 
suddenly  extinguished  with  the  hope  of 
breaking  up  the  turbulent  assembly  ;  but 
those  who  were  in  favour  of  extreme 
measures  instantly  drew  from  their 
pockets  their  locofocos,  and  re-lighted 
the  gas.  The  meeting  was  continued, 
and  the  Radicals  had  it  their  own  way. 
[See  above.) 

Locomotive,  or  Locomotive  Engine. 
A  steam-engine  employed  to  move  car- 
riages from  place  to  place.  (Latin,  locus 
moceo,  to  move  place. ) 

Locomotive  Power.  Power  ap- 
plied to  the  transport  of  goods,  in 
contradistinction  to  stationary  power, 

Locrin.  Father  of  Sabri'n.o,  and 
eldest  s(in  of  the  mythical  lirutus,  king 
of  ancient  Britain.  On  the  death  of  his 
father  he  becinip  king  of  Loe'gria  (qv.). 
—  Gcoffvpi/.  "  Ilrii.  Hi.<t."  ii.  5. 

Locum  Te'nens  (Latin,  one  hold- 
ing the  place  of  another).  A  substitute, 
a  deputy,  one  acting  temporarily  for 
another,  a  lieutenant. 

Locus  in  quo  (Latin).  The  place 
In  question,  the  spot  mentioned. 

Locus  Pcenitentiae  (Latin,  place 
for  repent-ince )  ;  that  is,  the  licence  of 
drawing  back  from  a  bargain,  which  can 
be  done  before  any  act  has  been  com- 
mitted to  confirm  it.  In  the  interview 
between  Esau  and  his  father  Isaac,  St. 
Paul  says  that  the  former  "found  no 
place  for  repentance,  though  he  sought 
it  carefully  with  tears"  (IJeb.  xii.  1?" — 
i.e.,  no  means  whereby  Isaac  could  break 
his  bargain  with  .lacob. 

Locus  Pus  11}  tent  iff.  Time  to  withdraw 
from  a  hargain  (in  Scotch  law). 

H  * 


Locus  Sigilli  or  L.S.  (Latin). 
The  place  where  the  seal  is  to  be  put. 

Locus  Standi  (Latin).  Recognised 
position,  acknowledged  right  or  claim. 
We  say  such-and-such  a  one  has  no 
locus  standi  in  society. 

Locust  Bird.  A  native  of  Khoras- 
san  (Persia),  so  fond  of  the  water  of 
the  Bird  Fountain,  between  Shiraz  and 
Ispahan,  that  it  will  follow  wherever  it 
is  carried. 

Locus'ta.  This  woman  has  become 
a  byword  for  one  who  murders  those 
she  professes  to  nurse,  or  those  whom 
it  is  her  duty  to  take  care  of.  She 
lived  in  the  early  part  of  the  Roman 
empire,  poisoned  Claudius  and  Britan'- 
nicus,  and  attempted  to  destroy  Nero ; 
but  being  found  out,  she  was  put  to 
death. 

Lode.  The  vein  that  leads  or  guide* 
to  ore. 

Lode.  A  ditch  that  guides  or  leads 
water  into  a  river  or  sewer. 

Lodestar.  The  leading-star  by  which 
mariners  are  led  or  guided. 

Tour  eyes  are  lod'^stars,  and  your  tocmie  swtet  ait 
Shakesteare,  "  Jli'iiummer  A igU'i  Dream,"  I  I. 

Load-stone  or  Lode-stone.  The 
magnet  or  stone  that  guides. 

Lodo'na.  An  afiBuent  of  the  Thames 
in  Windsor  Forest.  Pope,  in  "Windsor 
Forest,"  says  it  was  a  nymph,  fond  of 
the  chase  like  Diana.  It  chanced  one 
day  that  Pan  saw  her,  and  tried  to  catch 
her;  but  Lodona  tted,  and  implored  Cyn'- 
thia  to  save  her  from  her  persecutor.  No 
sooner  had  she  spoken  than  she  became 
"  a  silver  stream  which  ever  keeps  its 
virgin  coolness." 

Loegria  or  Lo'<jres.  England  is  so 
called  t>y  Geoffrey  of  Monnio\itli,  from 
I.ogris,  eldest  son  of  the  mythical  king 
Brute. 

11  est  ecrit  qu'il  est  une  heure 

O'f  tou'  le  royaume  dc  Ixipro*, 
yui  jndit  tut  la  terre  es  oj^rea, 

Sara  •Jftruit  par  CtilUj  lance. 

t'»rW>fi  .it  TV  "M. 

Log.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  velocity  of  a  ship.  It  is  a  tlat 
piece  of  wood,  some  six  iuclies  in  radius, 
and  in  the  shape  of  a  quadrant.  A 
piece  of  lead  is  nailed  to  the  rim  to 
make  the  lo^'  float  perpendicularly.  To 
this  log  a  lino  is  fastened,  called  the 
log-lino  (g.v.). 


522 


LOG-BOARD. 


LOMBARD. 


Log-board.  A  couple  of  boards  shut- 
ting like  a  book,  in  which  the  "logs" 
are  entered.  It  may  l)e  termed  tho 
waste-book,  and  the  log-hook  the  journal. 

Log-book.  The  journal  in  which 
the  "  logs"  are  entered  by  the  chief 
mate.  Besides  the  logs,  this  book  con- 
tains all  general  transactions  pertaining 
to  the  ship  and  its  crew,  such  as  the 
strength  and  course  of  the  winds,  tho 
conduct  and  misconduct  of  the  men, 
and,  in  short,  everj-thing  worthy  of  note. 

Log-line.  The  line  fastened  to 
the  log  (jj.v.),  and  wound  round  a  reel 
in  the  ship's  gallery.  The  whole  line 
(except  some  five  fathoms  next  the  log, 
called  stray  line)  is  divided  into  aqual 
lengths  called  knots,  each  of  which  is 
marked  with  a  piece  of  coloured  tape  or 
bunting.  Suppose  the  captain  wishes 
to  know  the  rate  of  his  ship  :  one  of  the 
sailors  throws  the  log  into  the  sea,  and 
the  reel  begins  to  unwind.  The  leugi.h 
of  line  run  off  in  half  a  minute  shows 
the  rate  of  the  ship's  motion  per  hour. 

Logan  or  Rocking  Stones,  for  which 
Cornwall  is  famous. 

Pliny  tells  us  of  a  rock  near  Harpasa 
which  might  be  moved  with  a  finger. 

Ptolemy  says  the  Gygonian  rock  might 
be  stirred  with  a  stalk  of  asphodel. 

Half  a  mile  from  St.  David's  is  a  Logan 
stone,  mounted  on  divers  other  stones, 
which  may  be  shaken  with  one  finger. 

At  Golcar  Hill  (Yorkshire)  is  a  rocking 
stone,  which  has  lost  its  power  from 
being  hacked  by  workmen  who  wanted 
to  find  out  the  secret  of  its  rocking  mys- 
tery. 

In  Pembrokeshire  is  a  rocking  stone, 
rendered  immovable  by  the  soldiers  of 
Cromwell,  who  held  it  to  be  an  encourage- 
ment to  superstition. 

The  stone  called  Menaraber  in  Sithuey 
(Cornwall)  was  also  rendered  immovable 
by  the  same  soldiers,  under  the  same 
notion. 

There  are  very  many  others. 

Loggerheads.  Fall  to  loggeiheuds ; 
to  squabbling  and  handy-cufis,  especially 
lugging  at  each  other's  head. 

Logistilla  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
The  good  fairy,  and  sister  of  Alci'na  the 
sorceress.  She  teaches  Eugir's'ro  to 
manage  the  hippogriflf,  and  gives  Astol- 
pho  a  magic  book  and  horn  The  imper- 
sonation of  reason. 


Logres.    {See  Loeoria.) 

Lo'gria.  England,  so  called  by  th« 
old  romancers  and  fabulous  historians. 

Logris,  Locris.  Same  as  Locrine 
{q.v.). 

Loki.  The  god  of  strife  and  spirit 
of  evil.  He  artfully  contrived  the  deatb 
of  Bailer,  when  Odin  had  forbidden 
everything  that  springs  "  from  fire,  air, 
earth,  and  water"  to  injure  him.  Tha 
mistletoe  not  being  included,  was  made 
into  an  arrow,  given  to  the  blind  Hbder, 
and  shot  at  random  ;  but  it  struck  the 
beautiful  Balder  and  killed  him.  This 
evil  being  was  subsequently  chained 
v/ith  ten  chains,  and  will  so  continue  till 
the  twilight  of  the  gods  appears,  when 
he  will  break  his  bonds;  then  will  the 
heavens  disappear,  the  earth  be  swal- 
lowed up  by  the  sea,  fire  shall  consume 
the  elements,  and  even  Odin,  with  all 
his  kindred  deities,  shall  perish. 

Lokman.  A  fabulous  personage, 
the  supposed  author  of  a  collection  of 
Arabic  fables.  Like  .^sop  he  is  said  to 
have  been  a  slave,  noted  for  his  ugliness. 

Lollards.  So  called  from  their  prac- 
tice of  singing  dirges  at  funerals.  (Low- 
German,  lollen,  to  sing  slowly.)  The 
early  German  reformers  and  the  followers 
of  Wickliffe  were  so  called.  An  ingenious 
derivation  is  given  by  Bailey,  who  sug- 
gests the  Ijatin  word  loliv.m  (darnel), 
becaused  these  reformers  were  deemed 
"  tares  in  God's  wheat-field." 

Lolljrpops.  Sweets  made  of  treacle, 
butter,  and  tlour:  any  sweets  which  are 
sucked.  They  are  the  loUie's  puppets 
A  loll  is  a  pet  or  spoilt  child,  from  loll 
to  fondle,  and  ioliie  is  its  diminutive 
Poupee  (French),  a  doll  or  plaything. 

Lombard  (A ).  A  banker  or  money- 
lender ;  so  called  because  the  first  bank- 
ers were  from  Lombardy,  and  set  up  in 
Lombard  Street  (London)  in  the  middle 
ages.  The  business  of  lending  money 
on  pawns  was  carried  on  in  England  by 
Italian  merchants  or  bankers  as  early  at 
least  as  the  reign  of  Richard  I.  By  the 
12  Edward  I.  a  messuage  was  confirmed 
to  these  traders  where  Lombard  Street 
now  stands ;  but  the  trade  was  first  re- 
cognised in  law  by  James  I.  The  name 
Lombard  (according  to  Stow)  is  a  con- 
traction   of    Longobards.       Among    the 


LOMBARD  FEYEiEt 


LONG  TAIL. 


623 


richest  of  thoso  Long-obard  merchants 
was  the  celebrated  Medici  family,  from 
whose  armorial  bearings  the  insignia  of 
three  golden  balls  has  been  derived. 
The  Lombard  bankers  e.xercised  a  mo- 
nopoly in  pawn-broking  till  the  reign  of 
queen  Elizabeth. 

Lombard  Fever.  Laziness.  Pavm- 
brokers  are  called  Lombard  brokers,  be- 
cause they  retain  the  three  golden  balls  of 
the  Lombard  money-changers  ;  and  lazy 
folk  will  pawn  anything  rather  than  settle 
down  to  steady  work. 

Lombardic.  The  debased  Roman 
style  of  architecture  adopted  in  Lom- 
bardy  after  the  fall  of  Rome. 

London,  says  Francis  Crossley,  is 
Luan-dun.  (Celtic),  City  of  the  Moon, 
and  trailitiou  says  there  was  once  a  tem- 
ple of  Diana  (the  Moon)  where  St.  Paul's 
now  stands.  Greenwich  he  derives  from 
Oriiin-wich  (City  of  the  Sun),  also  Celtic. 
It  would  fill  a  page  to  give  a  list  of  guesses 
made  at  the  derivation  of  the  word  Lon- 
don. The  one  given  above  is  about  the 
best    for    fable    and    mythology.      (^See 

A.DGDSTA,   BaBYLO.V,  aud  LUD'8  ToWN.) 

London-stone.  The  central  millia- 
riuni  (vulcstoiie)  of  Roman  Loudou,  siiui- 
lar  to  that  in  the  Forum  of  Rome.  The 
British  high-roails  radiated  from  this 
stone,  and  it  was  from  this  point  they 
were  measured.  Ne.ar  London-stone 
lived  Fitz  /Uwyne,  first  mayor  of  London. 

Long-boat.  Formerly  the  largest 
boat  belonging  to  a  ship,  built  full.  Hat, 
aud  high,  so  as  to  carry  a  great  weight. 

Long-bow.  To  draw  the  lony-bota. 
To  e.xaggerate.  The  force  of  an  arrow  in 
the  long- bow  depends  on  the  strength  of 
the  arm  that  draws  it,  so  the  force  of  a 
statement  depends  on  the  force  of  the 
speaker's  imagination.  The  long-l)ow 
was  the  favourite  weapon  of  the  English 
from  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  till  it  was 
superseded  by  fire-arms. 

Longehamps.  On  Wednesday, 
Tliursday,  and  Friday  of  Passion  Week, 

the  Parisi:uis  go  in  procession  to  Long-  j 

champs,  near  the    Bois    de    Boulogne,  i 

This  procession  is  made  by  private  car-  | 

riiigos  and  hired  cabs,  and  is  formed  by  j 

all  the  smartly-dressed   men  and  women  i 

who  wish  to  display  the  spring  fashions.  I 

The  origin  of  the  custom  is  this  :  There  ' 
was  oDco  a   famous   nunnery   at   Long- 


champs,  noted  for  its  singing.  In  Passion 
Week  all  who  could  went  to  hear  these 
religious  women  sing  the  T^n^bres  ;  the 
custom  grew  into  a  fashion,  and  though 
the  house  no  longer  exists,  the  procession 
continues,  and  is  as  fashionable  as  ever. 

Long-crown.  A  deep  fellow  ;  long- 
headed. 

That  caps  Long-crown,  and  ht  capped 
the  Devil.  That  is  a  greater  falsehood 
than  even  "the  father  of  lies"  would  telL 

Long  Meg  of  Westminster.  A 
noted  virago  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 
Her  name  has  been  given  to  several 
articles  of  unusual  size.  Thus,  the  large 
blue-black  marble  in  the  south  cloister 
of  Westminster  Abbey,  over  the  grave  of 
Oervasius  de  Blois,  is  called  "  Long  Meg 
of  Westminster."  Fuller  says  the  term 
is  applied  to  things  "  of  hop-pole  height, 
wanting  breadth  proportionable  there- 
unto," and  refers  to  a  great  gun  in  the 
Tower  so  called,  taken  to  Westminster 
in  troublous  times. 

The  large  gun  in  Edinburgh  Castle  is 
called  Mons  Meg,  and  the  bomh  forged 
for  the  sieije  of  Oudenarde,  now  in  the 
city  of  Ghent,  is  called  Mad  Meg. 

In  the  "  Eiliuburgh  Antiquarian  Maga- 
zine," September,  1769,  we  read  of '•  Peter 
Rranan,  aged  104,  who  was  six  feet  six 
inches  high,  and  was  commonly  called 
Lotig  Meg  of  Westminster.     (See  Meo.) 

Long  Meg  and  her  Daugliters.  At 
liittle  Salkeid  (Cumberland)  is  a  circle  of 
67  (Camden  says  77)  stones,  sume  of 
them  10  feet  hiarh,  ranged  in  a  circle. 
Some  17  paces  off,  on  the  south  side,  is  a 
single  stone,  fifteen  feet  high,  called 
I^ng  Meg,  the  shorter  ones  being  called 
her  daughters. 

ThU,  and  the  Kobrick  stones  In  Oxrordshlr«,  are 
supposed  to  hnvo  hee:t  erectod  at  the  invoatitur©  of 
8CIIIO  Danish  king«,  like  tho  Kinpstolerin  Denniarlt, 
and  11)0  Moroteen  in  Sweden-— *C.anidon,  Britannia. 

Long'  Parliament.  The  pariiament 
which  assembled  Nov.  3rii,  IGIO,  and  was 
di.-solvbd  by  Cromwell,  Apr.  'iOlh,  lt)63. 

Long  Peter.  Peter  Aartsen,  tli« 
Flemi.sh  painter  ;  so  called  on  account  of 
his  extraordinary  height.     (1507-1573.) 

Long-Sword  (Longue  epce)  William 
I.,  duke  of  Normandy.     (Died  943,) 

Long  Tail.  Out  and  long  tail.  One 
and  anoUier,  all  of  every  description. 
Tho  phrase  had  its  origin  in  tho  practice 
of  cutting  tilt-  tails  of  certain  dogs  and 


624 


LONG-TAILED. 


LOOKING-GLASS. 


horses,  and  leaving  others  in  their  natural 

state,  60  tliat  cut  and  long  tail  horses  or 
dogs  includod  all  the  species.  Master 
Slender  says  ho  will  maintain  Anne  Page 
like  a  gentlewoman.     "  Ah  !  "  says  he— 

Tliat  I  will,  come  out  and  loug  tail  under  the  desree 
of  amiiiire  (t  e. ,aa  well  aa  .my  man  can  wlio  is  nut  a 
Btjuiie).— 6ViaA-«»peare,  '"  Miny  Wi.vci  0/  H'indsur," 
ill.  4. 

Long-tailed.  How  about  lice  Long- 
tailed  beijyar  i  A  reproof  given  to  one 
who  is  di-awing  tho  long-bow  too 
freely.  Tlie  talo  is  that  a  boy  who  had 
been  a  short  voyage  pretended  on  his 
return  to  have  forgotten  everything  be- 
longing to  his  native  home,  and  asked 
his  mother  what  she  called  that  "long- 
tailed  beggar,"  meaning  the  cat. 

Long  Tom  CofB.n.  A  sailor  of 
noble  daring,  in  "  The  Pilot,"  by  Cooper. 

Long  Words. 

Alcoiniroziropoulopilousitounitapignac 
The  giautess. — "  Croquemitaine,"  iii.  2. 

Amoronthologosphorus.  (^See  Haie— 
The  Three  Hairs.') 

Anantachaturdasivratakatha.  (Sans- 
krit work.  See  Triibner's  "  Literary 
Record.") 

Antipericatametanaparbeugedamphic- 
ribrationes  Toordicantium.  One  of  tlia 
books  in  the  library  of  St.  Victor.— 
Rabelais,  ''  Panlagruel,"  ii.  7. 

Batrachomyomachia  (battle  of  the  frogs 
end  mice).    A  Greek  mock  heroic. 

Cluciiistaridysarchides. — Plaulus. 

Don  Juan  Nepomuceno  de  liurionago- 
natotorecagageazcoecha.  An  employe  in 
the  finance  department  of  Madrid.  (18(J7. ) 

Drimtaidhvrickhillichattan,  in  the  Isio 
of  Mull,  Argyleshire. 

Honorificabilitudinitatibus,  called  the 
longest  word  in  the  (?)  English  language. 
It  frequently  occurs  in  old  plays.  {Hee 
"  Bailey's  Dictionary.") 

Thou  art  not  so  loni;  by  the  head  as  honnriticabili- 
S\xdiuHa,Ui>UB.—6liakeepeare,  "Lova't  Labour' 1  Lout,  ' 
;.  I. 

Jungefraueuzimmerdurchschwindsucht- 
toedtungs-gegouverein  (German).  —  See 
"Notes  and  (Queries,"  vol.  v.,  p.  r/4 
jFirst  Series). 

KagwadawwacomSgishearg,  An  Indian 
chief,  who  died  in  Wisconsin  in  1866. 

Lepadotemachoselachogaleokranioleip- 
sanodriraupotrimmatosilphioparaomelito- 
katakeclumnieuokichlepikossuphophatto- 
peristeralektrnonoptegkephalokigklopel- 
eiolagoosiraiobaletragauopterugon.  One 
of     the     longest     words     extant    (16'J 


Greek    letters    and   78    eyl.).  —  Aritto- 

p/ianes,  "  K/c/.lesiu.zouxni"  v.  1169. 

LlanvairpwUgwgngyll.  in  the  dioces* 
of  Bangor. 

Nitrophenylenediamine.  A  dye  of  an 
intense  red  colour. 

Dinitroaniliiie,  chloroxyiiaphthalio  acid,  which 
may  be  ustd  for  cohmrm?  wool  in  in(«iige  red ; 
and  ii:tropheiiylene<liamirie  of  chromatic  brilliancy. 
—  Milium  Crookea.  "  Tin  Timet,"  October  Jtli,  isas. 

Polyphrasticontinomimegalondulaton. 

Why  not  wind  up  the  famous  ministerial  declarv 
tion  « ith  ■■  Koni  Ompax,"  or  the  mystic  "  Om,"  or 
(lifit  ■lilHoult  expression  "Polyphr;isticoutinomiiil»- 
galoudulaton?"— J'/ie  Utar. 

M.  N.  Rostocostojambedanesse,  author 
of  "After  Beef  Mustard."— /ia6e/aw, 
"  Pardoi/nid,"  ii.   7. 

Sankashtachaturthivratodyapana.(San- 
skrit  work.  See  Triibner's  "Liteiary 
Record").  Eorster  gives  one  of  152 
syllables. 

Zurchersalzverbrauchsbuchhaltungsver- 
orduuug. — Auslund. 

Coiiturbal)antur  Constantinopolitaui, 
luuumenibilibuB  suUicitudiuibus. 

CoiistantinopoUtaD  mala<lmiuistratioD 
Superiuducus  deiiaiioxializatiuii. 

Longius.  The  Roman  soldier  who 
smote  our  Lord  with  his  spear.  In  the 
romance  of  king  Arthur,  this  spear  was 
brought  by  Joseph  of  Arimathea  (o  Lis- 
teuise,  when  he  visited  king  Pellam, 
"  who  was  nigh  of  Joseph's  kin."  Sir 
Balim  the  Savage  being  in  -want  of  a 
weapon,  seized  this  spear,  with  which  he 
ivounded  king  Pellam.  "Three  whole 
countries  were  destroyed  "  by  that  one 
stroke,  and  Sir  Balim  saw  "the  people 
iliereof  lying  dead  on  all  sides." — "J/is- 
tory  of  Prince  Arthur"  vol.  !.,  chap.  41. 
Generally  called  Lonunius 

Lookers-on.     Tlu  man  on  the  dyke 

alwai/s  hurls  well.  The  man  standing  on 
the  mound,  and  looking  at  those  who  are 
playing  at  the  game  of  hurling,  can  se« 
the  faults  awd  criticise  them. 

To  look  as  big  as  bull  beef.  To  look 
stout  and  hearty,  as  if  fed  on  bull  beef. 
Bull  beef  was  formerly  recommended  for 
making  men  strong  and  muscular. 

Looking  back  (unlucky).  Thi? 
arose  from  Lot's  wife,  who  looked  back 
towards  Sodom  and  was  turned  to  a 
pillar  of  salt  (Gen.  xix.  26). 

Looking-glass.  It  is  uuhichy  to 
break  a  looking -gku^s.  The  nature  of  the 
ill-luck   varies :    thus,  if  a  maiden,   she 


LOOM. 


Lord  of  misrule.     526 


will  never  marry ;  if  a  married  woman, 
it  betokens  a  deatli ;  &c.  This  sviper- 
stition  arose  from  the  use  made  of  mirrors 
in  former  times  by  maj^icians.  If  in  their 
operations  the  mirror  used  was  broken, 
the  magician  was  obliged  to  give  over 
h48  operation,  and  the  unlucky  inquirer 
could  receive  no  answer. 

Looking-glass  of  Lao  reflected  the  mind 
as  well  as  the  outward  iorxa.— "Citizen 
oj  the  World,"  xlv. 

LiOOm;  so  c;dled  from  John  Lombo  or 
Loom,  who  erected  tho  first  machine  for 
weaving  raw  silk  at  Derby  in  1718.  The 
tnveution  came  from  Flanders. 

Loophole.  A  way  of  escape,  an 
evasion  ;  a  corruption  of  "louvre  holes." 
(5f«  Louvre.) 

Lorbrul'grud..  The  capital  of  Brob 
dingiiag.  The  word  is  humourously  said 
to  mean  "  Pride  of  theUniverse."— .5/«/i:, 
"  Gulliver's  Travels." 

Lord.  A  nobleman.  (See  Hunchback.) 
The  word  lord  is  a  contraction  of  hlaf- 
ord  (Saxon  for  "  loaf  author"  or  "broad- 
earner");  lady  is  hlaf-dig,  or  "bread- 
dispenser."  The  man  earns  the  food 
and  the  woman  dispenses  it,  or  doles  it 
out.  Retainers  were  called  hlaf-crAas,  or 
"  l)rca(l  -caters.' '  Verstegan  suggests  hlaf- 
ford,  ''bi cad-givers."    (Sve  Hunchback.) 

Lord  Burleigh.  As  significant  as 
the  shake  of  Lord  BnrleigKs  itend.  In 
"  Tho  Critic,"  by  Sheridan,  is  introduced 
a  tragedy  called  the  "Spanish  Arma'la." 
Lord  Burleigh  is  introduced,  but  is  too 
full  of  state  affairs  to  utter  a  word  j  he 
shakes  bis  head,  and  Puff  explains  what 
tbe  shalre  means. 

Lord  Fanny.  A  nickname  given  to 
Lord  Hervey  for  his  effeminate  and  fop- 
pish manners.  He  painted  his  face,  and 
was  as  pretty  in  his  ways  as  a  boarding- 
school  miss.     ( In  the  reign  of  George  II.) 

Lord  Foppington.  A  coxcomb 
who  con.siders  dress  and  fashion  the  end 
and  aim  of  nobility. —  Vunhiigh,  "The 
Relapse." 

Lord  Lovel.  Tlie  bridegroom  who 
lost  his  bride  on  tho  wedding-day.  She 
was  playing  at  hido-and-seck,  and  so- 
locted  an  old  oak  chest  for  her  hiding- 

f)lace.      The  chest  closed  with  a  spring 
ock,  and  many  years  after  her  blceleton 


told  the  sad  story  of  "  The  Mistletoe 
Bough."  Samuel  Rogers  introduces  this 
story  in  his  "Italy"  (part  i.  18).  He 
says  the  bride  was  Ginevra,  only  child 
of  Orsini,  "an  indulgent  father."  Tbe 
bridegroom  was  Francesco  Doria,  "  her 
playmate  from  her  liirth,  and  her  first 
love."  The  chest  in  which  she  was 
buried  alive  in  her  bridal  dress  was  an 
heir-loom,  "richly  carved  by  Antony  of 
Trent,  with  Scripture  stories  from  the 
life  of  Christ."  It  came  from  Venice, 
and  had  "  held  the  ducal  robes  of  some 
old  ancestor."  Francesco,  weary  of  his 
life,  flew  to  Venice  and  "  flung  his  life 
away  in  battle  with  the  Turk."  Orsini 
went  deranged,  and  spent  the  live-long 
day  "  wandering  as  in  quest  of  something, 
something  he  couhl  not  find."  Fifty 
years  after  the  chest  was  removed  by 
strangers  and  the  skeleton  discovered. 

Lord  Peter.  The  pope  is  so  called 
in  "The  History  of  John  Bull,"  by  Ar. 
buthnot. 

Lord  Strutt,  Charles  II.  of  Spaiu 
is  so  called  in  "  Tho  History  of  John 
Bull,"  by  Arbuthuot. 

Lord  Thomas  and  the  Fair  An- 

net  or  Elinor,  had  a  lovers'  quarrel, 
when  lord  Thomas  resolved  to  forsake 
Annot  for  a  nut-brown  maid  who  had 
houses  and  lands.  On  the  wedding-day 
Annefc,  in  bridal  bravery,  went  to  the 
church,  when  lord  Thomas  repented  of 
his  folly,  and  gave  Annet  a  rose.  Where- 
upon the  nut-brown  maid  killed  her  with 
a  "  long  bodkin  from  out  her  gay  head- 
gear." Lord  Thomas,  seeing  Annet  fall 
dead,  plunged  his  dagger  into  the  heart 
of  the  murderess,  and  then  stabbed  him- 
self. Over  the  graves  of  lord  Thomas 
and  fair  Annot  grew  a  "  bonny  briar, 
and  by  this  ye  may  ken  right  well  that 
they  were  lovers  dear."  In  some  ballads 
the  fair  Annet  is  called  tho  fair  Elinor.— 
I'ei-ci/,  "lieliqties"  <tc.,  series  iii.,  bk.  3. 

Lord  of  Misrule,  called  in  Scot- 
land Abbot  of  Unreason,  prohibited  in 
1^)55.  Stow"  s;iys — "At  the  feast  of 
Christmas,  in  the  king's  court,  there  was 
always  appointed,  on  All-llallow's  eve,  a 
master  of  mirth  and  fun,"  who  remained 
in  office  till  the  feast  of  Purification.  A 
similar  "  lord"  was  appointed  by  the  lord 
mayor  of  London,  the  sheriffs,  and  the 
chief  nobility.  Stubbs  tells  us  that  these 
mock    dignitAr'es   had   from    twenty   to 


526     LORD  OF  THE  ISLES. 


LOVK 


sixty  officers  umler  thom,  and  were  fur- 
nished with  hobby-horses,  dratfons,  and 
musicians.  They  first  went  to  cburch 
with  such  a  confused  noise  that  no  one 
could  hear  his  own  voice. 

Lord  of  the  Isles.  Donald  of  Islay, 
who  in  1310  roiluced  the  Hebrides  under 
his  sway.  The  title  had  been  borne  by 
others  for  centuries  before,  and  was  also 
borne  by  his  successors.  One  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  metrical  romances  is  so 
called.  This  title  is  now  borne  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales. 

Loreda'no  {James).  A  Venetian 
patrician,  and  one  of  the  "  Council  of 
Ten." — Byron,  "  The  Two  Foscari." 

Lorenzo  (in  Young's  "Night 
Thoughts").  An  atheist,  whose  remorse 
ends  in  despair. 

Lorenzo.  The  suitor  of  the  fair  Jessica, 
daughter  of  Shylock  the  Jew. — Shake- 
rpeare,  "  Merchant  of  Venice." 

Lorrequer  [Harry).  The  hero  of  a 
novel  so  called,  by  Charles  Lever. 

Lose.  '  Tis  not  I  wlw  lose  the  A  thenians, 
hut  the  Athenians  who  lose  me,  said 
Anaxag'oras,  when  he  was  driven  out  of 
Athens. 

Lost  Island.  Cephalo'nia,  so  called 
because  it  was  only  by  chance  that  even 
those  who  had  visited  it  could  find  it 
figain.  It  is  sometimes  called  "  The 
Hidden  Island." 

Lotha'rio.  A  gay  Lothario.  A  gay 
libertine,  a  seducer  of  female  modesty,  a 
debauchee.  The  character  is  from  "  The 
Fair  Penitent,"  by  Rowe. 

Lotus.  The  Egyptians  pictured  God 
sitting  on  a  loto-tree,  above  the  watery 
mud.  Jamblichus  says,  the  leaves  and 
fruit  of  the  lote-tree  being  roxmd,  repre- 
sent "the  motion  of  intellect;"  its 
towering  up  through  mud  symbolises  the 
eminency  of  divine  intellect  over  matter  ; 
and  the  deity  sitting  on  the  lote-tree 
implies  his  intellectual  sovereignty.— 
"  Myster.  Egypt.,"  sec.  7,  cap.  ii.,  p.  151. 

Lottos.  Mahomet  says  that  a  lote-tree 
stands  in  the  seventh  heaven,  on  the 
right  hand  of  the  throne  of  God. 

Dry'op'i  of  CEcha'lia  was  one  day 
carrying  her  infant  son,  when  she 
plucked  a  lotus-flower  for  his  amuse- 
ment, and  was  instantaneously  trans- 
formed into  a  lotus. 

Lotit,   daughter   of    Neptune,    fleeing 


from  Pria'pus,  was  metaraorphosed  into 
a  lotus. 

Lotus-eatera  or  Loloph'ugi,  in  Ho- 
meric legend,  are  a  people  who  ate  of  the 
lotus-tree,  the  effect  of  which  was  to 
make  them  forget  their  friends  and 
homes,  and  to  lose  all  desire  of  returning 
to  their  native  laud,  their  only  wish  be- 
ing to  live  in  idleness  in  Lotus-land. — 
"  Odyssey,"  xi. 

A  lotus-eater.  One  living  in  ease  and 
luxury. 

Loud  Patterns.  Flashy,  showy 
ones.  The  analogy  betweeu  sound  and 
colour  is  very  striking. 

Loud   as  Tom  of  Lincoln.    The 

great  church-bell. 

Louis  (St.)  is  usually  represented  as 
holding  the  Saviour's  crown  of  thorns 
and  the  cross  ;  sometimes,  however,  he 
is  represented  with  a  pilgrim's  staff,  and 
sometimes  with  the  standard  of  the  cross, 
the  allusion  in  all  cases  being  to  1  is 
crusades. 

Louse-wort  (Pedicularis  palustris). 
A  corniption  of  Loose-wort ;  so  called 
because  the  seeds  are  very  loosely  held  in 
a  spacious  inflated  capsule,  and  may  when 
dry  be  shaken  like  a  rattle. 

Louvre  (Paris),  a  corruption  of 
Lupara,  as  it  is  called  in  old  title- 
deeds. 

Dagobert  is  said  to  have  built  here  a 
hunting-seat,  the  nucleus  of  the  present 
magnificent  pile  of  bviildings. 

He'U  maie  your  Puria  Louvre  shake  for  it 
Shakiapeare,  "  Htnrn  V.."  act  it  1. 

Louvre.  The  tower  or  turret  of  a 
building  like  a  belfry,  originally  designed 
for  a  sort  of  chimney  to  let  out  the 
smoke.     (French,  I'ouveri,  the  opening.) 

Louvre  Boards  in  churches.  Before 
chimneys  were  used,  holes  were  left  in 
the  roof,  called  hovers  or  leuver  holes. 
From  the  French  I'ouveri  (the  open 
boards). 

Love  {god  of). 
Catn'deo,  in  Hindu  mythology. 
CamaJe'va,  in  Persian  mythology. 
Cupid,  in  Roman  mythology. 
Eros,  in  Greek  mythology. 
Freya,  in  Celtic  mythology. 
Kama  or  Catna,  in  Indian  mythology. 
(See  BowYER,  &c.  &c.) 

Tht  family  of  love.     A  Roct  of  fanatics 


LOVE'S  GIRDLE. 


LOWER   EMPIRE. 


5sn 


In  the  sixteenth  century,  holdins:  tenets 
not  unlike  those  of  the  Anabaptists. 

Love  and  lordship  nei>er  like  Jelloicship. 
French,  Amour  tt  sfignewie  ne  vexdeiit 
vuiiu  dt  campaijiiic  i  (jcnuui.,  lAtbe  und 
hfrrxcJia/i  leide.n  kniifi gesdUchaft ;  Italian, 
Amor  e  seiffnoria  non  vugliono  compaynla 
(Neither  lovers  nor  princes  can  brook  a 
rival). 

Love  me,  love  my  dog.  St.  Bernard 
quotes  this  proverb  in  Latin,  Qui  me  aviat, 
u-yriat  et  c.anem  meam;  French,  Qui  aime 
Bertrand,  aime  sok  chieii ;  Spanish,  Qiiien 
bien  quiers  a  leliram,  hieii  (juiet-e  a  sic  can 
(If  you  love  any  one  you  will  like  all  that 
belongs  to  him). 

Love's  Girdle.    (See  Cestus.) 

Love's  Labour's  Lost  (Shake- 
speare).  Ferdinand,  king  of  Navarre, 
with  the  three  lords,  Biron',  Longaville, 
and  Dumain,  make  a  vow  to  spend  three 
years  in  study,  during  which  time  they 
liind  themselves  to  look  upon  no  woman. 
Scarce  is  the  vow  made  when  the  princess 
of  France,  with  Rosaline,  Maria,  and 
C  atherine  are  announced,  bringing  a 
petition  from  the  king  of  France.  The 
four  gentlemen  fall  in  love  with  the  four 
ladie.s,  and  send  them  verses;  they  also 
\isit  them  masked  as  Muscovites.  The 
ladies  treat  the  whole  matter  as  a  jest, 
and  when  the  gentlemen  declare  their 
intentions  to  be  honourable,  impose  upon 
them  a  delay  of  twelve  months,  to  be 
sjient  in  works  of  charity.  If  at  the  ex- 
pirp.tion  of  that  time  they  still  wish  to 
marry,  the  ladies  promise  to  lend  a 
favourable  ear  to  th-eir  respective  suits. 

Love-lock.  A  small  curl  gummed 
to  tho  temples,  sometimes  called  a  h-iau 
or  how  catcher.  When  men  indulge  in  a 
curl  in  front  of  their  ears,  the  love-lock 
is  called  a  hell-rope — i.e.,  a  rope  to  pull 
the  belles  after  thorn.  At  tho  latter  end 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  the  love-lock 
was  decorated  with  bows  and  ribbons. 

Love  Powders  or  Potions  were 
drugs  to  excite  lust.  Once  these  love- 
charms  were  generally  believed  in  ;  thus 
Bra!>aiitio  accuses  Othello  of  having  be- 
witciiod  Desdomo'na  with  "drugs  to 
waken  motion  ;"  and  lady  Grey  was  ac- 
cused of  having  bewitched  Edward  IV. 
"  by  strange  potions  and  amorou* 
charms."  —  "Fabian,"  p.  495. 

Lovelace.  The  hero  of  Richardson's 
novel  called  "Clarissa  Hnrlowa."     He  is 


a  selfish  voluptuary,  a  m.an  of  fashion 
whose  sole  ambition  is  to  ensnare  female 
modesty  and  virtue.  Crabbe  calls  him 
"  Rich,  proud,  and  crafty  ;  handsome, 
brave,  and  gay." 

Lover's  Leap.  The  promontory 
from  which  Sappho  threw  herself  into 
the  sea  ;  now  called  Santa  Maura.  (Set 
Leucadia.) 

Loving  or  Grace  Cup.  A  large 
cup  passed  round  from  gnest  to  guest  at 
state  banquets  and  city  feasts.  Miss 
Strickland  says  that  Margaret  Atheling, 
wife  of  Malcolm  Kenmore,  in  order  to 
induce  the  Scotch  to  remain  for  grace, 
devised  the  grace  cup,  which  was  filled 
with  the  choicest  wine,  and  of  which 
each  g^est  was  allowed  to  drink  ad 
libitum  after  grace  had  been  said. — 
"Historic  Sketches." 

Loving  Cup.  On  the  introductioD 
of  Christianity,  the  custom  of  wassailing 
was  not  abolished,  but  it  assumed  a 
religious  aspect.  The  monks  called  the 
wassail  bowl  thepoc'ulum  charita'tis(\oving 
cup),  a  term  still  retained  in  the  London 
companies,  but  in  the  universities  the 
term  Grace  Cup  is  more  general.  In 
drinking  the  loving  cup,  two  adjacent 
persons  always  stand  up  together,  one  to 
drink  and  the  other  to  pledge  his  safety 
while  so  occupied. 

Low-bell.  Night-fowling,  in  which 
birds  are  first  roused  from  their  slumber 
by  tho  tinkling  of  a  boll,  and  then  daz- 
zled by  a  light  so  as  to  be  easily  caught. 
(Low,  Scotch  love,  a  flame,  as  a  "  lowe 
of  fyro  ;"  and  bell.) 

The  gound  of  the  low-b«ll  maken  the  blrJs  lleoloM, 
■0  tlint  tliey  dare  not  stir  whiJci  you  »re  pit:liing  thi- 
net,  for  th«  eounJ  thereof  ie  •licdful  to  thfiri ;  hut 
tlie  BiRh'  of  tht  fire,  much  moiv  t.rrii  le.  make''  them 
fly  up,  80  thiit  they  liecome  lustautly  enlkngleti  in  the 
aet.—" Qenl.  Recreation." 

Low  Church.  The  Timci  wittily 
dfifines  a  low-churchman  as  one  *'who 
loves  a  .Jew  and  hates  the  Pope." 

Low-High.  J'rom  lute  St.  Ja7nes's  up 
to  high  St.  Paul's  (Pope,  Satires).  In  tba 
Langorian  controversy,  Bishop  Uoadly, 
a  great  favouriiR  at  St.  James's,  was  low 
chunl),  but  l)r  Uare,  dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
was  high  church. 

Low  Sunday.  The  Sunday  next 
afttT  Eastor,  BO  called  bfcause  it  is  at  th« 
bottom  of  the  Easfr  which  it  closes. 

Lower  Empire.  The  Roman  or 
Western,  from  the  removal  of  lbs  seat  uf 


LOWLANDERS. 


LUCIFEK. 


empire  to  Constantinople  to  tlie  extinc- 
tion of  that  empire  hy  tlio  Turks  in  1453. 
Liowlanders    of    Attica  were    the 

f;entry,  so  called  bocause  they  lived  on 
he  plains,     (/'cr/ich.) 

Lownde'an Professor  (Oambiidt^e 
UniTersity),  A  professor  of  astronomy 
(and  geometry);  the  cliair  fonnded  by 
Thomas  J;owndes,  Esq.,  in  1749. 

IiOys  [loii\  so  Louis  was  written  ic 
French  till  the  time  of  Iaiuis  XIII. 

Lreux.  King  Artliur's  seneschal.  A 
braggart  and  a  coward. 

Luath  (2  eyl.).  Cuthullin's  dog  in 
Ossian's  "  Fingal ;  "  also  the  name  of  the 
poor  man's  dog  representing  the  pea- 
santry in  "The  Twa  Dog.s,"  by  Robert 
Burns,  The  gentleman's  dog-is  called 
Csosar.     Also  Fingal's  dog. 

Lubber's  Hole.  A  lazy  cowardly 
way  of  doing  what  is  appointed,  or  of 
evading  duty.  A  seaman's  expression. 
Sailors  call  the  vacant  space  between 
the  head  of  a  lower-mast  and  the  edge 
of  the  top,  the  lubber  s  hole,  because  timid 
boys  g-et  through  this  space  to  the  top, 
to  avoiii  the  uanger  and  difficulties  of 
the  "futtock  shrouds." 

Lubberkin  or  Lu'brican  (Irigh, 
Lobaircin  or  Lep'rechaun).  A  fair}-  re- 
sembling an  old  man,  by  profession  a 
maker  of  brogues,  who  resorts  to  out-of- 
the-way  places,  where  he  is  discovered 
by  the  noise  of  his  hammer.  He  is  rich, 
and  while  any  one  keeps  his  eye  fixed 
npon  him  cannot  escape,  but  the  moment 
the  eye  is  withdrawn  lie  vanishes.  (Latin, 
iu  bricus,  slippery.) 

Xiubins.  A  species  of  goblins  in 
Normandy  that  tnke  the  form  of  wolvet;, 
and  frequent  churchyards.  They  are 
very  timorous,  and  take  flight  at  the 
slightest  noise. 

Jl  apenr  de  lAtUns  (Afraid  of  ghosts). 
Said  of  a  chicken-hearted  person. 

Lucasian  Professor.  A  professor 
of  mathematics  iu  the  University  of 
Cambridge.  This  professorship  was 
founded  in  1663  by  Henry  Lucas,  Esq.. 
M.P.  for  the  University. 

Lucasta,  to  whom  Richard  Lovelace 
sang,  was  Lucy  Sacheverell,  called  by 
him  lux  casta,  i.e.,  Chaste  Lucy. 

Luce.  Flower  de  Luce.  A  corruption 
of    fleur   de    lis    (^.r.).    more    anciently 


written  "  flour©  delices."  The  French 
Messenger  .says  to  the  regent  Bedford — 

Cropped  are  the  flower  de  luce«  in  yonr  amu ; 
OI  hiiKlaud'B  I'oat  one  half  is  cut  awav— 

(Shakttprart,"l  Htnry   VI..'  I.  1> 

referring  of  course  to  the  loss  of  France. 
The  luce  or  lucy  is  a  full-grown  pike  or 
jack.  Thus  Justice  Shallow  says — "The 
luce  is  the  fresh  fish,  the  !;alt  tish  is  an 
old  coat"— 1.«.,  Lucy  is  a  new  nam«,  th"! 
old  one  was  Charlecote. —  "  Merry  Wivts 
of  Windior,"  i.  1.  (.See  Fleurs-db-LT8.] 

Luce,  the  full-grown  pike,  is  the 
Latin  luci-m,  from  the  Greek  lukos  (a 
wolf),  meaning  the  wolf  of  fishes. 

Lucia  di  Lammermoor,  called 
LMcy  Ashton  by  Sir  Walter  tjcott,  was 
the  sister  of  lord  Henry  Ashton  of  Lam- 
mermoor, who,  to  retrieve  the  fallen  for- 
tunes of  the  family,  arranges  a  marriage 
between  his  sister  and  lord  Arthur  Buck- 
law  (or  Frank  Hayston,  laird  of  Bucklaw). 
Unknown  to  Henry  Ashton,  E<ij.'ardo 
(or  Edgar),  master  of  Ravenswood,  whose 
family  has  long  been  in  a  state  of  hos- 
tility with  the  Lammermoors,  is  in  love 
with  Lucy,  and  his  attachment  is  re- 
ciprocated. While  Edgar  is  abs  nt  in 
France  on  an  embassy,  Lucy  is  ma^ie  to 
believe,  by  feigned  letters,  that  Edgar  is 
unfaithful  to  her,  and  in  her  frenzy  of 
indignation  consents  to  marry  the  laird 
of  Bucklaw ;  but  on  the  wedding-night 
she  stabs  her  husband,  goes  niad,  and 
dies. — Donizetti,  opa-a  of"  Lucia  di  Lam- 
mermoor" and  Sir  Waller  Scott,  "  Bride 
of  Lammermoor ." 

Lu'cian.  The  impersonation  of  the 
follies  and  vices  of  the  age,  metamor- 
phosed into  an  ass.  The  chief  ch.aracter 
in  the  "  Golden  Ass"  of  Appule'ius. 

Lucifer.  The  morning  star.  Venui 
is  both  an  evening  and  a  morning  star  : 
when  she  follows  the  sun  and  is  an  even- 
ing  star,  she  is  called  lies' perns;  when 
she  precedes  the  sun,  and  appears  before 
sunrise,  she  is  called  Lxuijer  (the  light- 
bringer). 

Proud  as  Lucifer.  Very  haughty  and 
overbearing.  Lucifer  is  the  name  given 
by  Isaiah  to  Nebuchadnezzar,  the  proud 
but  ruined  king  of  Babylon:  "Take  up 
this  proverb  against  the  king  of  Babylon, 
and  say.  .  .  .  How  art  thou  fallen  from 
heaven,  O  Lucifer,  son  of  the  morning  !" 
(Isa.  xiv.  4,  12).  The  poets  feign  that 
Satan,  before  he  wa«  driven  out  of  hearon 


tUCIFERA. 


LUCUS  A  NON  LUCENPO.  629 


for  bis  pride,  was  called  Lucifer.  Milton, 
in  his  "  Paradise  Lost,"  pives  this  name 
to  the  demon  of  "  Sinful  Pride." 

Lucif'era  (Pride)  lived  in  a  splendid 
palace,  only  its  foundation  was  of  sand. 
The  door  stood  always  open,  and  the 
queen  gave  welcome  to  every  comer. 
Her  six  privy  ministers  are  Idleness, 
Gluttony,  Lechery,  Avarice,  Envy,  and 
Revenge.  Those  six,  with  Pride  herself, 
are  the  seven  mortal  sins.  Her  carriat^fo 
was  drawn  by  six  dilTerent  animals,  viz., 
an  ass,  swine,  poat,  camel,  wolf,  and 
lion,  on  each  of  wliich  rotle  one  of  her 
privy  councillors,  Satan  himself  being 
coachman.  While  here  the  Red-Cross 
Knight  was  attacked  hy  Sansjoy,  who 
would  have  been  slain  if  Ducssa  had  not 
rescued  him. — Spenser,  "  Faery  Queen," 
bk.  i.  4. 

Lucifer'ians.  A  sect  of  the  fourth 
ceiitiiry,  who  refused  to  hold  any  com- 
muiiinn  with  the  Arians,  who  had  re- 
nounced their  "errors"  and  been  re- 
admitted into  the  church.  So  called 
from  Lucifer,  bishop  of  Cagliari,  their 
leader. 

Lucin'ien.  The  young  prince,  son 
of  Dolopatos  the  Sicilian  monarch,  en- 
trusted to  the  charge  of  Virgil  the  phi- 
losopher.    (See  Seven  Wise  Masters, 

and  UOLOPATOS.) 

Iiucius.    (See  Pudens.) 

IjUck.  Give  a  man  luck  and  throw 
Mm  into  Vie  sta.  Meaning  that  his  luck 
will  save  him  even  in  the  greatest  ex- 
tremity. Referring  to  Jonah  and  Ari'on, 
who  wore  cast  into  the  sea,  but  carried 
safely  to  land — the  one  by  a  whale  and 
the  other  by  a  dolphin. 

T/ie  Luck  of  J'Jdrn  Hall.  A  drinking- 
horn,  on  which  the  luck  of  the  family  is 
supposed  to  depend.    (See  Eden  Hall.) 

Luck  in  Odd  Numbers.  (-See  Odd.) 

Luckshmi  or  Luximee.  Wife  of 
Vislmoo,  and  goddess  of  wealth  and 
pro.'jpority.  —  Hindu  mythology. 

Lucre'zia  di  Borgia,  dautrhier  of 

pope  AlijxaudtT  VI.,  was  thrice  iiia»ried, 
ner  la<t  'lusiiand  being  Alfonso,  duke  of 
Ferrcx'ra.  I'-efure  her  marriage  with  the 
duke  she  had  a  n.atural  son  named  Gen' 
na'ro,  who  was  sent  to  be  brought  up  bj 
a  Neapolitan  fisherman.  When  arrivea 
it  man's  estat;  he  received  a  letter  in- 


forming him  that  ho  was  noHy  born,  and 
offering  him  a  commission  in  the  army. 
In  the  battle  of  Rim'ini,  ho  saved  the 
life  of  Orsi'ni,  and  they  became  sworn 
friends.  In  Venice  he  is  introduced  to 
the  young  nobles,  who  tell  him  of  the  ill 
deeds  of  Lucrezia  Borgia.  Each  of  them 
has  had  some  relative  put  to  death  by 
her  agency.  Genna'ro  in  his  indignation 
mutilates  the  duke's  escutcheon  with  his 
dagger,  knocking  off  the  "B"  of  his 
name,  and  changing  Borgia  into  Orgia 
(wgies).  Lucrezia,  not  knowing  who 
has  offered  the  insult,  reiviests  the  duke 
that  the  perpetrator  may  l)o  put  to  death, 
but  when  she  discovers  it  to  be  her  own 
son,  gives  him  an  antidote  to  neutralise 
the  poison  he  has  drunk,  and  releases 
him  from  his  confinement.  Scarcely  is 
he  liberated  when  he  and  his  comjianions 
are  invited  by  the  princess  Neg'roni  to 
a  banquet,  where  they  are  all  poisoned. 
Lucrezia  tells  Gennaro  he  is  her  son,  and 
dies  herself  as  soon  as  her  son  expires. — 
Donizetti!  opera. 

Lucullus  sups  with  Lucullus. 
Said  of  a  glutton  who  gormandises  alone. 
Lucullus  was  a  rich  Roman  soldier, 
noted  for  his  magnificence  and  self- 
indulgence.  Sometimes  above  £1,700 
■wets  expended  on  a  single  meal,  and 
Horace  tells  us  he  had  5,01)0  rich  purple 
robes  in  his  house.  On  one  occasion  a 
very  superb  supper  was  prepared,  .and 
when  askc<l  who  were  to  bo  his  giieststae 
"  rich  fool  "  replied,  "  Lucullus  will  sup 
to-night  with  Lucullus."   (B.C.  110-57.) 

Lucus  a  non  Lucendo. 

Bellum  (war)  quia  min'ime  bellum.— 

Priscian. 

J3l!ick,  Saxon,  bine  (white),  blckcan, 
"to  turn  while,"  as  bleach  and  blanch. 

Calid  (hot)  radically  the  same  as  the 
Saxon  cald,  German  kail  (cold). 

Cleave,  to  part,  also  signifies  to  stick 
Icgcther.     (Saxon,  clifan,  to  adhere.) 

Curta'na  (the  instrument  that  shortcm 
hy  cutting  off  the  he.ad ;  French  court, 
Itali.an  corto)  is  the  blunt  sword,  emble- 
matical of  mercy,  borne  before  our  sove- 
reigns at  their  coronation. 

Devoted  (attached  to)  is  the  I>atin 
derotus  (cursed). 

Eumenldea  (the  well-disposed) ;  tli© 
Furies. 

Euonyma  (good  name);  i.s  poisonous. 

Hiren.a  sword,  a  bully.  Gk.iri'ii'',  peace, 

LamliR  are  ruffians  employed  at  eleo 


680 


Lucy. 


LUFRA. 


tione  to  use  "  physical  force  "  to  deter 
electors  from  voting  for  the  opposition. 

licucospliero,  the  inner  and  brighter 
portion  of  the  sun's  corona.  It  is  neither 
white  nor  spherical. 

Liege  (a  king)  is  no  liege  or  bondman, 
t)ut  the  lord  of  his  liege  subjects. 

I.ily-white,  a  chimney-sweep.  *■ 

Keligion,  boud-sorvice  {re-ligo),  is  the 
service  of  which  Christ  has  made  us  free. 

Speaker  of  House  of  Commons,  The 
only  member  that  never  makes  speeches. 

Solomon.  George  III.,  so  called  by 
Dr.  Wolcott,  because  he  was  no  Solomon. 

In  their  marriage  service,  the  Jews 
break  a  wine-glass ;  the  symbol  being  "as 
this  glass  can  never  be  rejoined, so  may  our 
union  be  never  broken."  (5ee  Misnomer.) 

Lucy  {St.").  Patron  saint  for  those 
afflicted  in  the  eyes.  It  is  said  that  a 
nobleman  wanted  to  marry  her  for  the 
beauty  of  her  eyes  ;  so  she  tore  them  out, 
and  gave  them  to  him,  saying,  "  Now  let 
me  live  to  God."  The  story  says  that 
Heaven  restored  her  eyesight ;  but  the 
rejected  lover  accused  her  of  "faith  in 
Christ,"  and  she  was  martyred  by  a 
Bword  thrust  into  her  neck.  She  is 
represented  in  art  carrying  a  palm-branch, 
and  bearing  a  platter  with  two  eyes  iu  it. 

Lucy  and  Colin.  A  ballad  by 
Thomas  Tickel,  translated  into  Latin  by 
Vincent  Bourne.  Colin  forsook  Lucy  of 
Leinster  for  a  bride  "  thrice  as  rich." 
Lucy  felt  that  she  was  dying,  and  made 
request  that  she  might  be  taken  to  the 
church  at  the  time  of  Colin's  wedding. 
Her  request  was  granted,  and  when 
Colin  saw  Lucy's  corpse,  "  the  damps  of 
death  bedewed  his  brow,  and  he  died." 
Both  were  buried  in  one  tomb,  and  to 
their  grave  many  a  constant  hind  and 
plighted  maid  resort  to  "  deck  it  with 
garlands  and  true-love  knots." 

Lud.    A  mythical  king  of  Britain. 

GeJieral  Lud.  The  name  assumed  by 
the  riuglecider  of  certain  rioters,  who  in 
1811  endeavoured  to  prevent  the  intro- 
duction of  power-looms.  The  faction 
revived  in  1816,  but  was  soon  put  down 
Miss  Harriet  Martineau  says  the  name 
was  taken  from  an  imbecile  called  Ned 
Lud  of  Leicester.    (^See  Luddites.) 

Lud's  Bulw^ark.  Ludgate  prison. 
(See  above. ) 

Lud's  Town.  London  ;  so  called 
trom  Lud,  a  mythical   king-  of  Britain. 


Liidqate  is  by  a  similar  tradition  said  to 
be  tlic  gate  wheie  Lud  was  buried.     {Set 

LONDO.N.) 
Anil  on  the  gates  of  bud's  Town  Mr  your  beads. 
Shukeiptare, "  Cymhtlint,"  iy.  ?• 

Luddites  (2  syl.).  Riotous  woik- 
men  who  went  about  the  manufacturing 
districts  breaking  machines,  under  the 
notion  that  machinery  threw  men  out  of 
employ.  Miss  Martineau  says  that  the 
tei  m  arose  from  Ned  Lud,  of  Leicester- 
shire, an  imbecile  who  was  much  hounded 
by  boys.  One  day  he  cba.sed  a  set  of  tor- 
mentors into  a  house,  and  broke  two 
stocking-frames,  whence  the  leader  of 
these  rioters  was  called  General  Lud,  his 
chief  abettors  Lud's  wives,  and  his  fol- 
lowers Luddites.     (1811-1816.) 

Ludgate.  Stow  says,  "King  Lud, 
repairing  the  city,  called  it  after  his 
name  Luds  town  ;  the  strong  gate  which 
he  built  in  the  west  part,  he  likewise 
named  Lud-gate.  In  the  year  1260,  the 
gate  was  beautiful  with  images  of  Lud 
and  other  kings.  Those  images,  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.,  had  their  heads 

smitten  off Queen  Mary  did  set 

new  heads  upon  their  old  bodies  again. 
The  twenty-eighth  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
the  gate  was  newly  and  beautifully  built, 
with  images  of  Lud  and  others,  as  be- 
fore." ("Survey  of  London.")  The 
more  probable  etymon  is  the  Saxon  leode 
(people),  similar  to  the  "  Porto  del 
popoli  "  of  Rome. 

[Lud]  Built  that  gate  of  which  his  name  is  hlghL 
By  which  he  lies  entorated  eolemnly. 

Spiflx»er,  "  Faeru  Queen,"  il  x .  46. 

Ludlam.    (See  Lazy.  ) 

Luez.    (See  Luz.) 

Luff.  The  part  towards  the  wind. 
The  lujf  of  a  vessel  is  the  roundest  part 
of  her  bow. 

To  lujf  is  to  turn  the  head  of  a  ship 
towards  the  wind. 

Lujf/ — i.e.,  Put  the  tiller  on  the  lee- 
side.  This  is  done  to  make  the  ship  saU 
nearer  the  wind. 

L^(ff  round  /—Throyr  the  ship's  head 
right  into  the  wind. 

Luff  a-leel — same  as  Luff  round. 

A  ship  is  said  to  S/yring  her  luff  when 
she  yields  to  the  helm  by  sailing  nearer 
the  wind. 

Keep  the  luffl—\ha  wind  side. 

Lufra.  Douglas's  dog,  "the  fleetest 
hound  in  all  the  North." — <Str  Walter 
Scoit,  "  Lady  of  Uie  Lake,"  J.  25. 


LUGGI6. 


LUNA. 


581 


Luggie.  The  warlock  who,  when 
storms  I'revented  him  from  going:  to  sea, 
used  to  sit  on  "Luggie's  Knoil"  and  fish 
op  dressed  food. 

Luggnagg.  An  island  mentioned 
In  "Gulliver's  Travels,"  where  people 
live  for  ever.  Swift  shows  the  evil  of 
such  a  destiny,  unless  accompanied  with 
eternal  youth  and  freshness. 

Luke  (■S^).  Patron  saint  of  painters 
and  physicians.  Tradition  says  he 
painted  a  portrait  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 
From  Col.  iv.  14  he  is  supposed  to  have 
been  a  physician. 

.S(.  Luke,  in  Christian  art,  is  usually 
represented  with  an  ox  lying  near  him, 
and  generally  with  painting  materials. 
Sometimes  he  seems  engaged  painting  a 
picture  of  the  Virgin  and  infant  Saviour, 
his  description  of  the  early  life  of  the 
Saviour  being  more  minute  than  that  of 
the  other  evangelists.  Metaphrastus 
mentions  the  skill  of  St.  Luke  in  paint- 
ing ;  John  of  Damascus  speaks  of  his 
portrait  of  the  Virgin  (p.  631.  Paris, 
1712).  Many  pictures  still  extant  are 
ascribed  to  St.  Luke  ;  but  the  artist  was 
probably  St.  Luke  the  Greek  hermit; 
certainly  these  meagre  Byzantine  pro- 
ductions were  not  the  works  of  the  evan- 
gelist. (Sti  Lanzi  "Storia  Pittorica 
dell'  Italia,"  ii.  10.)  ' 

Si.  Luke's  CLub  or  The  Virtuo'sis.  An 
artists'  club,  established  in  England  by 
Sir  Antonio  Vandyke,  and  held  at  the 
Rose  Tavern,  Fleet  Street.  There  was 
an  academy  of  St.  Luke  founded  by  the 
Paris  artists  in  1391 ;  one  at  Rome, 
founde^i  in  1593,  but  based  on  the  "  Com- 
pagnia  di  San  Luca  "  of  Florence,  founded 
in  134.^  ;  a  similar  one  was  established 
at  Sienna  in  1355. 

Si.  Luke's  Summer,  called  by  the 
French  rile  de  S.  Marlin ;  hence  the 
phrase  "  L'6td  de  la  S.  Denis  a  la  S. 
Martin,"  from  October  9th  to  November 
11th,  meaning  generally  the  latter  end 
of  autumn. 

As  liglU  as  St.  Luke's  bird  {i.e.,  an  ox). 
Not  liirht  at  all,  but  quite  the  contrary. 
St.  Luke  is  generally  represented  writing, 
while  behind  him  is  an  ox,  symbolical 
of  sacrifice.  The  whole  tableau  means 
that  Luke  pre-eminently  wrote  about 
the  sacrifice  of  Jesus  Christ. 

Luke's  Iron  Crown.  George 
Mid  Luke  Dosa  headed  an  unsuccessful 
iLNolt  against  the  Hungarian  nobles  in 


the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth  centtiry. 
Luke  (accordiugtoGolll^luilh)  underwent 
the  torture  of  the  red-hot  iron  crown,  as 
a  punishment  for  allowing  himself  to 
boproclaimed  king.  Hi.-.ti)ry  !=.iys  it  was 
Georye,  not  Luke. —  The  Traveller. 

Lullaby  has  been  derived  from  Lilla, 
abi  (Lilith,  avaunt !).     {See  LiLiS.) 

There  wns  a  fairj  called  Ela^y  Q&ihon,  invoked  b; 
Durs'^s  to  watch  over  sleeping  bal>eti,  that  they  might 
not  be  changed  by  the  eives,  and  some  think  that 
lullaby  is  a  corruption  of  L'Klaby. 

LxiUian  Method.  A  mechanical 
aid  to  the  memory,  by  means  of  syste- 
matic arrangements  of  ideas  and  sub- 
jects, devised  by  Raymond  Lully,  in  the 
thirteenth  century. 

Lumber  (from  Lombard).  A  pawn- 
broker's shop.  Thus  lady  ilurray  writes  : 
"They  put  all  the  little  plate  they  had 
in  the  lumber,  which  is  pawning  it,  till 
the  ships  came  home."  The  first  pawn- 
brokers were  called  Lombards,  and  the 
places  where  pawns  were  kept  were 
called  "  lumber-rooms.  ' 

Lump.  //  yoit  don't  like  it  you  maj 
lump  it.  If  you  do  not  choose  to  take 
what  is  offered,  you  may  sit  in  the  sulks. 
In  Devonshire  the  sulks  are  called  the 
lumps,  and  our  lumpish  means  heavy, 
awk^vard,  and  ungainly. 

Lumpkin  {Ton}/),  in  "She  Stoops 
to  Conquer,"  by  Goldsmith.  A  sheepish, 
mischievous,  idle,  cunning  lout,  "  with 
the  vices  of  a  man  and  the  follies  of  a 
boy ;"  fond  of  low  company,  but  giving 
himself  the  airs  of  the  young  squire. 

Luna.  An  ancient  seaport  of  Gen'oa, 
whence  the  marble  quarried  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood is  called  "  marmo  lunense." — 
*'  Orlando  Furioso." 

Conle  di  Luiui.  Garzia,  brother  of 
count  Luna,  had  two  sons.  One  day  a 
gipsy  was  found  in  their  chamber,  and 
being  seized,  was  condemned  to  be  burnt 
alive.  The  daughter  of  the  gipsy,  out 
of  revenge,  vowed  vengeance,  and  stole 
Manri'co,  the  infant  son  of  Garzia.  It 
so  fell  out  that  the  count  and  Manrico 
both  fell  in  love  with  the  princess  Leo- 
nora, who  loved  Manrico  only.  Luna 
and  Manrico  both  fall  into  the  h.ands  of 
the  count,  and  are  conderane^i  to  death, 
when  Leonora  promises  to  "give  herself 
to  Luna,  provided  he  liberates  Manrico. 
The  count  accepts  the  terms,  and  goes 
to  the  prison  to  fulfil  his  promise,  wher 


532 


LUNAR  MONTH, 


LUSU8  NATUILR 


Leonora  dies  from  poison  which  she  has 
sucked  from  a  ringj.  Soon  as  Manrico 
sees  that  Leonora  is  dead,  he  also  dies. 
—  Verdi,  '■'■  IlTrovatore"  (an  opera). 

Lunar  Month.  About  four  weeks 
from  new  niouu  to  new  moon. 

Lunar  Year.    Twelve  lunar  months. 

Lunatics.  Jloon-stmck  persons.  The 
Romans  believed  that  the  mind  was 
affected  by  the  moon,  and  that  "  lunatics" 
were  more  and  more  frenzied  as  the  moon 
increased  to  its  full.    (See  Avektjn.) 

Luncheon,  Welsh  llwnc,  a  gulp ; 
llt/ticic,  to  swallow  at  a  gulp.  The  notion 
of  its  derivation  from /once  is  absurd,  1st, 
becau.se  the  Spanish  is  not  fonce  but  las 
once;  and,  2nd,  because  it  is  not  likely  we 
should  go  to  Spain  for  such  a  word. 

Liingaggi'ni.  Dull,  tedious  twad- 
dlers ;  prosy  talkers.  Lungag'nola  is 
prosy  twaddle  (Italian). 

Lungs  of  London.  The  parks.  In 
a  deb-.ite,  30th  of  June,  1808,  respecting; 
encri)achments  upon  ILyde  Park,  Mr. 
Windham  said  it  was  the  "  lungs  of 
London." 

Lunsford,  A  name  used  in  terrorem 
over  children.  He  was  Sir  Thom.as 
Lunsfor  i,  governor  of  the  Tower:  a  man 
of  most  vindictive  temper,  and  the  dread 
of  every  one. 

Lu'percal.  A  festival  held  by  the 
Romans  on  the  15th  February,  in  honour 
of  Lu'percus,  the  god  of  fertility. 

Lupus  et  Agnus.  A  mere  pre- 
tence to  found  a  quarrel  on.  The  words 
are  the  Latin  title  of  the  well-known  fable 
of  "  The  Wolf  and  the  Lamb." 

Lurch.  To  leave  in  the  lurch.  A  lurch 
or  siaiu  is  when  one  of  the  players  wins 
the  entire  game  before  his  adversary  has 
scored  a  single  point. 

Lush.  Beer  and  other  intoxicating 
drinks;  so  called  from  Lushington  the 
brewer. 

Lu'siad.  The  adventures  of  the 
Lu.«ians  or  Portuguese  under  Vasquez  da 
Gama  in  their  *'  discovery  of  India." 
The  fleet  first  sailed  to  Mozambique,  in 
Africa,  but  Bacchus  (the  guardian  power 


of  the  Mahometans)  raised  a  commotion 
against  the  Lusians,  and  a  battle  ensued 
in  which  the  Lusians  were  victorious.  The 
fleet  was  next  conducted  by  treachery  to 
Quil'oa,  a  hcarbour  on  the  east  coast  of  the 
same  continent;  but  Venus  or  Divine  love, 
to  save  her  favourites  from  danger,  drove 
them  away  by  a  tempest,  and  Hermes 
bade  Gama  steer  for  Melinda,  in  Africa, 
At  Melinda  the  Lusians  were  hospitably 
received,  and  the  king  of  the  country 
notonlyvowedetemalfriendship,  but  also 
provided  a  pilot  to  conduct  the  fleet  to 
India.  In  the  Indian  Ocean  Bacchus 
tried  to  destroy  the  fleet,  but  "the  silver 
star  of  Divine  love"  calmed  the  sea,  and 
Gama  arrived  at  India  in  safety.  Having 
accomplished  his  object,  Gama  retumwl 
to  Lisbon. 

N.B.— Gama  sailed  three  times  to 
India : — (1)  with  four  vessels,  in  1497, 
returning  to  Lisbon  in  two  years  and  trro 
months  ;  he  was  appointed  admiral  of  the 
Eastern  seas.  (2)  In  1502,  with  twenty 
ships,  when  he  was  attacked  by  the 
Zamorin  cr  king  of  Calicut,  whom  be 
defeated,  and  returned  to  Lisbon  the 
year  following  ;  and  (3)  when  John  III. 
appointed  him  viceroy  of  India.  He 
established  his  government  at  Cochin, 
where  he  died  in  1525.  It  is  the  first  of 
these  voyages  which  is  the  subject  of  the 
Lusiad  by  Camoens. 

Lusita'nia.  Ancient  name  for  Por- 
tugal, said  to  be  so  called  from  Lusus. 
(See  Lusus.) 

Lusita'nian  Prince.  Don  Henry, 
third  son  of  Joam  I.,  king  of  Portugal  — 

Who  heBTeD-iD9pired, 
To  lore  of  u<>eful  glory  roused  maukind. 
And  in  unbounded  commerce  mixed  the  irorld. 
Thurmon,  "  i>un\mer." 

Lustrum.  A  space  of  five  years. 
The  word  means  a  purification.  These 
public  expiations  were  made  by  the  censors 
every  fifth  year,  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
census.     (Latin,  lii'ere,  to  piu-ify.) 

Lus'us.  The  sons  or  race  of  Lxts^u. 
Pliny  (iii.  1.)  tells  us  that  Lusus  was  the 
companion  of  Bacchus  in  his  travels,  and 
settled  a  colony  in  Portugal;  whence  the 
country  was  termed  Lusita'nia,  and  the 
inhabitants  Lusians. 

Lusiis  Natu'rae  {Latin).  A  freak 
of  nature  ;  as  a  man  witt  six  toes,  a 
sheep  with  two  heads,  a  stone  shaped  like 
&  well-known  object,  &c. 


LUTESTKINO. 


DLViA. 


585 


Lutestring.  A  glossy  silk;  a  cor- 
ruption of  lustring,  from  the  French 
histie. 

To  s^peak  in  lutestnng.  Flash,  highly- 
polished  oratory.  The  expression  was 
first  used  in  "Junius."  Shakespeare  has 
"Taffeta  phrases  and  silken  terras  pre- 
cise." Wo  call  inflated  speech  "fustian" 
(q.v.)  or  "bombast"  (q.v.);  say  a  man 
talks  stuff;  term  a  book  or  speech  made 
up  of  other  men's  brains,  shoddy  (q.v.) ; 
sailors  call  telling  a  story  "  spinning  a 
yarn,"  &c.  &c. 

Lute'tia.  Mud-hovels ;  the  ancient 
name  of  Paris.  The  Romans  called  it 
Lutella  Parisio'rum,  the  mud-town  of  the 
Parisii.  The  former  word  being  dro[)ped, 
has  left  the  present  name  Paris.  (Celtic, 
iovlou-hesi,  mud-dwcUings.) 

Luther's  Hymn-  "Great  God, 
what  do  1  see  and  Lear,"  and  "  A  safe 
stronghold,"  &c. 

Lu'therans.  Dr.  Eck  was  the  first  to 
call  the  followers  of  Martin  Luther  by  this 
name.     It  was  used  by  way  of  contempt. 

Lu'tin.  A  soi-t  of  goblin  in  the 
mythology  of  Normandy,  very  similar  to 
the  house-spirits  of  Germany  and  Scan- 
dinavia. Sometimes  it  assumes  the 
form  of  a  horse  ready  e(iuipped,  and  in 
this  shape  is  called  Le  Cheval  Bai/ard. 

To  Lidin  is  to  twist  hair  into  elf-locks. 
Sometimes  these  mischievous  urchins  so 
tanflo  the  mane  of  a  horse  or  he.ad  of  a 
child  tliat  the  hair  must  bo  cut  off. 

Lc  Prince  Lutin,  by  the  countess 
D'Aulnoy. 

Luxemburgers.  The  people  of 
Luxemburg.  Similarly  wo  have  Augs- 
burgers,  Carlsburgers,  Edinburgers, 
Frilnirgers,  Hamburgers,  and  many 
more. 

Luz  or  Luez.  The  indestructible 
bono ;  the  nucleus  of  the  resurrection 
body. 

"liow  doth  a  man  revive  aeaiu  ia  th*  worlil  to 
•ome  ?"  ai'lvcJ  lladri  lu  :  and  Jushu.i  lien  Hanani'ah 
made  answer,  "  i'min  luz  in  tlic  backlioue."  lie 
then  went  on  to  rteniuintraie  tliU  to  liini :  lie  ick 
llie  hone  luz,  and  put  it  into  water,  I  ut  ti.e  water  had 
no  aclion  on  it ;  lie  cut  it  m  llio  lire,  but  the  fire 
consumed  it  not ;  he  fdaceJ  it  in  ainill,  hutcould  nut  I 
Rvind  it :  and  laid  it  on  au  anvil,  but  the  hammer 
crushed  It  uut— Lid  hi  fool. 

Lyb'ius  (Hir).  A  very  young  knight 
who  undertook  to  rescue  the  lady  of 
Sinadoue.  After  overcoming  various 
knights,  giants,  and  euchanters,  he  en-   i 


tored  the  palace  of  the  lady.     Presently 

the  whole  edifice  fell  to  pieces  about  hie 
ears,  and  a  horrible  serpent  coiled  round 
his  neck  and  kissed  him.  The  spell  being 
broken,  the  serpent  turned  into  the  lady 
of  Sinadone,  who  married  the  knight 
that  so  gallantly  rescued  her.  — "Libeaux" 
(a  romance). 

Lycaon'ian  Tables  (Lycaonia 
meyisce).  Execrable  food.  Lyca'on,  de- 
sirous of  testing  the  divine  knowledge  of 
Jove,  who  had  honoured  him  with  a  visit, 
served  up  human  flesh  on  his  table  ;  for 
which  the  god  changed  him  into  a  wolf. 

Lye'idas.  The  name  under  which 
Milton  celebrates  the  untimely  death  of 
Edward  King,  Fellow  of  Christ  College, 
Cambridge,  who  was  drowned  iu  his 
passage  from  Chester  to  Ireland,  Au<rust 
10th,  1()37.  He  was  the  son  of  Sir  John 
King,  secretary  for  Ireland. 

Lycis'ea  [half  wolf,  half  dog).  One 
of  the  doga  of  ActJBon.  In  Latin 
it  is  a  common  term  for  a  shepherd's 
ddg,  and  is  so  used  by  Virgil  {Eclogue 
iii.  18). 

Lycopo'dium,  wolf's  foot,  from  a 
fancUul  n'.sriiihiauce  thereto. 

Lydford  Law  is,  punish  first  and 
try  afterwards.  Lydford,  in  the  coimty 
of  Devon,  was  a  fortified  town,  in  which 
was  an  ancient  castle,  where  were  held 
the  courts  of  the  duchy  of  Cornwall. 
Offenders  against  the  stannary  laws 
were  confined  before  trial  in  a  dungeoL 
80  loathsome  and  dreary,  that  it  gave 
rise  to  the  proverb  referred  to.  The 
castle  was  destroyed  by  the  Danes.  {See 
Cowi'ek's  Law.) 

Lydia,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Lydia, 
was  sought  in  marriage  by  Alcestes,  a 
Thraciau  knight ;  his  suit  was  refused, 
and  he  repaired  to  the  king  of  Armenia, 
who  gave  him  an  army  with  which  he 
laid  siejj;e  to  Lydia.  Uo  was  persuaded 
by  Lydia  to  raise  the  siege.  The  king 
of  Armenia  would  not  give  up  the  project, 
and  Alcestes  slew  him.  Lydia  now  set 
him  all  sortsof  dangerous  tasks  to  "  prove 
the  ardour  of  his  love,"  all  of  which  he 
surmounted.  Lastly,  she  induced  him 
to  put  to  death  all  his  allies,  and  when 
she  had  cut  oil"  tlio  claws  of  tbe  love-sick 
lion,  she  mocked  him.  Alcestes  pined 
and  died,  anil  Lydia  was  doomed  to  end- 
loss  torment  in  hoU,  where  Aatolpho  sa« 


634        LYDIA  LANGUISH. 


hor,  to  whom  she  told  her  story.—  "  Or- 
lando Furioso,"  bk.  xvii. 

Lydia  Langmsh,  in  "The  Rivals," 
by  Sheridan. 

Lydian  Poet  (The).  Alcman  of 
Lydia.     (Fl.  B.C.  670.) 

Lying.  Lying  for  the  whetstone.  Said 
of  a  person  who  is  grossly  exaggerating 
or  falsifying  a  statement.  Odo  of  tbo 
Whitsun  amusements  of  our  forefathers 
was  the  lie- wage  or  lie-match ;  he  who 
could  tell  the  gi-eatest  lie  carried  off  a 
whetstone  as  his  reward.  The  nature 
of  these  contests  may  be  illustrated  by 
the  following  well-known  extravaganza  : 
one  of  the  combatants  declared  he  could 
see  a  fly  on  the  top  of  a  church-steeple  ; 
the  other  replied,  "  Oh  yes,  I  saw  him 
wink  bis  eye." 

Lying  Traveller  {The).  So  Sir 
John  Mandeville  has  been  unjustly  called. 
C1300-1372.) 

Lying  by  the  Wall.  Dead  but  not 
buried.  Saxon,  w(^l  (death).  He  is  lying 
with  the  dead. 

Lyn.  Cease.  (Anglo-Saxon, //«?;a«, 
to  cease.) 

Lynch-law.  Mob-law,  law^  ad- 
ministered by  private  persons.  Lynch 
is  Saxon  for  a  club  ;  whence  the  nearly 
obsolete  verb  linch,  to  beat  or  chastise, 
and  the  compound  linch-pin,  which  is 
tlie  pin  of  the  "lynis"  or  axle.  Ac- 
cording to  Webster,  the  word  lynch  refers 
to  James  Lynch,  a  farmer,  of  Piedmont 
in  Virginia.  The  tale  is  that,  as  Pied- 
mont, on  the  frontier,  was  seven  miles 
from  any  law-court,  the  neighbours,  in 
16S6,  selected  James  Lynch,  a  man  of 
good  judgment  and  great  impartiality, 
to.  pass  sentence  on  offenders  on  the 
nonce.  His  judgments  were  so  judicious 
that  he  acquired  the  name  of  Judge 
Lynch,  and  this  sort  of  law  went  by 
the  name  of  LjTich-law.  In  confirma- 
tion of  this  story,  we  are  told  there  was 
a  James  Lynch  FitzStephen,  who  was 
warden  of  Galway  in  1526 ;  and  in  the 
capacity  of  warden  he  passed  sentence 
of  death  on  his  own  son  for  murder. 
(S«<  Burlaw.) 

LynchnoTDians.  Booksellers  and 
publishers.  Rabelais  says  they  inhabit 
a  little  hamlet  near  Lantern-land,  and 
live  by  lanterns. — "  Pantag'ruel' ,"  v  33- 


M. 


Lynx-eyed.  Having  as  keen  a  sight 
as  a  lynx. 

Lyon  King-of-Arma.  Chief  he- 
raldic officer  for  Scotland  ;  so  called  from 
the  lion  rampant  in  the  Scottish  regal 
escutcheon. 

Lyonnesse  (3  syl.).  "That  sweet 
land  of  Lyonnesse  "—a  tract  between 
the  Land's  End  and  the  Scilly  Isles,  now 
submerged  full  "forty  fathoms  under 
water."  Arthur  came  from  this  mythical 
country. 

Lyre. 

A  mphi'on  built  Thebes  with  the  muao 
of  his  lyre,  for  the  very  stones  moved  of 
their  own  accord  into  walls  and  houses. 

Ari'on  charmed  the  dolphins  by  the 
music  of  his  lyre,  and  when  the  bard  was 
thrown  overboard  one  of  them  carried 
him  safely  to  Tse'narus. 

Hercules  was  taught  music  by  Linus. 
One  day,  being  reproved,  the  strong  man 
broke  the  head  of  his  master  with  his 
own  lyre. 

Orphews  charmed  savage  beasts,  and 
even  the  infernal  gods,  with  the  music 
of  his  lyre. 

Lyttelton,  invoked  by  Thomson  in 
his  "Spring,"  was  George,  lord  Lyttelton, 
of  Hagley,  Worcestershire,  who  procured 
from  the  prince  of  Wales  a  pension  of 
£100  a  year  for  the  poet.  Lucinda  was 
Lucy  Fortescue,  daughter  of  Hugh  For- 
tescue,  of  Devonshire. 


M 


M.  This  letter  represents  the  wav> 
appearance  of  water,  and  is  called  in 
Hebrew  mem  (water). 

M  (initial  of  manslaughter).  The 
brand  of  a  person  convicted  of  that 
offence,  and  admitted  to  the  benefit  of 
clergy.  It  was  burnt  on  the  brawn  of 
the  left  thumb. 

M  in  numerals  is  the  initial  of  miHtf 

a  thousand. 

Whosoever  prayeth  for  the  soul  of  Joho  Oower  he 
shall,  so  oft  as  he  so  doth,  have  a  M.  aud  a  D.  daji 
of  pardou.— (rouier't  'lahlet. 

M.  The  Jive  Ms:  Mansa,  Matsya, 
Madya,  Maithuna,  and  Jludra  (flesh,  fish, 
wine,  womeix,  and  gesticulation).  The 
five  forms  of  Hindu  asceticism. 


M. 


MACARONIC  LATIN.       636 


M' — i.t.,  Mac.  A  Gaelic  prefix  mean- 
ing son.  (Gothic,  magiw:,  a  son  ;  Sanskrit, 
mah,  to  grow;  Welsh,  inagu,  to  breed.) 
The  Welsh  ap  is  mac  changed  to  map, 
and  contracted  into  'ap  or  'p,  as  Apadani 
('Ap  Adam),  Prichard  {'P  Richard). 

M  or  W  in  the  Catechism.  M  is  a 
contraction  of  NN  (names) ;  N  is  for 
name.  The  respondent  is  required  to  give 
his  names  if  he  has  more  than  one,  or  his 
name  if  only  one. 

In  the  marriage  service,  M  stands  for 
mojt  (the  man)  or  mari'liis  (the  bride- 
groom), and  N  for  7iHpta  (the  bride). 

There  are  some  who  think  M  stands 
for  Mary,  the  patron  saint  of  girls,  and 
N  for  N^icholas,  the  patron  saint  of  boys. 

M.D.  The  first  woraaa  that  obtained 
this  degree  was  Elizabeth  Blackwell,  of 
the  United  States  (18-19). 

M.P.  Member  of  Parliament,  but  iu 
slang  language  Member  of  the  Police. 

MS.,  manuscript ;  MSS.,  manu- 
scripts ;  generally  applied  to  literary 
Works  in  penmanship.  (Latin,  manu' 
seriptum,  what  is  written  by  the  hand. ) 

Ma.  The  goddess  of  truth  and 
justice. — Egyptian  mythology. 

Ma.  The  fox  is  so  called  by  the 
Japanese  because  of  its  ravages.  It  is 
the  name  of  a  malignant  spirit. 

Ma.  Rhea,  so  called  by  the  Lydians  ; 
also  the  nurse  of  Bacchus. 

Mab.  Tho  "fairies'  midwife,"  i.e., 
employed  by  the  fairies  as  midwife  of 
dreams  (to  deliver  man's  brain  of  druanis). 
Thus  when  Romeo  says,  "  I  dreamed  a 
dream  to-night,"  Mercutio  replies,  "  O 
then,  I  see  queen  Mab  hath  been  with 
you."  Sir  Walter  Scott  follows  in  the 
same  track  ;  "  I  have  a  frieud  who  is 
peculiarly  favoured  with  the  visits  of 
queen  Mab,"  meaning  with  dreams 
("The  Antiquary").  When  Mab  is  called 
"queen"  it  does  not  mean  sovereign,  for 
Titan'ia  was  O'beron's  wife,  but  simply 
female  ;  both  midwives  and  monthly 
nurses  were  anciently  called  queens  or 
queans.  Qiie'n  or  even  in  Saxon  meani; 
neither  more  nor  less  than  wooiaii ;  so 
"elf-queen"  and  the  Danish  "  elle- 
quinde"  tne:in  Jemale  elf ,  and  not  "queen 
of  the  elves,"  Excellent  descriptions  of 
"Mistress  Mat)"  are  given  by  Shake- 
Bpeare  ("Romeo  and  Juliet,"  i.  4^,  by 
Ren  Jonson,  by  Herrick,  ami  by  Drayton 


in  his  "  Nimphidea."      (Mab,  Welsh,  a 
baby.) 

Maca'ber.  The  Dance  Macaber.  The 
Dance  ul  Death  (q.v.). 

Macad'amise  (4  syl.).  Using  broken 
stones  for  road  metal,  and  making  the 
road  convex  instead  of  concave  ;  a  method 
introduced  by  Sir  John  L.  Macadam. 
(1756-1836.) 

Maeaire  (2  syl. ).  A  favourite  name 
in  French  plays,  insomuch  that  Robert 
Maeaire  is  sometimes  used  generically  for 
a  Frenchman.  It  is  said  that  Aubry  de 
Montdidier  was  murdered  in  the  forest  of 
Bondy  in  1371.  His  dog  conceived  such 
a  hatred  against  Richard  Maeaire,  that 
suspicion  was  aroused,  and  it  was  re 
solved  to  pit  the  man  and  dog  together. 
The  result  was  fatal  to  the  man,  who 
diod  confessing  his  guilt. 

Maa'amut.  Sultan  of  Cambaya,  who 
lived  upon  poison,  with  which  he  was  so 
saturated  tiiat  his  breath  or  touch  carried 
instant  death. — Purchas. 

Macare  (French).  The  impersona- 
tion of  good-temper,  in  Voltaire's  allegory 
of  "  Tholeme  and  Macare." 

Macar'iua  (St.).  An  Egyptian  an- 
chorite, noted  for  giving  his  name  to  the 
Mac'aber  Dance,  or  Dance  of  Death. 
Three  noblemen  hawking  arrived  at  hi.s 
cell,  and  the  anchorite  pointed  out  to 
them  three  coffins  —  one  containing  a 
skeleton,  and  the  other  two  dead  bodico 

Macaro'ni.  A  dandy.  The  word  is 
derived  from  the  Macaroni  club,  insti- 
tuted by  a  set  of  flashy  men  who  had 
tnavelled  in  Italy,  and  introduced  Italian 
macaroni  at  Al mack's  subscription  table. 
The  Macaronies  were  the  most  exquisite 
fops  that  ever  disgraced  the  name  of 
man  ;  vicious,  insolent,  fond  of  gambling, 
drinking,  and  duelling,  they  were  (about 
1773)  the  curse  of  Vauxhall  Gardens. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  Macaronies  for  only  two 
tliiiiKB :  tlie  one  is  the  introductiuu  of  that  evwMent 
.  .  .  dish.  m:icaruDi,au<l  Ilie  otiieris  the  inveuiiou  of 
that  useful  slnug  word  "  hore  "  tho^ii],  which  origin- 
ally rn'^aul  any  opponent  of  dandyism.— CaMtU't 
J/ac«Ji"«.  "  London  Legtndt,"  iiL 

Macaron'ic  Latin.  Dog  Latin. 
From  macaro'iie,  a  medley,  a  merry 
Andrew  ;  hence,  macaronic,  foolish, 
strangely  mixed  and  jumbled  together. 
The  cake  called  iu  Italian  macai-oni  is  a 
mixture  of  coarse  meal,  eggs,  and  obeeso, 
—  Thomatin,  "  KUg."  p.  72. 


636      MACAIIONIC  VEKbS. 


MAU  liii^TH. 


Macaron'ic  Verse.  Verses  in  which 
foreifiTi  words  are  ludicrously  distorted 
and  jumbled  to^'ether,  asm  Porsou's  lines 
in  the  thrcateuod  iuvasiuaof  Enj^land  by 
Napoloou.  So  called  by  Teof  ilo  Folengo, 
a  Mantuan  monk  of  noble  family,  who 
published  a  book  entitled  "  Liber  Maca- 
ronico'rum,"  a  poetical  rhapsody  made 
up  of  words  of  different  languages,  and 
treating  of  "  pleasant  matters "  in  a 
comical  style  (1520).  Folengo  is  gene- 
rally called  Merlinus  C'occaius,  or  Mer- 
lino  Coccajo.      {See  preceding.) 

Macbeth  (Shakespeare).  The  story 
is  taken  from  Holinshed,  who  copied  it 
from  the  "History  of  Scotland,"  by 
Hector  Boece  or  Boyce,  in  seventeen 
volumes  (1527).  This  history  written  in 
Latin  was  translated  by  John  Bellenden 
(1531-L535). 

*.'  History  states  that  Macbeth  slew  Duncan  &t 
Bothi^owau,  near  EIriu,  in  id^!),  and  not  as  Slmke- 
speare  says,  at  his  casth  of  Inverness,  the  atiack 
was  made  because  Duucan  had  usurped  the  throi.a 
to  which  Macbeth  hiid  the  1-elter  claim-  As  a  kmi?, 
Macbeth  proved  a  very  just  and  equiiable  prince,  but 
the  partisans  of  Malcolm  got  head,  and  succeeded  in 
deposing  JIaclietli.  who  was  sl-iiu  in  inoii  at  Lum- 
phauau.  Hewasthaueof  Cromarty  [Glaniisl,  and 
afierwards  of  Moray  1  OawdorJ.— Lardiier,  "  Cabinet 
Oi/ciopiedia." 

Lady  Macbeth.  The  wife  of  Macbeth. 
Ambition  is  her  sin,  and  to  gain  the 
object  of  her  ambition  she  hesitates  at 
nothing.  Her  masterful  mind  sways  the 
weaker  Macbeth  to  "the  mood  of  what 
she  liked  or  loathed."  She  is  a  ]Mede'a, 
or  Catharine  de'  Medici,  or  Cresar  Bor'gia 
infemale  form.  — Shakespeare,  "Machelh." 

*»*  The  real  name  of  lady  Macbeth  was  Graoch, 
and  iustead  of  being  uiged  to  the  murder  of  Duncan 
through  ambition,  she  was  goad,  d  by  deadly  injuries. 
She  was,  in  tact,  the  itrand  daughrerof  Keuiielh  IV., 
killed  111.  10i«.  tightuig  aiiaiusi  Malcolm  II.— iard- 
mr,  "  Cubiiie.1  Ci/dopocd-Ai,"  vol.  i.  17,  &c. 

TWacbriar  {Ephraim).  An  enthu- 
siastic preacher  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
"  Old  Mortality." 

Maecabas'us.  The  llamvurer.  A 
surname  given  to  Judas  Asmonteus ; 
similar  to  "Martel,"  the  name  given  to 
Charles,  son  of  Pepin  He'ristel,  who  beat 
down  tue  Saracens  as  w-ith  a  sledge- 
hammer. Some  think  the  name  is  a 
notai'icaor  acrostic:  Mi  CamokahBaelim 
JeliDVith  (Who  is  like  to  thef  among  the 
gods,   O  Lord?). — Exodus  xv.  11.     {See 

NOTARICA.) 

Maeduflf*.  The  thane  of  Fife.  A 
Scotch  nobleman  whoso  castle  of  Kenno- 
way  was  surprised  by  Macbeth,  and   his 


wife  and  babes  "  savagely  slaughtered." 
Macduff  vowed  vengeance,  and  joined 
the  army  of  Siward,  to  dethrone  the 
tyrant.  On  reaching  the  royal  castle  of 
Dunsinano,  they  fought,  and  Macbeth 
WP.S  s\&\n.— Shakespeare,  "Macbeth." 

•.•  History  .slates  that  Macbeth  was  defeated  kt 
Dunsiiiane,  but  fscaped  from  the  battle,  and  wai 
eliiu  at  Luinphauau  in  1UO0. —Xardr;«r,  "CabinOi 
Cuctoiicedia,"  i.,  p- 17,  io. 

Mae  Farlane's  Geese.  The  proverb 

is  that  "  Mac  Farlane's  geese  like  their 
play  better  than  their  meat."  The  wild 
geese  of  Inch-Tavoe  (Loch  Lomond)  used 
to  be  called  Mac-Farlane's  geese  because 
the  Mac  Farlanes  had  a  house  and  garden 
on  the  island.  It  is  said  that  the.se  geesa 
never  returned  after  the  extinciion  of 
that  house.  One  day  James  VI.  vi.sited 
the  chieftain,  and  was  highly  amused  by 
the  gambols  of  the  geese,  but  the  one 
served  at  table  was  so  tough  that  the 
king  exclaimed,  "  Mac  Farlane's  geese 
Hke  their  play  better  than  their  meat." 

Mac  Fleck'noe,  in  Dryden's  famous 
satire,  is  Thomas  ShadweU,  poet  laureate, 
whose  immortality  rests  on  the  not  very 
complimentary  line  of  "  ShadweU  never 
deviates  into  sense."     (lt)40-1692. ) 

N.B. — Flecknoe  was  an  Irish  Roman 
Catholic  priest,  doggrel  sonneteer,  and 
playwright.  ShadweU,  according  to 
Di'yden,  was  his  double. 

Mac  Gregor.  The  motto  of  the 
Mac  Gregors  is,  "  E'eu  do  and  spair 
nocht,"  said  to  have  been  given  them  in 
the  twelfth  century  by  the  kii]g  of  Scot- 
land. While  the  king  was  hunting  he 
was  attacked  by  a  wild  boar,  when  Sir 
Malcolm  requested  permission  to  encoun- 
ter the  creature.  "  E'en  do,"  said  the 
king,  "and  spair  nocht."  Whereupon 
the  strong  baronet  tore  up  an  oak  sap- 
ling and  dispatched  the  enraged  animal 
For  this  defence  the  king  gave  Sir  Mal- 
colm permission  to  use  the  said  motto, 
and,  in  place  of  a  Scotch  fir,  to  adopt  for 
crest  an  oak-tree  ei'adicate,  proper. 

Roh  Roy  Mac  Gre<jor  or  RuLerl  Camp- 
bell, the  outlaw.  A  Highland  freebooter, 
the  hero  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Ilob 
Roy."  His  wife's  name  is  Helen,  and 
their  eldest  son,  Haniish.  In  the  "Two 
Drovers,"  Mac  Gregor  or  I\Iac  Combich 
(Robin  Oig)  is  a  Highland  drover, 

Mac  Heath  (Captain).  A  highway, 
m^,    hero   of   "  The  Beggar's  dper%,'' 


Macuiavelh 


Macreons. 


537 


hy  Gay.     A  fine,  gay,  bold-faced  ruffian, 
game  to  the  very  last. 

Mac'hiavelli.  T/ie  Imperial  Machia- 
vein.  Tiberius  the  Eoman  emperor. 
(B.C.  42toA.D.  37.) 

Machiavellism.  Political  cunning 
and  overreaching  hy  diplomacy,  accord- 
ing to  tlie  pernicious  political  principles 
of  Niccolo  del  Machiavelli,  of  Florence, 
set  forth  in  his  work  called  "The  Prince." 
The  general  scope  of  this  book  is  to  show 
that  rulers  may  resort  to  any  treachery 
and  artifice  to  uphold  their  arbitrary 
power,  and  whatever  dishonourable  acts 
princes  may  indulge  in  are  fully  set  off 
by  the  insubordination  of  their  subjects. 
(1469-1527.) 

Mae  Intyi'e  {Captain  Hector).  Bro- 
ther of  Maria  Maclntyre,  the  antiquary's 
niece,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "Antiquary." 

Mac  Ivor  {Fergus).  Chief  of  Glen- 
iiaquoich,  and  brother  of  Flora  Mac  Ivor, 
the  lieroine  of  "  Waverley,"  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott. 

Mackintosh  or  Macintosh.  Cloth 
waterproofed  with  caoutchouc,  patented 
by  Mr.  Macintosh. 

Macklin.  The  real  name  of  this 
^eat  actor  wais  'Jharles  M'Laughlin,  but 
he  changed  it  gd  coming  to  England. 
(I'i0o.l797.) 

Maciniiranitts(4syl.).  A  religious 
sect  of  Scotlan<l,  who  succeeded  the 
Covenanters  ;  so  named  from  John  Mac- 
niillan,  their  leader.  They  called  them- 
selves the  "  Reformed  Presbytery." 

Mac  Pherson.  During  the  reign 
of  David  I.  of  Scotland,  a  younger  brother 
of  the  chief  of  the  powerful  olan  Chattan 
espoused  the  clerical  life,  and  iu  due 
time  became  abbot  of  Kingussie.  His 
elder  brother  died  childless,  and  the 
chieftainship  devolved  on  the  abbot. 
He  procured  the  needful  dispensation 
from  the  pope,  married  the  daughter  of 
the  thane  of  Calder,  and  a  swarm  of 
litil«  "  Kingussies"  was  the  result.  The 
good  people  of  Inverness-shire  called 
them  the  Mac-p/ierso)is — i.e.,  the  sons  of 
the  parson. 

Macsyc'ophant  ^Sir  Pertinax).  In 
"Tlio  Man  of  the  World,"  by  Charles 
Macklin,  Sir  Pertinax  "  bowed,  and 
bowed,  and  bowed,"  and  cringed,  and 
fawned,  to  obtain  tlie  object  of  his  am- 
bition. 


Mac  Tab.  Th«  IlononraUe  Mitt 
Lucretia  Mac  Tab,  A  poor  Scotch  relative 
of  Emily  Worthington  "  on  her  deceased 
mother's  side,  and  of  the  noble  blood  of 
the  Mac  Tabs."  She  lived  on  the  Wor- 
thingtons,  always  snubbing  them  for  not 
appreciating  the  honour  of  such  a  noUe 
hanger-on,  and  always  committing  the 
most  ludicrous  mistakes  from  her  extra- 
vagant vanity  and  family  pride. — Gtorgt 
Colman,  "  The  Poor  Gentleman." 

Mac  Turk  {Captain  Mungo  or  Hec- 
tor). •'  The  man  of  peace "  at  the  Spa 
Hotel,  and  one  of  the  Managing  Com- 
mittee.—^ir  Walter  Scott,  "St.  Ronan't 
Well.'' 

Mace.  Originally  a  club  armed  with 
iron,  and  used  in  war.  Both  sword  and 
mace  are  ensigns  of  dignity,  suited  to 
the  times  when  men  went  about  in 
armour,  and  sovereigns  needed  champions 
to  vindicate  their  rights. 

Macedon.  Macednn  is  not  worth'/  of 
thee,  is  what  Philip  said  to  his  son  Alex- 
ander, after  his  achievement  with  the 
horse  Buceph'alos,  which  he  subdued  to 
his  will,  though  only  eighteen  years  of 
age. 

Edward  III.,  after  the  battle  of  Cre9y, 
in  which  the  Black  Prmce  behaved  very 
valiantly,  exclaimed,  "  Aly  brave  boy,  go 
on  as  you  have  begun,  and  you  will  be 
worthy  of  England's  crown." 

Macedo'nian  ( The).  Julius  Polyre- 
nus,  author  of  "  Strata^e'mata,"  in  the 
second  century. 

Macedo'nians.  A  religious  sect,  so 
named  from  Macedo'nius,  patriarch  of 
Constaitinople,  in  the  fourth  century. 
They  denied  the  divinity  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,  and  that  the  essence  of  the  Son 
is  the  same  in  kind  with  that  of  the 
Father. 

fla acedon'icus.  iEiuirius  Paulus, 
conqueror  of  Perseus.     (-iyu-KJO  h.c.) 

Macon.     Mahomet  or  Mahoun. 
Macoii.     A  poetical  and  romance  name 
of  IVIecca,  the  birthplace  of  Mahomet. 

Mac'reons.  The  Island  of  the  Mac 
reons.  Great  Britain.  The  word  is  Greek, 
and  means  long-lived.  Ralielais  describee 
the  persecutions  of  the  reformers  as  a 
terrible  storm  at  sea,  in  which  Pantag'ruel 
and  his  fleet  were  tempest  tossed,  but 
contrived  to  enter  one  of  the  harbours  of 
Great  Britain,  an  island  called  "  Long 


538 


MACROCOSM. 


MJJCftNAS. 


life,"  because  no  one  was  pnt  to  death 
there  for  bis  religious  op'nions.  This 
island  was  full  of  antique  ruins,  relics  of 
decaj^ed  popery  and  ancient  superstitious, 

Mac'roeosm  (Greek,  thegreat  world), 
in  opposition  to  microcosm  (the  little 
world).  The  ancients  looked  upon  the 
universe  as  a  living  creature,  and  the 
followers  of  Paracelsus  considered  man 
ft  miniature  representation  of  the  uni- 
verse. The  one  was  termed  the  Macro- 
copju,  and  the  other  the  Microcosm  {q.v.). 

Mad  as  a  Hatter.  A  corruption  of 
Mad  as  an  atter  (adder).  The  word  adder 
is  atter  in  Saxon,  natter-  in  German. 

Mad  Cavalier,  Prince  Rupert, 
noted  for  his  rash  courage  and  impa- 
ti  ence  of  control.     (161 9-1 682. ) 

Mad  Parliament.  The  parliament 
which  assembled  at  Oxford  in  1258,  and 
broke  out  into  open  rebellion  against 
Henry  III.  The  king  was  declared  de- 
posed, and  the  government  was  vested 
in  the  hands  of  twentj^-four  councillors, 
with  Simon  de  Montfort  at  their  head. 

Mad  Poet.  Nathaniel  Lee,  who 
was  confined  for  four  years  in  Bedlam. 
(1657-1690.) 

Madame.    So  the  wife  of  Philippe  ! 
due   d'Orleans  was    styled  in  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV, ;  other  ladies  were  only 
Madame  This  or  That. 

Madame  la  Dtichesse.  Wife  of  Henri- 
Jules  de  Bourbon,  eldest  son  of  prince 
de  Cond€. 

Madame  la  Princefse.  Wife  of  the 
prince  de  Conde,  and  natural  daughter 
of  Louis  XIV,     {See  IMoNSiEUR.) 

Mademoiselle  (4  syl.).  The  daugh- 
ter of  Philippe  due  de  Chai-tres,  grand- 
son of  Philippe  due  d'Orlfens,  brother 
of  Louis  XIV. 

La  Grande  Mademoiselle.  The  duchesso 
de  Montpensier,  cousin  to  Louis  XIV., 
and  daughter  of  Gaston  due  d'Orldans. 

Madge.  An  owl.  Probably  from 
its  sapient  look  it  is  called  a  magisti-ate, 
contracted  into  Madge ;  or  magus,  Per- 
sian magusch,  a  philosopher  and  priest 

Madge  Wildfire.  The  nickn.ame 
of  Margaret  Murdochson,  a  beautiful 
but  giddy  girl,  whose  brain  was  crazed 
by  seduction  and  the  murder  of  her  in- 
fant.—.S'tr  Walter  Scott.  "  Heart  of  Mid- 
LoUdan." 


Madhava.  A  name  of  the  Hindn 
god  Vi.^hnu 

Madm^an.  Macedonia's  Maximal*.. 
Alexander  the  Great      (li.c.  .35'j,  33<j-32.3.) 

The  Brilliant  Madman  or  Madman 
of  the  North.  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden. 
(U582,  ]«;y7-1718.) 

Madness.  In  Perthshire  there  are 
several  wells  and  springs  dedicated  to 
St.  Fillan,  which  are  still  places  of  i)il- 
grimage.  These  wells  are  held  to  be 
efficacious  in  cases  of  madness.  Even 
recently  lunatics  have  been  bound  to  the 
holy  stone  at  night,  under  the  expectation 
that  St.  Fillan  would  release  them  before 
dawn,  and  send  them  home  in  their  right 
minds. 

Madoc.  The  youngest  son  of  Owain 
Gw3meth,  king  of  North  Wales,  who  died 
in  1169.  According  to  tradition  he  sailed 
away  to  America,  and  established  a  colony 
)n  the  southern  branches  of  the  Missouri. 
A.bout  the  same  time  the  Az'tecas  forsook 
Aztlan,  under  the  guidance  of  Yuhid'- 
thiton,  and  founded  the  empire  called 
Mexico,  in  honour  of  MexitU,  their  tute- 
lary god.  Southey  has  a  poem  in  two 
parts  called  "  Madoc,"  in  which  these 
two  events  are  made  to  harmonise  with 
each  other. 

Madonna.  (Italian,  my  lady).  Spe- 
cially applied  to  representations  of  the 
Virgin  Mary. 

Ma'dor  (Sir).  The  Scotch  knight 
slain  in  single  combat  by  Sir  Launcelot 
of  the  Lake,  who  volunteered  to  defend 
the  innocence  of  queen  Guinever. 

Madras  System  of  Edueation. 
A  system  of  mutual  instruction,  intro- 
duced by  Dr.  Andrew  Bell  into  the  in- 
stitution at  Madras  for  the  education  of 
the  orphan  children  of  the  European 
military.    Bell  hved  1753-1832. 

Mcean'der.  To  wind  like  the  river 
Mpeander,  in  Phrygia.  The  "  Greek 
pattern"  of  embroidery  is  so  called, 

Mseee'nas.  A  patron  of  letters ;  so 
called  from  C.  Cilnius  Majce'nas,  a  Eoman 
statesman  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  who 
kept  open  house  for  all  men  of  letters, 
and  was  the  special  friend  and  patron  of 
Horace  and  Virgil.  Nicholas  Rowe  so 
called  the  earl  of  Halifax  on  his  installa- 
tion to  the  order  of  the  Garter  (1714). 

The  last  Eiiqlish  Mcecenas.  Samuel 
Rogers,  poet  and  banker.     (1763-1855.) 


MAELSTROM. 


MAGIC   WANl). 


6S9 


MaeTstrom    (Norwefjian,     whirling 

stream).  There  are  above  fifty  mael- 
stroms off  the  coast  of  Norway,  but  the 
one  EntrHshmen  delight  to  tremble  at  is 
at  the  fuot  of  the  Lofo'tcn  Islands,  be- 
tween the  islands  of  Moskenes  and 
Mosken,  where  the  water  is  pushed  and 
jostled  a  g^ood  deal,  and  when  the  wind 
and  tide  are  contrary  it  is  not  safe  for 
small  boats  to  venture  near. 

Jt  was  anciently  tbouLcht  that  the 
Maelstrom  was  a  subterranean  abyss, 
penetrating  the  globe,  and  communi- 
cating with  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 

Maeon'ides  (4  syl.)or  Miconian  Poet. 
Homer,  either  because  he  was  the  son  of 
M.ieon,  or  because  he  was  born  in  Mteon'ia 
(Asia  Minor). 

IVEaeviad..  A  merciless  satire  by 
Gifford  on  the  Delia  Cruscan  school  of 
poetry.  Published  179ti.  The  word  is 
from  Virgil's  Eclogue.    {See  Baviad.) 

Mag.  What  a  mag  you  are ;  jabberer, 
hence  to  chatter  like  a  magpie.  Mag  is  a 
contraction  of  magpie.  The  French  have 
a  famous  word,  caquel-hon-bec.  We  call 
a  prating  woman  "a  mag."   (6Ve Magpie.) 

Not  a  mag  to  bless  myself  with — not  a 
halfpenny.  Guineas  used  to  be  called 
megs  or  mags,  from  the  Greek  vM^as 
("  large"  money). 

Mag'a.  "  Blackwood's  Magazine."  A 
more  contraction  of  the  word  maga-ziue. 

Magalo'na.     {See  Magdelone.) 

Magazine  (3  syl.).  A  place  for 
stores.  (Arabic,  makhzan,  gazana,  a  place 
where  articles  are  preserved. ) 

Magdalen  Smith.  Gaspar  Smitz, 
the  Dutch  portrait  painter.    (Died  l(iS9.) 

Mag'dalene  (3  syl.).  An  asylum  for 
the  reclaiming  of  prostitutes  ;  so  called 
frem  Mary  Magdalene  or  Mary  of  Mag'- 
dala,  "out  of  whom  Jesiis  cast  seven 
devils,"  a  great  profligate  till  she  met 
with  the  Lord  and  Saviour. 

Magdeburg  Centuries.  The  first 
great  work  of  i'rotestant  divines  on  the 
history  of  the  Christian  church.  It  was 
begun  at  Magdeburg  by  Matthias  Flacius, 
in  1552  ;  and,  as  each  century  occupies 
a  volume,  the  thirteen  volumes  complete 
the  history  to  1300. 

Magellan.  Straits  of  Magellan. 
so  called  after  Magellan  or  Magalhaens, 


the  Portusiiese  navigator,  who  discovered 

them  in  1520. 

Magen'ta.  A  brilliant  blue-red 
colour  derived  from  coal-tar,  named  in 
commemoration  of  the  battle  of  Magenta 
in  1859. 

Maggot,  Maggoty.  Whimsical, 
full  of  wiiims  and  fancies.  Fancy  tunes 
used  to  be  called  maggots,  hence  wo  have 
"  Barker's  maggots,"  "  Gary's  maggots," 
"Draper's  maggots,"  kc.—  "  Dancing 
Master"  {1721). 

When  the  maggot  bites.  When  the  fancy 
takes  us.  Swift  tells  us  that  it  was  the 
opinion  of  certain  virtuosi  that  the  brain 
is  tilled  with  little  worms  or  maggots, 
and  that  thought  is  produced  by  these 
worms  biting  the  nerves.  "  If  the  bite  is 
hexagonal  it  produces  poetry  ;  if  circular, 
eloipience  ;  if  conical,  politics  ;  &.c. — 
"  The  Mechanical  Operation  of  the  Sinrit." 

Instead  of  maggots  the  Scotch  say, 
"  His  head  is  full  of  bees  ;"  the  French, 
"II  a  des  rats  dans  la  tete ; "  and  in 
Holland,  "  He  has  a  mouse's  nest  in  hi.-- 
head."     {See  Bee.) 

Ma'gi  {T/i^),  according  to  one  tra- 
dition, wore  Mel'chior,  Gasper,  and  Jial- 
thazar,  three  kings  of  the  East.  The 
first  offered  gold,  the  emblem  of  royalty, 
to  the  infant  Jesus  ;  the  second,  frank- 
incense, in  token  of  divinity ;  and  the 
third,  mijrrh,  in  prophetic  allusion  to 
the  persecution  unto  death  which  awaited 
the  "  Man  of  Sorrows." 

Magi,  in  Camoens'  "Lusiad,"  means 
the  Indian  "  brahmins."  Ammia'nus 
Marcelli'nus  says  that  the  Persian  magi 
derived  their  knowledge  from  the  brah- 
mins of  India  (i.  23) ;  and  Aria'nus  ex- 
pressly calls  the  brahmins  "magi"  (i.  7). 

Magic  Rings,  like  that  of  Gy'gos, 
king  of  Lydia,  &c.,  arose  from  the  belief 
that  magicians  had  the  power  of  im- 
prisoning demons  in  rings.  This  power 
was  supposed  to  prevail  in  Asia,  and 
subsequently  in  Salamanca,  Tole'do,  and 
Italy.  N.B.  Magic  circles,  WkQ  "magic 
squares,"  are  mathematical  puzzles. 

Magic  Wand. 

In  "  Jerusalem  Delivered,"  the  Hermit 
gives  Charles  the  Dane  and  Ubaldo  n 
wand,  which  being  shaken,  infused  terror 
into  all  who  saw  it. 

In  the  "  Faiiry  Queen,"  the  palmer 
who  accompanies  Sir  Guyon  has  »  staff 


640 


MAGICIAN. 


MAGRIOIO. 


of  like  virhie,  made  of  the  same  wood 
as  Mercury's  caduceus. 

Magician.  The  Great  Magicmn  or 
Wizard  of  Ihe  North.  Professor  Wilson 
calls  Sir  Walter  Scott  the  Great  Majpcian, 
from  the  wonderful  fascination  of  his 
writinps. 

Alaf/ician  of  the  North.  The  title  as- 
sumed by  Johann  Gcorg  llamann,  of 
Prussia.     (1730-1788.1 

Magna  Charta.  I'he  Great  Charter 
of  English  liberty  extorted  by  the  barons 
from  king  John,  1215;  called  by  Spel- 
man — 

August  is'simum  Anglica'rum  Ub«rU  turn  diplo'mi 
et  sacra  au'clioia. 

Magnanimous  {The). 

Alfonso   V.   of  Aragon.     (1385,    1416- 

1458.) 

Chosroes  or  Khosru,  twenty-first  of  the 
Sassan'ides,  surnamed  Noushir'wan  (the 
Magnanimous).     (531-579.) 

Magna'no.  One  of  the  leaders  of 
the  rabl)le  that  attacked  Hudibras  at  a 
bear-baiting.  The  character  is  a  satire 
on  Simeon  Wait,  a  tinker  and  Indepen- 
dent preacher. — "  Etidihi-as,"  pt.  i.  2. 

Magnet.  The  loadstone;  so  called 
from  Magne'sia,  in  Lydia,  where  the  ore 
was  said  to  abound.  The  Greeks  called 
it  macfiies.  Milton  uses  the  adjective  for 
the  substantive  in  the  line  "As  the  mag- 
netic hardest  iron  draws." 

Magnetic  Mountain.  A  moun- 
tain which  drew  out  all  the  nails  of  any 
ship  that  approached  within  its  magnetic 
influence.  The  ship  in  which  prince 
Agib  sailed  fell  to  pieces  when  wind- 
driven  towards  it. — "Arabian  Nights" 
{ The  Third  Calendar). 

Magneuse  {French).  An  anonyma 
or  "  fille  de  joie  ;"  so  called  from  the 
nunnery  founded  at  Rheims  in  1654,  by 
Jeanne  Canart,  daughter  of  Nicolas  Col- 
bert, seigneur  de  Magneux.  The  word 
is  sometimes  jocosely  perverted  into 
Magni-magno. 

Magnificat.  To  sijig  (he  Magn  ificat 
at  matins.  To  do  things  at  the  wrong 
time,  or  out  of  place.  The  Magnificat 
does  not  belong  to  the  morning  service, 
oui  to  vespers.  The  Magnificat  is  Luke 
i.  46-55  in  Latin. 

Magnificent  (The). 

iihosiu  or  Chosroes  1.  of  Persia  (*,  681- 


579.)     The  golden  period  of  Persian  liis- 

tory  was  5,oO-62S. 

Lorenzo  de  Medici.     (1448-1492.) 
Robert  due  de  Normandie,  also  called 

I  A-  JJinble.     (*,  1028-10;>0.) 
Soliman   1.,  greatest  of    the   Turkish 

sultans.     (1493,  1.520-1.566.) 

Magno'lia.  So  called  from  Pierre 
MaKnoi,  professor  of  medicine  at  Mont- 
pelior.     (1638-1715.) 

Ma'go  the  Carthaginian,  says  Aris- 
totle, crossed  the  Great  Desert  twice 
without  having  a  drop  of  anything  to 
drink. 

Magopho'nia.  A  fe.stival  observed 
by  the  Persians  to  commemorate  the 
massacre  of  the  Magi.  Smerdis  usurped 
the  throne  on  the  death  of  Camby'siis ; 
but  seven  Persians,  conspiring  together, 
slew  Smerdis  and  his  brother ;  where- 
upon the  people  put  all  the  Magi  to  the 
sword,  and  elected  Darius,  son  of  Hys- 
taspes,  to  the  throne.  (Greek,  magoi- 
phon'os,  the  magi-slaughter.) 

Magot  {French).     Money,   or  rathei 

a  mass  of  secreted  money  ;  a  corruption 

of  imago,  the  "image  and  superscription' 

of  coined  money. 

La  il  vola  de  m?me,  revint  i  Paris  »vec  un  nor 
miigtit— La  Gazette  iV'oire,  17S4,  p.  27u. 

Magpie.  A  contraction  of  magot- 
pie  or  mag'ata-pie.  "  Mag"  is  generally 
thought  to  be  a  contraction  of  Margaret ; 
thus  we  have  Robin  red-breast,  Tom-tit, 
Philip— i.e.,  a  sparrow,  &c.;  but  prob- 
ably it  is  a  corruption  of  major  pica,  the 
ordinary  pie,  as  distinguished  from  the 
pica  minor,  which  is  not  larger  than  a 
sparrow ;  thus  pivert  is  a  corruption  of 
pie  vert— i.e., pica  viridis  (the  green  pie). 

Augurs  and  understood  relations  have 

(By  iiiagolpies,  and  choughs,  and  rooks)  brought 

forth 
The  secret'st  man  of  blood. 

Shdketpeare.  "  .Vacbetfi,"  til.  4- 

Magpie.  The  following  is  an  old  Scotch 
rhyme  : — 

One's  sort  w,  two's  mirth. 
Three's  a  wedding,  four's  ii  birth. 
Fivo's  a  chnstenius,  six  a  dearth, 
Steven's  heaven,  eight  ia  hell. 
And  nine's  the  devil  his  ane  sel'. 

Magricio.  The  champion  of  Isabella 
of  Portugal,  who  refused  to  do  homage 
to  France.  The  brave  champion  van- 
quished  the  French  chevalier,  and  thuj 
rindicated  the  liberty  of  his  country. 


MAGUELONK, 


MAHOMErs   WIVES.        64l 


Mag'uslo'ne  or  Maq'alo'na  (the 
fair).  Heroine  of  the  romance  called 
"The  History  of  the  Fair  iMapalona, 
Daughter  of  the  King  of  Naples,"  &c. 
Originally  written  in  French.  Cervantes 
alludes  to  it  in  "  Don  Quixote."  {See  Peteb 
OF  Provence.  ) 

Mah-abade'an  Dynasty.  The 
first  dynasty  of  Persian  mythological 
history.  Hah  Abad  {the  great  Abad)  and 
his  wife  were  the  only  persons  left  on  the 
earth  after  the  great  cycle,  and  from  them 
the  world  was  peopled.  Azer  Abad,  the 
fourteenth  and  last  of  this  dynasty,  left 
the  earth  because  "all  flesh  had  corrupted 
itself,"  and  a  period  of  anarchy  ensued. 

Mahabharata.  Ouo  of  the  two 
great  epic  poems  of  ancient  India.  Its 
story  isthe  contests  between  the  descend- 
ants of  Kuru  and  Pandu.     (See  KuRU.) 

Mahadeva  (great  god).  One  of  the 
names  of  the  Hindu  god  Siva.  Mahd- 
devi  (great  goddess)  is  his  consort  Durga. 

Maliadi  or  Hal-em.  The  Kalif  who 
reigned  about  400  years  after  Mahomet. 
In  one  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  he  expended 
six  million  gold  dinars. 

Mahmoud  of  Ghizai,  the  conqueror 
of  India  in  the  eleventh  century,  kept 
400  greyhounds  and  bloodhounds,  each 
of  which  wore  a  jewelled  collar  taken 
from  the  neck  of  some  captive  sultana. 

Mahng  (I^^orlh- American  Indian), 
The  loon,  a  sort  of  sea-gull. 

Mahomet  or  Moliammed,  accord- 
ing to  Doutsch,  means  the  -predicted 
Messiah.  (Hag.  ii.  7.)  It  isthe  titular 
name  taken  by  Ilalabi,  the  founder  of 
Islam.     (570-632.) 

His  g^andsire  wasAbd-el-Motalleb;  his 
father,  Abdallah  ;  his  father-in-law,  Abu 
Bekr  ;  his  cousin  and  warmest  disciple 
was  AH  ;  his  adopted  heir.  Said  ;  his  fa- 
vourite wife,  Ayesha. :  his  daughter, 
Fatima;  his  son,  Ibrahim.  His  nickname 
in  youth  was  El  Aniin  (the  safe-man). 

Mahomet  loved  .Mary,  a  Coptic  girl,  and 
in  justiiicatiou  of  his  amour  added  a  now 
chapter  to  the  Koran,  which  may  be 
found  in  Gagnier's  "  Notes  upon  Abul- 
foda,"  p.  151. 

Mahomet's  Banner.  Sanjak- 
Bherif,  kept  in  the  Eyab  mosque,  at 
Constantinople. 

Mahomet's  Bow.    (S*e  Cxtxivl) 


Mahomet's  Camels.    (See  Adha.) 

Mahomet's  Coffin.  It  is  said  that 
Mahomet's  coffin,  in  the  Had'gira  of 
Medi'na,  is  suspended  in  mid-air  without 
any  support.  Many  explanations  have 
been  given  of  this  phenomenon,  the  one 
most  generally  received  being  that  the 
coffin  is  of  iron,  placed  niidway  between 
two  magnets.  Burckhardt  visitdl  the 
sacred  enclosure,  and  found  the  ingenuity 
of  science  useless  in  this  case,  as  the 
coffin  is  not  suspended  at  all. 

Mahomet's  Cuirass.  {See  Fadha  ) 

Mahomet's  Dove.  Mahomet  had 
a  aove  which  he  used  to  feed  with  whoat 
out  of  his  ear.  When  the  dove  t/as 
hungry  it  used  to  light  on  the  prophet's 
shoulder,  and  thrust  its  bill  into  his  ear 
to  find  its  meal.  Mahomet  thus  induced 
the  Arabs  to  believe  that  he  was  inspired 
by  the  Holy  Ghost,  in  the  semblance  of 
a  dove. — Sir  Waller  Raleigh,  "History 
of  ttu  World,"  bk.  I.,  pt.  i.,  ch.  6.  (See 
also  Prideaiux,  "Life  of  Mahomet." 

Mahomet's  Horse.  Al  Borak  (the 
lightning).  It  conveyed  the  prophet  to 
the  seventh  heaven.     (5ee  Borak.) 

Boruk  was  a  fine-limbed  high-staniini!  horfe,  itronj 
lu  frame,  aud  with  a  coat  ae  glui-sy  ns  marble.  Hit 
colour  was  saffron,  wi^h  one  hair  of  gold  for  every 
three  iif  tawny;  his  eara  wee  r' stkss  aud  poiuced 
like  a  reed;  hia  eyes  larae  and  full  of  tire  ;  hi»  uo»- 
trils  « iiie  and  steaming  .  he  had  a  wliite  Mar  on  his 
forehead,  a  ueck  gracefully  arched,  a  mane  soft  aad 
silky,  aad  a  thick  tail  that  swept  the  grouud.— 
"  Vroqxumitaine,"  li.  8. 

Mahom.et's  Mule.    (See  Fadda.) 

Mahomet's  Standard.    Baj'ura. 

Mahomet's  Stepping-stone.  The 
stone  upon  which  the  propliet  placed  his 
foot  when  he  uiounted  the  beast  .\1  Borak, 
on  his  ascent  to  heaven.  It  rose  as  the 
beast  rose,  but  Mahomet,  putting  his 
hand  upon  it,  forbade  it  to  follow  him, 
whsreupon  it  remained  suspended  in 
mid-air,  where  the  true  believer,  if  he 
has  faith  enough,  may  still  behold  it. 

Mahoraet's  Swords.  Dhu'l  Fakar 

(the   trenchant);    Al   Battar  (the  beater); 

Me<lliam    (tlie   keen);     and  Hatef    (the 
deadly). 

Mahomet's  Wives.  Ten  in  num- 
ber, viz.,  (1)  Cadijeh,  a  rich  widow  of 
the  triDd  of  Korei;>h,  who  had  been  twice 
married  already,  and  was  forty  years  of 
age.     For  twenty-five  years  she  was  hi? 


642      MAHOMETAN  GRUEL. 


MAIDEN  ASSIZB. 


only  wife,  but  at  her  death  he  married 
nine  others,  all  of  whom  survived  him. 

2'ht  nine  wives.  (1)  Ayesha,  daiighter 
of  Abu  Bekr,  ouly  nine  years  old  on  her 
wedding-day.  This  was  his  youngest  and 
favourite  wife. 

(2)  Sawda,  widow  of  Sokran,  and  nurse 
to  his  daughter  Fat'ima. 

(3)  Hend,  a  widow,  twenty-eight  years 
old,  who  also  had  a  son.  She  was 
daughter  of  Omeya. 

(4)  Zeinab,  wife  of  Zeid,  but  divorced 
in  order  that  the  prophet  might  take 
her  to  wife. 

(5)  Barra,  wife  of  a  young  Arab  and 
daughter  of  Al  Hareth,  chief  of  an  Arab 
tribe.  Both  father  and  husband  were 
slain  in  a  battle  with  Mahomet.  She 
was  a  captive. 

(6)  Rebana ,  daughter  of  Simeon,  and 
a  Jewish  captive. 

(7)  Safi'ya,  the  espoused  wife  of  Kena'- 
na.  Kena'na  was  put  to  death.  This 
wife  outlived  the  prophet  for  forty 
years. 

(8)  0mm  HabiTja — i.e.,  mother  of 
Habiba  ;  the  widow  of  Abu  Sof'ian. 

(9)  Maimu'na,  fifty-one  years  old,  and 
a  widow,  who  survived  all  his  other  wives. 

Also  ten  or  fifteen  concubines,  chief  of 
whom  was  Mari'yeh,  mother  of  Ibrahim, 
the  prophet's  son,  who  died  when  fifteen 
months  old. 

Mahometan  Gruel.  A  cant  term 
for  coffee,  the  common  beverage  of  the 
Turks. 

Maho'un  (3  syl. ).  Name  of  contempt 
for  Mahomet,  a  Moslem,  a  Moor.  In  Scot- 
land it  used  to  mean  ilevil. 

There's  the  son  of  tlie  renegade— spawn  of  Mahoun 
ison  of  the  Moorish  pnnceisl. 

"  Vengeance  of  Uudarru." 

MaliU.     Fiend-prince  that  urges  to 

theft. 

five  fiends  have  been  in  poor  Tom  at  once :  of 
lust,  as  Obidicut;  Uobbididance,  prince  of  dumb- 
ness; ilaiiu,  of  stealing;  Modo,  of  murder;  and 
Flibbertigibbet,  of  inoppiug  and  mowiig^ — Shake- 
tpeare,  "  Kfig  Lear,"  iv.  1. 

Maid  Ma'rian.  A  morris  dance, 
or  the  boy  in  the  morris  dance,  called 
mad  Morion,  from  the  "morion"  which 
be  wore  on  his  head  (See  MOERIS  Dance). 
Maid  Marian  is  a  corruption  fir.st  of  the 
words,  and  then  of  the  sex.  Having  got 
the  words  Maid  Marian,  etymologists 
have  puzzled  out  a  suitable  character 
in  Matilda,  the  daughter  of  Fitz- Walter, 


baron  of  Bayard  and  Dunmow,  who  eloped 

with  iloViort  Fitz-Ooth,  the  outl^aw,  and 
lived  with  him  in  Sherwood  Fore.st.  Some 
refine  upon  this  tale,  and  affirm  that 
Matilda  was  married  to  the  outlaw  (com- 
monly called  Robin  Hood)  by  friar  Tuck. 

A  Bet  of  mtiiricK  dancers  danced  a  maidmartw 
with  a  tabor  anl  pipe.  —  itmpU. 

Maid  of  Norway.  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Erio  II.  anrl  Margaret  ot 
Norway.  On  the  death  of  Alexander  III. 
she  was  acknowledged  queen  of  Scotland, 
and  was  betrothed  to  Edward,  son  of 
Edward  I.  of  England,  but  she  died  on 
her  passage. 

Maid  of  Orleans.  Jeanne  d'Arc. 
(1-112-1431.) 

Maid  of  Perth  (Fair).  Catharine 
Glover,  daughter  of  Simon  Glover,  the 
old  glover  of  Perth.  She  kisses  Smith 
while  asleep  on  St.  Valentine's  morning, 
and  ultimately  marries  him.  (See  Smith.) 
— Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  Fair  Maid  of  Perth'' 

Maid  of  Saragossa.  Augtistina 
Zaragoza,  distinguished  for  her  heroism 
when  Saragossa  was  besieged  in  1808-9. 
Byron  mentions  her  in  his  "  Childe 
Harold." 

Maiden.  A  machine  resembling  the 
guillotine  for  beheading  criminals  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries ; 
brought  to  Scotland  by  the  regent  Mor- 
ton from  Halifax,  in  Yorkshire,  for  the 
purpose  of  beheading  the  laird  of  Fenny- 
cuick.     It  was  also  called  "The  Widow." 

TheMaidero.    Malcolm  IV.  of  Scotland. 

(1141,  1153-1165.) 

Malcolm eon  of  the  brave  and  generoui  prince 

Henry was  so  kiud  and  gentle  in  his  disposition, 

thai  he  was  usually  called  Malcolm  the  Maiden.— 
Sir  Waller  Scott,  -  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,"  iv. 

He  who  invented  the  Maiden  first  han- 
selled  it.  Referring  to  regent  Morton, 
who  introduced  this  sort  of  guillotine 
into  Scotland  ;  erroneously  said  to  have 
been  the  first  to  suffer  by  it.  Thomas 
Scott,  one  of  the  murderers  of  Riccio, 
was  beheaded  by  it  in  1566,  fifteen  years 
before  Morton's  execution. 

Maiden  Assize.  One  in  which 
there  is  no  person  to  be  brought  to  trial. 
We  have  also  the  expressions  Maiden- 
tree,  one  never  lopped  ;  Maiden-fortress, 
one  never  taken ;  Maiden  Speech ;  &c. 
In  a  Maiden  assize,  the  sheriff  of  the 
county  presents  the  judge  with  a  pair 


MAIDEN    LANE. 


MALBROUK. 


6iS 


of  white  gloves.  White  gloves  Bymbolise 
innocence.  Maiden  also  means  unspotted, 
unpolluted,  innocent ;  thus  Shakespeare 
makes  Hubert  say  to  the  King — 

Thi^  hxnd  of  mine 
Is  yet  a  maiden  and  au  innocent  liand. 
Mot  painted  with  the  crimeon  spotx  of  blood. 
"  A'liii;  John"  iv.  3. 

Maiden  Lane  {London).  So  called 
from  an  image  of  the  Maiden  or  Virgin 
Mary,  which  stood  there  before  the  Re- 
formation. 

Maiden  or  Virgin  Queen.  Elizabeth, 
queen  of  England.     (1533,  15.58-1603.) 

Maiden  Town.  Edinburgh.  The 
tradition  is  that  the  maiden  daughters  of 
a  Pictish  king  were  sent  there  for  protec- 
tion during  a  time  of  intestine  war. 

Maiden  of  the  Mist.  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  called 
"Anne  of  Geierstein." 

Mainote  (2  syl.).  Pirates  that  in- 
fest the  coast  of  Attica. 

....Like  boat 
Of  island-pirate  or  M  ainote. 

Byron,  •'  Tht  Uiaour." 

Maintain  is  to  hold  in  the  hand  ; 
hence  to  keep,  and  hence  to  clothe  and 
feed.  (French,  main  tenir;  Latin,  maims 
Uneo.) 

Maize  (1  syl.).  According  to  Ame- 
rican superstition,  if  a  damsel  finds  a 
blood-red  ear  of  maize,  she  will  have  a 
suitor  before  the  year  is  over. 

Even  the  blood-red  ear  to  Evangeline  brought  not 
her  lover.  Lougjtlloui. 

Majesty.  Henry  VIIL  was  the  first 
English  sovereign  who  was  styled  "  His 
Majesty."  Henry  I V.  was  "  His  Grace  :" 
Henry  VI.,  "  His  Excellent  Grace  ;"  Ed- 
ward IV.,  "High  and  Mighty  Prince;" 
Henry  VII.,  "  His  Grace,"  and  "  His 
Highness;"  Henry  VIIL,  in  the  earlier 
part  of  his  roign,  was  styled  "  His  High- 
ness." "  His  Sacred  Majesty "  was  a 
title  assumed  by  subsequent  sovereigns, 
but  was  afterwards  changed  to  "  Most 
Excellent  Majesty." 

Majol'ica  Ware.  A  pottery  ori- 
ginally made  in  the  island  of  Majorca 
or  Majolica.,  and  lately  revived  by  Mr. 
Minton. 

Makambi.  A  male  idol  of  the 
Oroun£,'ou  in  Africa.  His  wife  Abiala 
usurped  aU  power. 


Mala^i'gi  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
Son  of  Buove,  and  brother  of  Al'diger 
and  Vivian,  of  Clarmont's  race;  a  wizard 
knight,  and  cousin  of  Ruialdo.  (Set 
Madgis.) 

Mal'agrow'ther  (<S»>  Mungo].  A* 
old  courtier  soured  by  misfortune,  who 
tries  to  make  every  one  as  discontented 
as  himself.— (Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  Foriurut 
of  Nigel." 

Marakoff  (in  the  Crim'ea).  In  1831 
a  sailor  and  ropemaker,  named  Alexander 
Ivanovitch  Malakoff,  celebrated  for  his 
wit  and  conviviality,  lived  at  Sebastopol. 
He  had  many  friends  and  admirers,  but 
being  engaged  in  a  riot,  was  dismissed 
the  dockyards  in  which  he  had  been  em- 
ployed. He  now  opened  a  liquor  shop 
on  the  hill  outside  the  town.  His  old 
friends  gathered  round  him,  and  his  shop 
was  called  the  Malakoff.  In  time  other 
houses  were  built  around,  and  the  Mala- 
koff became  a  town,  which  ultimately 
was  fortified.  This  was  the  origin  of  the 
famed  Malakoff  Tower,  which  caused  so 
much  trouble  to  the  allied  army  in  the 
Crimean  War. — Gazette  de  France. 

Malambru'no.  The  giant,  first 
cousin  of  queen  Magnn'cia,  of  Canday'a, 
who  enchanted  Antonomas'ia  and  hei 
husband,  and  shut  them  up  in  the  tomb 
of  the  deceased  queen.  The  infanta  he 
tran.sformed  into  a  monkey  of  brass,  and 
the  knight  into  a  crocodile.  Don  Quixote 
achieved  their  disenchantment  by  mount- 
ing the  wooden  horse  called  Clavile'no, 
— Cervantes,  "  Don  Quixote,"  pt.  II.,  bk. 
iii.,  c.  45. 

Malaprop  (.Urs.)  in  "  The  Rivals," 
by  Sheridan.  (French,  mal  d  jyropos.) 
Noted  for  her  blunders  in  the  use  of 
words.  "As  headstrong  as  an  alkgory 
on  the  banks  of  the  Nile,"  is  one  of  her 
famous  similes.    (.See  Partington.) 

Malbec'co.  A  "  cankered,  crabbed 
carl,"  very  wealthy,  but  miserly  and 
mean.  He  seems  to  be  the  impersona- 
tion of  self-inflicted  torments.  He  mar- 
ried a  young  wife  named  Helenore,  who 
set  fire  to  his  house,  and  eloped  with  Sir 
Far'idel.  Malbecca  cast  himself  over  a 
high  rock,  and  all  his  flesh  vanished  into 
thin  air,  leaving  behind  nothing  but  hia 
ghost,  which  was  metamorphosed  into 
iQaXovLsy.— Spenser, "FaeryQueen,"\>k.m. 

Malbrouk  or  Marlbrough  (Marl- 
hro'),   does    not   date    from    the    battle 


Hi 


MALCOLM. 


MALMESBUPvY  MONASTERY. 


of  Malplaq'uet  (1709),  but  from  the  time 
of  the  Crusades,  600  years  before.  Ac- 
cording- to  a  tradition  discovered  by 
M.  de  Cliateaubriand,  the  air  came  from 
the  Arabs,  and  the  tale  is  a  legend  of 
Mambron,  a  crusader.  It  was  brought 
into  fashion  during  the  Revolution  by 
Mme.  Poitrine,  who  used  to  sing  it  to  her 
royal  foster-child,  the  son  of  Louis  XVL 
M.  Ar'ago  tells  us  that  when  M.  Monge, 
at  Cairo,  sang  this  air  to  an  Egyptian 
audience,  they  all  knew  it,  and  joined  in 
it.  Certainly  the  song  has  nothing  to 
do  with  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  as  it  is 
all  about  feudal  castles  and  Eastern  wars. 
We  are  told  also  that  the  band  of  Cap- 
tain Cook,  in  1770,  was  playing  the  aii 
one  day  on  the  east  coast  of  Australia, 
when  the  natives  evidently  recognised  it, 
and  seemed  enchanted.  —  Moniteiir  de 
CArmet. 

Malbrouk  s'en  va-t-en  guerre, 
Mironton,  mirontoii  mirontaine; 

Malbrouk  s'en  va-t-eri  guerre. 

Ne  Bait  (jiiand  revienara, 

II  revieadra  za  paques — 
MiroDton,  mironton,  miroutainp  . . 

Ou  a  la  Trinitfi. 

Malcolm.  Eldest  son  of  Duncan, 
king  of  Scotland.  He  was  called  Can- 
More  (Great-liead),  and  succeeded  Mac 
bath  (1056). — Shakespeare,  "Macbeth." 

Maldine  (French).  School ;  so  called 
because  at  school  "on  dine  assez  mal." 

Malebol'ge  (4  syl.).  The  eighth 
circle  of  Dante's  "  Inferno,"  which  con- 
tained  in  all  ten  bolffi  or  pits. 

Malecasta.  The  impersonation  of 
Inst.— iSpenscr,  ''■Faery  Queen,''''  bk.  ii.  1. 

Male'ger  (wretchedly  thin).  Captain 
of  the  rabble  rout  which  attack  the 
castle  of  Temperance.  He  was  "  thin  as 
a  rake,"  and  cold  as  a  serpent.  Prince 
Arthur  attacks  him  and  flings  him  to  the 
ground,  but  Maleger  springs  up  with 
renewed  vigour.  Arthur  now  stabs  him 
through  and  through,  but  it  is  like  stab- 
bing a  shadow  ;  he  then  takes  him  in  his 
arms  and  squeezes  him  as  in  a  vice, 
but  it  is  like  squeezing  a  piece  of 
sponge  ;  he  then  remembers  that  every 
time  the  carl  touches  the  earth  his 
strength  is  renewed,  so  he  squeezes  all 
bis  breath  out,  flings  the  body  over  his 
shoulder,  and  tosses  it  into  a  lake.  (See 
ANTiEOS.)  —  Spenter,  "Faery  Queen," 
bk.  ii,  11, 


Malengin  (guile).  On  his  back  he 
carried  a  net  "  to  catch  fools."  Being 
attacked  by  Sir  Artegal  and  his  iron 
man,  he  turned  himself  first  into  a  fox, 
then  to  a  bush,  then  to  a  bird,  then  to  a 
hedgehog,  then  to  a  snake  ;  but  Tala= 
was  a  match  for  all  his  deceits,  and  killed 
him. — Spenser,  "Faery  Qiceen,"  v.  9. 

Malepardus.  The  castle  of  Master 
Reynard  the  Fox,  in  the  tale  of  "Reynard 
the  Fox." 

Malherbe's    Canons    of    French. 

poetry : 

(1)  Poetry  is  to  contain  only  such 
words  as  are  in  common  use  by  well- 
educated  Parisians. 

(2)  A  word  ending  with  a  vowel  must 
in  no  case  be  followed  by  a  word  begin- 
ning with  a  vowel. 

(3)  One  line  in  no  wise  is  to  run  into 
another. 

(4)  The  caesura  must  always  be  most 
strictly  observed, 

(5)  Every  alternate  rhyme  must  be  fe- 
minine. 

Mal'iom.  Mahomet  is  so  called  in 
some  of  the  old  romances. 

Send  five,  send  six  ai?uii8t  me,  Ky  Maliom  1 
Bwear,  I'll  take  them  alL— "i*\«ru6ra«." 

Malkin.  The  nickname  of  Mary, 
now  called  Molly.  Hence  the  Maid 
Marian  is  so  termed. 

Malkin.  A  kitchen  wench,  now  called 
a  Molly,  is  by  Shakespeare  termed  "  the 
Kitchen  Malkin. —  "  Coriolanus"  ii.  1. 

Malkin.  A  scare-crow  or  figure  dressed 
like  a  scullion  ;  hence,  anything  made  of 
rags,  as  a  mop. 

Malkin.  A  Moll  or  female  cat,  the 
male  being  a  "  Tom."  When  the  cat 
mews,  the  Witch  in  "  Macbeth"  calls  out 
"I  come,  Gray-malkin"  (i.  1). 

Mall  or  Pall  Mall  (London),  From 
the  Latin  pelllre  mall'eo  (to  strike  with  a 
mallet  or  bat).  So  called  because  it  was 
where  the  ancient  game  of  pell-mall  used 
to  be  played,  Cotgrave  says:  "Pale 
maille  is  a  game  wherein  a  round  box- 
ball  Is  struck  with  a  mallet  through  a 
high  arch  of  iron.  He  that  can  do  this 
most  frequently  wins."  It  was  a  fashion- 
able game  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II., 
and  the  walk  called  the  Mall  was  appro- 
priated to  it  for  the  king  and  his  court, 

Malmesbury  Monastery.  Found- 
ed by  MailduLf,  Meildulf.  or  Meldun,  as 
Irishman. 


MALMSEY    WINE. 


MAMMON. 


.S46 


Malmsey  "Wine  is  t)ie  wine  of  Mal- 
Ta'sia,  in  Caudia. 

ThRU»  Bpjcei  unspsryly  th»y  BP'ndTde  thertaftyre, 
MftlTeBye  »n(l  rauska<lelle,  tuase  itierTelyous  rtvyuke*. 
"  i/ur(«  d  Arthure." 

Malt,  Sermon  on,  was  by  John  Dodd, 
the  decalogist,  so  called  from  his  famous 
exposition  of  the  Ton  Commandments. 
He  was  bom  at  Shocklach  in  Cheshire,  in 
1555,  and  died  in  1G45. 

Maltese  Cross,  made  thus : 

Malthu'sian.  Adiscipleof  Malthus, 
whose  political  doctrines  are  laid  down 
in  his  "Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Popu- 
lation." 

Malthu'sian  Doctrine.  That  popu- 
lation increases  more  than  the  means  of 
increasing  subsistence  does,  so  that  in 
time,  if  no  check  is  put  >ipon  the  increase 
of  population,  many  must  starve  or  all  be 
ill-fed.  Applied  to  individual  nations, 
like  Britain,  it  intimated  that  something 
must  be  done  to  check  the  increase  of 
population,  as  all  the  land  would  not 
suffice  to  feed  its  inhabitants. 

Malum,  in  Latin,  means  an,  appk  ; 
and  "  lualus,  mala,  malum,"  means  coil. 
Southey,  in  his  "  Commonplace  Book," 
quotes  a  witty  etymon  given  by  Nicolson 
and  Burn,  making  the  noun  derived  from 
the  adjective,  in  allusion,  I  suppose,  to 
the  (?)  apple  eaten  by  Eve. 

Malum  in  Se  {Latin).  What  is  of 
itself  wrong,  and  would  be  so  even  if  no 
law  existed  against  its  commission,  as 
lying,  murder,  theft. 

Malum  Prohibitum  \Laiin). 
Wli.at  is  wrong  merely  because  it  is  for- 
bidden, as  eating  a  particular  fruit  was 
wrong  in  Adam  and  Kve,  because  they 
were  commanded  not  to  do  so. 

Malvolio.  Steward  to  Olivia  in 
Shake.s|>eare's  "Twelfth  Night." 

Mamaraouchi.  A  mock  honour. 
"  Better  be  a  country  gentleman  in  Eng- 
land than  a  foreign  Maniainouchi."  The 
honour  is  conferred  on  M.  Jourdain. — 
Moliere,  '■' Bounjeois  Gentilhomme." 

Mambri'no's  Helmet  was  of  pure 
gold,  and  rendered  the  wearer  invulner- 
able. It  was  taken  possession  of  by 
Rinaldo  ("  Orlando  Furioso").  Cervantes 
tells  us  of  a  barber  who  was  caught  in  a 
ghower,  and  to  protect  his  hat  clapped 
his    brazen    basin   on    his   head.       Don 


Quixote  insisted  that  this  shaving  basin 
was  the  enchanted  helmet  of  the  Moorish 
king. 

Mam'elon  (2  syl.,  French).  A  mound 
in  the  shape  of  a  woman's  breast.  These 
artificial  mounds  were  common  in  the 
siege  of  SebastopoL  (Latin,  rtiamma,  a 
breast. ) 

Mamelukes  (2  syl.)  or  Mamalakes 
(Arabic,  mamliic,  a  slave).  A  name  given 
in  Egypt  to  the  slaves  of  the  beys  brought 
from  the  Caucasus,  and  formed  into  a 
standing  army.  In  1254,  these  military 
"  sl.ives"  raised  one  of  their  body  to  the 
supremo  power ;  and  Noureddin  Ali,  the 
founder  of  the  Baharites,  gave  twenty- 
throe  sultans;  in  1S32  the  dynasty  of 
the  Borjites,  also  mamlucs,  succeeded, 
and  was  followed  by  twenty-one  succes- 
sors. Selim  I.,  sultan  of  Turkey,  overthrew 
the  mamluc  kingdom  in  1517,  but  allowed 
the  twenty-four  beys  to  be  elected  from 
their  body.  In  1811,  Mohammed  Ali  by 
a  wholesale  massacre  annihilated  the  Ma- 
melukes, and  became  viceroy  of  Egypt. 

Mamma,  Mother.  The  former  i« 
Norman- French,  and  the  latter  tifazon. 
(See  Pafa.) 

Mammet.  A  puppet,  a  favomitr',  an 
idol.  A  corruption  of  Mahomet.  Ma- 
hometanism  being  the  most  prominent 
form  of  false  religion  with  which  Chris- 
tendom was  acquainted  before  the 
Reformation,  it  became  a  generic  word  to 
designate  any  false  faith,  even  idolatry, 
called  mammetry. 

Mammon.    The  god  of  this  world. 

The  word  in  Syriac  means  riches.  (Set 
Milton,  "  Paradise  Lost,"  bk.  i.) 

Mammon.  In  Spenser's  "Fai/ry  Queen," 
Mammon  says  if  Sir  Guyon  will  serve 
him  he  shall  be  the  richest  man  in  the 
world;  but  the  knight  says  money  has 
no  charm  for  him.  Slammon  then  takes 
him  to  his  smithy,  and  tells  him  he  may 
make  what  orders  ho  likes,  but  Guyon 
declines  to  make  any.  The  god  then 
offers  to  give  him  Phil'otino  to  wife,  but 
Guyon  will  not  accept  the  honour.  Lastly 
he  takes  him  to  Proserpine's  bower,  and 
tells  him  to  pluck  the  golden  fruit,  and 
rest  on  the  silver  stool  ;  Sir  Guyon  agaiu 
refuses,  and  after  threo  days'  sojourn  in 
the  infernal  regions  is  led  back  to  earth, 
where  he  swoons.  — ii.  7. 

Mammoii't  Cave.  The  abode  of  the 
Mouey-god      Sir  Guyon  visited  thi*  ^ave, 


646 


MAMMOTH   CAVE. 


MAN    OF    WAX. 


and  Spenser  gives  a  very  full  description 
of  it  in  the  "  Faery  Queen,"  bk.  ii.,  c.  7. 

Sir  Epicure  Mavimon.  A  worldly  sen- 
sualist.— Beti  Jonton,  "  Tlie  Alchymisl." 

Tlu  Afammon  of  Unrighteousness.  Mo- 
ney, A  Scripture  phrase  (Luke  xvi.  9). 
Mammon  was  the  Syrian  god  who  pre- 
sided over  wealth,  similar  to  Plutus  of 
Greek  and  Roman  mythology. 

Mammotli  Cave.  In  Edmonson 
county,  Kentucky— the  largest  in  the 
world. 

Mainour  {A  I).  The  House  of  Adora- 
tion, in  the  seventh  heaven. 

Man.  Emblematic  o(  St.  Matthew, 
one  of  the  four  Evangelists,  in  allusion 
to  the  man  which  was  one  of  the  four 
elements  of  Ezekiel's  cherub  (i.  10). 

Man.  Average  weight,  150  lbs.  ;  height, 
69  inches  ;  strength,  420  lbs. 

Man  Threefold.  According  to  Diog'enes 
Laertius,  the  body  was  composed  of  (1) 
a  mortal  part ;  (2)  a  divine  and  ethereal 
part,  called  the  phren  ;  (3)  an  aerial  aud 
vaporous  part,  called  the  thumos. 

According  to  the  Romans  man  has  a 
three-fold  soul,  which  at  the  dissolution 
of  the  body  resolves  itself  into  (1)  the 
Mams  ;  (2)  the  An!ima  or  Spirit;  (3)  the 
(Jmhra.  The  Manes  went  either  to 
Elysium  orTar'tarus ;  the  Anima  returned 
to  the  gods  ;  but  the  Umbra  hovered 
about  the  body  as  unwilling  to  quit  it. 

According  to  the  Jews,  man  consists 
of  body,  soul,  and  spirit. 

Isle  of  Man,  called  by  the  ancient 
Britons  main-au  (little  island),  Latinised 
into  Menav-ia,.  Coesar  calls  it  Mona  (i.e., 
Mon-ah),  the  Scotch  pronunciation  of 
Manau.  Mona  and  Pliny's  Monabia  are 
varieties  of  "  Menavia." 

Man  in  Black.  Supposed  to  be 
Goldsmith's  father. — Citizen  of  the  World. 

Man  in  the  Iron  Mask.  {See  Iron 
Mask.) 

Man  in  the  Moon.  Some  say  it  is 
a  man  leaning  on  a  fork,  on  which  he  is 
carrying  a  bundle  of  sticks  picked  up  on 
a  Sunday.  The  origin  of  this  fable  is 
from  Num.  xv. ,  32-36.  Some  add  a  dog 
also,  thus  the  Prologue  in  "  JNIidsummer 
Night's  Dream"  says,  "This  man  with 
lantern,  dog,  and  bush  of  thorns,  pre- 
senteth  moonshine  ;"  Chaucer  says  "  he 
stole  the  bush"  (Test,  of  Cresseide). 
Another  tradition  says  that  the  man  is 
Cain,  with  his  dog  and  thorn-bush  ;  the 


thorn-bush  being  emblematical  of  the 
thorns  and  briars  of  the  fall,  and  the  dog 
being  the  "foiU  fiend."  Some  poets 
make  out  the  "  man "  to  bo  the  youth 
Endym'ion,  taken  thither  by  Diana. 

Man  in  the  Moon.  The  nameless  person 
employed  in  elections  to  negotiate  bribes. 
Thus  the  rumour  is  sot  flying  among  the 
electors  that  "  The  Man  in  the  Moon  has 
arrived." 

Man  of  Belial.  Any  wicked  man. 
Shimei  so  called  David  (2  Sam.  xvi.  7). 
The  ungodly  are  called  "Children  of 
Belial,"  or  "  Sons  of  Belial."  The  word 
Belial  means  worthtessness. 

Man  of  Blood.  David  is  so  called 
(2  Sam.  xvi.  7). 

The  Puritans  applied  the  term  to 
Charles  I.,  because  he  made  war  against 
his  Parliament.     Any  man  of  violence. 

Man  of  Feeling.  The  title  of  a 
novel  by  Henry  Mackenzie.  His  "  man 
of  feeling  "  is  named  Harley — a  sensitive, 
bashful,  kind-hearted,  sentimental  hero. 

Man  of  Ross.  John  Kyrle,  of  Ross, 
in  Herefordshire,  immortalised  by  Pope 
in  his  Epistle  "  On  the  Use  of  Riches." 

Man  of  Salt.  A.  man  like  .(Eneas, 
always  "  melting  into  salt  tears,"  called 
"drops  of  salt.  ' 

This  would  make  a  man,  a  man  of  aalt 

To  UB9  his  eyes  for  garden  waterpotg. 

Shakespeare,  "King  Lear,"  i»-  «. 

Man  of  Sedan.  Napoleon  III.,  so 
called,  because  he  surrendered  his  sword 
to  William,  king  of  Prussia,  after  the 
battle  of  Sedan  (Sept.  2,  1870). 

Man  of  Sin  (2  Thess.  ii.  3).  The 
Roman  Catholics  say  the  Man  of  Sin  is 
Antichrist.  The  Puritans  applied  the 
term  to  the  pope  of  Rome  ;  the  Fifth- 
Monarchy  men,  to  Cromwell  ;  many 
modem  theologians  apply  it  to  that 
-"  wicked  one"  (identical  with  the  "last 
horn"  of  Dan.  vii.)  who  is  to  appear 
immediately  before  the  second  advent. 

Man  of  Straw.  A  person  without 
capital.  It  used  to  be  customary  for  a 
number  of  worthless  fellows  to  loiter 
about  our  law-coiu:^.s,  to  become  false 
witness  or  surety  for  any  one  who  would 
buy  their  services ;  their  badge  was  a 
straw  in  their  shoes. 

Man  of  Wax.  A  model  man ;  like 
one  fashioned  in  wax.     Horace  speaks  of 


MAN    OF   TUB    HILL. 


MANDRAKE. 


647 


the  "  waxen  arms  of  Telephus,"  meaning 
model  arms,  or  of  perfect  shape  and 
colour ;  and  the  Nurse  says  of  Romeo, 
"  Why,  he's  a  man  of  wax  "  (i.  3),  which 
she  explains  by  saying,  "  Nay,  he's  a 
flower,  i'  faith,  a  very  flower." 

Man  of  the  Hill.  A  tedious  "  her- 
mit of  the  vale."  which  incumbers  the 
main  story  of  "  Tom  Jones,"  by  Fielding. 

Man  of  the  Sea.     {See  Old,  &c.) 

Man's.  A  fa.shionable  coffee-house 
in  the  reigTi  of  Charles  IL 

The  Count  of  Mans.  Roland,  the 
nephew  of  Charlemagne  ;  also  called 
Knight  of  Hlaives. 

Mana  of  St.  ]Sricolas  of  Bari.  So 
Totfania  called  her  poisonous  liquid,  be.st 
known  as  the  Aa/na  Tu/a'iia  or  Acqiux  di 
Pervgia.     (See  Tuffania.) 

Manche  (French).  Aimer  mieux  la 
manche  que  le  bnu.  Manche  is  a  slang 
word,  equivalent  to  the  Indian  "  buck- 
ehish "  (q.v.),  a  gratuity  given  to  a 
cicerone,  cabman,  or  porter.  It  is  the 
Italian  huona  viancia. 

Manchester.  The  first  syllable  is 
the  Friesic  vian.  (a  common)  ;  and  the 
word  means  the  Roman  encampment  on 
the  common. 

Manchester  Poet.  Charles  Swain. 
(1S03-         .) 

Manda'mus  {Latin).  A  writ  of 
King's  Hench,  commanding  the  person 
named  to  do  what  the  writ  directs.  The 
first  word  is  "Mandamus"  (We  com- 
mand .  .  .). 

Manda'na.  A  stock  name  in  heroic 
romance,  which  generally  repre.sents  the 
fate  of  the  worlil  turning  on  the  caprice 
of  some  beautiful  Mandana  or  Stati'ra. 

Mandarin'  is  not  a  Chinese  word, 
but  one  given  by  the  Portuguese  colonists 
at  Maca'o  to  the  officials  called  by  the 
natives  Kkioupiiig  (3  syl.).  It  is  from 
the  verb  mandar  (to  command). 

The  nine  Mandarins  are  distinguished 
by  the  button  in  their  cap:— 1,  ruby; 
2,  coral  ;  3,  sapphire ;  t,  an  opaque  blue 
stone;  5,  crystal  ;  6,  an  opaque  white 
shol]  ;  7,  wrought  gold  ;  8,  plain  gold ; 
and  9,  silver. 

Mandeville  (Bernard  cfe).  A  licentions 
deistical  writer,  author  of  "Tlie  Virgin 
Unniaeked,"  and  "Free  Tliouglits  on 
Ueli-^ion,"  in  the  reign  of  (Joorge  11. 


Mandiccar'do.  A  knight  whose 
adventures  are  recorded  by  Barahona 
(c.  i.  70-1). 

Mandou'sians.  Very  short  swords. 
So  called  from  a  certain  Spanish  noble- 
man of  the  Louse  of  Mendo'sa,  who 
brought  tham  into  use. 

Man'drabul.  From  gold  to  nothing, 
like  Man'drahuCs  orfering.  Mandrabul 
having  found  a  gold  mine  in  Samos, 
offered  to  Juno  a  golden  ram  for  the 
discovery;  nest  year  he  gave  a  silver  one, 
then  a  brazen  one,  and  in  the  fourth 
year  nothiug.  The  proverb  "to  bring  a 
noble  to  ninepenoe,  and  ninepence  to 
nothing,"  carries  the  same  meaning. 

Mandrake  (Orook,  mnnilra.  a  cattle 
peijj.  The  root  of  the  maudrag'ora  often 
divides  itself  in  two,  and  presents  a 
rude  appearance  of  a  man.  In  ancient 
times  human  figures  were  often  cut 
out  of  the  root,  and  wonderful  virtues 
ascribed  to  them.  It  was  used  to  pro- 
duce fecundity  in  women  (Gen.  xxx. 
14-16).  Some  mandrakes  cannot  be 
pulled  from  the  earth  without  producing 
fatal  effects,  so  a  cord  used  to  be  fixed  to 
the  root,  and  round  a  dog's  neck,  and 
the  dog  being  chased  drew  out  the  man- 
drake, and  died.  Another  superstition  is 
that  when  the  mandrake  is  uprooted  it 
utters  a  scream,  in  explanation  of  which 
Thomas  Newton,  in  his  "  Uerball  to 
the  Bil)le,"  says,  "  It  is  supposed  to  be  a 
creature  having  life,  engendered  under 
the  earth  of  the  seed  of  some  dead 
person  put  to  death  for  murder." 

Shrieks  like  mandrakes  torn  out  of  tlie  c»i th. 
Shakesi>eiire,  "  Rumo  and  Juliet,"  Iv.  8. 

Mandrakes  called  love-apples.  From 
the  old  notion  that  they  excited  amorous 
inclinations  ;  hence  Venus  is  calleil  Man- 
dragori'tis,  and  the  emperor  Julian,  in 
his  epistles,  tells  Calix'enes  that  he  drank 
its  juice  nightly  as  a  love-potion. 

1/e  has  eaten  mandrake.  Said  of  a  very 
indolent  and  sleepy  man,  from  the  nar- 
cotic and  stupefying  properties  of  th«> 
plant,  well-known  to  the  ancients. 

nive  me  to  drink  mandriuora     . . 

Tliat  I  miKtit  sleep  out  this  great  pap  of  time 

Sly  .\ntouy  is  nwav 

.iluikeifiieart,  "  Anloni/  and  CT*ip'iiro,, 

Mandrake.  Another  suj-tergtition  con- 
nected with  this  plant  is  that  a  small 
do.so  makes  a  person  rain  of  his  beauty, 
and  conceited  ;  but  tliat  a  large  doM 
niakoH  him  an  idiot. 


MANDRICARDO. 


MANNINOTREK. 


Mandricar'do.  King  of  Tartary, 
or  Scytliia,  son  of  Ag'rican.  He  wore 
Hector's  cuirass,  married  Dor'alis,  and 
was  slain  in  single  combat  by  Roge'ro. — 
"  Orlando  Iiinamorato,"  and  "  Orlando 
Furioso." 

Manduce  (2  syl.).  The  idol  Glut- 
tony, venerated  by  the  Gastrol'aters, 
people  whose  god  was  their  belly. 

It  is  a  monstrous  .  . .  figure,  fit  to  frighten  little 
children;  its  eyes  are  bigger  than  its  bellj.  and  it! 
head  larger  than  all  the  rest  of  its  body  . . .  haviiu!  a 
goodly  pair  of  wiile  jaws,  lined  with  two  rows  of  teeth 
which  tiy  the  inaKio  of  a  small  twine  . .  .  ari'  u:ade 
to  cinsh,  chatter,  and  rattle  one  ag  lihst  the  otht-r,  as 
the  jaws  of  St.  Clement's  drai^on  (called  granlli)  on 
St  Marks  procession  at  Metz.— itateiaw,  "PmUofii- 
r««!,"  iv.  ;)9. 

Man'es.  To  appease  his  manes.  To 
do  when  a  person  is  dead  what  would  have 
pleased  him  or  was  due  to  him  when 
alive.  The  spirit  or  ghost  of  the  dead 
was  by  the  Romans  called  his  manes, 
which  never  slept  quietly  in  the  grave  so 
long  as  survivors  left  its  wishes  unful- 
filled. The  19th  February  was  the  day 
when  all  the  living  sacrificed  to  the 
shades  of  their  dead  relations  and 
friends. 

Manfred.  Count  Manfred,  son  of 
count  Sig'ismund,  sold  himself  to  the 
prince  of  darkness,  and  had  seven  spirits 
bound  to  do  his  bidding,  viz.,  the  spirits 
of  "  earth;  ocean,  air,  night,  mountains, 
winds,"  and  the  star  of  his  own  destiny. 
He  was  wholly  without  human  sympa- 
thies, and  lived  in  splendid  solitude 
among  the  Alpine  mountains.  He  once 
loved  the  lady  As'tarte  (2 syl.)  who  died, 
but  Manfred  went  to  the  hall  of  Aiima'ues 
to  see  and  speak  to  her  phantom,  and 
was  told  that  he  would  die  the  following 
day.  The  next  day  the  Spirit  of  his 
Destiny  came  to  summon  him ;  the 
proud  count  scornfully  dismissed  it,  and 
died. — Byron,  "Manfred." 

Manger  or  Manyer  le  r/iwceau.  Te 
betray,  to  impeach,  to  turn  king's  evi- 
dence.  The  allusion  is  to  the  words  of 
Jesus  to  the  beloved  disciple— He  will 
be  the  traitor  "  to  whom  I  shall  give  a 
eop  when  I  have  dipped  it,"  &c.  (John 
xiii.  26). 

Ma'ni.  The  son  of  Mundilfori ; 
taken  to  heaven  by  the  gods  to  drive  the 
moon-car.  He  is  followed  by  a  wolf, 
which,  when  time  .shall  be  no  more,  will 
■ievour  both  Mani  and  his  sister  Sol. 


Mani,  Manes,  or  Manicluxia.  The 
greatest  Persian  painter,  who  lived  in  the 
reign  of  Shah-pour  (Sapor'  I.).  It  is 
said  his  productions  rivalled  nature. 
(226-274.) 

Manichae'ans  or  Manichees.  A 
religious  sect  founded  by  Mani  or  Mani- 
chaus,  the  Persian  painter.  It  was  an 
amalgamation  of  the  Magian  and  Chris- 
tian religions,  interlarded  with  a  little 
Buddhism.  In  order  to  enforce  his  re- 
ligious 83'stem,  Mani  declared  himself  to 
be  the  Paraclete  or  Comforter  promised 
by  Jesus  Christ. 

Man'itou.  The  Ameiican-Indian 
fetisili. 

Manlian  Orders.  Overstrained 
severity.  Manlius  Torqua'tus,  the  Roman 
consul,  gave  orders  in  the  Latin  war  that 
no  Roman,  on  pain  of  death,  should  en- 
gage in  single  combat ;  but  one  of  the 
Latins  provoked  young  Manlius  by  re- 
peated insults,  and  Manlius  slew  him. 
When  the  young  man  took  the  spoils  to 
his  father,  Torqua'tus  ordered  him  to  be 
put  to  death  for  violating  the  commands 
of  his  superior  officer. 

Manly  in  the  "  Plain  Dealer,"  by 
\V3'cherly.  He  is  violent  and  uncouth, 
but  presents  an  excellent  contrast  to  the 
hypocritical  Olivia  {q.v.). 

Mr.  Manly  in  "  The  Provoked  Hus- 
band," by  Vanbrugh  and  Cibber. 

Man -Mountain  or  Quinhus  Flet- 
trill.  So  Gulliver  was  called  by  the 
Lilliputians. 

Manna.  Manna  of  St.  Xicholas  oj 
Bari.  The  name  given  to  a  colourless  and 
tasteless  poison,  sold  in  phials  by  a  woman 
of  Italy  named  Tofani,  who  confes.sed  to 
having  poisoned  600  persons  by  this 
liquid. 

Man'nering.  Colonel  or  Guy  Man- 
ruring ;  Mrs.  Mannering,  nee  Sophia 
Wellwood,  his  wife  ;  Julia  Mannering, 
their  daughter,  who  married  Captain 
Bertram ;  Sir  Paul  Mannering,  the 
colonel's  uncle.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott'a 
novel  of  "  Guy  Mannering." 

Manningtree  (Essex).  Noted  for 
its  Whitsim  fair,  where  an  ox  was  roasted 
whole.  Shakespeare  makes  prince  Henry 
call     Falsl.atf    '"a    roasted     Mannintrt'-A*' 


MaNOA. 


MARABOUT. 


549 


OS,    with  the  p'.idding  in   his   belly." — 
"\  Henry  IV.,"  ii.  4. 

Yon  shall  bare  a  slave  eat  more  at  a  nneale  than  ten 
•f  the  guard  :  and  drink  more  in  two  days  than  all 
Manningtref  Iocs  at  a  Wilsun-ale. 

Mano'a.  The  fahuloiis  capital  of 
El  Dora'do,  the  houses  of  which  city  were 
said  to  be  roofed  with  gold. 

Manon  Leseaut.  A  novel  by  the 
abb6  Prevot.  It  is  the  history  of  a  young 
man  possessed  of  many  brilliant  and 
some  estimable  qualities,  but  being  in- 
toxicated by  a  fatal  attachment  he  is 
hurried  into  the  violation  of  every  rule 
of  conduct,  and  finally  prefers  the  life  of 
a  wretched  wanderer,  with  the  worthless 
object  of  his  affection,  to  all  the  advan- 
tages presented  by  nature  and  fortune. 

Mansard  Roof,  also  called  the  curb 
roof.  A  roof  in  which  the  rafters  instead 
of  forming  a  A  are  broken  on  each  side 
into  an  elbow.  It  was  devised  by  Man- 
sard, the  French  architect,  to  give  height 
to  attics.     (1593-1660.) 

Mansfield.  The  Miller  of  Mansneld. 
Henry  II.  was  one  day  hunting,  and  lost 
his  way.  He  met  a  miller  who  took  him 
home  to  his  cottage,  and  gave  him  a  bed 
with  his  son  Richard.  Next  morning  the 
courtiers  tracked  the  king  to  the  cottage, 
and  the  miller  discovered  the  rank  of  his 
guest.  The  king,  in  merry  mood,  knighted 
his  host,  who  thus  became  Sir  John 
Cockle.  On  St.  George's  day  Henry  II. 
invited  the  three  to  a  royal  banquet,  and 
after  being  amused  with  their  rustic 
ways,  made  Sir  John  "Overseer  of  Sher- 
wood Forest,  with  a  salary  of  £300  a 
year." — Percy,  "  lieliques." 

Mansion.  This  word  has  con- 
siderably changed  its  oriy-inal  meaning, 
which  was  simply  a  tent  pitched  for 
soldiers  on  their  march,  and  hence  a 
"day's  journey"  (Fliny,  xii.  14).  Sub- 
sequently the  word  was  applied  to  a 
roadside  house  for  the  accommodation 
of  strangers  (Suet.  Tit.  10). 

Mantacci'ni.  A  charlatan  who 
professed  to  restore  the  dead  to  life. 

Mantali'ni  ( .Uadame).  A  fashionable 
milliner  near  Cavendish  8(iuaro.  Her 
husband,  noted  for  his  white  teeth, 
minced  oaths,  and  gorgeous  morning 
gown,  is  an  exquisite  man-milliner,  who 
lives  on  his  wife's  earnings. — Dickent, 
"NvcholcLi  NickUby." 


Mantible  (Bridge  of)  consisted  of 
thirty  arches  of  black  marble,  and  was 
guarded  by  "a  fearful  huge  giant," 
slain  by  Sir  Fierabras. 

Man'tiger.  An  heraldic  monster, 
having  a  tiger's  body,  and  the  head  of 
an  old  man  with  long  spiral  horns. 

Mantle.  The  mantle  of  fideUly.  A 
little  boy  one  day  presented  himself 
before  king  Arthur,  and  showed  him  a 
curious  mantle,  "  which  would  become 
no  wife  that  was  not  leal.".  Queen 
Guinever  tried  it,  but  it  chanored  from 
green  to  red,  and  red  to  black,  and 
seemed  rent  into  shreds.  Sir  Kay's  lady 
tried  it,  but  fared  no  better;  others  fol- 
lowed, but  only  Sir  Cradock's  wife  could 
wear  it. — Percy.,  '■'■Rdiques."  (v.  Chastity.) 

Mantra  or  Minlra  (Persian  myflio- 
logy).  A  spell,  a  talisman,  by  which  a 
person  holds  sway  over  the  elements  and 
spirits  of  all  denominations. —  WUfwd. 

Man'tuan  Swain,  swan,  or  hard. 
Virgil,  a  native  of  JIantua,  in  Italy,  Be- 
sides his  great  Latin  epic,  he  wrote  on 
pastoral  and  rural  subjects. 

Man'umit.  To  set  free  ;  properly 
"  to  send  from  one's  hand "  (e  manu 
millere).  One  of  the  Roman  ways  of 
freeing  a  slave  was  to  take  him  before  the 
chief  magistrate  and  say,  "  I  wish  this 
man  to  be  free."  The  lictor  or  rnastor 
then  turned  the  slave  round  in  a  circle, 
struck  him  with  a  rod  across  the  cheek, 
and  let  him  go. 

Mantire  (2  syl.)  means  hand-work 
(French,  man-oeuvre),  tillage  by  manual 
labour.  It  now  means  the  dressing  ap- 
plied to  lands.  Milton  uses  it  in  its 
orif,'inal  sense  in  "  Paradise  Lost,"  iv. — 

Yon  flowery  arbours   .   .  .  with  branches  ovelgrojci) 
TIjat  mock  our  scant  manuring. 

Ma'ra,  in  old  Runic,  a  goblin  that 
seized  upon  men  asleep  in  their  be<ls,  and 
took  from  them  all  speech  and  motion. 

Mar'abou  Feathers.  Feathers  of 
the  bird  so  called,  used  by  ladies  for 
head-gear.  There  are  two  species  of 
Marabou  stork,  which  have  white 
feathers  beneath  their  wings  and  tail 
especially  prized. 

Mar'about.  A  sort  of  plume  worn 
by  ladies  ;  so  called  from  the  JIarabou 
stork,  whose  tail  furnishes  them.  The 
Marabout  hat  is  a  hat  adorned  with  the 
Marabou  feather. 


560 


JklARABUTS 


MARCLEY   HILL. 


Mar'abuts  (Arabic,  frontier  inhahi- 
taiits).  An  Arab  tribe  which  in  1075 
founded  a  dynasty,  put  an  end  to  by  the 
Almohads.  They  form  a  priestly  order 
greatly  venerated  by  the  common  people. 
The  Great  Marabut  ranks  next  to  the 
king. 

Marana'tha  (Syriac,  the  Lord  will 
come — i.e.,  to  execute  judg^nent).  A  form 
of  anathematising  among  the  Jews.  The 
Romans  called  a  curse  or  imprecation  a 
devotion — i.e.,  given  up  to  some  one  of  the 
gods. 

Marbles.  The  A  i~imde!lian  Marhlet. 
Some  thirty-seven  statues  and  128  busts 
with  inscriptions,  collected  by  W.  Petty, 
in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  in  the  island  of 
Paros,  and  purchased  of  him  by  lord 
Arundel,  who  gave  them  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford  in  1G27. 

TU  Eljin  Marhles.  Fragments  of  the 
Parthenon  of  Athens,  built  by  Phid'ias, 
collected  by  Thomas  lord  Elgin  during 
his  mission  to  the  Ottoman  Porte  in 
1802,  and  purchased  of  him  by  the 
British  Museum,  in  1816,  for  ^35,000. 

Money  and  Marhles.  Cash  and  furni- 
ture. Marbles  is  a  corruption  of  the 
French  vieuUes  (furniture). 

Mareassin  (the,  •prince).  From  the 
Italian  fairy-tales  by  Straparola,  called 
"  Nights,"  translated  into  French  in  15S5. 

Marcella.  A  fair  shepherdess  whose 
story  forms  an  episode  in  "  Don  Quix- 
ote," by  Cervantes. 

Marcelli'na.  The  daughter  of  Rocco, 
jailor  of  the  state  prison  of  Seville.  She 
falls  in  love  with  Fidelio,  her  father's 
servant,  who  turns  out  to  be  Leonora, 
the  wife  of  the  state  prisoner  Fernando 
Klorestan.  —  Beetliaven,  "Fidelio"  {an 
opera). 

Marcll.  ffe  may  be  a  rogriye,  hid  he's 
no  fool  on  tht  march.  On  the  march  is 
the  French  phrase  surla  wiarcA« (likewise). 

March  horrotrs  three  days  from  April. 

The  first  it  shall  be  wind  »nd  weet ; 
The  next  it  ehall  be  snaw  and  sleet ; 
The  Ihird  it  shall  be  sio  a  freeze 
ehull  gar  the  birds  stick  to  the  ti  e«i. 

'•  The  Coinptnynt  •/  Scotland.' 

Marcll  Dust.  A  hnshel  of  March 
di(j<t  is  icorih  a  king's  ransoriu  According 
fco  the  Anglo-Saxon  laws,  the  fine  of 
murdf*  was  a  sliding  scale  proportioned 
to  the  rank  of  the  person  killed.  The 
lowRst  was  £10  and  tho  highest  £60  ;  the 


former  was  the   ransom  of  a  churl,  and 
the  latter  of  a  king. 

March  Hare.  Mad  cm  a  March  hart. 
Hares  in  March  are  very  wild. 

March.es,  boundaries,  is  the  Saxon 
mearc;  but  marsh,  a  meadow,  is  the 
Saxon  mersc,  anciently  written  marash, 
the  French  marais,  and  our  morass.  The 
other  march  is  the  origin  of  our  marquis, 
the  lord  of  the  march.  The  boundaries 
between  England  and  Wales,  and  between 
England  and  Scotland,  were  called 
"  marches  ;"  the  territory  between  the 
Ebro  and  the  Pyrenees  was  called  by 
Charlemagne  "the  Spanish  march,"  &c. 

Ridinr)  the  Marches — i.e.,  beating  the 
bounds  of  the  parish  (Scotch). 

March-pane.  A  confection  of  pis- 
tachio-nuts, almonds,  and  sugar  ;  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  French  tnasse-paiti  (bread- 
lumps). 

Marchaundes  Tale,  in  Chaucer,  is 
substantially  the  same  as  the  first  Latin 
metrical  tale  of  Adolf  us,  and  is  not  un- 
like a  Latin  prose  tale  given  in  the 
appendix  of  T.  Wright's  edition  of 
^sop's  Fables.   (See  JandaRT  and  Hay.) 

Marchington  (Staffordshire)  fa- 
mous for  a  crumbling  short  cake.  Hence 
the  saying  that  a  man  or  woman  of  crusty 
temper  is  "as  short  as  Marchington 
wake-cake." 

Marchioness  ( Th^) .  The  half-starved 
pirl-of-aU-work  in  "The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop,"  by  Charles  Dickens. 

Mar'cionites  (3  syl.).  An  ascetic 
Gnostic  sect,  founded  by  Marcion  in  the 
second  century. 

Marck  (  U'ilHam  de  la),  or  "  The 
Wild  Boar  of  Ardennes."  A  French  noble- 
man, called  in  French  history  Sanglier 
des  Ardennes,  introduced  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott  in  "Quentin  Durward."  (1446- 
1485.) 

Marcley  Hill,  Herefordshire,  on 
February  7th,  1571,  at  sis  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  "roused  itself  with  a  roar,  and 
by  seven  next  morning  had  moved  forty 
paces.  It  kept  on  the  move  for  three 
days,  carrying  with  it  sheep  in  their 
cotes,  hedge-rows,  and  trees  ;  overthrew 
Kinnaston  chapel,  and  diverted  two 
high  roads  at  least  200  yards  from  their 
former  route.  The  entire  mass  thus 
moved  consisted  of  twenty-six  acres  of 
land,  and  the  entire  distance  moved  was 
400  yards." — Speed,  "  neref->r<ishire." 


MARCOS   DE  0 OREGON. 


MARGARET. 


551 


Marcos  de  Obregon.  The  model 
of  Gil  Bias,  in  the  Spanish  romance  en- 
titled "  Relaciones  de  la  Vida  del  Escu- 
dero  Marcos  de  Obregon." 

Marco'sians.  A  branch  of  the 
Gnostics,  so  called  from  the  Egyptian 
Marcus.  They  are  noted  for  their  apocry- 
phal books  and  religious  fables. 

Mardle.  To  waste  time  in  gossip. 
(Anglo-Saxon,  malhelian,  to  talk  ;  vielhel, 
a  discourse.) 

Mardonius  [Captain),  in  "  A  King 
or  No  King,"  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Mare.  The  Cromlech  at  Gorwell, 
Dorsetshire,  is  called  the  White  IMare  ; 
the  barrows  near  Hambleton,  the  Grey 
Mare. 

Away  the  mare — i.e.,  Off  with  the  blue 
devils,  good-bye  to  care.  This  mare  is 
the  incubus  called  the  night-mare. 

To  cry  the  mare  (Herefordshire  and 
Shrop.shire).  In  harvesting,  when  the 
in-gathering  is  complete,  a  few  blades 
of  com  left  for  the  purpose  have  their 
tops  tied  together.  The  reapers  then 
place  themselves  at  a  certain  distance, 
and  fling  their  sickles  at  the  "mare."  He 
who  succeeds  in  cutting  the  knot  cries 
out  "  I  have  her  I"  "  What  have  you  ? " 
"  A  mare."  "  Whose  is  she  ? "  The 
name  of  some  farmer  whose  field  has 
been  reaped  is  here  mentioned.  "  Where 
will  you  send  her?"  The  name  of  some 
farmer  whose  com  is  not  yet  harvested 
is  here  given,  and  then  all  the  reapers 
give  a  final  shout. 

To  win  (he  mare  or  lose  the  halter—  i.e., 
tc  play  double  or  quits. 

The  grey  mare  is  Uu  better  horse.  {See 
Grky  Make.) 

The  two-leqged  mare.     The  gallows. 

Money  uiii  make  the  mare  to  go. 

"  Will  you  lend  me  your  mare  to  ro  a  mile  ? 

"No,  she  is  lame  leapmg  over  a  sUle." 

"  But  if  you  will  her  to  me  spare, 

Tou  fliall  have  money  for  your  mare." 

■'  Ob,  ho  1  Bay  you  so  ? 

Honey  will  maki;  the  mar*  to  70  " 

OUL  Gleet  and  Catchte. 

Whose  mare's  dead  t  What's  the  mut- 
ter ?  Thus  in  "  2  Henry  IV."  when  Sir 
John  Falstaff  sees  Mistress  Quickly  with 
the  sheriff's  officers,  evidently  in  a  state 
of  great  discomposure,  he  cries  out — 

I  low  now?  Whose  mare '8  dead  f  V  hst'o  the 
■Latter?    (ii  1.) 

Mare's  Nest.  To  find  a  mare's 
««*<  is  to  make  what  you  suppose  to  be 


a  great  discovery,  but  which  turns  out 
to  be  all  moonshine.  What  we  call  a 
nightmare  was  by  our  forefathers  sup- 
posed to  be  the  Saxon  demon  Mara  or 
^lare,  a  kind  of  vampire,  sitting  on  the 
sleeper's  chest.  These  vampires  were 
said  to  be  the  guardians  of  hid  treasures, 
over  which  they  brooded  as  hens  over 
their  eggs,  and  the  place  where  they 
sat  was  termed  their  nidm  or  nest. 
When  any  one  supposes  he  has  made  a 
great  discovery,  we  ask  if  he  has  disco- 
vered a  mare's  nest,  or  the  place  where 
the  vampire  keeps  guard  over  hypo- 
thetical treasures.    (See  Monaciello.) 

Why  dost  thou  laugh  ? 
What  mare's  nest  hast  thou  found  T 

BeaMmunt  and  Flelcher,  "  Bonduca,"  ».  1 

Are  we  10  believe  that  the  governor,  executive 
council,  the  officers,  and  merchants  have  been  findine 
marc's  uests  only  t—Thi  Tirrk* 

N.B.— In  some  parts  of  Scotland  they 
use  instead  a  Skate's  Nest.  In  Glouces- 
tershire a  long-winded  tale  is  called  a 
Hm'se-nest.  In  Cornwall  they  say  You 
have  found  a  we^t  nest,  and  are  laiighina 
over  tlu  eggs.  In  Devon,  nonsense  ii 
called  a  Mind  mare's  nest.  Holinshed 
calls  a  gallows  &  fold's  nest  (iii).  In  French 
the  corresponding  phrase  is,  Nid  de  lapin; 
Nid  dune  souris  dans  rortille  dun  chat 
{See  Chat."> 

Marfi'ssL.  An  Indian  queen  in 
Bojardo's  "  Orlando  Innamorato,"  and  in 
Ariosto's  "  Orlando  Furioso." 

Marfo'rio.     A  pasquinade  {q.v.). 

Margan  Monastery  (Register  o/), 
from  1066  to  1232,  pubhshed  in  Gale, 
1687. 

Margaret,  queen  of  Denmark,  Nor- 
way, and  Sweden,  called  the  "  Northern 
Scmiramis."     (1353,  13S7-14r2.) 

Margaret.  A  simple,  uncultured  girl 
of  wonderful  witchery,  seduced  by 
Faust.  She  killed  the  infant  of  her 
shame,  was  sent  to  prison  where  she  lost 
her  reason,  and  was  ultimately  con- 
demned to  death. — Goethe,  ^'  Faust." 

Ladye  Margaret.  "  The  Flower  of 
Teviot,"  daughter  of  the  duchess  Mar- 
garet and  lord  Walter  Scott,  of  Brank- 
siime  Hall.  She  was  beloved  by  baron 
Henry  of  Cranstown,  whose  family  had  a 
deadly  feud  with  that  of  Scott.  One  day 
the  ellin  page  of  lord  Cranstown  enveigled 
the  heir  of  Branksomo  Hall,  then  a  lad, 
into  the  woods,  where  he  fell  into  the 
hands   of    the  Southerners ;  whereupon 


5.')2 


MARGARET. 


MARIA. 


3000  of  the  Enplish  marched  against  the 
castle  of  the  widowed  duchess  ;  but  being 
told  by  a  spy  that  Douglas  with  10,000 
men  were    coming  to  the   rescue,  they 

Xeed  to  decide  by  single  combat 
sther  the  boy  was  to  become  king 
Edward's  page,  or  be  delivered  up  to  his 
mother.  The  champions  to  decide  this 
question  were  to  be  Sir  Richard  Mus- 
grave  on  the  side  of  the  English,  and  Sir 
William  Deloraine  on  the  side  of  the 
Scotch.  In  the  combat  the  English 
champion  was  slain,  and  the  boy  was 
delivered  to  the  widow  ;  but  it  then  ap- 
peared that  the  antagonist  was  not 
VVilliam  of  Deloraine,  but  lord  Crans- 
town,  who  claimed  and  received  the 
band  of  fair  Margaret  as  his  reward. — 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  "Lay  of  the  Last 
Minstrel." 

Lady  Margaret's  Preacher.  A  preacher 
who  has  to  preach  a  Concio  ad  clerum 
before  the  University,  on  the  day  pre- 
ceding Easter  Term.  This  preachership 
was  founded  in  1503  by  lady  Margaret, 
mother  of  Henry  VII. 

Lady  Margaret  Professoi'.  A  professor 
of  divinity  in  the  IJniversity  of  Cam- 
bridge. This  professorship  was  founded 
in  1502  by  lady  Margaret,  mother  of 
Henry  VII.  These  lectures  are  given  for 
the  "  Voluntary  Theological  Examina- 
tion," and  treat  upon  tlie  Fathers,  the 
Liturgy,    and  the  priestly  duties.     (See 

NORKISIAN.) 

St.  Margaret.  The  chosen  type  of 
female  innocence  and  meekness. 

In  Christian  art  she  is  represented  as 
a  young  woman  of  great  beauty,  bearing 
the  martyr's  palm  and  crown,  or  with 
the  dragon  as  an  attribute.  Sometimes 
she  is  delineated  as  coming  from  the 
dragon's  mouth,  for  the  legend  says  that 
the  monster  swallowed  her,  but  on 
making  the  sign  of  the  cross  he  suffered 
her  to  quit  his  maw. 

St.  Margaret  and  the  dragon.  Olyb'ius, 
governor  of  Antioch,  captivated  by  the 
beauty  of  St.  Margaret,  wanted  to  marry 
her,  and  as  she  rejected  him  with  scorn 
threw  her  into  a  dungeon,  where  the 
devil  came  to  her  in  the  form  of  a 
dra^gon.  Margaret  held  up  the  cross,  and 
the  dragon  fled.  Some  say  it  burst 
asunder. 

St.  Pela'gia,  St.  Mari'na,  and  St.  Gem- 
ma, are  the  same  person  as  St.  Margaret. 

St.  Margaret  is  the  patron  saint  of  the 
ancient  borougb  of  Lynn  Regis,  and  on 


the  corporation  seal  she  is  represented 
as  standing  on  a  dragon  and  woundiiitr  it 
with  the  cross.  The  inscription  of  the 
seal  is  svb.  uaroaueta.  teritok.  draco. 

8TAT.  CRIJCE.  LAITA. 

Margaret  or  Marguerite  {petite). 
Tho.dai.sy;  so  called  from  its  pearly 
whiteness,  marguarite  being  the  French 
for  a  pearl. 


Margherit'a  di  Valois  married 
Henri  the  B^arnais,  afterwards  Henri  IV. 
of  France.  During  the  wedding  solemni- 
ties, Catherine  de  Medicis  devised  the 
massacre  of  the  French  Prote.stants,  and 
Margarita  was  at  a  ball  during  the  dread- 
ful enactment  of  this  device. — Meyerbeer, 
"OH  Ugonotti"  {an  opei'a). 

Margate  (Kent),  is  the  sea-gate  or 
opening.  (Latin,  mare ;  Saxon,  mare, 
&c.) 

Margin.  In  all  our  ancient  English 
books,  the  commentary  is  printed  in  the 
margin.     Hence  Shakespeare — 

Her  face's  own  margent  did  quote  «uch  amazet. 
"  Lovt'i  LuUtur't  Lout,"  li.  L 

I  knew  jou  must  be  edified  by  tbe  margent. 

"  BaiiiUt,''  T.  I. 

She  could  pick  no  ni(aninK....wnt  in  the  Rioosy 
margiu  of  such  looks.  "  Ritp4  of  Luerict." 

Margites.  The  first  dunce  whose 
name  has  been  transmitted  to  fame.  His 
rivals  are  Godrus  and  Flecknoe. 

Margites  was  the  name  .  .  .  whom  Antiquity 
recordeth  to  ;  ave  been  dunco  the  first. 

Popi,  "  l>un£uid"  {iiarlinua  StribUmu). 

Mari'a.  Heroine  of  Donizetti's 
opera  "  La  Figlia  del  Reggimento. "  She 
first  appears  as  a  vivandiere  or  French 
suttler-girl,  for  Sulpizio,  the  sergeant  of 
the  11th  regiment  of  Napoleon's  Grand 
Army,  had  found  her  after  a  battle,  and 
the  regiment  adopted  her  as  their 
daughter.  Tonio,  a  Tyrolese,  saved  her 
life,  and  fell  in  love  with  her,  and  the 
regiment  agreed  to  his  marriage  provided 
he  joined  the  regiment.  Just  at  this 
juncture  the  marchioness  of  Berkenfield 
claims  Maria  as  her  daughter ;  the  claim 
is  allowed,  and  the  vivandiere  is  obliged 
to  leave  the  regiment  for  the  castle  of 
the  marchioness.  A.fter  a  time,  the 
French  regiment  takes  possession  of 
Berkenfield  Castle,  and  Tonio  has  risen 
to  the  rank  of  a  field  officer.  He  claims 
Maria  as  his  bride,  but  is  told  that  her 


ilArJA    THERESA. 


MAilK.. 


653 


mother  has  promised  her  hand  to  the  son 
of  a  duchess.  Maria  promises  to  obey 
her  mother,  the  marchioness  relents,  and 
Tonio  becomes  the  accepted  suitor. 

Maria.  A  fair,  quick-witted,  amiable 
maiden,  whose  banus  were  forbidden  by 
the  curate  who  pxiblished  them;  in  con- 
seijuence  of  which  she  lost  her  reason, 
and  used  to  sit  on  the  roadside  near 
Moulines,  playing  vesper  hymns  to  the 
Virgin  all  day  long.  She  led  by  a  ribbon 
a  little  dog  named  Silvio,  of  which  she 
was  very  jealous,  for  she  had  first  made 
a  goat  her  favourite,  but  the  goat  had 
forsaken  hor.  —  iiierne,  "  Sentimental 
Journei/." 

Maria  There'sa.  Wife  of  Sancho 
Panza.  She  is  sometimes  called  .Maria, 
and  sometimes  Teresa  Panza. —  "Don 
Quixote. " 

Mariamites  (4  syl.).  Worshippers 
of  Mary,  tlie  mother  of  Jesus.  They 
said  the  Trinity  consisted  of  God  tlie 
Father,  God  the  Son,  and  Mary  the 
mother  of  God. 

Marian'a.  One  of  the  most  lovable 
of  Shakespeare's  characters.  Her  plead- 
ing for  Angelo  is  unrivalled. — "Measure 
fur  Meus^ire." 

Tennyson  has  two  Maria7ias  among  his 
poems. 

Mariana.  Daughter  of  the  king  of 
Sicily,  beloved  by  !Sir  Ale.\andor,  one  of 
the  three  sons  of  St.  George,  the  patron 
saint  of  England.  Sir  Alexander  married 
her,  and  was  crowned  king  of  Thessaly. 
— "  TkeSeoen  Vlcampiotu  of  Christendom," 
iii.  3. 

Ma'rid.  An  evil  jinnee  of  tne  most 
powerful  class. — A  ra/jian  mylkoloijy. 

Marigold.  So  called  in  honour  of 
the  Virgin  Mary,  and  hence  the  intro- 
duction of  marigold  wimlows  in  lady 
chapels.     (6'«e  M.viivr.oLD. ) 

This  riddle,  Cuddy,  if  th)U  cnnst.  explain    .. 

'*  W  hat  tlower  is  thai  which  bears  llic  Virgin':)  name, 

Tbo  riuli»t  metal  added  to  the  name  ? " 

Uay, "  Pastoral." 

Mari'na.  Wife  of  Jaccpo  Fos'cari, 
son  of  the  doge. — Byron,  "  The  Two 
Fos'cari." 

Marinda  or  Marldah.  The  fait 
mistress  of  llaroun-alRasohid. 

Mariner's  Compass.  Tho /eur  de 
lis  wliich  ornaments  the  northern  radius 
of   the  mariner's  compass   wa.t  adopted 


out  of  compliment  to  Charles  d'Anjou, 
whose  device  it  wiis.  He  was  the  reiurn- 
ing  king  of  Sicily  when  Flavio  Gioja  the 
Neapolitan  made  his  improvements  in 
this  instrument. 

Marines  (2  syl.).  Empty  bottles. 
The  marines  are  looked  down  upon  by  the 
regular  seamen,  who  consider  them  use- 
less, like  empty  bottles.  A  marine 
otiicer  was  once  dining  at  a  mess-table, 
when  the  duke  of  York  said  to  the  man 
in  waiting,  "  Here,  take  away  these 
marines."  The  officer  demanded  an  ex- 
planation, when  the  colonel  replied, 
"They  have  done  their  duty  well,  and 
are  prepared  to  do  it  again." 

Marino  Faliero.  The  forty-ninth 
doge  or  chief  magistrate  of  the  republic 
of  Venice,  elected  1354.  A  patrician 
named  Michel  Steno,  having  behaved  in- 
decently to  some  of  the  women  assembled 
at  the  great  civic  banquet  given  by  the 
doge,  was  kicked  off  the  solajo  by  order 
of  the  duke.  In  revenge  he  wrote  upon 
the  dtike's  chair  a  scurrilous  libel  against 
the  dogaressa.  The  insult  was  referred  to 
the  Forty,  and  the  council  condemned  the 
young  patrician  to  a  month's  imprison- 
ment. The  doge,  furious  at  this  inade- 
quate punishment,  joined  a  conspiracy 
to  overthrow  the  republic,  under  the 
hope  and  promise  of  being  made  a  king. 
He  was  betrayed  by  Bertram,  one  of  the 
conspirators,  and  was  beheaded  on  the 
"  Giant's  Staircase,"  the  place  where  the 
doges  were  wont  to  take  the  oath  of 
fidelity  to  the  republic. — Byron,  '^  Mdri.io 
Falie'ro." 

Mariotte's  Law.  At  a  given  tem. 
perature,  the  volume  of  a  gas  is  inversely 
as  the  pro.ssure.  So  called  fiom  Eil. 
Mariotto,  a  Frenchman,  who  died  16S4. 

Maritornes  (Spanish,  bad  icoman). 
A  vulgar,  ugly,  sttinted  servant-wench, 
whom  Don  Quixote  mistakes  for  a  lord's 
dauijhter,  and  her  "hair,  rough  as  a 
horse's  tail,"  his  diseased  ima^rination 
fancies  to  be  "silken  threads  of  finest 
gold."— "Z>07i  Quixote." 

Mark  (•S'tVJ,  A  mythical  king  of 
Cornwall;  Sir  Tristram's  uncle.  He 
liveil  at  Tintag'ol  castio,  and  married 
Is'oldo  the  Fair,  who  was  passionately 
onainouri'il  of  his  nei'hiiw,  Sir  Tristr.iiu. 
The  illicit  loves  oi  Isokle  and  Sir  Trislraij 
wuro  provribiiil  ill  tlio  niiildlo  ages. 

St.  Mark  in  Ghrisiian  art  is  repriSt'iiiod 


ibi 


MARK    TAPLEY. 


MARMION. 


08  being  in  the  prime  of  life  ;  sornetimes 
habited  as  a  bishop,  and  as  the  historian 
of  the  resurrection,  accompanied  by  a 
winged  lion  {q.v.).  He  holds  in  his  right 
hand  a  pen,  and  in  his  left  the  Gospel. 

The  datt-mark  on  gold  or  silver  articles 
is  some  letter  of  the  Alphabet  indicating 
the  year  when  the  article  was  made. 
Thus  in  the  Goldsmith's  Company  of  Lon- 
don : — From  171(>  to  1755  it  was  Roman 
capitals,  beginning  from  A  and  following 
in  succession  year  after  year  ;  from  1756 
to  1775  it  was  Roman  small  letters,  A  to 
U ;  from  1776  to  1796,  Roman  black  letters, 
small,  A  to  U  ;  from  1796  to  1815,  Koinan 
capitals,  A  to  U ;  from  1816  to  1835,  Roman 
small  letters ;  from  1836  to  1855,  Old  En<,'- 
lish  capitals;  from  1856  to  1875,  Old  F^u;;- 
li.sh.  sm;dl ;  1876  to  1895,  Romaa  capitals. 

The  duUj-mark  ongoldand  eilverarticles 
is  the  head  of  the  reigning  sovereign,  and 
shows  that  the  duty  has  been  paid.  This 
mark  is  not  now  placed  on  watch-cases, 
&c. 

The  Hall-mark,  stamped  upon  gold  and 
silver  articles,  is  a  leopard's  head 
crowned  for  London.-  three  lions  and  a 
cross  for  York  ;  a  castle  with  two  wings 
for  Exeter;  three  wheat-sheaves  or  a 
dagger  for  Chester  ;  three  castles  for 
Newcastle  ;  an  anchor  for  Birmingham  ; 
a  jrown  for  Sheffield ;  a  cast\e  and  lion 
for  Edinburgh  ;  a  tree,  salmon,  and  ring 
for  Glasgow  ;  the  fig  of  Hibemia  for 
Dublin.     (See  Silver.) 

Tlu  Skuidard-vuirk  of  gold  or  silver  is  a 
lion  passant  for  England ;  a  thistle  for 
Edinburgh  ;  a  lion  rampant  for  Glasgow  ; 
and  a  harp  crowned  for  Ireland. 

Mark  Tapley,  ever-jolly,  who  re- 
cognises nothing  crerlitable  unless  it  is 
overclouded  by  difficulties.  —  Charles 
Dickens,  "  Martin  Chuzzlewit." 

Markham  (Mrs.).  A  nom  de  plume 
of  Elizabeth  Cartwright,  afterwards  Mrs. 
Penrose. 

Marl.     Latin,  argilU  ;  German,  mar- 
gel  ;   Spanish  and  Italian,   mari/a ;    Ar-   , 
moric,  »iarg  ;  Irish,  marla  ;  Welsh,  marl. 

Marlborough  Dog.  (5ee  Blenheim 
Dog.) 

Statutes  of  Marlborough.  Certain  laws 
passed  in  the  reiL^n  of  Henry  III.,  by  a 
parliament  held  in  Marlborough  castle. 

Mario W.  Both  Sir  Charles  Marlow 
and  his  son  Young  Marlow  are  characters 
VD  "  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,"  by  Gold- 


smith. Young  Marlow  is  bashful  before 
ladies,  but  easy  enough  before  women  of 
low  degree. 

Mar'mion.  Ralph  de  Wilton  being 
charged  with  treason,  claimed  to  prove 
his  innocence  liy  the  ordeal  of  battle,  and 
being  overthrown  by  lord  Marmion  was 
supposed  to  bo  dead,  but  was  picked 
up  by  a  beadsman  who  nursed  him 
carefully ;  and  being  restored  to  health, 
he  went  on  a  pilLcrimage  to  foreign 
lands.  Now,  lord  Marmion  was  betrothed 
to  Constance  de  Beverley ;  and  De  Wilton 
to  lady  Clare,  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Gloucester.  When  De  Wilton  was  sup- 
posed to  be  dead  lord  Marmion  proved 
faithless  to  Constance,  and  proposed  to 
Clare — having  an  eye  especial  ly  to  her  rich 
inheritance.  Clare  rejected  his  suit,  and 
took  refuge  in  the  convent  of  St.  Hilda, 
in  Whitby ;  Constance,  on  the  other 
hand,  took  the  veil  in  the  convent  of  St. 
Cuthbert,  in  Holy  Isle.  In  time  Con- 
stance eloped  from  the  convent,  but 
being  overtaken  was  buried  alive  in  the 
walls  of  a  deep  cell.  In  the  meantime 
lord  Marmion  was  sent  by  Henry  VIII. 
with  a  message  to  James  IV.  of  Scotland, 
and  stojiped  at  the  hall  of  Hugh  de  Heron 
for  a  night.  Sir  Hugh,  at  his  request, 
appointed  him  a  guide  to  conduct  him  to 
the  king,  and  the  gtiide  wore  the  dress  of 
a  palmer.  On  his  return,  lord  Marmion 
hears  that  lady  Clare  is  in  Holy  Isle,  and 
commands  the  aooess  of  Hilda  to  release 
her,  that  she  may  be  placed  under  the 
charge  of  her  kinsman,  Fitz  Clare,  of 
Tantallon  Hall.  Here  she  meets  De 
Wilton,  the  palmer-guide  of  lord  Mar- 
mion. Lord  Marmion  being  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Flodden  Field,  De  Wilton 
married  lady  Clare. — Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Lord  Marmion.  The  hero  of  Scotf  a 
poem  so  called  is  a  purely  tictitious  char- 
acter. There  was,  however,  an  historic 
family  so  called,  descendants  of  Robert 
de  Marmion,  a  follower  of  the  Conqueror, 
who  obtained  the  grant  of  Tamworth, 
and  the  manor  of  Scrivelby,  in  Lincoln- 
shire. He  was  the  first  royal  champion, 
and  his  male  issue  ceased  with  Philip 
Marmion,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  Sir 
John  Dymoke,  who  married  Margery, 
da\ighter  of  Joan,  the  only  surviving 
child  of  Philip,  claimed  the  oflSce  and 
manor  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II., 
and  they  have  remained  in  his  male  lino 
ever  since. 


XARMO   LUNENSE. 


MAK3. 


666 


Manno  Lunense.    (.See  Ldna.) 

Ma'ro.  Vir'ril,  whose  name  was 
Publius  Virgilius  Maro,  was  bom  on  the 
banks  of  the  rivpr  Mincio,  at  the  village 
of  Aiidf'S,  near  iJaulu.i.     (n.c.  70-1:*.) 

8we«t  Maro's  muse,  sunk  in  inglorious  real. 
Had  silent  .ilniil  umid  the  iMincian  lecis. 

Tluimaoii.  "  VitatU  of  JwluUiice,"  il. 

Maron  or  Marro/i  (French).  A  cat's- 
paw  (r/.v.).  "Se  servir  do  la  patte  ilu 
chat  pour  tiror  les  marrons  du  feu  ;''  in 
Italian,  "  Cavare  i  inan-oni  dal  fuoco 
coUa  zampa  del  gatto." 

Cest  ne  ee  point  commettre  i  faiie  de  I'iclat 
£t  tirer  Ics  aiarrous  de  la  patte  du  cliat. 

"L'Etuurdi.'ui7. 

Mar'onites  (3  syl.).  A  Christian 
tribe  of  Syria  in  tho  eigrhth  century  ;  so 
called  from  the  monastery  of  Maron,  on 
the  slopes  of  Lebanon,  their  chief  seat ; 
60  called  from  John  Maron,  patriarch  of 
(Vntioch,  in  the  sixth  century. 

Maroon.  A  runaway  slave  sent  to 
the  Calabou(jo,  or  place  where  such  slaves 
were  punished,  as  the  Maroons  of  Brazil. 
Those  of  Jamaica  are  the  offspring  of 
runaways  from  the  old  Jamaica  plant;i- 
tions  or  from  Cuba,  to  whom,  in  1738,  the 
British  Government  granted  a  tract  of 
land,  on  which  they  built  two  towns. 
The  word  is  from  the  verb  "  maroon,"  to 
set  a  person  on  an  inhospitable  shore  and 
leave  him  there  (a  practice  common 
with  i)irates  and  buccaneers).  The  word 
is  a  corruption  of  Ciman'on,  &  worj 
applied  by  Spaniards  to  anything  unruly, 
whether  man  or  beast.  (.^ee  Scott, 
"  Pirate,"  ch.  xxii.) 

Maro'zia,  daughter  of  Theodora. 

The  infamous  offspring  of  an  infamous 
mother  of  the  ninth  century.  Her  in- 
trigues have  rendered  her  name  pro- 
verbial. By  one  she  became  tho  mother 
of  Pope  John  XI.     (See  Messalina.) 

Marphi'sa  (in  "  Orlando  Furioso"). 
Sister  of  lioge'ro,  and  a  female  knight  of 
amazing  prowess.  She  was  brought  up 
by  a  mixgician,  but  being  stolen  at  the 
age  of  seven,  was  sold  to  the  king  of 
Persia.  The  king  a.ssailed  her  virtue 
when  she  was  eighteen,  but  she  slow  him, 
and  seized  tho  crown.  She  came  to  Gaul 
to  join  the  anny  of  Ag'ramant,  but 
hearing  that  Agrainant's  father  had 
murdered  her  mother  Galacella,  she  en- 
tered the  camp  oi  Charlemagne,  and  was 
baptised. 


Marplot.  A  Billy,  cowardly,  in- 
quisitive Paul  Pry,  in  "The  Busybody,'' 
by  Mrs.  Centlivre.  11.  Woodward's 
great  part. 

Marriages.  Carrier's  lUpubl'uan 
Marriwjis.  A  device  of  wholesale 
slaughter,  adopted  by  Carrier,  pro-consul 
of  Nantes,  in  the  Ikst  French  Kevolu- 
tion.  It  consiisted  in  tying  men  and 
women  together  by  their  hands  and  feet, 
and  casting  them  into  the  Loire.    (1794.) 

Married  Women  take  their  hus- 
band's suruanio.  This  was  a  Komau 
custom.  Thus  Juli;i,  Octavia,  &c.,  mar- 
ried to  Pompey,  Cicero,  Ac,  woulil 
be  called  Julia  of  Pompey,  Octavia  of 
Cicero.  Our  married  women  sign  their 
names  in  the  same  manner,  but  omit  the 
"  of." 

Marrow  Controversy.  A  me- 
morable struggle  in  Scotland  between 
Puritanism  and  Prcsbyterianism ;  so- 
called  from  a  book  entitled  "  The 
Marrow  of  Modern  Divinity,"  con- 
demned by  the  General  Assembly  in 
1720.  Ab.-ili.  bishop  of  Rhodes,  wrot«. 
the  Medulla  Tkeoloyica. 

Marrow-bones.  Dowa  at.  your 
murruiv-huues—youT  knoas.  That  mar- 
row in  this  phrase  is  tot  a  corruption  of 
"  Mary,"  meaning  the  Virgin,  is  palpable 
from  the  analogous  phrase,  </te  marrow- 
bone  stage — walking.  The  leg-bone  is  the 
marrow-bone  of  beef  and  mutton,  and 
the  play  is  on  Marylelioue  (London). 

MarrovF-men.  The  twelve  minis- 
ters who  signed  the  remonstrance  to  the 
General  Assembly  for  condemning  the 
evangelical  doctrines  of  the  "  Marrow." 
(.V««  above.) 

Marry  !    An  oath,  meaning  By  Mary, 

the  Virgin. 

Mars.  Under  this  planet  "is  borne 
thoves  and  robbers  .  .  .  nyght  walkers 
an<l  quarell  pykers,  bosters,  mockers,  and 
skollors  ;  and  these  men  of  Mars  causeth 
warro,  and  murther,  and  bat;iyle.  They 
wyll  be  gladly  smythes  or  workers  of  yron 
,  .  .  lyors,  gret  swerers.  .  .  He  is  rod  and 
angj-y  ...  a  great  walker,  and  a  maker 
of  swordes  and  knyves,  and  a  sheder  of 
mannes  blode  .  .  .  ami  good  to  be  a 
barl)oure  and  a  blode  letter,  and  to 
drawe  tethe. — "  Compost  of  Pt/iolomeus." 

J/arj  in  Camoemi'  "Lusiad"  ia  "divLue 


658    MARSEILLKS'  GOOD  BISHOl'. 


MARTEl^ 


fortitude"  personified.  As  Bacchus,  the 
evil  domon,  is  tlie  guardian  power  of 
Maliomctanism,  so  Mars  or  divine  forti- 
tude is  the  guardian  power  of  Chris- 
tinnity. 

The  Mam  of  Portugal.  Alfonso  de 
All)oquerquo,  viceroy  of  India.  (1452- 
1515.) 

Marseilles'  Good  Bishop.      In 

1720  and  1722,  the  plague  made  dreadful 
havoc  at  ISIarsoilles.  The  bishop,  IT.  F. 
Xavier  de  Bclsuiioe,  was  indefatigabh  in 
the  pastoral  oilico,  and  spent  his  whole 
time  visiiiujr  tho  sick.  Duriu;^  the  plague 
of  London,  Sir  John  Lawrence,  the  then 
lord  mayor,  was  no  less  conspicuous  in 
his  benevolence.  He  supported  40,000 
dismissed  servants  so  long  as  his  fortune 
lasted,  and  when  he  had  spent  his  own 
money,  collected  and  distributed  the 
alms  of  the  nation.  Darwin  refers  to 
tliese  philanthropists  in  his  "Loves  of 
the  Plants,"  ii.  433.    {Sse  Borromeo.) 

Marseillaise  (3  syl.).  The  grand 
song  of  the  French  Revolution.  Both 
words  and  music  were  composed  by 
Rouget  de  Lisle  an  artillery  officer  in 
garrison  at  Strasbourg,  for  Dietrich 
mayor  of  the  town.  On  July  30th, 1792,  the 
Marseillaise  volunteers,  invited  by  Bar- 
baroux  at  the  instance  of  Madame  Roland, 
marched  to  Paris  singing  the  favourite 
song  ;  and  the  Parisians,  enchanted  with 
it,  called  it  the  "  Hymne  des  Marseil- 
lais."    (liouget  born  1760,  died  1836.) 

Marsh  {Le  Marais).  The  pit  of  the 
National  Convention,  between  Mountain 
benches  on  one  side,  and  those  occupied 
by  the  ministerial  party  and  the  opposi- 
tion on  the  other.  These  middle  men  or 
"flats"  were  "swamped,"  or  enforces 
dans  U7i  maravs  by  those  of  more  decided 
politics.     (<S'««  Plain.) 

Marshal  means  an  ostler  or  groom. 
His  original  duty  was  to  feed,  groom, 
shoe,  and  physio  hia  master's  horse. 
(British,  7narc,  a  mare;  seal,  a  servant.) 

Murihal  Forward.  Blucher,  so  called  for 
his  dash  and  readiness  in  the  cauipaigu 
of  1«13. 

Marshal  of  the  Army  of  God,  and  of 
Holy  Church.  The  baron  Robert  Fitz- 
walter,  appointed  by  his  brother  barons 
to  command  their  forces  in  1215  to  obtain 
from  king  John  redress  of  grinvances. 
Magna  t^harta  was  the  result 


Marsigllo  or  Marsil'ius.  A  Saracen 
king  who  plotted  tho  attack  upon  FU)- 
land,  under  "the  tree  on  which  Judas 
hanged  himself."  With  a  force  of 
600,000  men,  ilivided  into  three  armies, 
he  attacked  the  paladin  and  overthrew 
him,  but  was  in  turn  overthrown  by 
Charlemagne,  and  hanged  on  the  very 
tree  beneath  which  he  had  arranged  tho 
attack. —  Turpin,  "  Chronicles." 

Mar'syas.  The  Phrygian  flute-player 
who  challenged  Apollo  to  a  contest  of 
skill,  and  being  beaten  by  the  god  was 
flayed  alive  for  his  presumption.  From 
his  blood  arose  the  river  so  called.  The 
flute  on  which  Mar.syas  played  was  one 
Athe'na  had  thrown  away,  and  being  filled 
with  the  breath  of  the  goddess,  dis- 
coursed most  excellent  music.  The 
interpretation  of  this  fable  is  as  follows  : 
A  contest  long  existed  between  the  lutists 
and  the  flautists  as  to  the  superiority  of 
their  respective  instruments.  The  Dorian 
mode,  employed  in  the  worship  of 
Apollo,  was  performed  on  lutes  ;  and  the 
Phrygian  mode,  employed  in  the  rites  of 
Cyb'ele,  was  executed  by  flutes,  the  reeds 
of  which  grew  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Marsyas.  As  the  Dorian  mode  was  pre- 
ferred by  the  Greeks,  they  said  that 
Apollo  beat  the  flute-player. 

Marta'no  (in  "Orlando  Furioso") 
who  decoyed  Origilla  from  Gryphon.  He 
was  a  great  coward,  and  fled  from  the 
tournament  amidst  the  jeers  of  the  spec- 
tators. While  Gryphon  was  asleep  he 
stole  his  armour,  went  to  king  Norandi'no 
to  receive  the  honours  due  to  Gryphon, 
and  then  quitted  Damascus  with  Origilla. 
A'quilant  encountered  them,  and  brought 
them  back  to  Damascus,  when  Marta'no 
was  committed  to  the  hangman's  mercies 
(books  viii.,  ix.). 

Marteau  des  Heretiques.    Pierre 

d'Aillv,  also  called  CAigle  de  la  France. 
(13:)0-"l420.) 

Martel.  The  surname  given  to 
Charles,  natiu-al  son  of  Pe'piu  d'Heristil, 
for  his  victory  over  the  Saracens,  who 
had  invaded  France  under  Abd-el-R-ih- 
man  in  732.  It  is  said  that  Charles 
"  knocked  down  the  foe,  and  crushed 
them  beneath  his  axe,  as  a  njartel  or 
hammer  crushes  what  it  strikes." 

Judas  Asmon.'Bus  for  a  similar  reason 
was  called  Maccabctus  (the  Hammerer). 

M.  Collin  de  Plancy  says  that  Charles, 


MAIITELLC   TOWKllS, 


iMaRTTN. 


.'57 


the  palace  mayor,  was  not  called  Martel 
because  he  martele  (hammered)  tlie  Sara- 
cens, but  because  his  patron  saint  was 
Marlellas  (or  'iAaxtin).—  "  Bibliothiquedet 
Leijendes. " 

Avoir  martel  en  lite.  To  have  a  bee  in 
one's  bonnet,  to  be  crotchety.  Martel 
is  a  corruption  of  Martin,  an  ass,  a  hobby- 
horse. M.  Hilaire  le  Gai  says,  but  gives 
no  authority,  "  Cette  expression  nous 
vient  des  Italiens,  car  en  Italien  martello 
signifie  proprement  "jalousie." 

11b  portent  des  inirteU,  des  e»pnebea.—Praniimf, 
"Tlfr!  l)'in\f»  li'Man'tx." 

Tellirs  tiTe^  poiirroieot  biea  donner  de  bon» 
martels  4  Icurs  oauTres  inarys— BratU«me,  " Dtt 
Diimet  GaUanttt." 

Martello  Towers.  Round  towers 
about  forty  feet  in  height,  of  great 
strength,  and  situated  on  a  beach  or 
river;  so  called  from  the  Italian  towers 
built  as  a  protection  against  pirates.  As 
the  warning  was  given  by  striking  a  bell 
with  a  martello  or  hammer,  the  towers 
were  called  Torri  da  Martello. 

Some  say  that  these  towers  were  so 
called  from  a  tower  at  the  entrance  of  St. 
Fiorenzo,  in  Corsica.  Similar  towers  were 
common  all  along  the  Mediterranean 
coast  as  a  defence  against  pirates.  They 
were  erected  in  the  low  parts  of  Sussex 
anil  Kent  in  consequence  of  the  powerful 
defence  made  (February  8th,  1794)  by 
Le  Tellier  at  the  tower  of  Mortella,  with 
only  thirty-eight  men,  against  a  simulta- 
neous sea  and  land  attack — the  former  led 
by  lord  Hood,  and  the  latter  by  major- 
general  Dimdas. 

Martha  (St.),  patron  saint  of  good 
housewives,  is  represented  in  Christian  art 
as  clad  in  homely  costume,  bearing  at  her 
girdle  a  bunch  of  keys,  and  holding  a 
ladle  or  pot  of  water  in  her  hand.  Like 
St.  Mariraret  she  is  accompanied  with  a 
dragon  bound,  but  has  not  the  palm  and 
crown  of  martyrdom.  The  dragon  is 
pivcn  to  St.  Martha  from  her  having  de- 
stroyed one  that  ravaged  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Marseilles. 

Martial.  Pertaining  to  .Mars,  the 
Roman  god  of  war. 

Martin.  One  of  the  swallow  tribe. 
Dies  derives  the  word  from  St.  Martin, 
but  St.  Martin's  bird  is  the  raven.  It  is 
most  likely  munu-teneo,  mur'-ten,  cor- 
rupted into  marten.  Henco  in  German 
it  is  mauer-ichxrathe  (the  wall  swallow). 

Martin.  The  ape,  in  the  tale  of 
"  Reynard  the  Fox." 


M'lrtin,  in  Dryden's  allegory  of  the 
"Hind  and  Panther,"  means  the  Lutheran 
party  ;  so  called  by  a  pun  on  the  name  of 
Martin  Luther. 

Chanter  or  parler  d'autre  martin.  To  be 
obstinate  or  self-opiniated.  Martin 
means  a  jack-ass.  The  more  modern 
expression  A  voir  martel  en  t?te,  to  liave 
the  obstinacy  of  a  donkey,  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  martin.  Another  word  for  a 
jack-ass  is  Bernart,  and  hence  the  syno- 
nymous expressions,  Chanter  de  Bernart, 
and  Parler  d'autre  Bernart. 

Or  Tos  metron  el  col  la  hart 
Puis  parleron  d  autre  Beruart. 

'•  Lt  Komin  Uu  Kenn-t,"i\.,  p.  76. 

Vous  parler^s  d'autre  Martin. 

"  Le  lioTitan  <ii"  Rcwirt,"  lii.,  p.  28. 

For  a  hair  Martin  lost  hi.%  ass.  The 
French  say  that  Martin  made  a  bet  that 
his  ass  was  black ;  the  bet  was  lost  be- 
cause a  white  hair  was  found  in  its  coat. 

Girt  like  Martin  of  Canihray — in  a  very 
ridiculous  manner.  Martin  and  Martine 
are  the  two  figures  that  strike  with  their 
marteaux  the  hours  on  the  clock  of  Cam- 
bray.  Martin  is  represented  as  a  peasant 
in  a  blouse  girt  very  tight  about  the  waist 

St.  Martin.  Patron  of  drunkards,  to 
save  them  from  falling  into  danger.  This 
is  a  mere  accident  arisLng  thus  :  The 
11th  November  (St.  Martin  s  day)  is  the 
Vina'lia  or  feast  of  Bacchus.  When 
Bacchus  was  merged  by  Christians  into 
St.  Martin,  St.  Martin  had  to  bear  the 
ill-repute  of  his  predecessor. 

St.  Martin's  bird.  A  cock,  whose  blood 
is  shed  "  sacrificially"  on  the  11th  of 
November,  in  honour  of  that  faint. 

»S^  Martin's  cloak.  Martin  was  a  mili- 
tary tribune  before  conversion,  and, while 
stationed  at  Amiens  in  midwinter,  divided 
his  military  cloak  with  a  naked  beggar, 
who  craved  alms  of  him  before  the  city 
gate  of  Amiens.  At  night,  the  story 
says,  Christ  himself  appeared  to  the  sol- 
dier, arrayed  in  this  very  garment. 

St.  Martin's  goose.  The  11th  of  No- 
vember, St.  Martin's  day,  was  at  one 
time  the  great  goose-feast  of  France. 
The  legend  is  that  St.  Martin  was  annoyed 
by  a  goose,  which  he  ordered  to  be  killed 
Rnd  served  up  for  dinner.  As  he  died 
from  the  repast,  the  goose  has  been  ever 
eince  "sacriticed"  to  him  on  the  anni- 
versary. The  goose  is  sometimes  called 
by  the  French  "St.  Martin's  Bird." 

.St.  Martin's  jeiceltery.  Counterfeit 
goms.  Upon  the  site  of  the  old  oollogiate 


6f.8    Martin  chuzzlrwit. 


MARf. 


church  of  St.  Martin'e-le-Graiid,  which 
was  demolished  upon  the  dissolution  of 
the  monasteries,  a  number  of  persons 
established  themselves  and  carried  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  artificial  stones, 
beads,  and  jewellery.  These  Brumma- 
gem ornaments  were  called  St.  Martin's 
beads,  St,  Martin's  lace,  or  St.  Martin's 
jewellery,  as  the  case  might  be. 

St.  Martin's  lace.  A  sort  of  copper 
lace  for  which  Blowbladder  Street,  St. 
Martin's,  was  noted. — Stow, 

St.  Martin's  rings.  Imitation  gold 
ones.     (See  above.) 

St.  Martin's  tree.  St.  Martin  planted 
a  pilgrim's  staff  somewhere  near  Utopia  ; 
the  staff  grew  into  a  large  tree,  which 
Gargantua  pulled  up  to  serve  for  a  mace 
or  club,  with  which  he  dislodged  king 
Picrochole  from  Clermont  Kock. — Rabe- 
lais, "  Gargantua  and  Pantag'ruel." 

Faire  la  St.  Martin  or  Martiner.  To 
feast;  because  the  people  used  to  begin  St 
Martin's  day  with  feasting  and  drinking. 

Martin  Chuzzlewit.    Hero  of  a 

novel  so  called,  by  Charles  Dickens. 

Martin  Drunk.  Very  intoxicated 
indeed  ;  a  drunken  man  "  sobered  "  by 
drinking  more.  The  feast  of  St.  Martin 
(November  11)  used  to  be  held  as  a  day 
of  great  debaiich.  Hence  Baxter  uses 
the  word  Martin  as  the  synonyme  of  a 
drunkard  : — "  The  language  of  Martin  is 
there  (in  heaven)  a  stranger." — "  Saint's 
Rest." 

Martine  (Spanish),  Martina 
(Italian),  a  sword,  and  martino,  a  poig- 
nard ;  a  corruption  of  marteau,  a  poignard 
{Italian). 

Quiconque  sura  affaire  i  m'ly,  il  Taut  qu'il  »it 
affaire  a  Mariiue  quH  me  voyla  au  coate  (appillaut 
son  espfe  "  Jt\&\i\Tie")—Bran'6oie,"Rod()nwrUade* 
Espagnules,"  vul.  li.,  p  16,  col.  i. 

Martinet.  A  strict  disciplinarian  ; 
so  called  from  M.  de  Martinet,  a  young 
colonel  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  who 
re-modelled  the  infantry,  and  was  slain 
at  the  siege  of  Doesbcurg  in  1672  (Vol- 
taire, "  Louis  XIV.,"  c.  10).  The  French 
still  call  a  cat-o' -nine-tails  a  "  martinet." 

Martinmas.  His  Martinmas  will 
come  as  it  does  to  every  hog — i.e.,  all  taust 
die. 

November  or  Martinmas  was  the  great 
slaughter-time  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  when 
beeves,  sheep,  and  hogs,  whose  store  of 
food  was  exhausted,  were  killed  and 
Kilted      Martinmas,  therefore,    was  the 


slaying  time,  and  the  proverb  intimates 
that  our  slaying-time  or  day  of  death  will 
come  as  siirely  as  that  of  a  hog  at  St. 
Martin's-tide.  The  feast  of  St.  Martin 
is  November  lltk. 

Martyr  (Greek)  simply  means  a  wit- 
ness, but  is  applied  to  one  who  witnesse« 
a  good  confession  with  his  blood. 

The  martyr  king.  Charles  I.  of  England, 
beheaded  January  30th,  1649.  He  was 
buried  at  Windsor,  and  was  called  "  The 
White  King." 

Martyr  to  Science.  Claude  Louis, 
count  Berthollet,  who  determined  to  test 
on  his  own  person  the  effects  of  carbonic 
acid  on  the  human  frame,  and  died  under 
the  experiment.     (1748-1822.) 

Marut.  God  of  the  wind  and  tem- 
pest.— Hindu  mythology. 

Marvellous.  The  marvellous  boy. 
Thomas  Chatterton,  the  poet,  author  of 
a  volume  of  poetry  entitled  "  Rowley's 
Poems,"  professedly  written  by  Rowley, 
a  monk.     (1752-1770.) 

Mary. 

As  the  Virgin,  she  is  represented  in 
Christian  art  with  flowing  hair,  emble- 
matical of  her  virginity. 

As  Mater  Dolorosa,  or  Our  Lady  oj 
Pity,  she  is  represented  as  somewhat 
elderly,  clad  in  mourning,  head  draped, 
and  weeping  over  the  dead  body  of 
Christ. 

As  Our  Lady  of  Dolours,  she  is  re- 
presented as  seated,  her  breast  being 
pierced  with  seven  swords,  emblematic 
of  her  seven  sorrows. 

As  Our  Lady  of  Mercy,  she  is  repre- 
sented with  arms  extended,  spreadirig 
out  her  mantle,  and  gathering  sinners 
beneath  it. 

As  The  glorified  Madcmna,  she  is  re- 
presented as  bearing  a  crown  and  sceptre, 
or  a  ball  and  cross,  in  rich  robes  and 
surrounded  by  angels. 

Her  seven,  joys.  The  Annunciation, 
Visitation,  Nativity,  Aderation  of  the 
Magi,  Presentation  in  the  Temple,  Find- 
ing Clirist  amongst  the  Doctors,  and  the 
Assumption. 

Her  seven  s&rrows.    Simeon's  Prophecy, 

the  Flight  into  Egypt,  Christ  Missed,  the 

I    Betrayal,    the   Crucifixion,   the    Taking 

Down  from  the  Cross,  and  the  Ascension 

when  she  was  left  alone. 

Mary  of  lord  Byron's  poetry  is  Mis* 
Chaworth,  who  was  older  than  his  lord- 
ship.      Both    Miss    Chaworth   and   lord 


Mary  blane. 


MASSACRE. 


m 


Byron  were  iinrler  the  guardianship  of 
Mr.  White.  Miss  Chaworth  married  John 
Musters,  generally  called  Jack  Musters ; 
but  the  marriage  was  not  a  happy  one, 
and  the  parties  soon  separated.  The 
"Dream"  of  lord  Byron  refers  to  this 
love  affair  of  his  youth. 

Mary  Blane.  A  nigger  melody  in- 
troduced by  the  Ethiopian  Serenadors  at 
St.  Jame.s's  Theatre. 

Mary  Magdalene  (St).  Patron 
saint  of  penitents,  being  herself  the  model 
penitent  of  Gcspel  history. 

In  Christian  art  she  is  represented  (1) 
as  a  patron  saint,  young  and  beautiful, 
with  a  profusion  of  hair,  and  holding  a 
box  of  ointment ;  (2)  as  a  penitent,  in  a 
sequestered  place,  reading  before  a  cross 
or  skull. 

Mary-le-bone  (Londo)i)  is  not  a 
corruption  of  Marie  la  bonne,  but  "  Mary 
on  the  boiime  "  or  river,  as  Holborn  is 
"Old  Bourne." 

Marygold  or  Marigold.  A  million 
sterling.  A  plum  is  £100,000.  {See 
Marigo[.d.) 

Mas;  plural,  Masse.  "Mr.," 
"Messrs.;"  as,  Mas  John  King,  Masse 
Fleming  and  Stebbing.    (Master.) 

Masaniello.  A  corruption  of 
TomMASo  ANIELLO,  a  Neapolitan 
fisherman  who  led  the  revolt  of  July, 
1647.  The  groat  grievance  was  a  new  tax 
upon  fruit,  and  the  immediate  cau'^e  of 
i\iasaniello'8  interference  was  the  seizure 
of  his  wife  (or  deaf  and  dumb  sister)  for 
having  in  her  possession  some  contraband 
flour.  Having  surrounded  himself  with 
some  150,000  men,  women,  and  boys,  he 
was  elected  chief  of  Naples,  and  for  nine 
days  ruled  with  absolute  control.  The 
Spanish  viceroy  flattered  him,  and  this 
so  turned  his  head  that  he  acted  like  a 
maniac.  The  people  betrayed  him,  he 
was  shot,  and  his  body  flung  into  a  ditch, 
but  next  day  it  was  interred  with  a  pomp 
and  ceremony  never  equalled  in  Naples 
(ltJ47). 

Auber  has  an  opera  on  this  subject 
called  "  La  Muette  de  Portici."     (1828.) 

Masche-croute  {ff)iaw-cruit).  A 
hideous  wooden  statue  carried  about 
Lyons  during  Carnival.  The  nurses  of 
Lyons  frighten  children  by  threatening  to 
throw  them  to  Masche-uroute. 


Masdeu  (Catalan  for  OofCt  ,field). 
The  vineyard  not  far  from  Perpignan 
was  anciently  so  called. 

Masetto.  A  rustic  engaged  to  Zer- 
li'na  ;  but  Don  Giovanni  intercepts  them 
in  their  wedding  festivities,  and  induces 
the  foolish  damsel  to  believe  he  meant  to 
make  her  his  wife. — Mozart,  "  Don  Gio- 
vanni "  {an  opera). 

Mason  and  Dixon's  Line.    The 

Bouthom  boundary  line  which  separated 
the  free  states  of  Pennsylvania  from  what 
were  at  one  time  the  slave  states  of  Mary- 
land and  Virginia.  Ithes  ;J9''  43' 2tj"  north 
latitude,  and  was  run  oy  Charles  Mason 
and  Jeremiah  Dixon,  two  English  mathe- 
maticians and  surveyors  (between  No- 
vember 15th,  1763,  and  December  26th, 
1767). 

Mass.  There  seems  to  be  no  suf- 
ficient reason  for  supposing,  with  Dr. 
Hook,  "  that  the  word  first  imported  the 
dismissal  of  the  church  assembly,  then 
the  assemhling  of  it,  then  the  service,  and 
at  last  the  communion."  Such  a  climax 
would  be  very  unnatural.  Neither  can 
the  word  be  derived  from  the  custom  of 
dismissing  the  catechumens  before  the 
communion  service  began,  for  the  words 
"  Ite,  missa  est "  (Go,  mass  is  about  to 
begin)  quite  refute  the  notion.  Ite  is  the 
dismissal  word,  not  missa.  Without 
doubt  the  true  etymon  is  the  Saxon 
mnsse ;  French,  German,  and  Danish, 
messe;  Low  Latin,  missa;  meaning  a 
"  holiday"  or  "feast,"  as  in  Christ-mas, 
l\Iartin-mas,  Candle-mas,  Michael-mas. 
Mass  is  the  feast  of  the  church,  when 
Christians  "feed  on  the  body  of  Christ, 
their  Saviour." 

High  Mass  or  "Grand  Mass"  is  sung 
by  choristers,  and  celebrated  with  the 
assistance  of  a  deacon  and   sub-deacon. 

Low  Mass  is  simply  read  without  sing- 
ing ;  there  is  one  between  the.se  two 
called  the  "  chanted  mass,"  in  which  the 
service  is  chanted  by  the  priest. 

Besides  these  there  are  a  number  of 
special  masses,  as  the  mass  of  the  Beatce, 
mass  of  the  Uubj  Ghost,  mass  of  t/ie  dead, 
mass  of  a  saint,  viass  of  scarcity,  dry 
mass,  votive  mass,  holiday  mass,  Amhro- 
sian  vHuis,  Gallic  mass,  mats  of  the  pre- 
sanctified  for  Good  Friday,  mtf»a  Mosarc^- 
bum,  &c.  &c. 

Massacre  of  the  Innocents.  De- 
voting to  destruction  the  "  innocent"  or 


660 


MASSAMORK. 


MATRICULATE. 


useful  bills  at  tho  end  of  the  sessions, 
merely  for  lack  of  time  to  pass  tliem. 
The  expression  was  first  used  l>y  Tl^e 
Times  in  18iJ9.     (^ee  Bautuolomew.) 

Mass'amore  (3  syl.)  or  Massy  More. 
The  principal  dungeon  of  a  feudal  castle. 
A  Moorish  word. 

ProximuB  est  carcfr  Bubterra'neiiB,  sinn  at  Mauri 
appallant  "  Mairauira."— OfJ  Uttin  llvxerary. 

Master  Humphrey.  Narrator  of 
the  story  called  ••  I'lie  Oid  Curiosity 
Shop,"  by  Charles  Dickens. 

Master  Leonard.  Grand-master 
of  the  nocturnal  orgies  of  the  demons. 
He  is  represented  as  a  three-homed  goat, 
with  black  human  face.  He  marked  his 
novitiates  with  one  of  his  horns. — Middle- 
age  demonologi/. 

Master  of  Sentences.  Pierre 
Lombard,  author  of  a  work  called  "  Sen- 
tences," a  compilation  from  the  fathers 
of  the  leading  arguments  pro  and  con. 
bearing  on  the  hair-splitting  theological 
questions  of  the  middle  ages.  (1100- 
1164.) 

Master  of  tho  Mint.  A  punning 
term  for  a  gardener. 

Master  of  the  Rolls.  A  punning 
term  for  a  baker. 

Mastic.  A  tonic,  which  promotes 
appetite,  and  therefore  only  increases 
the  misery  of  a  hungry  man. 

Like  the  starved  wretch  that  hnnRry  mastic  chewB, 
liut  cheats  liiniself  and  fosters  iiis  disease. 

Wm(,  "  Triumphs  of  the  Oout  "  (Lucian). 

Mat'amore  (3  syl.).  A  poltroon,  * 
swaggerer,  a  major  Bobadil  {qv.).  A 
Frencli  terra  composed  of  two  Spanish 
words,  matar-Moros  (a  slayer  of  Moors). 

Mate.  A  man  does  not  get  Ids  hands 
out  of  the  tar  b;/  becoming  second  viate. 
A  second  mate  is  expected  to  put  his 
hands  into  the  tar  bucket  for  tarring 
the  rigging,  like  the  men  below  him. 
The  lirst  mate  is  exempt  from  this  dirty 
work.  Tho  rigging  is  tarred  by  the 
hands,  and  not  by  brushes. 

Mate.  Paraguay  tea  is  so  called  from 
mate,  the  vessel  in  which  the  herb  is  in 
Paraguay  infused.  These  vessels  are 
generally  gourds  hollowed  out-,  and  the 
herb  is  called  Yerba  de  mate. 

Matfellon.  Villa  beatce  Marice  de 
Matfellon.  Wliitechapel,  deilicated  to 
Mary  the  Mother.  Syriac  matfel,a,  mother 
[delivered  of  a  son]  ;  Lat.  mat[er]  lil[iu8.J 


Mate'rialism.  The  doctrines  of  • 
Materialist,  who  maintains  that  the  soul 
and  spirit  are  effects  of  matter.  The 
orthodox  doctrine  is  that  the  soul  is  dis- 
tinct from  the  body,  and  is  a  portion  of 
the  Divine  essence  breathed  into  the  body. 
A  materialist,  of  course,  does  not  believe 
in  a  "  spiritual  deity"  distinct  from 
matter.  Tertullian  contended  that  the 
Bible  proves  the  soul  to  be  "  material," 
and  he  charges  the  "spiritual"  view  to 
the  heretical  doctrines  of  the  Platonic 
school. 

Math'isen.  One  of  the  three  ana- 
baptists who  induce  John  of  Leyden  to 
join  their  rebellion.  No  sooner  is  John 
declared  "the  prophet-king"  than  the 
three  faithless  rebels  betray  him  to 
the  emperor ;  but  when  they  enter  the 
banquet-hall  to  aTesthim,  they  all  perish 
in  the  burning  palace. — Megei'beer,  "  Le 
Prophete"  {an  ojyera). 

Math'urin  {St.).  Patron  samt  of 
idiots  and  fools.  A  pun  on  his  name. 
(6'««  btloio). 

The  malady  of  St.  Mathunn.  Folly, 
stupidity.     A  French  expression. 

"  Maturins "  in  French  argot  means 
dice,  and  "  Maturin  Plat,"  a  iloniino. 

Ces  deux  objet*  doiveut  leur  nom  a  leiir  ressem- 
blance  avec  le  uostviine  des  TntiitJiirea  (\*nl^airemeut 
ai'j'eles  Muturinxt,  qui.  cliez  u-'Qa.  iMjrtaieut  one 
suutaiie  de  ser^e  blanche  sur  la-tuellei  qiiand  ila 
Bor  aient,  its  jet-aieut  un  iuauteau  uuir.— /'ra/icugutf 
ificheU 

Matilda.  Daughter  of  lord  Robert 
Fitzwalier.  Michael  Drayton  has  a  poem 
of  some  t)70  lines  so  called. 

Matilda.  Daughter  of  Rokeby,  and 
niece  of  Mortham.  She  was  beloved  by 
Wilfrid,  son  of  Oswald,  but  loved  Red- 
mond, her  father's  page,  who  turns  out  to 
be  Mortham's  son. — iScott,  "Rokeby." 

Matilda.  Sister  of  Gessler ;  in  love  with 
Arnold,  a  Swiss,  who  had  saved  her  life 
when  threatened  by  the  fall  of  an  ava- 
lanche. After  the  death  of  Gessler,  who 
was  shot  by  William  Tell,  the  marriage 
of  these  lovers  is  consummated. — Jtossini, 
"  Guglielmo  Tell"  {an  opera). 

Rosa  Matilda.  {See  Gifford's  "  Baeviad 
smd  Maiviad.") 

Matrie'ulate  means  to  enrol  oneself 
in  a  society.  The  University  is  called 
our  alma  mater  (propitious  mother).  The 
students  are  her  alumni  (foster-children), 
and  become  so  by  being  enrolled  in  a 
register  after  certain  forms  and  exaoai- 
nations.     (Latin,  mMtricula  a  roll.) 


MATTHEW. 


MAUNCIPLES   TALE. 


t»61 


Matthew  (St.)  in  Christian  art  ia  ro. 
presented  (1)  as  an  evangelist — an  old 
man  with  long  beard  ;  an  angel  gene- 
rally stands  near  him  dictating  his 
gospel.  (2)  As  an  apostle,  in  which 
capacity  ho  bears  a  purse  in  referenco 
to  his  calling  as  a  pullican  ;  Bom's tloios 
he  carries  a  spear,  sometimes  a  cai- 
penter's  rule  or  square. 

In  the  last  of  Maltlmo.  At  the  last 
gasp,  on  one's  last  legs.  This  is  a  German 
expression,  and  arose  thus  :  A  Catholic 
priest  said  in  his  sermon  that  Protest- 
antism was  in  the  last  of  Matthew,  and 
being  asked  what  he  meant  replied, 
"  The  last  five  words  of  the  Gospel  of 
St.  Matthew  are  these  :  *  the  end  of  this 
dispensation.' "  Of  course  he  quoted 
the  Latin  version  ;  ours  is  less  correctly 
kransliited  "the  end  of  the  world." 

Malthew  Z?ram6?«,  in  Smollett's"  Hum- 
phry Clinker,"  is  Roderick  Random 
grown  old,  somewhat  cynical  by  expe- 
rience of  the  world,  but  vastly  improved 
in  taste.  Chambers  says,  "  Smollett 
took  some  of  the  incidents  of  the  family 
tour  from  *  Anstey's  New  Bath  Guide.' " 
—English  Literature,  vol.  ii. 

Matthi'as  St.)  in  Christian  art  ia 
known  by  the  axe  or  halbert  in  his 
right  hand — the  symbol  of  his  martyr- 
dom. Sometimes  he  is  bearing  a  stone, 
in  allusion  to  the  tradition  of  his  having 
been  .stoned  before  he  was  beheaded. 

Maudlin.  Stupidly  sentimental. 
Maudlin  drunk  is  the  drunkenness  which 
18  sentimental  and  inclined  to  tears. 
J/((K<//i/t«/('/>-«/i^ns  sentimental  chit-chat. 
The  word  is  derived  from  Mary  Macrda- 
lon,  who  is  drawn  by  ancient  painters 
with  a  lacka<laisical  face,  and  eyes  swollen 
with  weeping. 

MauglB.  The  Nestor  of  French 
romance,  like  Hildobrand  in  German 
lei,'eiid.  He  was  one  of  Charlemagne's 
paladins,  a  magician  and  champion. 

Maugis  d'Aygremont.  Son  of 
duke  Bevis  of  Aygremont,  stolon  in  in- 
fancy by  a  female  slave.  As  she  rested 
under  a  white-thom,  a  lion  and  a  leopard 
devoured  her,  and  then  killed  each  other 
in  disputing  for  the  infant.  The  babe 
cried  lustily,  and  Oriande  la  f^e,  who 
lived  at  Rosoflour,  hearing  it,  went  to  the 
white-thom  and  exclaimed,  "  By  the 
powers  above  this  child  is  mat giil  (htLd\y 
tapped) ;"  and  ever  aftor  he  was  called 


mau-gis'.  Oriande  took  charge  of  him, 
and  was  assisted  by  her  brother  Baudii>, 
who  taught  him  magic  and  necromancy. 
When  grown  a  man,  Maugis  achieved  lue 
adventure  of  gaining  the  enchanted 
horse  Bayard,  which  understood  like  a 
human  being  all  that  was  said,  and  took 
from  Anthenor,  the  Saracen,  the  sword 
Flamberge  or  Floberge.  Subsequently 
he  gave  both  the  horse  and  sword  to  his 
cousin  Renaud.  In  the  Italian  romances, 
Maugis  ia  called  "Malagi'gi"  {q.v.) ; 
Renaud  is  called  "Renaido"  {q.v.); 
Bevis  is  called  "  Buo'vo ;"  the  horse  is 
called  "  Bayardo ;"  and  the  sword, 
"  Fusberta." — Romance  of  "Maw/is  JC 
Aygremont  et  de   Vivian,  son  fr ire." 

Maugrab'in  {Heyra/ldin).  Brother 
of  Zimet  .Mau;:^rabin  the  Bohemian.  He 
appears  disguised  as  Rouge  Sanglier,  and 
jiretends  to  be  herald  from  Liege. — .Sir 
Walter  Scott,  "  Quentin  Dunoard." 

Mau'gys.  Agiant  who  keeps  a  bridge 
leadinirto  a  castle  by  a  river-side,  in  which 
a  beautiful  lady  is  besieged.  SirLybius, 
one  of  Arthur's  knights,  does  battle  with 
the  giant ;  the  contest  lasts  a  whole 
summer's  day,  but  terminates  with  the 
death  of  the  giant  and  liberation  of  the 
lady. — "  Libeaiix"  (a  romance). 

MauL  To  beat  roughly,  to  batter. 
The  maiil  was  a  bludgeon  with  a  leaden 
head,  carried  by  ancient  soldiery.  It  is 
generally  called  a  "  mall." 

Maul.  A  giant  who  used  to  spoil 
young  pilgrims  with  sophistry.  He 
attacked  Mr.  Great-heart  with  a  club, 
and  the  combat  between  them  lasted  for 
the  space  of  an  hour.  At  length  Mr. 
Great-heart  pierced  the  giant  under  the 
fifth  rib,  and  then  cut  off  his  head.— 
liiinijan,  "Pilgrim's  Progress,"  pt.  ii. 

Maunciples  Tale.  A  medi;eval 
.version  of  Ovid's  tale  about  Coro'nis 
(Met.  ii.  543,  &c.).  Phcebus  had  a  crow 
which  ho  taught  to  speak  ;  it  was  downy 
white,  and  as  big  as  a  swan.  He  lia.i 
also  a  wife  whom  ho  dearly  loved,  but 
she  was  faithless  to  him.  One  day  when 
Phrebus  came  home,  his  bird  'gan  sin^ 
"  Cuckoo  !  cuckoo  !  cuckoo  !"  Phoebu-' 
asked  what  ha  meant,  and  the  crow  tol  1 
him  of  his  wife's  infidelity.  Phoebu'» 
was  very  angry,  and  seizing  his  bow 
shot  his  wife  through  the  heart ;  but  no 
sooner  did  sho  fall  than  he  repented  of 
bis  rashness  and  cursed  the  bird.  "  Never 


5«2 


MAUNDREL. 


alAXlMUS. 


more  sbalt  thou  speak,"  said  ho  ;  "hence- 
forth thy  offspring  shall  bo  black." 
Moral — "  Lonllings,  by  this  ensample, 
take  heed  what  you  say ;  be  no  tale- 
bearer, V)ut — 

Wher-BO  thou  comest  amonmt  high  or  low. 
Keep  wel  thy  tonL!,  and  tliiuk  upon  the  crow. 
Chaucer,  "  Canlerbury  TaLet." 

Maundrel.  A  foolish,  vapouring 
gossip.  The  Scotch  say,  "  Haud  your 
tongue,  maundrel."  As  a  verb  it  means 
to  babble,  to  prate.  In  some  parts  of 
Scotland  the  talk  of  persons  in  delirium, 
in  sleep,  and  in  intoxication  is  called 
maundrel.  The  term  is  from  Sir  John 
Mandeville,  the  traveller,  who  published 
an  account  of  his  travels,  full  of  idle 
gossip  and  most  improbable  events. 

Maundy  Thursday.  The  day  be- 
fore Good  Friday  is  so  called  from  the 
Latin  dies  manda'ti  (the  day  of  Christ's 
great  mandate).  After  he  had  washed 
his  disciples'  feet,  he  said,  "A  new  com- 
mandment give  I  unto  you,  that  ye  love 
one  another"  (St.  John  xiii.  Bi). 

Spelman  derives  it  from  maund  (a 
basket),  because  on  the  day  before  the 
great  fast  all  religious  houses  and  good 
Catholics  brought  out  their  broken  food 
in  maunds  to  distribute  to  the  poor. 
This  custom  in  many  places  gave  birth  to 
a  fair,  as  the  Tombland  fair  of  Norwich, 
held  on  the  plain  before  the  Cathedral 
close.  To  maund,  accordingly,  is  a  com- 
mon slang  term  in  present  use,  meaning 
to  beg.  Of  course  maund  (a  basket)  is 
derived  from  "  manda'tum,"  being  em- 
ployed to  hold  the  "  mandate  bread." 

Mauri-gasiraa.  An  island  near 
Formo'sa,  said  to  have  been  sunk  in  the 
sea  in  consequence  of  the  great  crimes 
of  its  inhabitants.  —  Kemp/ei: 

Maurita'nia.  Morocco  and  Algiers, 
the  land  of  the  ancient  Mauri  or  Moors. 

Muusole'um.  One  of  the  seven 
"wonders  of  the  world  ;"  so  called  from 
Mausolus,  king  of  Caria,  to  whom  Arte- 
misia  (his wife)  erected  at  Halicarnassos 
t,  splendid  sepulchral  monument  B.C.  353. 
Parts  of  this  sepulchre  are  now  in  the 
British  Museum. 

The  chief  mausoleums  besides  the  one 
referred  to  above  are  :  the  mausoleum  of 
Augustus ;  that  of  Hadrian,  now  called 
the  castle  of  St.  An'gelo  at  Rome  ;  that 
erected  in  France  by  Catharine  do 
Medicis  to  Henry  II.  ;  that  of  St.  Peter 


the  Martyr  in  the  church  of  St.  Eustatius, 
by  G.  Balduccio  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury ;  and  that  erected  to  the  memory 
of  Louis  XVI. 

Mauthe  Dog.  A  "  spectre  hound" 
that  for  many  years  haunted  the  ancient 
castle  of  Peel-town,  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 
This  black  spaniel  used  to  enter  the 
guard-room  as  soon  as  candles  wero 
lighted,  and  leave  it  at  day-break. 
While  this  spectre-dog  was  present  the 
soldiers  forebore  all  oaths  and  profane 
talk.  One  day  a  drunken  trooper  en- 
tered the  guard-house  alone  out  of 
bravado,  but  lost  his  speech  and  died  in 
three  days.  Scott  refers  to  it  in  his  "  Lay 
of  the  Last  Minstrel,"  vi.,  stanza  2(3. 

Mauvaise  Honte  {French,  bad  or 
silly  shame).     Bashfulness,  sheepishness. 

Mauvais  Ton  {French,  bad  man- 
ners).    Ill-breeding,  vulgar  ways. 

Mawther.    {See  Morthek.) 

Maw- worm.  A  vulgar  copy  of  Dr 
Cantwell,  the  hypocrite,  in  '"The  Hypo 
crite,'  by  Isaac  Bickerstatf. 

Max.  A  himtsman,  and  the  best 
marksman  in  Germany.  He  was  be- 
trothed to  Ag'atha,  who  was  to  be  his 
bride  if  he  obtained  the  prize  in  the 
annual  trial-shot.  Having  been  unsuc- 
cessful in  his  practice  for  several  days, 
Caspar  induced  him  to  go  to  the  wolfs 
glen  at  midnight,  and  obtain  seven 
charmed  balls  from  Sa'miel  the  Black 
Huntsman.  On  the  day  of  contest,  the 
prince  bade  him  shoot  at  a  dove.  Mai 
aimed  at  the  bird,  but  killed  Caspar,  who 
was  concealed  in  a  tree.  The  prince 
abolished  in  consequence  the  annual  fete 
of  tho  trial-shot.—  Weber,  "Der  Freis 
chiitz"  {an  opera). 

Max'imum  and  Minimum.    The 

greatest  and  Least  amount ;  as,  the  maxi- 
mum profits  or  exports,  and  the  mini- 
nnim  profits  or  exports ;  the  maximum 
and  minimum  price  of  com  during  the 
year.  The  terms  are  also  employed  in 
mathematics. 

Max'imus  or  Maa^ime  (2  syl.). 
Officer  of  the  prefect  Alma'chius,  and 
his  comicular.  Being  ordered  to  put 
Valir'ian  and  Tibur'ce  to  death  because 
they  would  not  worship  tho  image  of  Ju- 
piter, he  took  pity  on  his  victims  and  led 
them  to  his  own  house,  where  Cecilia  was 


MAY. 


MAyOR. 


56S 


instrumental  in  bis  conversion  ;  wliero- 
upon  he  and  "  all  his"  house  were  at 
once  baptised.  When  Valir'ian  and 
Tibur'ce  were  put  to  death,  Maximus 
declared  that  he  saw  angels  come  and 
carry  them  to  heaven,  whereupon  Alma'- 
chius  caused  him  to  be  beaten  with  whips 
of  lead  "til  hehislif  cran  lete."— C7iaJ«:«r, 
"  Secounde  Nonnts  Tale." 

May.  A  lovely  pirl  who  married 
January,  an  old  Lombard  baron,  sixty 
years  of  age.  She  h.ad  a  liaison  with  a 
young  squire  named  Damyan,  and  was 
detected  by  January  ;  but  she  persuaded 
the  old  fool  that  his  eyes  were  to  blame, 
and  that  he  was  labouring  under  a  great 
mistake,  the  effect  of  senseless  jealousy. 
January  believed  her  words,  and  "who 
is  glad  but  he  ?"  for  what  is  better  than 
"a  fruitful  wife,  and  a  confiding  spouse?" 
—  Chav/xr,  "  The  Marckaundes  Tale,"  line 
9,1'21,  &c. 

.\fay  is  not  derived  from  Maia,  the 
mother  of  Mercury,  as  the  word  existed 
long  before  either  Mercury  or  Maia  had 
been  introduced.  It  is  the  Latin  Maiiw, 
i.e.,  Magius,  from  the  root  mag,  same  as 
tlie  Sanskrit  mah,  to  grow ;  and  means 
the  growing  or  shooting  month. 

j/«y  tmlucky  for  weddings.  This  is  a 
Roman  superstition.  Ovid  says,  "  The 
common  people  profess  it  is  unlucky  to 
marry  in  the  month  of  May"  (Fa.st.,  v. 
4^0.).  In  this  mouth  were  held  the 
festivals  of  Bona  Dea  (the  goddess  of 
chastity)  and  the  feasts  of  the  dead. 

May-day.  Polydore  Virgil  says  th.at 
the  Roman  youths  used  to  go  into  the 
fields  and  spend  the  Calends  of  May  in 
(lancing  and  singing,  in  honour  of  Flora, 
goddess  of  fruits  and  Howers.  The  early 
English  consecrated  May-day  to  Robin 
Hood  and  the  Maid  Marian,  because  the 
favourite  outlaw  died  on  that  day. 
Stow  says  the  villagers  used  to  set  up 
May-poles,  and  spend  the  day  in  archery, 
morris-dancing,  and  other  amu.seiiieuts. 

May-duke  Cherries.  Medoc,  a 
district  of  France,  whence  the  cherries 
first  came  to  us. 

May  Meetings.  A  title  ai)pliud  to 
the  annual  gatherings,  in  May  and  June, 
of  the  reli;;iou.s  and  charitable  societies, 
to  hear  the  annual  rei>ort8,  and  appeals 
in  behalf  of  continued  or  incroa.sed 
support.  Tho  chief  are  the  British 
Asylum   for   Deaf  and  Dumb   Fomaloa, 


British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  British 
and  Foreign  School,  Children's  Refuge, 
Church  Home  Mission, Church  Missionary 
Society,  Church  Pastoral  Aid  Society, 
Clergy  Orphan  Society,  Corporation  of 
the  Sons  of  the  Clergy,  Destitute  Sailors' 
Asylum,  Field  Lane  Refuge,  Govemessee 
Benevolent  Institution,  Home  and  Colo- 
nial School  Society,  Irish  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society,  London  City  Mission, 
Mendicity  Society,  National  Temperance 
League,  Propagation  of  the  Gospel 
among  the  Jews,  Ragged  School  Union, 
Religious  Tract  Society,  Royal  Asylum 
of  St.  Anne's,  Sailors'  Home,  Sumlay 
School  Union,  Thames  Church  Mi.s- 
sionary  Society,  United  Kingdom  Bund 
of  Hope,  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society, 
with  many  others  of  similar  character. 

May-pole.  The  races  in  the  "  Dun- 
ciad "  take  place  "where  the  tall  May- 
pole overlooked  the  Strand."  On  the 
spot  now  occupied  by  St.  Mary-le-Strand, 
anciently  stood  a  cross.  In  the  place  of 
this  cross  a  May-pole  was  set  up  by  John 
Clarges,  a  blacksmith,  whose  daughter 
Ann  became  the  wife  of  Monk,  duke  of 
Albemarle.  It  was  taken  down  in  1713, 
a'ld  replaced  by  a  new  one  erected 
opposite  Somerset  House.  This  second 
^lay-pol6  had  two  gilt  balls  and  a  vane 
on  its  summit.  On  holidays  the  pole 
was  decorated-  with  flags  and  garlands. 
It  was  removed  in  1718,  and  sent  by  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  to  Wanstead  Park,  to  sup- 
port the  largest  telescope  in  Europe. 
{See  Undershaft.) 

Captain  linily  .  employed  four  hackuey  coach-« 
with  drivers  iu  liTeries.  to  ply  at  tbe  .Moj  pole  m  ti-.t 
Strand,  tixiii);  hii  own  rates,  abuiit  the  year  liU4. 
billy '8  coaclirs  8e«Ti  to  have  heeii  the  Ijrst  of  whit 
are  mw  called  hackney  coaches.  —  A^irt*  \,"Tht 
TatUr,"  1?.,  p.  111). 

3 fay-pole.  The  duchess  of  Kendal, 
mistress  of  George  I.  ;  so  called  because 
she  was  thin  and  tall  as  a  May-pole. 

Mayeux.  The  stock  name  in  French 
plays  for  a  man  deformed,  vain  and 
licentious,  brave  and  witty. 

Maying.  To  go  a-maying  ia  to  gt> 
a-haymaking.  (Suxuu,  matran  to  mow- 
gi-ass.  Ilonco,  math,  a  mowing ;  as 
ut'ler-malli,  the  crop  which  comes  up  after 
the  hay-harvest.)  It  is  also  used  for 
making  the  May-day  holiday.  (Su 
May-DAT.) 

Mayor.  The  cap  and  wvord  of  the 
lord  mayor  ol  London  were  ifiven  to  Sir 


564 


MAYORS. 


MEALS. 


William  Walworth  by  Richard  II.  for 
killirg  Wat  Tyler.  In  "  The  Nine  Wor- 
thies of  London"  (l.''>92)  we  are  told  that 
the  mayor  first  arrested  and  then  stabbed 
the  rebel  chief,  for  which  deed — 

A  costly  hat  tiifl  lliRhness  likewi.se  sare. 

Tliat  London's"  maintenance"  might  ever  b«; 
A  Bword  also  lie  did  ordain  to  have. 
That  should  he  carried  still  before  the  mayor 
Whose  worth  deserved  succesnion  to  the  chair. 
R.  Johnsim.    (15l)2.| 

Mayor  of  London  has  the  title  of 
"Lord,"'  and  is  also  termed  "  The  Rig-ht 
Honourable."  These  titles  were  first 
allowed  in  1.354,     (&e  Garrat.) 

Mayors  of  the  Palace  (Maire  du 
Palais).  Superintendents  of  the  king's 
household,  and  stewards  of  the  royal 
Uudes  or  companies  of  France  before  the 
accession  of  the  Carlovingian  dynasty. 
Being  chief  magistrates  they  were  called 
Mord-domes  (judges  of  murder),  a  word 
corrupted  by  the  Romans  into  Major 
domus,  and  this  Latin  was  subsequently 
translated  into  the  French  Maire  du 
Palais. 

Maz'arinades  (4  syl.).  Violent 
publications  issued  against  Mazarin,  the 
French  minister  (1650,  &c.). 

Mazeppa  (Jan)  historically  was 
hetman  of  the  Cossacks.  He  was  born 
of  a  noble  Polish  family  in  Podolia,  and 
became  a  page  in  the  court  of  Jan 
Casimir,  king  of  Poland.  While  in  this 
capacity  he  intrigued  with  There'sia,  the 
young  wife  of  a  Podolian  count,  who 
discovered  the  amour,  and  had  the  young 
page  lashed  to  a  wild  horse,  and  turned 
adrift.  The  horse  rushed  in  mad  fury, 
aiid  dropped  down  dead  in  the  Ukraine, 
where  Mazeppa  was  released  by  a  Cos- 
sack family,  who  nursed  him  carefully 
in  their  own  hut.  In  time  he  became 
secretary  to  the  hetman,  and  at  the 
death  of  the  prince  was  appointed  his  suc- 
cessor. Peter  I.  much  admired  his  energy 
of  character,  and  created  him  prince  of 
the  Ukraine,  but  in  the  wars  with  Sweden 
Mazeppa  deserted  to  Charles  XII.,  and 
fought  against  Russia  at  the  battle  of 
Pulco'wa.  After  the  loss  of  this  battle, 
Mazeppa  fled  to  Valentia,  and  then  to 
Bender.  Some  say  he  died  a  natural 
death,  and  others  that  he  was  put  to 
death  for  treason  by  the  czar.  Lord 
Byron  makes  Mazeppa  tell  his  tale  to 
Charles  after  the  battle  of  Pultowa. 
(1640-1709). 


Mazer.  A  cup  ;  so  called  from  the 
British  masarn  (maple)  ;  like  our  copus- 
cups  in  Cambridge,  and  the  loving-cup 
of  the  London  corporation. 

"  BrinK  hither,"  he  said,  "  the  mazers  four 
My  nohle  fiithers  loved  of  yore." 

Sir  Walter  Utott,  "Lord  0/  th6  ftlee." 

Maz'ikeen  or  Shedeem.  A  species 
of  beings  in  Jewish  mythology  exactly 
resembling  the  Arabian  Jinn  or  genii, 
and  said  to  be  the  agents  of  magic  and 
enchantment.  When  Adam  fell,  says 
the  Talmud,  he  was  excommunicated  for 
130  years,  during  which  time  he  begat 
demons  and  spectres,  for  it  is  written, 
"  Adam  lived  1.30  years  and  {i.e.,  before 
he)  begat  children  in  his  own  image  " 
(Gen.  V.  3). — Jiahhi  Jereviiah  hen  Eliezar. 

And  the  Mazikeen  shall  not  come  niah  thy  tents. 
fsalm  xcL  5  [Chaldee  vertion). 

Sioells  out  like  live  Mazihen  ass.  The 
allusion  is  to  a  Jewish  tradition  that  a 
servant,  whose  duty  it  was  to  rouse  the 
neighbourhood  to  midnight  prayer,  found 
one  night  an  ass  in  the  street,  which  he 
mounted.  As  he  rode  along  the  ass  grew 
bigger  and  bigger,  till  at  last  it  towered 
as  high  as  the  tallest  edifice,  where  it 
left  the  man,  aud  where  next  morning 
he  was  found. 

Mazzi'm-ism.  The  political  system 
of  Giuseppe  Mazzi'ni,  the  Daniel  O'Con- 
nell  of  Italy,  who  filled  almost  every 
sovereign  and  government  in  Europe  with 
a  panic-terror.  His  plan  was  to  establish 
secret  societies  all  over  Europe,  and 
organise  the  several  governments  into 
federated  republics.  He  was  the  founder 
of  what  is  called  "Young  Italy,"  whose 
watchwords  were  "Liberty,  Equality, 
and  Humanity  ;"  whose  motto  was  "  God 
and  the  People  ;"  and  whose  banner  was 
a  tri-colour  of  white,  red,  and  green. 
(Born  at  Genoa,  1808.) 

Meals.  Ih  the  fourteenth  century 
breakfast  hour  was  five  ;  dinner,  nine ; 
supper,  four. — Chaucer's  Works. 

In  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centu- 
ries the  breakfast  hour  was  seven : 
dinner,  eleven  ;  supper,  six.—  Wright, 
"  Domestic  Manners." 

Towards  the  close  of  the  sixteenth 
centur)'  dinner  advanced  to  noon. 

In  Ireland  the  gentry  dined  at  between 
two  and  three  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  —  Swift,  "  Country 
Life." 


MILVL-TUB   PLOT. 


MEDLEVAl^ 


565 


Meal-tub  Plot.  A  pJot  by  Danger- 
field  as:ainst  James,  duke  of  York,  ir 
1679  ;  so  called  because  the  scheme  was 
kept  in  a  meal-tub  in  the  house  of  Mrs. 
Cellier.  Dang-erfieM  subsequently  con- 
fessed the  whole  affair  was  a  forgery, 
and  was  both  whipped  and  condemned 
to  stand  in  the  pillory. 

Mealy-moutlied.  is  the  Greek  vieU- 
tnulhus  (honey-speech).  Dr.  Johnson 
says  when  the  nionths  of  animals  are 
sore  they  are  fed  with  meal ;  if  this  were 
the  derivation,  mealy-mouthed  should 
mean  having  a  sore  mouth. 

Meander  (3  syl.).  To  wind;  so 
called  from  the  Meander,  a  winding  river 
of  Phrygia.  The  "Greek  pattern"  in 
embroidery  is  so  called. 

Measure  for  Measure  {Shai:e- 
speare).  The  story  is  taken  from  a  tale 
in  G.  Whetstone's  "  Hei)tam'eron,"  en- 
titled "  Promos  and  Cassandra"  (1578). 
Promos  is  called  by  Shakespeare  "lord 
Angelo ;"  and  Cassandra  is  "Isabella." 
Her  brother,  called  by  Shakespeare 
"  Claudio,"  is  named  Andini'gio  in  the 
story.  A  similar  story  is  given  in  Gio- 
vanni Giraldi  Cinthio's  third  decade  of 
stories. 

Meat,  Bread.  These  words  tell  a 
tale ;  both  mean  food  in  general.  The 
Italians  and  Asiatics  eat  little  animal 
food,  and  with  them  the  word  bread  stands 
for  food ;  so  also  with  the  poor,  whose  chief 
diet  it  is;  but  the  English  consume  meat 
very  plentifully,  and  this  ward,  which 
simply  means  food,  almost  exclusively 
implies  animal  food.  In  the  banquet 
g^ven  to  Joseph's  brethren,  the  viceroy 
commanded  the  servants  "  to  set  on 
bread  "  (Gen.  xlHi.  31).  In  Ps.  civ.  27  it 
is  said  of  fishes,  creeping  tl  ings,  and 
cro' odiles  that  God  giveth  "them  their 
meat  in  due  snason."  (Greek  bmd,  to  rat ; 
Welsh  viaeih,  food  ;  Saxou,  j/uele  ) 

To  carry  o/?"  tneai  from  the  graves  —i.i., 
t"  be  poor  as  a  church  mouse.  The  Greeks 
and  liomans  used  to  make  feasts  at  cer- 
tain seasons,  when  the  dead  were  sup- 
posed to  return  to  their  graves.  In  these 
feasts  the  fragments  were  left  on  the 
tombs  for  the  use  of  the  ghosts,  and  only 
the  poorest  of  the  poor  would  venture  to 
rob  these  ghosts  of  their  scraps. 

Mec  (French).  Slang  forking,  gover- 
nor,   njaster  ;    meqtiai'd,    a  commander  • 


megtter,  to  command.  All  thes«  are  de- 
rived from  the  fourbesque  word  mnqfp/>, 
which  signifies  God,  kintr,  pope,  doctor, 
seigneur,  and  so  on,  being  the  Latin 
major. 

Mecca's  Three  Idols.  Lata,  AIo'sul, 
and  Menat,  all  of  which  Mahomet  over- 
threw. 

Meche  (^French).  II  y  a  iniche,  the 
same  as  "  II  y  a  moyen  ;"  so  the  necrative 
//  ny  a  pas  meche,  there  is  no  possibility. 
The  "  Dictionnaire  du  Bas-langage"  s.ays : 
"  Dausle  langagetypographique,  lorsque 
des  ouvriers  viennent  proposer  leurs 
services  dans  quel<|ue  imprimerie,  ils 
demandeut  s'il  y  a  meclce — i.e.,  si  Ton  peut 
les  occuper.  Les  compositeurs  deuian- 
dent  '  s'il  y  a  mfeche  pour  la  casse,'  et 
les  pressiers  demandent  '  s'il  y  a  meche 
pour  la  presse.'"     (Vol.  ii.,  p.  122.) 

Soit  mis  dedans  ceste  caveme 
lie  nul  liuuueur  il  n'y  h  mai':he. 

'itur  iiUe  de  It  I'eivlUujn  dt  Jomph." 

Medam'othi  (Greek,  never  in  any 
place).  The  island  at  which  the  fleet  of 
Pantair'ruel  landed  on  the  fourth  day  of 
their  voyage,  and  where  they  bought 
many  choice  curiosities,  such  as  the  pic- 
ture of  a  man's  voice,  echo  drawn  to  life, 
Plato's  ideas,  the  atoms  of  Epicu'ros,  a 
sample  of  Philome'la's  needlework,  and 
other  objects  of  vertu  which  could  be 
obtained  in  no  other  portion  of  the  globe. 
—  Rabelais,  "  ParUayracl,"  iv.  3. 

Medard  (St.).  Master  of  the  Rain. 
St.  Mt"d;ird  was  the  founder  of  the  rose- 
prize  of  Saleucy  in  reward  of  merit.  The 
legend  says,  he  was  one  day  passing  over 
a  larije  plain,  when  a  sudden  shower  fell, 
which  wetted  every  one  to  the  skin  except 
Si.  Medard  ;  he  remained  dry  as  a  toast, 
foi  an  eagle  had  kindly  spread  his  wings 
for  an  umbrella  over  him,  and  ever  after 
he  was  termed  Mailre  de  la  Pluie 

S'il  pleut  le  jour  de  S-  MedArd  tS(A  Junt) 
II  pleut  ijuarante  journ  |)hi-.  Lard. 

Mede'a.  A  sorceress,  daughter  of 
the  king  of  Colchis.  She  married  Jason, 
the  leader  of  the  Argonauts,  whom  she 
aided  to  obtain  the  golden  fleece. 

Medham  (M«  keen).  One  of  Maho- 
met's swords,  taken  from  the  Jews  when 
they  were  exiled  from  Medi'na. 

Mediajval  or  Middle  Ages  begin 
wiih  the  council  of  Chalcedon  (451), 
and  end  with  the  revival  of  literature  in 


ftiiS 


MEDUN     APPLES. 


MEIOLE. 


the  15th  century,  according  to  the  Rev. 
J.  G.  Dowlin<r.  According  to  Hallam 
they  began  from  the  downfall  of  the 
Western  empire,  in  47H,  to  the  Italian 
expeditious  of  Charles  VIII.  of  France 
{U^i—WM). 

Me'dian  Apples.     Pome-citrons. 

Mediei'nal  Days.  The  sixth, 
eighth,  tenth,  twelfth,  sixteenth,  eigh- 
teenth, &c.,  of  a  disease  ;  so  called  be- 
cause, according  to  Hippoc'rates,  no 
"  crisis"  occurs  on  these  days,  and  medi- 
cine may  be  safely  administered.  (6'e* 
Crisis.) 

Mediei'nal  Hours.  Hours  proper 
for  takiug  medicine,  viz.,  morning  fast- 
ing, an  hour  before  dinner,  four  hours 
after  dinner,  and  bed-time. — Quiticy. 

Medicine.  Father  of  Medicine. 
Aretaos  of  Cappado'cia,  who  lived  at 
the  close  of  the  first  and  beginning  of 
the  second  century,  and  Hippoc'rates  of 
Cos  (B.C.  4GO-357)  are  both  so  called. 

Medi'na.  {Economy,  Latin  medium, 
the  golden  mean. )  Step-sister  of  Elissa 
and  Perissa,  but  they  could  never  agree 
upon  any  subject. — Spenser,  "Faery 
(^men,"  book  ii. 

Medina  means  in  Arabic  "  city."  The 
city  so  called  is  "  Medinat  al  Nabi "  (city 
of  the  prophet). 

Mediterranean  (Key  of  the).  The 
fortress  of  Gibraltar,  which  commands 
the  entrance. 

Me'dium,  in  the  language  of  spirit- 
rappers,  &c.,  is  some  one  possessed  of 
"odylic  force,"  who  puts  the  question 
of  the  interrogator  to  the  "spirit"  con- 
sulted. 

Medo'ra.  The  betrothed  of  the 
Corsair. — Byr<yn,  "  The  Corsair." 

Medo'ro  (in  "  Orlando  Furioso  "). 
A  Moorish  youth  of  extraordinary  beauty; 
a  friend  of  Dardinello,  king  of  Zuma'ra. 
After  Dardinello  was  slain,  Medo'ro  is 
wounded  by  some  unknown  spear,  An- 
gelica dresses  his  wounds,  falls  ii»  love 
with  him,  marries  him,  and  they  retire 
to  India,  where  he  becomes  king  of 
Cathay  in  right  of  his  wife. 

Medusa.  Chief  of  the  Gordons. 
Her  head  was  cut  off  by  Perseus,  and 
yinerva   placed   it   in  her  oegis.     Every 


one  who  looked  on  this  head  was  in- 
stantly changed  into  stone. 

Meerschaum  (2  syl.,  German,  »ea. 
froth).  This  mineral,  from  having  been 
found  on  the  aea-shore  in  rounded  white 
lumps,  was  ignoran^Jy  supposed  to  be 
sea-froth  petrified  ;  but  it  is  a  compound 
of  silica,  magnesia,  lime,  water,  and  car- 
bonic acid.  When  first  dug  it  lathers 
like  soap,  and  is  used  as  a  soap  by  the 
TarUirs. 

Meg.  Mom  Meg.  An  old-fashioned 
piece  of  artillery  in  the  castle  of  Edin- 
burgh, made  at  Mens,  in  Flanders.  It 
was  considered  a  palladium  by  the 
Scotch.     (See  Long  Meq.) 

('ent  avfa'  our  crown,  and  our  sword,  and  our 
eceptre.  au  i  .Mons  Mrg  to  be  keepit  by  tlioe  English 
.  .  .  iu  the  Tower  of  London  [N.B.  U  was  restored 
in  IS-'.S].— icoit,  '•  H,b  Ran,"  c.  xXTii. 

A  roaring  Meg.  A  cannon  given  by 
the  Fishmongers  of  London,  and  used  in 
1(>89.    Burton  says  Music  is  a  roaring  Meg 

uijaiu.<t  tHthiucIwly. 

Meg  Dods.  An  old  landlady  in 
Scott's  novel  called  "  St.  Ronans  Well." 

Meg  Merrilies.  A  half-crazy  sibyl 
or  gipsy,  in  "  Guy  Mannering,"  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott. 

Megalich'thys  (Greek,  great-fish'). 
A  fossil  fish  of  large  size,  the  terror  of 
the  pre-Adamite  seas. 

Megalo'nyx  (Greek,  big-claw).  A 
fossil  mammal,  remains  of  which  have 
been  found  in  Virginia. 

Meg'alosaur  (4  syl.,   Greek,  great 

lizard) .  A  fossil  laud  saurian  of  gigantic 
size  and  carnivorous  habits.  Its  remains 
occur  in  the  OoUte. 

Mega'rian  School.  A  philosophical 
school,  founded  by  Euclid,  a  native  of 
Meg'ara,  and  disciple  of  Socrates. 

Megathe'rium  (Greek,  great-beast). 
A  gigantic  extinct  quadruped  of  the 
sloth  kind. 

Megrims.  A  corruption  of  the 
Greeiv  hem  i-craniai  half  the  skull ),  through 
the  French  viigraine.  A  neuralgic  af- 
fection generally  confined  to  one  brow, 
or  to  one  side  of  the  forehead  ;  whima, 
fancies. 

Meigle,  in  Strathmore.  The  place 
where  Guinever,  Arthur's  queen,  was 
buried. 


MEINY. 


MELISSA. 


5<n 


Meiny  (2  syl.).  A  company  of  atten- 
dants. (Norman,  meignul  and  mesicie,  a 
household,  our  menial. ) 

With  that  the  smiling  Kriemhild  forth   stepped   a 

little  Bpace. 
&ud    Bruoli  Id   and  her  meiny  groeVii  with  ger^tle 

grace. 

iitttsomt  •■  XiOduugen-lie'l"  ttmua,  d'H. 

Mejnoun  and  Leilah.  A  Persian 
love  tale,  the  llomeo  and  Juliet  or  Pyra- 
mu8  and  Thisbg  of  Eastern  rotuance. 

Mel'ancholy.  Lowness  of  spirits, 
supposed  at  one  time  to  arise  from  a 
redunilance  of  black  bUe.  (Greek,  vietas 
cho/e.) 

Melancholy  Jacques  (1  sy!.).  So 
Jean  Jacques  Kous.'^eau  was  called  for 
his  morbid  sensibilities  and  unhappy 
spirit.  (1712-1777.)  The  e.vjjression  is 
from  Shakespeare,  "As  You  Like  It,"  ii.  1. 

Melanch'tlion  is  merely  the  Grrek 
for  SchwaTzcrde  (black  earth),  the  real 
name  of  this  amiable  reformer.  (14ii7- 
15*30.)  Similarly  (Eco/ampa'dius  is  the 
Greek  version  of  the  German  name  Hum- 
trlieiii,  and  Desideritis  Erasmtu  is  one 
Latin  and  one  Greek  rendering  of  the 
name  (Jherao-d  G/ieraerd. 

Melan'tius.  A  brave,  honest  soldier, 
who  believes  every  one  to  be  true  and 
honest  till  convicted  of  crime,  and  then 
is  he  a  relentless  punisher. — Beaumont 
a/ul  FUtclun',  "  Tlu  Maid's  Tragedy." 

Melchisede'cians.  Certain  here- 
tics in  the  early  Christian  Church,  who 
entertained  strantje  notions  about  Mel- 
chis'edec.  Some  thought  him  superi<jr 
to  Christ,  some  paid  him  adoration,  and 
eome  believed  hira  to  be  Christ  himself 
or  the  Holy  Ghost. 

Melea'ger.  Distinguished  for  throw- 
ing the  javelin.  He  slew  the  Calydonian 
boar.  It  was  declared  by  the  fates  that 
he  would  die  as  soon  as  a  piece  of  wood 
then  on  the  fire  was  burnt  up  ;  where- 
upon his  mother  snatched  the  log  from 
tlie  fire  and  extinguished  it;  but  after 
Meleager  had  slain  his  maternal  uncles, 
his  mother  threw  the  braud  on  the  lira 
agsin,  aud  Meleager  died. 

Melesig'enes  (Greek,  MeVeflxyni). 
So  Homer  is  sometimes  called,  because 
one  of  the  traditions  fixes  his  birthplace 
on  the  banks  of  the  Meles,  in  Ionia.  la 
a  similar  way  we  call  Shakespeare  the 
"  Bard  of  Avon." 


Mele'tians.  The  foUowers  of  Mele  - 
tins,  bishop  of  Lycop'olis,  in  P^gypt,  who 
is  said  to  have  sacrificed  to  idols  in  order 
to  avoid  the  persecutions  of  Diocletian. 
A  trimmer  in  religion. 

Melia'dus  (King).  Father  of  Tristan ; 
he  was  drawn  to  a  chase  "par  mal  engin 
et  negromance"  of  a  fay  who  was  in  love 
with  him,  and  from  whose  thraldom  he 
was  ultimately  released  by  the  power  of 
the  great  enchanter  Merlin. — "  Tristan 
de  Leonois,"  a  romance.    (14S9.) 

Melibe'us  or  Melihe.  A  wealthy 
young  man,  married  to  Prudcns.  One 
day,  when  Melibeus  "  went  into  the  fields 
to  play,"  some  of  his  enemies  got  into  his 
house,  beat  his  wife,  and  wounded  his 
daughter  Sophie  with  five  mortal  wounds 
"  in  her  feet,  in  her  hands,  in  her  ears, 
in  her  nose,  and  in  hor  mouth,"  left  her 
for  dead,  and  made  their  escape.  When 
Melibeus  returned  home  he  resolved  upon 
vengeance,  but  his  wife  persuaded  him 
to  forgiveness,  and  MeliVieus  taking  hif 
wife's  counsel,  called  totrether  his  ene- 
mies, and  told  them  he  forgave  them  "  to 
this  effect  and  to  this  ende,  tl>at  God  of 
his  endeles  mercy  wole  at  the  tyme  of 
oure  deyinge  forgive  us  cure  giltcs,  that 
we  have  trespased  to  him  in  this  wreeched 
world." — Chaucer,  "  Canterhury  Tales." 

N.B. — This  prose  tale  of  Melibeus  is  a 
literal  translation  of  a  French  story,  of 
which  there  are  two  copies  in  the  British 
Museum— J/,bi.  Reg.  19,  c.  vii.  ;  and  MS. 
Reg,  19,  c.  xi. 

Melicer'tes  (4  syl.).  Son  of  Ino,  a 
sea  deity.  Ath'amas  imagined  his  wife 
to  be  a  lioness,  and  her  two  sons  to  be 
lion's  cubs.  In  his  frenzy  he  slew  one  of 
the  boys,  and  drove  th6  other  (named 
Melicertes)  with  his  mother  into  the  sea. 
The  mother  became  a  sea-goddess,  and 
the  boy  the  god  of  harbours. 

Mel'ior.  A  lovely  fairy,  who  carried 
off  to  her  secret  i.s!and  Parthen'opex  of 
Blois  in  hor  magic  bark.— /''(r«(-Aro»i(Ui« 
called  "  Parllitnopcx  de  Blois."  (I2th 
century. ) 

Meliscn'dra.  Charlomagoie's  daugh- 
ter, married  to  his  nephew  DonGwyfe'ros. 
She  was  taken  captive  by  the  Moors,  and 
confined  seveu  years  in  a  dungeon,  wheD 
Gwyfu'rus  rescued  her.-Z'oH(^u«xote,Ilai.7. 

Melis'sa  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
The   prophetess  who   lived    in    Meilin'o 


668 


MELL  aUPPEJC. 


MEN   IN   liUCKRAM. 


eave.  Brad'amant  gave  her  the  en- 
chanted ring  to  take  to  Rogo'ro,  so 
assiimini<  the  form  of  Atlanta's  she  went 
to  Alci'ua's  island,  and  not  only  delivered 
Roge'ro,  but  disenchanted  all  the  forms 
metamorphosed  in  the  island.  In  book 
xix.  she  assumes  the  form  of  Rodomont, 
and  persuades  Agramant  to  break  the 
league  which  was  to  settle  the  contest  by 
single  combat.     A  general  battle  ensues. 

Mell  Supper.  Harvest  supper  ;  so 
called  from  the  French  meler  (to  mix 
together),  because  the  master  and  ser- 
vants sat  promiscuously  at  the  harvest 
board. 

Mellifluous  Doctor.  St.  Bernard, 
whose  writings  were  called  a  "  river  of 
Paradise."    (1091-1153.) 

Mel'Dll.  The  Mahometans  say  that 
the  eating  of  a  melon  produces  a  thousand 
good  works,     fcio  named  from  Melos. 

Eire  un  melon.  To  be  stupid  or  dull  of 
comprehension.  The  melon-pumpkin  or 
squash  is  soft  and  without  heart,  hence 
"  Etro  un  melon"  is  to  be  as  soft  as  a 
squash.  So  also  A  voir  un  coeur  de  melon 
or  de  citron  ille  means  to  have  no  heart 
at  all.  Tertullian  says  of  Marcion,  the 
heresiarch,  "  he  has  a  pumpkin  (pep'oaem) 
in  the  place  of  a  heart  {cordis  loco).  It 
will  be  remembered  that  Thersi'tes,  the 
railer,  calls  the  Greeks  "pumpkins" 
(pep'o7ies). 

Melons  (French).  Children  sent  to 
school  for  the  first  time  ;  so  called  be- 
cause they  come  from  a  "  hot-bed,"  and 
are  as  delicate  as  exotics.  At  St.  Cyr,  the 
new-comers  are  called  in  school-slang 
let  melons,  and  the  old  stagers  les  anciera. 

Melrose  Abbey  (Rcrjister  of)  from 
735  to  1270,  published  in  "Fulmau," 
1684, 

Melusi'na.  The  most  famous  of  the 
f^es  of  Franco.  Having  enclosed  her 
father  in  a  high  mountain  for  offending 
her  mother,  she  was  condemned  to  be- 
come every  Saturday  a  servient  from  her 
waist  downward.  When  she  married 
Rajrmond,  count  of  Lusignan,  she  made 
her  husband  vow  never  to  visit  her  on  a 
Saturday  ;  but  the  jealousy  of  the  count 
beiner  excited,  he  hid  himself  on  one  of 
the  forViidden  days,  and  saw  his  wife's 
transformation.  Melusina  was  now 
obliged  to  quit  her  mortal  husband,  and 
was  destined  to  wander  about  as  a  spectre 


till  the  day  of  doom.  Some  say  the 
count  immured  her  in  the  dungeon  of  his 
castle.     (.Vee  UNUiNii;.) 

C'ri  de  Melusme.  A  sudden  scream  ; 
in  allusion  to  the  scream  of  despair  ut- 
tered by  the  fairy  when  she  discovered 
the  indiscreet  visit  of  her  beloved  hus- 
band.    (See  above.) 

Meiiisines  (3  syl.).  Gingerbread  cakes 
bearing  the  impress  of  abeautifiii  womau 
"bien  coiff^e,"  with  a  serpent's  tail;  made 
by  confectioners  for  the  May  fair  in  the 
neighbourhoo<l  of  Lusignan,  near  Poitiers. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  transformation  of 
the  fairy  Melusi'na  every  Saturday.  \Sie 
above. ) 

Melyhalt  (Lculy').  A  powerful  sub- 
ject of  king  Arthur,  whose  domains 
Galiot  invaded.  She  chose  Galiot  as  her 
lover. 

Memnon.  Prince  of  the  Ethiopians, 
who  went  to  the  assistance  of  his  uncle 
Priam,  and  was  slain  by  Achilles.  Hie 
mother  Eos  was  inconsolable  for  his 
death,  and  wept  for  him  every  morning. 

The  Greeks  used  to  call  the  statue  of 
Am'enoph'is,  in  Thebes,  the  statue  of 
Memnon.  This  image,  when  first  struck 
by  the  rays  of  the  rising  sun,  is  said  to 
have  produced  a  sound  like  the  snap- 
ping asunder  of  a  chord.  Poetically, 
when  Eos  (morning)  kisses  her  son  at 
daybreak,  the  hero  acknowledges  the 
salutation  with  a  musical  murmur.  The 
word  is  the  Egyptian  mei-aviun,  beloved 
of  Ammon. 

Menin'in  hendinR  o'er  his  hroken  lyre. 

Darwin,  "  Hconom'j  of  Keffrtaiton,"  L  J. 

Memnon.  One  of  Voltaire's  novels, 
designed  to  show  the  folly  of  aspiring  to 
too  much  wisdom. 

Mem'orable.  The  Ever  Memorable. 
John  Hales,  of  Eton.     (15S4-1G56.) 

Mem'ory.  Magliabechi,  of  Florence, 
the  book-lover,  was  called  "the  universal 
index  and  living  cycloprodia."  (1633- 
1714.)     isSce  \Voo])Fa"iX.) 

Bard  of  Memory.  Samuel  Rogers, 
author  of  "  Pleasures  of  Memory." 
(176-2-1S.55.) 

Men  are  but  Children  of  a  Larger 
Growth.  —  Dryden,  "  All  for  Love," 
iv.  1. 

Men  in  Buckram.  Hypothetical 
men  existing  only  in  the  brain  of  the 
imaginer.     The  allusion  is  to  the  vaunt- 


MEN   OP    KENT. 


MERCHANT  OF   VENICE.    569 


ing  talo  of  Sir  John  Falstaff  to  prince 
Henry.  —  S/uikespeare,  "1  Henry  IV.," 
act  ii.,  8.  4. 

Men  of  Kent.    {See  Klnt.; 

Me'nall.  A  large  stone  worshipped 
by  certain  tribes  of  Arabia  between 
Mecca  and  Medi'na.  This  stone,  like 
most  other  Arabian  idols,  was  demolished 
in  the  eijjrhth  3-ear  of  "  the  flight."  The 
"  menah"  is  simply  a  rude  large  stone 
brought  from  Mecca,  the  sacred  city,  by 
certain  colonists,  who  wished  to  carry 
with  them  some  memento  of  the  Holy 
Land. 

Menal'cas.  Any  shepherd  or  nistic. 
The  name  figures  in  the  Eclogues  of  Vir- 
gil and  the  Idyls  of  Theoc'ritos. 

Me  nam.  A  river  of  Siam,  on  whose 
banks  swarms  of  fire-flies  are  seen. 

MenamTaer.  A  rocking-stone  in 
the  parish  of  Sithney  (Cornwall)  which  a 
little  child  could  move.  The  soldiers  of 
Cromwell  thought  it  fostered  supersti- 
tion, and  rendered  it  immovable. 

Mendo'za  {Daniel),  the  Jew.  A 
prize-fighter  who  litld  the  belt  at  the 
close  of  the  last  century,  and  in  1791 
opened  tho  Lyceum  in  the  Htrand  to 
teach  "  tho  noble  art  of  boxing."  (1719- 
1791.) 

When  lIuiniihrcTa  at<pod  up  Ui  the  Israelite's  thumpa, 
la  kcr.'tryiiiertt  brtieciies.  aud  wuch-uie-uul  liuiniifl. 

Mendota,  tht  Jcte. 

Mene'visu  St.  David's  (Wales).  A 
corruption  of  Benemeiiew,  its  old  British 
name. 

Meng-tse.  The  fourth  of  the  sacred 
books  of  China;  so  called  from  its  author, 
Latinised  into  Mencius.  It  is  by  far  the 
best  of  all,  and  was  written  in  the  fourth 
century  B.C.  Confucius  or  Konu-foo-tse 
wrote  the  other  three :  viz.,  Ta-heo 
{Hchool  of  A  rf!t/<.'>),Chong-y6ng  ( TheUoULen 
Mean),  and  Lun-yu  (or  Book  of  Maxims). 

Mother  of  Meng.  A  Chinese  expres- 
sion, meaning  "an  admirable  teacher." 
Meng's  father  died  soon  after  the  birth 
of  the  sage,  and  he  was  brought  up  by 
hie  mother.     (Died  B.C.  317.) 

Me'nie  ('2  ayl.).     A    contraction    of 

Marianne. 

And  maun  I  atlll  on  Mrnie  doat, 
Kuii  bear  the  scorn  tbsi'i  m  ber  e>  7 


Menip'pos,  the  cynic,  called  by  Lu- 
cian  "  the  greatest  snarler  and  snajjpei 
of  all  the  old  dogs  "  (cynics). 

Men'nonites  (3  syl.).  The  followers 
of  Simons  Menno,  a  native  of  Friesland, 
who  modified  the  fanatical  views  of  the 
Anabaptists.     (149(5-1561.) 

Men'struum  means  a  monthly  di»- 
sotvent  (Latin,  mensis),  from  the  notion  of 
the  alchemists  that  it  acted  only  at  tho 
full  of  the  moon. 

A'l  liquors  ari-  calleJ  menstruums  which  are  used 
as  iiifsolveiitK.  or  to  extrac!  theviriuesol  iiigreJientf 
by  infusiuu  or  decoction.— yutiicy. 

Mentor.  A  guide,  a  wise  and  faith- 
ful counsellor;  80  called  from  Mentor,  a 
friend  of  Ulysses,  whose  form  Minerva 
assumed  when  she  accompanied  Telema- 
chos  in  his  search  for  his  father. — Feiulon, 
"  Telemaque." 

Me'nu.  Son  of  Brahma,  whose  in- 
stitutes are  the  great  code  of  Indian 
civil  and  religious  law. 

Mephib'osheth,  in  the  satire  ef 
"Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  by  Diyden 
and  Tate,  is  meant  for  Pordage. 

Mephistoph'eles.  A  sneering, 
jeering,  leering  tempter.  The  character 
is  that  of  a  devil  in  Goethe's  "Faust." 
He  is  next  in  rank  to  Satan. 

Mephistoph'ilis.  The  attendant 
demon  in  Marlowe's  "  Faustus." 

There  is  an  awful  melancholy  about  Marlowe's 
"  Mrphiet  plielis.  itrhaps  mure  expressive  than  the 
inalii:DaD;  minh  of  tliat  tieud  in  the  renowued  work 
of  tjofUit.—IlaUam 

Mephostoph'ilus.  The  familiar  of 
Dr.  Faustus.  The  legends  of  Faustu» 
were  at  one  time  so  popular  that  Mephos- 
tophilus  was  a  common  jocular  term  of 
address. 

How  DOW.  Mephostophilus  ? 
Sh'ikeniKUiTt,  "  Merry  Witxt  o/  U'imisor,"  L  L 

Mercador  Amante-the  basis  of 
our  comedy  called  "  The  Curious  Imper- 
tinent " — was  by  Caspar  de  Avila,  a 
Spaniard. 

Merca'tor's  Projection  is  Merca 
tor's  cliart  or  map  for  nautical  purposes. 
The  meridian  lines  are  at  riirht  angles  to 
the  parallels  of  latitude.  It  is  so  called 
because  it  was  devised  by  Gerhard 
KaufTinann,  whose  surname  Latinised  is 
Mcrcator  (Merc/uinl).     (1512-1;.94.) 

Merchant  of  Venice  (Shai-espeare). 
Tho  storj-  is  taken  from  the  "  Gosta  Koma 


570 


MEKClA. 


MEKilAlUb. 


ao mm."  The  tale  of  the  bond  is  chapter 
xlviii.,  anil  that  of  the  caskets  is  chaitter 
xcix.  Mvich  of  the  other  pa-rt  of  the 
story  is  very  like  a  novoUetti  of  Ser. 
Giovanni.     (14th  century.) 

Mer'cia.  The  ei^'hth  and  last 
kingdom  of  the  heptarchy,  between  the 
Thames  and  the  I  lumber.  It  was  the  mf  re 
or  boundary  of  the  Saxons  and  free 
Britons  of  Wales. 

Mercu'rial.  I^ight-hearted  and  gay, 
like  those  born  under  the  planet  Mercury. 
— Astrolo;/icul  notion. 

Mercuriale  (4  syl.,  French).  An 
harangue  or  rebuke ;  se  called  from 
Mercuriale,  as  the  first  Wednesday  after 
the  great  vacation  of  the  Parliament 
under  the  old  French  regime  used  to  be 
called.  On  this  day  the  house  discussed 
grievances,  and  reprimanded  members 
for  misconduct. 

Mer'cxiry.  Images  of  Mercury,  or 
rather  shapeless  posts  with  a  marVile 
head  of  Mercury  on  them,  used  to  be 
erected  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
where  two  or  more  roads  met,  to  point 
out  the  way. — Juvenal,  viii.  53. 

You  cannot  make  a  Mercury  of  every  log 
(Non  ex  quovis  ligno  Mercurius  fit).  That 
is,  not  every  mind  will  answer  equally 
well  to  be  trained  into  a  scholar.  The 
proper  wood  for  a  statue  of  Mercury 
was  box-wood— "vel  quod  hominis  pulto- 
rem  prae  se  f  erat,  vel  quod  materies  sit 
omnium  maxime  seterna." — Erasmihs. 

Mercury  in  astrology  "  signifieth  sub  till 
men,  ingenious,  inconstant ;  rjruers, 
poets,  advocates,  orators,  phylosophers, 
arithmeticians,  and  busie  fellowes." 

Mercu'tio.  A  kind-hearted,  witty 
nobleman,  kinsman  to  the  prince  of 
Vero'na,  in  Shakespeare's  "  Romeo  and 
Juliet."  Being  mortally  wounded  by 
Tybalt,  he  was  asked  if  he  were  hurt,  and 
replied  "  A  scratch,  a  scratch  ;  marry, 
'tis  enough." 

Tlie  Me^xudo  of  actor$.  Lewis,  who 
displayed  in  acting  the  combination  of 
the  top  aud  real  gentleman.    (1748-1811.) 

Mercy.  A  young  pilgrim  who  accom- 
panied Christiana  in  her  pilgrimage  to 
mount  Zion.  She  married  Matthe-w,Chris- 
tian's  son.— Bnnyan,"Pilgrims  Pro^."pt.  il 

Mercy.    The  seven  works  of  mercy  are 

1.  To  tend  the  sick. 

a.  To  feed  the  hvuigry 


3.  To  give  drink  lo  the  thirety. 

4.  To  clothe  the  naked. 

6.  To  honso  the  honiPleBB. 

6.  'I'o  viait  the  fatherless  and  the  afflicted. 

7.  To  bury  the  dead.        j^,^,,  ^j^  35.4(, 

Meredith  (Owen).  Tlie  pseudonym 
of  Edward  Robert  Bulwer  Lylton,  author 
of  "  Chronicles  and  Characters,"  in  verse 
(1834).     He  became  lord  Lyttou  in  1873. 

Meri'no  Sheep.  Sheep  under  a 
meri'no  or  overseer  of  pasture  lands. 

Merioneth  (  Wales)  is  maeronaeth  a 
dairy  farm). 

Merlan  (^French).  A  whiting,  orahair- 
dresser.  Perruquiers  are  so  called  be- 
cause at  one  time  they  were  covered  with 
flour  like  whiting  prepared  for  the  frying- 
pan. 

M'adreRsant  a  un  m^rl.tn  qui  filait  ane  pemiqna 
sur  uu  pei^ue  de  Ui.—Ghattavbriarul,  "  allmoiTt* 
d'Outre-T'Vibt." 

Merlin.  Prince  of  Enchanters  ;  also 
the  name  of  a  romance.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  damsel  seduced  by  a  fiend,  but 
Blaise  baptised  the  infant,  and  so  rescued 
it  from  the  power  of  Satan.  He  died 
spell-bound  by  his  mistress  Vivian  in  a 
hawthorn-bush.  (.See  Spenser's  "  Faery 
Queen,"  Tennyson's  "  Idylls  of  the 
King,"  and  EUia's  "  Specimens  of  Early 
English  Metrical  Romances.'") 

The  English  Merlin.  Lilly,  the  astro- 
loger, who  published  two  tracts  under 
the  assmmed  name  of  "  Merlinus   An'- 

glicus." 

Merlo  or  Melo  (Juan  de).  Bom  at 
Castile  in  the  fifteenth  century.  A  dis- 
pute having  arisen  at  Esalo'na  upon  the 
question  whether  Hector  or  Achilles  was 
the  braver  warrior,  the  marques  de 
Ville'na  called  out  in  a  voice  of  thunder, 
"  Let  us  see  if  the  advocates  of  Achilles 
can  fight  as  well  as  prate."  Presently 
there  appeared  in  the  midst  of  the  assem- 
bly a  gigantic  fire-breathing  monster, 
which  repeated  the  same  challenge. 
Every  one  shrank  back  except  Juan  de 
Melo,  who  drew  his  sword  and  placed 
himself  before  the  king  (Juan  II.)  to 
protect  him,  for  which  exploit  he  was 
appointed  alcayde  of  Alcala  la  Real 
(CJranada). — "  Ckronica  de  Don  A  Ivaro  di 
Luna." 

Mermaids.  Sir  James  Emersot 
Tennant,  speaking  of  the  dugong,  an 
herbivorous  cetacea,  says,  "  Its  head  has 
a  rude  approach  to  the  human  outline. 


JIERMAIDS. 


MERVEILLEUSE. 


571 


and  the  mother  while  suckling  her  young 
holdfi  it  to  her  breast  with  one  flipper, 
as  a  woman  hoids  her  infant  in  her  arm. 
If  disturbed  she  suddenly  dives  under 
water,  and  tosses  up  her  fish-like  tail.  It 
is  this  creature  which  has  probably  given 
rise  to  the  tales  about  mermaids." 

Mermaid.  Mary,  queen  of  Scots ;  so 
called  liecause  of  her  beauty  and  intem- 
perate love.     Oberon  says  to  Puck — 

Thou  reinembfr'st 
Since  oih^e  1  gat  upou  a  promontory 
And  boiml  a  mermaid  on  a  dolphin's  hacir 

( She  mOJ-ned  the  JJauiihin  of  I^auce.  ] 
Dtterin;;  audi  dulcet  and  hdrmijuioue  breath 
That  the  rude  Be  i  grew  civil  at  her  §■  ne, 

[  The  "  rude  nea  "  mearia  the  Hci.telt  relielt  ] 
And  certain  stars  shot  m.idly  from  their  sphered 
To  hear  the  sea-maid's  music- 

[  The  earl  of  Xorthumberlnnd,  the  earl  of 

Westmo'eVincl,  (indthedukeo/Xorfolk 

/org  t  their  aaer/iaiice  to  £litiibeth  oiU 

0/  love  to  M'xry.  ] 

SfcoAopt'ire,  •'  Miliximmer  iVight't  Dream,"  ii   1. 

Mermaid's  Glove.  The  largest  of 
British  sponges,  so  called  because  its 
branches  resemble  fingers. 

Mer'ope.  One  of  the  Pleiads ;  dimmer 
than  the  rest,  because  she  married  a 
mortal. 

Merovingian    Dynasty.       The 

dynasty  of  Rlero'vius,  a  Latin  form  of 
Mer-wig  (great  warrior).  Similarly  Louis 
is  Clovis,  and  Clovis  is  Clot-wig  (noted 
warrior). 

Merry  (S(uroti).  The  original  meaning 
is  not  miilh/til,  but  active,  brisk  ;  hence 
gallant  soldiers  wore  called  "  merry 
men  ;"  favourable  weather,  "  merry  wea- 
ther ;"  brisk  wind,  "  a  merry  gale  ;" 
London  was  "  merry  London  ;"  England, 
"  merry  England  ;"  Chaucer  speaks  of 
the  "  merry  organ  at  the  mass ;"  Jane 
Shore  is  called  by  Pennant  the  "  merry 
concubine  of  Edward  IV."    {See  Meukt- 

MEN.) 

Merry  Andrew.  So  called  from 
Andrew  Borde,  physician  to  Henry  VIII., 
kc.  To  vast  learning  he  added  ^rcat 
eccentricity,  ."vnd  in  order  to  instruct  the 
people  used  to  address  them  at  fairs  and 
other  crowilod  places  in  a  very  ad  cap- 
taiidum  way.  Those  who  imitated  his 
wit  and  drollery,  though  they  possessed 
not  his  genius,  were  called  Merry  An- 
drews, a  term  now  signifying  a  clown  or 
buffoon.  Andrew  Borde  Latinised  his 
name  into  Andrecu  f'erfora'tus.  (1500- 
1549.)  Prior  has  a  poem  on  "Merry 
Andrew." 


Merry  Dancers.  The  northerc 
lights,  so  called  from  their  undulatory 
motion.  The  French  also  call  them 
checret  dansantea  (dancing  goats). 

Merry  Dun  of  Dover.  A  large 
mythical  ship,  which  knocked  down 
Calais  steeple  in  passing  through  the 
Straits  of  Dover,  <and  the  pennant,  at  the 
same  time,  swept  a  flock  of  sheep  oS 
Dover  cliffs  into  the  sea.  The  masts 
were  so  lofty  that  a  boy  who  ascended 
them  would  grow  grey  before  he  could 
reach  deck  &gaxn.  — Scandinavian  myUu)- 
logy. 

Merrie  England  may  probably 
mean  "illustrious,"  from  the  old  Teutonic 
w  er  (famous).  According  to  R.  Ferguson, 
the  word  appears  in  the  names  Marry, 
Merry,  Merick  ;  the  French  M^ra,  Me- 
reau,  Merey,  Jl^riq  ;  and  numerous 
others. — "  Teutonic  Name-Syttem,"  p. 
3G8.     (5e<  aioi-e  Mkrrt.) 

Merry-men.  A  chief  calls  his 
followers  his  merry-men.    (Ste  above.) 

Merry  men  of  "M-ey.  An  expanse 
of  broken  water  vvhich  boils  like  a 
witch's  caldron  in  the  southern  side  of 
the  Stroma  chanueL  "  Men  "  is  here  a 
corruption  of  main. 

Merry  Monareli.  Charlee  II. 
(1(330,  lt)oU-1685.) 

Merse.  Berwickshire  was  so  called 
because  it  was  the  mere  or  frontier  of 
England  and  Scotland. 

Mersenne  (2  syl.).  The  English 
Mersenne.  John  Collins,  mathematician 
and  physicist,  so  called  from  Marin 
Mersenne,  the  French  philosopher  (1624- 
1683). 

Merton  College.  Founded  by 
Walter  de  .Merton,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
and  lord  high  chancellor  in  12G4. 

Merton  ( Tommy).  One  of  the  chief 
characters  in  the  tale  of  "  Sandford  and 
Merton,"  by  Thomas  Day. 

Mem.  A  fabulous  mountain  in  the 
centre  of  the  world,  80,0ii0  leagues  high, 
the  abode  of  Vishnu,  and  a  perfect 
paradise.  It  may  be  termed  the  Indian 
Olympos. 

Merveilleuse  (3  syl.,  French).  The 
tword  of  Doolin  of  Mayouce.     It  w.-v.'s  so 


5?!4 


MESMEKISM. 


METROPOLITAN. 


sharp  that  when  placed  edp^e  downwards 
it  would  cut  through  a  slab  of  wood 
without  the  use  of  force. 

Mes'merism.  So  called  from  Fried- 
rich  Anton  Mesiner,  of  Mersburg,  in 
Snabia,  who  introduced  the  science  into 
Paris  in  1778.     (173-t-18]5.) 

Mesopota'mia.  The  true  "Mesnpo- 
ta'mia"  ring  ("London  Review")— 1.«., 
Bomething  high-sounding  and  pleasing, 
but  wholly  past  comprehension.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  story  of  an  old  woman 
who  told  her  pastor  that  she  "  found 
great  support  in  that  comfortable  word 
Mesoiyotamia. 

Messali'na.  Wife  of  the  emperor 
Claudius  of  Rome.  Her  name  has  become 
a  byeword  for  lasciviousncss  and  inconti- 
nency.  Catharine  II.  of  Russia  is  called 
The  Modern  Messali'na  (1729-1796).  (See 
Marozia.) 

Metalo'gicus,  by  John  of  Salisbury, 
the  olijoct  of  which  is  to  expose  the 
absurdity  and  injurious  effects  of 
"  wrangling,"  or  dialectics  aud  meta- 
physics. He  says,  "  Prattling  and  quib- 
bling the  masters  call  disputing  or  wrang- 
ling, but  I  am  iio  wiser  for  such  logic." 

Metamor'pMc  Bocks.  Those 
rocks,  including  gneiss,  mica-schist,  clay- 
slate,  marble,  and  the  like,  which  have 
become  more  or  less  crystalline, 

Metamorphic  Words.  Obsolete 
words  slightly  altered,  and  made  current 
again  :  as  "  chestnut "  for  castnut,  from 
Castana,  in  Thessaly  ;  "  courtcards  "  for 
coat-cards  ;  "  currants  "  fur  corinths  ; 
"  frontispiece "  for  frontispice  (Latin 
/rontispicium);  "Isinglass"  for  kausen  blase 
(the  sturgeon's  bladder,  Ger.)  ;  "shame- 
faced "  for  shamefast,  as  steadfast,  &c, ; 
"sweetheart  "  for  sweethard,  as  drunkard, 
dullard,  dotard,  niggard,  &c. 

Metaphysics  (Greek,  after  physics). 
The  disciples  of  Aristotle  thought  that 
matter  or  nature  should  be  studied  before 
mind.  The  Greek  for  matter  or  nature  is 
physis,&n6.  the  science  of  its  causes  and  ef- 
fects pAym'«.  Meta-physicsisthe  Greek  for 
"after-physics."  Sir  James  Mackintosh 
takes  a  less  intentional  view  of  the  case, 
and  says  the  word  arose  from  the  mere 
accident  of  the  compilers  who  sorted  the 
treatises  of  Aristotle,  and  placed  that 
upon  mmd  and  intelligence  after  that 
upon  matter  and  nature.    The  science  of 


metaphysics  is  the  consideration  of  thin/^s 
in  the  abstract,  that  is,  divested  of  their 
accidents,  relations,  and  matter. 

Metasta'sio.  The  real  nam©  of 
this  Italian  poet  was  Traj.assi  (death), 
He  was  brought  up  by  Gravina,  who 
Grecised  the  name.     (1098-1782.) 

M  ethodical.  Most  Methodical  Doctor. 
John  Bassol,  a  disciple  of  Uunp  ScotuK. 
(•-1.347.) 

Methodists.  A  name  originally 
given  (1729)  by  a  student  of  Christ 
Church  to  the  brothers  Wesley  and  their 
clique,  who  used  to  assemble  on  given 
evenings  for  religious  conversation.  As 
the  jihysiciansof  Rome  termed  method' id 
reduced  the  practice  of  medicine  to  a 
system,  so  these  Wesleyans  made  all 
their  conduct  and  all  their  engagements 
square  with  their  religious  duties. 

Primitive  Methodists.  Founded  by 
Hugh  Bourne.     (1772-1852.) 

Meth'uen  Treaty.  A  commercial 
treaty  between  England  and  Portugal, 
negotiated  by  Paul  Metbuen,  in  1703, 
whereby  the  Portuguese  wines  were 
received  at  a  lower  duty  than  those  of 
France.  This  treaty  was  abandoned  in 
1836. 

Meton'ie  Cycle.  A  cycle  of  nine- 
teen years,  at  the  end  of  which  period 
the  new  moons  fall  on  the  same  days  of 
the  year,  and  eclipses  recur.  Discovered 
by  Meton,  B.C.  432. 

Metra.  Qu'enditMetra  (Louis  XVI. )f 
Metra  was  a  noted  news-vender  of  Paris 
before  the  Revolution — a  notability  with 
a  cocked  hat,  who  went  about  with  his 
hands  folded  behind  his  back. 

Metropol'itan.  A  prelate  who  ha« 
suffragan  bishops  subject  to  him.  The 
two  metropolitans  of  England  are  the 
two  archbishops,  and  the  two  of  Ire- 
land the  archbishops  of  Armagh  and 
Dublin.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
of  Great  Britain,  the  four  archbishops  of 
Armagh,  Dublin,  Cashel,  and  Tuam  are 
metropolitans.  The  word  does  not  mean 
the  prelate  of  the  metropolis  in  a  secular 
sense,  but  the  prelate  of  a  "  mother 
city"  in  an  ecclesiastical  sense — i.e.,  a 
city  which  is  the  mother  or  ruler  of  other 
cities.  Thus,  the  bishop  of  London  is 
the  prelate  of  the  metropolis,  but  not  a 
metropoUtan.  The  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury is  metropnlita'nus  et  primus  toti'iu 


METTRE. 


MTCHKL. 


673 


Anglia,  and  the  archbishop  of  York 
primus  ei  metropolila' nus  A  nglix. 

Mettre  de  la  Paille  dans  ses 
Souliers  or  Mettre  du  Join  dam  its 
bottes.  To  amass  money,  to  grow  rich, 
especially  by  illicit  gains.  The  reference 
is  to  a  practice  in  the  sixteenth  century 
followed  by  beg^rs  to  extort  alms. 

Desquemands  et  helistres  qui,  pour  abuser  le 

sionde,  roetteut  de  la  paille  en  leurs  souliers.—"  jup- 
liliTnent  du  CaiholUun,"  ch.  ix. 

Me'um  and  Tu'um.  That  which  be- 
longs to  me  and  that  which  is  another's. 
Meum  is  Latin  for  "what  is  mine,"  and 
tuum  is  Latin  for  "  what  is  thine."  If  a 
man  is  said  not  to  know  the  difference 
between  meum  and  t>mm.  it  is  a  polite 
way  of  saying  he  is  a  thief. 

'■  Meum  est  propos' itum  in  tabema 
man."  A  famous  drinking  song,  by 
Walter  Mapes,  vrho  died  in  1210. 

Mews.  Stables ;  but  properly  a  place 
for  hawks  on  the  moult.  The  muette 
was  an  edifice  in  a  park  where  the  officers 
of  venery  lodged,  and  which  was  fitted  up 
with  dog-kennels,  stables,  and  hawkeries. 
They  were  called  muetles  from  mue  (the 
slough  of  anything),  especially  the  horns 
shed  by  stags,  which  were  collected  and 
kept  in  these  enclosures. — Lacomhe, 
' '  Diclionnaire  Porlatifdes  Beaux  A  rls." 

Mexitli.  Tutelary  god  of  the  Aztecs, 
in  honour  of  whom  they  named  their 
empire  Mexico. — Soulkei/. 

Mezen'tius.  King  of  the  Tyrrhe'- 
nians,  who  put  criminals  to  death  by 
tying  them  face  to  face  with  dead  bodies. 
So  says  Virgil,  "^Eneid,"  viii.  435. 

Tliisislike  Mezentius  In  Virgil  iuch  critics  are 
like  debd  coals,  they  may  tiUckeu.  but  canuot  I'Uru. 
—liroam.  iTt/uce  f"  "  t^i'ismt" 

Mezzo  Relie'VO  (med-zo  rel-ya-vo). 
Moderate  relief  (Italian).  This  is  applu'd 
to  figures  which  project  more  than  those 
of  Basso  Reliu'vo  (q.v.),  but  le.ss  than 
those  of  Alto  Keliiivo  {q.v.). 

Mezzo  Tinto  (Italian,  medium  tint). 
So  engravings  in  imitation  of  Iniian-ink 
drawings  are  called. 

Mezzora'mia.  An  earthly  paradise 
somewhere  in  Africa,  but  accessihle  by 
only  one  narrow  road.  Gaudentio  di 
Lucca  discovered  this  secret  road,  and 
resided  in  this  paradise  for  twenty-five 
years. — Simon  Berington,  **  Oaudentio  di 
Lucca." 


Micawber  {Mr.  WilHnt).  A  great 
speecbifier  and  letter-writer,  projector 
of  bubble  schemes  sure  to  lead  to  fortune, 
but  always  ending  in  grief.  Notwith- 
standing his  ill  success  he  never  de- 
spaired, but  felt  certain  that  something 
would  "  turn  up "  to  make  his  fortune. 
Having  failed  in  every  adventure  in  the 
old  country,  he  emigrated  to  Australia, 
where  he  became  a  magnate. — DicJcens, 
"  David  Copperjield." 

Micawberism.  Conduct  similar  to 
that  of  Mr.  Micawber" 8.     {See  above.) 

i  Mi'chaeL  Prince  of  the  celestial 
armies,  commanded  by  God  to  drive  the 
rebel  angels  out  of  heaven.  Ga'briel 
was  next  to  him  in  command.  {See  Seven 
Spirits.) 

Longfellow,  in  his  "Golden  Legend," 
says  he  is  the  presiding  spirit  of  the 
planet  Mercury,  and  brings  to  man  the 
gift  of  prudence. 

The  planet  Mercury,  whose  place 
1b  n^ar^fHi  to  t he  8Ud  Id  t>pace, 

Js  my  aloiird  Si  here  ; 
And  with  ceifsiial  ardour  s>fift 
I  be^r  upou  Div  han  is  the  loft 

0/  beaveuly  pruiUnce  here. 

"  The  MirucU  Play.'UL 

St.  Michael,  in  Christian  art,  is  some- 
times depicted  as  a  beautiful  young  man 
with  severe  countenance,  winged,  and 
either  clad  in  white  or  armour,  bearing  a 
lance  and  shield,  with  which  he  combats 
a  dragon.  In  the  final  judgment  he  ia 
represented  with  scales,  in  wlwch  he 
weighs  the  souls  of  the  risen  dead. 

Michael  Angelo.  T/i€  Michael- 
Angelo  of  BalUe-scfnes.  Michael-Angelo 
Cerquozzi,  a  native  of  Rome,  famous  for 
his  battle-scenes  and  shipwrecks.  (1600- 
16(J0  ) 

Michel-. A nge  des  Bamhoches.  Peter  van 
Laar,  the  Diitch  painter.     (1613-1073.) 

Michael  Angelo  of  Music.  Juliann 
Christ(>ph  vou  Giiick,  ttm  Gurmtiu  mu- 
sical cumpobor.     (ITU-IT^-^T). 

M ic/iotl  A  h'i'Jo  of  Sculptors.  Pierre 
Pugot,  the  Krench  sculptor  (l<)-2:"!-lt)y4). 
Also  li^u^  Michael  Slodtz  (1705-1704) 

Michal  in  the  satire  of  "Al>.=alom 
and  Achitophol,"  by  Dryden  and  Tate, 
is  meant  for  queen  Catharine,  wife  of 
Charles  II.  As  Charles  II.  is  called 
David  in  the  satire,  and  Michal  wa« 
David's  wife,  the  name  is  appropriate. 

Michel  or  Cousin  Michael.  A  Ger- 
man.    Michel  meaiiii  a  dolt ;    thus  tb* 


674 


VfTCHING    MALLECnO. 


MID  LENT. 


French  call  a  fool  who  allows  himself  to 
be  taken  in  by  thimble-rigs  and  card 
tricks  mikel.  In  old  French  the  word 
mice     occurs,     moaning    a    fool.       (See 

MiCIION.) 

L'ADKl'iis  Rime  A  Sire  repr6Beut6  comme  un  John 
Bull ;  pour  iiou8.  notre  type  cut  I'Allemanfi  MichPl, 
qui  re'.oit  une  lape  par  derriire  et  qui  deman'e  eo- 
core  :  "  Qu'y  n-t-il  pour  votie  service  V'—Dr,  Wtber, 
"  De  I'AUemaane,"  <tc. 

Miching  Malleeho.  A  veiled  re- 
buke ;  a  bad  deed  probed  by  disL'nised 
moans.  To  mich  or  mee.ch  means  to 
skulk  or  shrink  from  sisrht.  Mirhers  9ro 
poachers  or  secret  pilferers.  Malecho  is 
a  Spanish  word  moaning  an  "evil  action  ;" 
as  a  personified  name  it  means  a  male- 
factor.— "  Hamlet,"  iii.  2. 

The  "qnarto"  reads  mulching  Malliro; 
the  "  folio  "  has  michiti;/  malicho.  Q.  The 
Spanish  mu'cho  ma/ h(fc/iM (much  mischief)? 

Miction,  according  to  Cotgrave,  is  a 
"  block,  dunce,  dolt,  jobbernol,  dullard, 
loggerhead."  Probably  ynickon,  Mike 
(an  ass),  mikel,  and  cousin,  Michel,  are  all 
from  the  Italian  miccio,  an  ass.  (See 
Mike.) 

Microcosm  (Greek,  Utile  worhC). 
So  man  is  called  by  Paracelsus.  The 
ancients  considei'ed  the  world  as  a  living 
being ;  the  sun  and  moon  being  its  hoo  eyes, 
the  earth  its  bodi/,thf  ether  its  intcllect,and 
the  sky  its  tuings.  When  man  was  looked 
on  as  the  world  in  miniature,  it  was 
thought  that  the  movements  of  the  world 
and  of  man  corresponded,  and  if  one  could 
be  ascertained,  the  other  could  be  easily 
inferred ;  hence  arose  the  system  of  as- 
trology, which  professed  to  interpret  the 
events  of  a  man's  life  by  the  correspond- 
ing movements,  &c.,  of  the  stars.  [See 
Diapason.) 

Mickleton  Jury  (The).  A  cor- 
ruption of  Mickle-touru  [Magnus  turnus). 
The  jury  of  court  Leets.  These  leets 
were  visited  Easter  and  Michaelmas  by 
the  county  sheriffs  in  their  tourns. 

Mi'das.  Like  Midas,  all  he  touches 
turiu  to  gold.  Midas,  king  of  Phrygia, 
requested  of  the  gods  that  everything 
he  touched  might  be  turned  to  gold. 
His  request  was  granted,  but  as  his 
food  became  gold  the  moment  he  touched 
it,  he  prayed  the  gods  to  take  their 
favour  back.  He  was  now  ordered 
to  bathe  in  the  Pacto'lus,  and  the  river 
eyer  after  rolled  over  golden  sands. 


Midas-eared.  Without  discrimi- 
nation or  judgment.  Midas,  king  ol 
Phrygia,  was  appointed  to  judge  a  mu- 
sical contest  between  Apollo  and  Pan, 
and  gave  judgment  in  favour  of  the 
satyr ;  whereupon  Apollo  in  contempt 
gave  the  king  a  pair  of  ass's  ears.  Midas 
hid  thorn  under  his  Phrygian  cap,  but  his 
servant  who  used  to  cut  his  hair  dis- 
covered them,  and  was  so  tickled  at  the 
"  joke,"  which  ho  durst  not  mention,  that 
he  dug  a  hole  in  the  earth,  and  relieved 
his  mind  by  whispering  in  it  "  Midas  has 
ass's  ears."  Budaus  gives  a  diflerent 
version.  He  says  that  Midas  kept  spies 
to  tell  him  everything  that  transpired 
throughout  his  kingdom,  and  the  pro- 
verb "that  kings  have  long  arms"  wae 
changed  in  his  case  to  "  Midas  has  long 
ears."  "  Ex  eo  in  proverbium  venit,  quod 
multos  otacustas — i.e.,  auricularios  habe- 
bat."— "Z>e  Asse."  (See  Pope,  "Pro- 
logue to  Satires.") 

Midden.  The  kitchen  midden.  The 
dust-bin.  The  farmer's  midden  is  the 
dunghill.  The  word  is  Scotch,  ana  pro- 
bably connected  with  mud ;  Danish. 
m  udder  ;  Welsh,  mwydo  (to  wet). 

Middle  Ages.  A  term  of  no  defi- 
nite period,  but  varying  a  little  with 
almost  every  nation.  In  France  it  was 
from  Clovis  to  Louis  XL  (481  to  1461). 
In  England,  from  the  Heptarchy  to  the 
accession  of  Henry  VII.  (409  to  1485). 
In  universal  history  it  was  from  the 
overthrow  of  the  Roman  empire  to  the 
revival  of  letters  (the  5th  to  the  15tb 
century). 

Middlesex.  The  Middle  Saxons 
— that  is,  between  Essex,  Sussex,  and 
Wessex. 

Midgard.  The  abode  of  the  first 
pair,  from  whom  spranij  the  human  race 
It  was  made  of  the  eyebrows  of  Ymer, 
and  was  joined  to  Asgard  by  the  rainbow 
bridge  called  Bifrost.  —  Scandinavian 
nujthology. 

A.sgard  is  the  abode  of  the  celestials. 

Utgart  is  the  abode  of  the  giants. 

Midgard  is  between  the  two — better 
than  Utgard,  but  inferior  to  Asgard. 

Midgard  Sormen  (earth's  monster). 
The  great  serpent  that  lay  in  the  abyss 
at  the  root  of  the  celestial  ash. — Scandi- 
navian mythology.     Child  of  Loki. 

Mid-Lent  Sunday  is  the  fourth  Snn 
day  in  Lent.     It  is  called   domin'ico  re 


MIDLOTHIAN. 


MILAN. 


575 


fectio'nis  (refection  Sunday),  because  the 
first  lesson  is  the  banquet  given  by 
Joseph  to  his  brethren,  and  the  gospel  of 
the  day  is  the  miraculous  foediug  of  the 
five  thousand.  In  England  it  used  to 
b«  called  Afolhering  Sunday,  from  the 
custom  of  visiting  the  mother  or  cathe- 
dral church  on  that  day  to  make  the 
Blaster  offering. 

Midlo'thian.  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
"  Heart  of  Midlotliian  "  is  a  tale  of  the 
Porteous  riot,  in  which  are  iiitroducid 
the  interesting  incidents  of  Effie  and 
Jeanie  Deans.  Effio  is  seduced  while  in 
the  service  of  Mrs.  Saddletree,  and  is 
imprisoned  for  child  murder  ;  but  her 
sister  Jeanio  obtains  her  pardon  through 
the  intercession  of  the  queen,  and  mar- 
ries Reuben  Butler. 

Midrash'im  (sing,  Midrash).  Jewish 
expositions  of  the  Old  Testament. 

Midsummer.  'Tis  Midsummer  moon 
with  you.  You  are  mad.  Thus  Olivia 
says  to  MalvoTio,  "  Why,  this  is  very 
midsummer  madness."—"  Twelfth  Night," 
iii.  4. 

Midsummer  -  Night's  Dream. 
Some  of  the  most  amusing  incidents  of 
this  comedy  are  borrowed  from  the 
"Diana"  of  Montcmayor,  a  Spanish 
writer  of  pastoral  romance  in  the  six- 
teenth century ;  and  probably  the 
"  Knightes  Tale"  in  Chaucer  may  have 
furnished  hints  to  the  author. 

Alidsummtr-Aiylit'is  Drtam.  KpGus  of 
Athens  went  to  Thc-seus,  the  reigning 
duke,  to  complain  that  his  daughter 
Uer'mia,  whom  he  had  commanded  to 
marry  Demetrius,  refused  to  ohey  him, 
because  she  loved  Lysander.  Egeus  de- 
manded that  Ilcrniia  should  be  put  to 
death  for  this  disobedionco,  according  to 
the  law.  Hcrmia  pleaded  that  iJeniotrius 
loved  Ilel'ena,  and  that  his  affection  was 
reciprocated.  Theseus  had  no  power  to 
alter  the  law,  and  gave  Hermia  four 
days'  respite  to  consider  the  matter,  and 
if  then  she  refused,  the  law  was  to  take 
its  course.  Lysander  proposed  flight,  to 
which  Uermia  agreed,  and  told  Helena 
her  intention  ;  Helena  told  Demetrius, 
and  Demetrius,  of  course,  followed.  The 
fugitives  met  in  a  woo<l,  the  favourite 
haunt  of  the  fairies.  Now  Oberon  and 
Tita'nia  had  had  a  quarrel  about  a  change- 
ling boy,  and  Oberon,  by  way  of  punish- 
ment, dropped  on  Titania'a  eyes  during; 


sleep  some  love-juice,  the  effect  of  which 
is  to  make  the  sleeper  fall  in  love  with 
the  first  thing  seen  when  waking.  The 
first  thing  scon  by  Titania  was  Bottom 
the  weaver,  wearing  an  ass's  head.  In 
the  meantime  king  Oberon  dispatched 
Puck  to  pour  some  of  the  juice  on  the 
eyes  of  Demetrius,  that  he  might  love 
Helena,  who  Oberon  thought  refused 
to  requite  her  love.  Puck,  by  mistake, 
anointed  the  eyes  of  Lysander  with  the 
juice,  and  the  first  thing  he  saw  on  wak- 
ing was  not  Ilermia  but  Helena.  Oberon 
being  told  that  Puck  had  done  his  bid- 
ding, to  make  all  sure  dropped  some  of 
the  love-juice  on  the  eyes  of  Demetrius, 
and  the  first  per.son  he  beheld  on  waking 
was  Hermia  looking  for  Ly.sander.  In 
due  time  the  eyes  of  all  were  disen- 
chanted, and  all  went  smoothly.  Lysan- 
der married  Hermia,  Demetrius  married 
Helena,  and  Titania  gave  the  boy  to  her 
lord,  king  Oberon. 

Midvidfe  means  simply  a  "hired 
woman."  (Anglo-Saxon,  med-wif,  hired 
woman  ;  Saxon,  wif;  Dutch,  wyf ;  Ger- 
man, xceih,  woman.) 

Midwife  of  men's  thoughts.  So  Soc'ratee 
termed  himself;  and  as  Mr.  Grote  ob- 
serves, "No  other  man  ever  struck  out  of 
others  so  many  sparks  to  set  light  to 
original  thought."  Out  of  his  intellec- 
tual school  sprangPlato  and  the  Dialectic 
system ;  Euclid  and  the  Megaric  ;  Aris- 
tippos  and  the  Cyrenaic ;  AntisthSnes 
and  the  Cynic  ;  and  his  influence  on  the 
mind  was  never  equalled  by  any  teacher 
but  One,  of  whom  it  was  said  "  Never 
man  taught  as  this  man." 

Miggs  {Miss).  Mrs.  Varden's  maid, 
and  the  impersnnation  of  an  old  shrew. 
— Dickeiis,  "  Bariiaby  Rudge." 

Mignon.  The  young  Italian  girl 
who  fell  in  love  with  Wilhelm  Meistor's 
apprentice,  her  protector.  Her  love  not 
being  returned,  she  became  insane  and 
died. — Goetfie,  "  WiUitbn  Meister." 

Mike.  To  loiter.  A  corruption  oi 
viiche,  to  skulk  ;  whence,  micher,  a  thief, 
and  michery,  theft.  (Old  Norse,  vmk, 
leisure;  Sweilish,  wiaX-a;  Saxon, 'mu^an, 
to  creep.)     (See  MicnuN.) 

8h&ll  the  Messed  SUD  of  hosTca  prove  a  mlehcr? 
(loiterer)  —Ma*e*p«ir«.  "  i  Uinry  II' ,"  U.  4, 

Milan.  Aryned  in  Milan  steel.  Milan 
was  famous  in  the  middle  aires  for  itt 
armoury.—  Froi-start,  iv.,  p.  597. 


570 


MILANESE, 


MILTON. 


Mil'ane'se  (3  syl.).  A  native  of 
Milan — i.e.,  mi-lanv.  (Old  Italian  for 
middlo-land,  meaning  in  the  middle  of 
the  Lombardian  plain.) 

Milden'do.  The  metropolis  of  Lil- 
liput,  the  wall  of  which  was  two  feet 
and  a-half  in  heig-ht,  and  at  least  eleven 
inches  thick.  The  city  was  an  exact 
square,  and  two  main  streets  divided 
it  into  four  quarters.  The  emperor's 
palace,  called  Belfab'orac,  was  in  the 
centre  of  the  city.  —  "  Gulliver's  Travels" 
(  Voyage  to  Lilliput,  iv.). 

Mildew  has  nothing  to  do  with 
either  mills  or  dew.  It  is  the  Gaelic 
mehl-lhoew  (injurious  or  destructive 
blight). 

Mile'sian  Fables.  The  romances 
of  Antonius  Diogenes,  described  by 
Photius,  but  no  longer  extant.  They 
were  greedily  read  by  the  luxurious 
Sybarites,  and  appear  to  have  been  of  a 
very  coarse  amatory  character.  They 
were  compiled  by  Aristi'des,  and  trans- 
lated into  Latin  by  Sisen'na,  about  the 
time  of  the  civil  wars  of  Ma'rius  and 
Sylla. 

The  tales  of  Parthe'nius  Nice'nus  were 
borrowed  from  them.  The  name  is  from 
the  Milesians,  a  Greek  colony,  the  first 
to  catch  from  the  Persians  their  rage  for 
fiction.     Parlheuius  t.iught  Virgil  Greek. 

Milesian  Story  or  Tale.  0"every 
wanton  and  ludicrous.  So  called  from 
the  "Milesije  Fab'ulne,"  the  immoral 
tendency  of  which  was  notorious.  {See 
above. ) 

Mill.  To  fight ;  not  from  the  Latin 
miles,  a  soldier,  but  from  the  noun  mill. 
Grinding  was  anciently  performed  by 
pulverising  with  a  stone  or  pounding 
with  the  hand.  To  mill  is  to  beat  with 
the  fist,  as  persons  used  to  beat  corn  with 
a  stone. 

Millen'nium  means  simply  a  thou- 
sand years.  {La.t\xi,v\,ille, annus.)  In  Rev. 
icx.  2,  it  is  said  that  an  angel  bound  Satan 
a  thousand  years,  and  in  verse  4  we  are 
told  of  certain  martyrs  who  will  come 
to  life  again,  and  "  reign  with  Christ  a 
thousand  3'ears."  "  This,"  says  St.  John, 
"  is  the  first  resurrection ;"  and  this  ia 
what  is  meant  by  the  millennium. 

Miller.  To  give  one  the  miller  is  to  en- 
gage a  person  in  conversation  till  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  f>ersons  have  ^fathered 


together  to  set  upon  the  victim  with 
stones,  dirt,  garbage,  and  all  the  arms 
which  haste  supplies  a  mob  with.  (.b'«t 
Mill.) 

More  water  glideth  hy  the  mill  than  wott 
the  miller  of  ("  Titus  Andronicus,"  ii.  1). 
Many  things  are  done  in  a  house  which 
the  master  and  mistress  never  dream  of. 

A  Joe  Miller.  A  stale  jest.  John 
Mottloy  comjiilcd  a  book  of  facetiae  in 
the  reign  of  James  II.,  which  he  entitled 
"  Joe  Miller's  Jests,"  from  a  witty  actor 
of  farce  during  the  time  that  Congreve's 
plays  were  in  vogue.  A  stale  jest  is  called 
a  "Joe  Miller,"  implying  that  it  is  stolen 
from  Mottley's  compilation.  (Joe  Aliller^ 
1681.1738.) 

Miller's  eye.  Lumps  of  unleavened 
flour  in  bread  ;  so  called  because  they 
are  little  round  lumps,  like  an  eye 

To  put  the  mUkr's  eye  out.  To  make 
broth  or  pudding  so  thin  that  the  miller's 
eye  would  be  put  out  or  puzzled  to  find 
the  flour. 

Miller's  Thumb.  A  small  fish, 
four  or  five  inches  long,  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  to  a  miller's  thumb, 
which  was  broad  and  round  when  it  was 
employed  to  test  the  quality  of  flour. 
The  fish  is  also  called  Bullhead,  from  its 
large  head. 

Milliner.  A  corruption  of  Mil'aner; 
so  called  from  Mil'an,  in  Italy,  which  at 
one  time  gave  the  law  to  Europe  in  all 
matters  of  taste,  dress,  and  elegance. 

Millwood  {Sarah).  The  courtezan 
who  enticed  Geor^re  Barnwell  to  rob  his 
master  and  murder  his  uncle.  She  spent 
all  his  money,  then  turned  him  out  of 
doors  and  impeached  him.  George  Bam- 
well  laid  the  case  at  the  same  time  before 
the  lord  mayor,  and  both  were  hanged  — 
George  Lillo,  "  George  Barnwell." 

Milo.  An  athlete  of  Croto'na.  It  is 
said  that  he  carried  throxigh  the  stadium 
at  Olympia  a  heifer  four  years  old.  and 
ate  the  whole  of  it  afterwards.  When 
old  he  attempted  to  tear  in  two  an  oak- 
tree,  but  the  parts  closed  upon  his  hands, 
and  while  held  fast  he  was  devoure^^ 
by  wolves. 

Milton  borrowed  from  St.  Avi'tui 
his  description  of  Paradise  (book  i.),  of 
Satan  (book  ii.),  and  many  other  part? 
of  "  Paradise  Lost."  He  also  borrowe<l 
very  largely  from  Du  Bartis  (1.544-1691). 


Ml  MIR. 


MINISTER. 


i>T, 


vho  wrote  an  epic  poem  entitled  "The 
Week  of  Creation,"  which  was  translated 
into  almost  every  European  langiiafje. 
(1514-1591.)  St.  Avitus  wrote  in  Latin 
hexameters  "The  Creation,"  "The  Fall," 
and  "  The  Expulsion  from  Paradise." 
(460-525). 

Millmi.  "  Milton,"  says  Dryden  in  the 
preface  to  his  "  FaV)les,"  "  was  the  poeti- 

cal    son   of   Spenser Milton   has 

acknowledfxed  to  me  that  Spenser  was 
his  original." 

AliUoH  of  Germaiiy.  BMedrich  Q. 
Klopstock,  author  of  "The  Messiah." 
(1724-1803.)  Coleridi,'e  says  he  is  "a 
very  German  Milton  indeed." 

Mimir.  The  Scandinavian  god  of 
wisdom,  and  most  celebrated  of  the 
giants.  The  Vaner,  with  whom  he  was 
left  as  a  hosUtge,  cut  off  bis  head.  Odin 
embalmed  it  by  hja  magic  art,  pro- 
nounced over  It  mystic  runes,  and  ever 
after  consulteil  it  on  critical  occasions. 
— ScandiiMvian  mythology. 

Mimir's  Well.  A  well  in  which  all 
wisdom  lay  concealed.  It  was  at  the 
root  of  the  celestial  ash-tree.  Mimir 
drank  thereof  from  the  horn  Gjallar. 
Odin  gave  one  of  his  eyes  to  be  per- 
mitted to  drink  of  its  waters,  ami  tlie 
draught  made  him  the  wisest  of  tho 
gods.  —  Scandinavian  viylluology. 

IVIiino'sa.  Niebuhr  says  the  Mimosa 
"  droops  its  branches  whenever  any  one 
approaches  it,  seeming  to  salute  those 
who  retire  under  its  shade." 

Mince  {French).  A  bank  note.  The 
as.signats  of  the  first  republic  were  so 
called,  because  the  paper  on  which  they 
were  printed  was  exceed mgly  thin. — 
" iJiclloiiiMcrt  d a  Bus-La  n(/a//e,"n.,  p.  139. 

Mince  Pies  t>t  Christmas  time  are 
emblematical  of  the  manger  in  which 
our  Saviour  was  laid.  The  paste  over 
the  "offering"  was  made  in  form  of  a 
vratck  or  hayracJc.   (_iki  I'LUM-PUDDINO.) 

Mincing  Lane  {Loniion).  A  cor- 
ruption of  Mynclion  Lane ;  so  called 
from  the  tonuinunts  held  thiTo  by  tho 
mvncheus  or  nuns  of  St.  Helen's,  in 
Bishopsgate  Street.  (Jt/inicwi,  Saxon  for 
a  nun  ,  mimneri/.  a  nviniier\-.) 

Miim'cio  or  Min'tij.  The  birth -place 
of  Virgil  The  Clituinnus,  a  river  of 
Umbria,  was  tho  residence  of  I'roiier'tius  ; 
Vho  Auio  iM  wiiore  IIoiuco  had  a  villa;  the 
riviM-  MdleM.iii  ioui<s '»>  ilic  eupposod  birth- 
l 


place  of  Homer,     fjittleton  refers  to  all 
these  in  his  "  Monody  on  Miss  Fortosoue." 

Minden  Boys.  The  20th  Foot,  s.. 
called  from  their  noted  bravery  at  Min- 
dan,  in  Prussia,  1st  August,  1759, 

Minerva.  Invitu  .Minerva,  without 
sufficient  ability ;  against  the  grain. 
Thus  Charles  Kean  acted  comedy  invito 
Minerva^,  his  farle  lying  another  way. 
Sir  Philip  Sidney  attempted  the  Horatian 
metres  in  English  verse  invita  Afinei'va, 
against  the  grain  or  genius  of  the  lan- 
guage. 

Minerva  Press.  A  printing  esta- 
blishment in  Leadenhall  Stroet,  London, 
famous  about  a  century  ago  for  its  trashj , 
ultra-sentimental  novels.  These  novels 
were  remarkable  for  their  complicated 
plots,  and  especially  for  the  labyrinths 
of  difficulties  iuto  which  the  hero  and 
heroine  got  involved  before  they  could 
get  married  to  each  other. 

Min'iature  (3  syl. ).  Paintings  I >y 
the  Miniato'ri,  a  set  of  monks  noted  for 
painting  with  miniiun  or  red  lead.  The 
first  miniatures  were  the  initial  letters 
of  rubrics,  aud  as  the  head  of  the  Virgin 
or  some  other  saint  was  usually  intro 
duced  into  these  illuminated  letters,  the 
word  came  to  express  a  small  likeness. 
The  best  ^niniaturo-painters  have  been 
Holbein,  Nicholas  Hilliard,  Isaac  Oliver 
and  his  son  Peter,  Thomas  Flatman, 
Samuel  Cooper  and  his  brother  Ale.x- 
ander,  &c. 

Minims.  (Latin,  Fralres  Min'imi, 
least  of  the  brethren).  A  term  of  self- 
abasement  assumed  by  an  order  of  monkh 
founded  by  St.  Francis  of  Paula,  in  1453, 
The  order  of  St.  Fr.anois  of  Assisi  had 
already  engrossed  the  "  humble"  title  of 
Fratres  Miao'res  (inferior  brothers).  The 
superior  of  the  minims  is  called  corrector. 

Min'ister  means  an  inferior  person, 
in  opposition  to  inai/isler,  a  superior.  One 
is  connected  with  the  Latin  minus,  and 
th<i  other  with  ratujis.  Our  Lord  says, 
"  Who.soevcr  will  be  great  among  you,  let 
him  be  your  triinuster,"  whore  the  anti- 
thesis is  well  preserved.  The  minister  of 
a  church  is  the  man  who  server  the  parish 
or  cougregation  ;  and  the  minister  of  the 
crown  is  the  sovereign's  servant. 

Minister.  Fiorimond  de  Remon  i, 
speaking  of  Albert  Babinot,  oue  of  the 
diHoi|>leB   of   Calviii,    •ays,    "  H<'   was  a 


578 


MINNA    TROIL. 


MIRACLES. 


student  of  the  institutes,  read  at  tha 
hall  of  the  Equity-School  in  Poitiers,  ami 
was  called  la  Ministerie."  Calvin,  in 
allusion  thereto,  used  to  call  him  "  Mr. 
Minister,"  whence  not  only  iJaliinot  hut 
all  the  other  clergy  of  the  Calvinistic 
church  were  called  ministers. 

Minna  Ti^ail.  Eldest  daughter  of 
Magnus  Troil,  the  old  Udaller  of  Zetland. 
Captain  Clement  Cleveland  (Vaughan) 
J.he  pirate  loved  her,  and  Minna  recipro- 
cated his  afFoction,  but  Cleveland  was 
killed  by  the  Spaniards  in  an  encounter 
on  the  Spanish  main, — Sir  Walter  Scott, 
"  Ike  Pirate." 

Minnehalia  [Laugldng-water) .  The 
lovely  daughter  of  the  old  arrow-mnker 
of  the  Dace  tabs,  and  wife  of  Hiawath'a. 
She  died  of  famine.  Two  guests  came 
uninvited  into  Hiawatha's  wigwam,  and 
the  foremost  said,  "  Behold  me  !  I  am 
Famine  ;"  and  the  other  said,  "  Behold 
me  !  I  am  Fever ;"  and  Minnehaha  shud- 
dered to  look  on  them,  and  hid  her  face, 
and  lay  trembling,  freezing,  burning,  at 
the  looks  they  cast  upon  her.  "  Ah  ! "  i 
cried  Laughing- water,  "the  eyes  of 
Pauguk  (death)  glare  upon  me,  I  can  feel 
his  icy  fingers  clasping  mine  amidst  the 
darkness,"  and  she  died  crying  "Hia- 
watha! Hiawatha!" — Longjellow,  "Hia- 
watJui." 

Min'nesingers.  Minstrels.  The 
earliest  lyric  poets  of  Germany  were  so 
called,  because  the  subject  of  their 
lyrics  was  minne-sdng  (love-ditty).  These 
poets  lived  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centuries, 

Min'ories  {London).  The  cloister  of 
the  Minims  or  rather  Minoresses  (nuns 
of  St.  Clare).  The  Minims  were  certain 
reformed  Franciscans,  founded  by  St. 
Francis  de  Paula  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
They  went  barefooted,  and  wore  a  coarse 
black  v/oolleu  stuff,  fastened  with  a 
woollen  girdle,  which  tiiey  never  put  off, 
day  or  night.  The  word  is  derived  from 
the  Latin  mhiimns  (the  least),  in  allusion 
to  the  text,  "  I  am  less  than  the  least  of 
all  saints"  (Eph.  iii.  8). 

Mi'nos.  A  king  and  lawgiver  of 
Crete,  made  at  death  supreme  judge  of 
the  lower  world,  before  whom  all  the 
dead  appeared  to  give  an  account  of 
their  stewardship,  and  receive  the  award 
of  their  deeds. 

Mi'notaair  (Minot-huUv    The  body 


of  a  man  and  head  of  a  bull.    Theseus 
slew  this  monster. 

Minot'ti.  Governor  of  Corinth,  then 
under  the  power  of  the  doge.  In  1715  th? 
city  was  stormed  by  the  Turks,  and  dur- 
ing the  siege  one  of  the  magazines  in  the 
Turkish  camp  blew  up,  killing  600  men. 
Byron  says  it  was  Minotti  himself  who 
fired  the  train,  and  leads  us  to  infer  that 
he  was  one  of  those  who  perished  in  the 
explosion. —  Byron,  "Siege  of  Corinth.'' 

Minstrel  simi^ly  means  a  servant  or 
minister.  Minstrels  were  kept  in  the 
service  of  kings  and  princes  for  the  en- 
tertainment of  guests.  James  Beattie 
has  a  poem  in  Spense'rian  verse,  called 
"  The  Minstroi,"  divided  into  two  books. 

The  hsi  minstrd  of  Ike  Ennlish  .^tage. 
James  Shirley,  with  whom  the  school  of 
Shakespeare  expired.     (1504-1  fi66.) 

Mint  is  the  Tja.tm  minth-a  ;  so  called 
from  the  fable  of  Menthe,  daughter  of 
Cocy'tus,  who  was  by  Proserpine  changed 
into  this  plant  out  of  jealousy. 

Min'tlit  (2  syl.),  Enfanis  de  la  mesH 
de  minuii,  pickpockets.  Cotgrave  gives 
"night-walking  rakehells,  such  as  haunt 
these  nightly  rites  only  to  rob  and  play 
the  knaves." 

Min'ute.  Make  a  minute  of  that, 
Take  a  note  of  it.  A  law  terra  ;  a  rough 
draft  of  a  proceeding  taken  down  in 
minute  or  small  writing  is  so  called  ;  these 
drafts  are  afterwards  engrossed  or  written 
out  in  large  writing. 

Min'ute  Gun.  A  signal  of  distress  at 
sea,  or  a  gnn  fired  at  the  death  of  a  distin- 
guished individual  ;  so  called  because  a 
minute  elapses  between  each  discharge. 

Miol'ner  (3  sy!.,  the  ci'ushey).  The 
magic  hammer  of  Thor.  It  would  never 
fail  to  hit  a  Troll ;  would  never  miss  to 
hit  whatever  it  was  thrown  at;  would 
always  return  to  the  owuei-  of  its  own 
accord ;  and  became  so  small  when  not 
in  use  that  it  could  be  put  into  Thor's 
pocket.—  Scandinavian  mytMogy. 

Mir'abel.  A  travelled,  dissipated 
fellow,  who  is  proof  against  all  the  wiles 
of  the  fair  sex. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
•'  Wildgoosc  Chase." 

Miracles. 

Vespasian,  the  Roman  emperor,  ii"  said 
to  hare  cured  a  blind  man  and  a  cripple  by 
his  touoh  during  his  stajf  in  Alexandria. 


MIRAMOLIN. 


MISERS. 


679 


MahomeCs  miracles :  He  took  a  icroU 
of  the  Koran  from  the  horn  of  a  bull ;  a 
white  dove  came  from  heaven  to  whisper 
in  his  ear  a  message  from  God  ;  he  opened 
the  earth  and  found  two  jars,  one  of 
honey  and  one  of  milk,  as  emblems  of 
abimdance  ;  he  broug-ht  the  moon  from 
heaven,  made  it  pass  through  his  sleeve, 
and  return  to  its  place  in  heaven. 

The  Ahfji  Paris,  or  more  correctly 
Francois  de  Paris,  the  deacon,  buried  at 
the  cemetery  of  St.  M^dard.  The  num- 
berless cures  performe<J  at  his  tomb  are 
said  by  Paley  to  be  the  best  authenticated 
of  any,  except  those  of  the  Bible. 

Edward  the  Confessor  is  said  to  havo 
cured  scorbutic  diseases  with  his  touch. 
(oe€  Thaumaturgus.) 

Mirarn'olin.  I'he  title  of  the  em- 
peror of  Morocco. 

Mir'ainont.  An  ignorant,  testy  old 
man,  an  ultra-admirer  of  learning. — 
Fletcher,  "  T/u  KUler  BroOier." 

Miran'da.  Daughter  of  Prosporo. 
—  Sluikespeare,  "  Tempest.''' 

Mirror  of  Humau  Salvation. 
An  extended  "  Biblia  Pau'perum"  {q.v.) 
with  the  subject  of  the  picture  explained 
in  rhymes.  Called  in  Latin  "  Spec'ulum 
huTia'nio  salvatio'nis." 

The  mirror  of  kim  Rytnce.  This  mir- 
ror was  made  by  Merliu,  and  those  who 
looked  in  it  saw  whatever  they  wished  to 
see.  — Spenser,  "  Foe ri/ Queen,"  bk.  iii. 

Reynard's  wonderful  mirror.  This 
mirror  existed  only  in  the  brain  of  Master 
Fox  ;  he  told  the  queen-lion  that  whoever 
looked  in  it  could  see  what  was  done  a 
mile  off.  The  wood  of  the  frame  was  not 
subject  to  decay,  being  made  of  th*  same 
block  as  king  Crampart's  magic  horse. — 
"R^i/nard  the  Fox,"  ch.  xii. 

]yLirza.     Em',-  Zadah  (prince's  son). 
It  is  used  in  two  ways  by  the  Persians : 
when  prefixed  to  a  surname  it  is  simply  a   i 
title  of  honour,  but  means  a  prince  of  the 
blood  royal  when  annexed  to  the  surname. 

Mis'creant  (3  syl. )  ^  means  a  false 
believer  (French,  mis-creance).  A  term 
first  applied  to  the  Mahometans.  TLe 
M.-diometans  in  return  call  Christians 
infidel*,  and  associate  with  the  word  all 
that  we  mean  by  '•  inisoreants." 

IVEisers.     The  most  renowned  are  :  — 

(1)  liaron  Aguilar  or  Epiiraim   Lopefl 

Pereira  d'Aguiiar,  \>i>m  at    Vienna    and 


died    at     Islington,     worth     £200,000. 
(1740-1802.) 

(2)  Daniel  Dancer.  His  sister  lived 
with  him,  and  was  a  similar  character, 
but  died  before  him.     (1716-179-1.) 

(3)  Colonel  0' Doghertii,  though  owner 
of  large  estates,  lived  in  a  windowless 
hut,  which  ho  entered  by  a  ladder 
that  he  pulled  up  after  him  His 
horse  was  mere  skin  and  bono,  lie  wore 
an  old  night-cap  for  wig,  and  an  old 
brimless  hat.  His  clothes  were  made  up 
of  patches,  and  his  general  appearance 
was  that  of  extreme  destitution. 

(4)  Sir  Harvey  Elwes,  who  died  worth 
£250,000,  but  ne^er  spent  more  than 
£110  a-year. 

His  sister-in-law  inherited  .£100,000, 
but  actually  starved  herself  to  death. 

Her  son  John,  M.P.,  an  eminent  brewer 
in  Southwark,  never  bought  any  clothes, 
never  suffered  his  shoes  to  be  cleaned, 
and  giTidged  every  penny  spent  in  food. 
(1714-1789.) 

(5)  Foscv.e,  farmer-general  of  Langue- 
doc,  who  hoarded  his  money  in  a  secret 
cellar,  where  he  was  found  dead. 

(6)  Thomas  Guy,  founder  of  Guy's  Hoe 
pital.     (1644-1724.) 

(7)  Vulture  Hopkins. 

(8)  Dick  Jarrelt  died  worth  £10,000, 
but  his  annual  expenses  never  exceeded 
£6.  The  beer  brewed  at  his  christening 
was  drunk  at  his  funeral 

(9)  .Messrs.  Jardin,  of  Cajnbridgo. 

(10)  William  Jennings,  a  neiK-hboui 
and  friend  of  Elwes,  died  worth  £200,000 
(1701-1797.) 

(11)  The  Rev.  —  Joaa.%  of  Clcwbury. 

(12)  John  Little  left  behind  him 
£40,000,  180  wigs,  173  pairs  of 
breeches,  and  a;,  endless  variety  of  othei 
articles  of  clothing.  His  physician  or- 
dered him  to  drink  a  little  wine  for  his 
health's  sake,  but  he  died  in  the  act  of 
drawing  the  cork  of  a  bottle. 

(13)  Ostervald,  the  French  banker,  who 
died  of  starvation  in  1790,  possessed  of 
£120,000. 

(14)  John  Oven,  a  Southwark  ferryman, 

(15)  T/ct:  kinffofPatterdal'e,vrh(.)He\a<:oToe 
was  £800  a-year,  but  his  expenses  nevei 
exceeded  £30.  He  lived  at  the  head  of 
lake  Ulleswater.  His  last  word*  wer«, 
"What  a  fortune  a  man  might  make  if 
he  lived  to  the  age  of  Methuselah  !"  Ue 
die<l  at  the  a;^e  of  89. 

(1())  Ouy  Wilcockf,  a  female  miser, 
(Sff  Krn.io,  Harpaoon,  ka  ) 


580 


MISERERE. 


MISNOMERS. 


IVIisere'rS,  (4Ryl.)  Our  fifty- firstpsalm 
is  BO  called.  One  of  the  evening  sei-vicea 
of  Lent  is  called  miserere,  because  this 
penitential  iisalm  is  Bung,  after  which  a 
sermon  is  delivered.  The  under-side  oi 
A  folding  seat  in  churches  is  called  a 
misere're ;  when  turned  up  it  forms  a 
ledge-seat  suflicient  to  rest  the  aged  in  a 
kneeling  position. 

"  Misfortune  will  never  leave  me 
till  I  leave  it,"  was  the  expression  of 
Charles  VII.,  emperor  of  Germany. 
(1742-1745.) 

Mishna.  Instruction.  A  word  ap- 
plied by  the  Jews  to  the  oral  law.  It  is 
divided  into  six  parts:  (1)  agriculture; 
(2)  Sabbaths, fasts, and  festivals;  (3)  mar- 
riage and  divorce  ;  (4)  civil  and  penal  laws; 
(5;  sacrifices ;  (6)  holy  persons  and  things. 
The  commentary  of  the  Mishua  is  called 
the  Gema'ra.    (Hebrew,  shanaJt,  to  repeat.) 

Misnomers. 

Absalom  means  a  Fathei's  Peace,  a 
fatal  name  for  David's  rebellious  son. 

Acid  (sour)  applied  in  chemistry  to  a 
class  of  bodies  to  which  sourness  is  only 
accidental  and  by  no  means  a  universal 
character— thus,  rock-crystal,  qiiartz, 
flint,  &c.,  are  chemical  acids,  though  no 
particle  of  acidity  belongs  to  them. 

Go  to  the  ant,  thov,  sluggard.  {Set 
A.KTS,  Honeycomb.) 

Arabic  Figures  wt-re  not  invented  bj 
the  Arabs,  but  by  the  Indians. 

Baffin's  Bay  is  no  bay  at  all. 

Black  Lead  is  a  compound  of  carbon 
and  iron. 

Black  Ne^s  means  the  "White  Head- 
land," a  corruption  of  Blanc  Xez. 

Blind-xcorms  are  no  more  blind  than 
moles  are  ;  they  have  very  quick  and 
brilliant  eyes,  though  somewhat  small. 

Brazilian  Ora-ss  does  not  come  from 
Brazil,  or  even  grow  in  Brazil,  nor  is  it  a 
prass  at  all.  It  consists  of  strips  of  a  palm 
leaf  {Chariiatrops  argenlela),  and  is  chiefly 
imported  from  Cuba. 

Bwgu7idi/  Bitch  is  not  pitch,  nor  is  it 
manufactured  or  exported  from  Bur- 
gundy. The  best  is  a  resinous  substance 
prepared  from  common  frankincense,  and 
brought  from  Hamburg  ;  but  by  far  the 
larger  quantity  is  a  mixture  of  rosin  and 
palm-oil. 

Catgut  is  not  the  gut  of  cats,  but  of 
sheep. 

China,  as  a  name  for  porcelain,  gives 
rise    to    the    contradictory   expressions 


British  China,  Sevres  China,  Dresden 
China.  Dutch  China,  Chelsea  China,  &c. ; 
like  wooden  mile-stones,  iron  raile-stonea, 
brass  shoe-horns,  iron  pens,  &c. 

CuKle-bime  is  not  bone  at  all,  but  a 
structure  of  pure  chalk  once  eniV>eddei^ 
loosely  in  the  substance  of  certain  extinct 
species  of  cuttle-fish.  It  is  enclosed  in 
a  membranous  sac,  within  the  body  of 
the  •'  fish,"  and  drops  out  when  the  sac 
is  opened,  but  it  has  no  connection  what 
ever  with  the  sac  or  the  cuttle-fish. 

Cleopatra's  Needles  were  not  erected  by 
Cluopatia.  or  in  honour  of  that  queen, 
but  by  Thothmes  HL 

Down,  for  a'/oic/i  ^the  preposition)  is 
a  strange  instance  of  caprice,  in  which 
the  omission  of  the  negative  (a)  utterly 
perverts  the  meaning.  The  Saxon  dun, 
is  an  upland  or  lull,  and  a-dun.  is  its 
opposite— ■!.«.,  a  lowland  or  descent. 
Going  dovm  stairs,  really  means  "  going 
upstairs  "  or  ascending  ;  and  for  descend- 
ing we  ought  to  say  "  Going  a-down  ' 

Dormouse  is  donneuse,  the  sleepv  animal. 

Dv.trh  Clocks  are  not  of  Datch,  but 
German  (Deutsck)  manufacture. 

Fox-glove  is  not  the  glove  of  the  fox, 
but  of  the  fays  called  folk— the  little 
folk's  glove  ;  or  else  from  fosco,  red. 

FiMilin-s.  These  foot-soldiers  now 
carry  Enfield  rifles,  and  not  fusils. 

Calvanis'd  Iron  is  not  galvanised.  It 
is  simply  iron  coated  with  zinc,  and  this 
is  done  by  dipping  it  in  a  zinc  bath  con- 
taining muriatic  acid. 

German  Silver  is  not  silver  at  all,  nor 
was  the  metallic  mixture  invented  by  a 
German,  but  has  been  in  use  in  China 
time  out  of  mind. 

Gothic  Architecture  is  not  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  Goths,  but  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal style  employed  in  England  and  France 
before  the  Renaissance. 

Honei/deir  is  neither  honey  nor  dew,  but 
an  animal  substance  given  oS  by  certain 
insects,  especially  when  hunted  by  ants. 

Honey  Soap  contains  no  honey,  nor  is 
honey  in  any  way  employed  in  its  manu- 
facture. It  is  a  mixture  of  palm-oil,  soap, 
and  olive-soap,  each  one  part,  with  three 
parts  of  curd  soap  or  yellow  soap,  scented. 

Hydrophobia  (Greek,  dread  of  viator) 
applied  to  mad  dogs  is  incorrect,  as  they 
will  both  lap  water  and  even  swim  in  it. 

Indians  {Amei'ioan,):  A  blunder  of 
geography  on  the  part  of  the  early  dis- 
coverers of  the  New  World,  who  set  their 
faces  westward  fr"m  Europe  to  find  India, 


MISNOMERS. 


MISNOMERS, 


681 


and  believed  they  had  done  so  when  tbey 
dixcovered  America. 

Irish  Steip,  a  dish  unknown  in  Ireland. 
Iron-mask  was  made  of  velvet. 
Japan  Zacji/er  contains  no  lac  at  all, 
but  i.s  made  from  the  resin  of  a  kind  of 
nut-tree  calle<l  Anacardiacefe. 

Jt)-iaalem  Artichoke  has  no  connection 
with  Jerusalem,  but  with  the  sunflower, 
girasole,  which  it  re.-embles. 

Keiisingion  Palace  is  not  in  Kensing- 
ton at  all,  but  in  the  parish  of  St.  Mar- 
garet, Westminster. 

Kid  Gloves  are  not  kid  at  all,  but  are 
made  of  lamb-skin  or  sheep-skin. 

Longitude  and  Latitude,  the  great 
dimension  and  little  or  broad  dimension 
of  the  earth.  According  to  the  ancient 
notion,  the  world  was  bounded  on  the 
west  by  the  Atlantic,  but  extended  an 
indefinite  length  eastward.  It  was 
simJiarly  terminated  on  the  south  by  the 
tropic  of  Cancer,  whence  it  extended 
northwards,  but  this  extent  being  much 
less  than  that  east  and  west,  was  called 
the  breadth  or  latitude. 

Louis  de  Bonrhon,  bishop  of  Liege,  is 
made  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  "  Quentin 
Durward,"  an  "  old  man  j"  whereas  he 
was  only  eighteen,  and  a  scholar  at 
Loiivain.  He  made  his  entry  into  his 
see  in  a  scarlet  jerkin  and  cap  set  jauntily 
on  one  side. — A.  Dumas,  "Charles  the 
Bold:' 

Lunar  Caustic  is  not  a  sub.stance  from 
the  moon,  but  is  simply  nitrate  of  silver, 
and  silver  is  the  astrological  symbol  of 
the  moon. 

Luiuttics  are  not  affected  by  the 
changes  of  the  moon  more  than  other 
invalid«.  No  doubt  their  disorder  has 
its  periodicities,  but  it  is  not  alfected 
by  the  moon. 

L>/ci>podnim  (club-moss).  H.  Fox  Tal- 
bot thinks  this  should  be  leycopodiwm, 
from  its  white  powder,  as  Lycus,  a  river 
in  Asia  Minor  noted  for  its  whiteness, 
should  bo  "  Leycus,"  the  ickite  river,  not 
"  Lycus,"  the  wolf  river  (Greek  lukos, 
wolf;  UxtJcos,  white);  but  proV)ably  the 
name  is  based  on  some  fanciful  reeem- 
blauce  in  the  kaf  to  a  woLTs  paw. 

.A/ trcif/fUMM  is  not  petrified  "sea-foam," 
as  the  word  implies,  t>ut  a  composition  of 
sirica,  m'.iguo'^ia,  and  water 

Mosaic  Gold  has  no  connection  with 
Moses  or  the  metal  gold.  It  is  an  alloy 
of  copper  and  zinc,  used  in  the  ancient 
<ntuivum  or  t-iioselated  work 


IiJofher  of  Pearl  is  the  inner  layer  oi 
several  sorts  of  shell.  It  is  not  the 
mother  of  peni-ls,  as  the  name  indicates, 
but  in  some  cases  the  matrix  of  the  pearL 

Natives ;  oysters  raised  in  artificial 
beds.  Surely  oysters  in  their  own  natu- 
ral beds  ought  to  bo  called  the  natives. 

Oxygen  moans  the  generator  of  acids, 
but  there  are  aci'is  of  which  it  is  not  the 
base,  as  hydrochloric  acid.  Indeed, 
chemists  now  restrict  the  term  acid  to 
compounds  into  which  hydrogen  enters, 
and  oxy-aci(is  are  termed  salts. 

Pen,  means  a  feather.  (Latin,  penna, 
a  wing.)  A  steel  pen  is  not  a  very  choice 
expression. 

Philippe  VI.  of  France  was  called  U 
bien  fortune,  but  never  was  i.ame  more 
inappropriate.  He  was  defeated  at  Sluys 
(Slu-iz),  and  again  at  Cressy  ;  he  lost 
Calais  ;  and  a  fourth  of  all  his  subjects 
were  carried  oflF  by  the  plague  called  the 
"Black  Death." 

Pomvev's  Pillar,  in  Alexandria,  wai 
erected  neither  by  nor  to  Pompey.  It 
was  set  up  by  the  emperor  Liocletiau, 
according  to  its  in-scripiiou. 

Prussian  tjlv.€  does  not  come  from 
Prussia,  but  is  the  precipit.ate  of  the  .s.Ut 
of  protoxide  of  iron  with  red  prussLite 
of  potass. 

Pace  Paper  is  not  made  from  rice,  but 
from  the  pith  of  Tung-tsau,  or  hollow- 
plant,  so  called  because  it  is  hollow  when 
the  pith  has  been  pushed  out. 

Salad  Oil  is  not  oil  for  salads,  hvA 
oil  for  cleaning  sallets  or  salades — i.e., 
helmets. 

Salt  is  not  a  salt  at  all,  and  has  long 
been  wholly  excluded  from  the  class  of 
bodies  denominated  salts. 

Salt  oj  Li.mon  is  iu  reality  a  bisoxalat* 
of  potash,  with  a  little  of  the  quadroxa- 
late. 

Salts.  The  substance  of  which 
junk  bottles,  French  mirrors,  window- 
panes,  and  opera  glasses  are  made  is 
placed  among  the  ««/<*,  but  is  no  salt 
at  all. 

Sand  blind  is  a  mere  corruption  of  satn 
(half)  blind. 

Scotlle,  to  open  a  hole  in  a  ship,  means 
really  to  bolt  or  bar.     (See  Scuttle.) 

Sealing  ]Vax  is  not  wax  at  all,  nor  does 
it  contain  a  single  particle  of  wax.  It  is 
made  of  shellac,  Venice  tui-pentine,  and 
cinnabar. 

Shrew-mouse  is  no  mouse  j  tnus  \,  but 
belootfs  to  the  genus  sorex. 


682 


MISNOMERS. 


MI9TLKTOR. 


Slavt  means  noble,  illustrious  (slavi) 
but  is  now  applied  to  the  most  ignoble 
ftnd  dohftBcd.     (SeeBAHoy.) 

Sperm  Oil  properly  menus  "  seed  ofl," 
from  the  notion  that  it  was  the  spawn  or 
melt  of  *  whale.  It  is  chiefly  taken  from 
the  head,  not  the  spawn,  of  the  ''  sperma- 
ceti "  whale. 

Titmorisf,  pi.  tit-micc,  is  no  mouse,  but  a 
bird.  A. sax.  <ite-f7i^wc,little  hedge  sparrow. 

Toadflax  has  nothing  to  do  with  toads. 
It  is  tod  flax,  i.e.,  flax  with  tods  or  clusters. 

Tuikeys  do  not  come  from  Tiirkoy,  out 
North  America,  through  Spain,  or  India. 
The  French  call  them  "dindon" — i.e., 
HJnde  or  coq  delude,  a  term  equally  ia- 
correct. 

Turkey  Rhubarb  neither  grows  in  Tur- 
key, nor  is  it  exported  from  Turkey.  It 
grows  in  the  great  mountain  chain  be- 
tween Taiiary  and  Siberia,  and  is  a  Rus- 
sian monopoly. 

Turkish  Baths  are  not  of  Turkish 
origin,  nor  are  they  baths,  but  hot-air 
rooms  or  thermse. 

VeUlomhro'sa,     Hilton  says— 


But  the  trees  of  \  allombrosa,  being  pines, 
do  not  shed  thickly  in  autumn,  and  the 
brooks  are  not  strewed  with  their  leaves. 

Ventriloquism  is  not  voice  from  the 
stomach  at  all,  but  from  the  mouth. 

Well-heloved.  Loms  XIV.  A  most 
Inappropriate  title  for  this  most  detest- 
able and  detested  of  all  kings. 

Whale-hone  is  no  bone  at  all,  nor  does 
it  possess  !iny  properties  of  bone.  It  is  a 
substance  attached  to  the  upper  jaw  of 
the  whale,  and  serves  to  strain  the  water 
which  the  creature  takes  up  in  large 
raouthfuls. 

Wo^ft-hant.  A  strange  corruption. 
Bane  is  tlie  Teutonic  word  for  all 
poisonous  herbs.  The  Greeks,  mistaking 
banes  for  beans,  translated  it  kuamos,  as 
they  did  hen-bane  (huos-kuamos).  Now 
wolfs-b.nne  is  an  aconite,  with  a  pale- 
yellow  flower,  and  therefore  called  white- 
iane  to  distinguish  it  from  the  blue 
aconite.  The  Greek  for  white  is  leukos, 
hence  "  leukos-kuamos  ;"  but  lukos  is 
the  Greek  for  wolf,  and  by  a  blunder 
le%d-:s-k\iamos  (white-bean)  sot  muddled 
into  lukos-hiamog  (wolf-beau)  I?oiaui6t«, 
seeing  the  absurdity  of  calling  aconite  a 
bean,  restored  the  original  word  "bant^," 
but  retained  the  corrupt  word  lukos  (a 
wolf),    *ud    honce     we    get     the     name 


wolf's-bane   for   white  aconite. — II.  Foa 
Talbot. 

H-'oTTOWoot/ baa nol-hing  todo  Willi  worms 
or  wood ;  it  is  the  A,  sax.  wcr  mod,  man 
inspiriting,  being  a  strong  tonic. 

Mispris'ion.  Concealment,  neglect 
of.     (French,  mepris.) 

Misprision  of  clerks.  Mistakes  in 
accoimts  arising  from  neglect. 

Misprision  of  felony.  Neglecting  to 
reveal  a  felony  when  known. 

Misprision  of  treason.  Neglecting  to 
disclose  or  purposely  concealing  a  tre» 
sonable  design. 

Miss,  Mistress,  Mrs.  Gennau, 
meister-ess  (master-ess,  lady  master). 
Miis  used  to  be  written  Mis,  and  is  the 
first  syllable  of  Mistress ;  Mrs.  is  the 
contraction  of  meislei-ess,  called  Mis'e.'is. 
Even  in  the  reign  of  George  II.  un- 
married ladies  used  to  be  styled  Mrs., 
as  Mrs.  Lepel,  Mrs.  Bellenden,  Mrs. 
Blount,  all  unmarried  ladies.  {See  "  Pope's 
Letters.") 

Early  in  Charles  II. 's  reign,  Evelyn 
tells  us  that  "  lewd  women  began  to  be 
styled  Misse ;"  now  Mistress  is  more 
frequently  applied  to  them.    (See  Lad.  ) 

Mississip'pi  Bubble.  The  French 
"  South-Sea  Scheme,"  and  equally  dis- 
astrous. It  was  projected  by  John  Law, 
a  Scotchman,  and  had  for  its  object  the 
payment  of  the  National  Debt  of  France, 
which  amounted  to  203  millions  sterling, 
on  being  granted  the  exclusive  trade  of 
Louisia'na,  on  the  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi.    (1717-1720.)    {See  South  Sea.) 

Mis'tletoe.  Shakespeare  calls  it 
"  the  baleful  mistletoe"  ("Titus  Androni- 
cas,"  ii.  3),  in  allusion  to  the  Scandinavian 
story  that  it  was  with  an  arrow  made  of 
mistletoe  that  Balder  was  slain.  {See 
beloio.^ 

The  word  mistletoe  is  a  corruption  of 
mistel-ta,  where  mist  is  the  German  for 
"  dung,"  or  rather  t-.e  "  droppings  of  a 
bird,"  from  the  notion  that  the  plant 
was  so  propagated,  especially  by  the 
luissel-thnish.  Ta  is  for  tan.  Old  Norse 
teiii,  meaning  "a  plant"  or  "shoot." 

Kissing  under  the  mistletoe  is  a  relic  of 
Scandinavian  mythology.  Loki  hated 
Balder,  the  Apollo  oi  the  North,  and 
as  "everything  that  springs  from  fire, 
air,  earth,  and  water"  had  been  sworn 
not  to  hurt  the  celestial  favourite,  tli« 
wicked  spirit  madeau  arrow  of  mistletoe, 


MISTLETOE  BOUGH, 


MIXOK. 


5t<3 


which  he  gave  to  blind  HiJder  to  test. 
The  god  of  darkness  shot  the  arrow,  and 
killed  Balder.  Being  restored  to  life,  at 
the  urgent  request  of  the  gods  and  god- 
desses, the  mistletoe  was  given  to  the 
goddess  of  love  to  keep,  and  every  one 
who  passed  under  it  received  a  kiss,  to 
show  that  the  branch  was  the  emblem  of 
love,  and  not  of  death. 

Mistletoe  Bough  The  tale  re- 
ferred to  iu  this  song,  ab  >iit  lord  Lovel'ts 
dauprhter,  is  related  by  Rogers  in  his 
"  Italy,"  where  the  lady  is  called  "Gi- 
nevia."  A  similar  narrative  is  given  by 
Collet  in  hia  "  Kelics  of  Literature,"  and 
another  is  among  the  "  Causes  Ce'lebres." 

Marwell  Old  Hall,  one*  the  residence 
of  the  Seymour  and  afterwards  of  the 
Dacre  family,  has  a  similar  tradition 
attached  to  it,  and  (according  to  the 
"Post  Office  Director}'")  "the  very 
cheat  is  now  the  property  of  the  Rev.  J, 
Haygarth,  rector  of  Upham." 

Mistress  of  the  World.  Ancient 
Rome  was  so  called,  because  all  the 
known  world  gave  it  allegiance. 

Mistress  Roper.  The  Marines,  or 
any  one  of  thera ;  so  called  by  the 
regular  sailors,  because  they  handle  the 
ropes  like  girls,  not  being  used  to  them. 

Mi'ta.  Sister  of  Aude,  sumamed 
"  the  Little  Knight  of  Pearls,"  in  love 
with  Sir  MitondeUennes,  Roland's  friend. 
Charlemagne  greeted  her  after  a  touma- 
"  luent  with  the  Saracens  at  Fronsac,  say- 
ing, "  Ilise,  countess  of  Rennes."  Mita 
and  Sir  Miton  were  the  parents  of 
Mitaino  (q.v.). — "  Croquemitaine,"  xv. 

Mitaine.  Godchild  of  Charlemagne  ;, 
hor  parents  were  Mita  and  Miton,  count 
and  countess  of  Rounes.  She  went  in 
goarch  of  Fear-fortress,  and  found  that 
it  only  existed  in  tlvo  minds  of  the  fear- 
ful,  vanishing  into  thin  air  as  it  was 
.ipproachod  by  a  bold  heart  and  clear 
conscionco.  Ohnrloniagne  made  her  for 
this  achievement  Koland's  squire,  and  she 
followed  him  on  hor  horse  Vaillant  to 
Spain,  and  fell  in  the  attack  at  lionces- 
y&iles.  —  "  Cioquetnilaine,"  pt.  ui,  \ 

Mite.     Sir  MutOuio  Mile.     A  purse- 
proud  East  Indian  merchant,  who  gives  j 
his  scn'ants  the  most  costly  exotics,  and 
ovci  power?  every  out'  vnth  the  profusion 
of  bis  wealth. — jS.  Foole.  "  Tlu  Nabob.'      ' 


Mith'ra  or  Mith'ras.  The  highest 
of  the  twenty-eight  second-class  divinities 
of  the  ancient  Persians,  and  the  ruler  of 
the  universe  Sometimes  used  as  a 
synonym  for  the  sun.  The  word  means 
fi-iend,  and  this  deity  is  so  called  because 
he  befriends  man  in  this  life,  and  pro- 
tects him  against  evil  spirits  after  death, 
lie  is  represented  as  a  young  man  with  a 
Phrygian  cap,  a  tunic,  a  mantle  on  hi? 
left  shoulder,  and  luncing  a  sword  into 
the  neck  of  a  bull.  (Sanskrit,  mitram,  3 
friend.)     (-5/'<  "Thebais,"  i.) 

Mith'ridate  (3  syl.).  A  confection 
said  to  be  invented  by  Mithrida'tes,  kiug 
of  Pontus  and  Bithyn'ia,  as  an  antidote 
to  poison.  It  contixins  seventy-two  in- 
gredients. 

What  hrave  grlrit  cou'.d  be  content  to  sit  in  bfi 
shop.. . .Belling  Meihridftium  and  dragon's  water  to 
inreoted  hovmea.—''  Knif^ht  of  tM  Burning  i;ttle.' 

Mitre.  The  episcopal  mitre  sym- 
bolises the  cloven  tongues  of  fire  which 
descended  on  the  apostles  on  the  day  ol 
Pentecost. 

Mitten.  The  Pardonei'i  mitten. 
Whoever  put  this  mitten  on  would  he 
sure  to  thrive  in  all  things. 

lie  that  his  honuii  poi  in  this  metayn, 
Jle  fhal  have  nmhirljiug  of  hii  ifrarn, 
\Vhau  he  liath  6^  wen,  hi-  it  \.  l-.r te  orotee. 
So  tljat  je  uffre  p  ns  (pen«)  r  r  elie*  uioottn. 
Chaucer,  Prulo'jut  to  "  The  Pari.  Ittru  TaU.  ' 

Mit'timus  {Latin).  A  command  m 
writing  to  a  gaoler,  to  keep  the  person 
named  in  safe  custody.  Also  a  wiit  for 
removing  a  record  from  one  court  to 
another.  S*''  called  from  the  first  word 
of  the  writ,  "Mittimus"  {i.e.,  Ws 
send  .  .  .). 

Mitton.  Tk4  Chapter  of  Milton.  So 
the  battle  of  Mitton  wa,?  calleil,  because 
80  many  priests  took  part  therein.  Hailes 
says  that  "throe  hundred  ecclesiastics 
fell  in  this  battle,  which  was  fought  Sep- 
tember 20th,  1319." 

.So  many  pripsts  took  part  in  t'le  fight  that  the 
Scots  cailc'i  it  the  ChaptiT  of  Mitton-a  meeting 
of  ;lie  rlcrujinen  bclouKi  'g  to  »  colbeiial  beiiig 
calle  1  a  chapter.-5ir  Waller  ScoU,  "T.Uu  of  u 
Gru  'vJl/ather,    z. 

MixoU-  /tetter  trtd  over  the  Mixon 
than  over  the  Mour.  A  Cheshire  proverb 
meaning,  it  »s  better  to  marry  a  Choiihirt! 
woman  than  a  Londoner.  The  road  to 
London  was  over  the  Staffordshire  moor 
and  the  Mixon  is  the  homestead  dung- 
heap,  la  its  oxtendod  sense  it  moans,  ii 
ia  bettor  to  marry  one  of  your  own  coun 


ftxl 


MJOLNIR. 


MOHOCK. 


trywonien  than  to  marry  a  foreigner, — 
!•' idler,  "  [Vorih'eg." 

Mjolnir  (pron.  youl-ner).  Thor's 
hammer.    (See  Miolnek.) 

Mnemos'yne.  Goddess  of  memory 
and  mother  of  the  nine  muses. —  Classical 
mythology. 

Moakkibat.  A  class  of  anf^els,  ac- 
jording  to  the  Mahometan  mythology. 
I'wo  angels  of  this  class  attend  every 
child  of  Adam  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave. 
At  sunset  they  tiy  up  with  the  record  of 
the  deeds  done  since  sunrise.  Every  good 
deed  is  entered  ten  times  by  the  record- 
ing angel  on  the  credit  or  ri<j!it  side  of 
his  ledger,  but  when  an  evil  deed  is  re- 
ported the  antral  waits  seven  hours,  "if 
haply  in  that  time  the  evil-doer  may  re- 
pent."—  The  Koran. 

Moat.    (iSise  Battle.) 

Mob.  A  contraction  of  the  I>atin 
noh'ile,  vulgar  (the  fickle  crowd).  The 
term  was  first  applied  to  the  people  by 
the  members  of  the  Green-ribbon  Club, 
m  the  reign  of  Charles  II. — "  No7i.hern 
Exaviiner,"  p.  574. 

As  mob  is  mobility,  so  nob  is  nobility. 

Mob-cap  is  a  plr.in  cap,  the  same  as 
mali  (to  dress  like  a  siattern).  Hence  in 
"  Hamlet  "  the  Player  says— 

But  who,  ah  wo  I  hed  seen  the  mnbled  qoe«n 
Kun  barefi-ot  up  »nd  down.... 

That  is,  the  queen  dresised  like  a  slattern, 
"  a  clout  upon  her  head,  and  for  a  robe  a 
blanket,  in  the  alarm  of  fear  caught  up." 
i'robably  mop  is  another  form  of  the 
same  word,  and  all  come  from  the  Latin 
mappa  (a  clout),  whence  our  word  viap 
A  drawing  on  cloth),  in  contradistinction 
to  a  cartoon  (a  drawing  on  paper). 

MoTDilize.  To  render  soldiers  liable 
to  be  moved  on  service  out  of  the  town 
where  they  live ;  to  call  into  active  ser- 
vice men  enrolled  hut  not  bona  fide  on 
the  war  establishment. 

Mockery.  "  It  will  be  a  dehmon,  c 
mocl-ery,  and  a  snare."  Thomas  lord 
Deniuan,  in  his  judgment  on  the  case  of 
O'Connell  v.  The  Queen. 

Modal'ity  in  scholastic  philosophy 
means  the  mode  in  which  anything  exists. 
Kant  divides  our  judgment  into  three 
modalities :  (1)  Problematic,  touching 
possible  events  ;  (2)  Assei-toric,  touching 
real  events;  (3)  Apodictie,  touching  ne- 
cpBeary  events. 


Modish  (Lady  Bf.fly),  in  "The  Care- 
less Husband,"  by  (Jibber.  The  name 
explains  the  character.  This  was  Mrs. 
Old  field's  favourite  character,  and  "  The 
Tatler"  (No.  10)  accordingly  calls  this 
charming  actress  "  Lady  Betty  Modish.'' 
(8ee  Narcissa.) 

Mo'do.  The  fiend  that  urges  to  mur- 
der, and  one  of  the  five  that  possessed 
"  poor  Tom."  iSee  }AKn\j.)—Sluikes}')eare, 
"  King  Lear,"  iv.  1 

Mo'dred,  in  the  romance  of  "The 
Round  Table,"  is  represented  as  the 
treacherous  knight.  He  revolts  from  his 
uncle  Arthur,  whose  wife  he  seduced, 
i.-^mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  oi 
Camlan,  in  Cornwall,  and  is  buried  id 
the  island  of  Avalon. 

Sir  Modred.  The  nephow  of  king 
Arthur.  He  hated  Sir  Lancelot,  sowed 
discord  amongst  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table,  and  tampered  with  the 
"lords  of  the  White  Horse,"  the  brood 
that  Hengist  left.  When  the  king  wont 
to  chastise  Sir  Lancelot  for  tampering 
with  the  queen,  he  left  Sir  Modred  in 
charge  of  the  kingdom.  Modred  raised 
a  revolt,  and  the  king  was  slain  in  his 
attempt  to  quash  it. — Tennyson,  "IdylL 
of  the  King  "  (Gvinever'). 

Mo'dus  Operandi  (Latin).  The 
mode  of  operation  ;  the  way  in  which  « 
thing  is  to  be  done. 

Mofus'sil  (Eajl  Indies).  The  sub- 
ordinate divisions  of  a  district ;  the  seat 
of  government  being  called  sxidder.  Pro- 
vincial. 

To  t*U  a  man  that  fatal  cliarce*  hare  betn  laid 
afraiiiBt  him,  and  ri^fuse  him  an  opportunity  for  "x- 
pianatiou,  thi»  is  not  eve;i  M-jfuisU  juitice.— 27m 
TLmtt. 

Moha'di  (Mohammed).  The  twelfth 
Imaun,  who  is  said  to  be  living  in  con- 
cealment till  Antichrist  appears,  when  he 
will  come  again  and  overthrow  the  g^eat 
enemy. 

Mohair.  A  corruption  of  the  Ger- 
man mohr  (a  Moor).  It  is  the  hair  of  the 
Ango'ra  goat,  introduced  into  Spain  by 
the  Jloors,  and  thence  lirought  into 
Germany. 

Mohak'abad'  (Al).  Abu-Rihan, 
the  geographer  and  astronomer  in  the 
eleventh  centui-y. 

Mohock.  A  class  of  ruffians  who  at 
one  time  infested  the  streets  of  London 
So   csilled    from   the    Tndfan    Mohawks 


MOHUN. 


MOLY. 


686 


One  of  their  "new  inventions"  was  to 
roll  persons  down  Snow  Hill  in  a  tub ; 
another  was  to  overturn  coaches  on  rub- 
bish heaps.     {See  Gay,  "  Trivia."  iii.) 

Mohlin.  Captain  Hill  ami  lord 
Mohun  made  a  dastardly  attack  on  an 
actor  named  Mountford,  on  his  way  to 
Mrs.  Brace;::ir.i!c's  house  in  Howard 
Street.  Hill  was  jealous  of  the  actor, 
and  induced  the  "noblo  lord"  to  join 
him  in  this  "valiant  quarrel."  Mount- 
ford  died  next  day.  Hill  fled,  and  was 
never  heard  of  more  ;  Mohun  was  tried 
for  his  life,  butac'iuitted.  (.SV«IssaCHaR.) 
—Howell,  "  State  Trials,"  vol.  xii.,  p.947. 

Moliyroniis    {Edi-idut).      Said   to  I 
cure  wounds  by  sympathy.     He  did  not  ' 
apply  his  powder  to  the  wounds,  but  to  a 
cloth  dipped  in  the  blood. 

Moire  Antique  (French)  is  silk,  &o.,  j 

moiri  (watered)  in  the  antique  style,  or  i 
to  resemble  the  materials  worn  in  olden 

times.     The  figuring  of  tin,  like  frost-  ; 

work  or  scales,  is  called  moire  melallique,  ' 

Mokan'na.     A  name  given  to  Ha- 
kem  ben  Ha.schem,  from  a  veil  of  silver   ! 
gauze  worn  by  him.  Moore  in  his  "  Lalla   ! 
Rookh  "  terms  him  "  The  Veiled  Prophet   | 
of  Khorassa,n."     The  history  of  this  im-    ' 
postor  is  s;iveu  by  D'Herbelot.   It  is  said 
that  he  killed  himself  by  plunging  into 
a  bath  of  aquafortis. 

Moliere.  T/ie  Italian  Moliire.  Carlo 
Goldoni.    (1707-1 7ii3.) 

The  Spanish  Moliere.  Leandro  Fer- 
nandez Moratin.     (1760-1S23.) 

Mo'linism.  The  systom  of  grace 
and  election  lauglit  by  Louis  Mu'lina,  the 
Spanish  Jesuit.     (1535-1600.) 

rUote  JauseDiBtt.  re-nickiiamed  Moliuiste. 

Urownihi^,  "  The  King  and  ihe  Book." 

Moll  Cut-purse.  Mary  Frith,  a 
woman  of  masculine  vigour,  who  not 
unfrcquently  assumed  a  man's  attire. 
She  was  a  notorious  thief  and  cut-purse, 
who  •nee  .attf.cked  general  Fairfax  on 
Honnslow  Heath,  for  which  she  was  sent 
to  Newgate.  She  escaped  by  bribery, 
ancl  ilied  at  i.i.si  of  dropsy  in  tlio  seventy- 
fifth  year  of  her  aye,   (Tiuio  of  Charles  I.) 

Moll  Flanders.  A  woman  of  ex- 
traordinary beauty,  bom  in  the  Old 
Bailey.  She  wiis  twelve  years  a  courtez.-in, 
five  times  a  wife,  twelve  years  a  thief, 
eigiit  years  a  transport  in  Virginia  ;  hut 
lUtimuteiy  grow  rich,  lived  houustly,  and 


died    a   penitent    (Charles  II. 'o  reignS 
(<See  Daniel  Defoe's  "  iloU  Flanders.") 

Moll  Thomson's  Mark,  as  "  Takt 
away  this  bottle,  it  biis  Moll  Thomson's 
mark  on  it."  Moll  Thomson  is  M.T. 
(eniidy). 

Moll  [KeiUish).  Mary  Carlton,  com- 
monly known  as  the  German  Princess. 
She  was  sentenced  to  tran.sportjition,  I'ut 
being  found  at  large,  was  hanged  at  Ty- 
burn in  1G72. 

Molly  Maguires.  An  Irish  secret 
society  organised  in  1843. 

Th'>  judite  who  tried  the  murderer  wa»  elected  b) 
the  Molly. Majuires  ;  the  jurors  who  assisted  hira  were 
IhetneeiT.  s  Mo'ly  Ma.;uire8.  A  ecove  of  .MoHv  >fv 
guires  came  for. vsrd  to  swear  that  the  ansasiiiu  waf 
■ixty  miletlr  im  the  si  ot  oa  which  hu  hud  been  seeij 

to  fire  at  William  Dunn aad  the  jurors  returned  t 

Terdict  of  Not  Uuilty,— W.  HepwortA  Dixon,  "  A'eit 
Am»rica."  ii.  iS. 

Molly  Mog.  This  celebrated  beauty 
was  an  innkeeper's  daughter,  at  Oaking- 
ham,  Berks.  She  was  the  toast  of  all  the 
gay  sparks  in  the  former  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  died  in  1706,  at 
an  advanced  age.  Gay  has  a  ballad  on 
this  "  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn." 

Molly  Mog  died  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
seven,  a  spinster.  Mr.  Standen,  of  Ar- 
borfield,  the  enamoured  swain  alluded  to 
in  the  ballad,  died  1730.  It  is  said  that 
Molly's  sister  Sally  was  the  greater 
beauty.  A  portrait  of  Gay  still  hangs  in 
the  inn. 

Molmu'tius.  A  mythical  king  of 
Britain,  who  promulgated  the  laws  callec 
the  Molmutiue,  and  estaV)li.shed  the 
privilege  of  sanctuary.  He  is  alluded  to 
in  "CvEdbeline,"  iii.  1  (Shakespeare). 

Moloeli.  Any  influonce  which  de- 
mands from  us  the  sacrifice  of  what  we 
hold  most  dear.  Thus,  tear  is  a  Moloch, 
king  mob  is  a  Moloch,  the  (/villotine  was 
the  Moloch  of  the  French  revolution,  &c. 
The  alhision  is  to  the  god  of  the  Am- 
monites, to  whom  children  were  "  made 
to  pass  through  the  fire"  in  sacrifice. 
Milton  says  he  was  "worshi(.ped  in 
Rabba,  in  Argob,  aad  Basi\u  to  the 
stream  of  utmost  Arnon." —  "  Paradite 
Lost,"  i. 

Moly.  Wild  garlic,  called  sorcerer's 
gfirlio.  There  are  many  sorts,  all  of 
which  (lower  in  May,  except  "  the  sweet 
moly  of  Mont|>olior,"  which  blossoms  in 
Septombor.  Tho  most  noted  aro  "the 
groat  moly  of  Ib-nior,"  tlie  Indian  moly, 
the  moly   of  Hungary,   serpent's  moly. 


586 


MUMK 


MOxN'KEAKNS. 


Ibe  yoUow  moly,  Spanish  purple  moly, 
Spanibli  silyer-cdjipod  moly,  andDiofl- 
cor'idos's  moly.  Pope  describes  it  and  its 
effecta  in  one  of  his  odes,  and  Milton 
refer8toitinhis"Comn8."  (Greek,  wo/m.) 
Mome  (French),  says  Colirravo,  is  a 
Momns,  find-fault,  carpiuj^  fellow.  So 
called  from  Momus,  the  god  of  raillery. 

Ur  oes'ienl  donques  Ics  morae;. 
De  mordre  les  escrirs  ir.J'-LS 

J.  dii  lielldv.  "  a  P.  '}<■  Wmrnrd." 

Mo'miers  (French,  men  of  mummery) . 
An  EvanR-elical  party  of  Switzerland, 
somewhat  resembling  our  Methodists. 
They  arose  in  1818,  and  made  way  both 
in  Germany  and  France. 

Mommur.  The  realm  of  Cberon 
—  Middh  Age  romance. 

Mo'mus.  One  who  carps  at  every- 
thing. Momus,  the  sleepy  god,  was 
always  railing  and  carping.  He  blamed 
Jupiter  for  making  man  without  a  win- 
dow in  his  breast  through  which  his 
thoughts  could  be  seen  ;  hence,  says  Dr. 
Grey,  every  unreasonable  carj^er  is  called 
a  Momus. 

Mo'naciello  {little  mMd-).  A  sort 
of  incubus  in  the  mythology  of  Naples. 
It  is  described  as  a  thick  little  man, 
dressed  in  a  monk's  garment  and  broad- 
brimmed  hat.  Those  who  will  follow 
when  be  beckons  wiii  be  led  to  a  spot 
where  treasure  is  concealed.  Sometimes, 
however,  it  is  his  pleasure  to  pull  the 
bed-clothes  off,  and  sometimes  to  sit 
perched  on  a  sleeper.  I 

Monarclii  ans.  A  theological  party 
of  the  third  century,  who  maintained 
that  God  is  one,  immutable  and  pri-  . 
mary.  Their  opponents  turned  upon 
them  and  nick-named  them  Pat  ripa.<.na7is, 
saying  that  according  to  such  a  doctrine 
f;od  the  Father  must  have  suffered  on  ' 
the  cross. 

Mon'archy.      Fifth-monorchi    men. 
Those    who    believed    that    the   second 
coming  of  Chri.st  was  at  hand,  and  that 
at  his  second  coming  he  would  establish   j 
the  fifth  universal  monarchy.     The  live   ; 
are   these :    the  Assyrian,  the   Persian,   j 
the    Macedonian,    the   Homau,  and  the   j 
Millennium. 

Mondo.    The  spirit  that  favours  the  I 
hunt.— Caw  ma  in  Afrioi. 

Money.  Shortly  after  the  Gallic 
irvasion,  Lucius  Vurius  built  n  tomplo  to 


Juno  Mone'ta  (the  Monitrt'i)  on  the  spot 
where  the  hou.se  of  Marcus  Mauling 
stood.  This  spot  of  the  Capitol  w.as 
selected  because  Manlius  was  the  first 
man  alarmed  by  the  cackling  of  the 
sacred  geese.  This  temple  was  subse- 
quently converted  into  a  mint,  and  the 
"ases"  there  coined  were  called  montla. 
Bowed  Mmuy.  Bent  coin,  given  as  a 
pledge  of  love. 

T.Uting  forth  a  bowed  jp-oat  and  Mi  old  penny  bowed 
tc  uavo  It  [iic]  lier. 

Coney-Catcliing.    (Tiiiiu.  Elii.)  - 

Mon'ica.     Mother  of  Augustine. 

Monim'ia,  in  Otway's  tragedy  of 
"  The  Orphan."  Sir  Walter  Scott  says, 
"  More  tears  have  been  shed  for  the 
sorrows  of  Monimia,  than  for  those  of 
Juliet  and  Desdemona." 

Mon'iplies  (Richie).  An  honest, 
self-willed  Scotchman,  servant  of  Nigel 
Olifaunt,  in  Scott's  "Fortunes of  Nigel." 

Mon'itor,  so  the  Romans  called  the 
nursery  teacher.  The  A/ilitari/  Monitor 
was  an  officer  to  tell  young  soldiers  of 
the  faults  committed  against  the  service. 
The  House  Monitor  was  a  slave  to  call  the 
family  of  a  morning,  to  announce  meal 
times,  and  so  on. 

Monlc,  in  printing,  is  a  black  smear 
or  blotch  made  by  leaving  too  much  ink 
on  the  part.  Caxton  set  up  his  printing 
press  in  tiie  scripto'rium  of  Westminster 
Abbey ;  and  the  associations  of  this 
place  gave  rise  to  the  slang  expressions 
monk  and  friar  for  black  and  white 
defects.    (See  Friar.) 

Give  a  man  a  monk  (French,  '•'  luy 
bailler  le  moyne"),  to  do  one  a  mischief. 
Rabelais  says  that  Grangousier,  after 
the  battle  of  Picrocholi,  asked  "what 
was  become  of  Friar  John ;"  to  which 
Gargantua  replied,  "No  doubt  the  enemy 
has  the  monk,"  alluding  to  the  pugna- 
cious feats  of  this  wonderful  churchman, 
who  knocked  men  down  like  ninepins. — 
Rabelais,  "  Qargantua  and  Pantaffrue!,'' 
bk.  i.  45. 

Monk  Lewis.  Matthew  Gregory 
Lewis  is  so  called,  from  his  novel  en- 
titled "  The  Moid!;."     (1773-1818.) 

Monk  of  Westminster.  Richard 
of  Cirencester,  the  historian.  (14th 
century.) 

Monkbarns  (Laird  of).  Mr.  Jona- 
than Oldbuck,  the  antiquary.— 5j>  iVai- 
ter  Scotl,  "  Th'  A  niiquary." 


MONKtnr. 


MONSIEUR. 


587 


Monkey (.4).  £500.  (yfeMARYoou).) 
Tvu.  have  a  monkey  or  the  Mack  mon- 
key on  your  back—<Le.,  You  have  a  fit  of 
the  sulks.  Come  down,  bhick  doj  {Laicea- 
tersliire,  &c.) — i.e.,  Getouttftf  the  sulks. 
The  monkey  means  the  devil — in  ancient 
paintings  drawn  like  a  distorted  monkey, 
and  not  unfrequently  mounted  on  the 
back  of  the  person  tempted.  The  black 
dog  is  the  devil's  imp. 

Monkey's  Allowance.  More  kicks 
than  halfpence.  The  allu.sion  is  to  the 
monkeys  carried  about  foi-  show  ;  they 
pick  up  the  halfpence,  but  carry  them 
to  the  master,  who  keeps  "  kicking"  or 
ill-treating  the  poor  creatures  to  urge 
them  to  incessant  tricks. 

Monkey  Board.  The  step  behind 
an  omnibus  on  wliich  the  conductor 
stands,  or  rather  skips  about  like  a 
monkey. 

Monkey  Boat.  A  long,  narrov? 
boat. 

Monkey  Coat.  A  coat  wilh  no  more 
tail  than  a  monkey,  or  more  Btrictly 
speakinor,  an  ape 

Monkey's  Money.  /  will  pay  you 
in  monkeys  momy  (en  monnaio  do  siiigc) 
— in  goods,  in  personal  work,  in  mumbling  i 
and  grimace.  The  French  had  a  law  | 
that  when  a  monkey  passed  the  Petit  i 
Pont,  of  Parifi,  if  it  was  for  sale  it  was  | 
to  pay  four  doniors  {tu'o-thirdi  oj  a  1 
penny)  for  toll ;  but  if  it  belonged  to  a  . 
showman  and  wa.''  not  for  s.i!o,  it  .should  I 
suffice  if  the  monkey  wont  through  his  j 
tricks.  j 

It  wai  an  orininal  by  jraster  Charles  Cliarmoia, 
liinciii!!l  painter  to  kiii(5  M«nisiu8(o/  Franu),vaia 
/or  in  oourr  fu'-bion  with  monkey's  moiie j.—Rabeiai$, 
"  (iarganiua  nnd  Fantavnul,"  iv.  3. 

Mon'kir  and  Ne'kir,  according  to  [ 
.\Tahometan  mythology,  are  two  angels   j 
who  interrogate  the  dead   immediately 
chey  are  buried.     The  first  two  questions  i 
they  ask  are,  "  Who  is  your  Lord?"  and 
"  VVho  is  your  prophet-'"     Their  voices 
are  like  thunder,  their  a^^pects  hideous, 
and  those  not  ujiprovod  of  they  lash  iu    | 
perdition  with  whips  litil/  inii  and  hdlj   I 
'lame. 

Monmouth.  The  town  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mt.nmow. 

Monmouth.  Tiie  surname  of  Henry  V. 
•jf  England,  who  was  born  there. 

Monmouth  Cap.     A  aoldier'a  eao. 


The  «oMi'-rg  thattho  Moomoutli  wp»r. 

On  j&silcs'  top<  their  cijtii.^aa  real 
Tb«  \itat  ua-.'B  were  T  rmeriT  made  at  iVlaoincoth. 
•v  h.-re  the  rap     rs'  ch.-.nel  liolh  sMll  remain  dW  }  — 
hSiiter,  •'  M'nrt/iiii  OJ  WiUt."  p.  .in. 

Monmovith  Street  {London)  take* 
its  name  from  the  ruifortunate  son  of 
Charles  IT.,  executed  for  rebellion  in 
1G85.   Now  Dudley  StroeK 

Monnaie  de  Basoche.  W'orthloFS 
cciu,  coin  not  curre-^t,  counters.  "Brum, 
magem  halfpennies.  Goi.iS  were  for- 
merly made  and  circulated  by  the  lawyers 
of  France,  which  had  no  currency  beyond 
fhcir  own  comuiuuiiy,   (^See  1jaS(.'CJI1Ans.) 

Mono'nia  (3  syl.).     Munster. 

Remember  tlie  glories  of  Erirn  liie  braye, 
ThouijM  the  ilaya  of  the  hero  are  o\r. 

ThouRh  lo^tto  M  iiionia  rvml  C'll  iu  thesMTS. 

lie  returiiS  to  Ivi   ku'ia  t'lis  palaoej  no  mui* 

r.  il  ore.  "  I'ih  Mrlo-lies.'-  No.  i. 

Monoph'ago  as.  The  eater  of  one 
Hortof  food  only.  (Greek,  inonos phags  u.) 

Monoph'ysites  (4  syl.).  A  religion* 
sect  in  the  Levant,  who  maintained  that 
Jesus  Christ  had  only  one  nature,  and 
that  divine  and  human  wore  combined 
in  much  the  same  way  as  the  body  and 
soul  in  man.  (Greek,  mmwi  phxisia,  one 
nature.) 

Monothel'lsm  consisted  in  the  doc- 
trine that  although  Christ  has  two  dis- 
tinct natures,  he  never  had  but  one  will, 
his  human  will  being  merged  in  the 
divine.  (^Greek,  tnonos-thelema,  one  single 
will.) 

Monroe  Doctrine.  The  American 
States  are  never  to  oritautile  thenviielves 
in  the  broils  of  Europe,  nor  to  suffer  the 
powers  of  the  Old  World  to  interfere  in 
the  affairs  of  the  Now  ;  and  they  are  to  ac- 
count any  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  Old 
World  to  plant  their  systems  of  govern- 
ment in  any  part  of  North  America,  dan- 
gerous to  American  peace  and  safety. 
James  Monroe  was  twice  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  (1816  and 
1820). 

Mon.sieur.  Philippe,  due  d'Orle'.'vna 
brother  to  Lwiis  XIV.,  wm  called  M»n' 
tienr  ;  other  goutlenion  ivero  oaly  iion- 
sieur  Thit  or  That,     (Iti74-I723.) 

Monsitur  U  Coadjiittiir.  Paul  dft  Qondi, 
afterwards  Cardinal  de  ixitx  (Koes^. 
(1G14-I67i».) 

Moiauur  le  Due.  Iletiri-Jnlef  df 
Botirbon,  eldest  son  of  the  Prince  d» 
Gord^.     (1692-1740 


688 


MONSOON. 


M0NTE8IN0S. 


Montieur  le  Orand.  The  Great  Eqiier:  y 
of  Franco. 

Monnieur  le  Priv.ce.  Prince  de  Cond^. 
(162M68G.)     {See  Madame.) 

Monsoon  is  a  corniption  of  the 
Malay  word  tnooaeen  (yciir  or  season). 
For  BIX  mouths  it  is  a  north-east  trade 
wind,  and  for  six  months  a  south-west. 

Monster  { yA«).  Renwick  Williams, 
■i  wretch  who  used  to  prowl  about  Lon- 
don, woimdin.af  rcspoctalile  women  with 
a  double-edged  knife.  He  was  convicted 
of  several  offences  in  July,  1790. 

The  green-eyed  monster.  Jealousy ;  so 
called  by  Shakespeare  in  "Othello." 

Beware  of  Jealousy  ! 
It  is  a  grceu-eyed  monster  that  doth  mock 
The  meat  it  feede  on.    (iii.  s.) 

Monsters.    See  each  under  its  name, 

asCoCKATllICE,  CHICIlIVACUEjOHIMi'ERA, 

Echidna,  Footmonsteks,  &c. 

Mont  de  Piete.  A  pawn  depot. 
These  depots,  called  "monti  di  piet^" 
(charity  loans),  were  first  instituted  under 
Leo  X.,  at  Home,  by  charitable  persons 
who  wished  to  rescue  the  poor  and  needy 
from  usurious  money-leudors.  They 
advanced  small  sums  of  money  on  the 
security  of  pledges,  at  a  rate  of  interest 
barely  sufificient  to  cover  the  working 
expenses  of  the  institution.  Both  the 
name  and  system  were  introduced  into 
France  and  Spain.  The  model  Loan 
Fund  of  Ireland  is  formed  on  the  same 
system.  Public  granaries  for  the  sale  of 
corn  are  called  in  Italian  Monti,  Jruiuen- 
tarii.  "Monte"  means  a  public  or 
State  loan  ;  hence  also  a  "  bank." 

Mont  St.  Michel,  in  Normandy, 
formerly  called  Helen.  Here  nine 
Druidesses  sold  to  sailors  the  arrows  to 
charm  away  storms.  The  arrows  had  to 
be  discharged  by  a  young  man  twenty- 
one  years  old. 

Mont-rognon  (Baron  of),  lord  of 
Bourglastic,  Tortcbcsse,  and  elsewhere. 
A  huge  mass  of  muscle,  who  existed  only 
to  eat  and  drink.  Ho  was  a  descendant 
of  Esau  on  his  father's  side,  and  of  Gar- 
gantua  ou  his  mother's.  He  once  per- 
formed a  gigantic  feat— he  killed  600 
Saracens  who  happened  to  get  in  his 
way  as  he  was  going  to  dinner.  He  was 
bandy-legged,  could  lift  immense  weights, 
had  an  elastic  stomach,  and  four  rows  of 
teeth.  In  Croquemitaine  ho  is  made  one 
nf  the  paladins  of  Charlemagne,  and  was 


one  of  the  four  knights  sent  in  search  of 
Croquemitaine  and  Fear-fortress. 

Montagnards  (the  mountain  parly). 
The  extreme  domncratic  politicians  in  the 
French  Ucvolution ;  so  called  because 
they  occupied  the  highest  tier  of  benches 
in  the  hall  of  National  Convention.  The 
ofiposite  party  sat  ou  the  level  ol  the 
floor,  called  the  "plain." 

Mon'tague  (3  syl.).  The  head  of  a 
faction  in  Vero'na  (Shakespeare,  "  Romeo 
and  Juliet").  The  device  of  the  family 
is  a  mountain  with  sharply-peaked  crest 
{mont-agu  or  am). 

Monta'nists.  Heretics  of  the  second 
century  ;  so  called  from  Monta'nus,  a 
Phrygian,  who  asserted  that  ho  had  re- 
ceived from  the  Holy  Ghost  special 
knowledge  not  vouchsafed  to  the 
apostles. 

Montan'to.  Hignior  Montanto.  A 
master  of  fence  rather  than  a  soldier ;  a 
tongue-doughty  knight.  It  is  a  word  of 
fence,  and  hence  Ben  Jonson  says,  "  Your 
punto,  your  reverso,  your  stocsata,  your 
imbrocata,  your  pas.sada,  your  montanto." 
— "  Every  Man  in  his  Uumour." 

Monteer  Cap.  So  called  from 
monteros  d'Espinoza  (mountaineers),  who 
once  formed  the  interior  guard  of  the 
palace  of  the  Spanish  king.  The  way 
they  came  to  be  appointed  is  thus  ac- 
counted for  : — Sanchica,  wife  of  Don 
Sancho  Garcia,  count  of  Castile,  entered 
into  a  plot  to  poison  her  husband,  but 
one  of  the  mountaineers  of  Espinoza 
revealed  the  plot  and  saved  the  count's 
life.  Ever  after  the  sovereigns  of  Cas- 
tile recruited  their  body-guards  from 
men  of  this  estate. 

Montem.  A  custom  formerly  ob- 
served every  three  years  by  the  boys  of 
Eton  School,  who  proceeded  on  Whit- 
Tuesday  ud  jnontcvi  (to  a  mound  called 
Salt  Hill),  near  the  Bath  Road,  and  exacted 
a  gratuity  called  salt  from  all  who  passed 
by.  Sometimes  as  much  as  ^1,000  was 
thus  collected.  The  custom  was  abolished 
in  18i7. 

Montesi'nos  (The  Cave  of).  Close 
to  the  castle  of  Rochafrida,  to  which  a 
knight  of  the  same  name,  who  had  re- 
ceived some  cause  of  oft'ence  at  the 
French  court,  retired.  Tradition  ascribes 
the  river  Giiadia'na  to  this  cave  as  its 
source,  whence  the  river  is  sometimes 
called  Montesinos. 


MONTETH. 


MONTHS. 


5«9 


Monteth'.  A  scolloped  basin  to  cool 
aud  wash  glasses  in ;  no  called  from  its 
inventor. 

New  thincs  pro'liice  now  names,  and  thin  Mcnteti: 
Has  by  one  vewel  saved  his  name  from  ilc&th. 

Montezu'ma's  Realm.  Mexico. 
Montezuma,  the  last  emperor,  was  seized 
by  Cortes,  and  compollod  to  acknowledge 
liimsolf  a  vassal  of  Spain  (1.019). 

Montezu'ma's  Watch.  A  curious 
stone,  weigiiing  twonty-foij-  tons,  of 
basaltic  porphyry,  in  Mexico.  This  im- 
mense stone  is  cut  into  figures  denoting 
the  Mexican  division  of  time,  and  may 
be  termed  their  calendar. 

Montgom.ery,  in  North  Wales  ;  so 
called  from  Roger  do  Montgomery,  earl 
of  Shrewsbury,  who  won  the  cistle  of 
Baldwyn,  lieutenant  of  the  marches,  to 
William  the  Conijuoror.  Boforo  thi.'! 
tiiire  it  was  called  "  Tre  Faldwyn." 

MoiUffomery's  division,  all  on  one  side. 
This  is  a  French  proverb,  and  refers  to 
the  Free  Companies  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  of  which  Montgomery  was  a 
noted  chief.  The  booty  ho  took  was  all 
given  to  his  banditti,  and  nothing  was 
left  to  the  victims.    (See  Lion's  Share.) 

Months. 

January.  So  called  from  ".Janus," 
the  lloman  deity  that  kept  the  gates  of 
heaven.  The  imago  of  Janus  is  repre- 
sented with  two  faces  looking  opposite 
ways.  One  face  is  old,  and  is  emblema- 
tical of  time  past ;  the  other  is  young,  as 
the  emblem  of  time  future.  The  Dutch 
used  to  call  this  month  Laziw-maand 
(frosty-mouth)  ;  the  Saxons,  II'm'/-wo- 
nat/i,  because  wolvefe  wore  very  trouble- 
some then  from  the  great  scarcity  of 
food  ;  after  the  introduction  of  Chris- 
tianity, the  name  was  changed  to  Se  aftera 
ijf.Ola  (the  after  yule),  it  was  also  called 
Fo)ina-monalh  (first-month)  ;  in  the 
French  KepuVilican  calendar  it  was  called 
Nivose  (Miow-F><outh.  20th  December  to 
"iOth  January). 

February.  So  called  from  "  Februa," 
a  name  of  Juno,  from  the  Sabine  word 
/ebruo  (to  purify).  Juno  was  so  called 
because  she  presided  over  the  purifica- 
tion of  womou,  which  took  place  in  this 
niontli.  The  Dutch  used  t')  term  the 
niontli.*>/'oX/(  /-i«(i<(n<i(vcgoti\tion-month); 
the  ancient  Saxons,  Sprote-cdl  (from  the 
sproiitiug    of   pot-wort   cr    ki.'le) ;    they 


cb.nngi^d  it  subsequently  to  Solmoi.atf. 
(from  the  returning  sun).  In  the  French 
Republican  calendar  it  was  called  l\uc6at 
(rain-moutb,  20th  January  to  20tb  Feb- 
ruary). 

March.  So  called  from  "M.'ws,"the 
Roman  war-god  and  patron  deity.  The 
old  Dutch  name  for  it  was  Lriil-maaml 
(lengthening- month,  because  the  days 
sensibly  lengthen) ;  the  old  Saxon  name 
was  Jlretk-monalh  (roiigh  mouth,  from  its 
boisterous  winds),  it  was  subsequently 
changed  to  Length-monalii.  (lengthoMiDg- 
month),  it  was  also  caRed  Hlyd-in,</7iaik 
(boisterous  montb)  ;  in  the  French  Re- 
publican calendar  it  was  Venl6se  (windy- 
month,  20th  of  February  to  20th  of 
March.) 

April.  So  called  from  tha  liAtin 
"aperio"  (to  open),  in  allusion  to  the 
unfolding  of  the  leaves.  The  old  Dutch 
name  was  Gras-maand  (^rass-month) ; 
the  o'd  Saxon,  FasUr-monadi,  (orient  or 
paschal-montb)  ;  in  the  French  Repub- 
lican calendar  it  waa  Qerminal  (time  of 
budding,  21st  March  to  19th  April). 

May  is  tho  old  Latin  magius,  softened 
to  Maius,  from  the  root  mag,  similar  to 
the  Sanskrit  mah,  to  grow,  and  meant 
the  growing-month.  The  old  Dutch 
name  was  Blou-maand  (blossoming 
month);  the  old  Saxon,  T)t-?)u7(Ai(thre< 
milch),  because  cows  were  milked  thrice 
a  day  in  this  month.  In  the  French 
Republican  calendar  it  was  called  Fiorial 
(the  time  of  tlowers,  20tL  April  to  20tb 
May). 

June.  So  called  from  the  "  junio'res" 
or  soldiers  of  the  st-ate,  or  from  Juno, 
the  queen-goddess.  The  old  Dutch  name 
was  Zomer-miiand  (summer-month) ;  the 
old  Saxon,  Sere-monath  (dry-month).  In 
the  French  Republican  cnlon<lar  it  was 
I'rairial  (nuadow-month,  20th  M(»yt(08tb 
June).     Also  called  /Ada-ofrra,  joy-linio. 

July.  Mark  Antony  gave  thi«  monib 
the  name  of  Julius,  from  Julius  Cicsar, 
who  was  bom  in  it.  It  had  been  pre- 
viously called  Quinti'lif  (fifth-month), 
The  old  Dutch  name  for  it  was  Hooy . 
mnand  (hay-mouth)  ;  tho  old  Saxon, 
Mad-monalU  (becau.se  the  cattle  vver<i 
turned  into  the  moa<lows  to  feed) ;  and 
in  tho  French  Rei)ublican  calendar  it 
wa.s  Mesridor  (harvest-month,  19th  June 
to  IRth  JnljJ      Also  called  l.idu  a/trru 

.-XuguM.  So  called  in  honour  of  Auguo 
tus  Cu'Sfu  ;  not  because  it  w.iy  his  birlh- 
month.  but  because  it  \\aN  tho  month  is 


.090 


MONTHS. 


which  ho  entered  spon  bis  first  con- 
salsbip,  celebrated  tbroo  trinmphs, 
received  the  oath  of  allegiance  from  the 
legions  which  occupied  the  Janic'uluna, 
reduced  Egyjit,  and  put  an  end  to  the 
civil  wars.  He  was  born  in  September. 
The  old  Dutch  name  for  it  was  Oosl- 
maand  (harvest-month)  ;  the  old  Saxon. 
Weod-monath  (woed-month,  whore  weed 
signifies  vegetation  in  general).  In  the 
French  Republican  calendar  it  was  Ther- 
midor  (hot-month,  19th  July  to  17th 
A.ugust). 

September.  The  seventh  month  from 
March,  where  the  year  used  to  commonco. 
The  old  Dutch  name  was  IJerst-maund 
(autumn-month) ;  the  old  Saxon,  Qerst- 
tnonath  (barley -month),  or  Harfest- 
tnonaih;  and  after  the  introduction  of 
Christianity  Halig-monath  (holy-month, 
the  nativity  of  the  Virgin  Mary  being 
on  the  8th,  the  exaltation  of  the  Cross 
on  the  14th,  Holy-Rood  day  on  the 
'26th,  and  St.  Michael's  day  on  the 
29th).  In  the  French  Republican 
calendar  it  was  Fructidor  (fruit-month, 
18th  August  to  21st  September). 

October.  The  eighth  month  of  the 
Alban  calendar.  The  Old  Dutch  name 
was  WyTi-viaand;  the  old  Saxon,  iVuL- 
tnonath  (wine-month,  or  the  time  of  vin- 
tage) ;  it  was  also  called  Teoika-moaulk 
(tenth-month),  and  Winter- tylleth,  winter 
full-moon).  In  the  French  Republican 
calendar,  Vendemiaire  (time  of  vintage, 
22nd  September  to  21st  October). 

November.  The  ninth  Alban  month. 
The  old  Dutch  name  was  Slaght-maand 
jslaughter-month,  the  time  when  the 
beasts  were  slain  and  salted  down  for 
winter  use) ;  the  old  Saxon,  Wind-monatk 
'■ndnd-month,  when  the  fishermen  drew 
their  boats  ashore,  and  gave  over  fishing 
till  the  next  spring) ;  it  was  also  called 
Bfot-monath  — the  same  as  "Slaght- 
maand."  In  the  French  Republican 
calendar  it  was  Brumaire  (fog-month, 
22nd  October  to  2lst  November). 

Decemher.  The  tenth  month  of  the  old 
Alban  calendar.  The  old  Dutch  name 
was  Wuiter-'fnaand  (winter-month) ;  the 
old  Saxon,  Mid-irinter-hioiuith  (mid- 
winttr-month)  ;  whereas  Juno  was  J/ui- 
svmor-mon.aUi.  Ckristiaa  Saxons  called 
Deoamber  -Ss  laa  geCia  (the  anti-yule). 
In  the  French  Republican  calendar  it 
w»s  called  Fiimuire  (hoir-froet  month, 
from  the  22nd  cf  November  to  the  2<''\} 
of  Decetahcr). 


MONUMENTAL   FIGURES. 


Month's  Mind.  A  desire,  a  craving. 
Mr.  Croft  says  the  expression  is  foimde<i 
on  the  irratioD.il  and  wholly  unaccount- 
able cravings  of  women  in  pregnancy, 
which  commence  after  the  first  month 
of  conooj'tion. 

I  ace  you  bare  a  mouth's  mind  to  them. 
Sh"ke^ieare,  "  Tun  Gentkmen  0/  Verona, "  1. 1. 

Monthawi,  Al  (</««  dettroyer).  One 
of  Mahomet's  lances,  confiscated  from 
the  Jews  when  they  were  exiled  from 
Medi'na. 

Montjoie  St.  Denis.  The  war-cry 
of  the  French.  Montjoie  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  Mona  Jovis,  as  the  little  mounds 
were  called  which  served  as  direction- 
posts  in  ancient  times ;  hence  it  was 
applied  to  whatever  showed  or  indicated 
the  way,  a.s  the  banner  of  St.  Denis, 
called  the  Oriflamme.  The  Burgijndians 
had  for  their  war-cry,  "  Montjoie  St. 
Andrd  ;"  the  dukes  of  Bourbon,  "Mont- 
joie Notre  Dame ;"  and  the  kings  of 
England  used  to  have  "Montjoie  St. 
George."  There  seems  no  suflBcient 
reason  to  suppose  that  Montjoie  St. 
Denis  is  a  corruption  of  "St.  Denis 
mon  joie"— i.e.,  St.  Denis  is  my  hope. 

Montjoie.  The  cry  of  the  French 
heralds  in  the  ancient  tournaments ;  and 
the  title  of  the  French  king-at-arms. 

Montserrat'.  The  Catalonians  avei 
that  this  mountain  was  riven  and  shat- 
tered at  the  Crucifixion.  Every  rift  is 
filled  with  evergreens.  (Latin,  mons  ser- 
ra'tm,  the  mountain  jagged  hke  a  saw.) 

Monvunental  City.  Baltimore, 
U.S.,  is  so  called,  because  it  abounds  in 
monuments ;  witness  the  obebsk,  the 
104  churches,  &c. 

Monumental  Figures.    No.  1. 

(1)  Those  in  stone,  with  piain  sloping 
roofs,  and  without  inscriptions,  are  the 
oldest. 

(2)  In  1160  these  plain  prismatic  roofs 
began  to  be  ornamented. 

(3)  In  the  same  century  the  sloping 
roofs  gave  place  to  armorial  bearings. 

(4)  In  the  thirteenth  century  we  see 
flat  roofs,  and  fig^ires  carved  on  the  lids. 

(5)  The  next  stage  was  an  arch  bviiit 
over  the  monument  to  protect  it. 

(6)  The  sixth  stage  was  a  chapel  an- 
nexed to  the  church. 

(7)  The  last  stage  was  the  head  bound 
and  feot  tied,  with  clvlldren  at  the  base 
or  otien\b"-!;s  at  the  feot 


MONUMENTAL    FIGURES. 


MOO-N. 


aei 


Monumental  Figures.    No.  2. 

FigTircs  with  their  lianJs  on  their 
breasts,  and  ehalices,  represent  priests. 

FigTiros  with  crozier,  raitre,  and  ponti- 
ficals, represent  prelales. 

Figures  with  armour  rspresc-nt  knights. 

Fierures  with  legs  cnssed  represent 
either  crusaders  or  man'ied  men. 

Female  figures  with  a  mantle  and  largo 
ring  represent  nuns. 

Montunental  Figures.    No.  3. 

Those  in  sckU  arraour  arc  tb©  most 
ancient  (time,  Henry  II.)- 

Those  in  chuin  armour  or  ring  mail 
come  next  (time,  Richard  I.  to  Henry 
III). 

Those  with  children  or  cherubims,  be- 
tween the  fourteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries. 

Brasses  are  for  the  most  part  subse- 
quent to  the  thirteenth  century. 

Monumental  Fig^irea.    No.  4. 

Siiints  lie  to  the  east  of  tho  altar,  and 
are  elevat-ed  above  the  ground  ;  the 
higher  the  elevation,  the  greater  the 
'sanctity.     Martyrs  are  much  elevated. 

JI"li/  men  not  canonised  lie  on  a  level 
with  the  pavement. 

Founders  of  chapels,  &c.,  lie  with  their 
monument  built  into  the  wall. 

Monum,ental  Effigies.  In  the 
»ge  of  chivalry,  the  woman  in  monu- 
mental brasses  and  effigies  is  placed  on 
the  man's  right  hand ;  but  when  chivalry 
ilecliued  she  was  placed  on  his  left-hand 
side. 

Till  1808,  all  public  speakers  began, 
•'  Gentlemen  and  Ladies,"  but  since  then 
the  order  has  been  "  I^adies  and  Gentle- 
men." 

Monumental  Inscriptions. 

Capital  letters  and  Latin  inscriptions 
are  of  tho  lirst  twelve  centuries. 

Lombardic  capit.alsand  French  inscrip- 
tions, of  the  thirteenth  century. 

German  text,  of  the  fourteenth  oeu- 
tiuy. 

English  and  Roman  print,  subsequent 
to  the  fourteenth  (century. 

T!iV)lets  against  the  wail  came  in  with 
the  lieformation, 

Moohel.  A  Jew  whose  oflSco  it  is  to 
circumcisti  the  young  Jewish  boys. 

Moon  means  "measurer"  of  time 
;.^gl»  Saxon,  •.aOuH,  m:u<«.  gen.).  It  is 
fnAi«rii?ine  in  all  tlie  To'itoi;ic  langu.'wres  ; 


in  the  Edda  the  son  of  Mundilfori  is 
Mini  (nioou),  and  daughter  SOI  (r>in) ; 
so  it  is  still  with  the  Lithuanians  and 
Arabians,  and  so  was  it  with  tht 
ancient  Mexicans,  Slari,  Hindus,  &c. ; 
so  that  it  wa.s  a  most  unlucky  dictum  of 
Harris,  in  his  "  Hermes,"  that  all  nations 
a-scrihe  to  the  sun  a  masculine,  and  to  the 
Moon  a  feminine  trcnder.  (Gotliio,  mena, 
maec. ;  Sanskrit,  mas,  masc,  fruni 
ma,  to  measure.)  "^'ho  Sanskrit  mdlram 
is  an  instrument  lor  measuring;  hence 
the  Greek  mctron;  French,  metre;  Eng- 
lish, mete. 

Moon,  represented  in  five  different 
phases :  (1)  new ;  (2)  full ;  (3)  cretcent,  or 
decrescent:  (4)  half;  and  (5)  gibbons, 
more  than  half. 

Jtoon,  in  pictiires  of  the  Assumption 
of  the  Virgin,  is  represented  as  a  crescent 
under  her  feet;  in  the  Crucifixion  it  is 
eclipsed,  and  placed  on  one  side  of  the 
cross,  the  sun  being  on  the  other  ;  in  the 
Creation  and  Last  Judgment  it  is  also 
introduced  by  artists. 

Hecate.  The  moon  before  she  has 
risen  and  after  she  has  set. 

Aslarte.  The  crescent  moon,  "the 
moon  with  crescent  horns." 

Diana.  The  moon  in  the  open  vault 
of  heaven,  who  "  hunts  the  clouds." 

Cyall.ia.     Same  as  Diana. 

Selene  or  Luna.  Tho  moon  personified, 
properly  the  full  moon,  who  loved  the 
sleeping  Endymion. 

Endymion.      Moon-Ught   on   a   bank, 

field,  or  garden. 

How  Bwe«t  tbe  Moon-light  sleeps  upon  the  taiik  I 
Sftiiketptcrf,  "  J/«rcA(i«<  o/  IVniff." 

i'liabe.  The  moon  as  the  sister  of 
;ho  sun.  (See  AsrARTE,>  AsHTAnorn, 
,^c.) 

Moon.  Astolpho  found  treasured  In 
the  moon  everything  wasted  on  tbii 
earth,  such  as  misspent  time  and  wealth, 
broken  vows,  unanswered  prayers,  fruit- 
less tears,  abortive  attempts,  unfulfilled 
desires  and  intentions,  &c.  All  bribes 
were  hung  on  gold  and  silver  hooks  ; 
princes'  favours  were  kept  in  bellows ; 
wasted  talent  was  kept  in  vases,  eaob 
marked  with  the  proper  name;  ic. — 
"  Orlando  Furioso,"  bk.  xviii.  (See  "  Rape 
of  the  Lock,"  c.  V.) 

.Moon.  For  the  conversion  of  Hahab 
the  Wise,  Malnimpt  nnr>do  the  ni"on  per- 
fonn  seven  circuits  round  the  Citiixk  or 
holy  shrine  of  Mecca,  then  enter  the 
right  bIoovo  of  his  mantlo.  (\nd  go  oiitof 


5&;2 


MOON-CALF, 


MOP, 


the  left ;  at  its  exit  it  slit  into  two  pieces, 
which  re-uuitod  in  tho  centre  of  the  fir- 
mament. 

The  moon  is  called  "  b-iform"  because 
it  presents  itself  to  us  either  round,  or 
waxing  with  horns  towards  the  east,  or 
waning  with  horns  towards  the  west. 

Island  of  the  .'ifoon.  Madagascar  is  so 
named  by  the  natives. 

Minions  of  the  Moon.  Thieves  who 
rob  by  night. — See  "  1  Henry  IV.,"  i.  2 
(Shakespeare). 

Moxcntains  of  the  Moon  means  simply 
White  Mountains  The  Arabs  call  a 
white  horse  "  moon-colo\ired." — Jackson. 

He  c>~ies  for  the  moon.  He  craves  to 
have  what  is  wholly  beyond  his  reach. 
The  allusion  is  to  foolish  children  who 
want  the  moon  for  a  plaything.  The 
French  say,  He  wants  to  lake  the  moon  be- 
tween his  teeth  (II  veut  prendre  la  lune 
avec  les  dents),  alluding  to  the  old  pro- 
verb about  "  The  moon  "  and  "  a  green 
cheese." 

To  cast  heyond  the  moon.  To  make  en- 
travagant  conjectures  ;  to  cast  your 
thoughts  or  guesses  beyond  all  reason. 

To  level  at  the  moon.  To  be  very  am- 
bitious; to  aim  in  shooting  at  the 
moon. 

You  have  found  an  elephant  in  the  moon 
— found  a  mare's  nest.  Sir  Paul  Neal,  a 
conceited  virtuoso  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  gave  out  that  he  had  discovered 
"an  elephant  in  the  moon."  It  turned 
out  that  a  mouse  had  crept  into  his 
telescope,  which  had  been  mistaken  for 
an  elephant  in  the  moon.  S.  Butler  has 
a  satirical  poem  on  the  subject  called 
"The  Elephant  in  tho  Moon." 

You  tcould  have  me  believe,  I  suppose, 
that  the  moon  is  a  green  cheese — i.e.,  the 
most  absurd  thing  possible.  A  green 
cheese  is  a  cream  cheese  which  is  eaten 
green  or  fresh,  and  is  not  kept  to  mature 
like  other  cheeses. 

Alan  in  the  moon.    {See  Man.) 

Hares  sacred  to  the  moon,  not  because 
Diana  was  a  great  huntress,  but  because 
the  Hindus  affirm  that  the  outline  of  a 
hare  is  distinctly  visible  on  the  moon. 

Moon-calf,  according  to  Pliny,  is  an 
inanimate  shaj)eless  mass,  engendered  of 
woman  only  ("' Natural  History,"  x.64). 
This  abortion  was  supposed  to  be  pro- 
duced by  the  influencj  of  the  moon. 
The  primary  meaning  of  calf  is  not  the 
'•oung  of  a  cow,  but  the   issue  arisiiu^ 


"  from  throwing  out,"  as  a  push,  a  pro- 
tuberance ;  hence  tlie  calves  of  the  logs. 

Moon-maker  (Satjende  Nah),  a  sur- 
name given  to  the  Veiled  Prophet  iq-v."), 
who  caused  the  moon  to  issue  from  a  deep 
well,  so  brilliant  tliat  the  real  moon  wa« 
eclipsed  by  it. 

Moon-rakers,  The  people  of  Wilt- 
shire obtained  this  appellation  from  an 
old  legend  that  a  farmer's  wife  once  took 
a  rake  to  rake  the  moon  from  a  river, 
under  the  delusion  that  it  was  a  cream 
cheese.  The  moon  not  being  a  creal^ 
cheese  may  probably  arise  from  the  same 
story. 

Moonstone,  A  mineral  so  called 
on  account  of  the  play  of  light  which  it 
exhiliits.  The  scientific  name  is  adida'ria, 
from  Ad'ula,  the  summit  of  a  Swiss 
mountain.  Wilkie  Collins  has  a  novel 
called  "  The  Moonstone." 

Moors.  In  the  middle  ages,  the 
Europeans  called  all  Mahometans  Moors, 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  Eastern  nations 
called  all  inhabitants  of  Europe  Franks. 
Camoens,  in  the  "  Luciad,"  terms  tha 
Indians  "  Moors,"    (Bk.  viii.) 

Moor-slayer  or  Mata-moi-os.  A 
name  given  to  St.  James,  the  patron- 
saiut  of  Spain,  because  in  almost  all 
encounters  with  the  Moors  he  came  on 
his  white  horse  to  the  aid  of  the  Chris- 
tians. 

Moore  (Thomas),  called  "Anacreon 
Moore,"  because  the  character  of  his 
poetr}'  resembles  that  of  Anacreon,  the 
Greek  poet  of  love  and  wine.  (1779- 
1852.) 

Moot  Point.  A  doubtful  or  un- 
settled question.  The  Saxon  motian  is 
"  to  debate,"  and  a  moot  point  is  one 
siibjudice,  or  under  debate. 

Mop.  In  many  places  Statute  Fairs 
are  held,  where  servants  seek  to  be  hired. 
Carters  fasten  to  thoir  hats  a  piece  of 
whipcord  ;  shepherds,  a  lock  of  wool ; 
grooms,  a  piece  of  sponge,  kc.  AVhen 
hired  they  mount  a  cockade  with  stream- 
ers. Some  few  days  after  the  statute 
fair,  a  second,  called  a  Mop,  is  held  for 
the  beuefit  of  those  not  already  hired. 
This  fair  mops  or  wipes  up  the  refuse  of 
the  skitute  fair,  carrying  away  the  dregs 
of  tho  servants  loft. 

Another  etymology  is  the  Latin  mappo 


MORA-STONE. 


MORGANATIC   MARRIAGE     59S 


(public  games),  the  derivation  of  which 
word  is  thus  exjjlaiDed  :  In  the  reign  of 
Nero  the  people  showed,  on  one  occasion, 
great  in)]>atience  for  the  games  to  begin, 
and  the  emperor  threw  out  his  dinner- 
napkin  (niappa)  as  a  signal  for  their 
commencement.  The  persons  in  charge 
of  the  games  were  called  raapj)arii.  The 
first  a  in  these  words  is  like  a  in  "strap," 
"plat,"  &c,,  wiiich  has  the  sound  of  o. 

Mop.    One  of  queen  Mab's  attendants. 

AU  mops  and  brooms.  Intoxicated. 
The  allusion  is  to  persons  who  are  sick 
with  diink,  when  mops  and  brooms  are 
required  to  clean  up  after  them. 

Mora-stone,  near  Upsala,  where 
the  Swedes  used  anciently  to  elect  their 
kings. 

Morasteen  {great  stone).  The  ancient 
Danes  selected  their  king  from  the  sacred 
line  of  royalty.  The  man  chosen  was 
taken  to  the  Landstliing,  or  local  court, 
and  placed  on  the  morasteen,  while  the 
magnates  ranged  tliemselves  around  on 
stones  of  inferior  size.  This  was  the 
Danish  mode  of  installation. 

Moral.  The  Moral  Cower.  John 
Gower,  the  poet,  is  so  called  by  Chaucer. 
(1320-U02.) 

F'lther  of  Moral  Pkilosopky.  Thoma« 
Aqui'nxs. '  (1227-1274.) 

Moralist.  The  threat  Moralist  of 
Fleet  tiireet.     Dr.  Johnson,    (1709-17S4.) 

Mora'na.  The  Bohemian  goddess  of 
winter  and  death. 

Morat.  Moral  and  Marathon  twin 
names  shall  stand  ("  Childe  Harold,"  iii. 
64).  Morat,  in  Switzerland,  is  famous  for 
the  battle  fought  in  1476,  in  which  the 
Swiss  defeated  Charles  le  Temeraire  of 
Burgundy. 

Mora'vians  or  Bohemian  Brethren. 
A  religious  community  tracing  its  origin 
from  John  lluss,  exi'dled  by  pers'jca- 
tion  from  Bohemia  and  Moravia  in  the 
eighteenth  century.  They  are  often 
called  The  United  Brethren. 

More  Last  Words.  When  Richard 
Baxter  lost  his  wife,  he  published  a  broad- 
sheet, headed  "  Last  Words  of  Mrs. 
Baxter,"  which  hail  an  immense  sale  ; 
the  printer,  for  his  own  profit,  brought 
out  a  =r<irioii3  broad-sheet,  headed  | 
"More  ]..\i,t  Words;"  but  Baxter  issued  ' 
A  3in2,ll  baiidblU  with  thin  conciRe   sen-    '■ 


tence  :  "  Mrs.  Baxter  did  not  say  any- 
thing else." 

More  of  More-hall.  A  legendary 
hero  who  armed  himself  with  an  armour 
of  spikes,  and  concealing  himself  in  the 
cave  where  the  dragon  of  Wautley 
dwelt,  slow  the  monster  by  kicking  it  on 
the  mouth,  where  alone  it  was  mortal. 

More  the  Merrier.  The  author  of 
this  phrase  was  Henry  Pa..ot. 

More'no  (3  syl.).  Don  Antonio  Mo- 
reno, a  gentleman  of  Barcelo'na,  who  en- 
tertained Don  Quixote  with  mock-heroic 
hospitality. 

Morestone.  Would  you  rer/ion 
Morestone  i     (■See  Moktstone.) 

Morgan  le  Fay.  (-See  below.). 
W.  Morris,  in  his  "Earthly  Paradise" 
(^Autjjcst)  makes  Morgan  the  bride  of 
Ogier  tke  Dane,  after  his  earthly  career 
TTaa  ended. 

Morgan  le  Fay,  Morgaiw  la  Fee, 
or  Morgana  the  Fairy.  DauL'hter  of 
queen  Igrayne,  and  half-sister  of  king 
Arthur,  who  revealed  to  him  the  intrigues 
of  Sir  Lancelot  and  Guinever.  She  gave 
him  a  cup  contiiinmg  a  magic  draught, 
and  Arthur  had  no  sooner  drunk  it  tban 
his  eyes  were  opened  to  the  perfidy  of 
his  wife  and  friend. 

Morganatic  Marriage.    A  mar. 

riage  iu  whioii  the  wife  does  not  take  the 
husKand's  rank,  because  legalij-  or  ac- 
cording to  court  bye-laws  the  marriage 
is  not  recognised.  Tliis  sort  of  marriage 
is  effected  when  a  man  of  high  rank 
marries  a  woman  of  inferior  position. 
The  children  in  this  case  do  not  inherit 
the  title  or  entails  of  the  father.  The 
word  is  based  on  the  Gothic  moiijjan, 
"to  curtail"  or  "limit;"  and  the 
marriage  settlement  was  called  morgcn- 
gahe  or  morgengnade,  whence  tiie  Low 
Latin  matrimonium  ad  legem  morganat- 
ican,  in  which  the  dowry  is  to  be  con- 
sidered all  the  portion  the  wife  will 
receive,  as  the  ostites  cannot  pass  to 
her  or  to  her  children. 

Morganatic  Marriage,  calle*!  "Left- 
handed,"  because  the  man  pledges  his 
troth  with  his  left  hand  instead  of  his 
right.  The  "  Hand-fasted  "  marriagoi 
of  Scotland  and  Ireland  wore  morganatic, 
and  the  "  hand-fasted "  bride  could  b# 
out  a\rav  for  a  fresh  union. 


591 


MORGANE. 


MOROCCO. 


Morganfa  (2  syl.).    A  fay  to  whoso 

chartfe  Zepliyr  committed  young  Fas- 
solyou  and  his  cousin  Beunucq.  Fasselyon 
fell  in  love  wi*h  Morgane's  daughter,  and 
the  adventures  of  these  young  lovers  are 
related  lu  the  romance  of  "Perceforesf,''  i 
vol.  iii.    (&«  Morgan  ) 

Morgan'te.  A  ferocious  giant,  co!i- 
verted  by  Orlando  to  Christianity.  After 
performing  the  most  wonderful  feats,  he 
died  at  last  from  the  bite  of  a  crab.  {See 
below. ) 

Morgante  Maggio're.  A  serio- 
oomic  romaflce  in  verse,  by  Pulci,  of 
Rorence  (1494).  He  was  the  inventor  of 
this  species  of  poetry,  called  by  the 
French  herntsque,  from  Bemi,  who  greatly 
excelled  in  it. 

Morgia'na.  The  clever,  faithful, 
female  slave  of  Ali  Baba,  who  pries  into 
the  forty  jars,  and  discovers  that  o.ll  but 
one  contains  a  man.  She  takes  oil 
from  the  only  one  containing  it,  and 
having  made  it  boiling  hot,  poui's 
enough  into  each  jar  to  kill  the  thief 
concealed  there.  At  last  she  kills  the 
captain  of  the  gang,  and  marries  her 
master's  sou,— " Arahian  Nights'"  (Ah 
Baba,  or  the  Forty  Thieves) . 

Morgue  la  Faye,  who  watched  over 
the  birth  of  Ogier  the  Dane,  and  after  he 
had  finished  his  earthly  career  restored 
him  to  perpetual  youth,  and  took  him  to 
live  with  her  in  everlasting  love  in  the 
isle  and  castle  of  Av'alon.  {See  Morgan.) 
— '■  Oyier  le  Danois"  {a  romance). 

Moriso'nianisra,  The  religious 
system  of  James  Morisou,  the  chief 
peculiarities  being  the  doctrines  of  uni- 
versal atonement,  and  the  ability  of 
man  unaided  to  receive  or  reject  the 
Gospel.  James  Morison,  in  1841,  sepa- 
rated from  the  "United  Secession,'"  now 
merged  into  the  "United  Presbyterian." 
The  Morisonians  call  themselves  the 
"  Evangelical  Union." 

Morley  {Mrs.).  The  name  under 
which  queen  Anne  corresponded  with 
Mrs.  Freeman  ( the  di'xlussof  Marlborough). 

Morma,  in  Pepys'  "  Diary,"  is  Eliza- 
beth,  daughter  of  John  Dickens,  who 
died  October  22nd,  1662. 

Mormon.  The  last  of  a  pretended 
\int>  of    Hebrew  propheU.  and  the  pro- 


tended author  of  "The  Book  of  Mor- 
mon," or  Golden  Bible,  written  on  golden 
[)lat©s.  This  work  was  in  reality  written 
by  the  Rev.  Solomon  Spalding;  but  was 
claimed  by  Joseph  Soiith  as  a  direct 
revel.ation  to  him  l>y  the  angol  Mormon. 
Spalding  died  1816;  Smith,  1844. 

Mormon  Creed.  (1)  God  is  a  per- 
son with  the  form  and  flesh  of  man.  (2) 
Man  is  a  part  of  the  substance  of  God, 
and  will  himself  become  a  god.  (3)  Man 
was  not  created  by  God,  but  existed  from 
ail  eternity,  and  will  never  cease  to  exist. 

(4)  There  is  no  such  thing  as  original  or 
birth  sm.  (5)  The  earth  is  only  one  of 
many  inhabited  spheres.  (6)  God  is 
president  of  men  made  gods,  angels, 
good  men,  and  spirits  waiting  to  receive 
a  tabernacle  of  flesh.  (7)  Man's  house- 
hold of  wives  is  his  kingdom  not  for 
earth  only,  but  also  in  his  future  state. 

(5)  Mormonism  is  the  kingdom  of  God 
on  earth. —  W.  ffepiPO)-th  Dixon,  "New 
America"  i.  24. 

Mormonism.  The  religious  and 
soci:il  system  of  th-8  Latter-day  Saints ; 
so  called  from  their  gospel,  termed  "The 
Book  of  Mormon."  Joe  Smith,  the 
founder  of  the  system,  was  born  in 
Sharon,  Windsor  county,  Vermont ;  his 
partner  was  Piigdon.  The  manuscript 
which  he  declared  to  be  written  on  gold 
plates,  was  a  novel  written  by  Spalding. 
He  was  cited  thirty-nine  times  into 
courts  of  law,  and  was  at  last  assassi- 
nated by  a  gang  of  ruffians  who  broke 
into  his  prison  at  Carthage,  and  shot 
him  like  a  dog.  His  wife's  name  was 
Emma  ;  he  lived  at  Nauvoo,  in  Illinois  ; 
his  successor  was  Brigham  Young,  a  car- 
penter by  trade,  who  led  the  "saints" 
(as  the  Mormons  are  called),  driven  from 
home  by  force,  to  the  valley  of  the  Salt 
Lake,  1,500  miles  distant,  generally 
called  Utah,  but  by  the  Mormons  them- 
selves Deseret  (Bee-country),  the  New 
Jerusalem.  Abraham  is  their  model 
man,  and  Sarai  their  model  woman,  and 
English  their  language.  Young's  house 
was  called  the  Bee-hive.  Every  man, 
■woman,  and  child  capable  of  work  has 
work  to  do  in  the  community. 

Morning  Star  of  the  ReformLa- 
tion.    John  Wycliflfe.     (1324-1384.) 

MuX'OcCO.  The  name  oi  liiuka's 
bf.y  horse,    (JSee  Banks  and  Horsk.)*' 

Morocco.    Strong^  ale  made  from  bumf 


Moaos 


MORTB  D' ARTHUR. 


095 


caalt,  used  in  the  annual  feast  at  Seven- 
halls,  Westmoreland  (the  seat  of  the 
Hon.  Mary  Howard),  on  the  opening  of  j 
Milnthorpe  fair.  This  liquour  is  put  into 
a  large  glass  of  unique  form,  and  the 
person  whose  turn  it  is  to  drink  is  called 
the  "  colt."  He  is  required  to  stand  on 
one  leg,  and  say  "  L\ick  to  Sevens  as 
long  as  Kent  flows,"  then  drain  the  glass 
to  the  bottom,  or  forfeit  one  shilling. 
The  act  is  termed  "drinking  the  con- 
stable." The  feast  consists  of  radishes, 
oaten  cake  and  butter. 

Moros.  The  fool  in  the  play  entitled 
"  The  longer  thou  Livest  the  more  Fool 
thou  art,"  by  William  Wager. 

Morpheus  (2  syl.,  the  Shaper).  Son 
of  Sleep,  and  god  of  dreams ;  so  called 
because  he  gives  these  airy  nothings 
their  form  aed  fashion. 

Morrel.  On-e  of  the  shepherds  in 
the  "Shepherds'  Calendar,"  by  Spenser. 

Morrice  (Gil  or  Child).  The  natural 
son  of  an  earl  and  the  wife  of  lord  Bar- 
nard or  John  Stewart,  "brought  forth  in 
her  father's  house  wi'  mickle  sin  and 
shame,"  and  brought  up  "in  the  gude 
grene  wode."  One  day  he  sent  Willie  to 
the  baron's  hall,  requesting  his  mother 
to  come  withoiit  delay  to  Greenwood,  aad 
by  way  of  token  sent  with  iiira  a  "gay 
mantel"  made  by  herself.  Willie  went 
into  the  dinner-hall,  and  blurted  out  his 
message  Vjefore  all  who  were  present, 
adding,  "and  there  is  the  silken  sarke, 
your  ain  hand  sewd  the  sleive."  Lord 
Barnard  thinking  the  child  to  be  a  para- 
mour of  his  wife,  forbade  her  to  leave 
the  hall,  and  riding  himself  to  Greenwood 
slew  Morrice  with  a  broadsword,  and 
setting  his  head  on  a  spear  gave  it  to 
"the  meanest  man  in  a'  his  train"  to 
carry  to  the  lady.  When  the  baron  re- 
turned lady  Barnard  said  to  him,  *•  Wi' 
that  same  spear,  0  pierce  raj'  heart,  and 
put  me  out  o'  pain  ;''  but  the  baron  re- 
plied, "Enouch  of  blood  by  me's  bin 
spilt,  sair,  sair  I  rew  the  deid,"  adding — 
I'll  ay  Ument  for  GU  Moiice 

.\8  (ill'  lie  were  miue  iim  ; 
I'll  ncir  forti't  tice  dreiry  day 
Un  which  the  zou(b  wa't  slain. 
■  Readies  ■■/  Ancient  Engiith  Puetri/,"  »er.  Ui.  I. 

Dr.  Percy  says  this  pathetic  tale  sug- 
j?ested  to  Homo  the  plot  of  "  Douglas  " 
(a  trag-'^y). 

Morris  (.1/r.).  Frank  Osbaidi.stone'a 
timid     folidw -traveller,    who    oarricd     a 


portmanteau.  Osbaldistone  says  of  him 
— "Of  all  the  propensities  which  teach 
mankind  to  torment  themselves,  that  of 
causeless  fear  is  the  most  irritating,  busy, 
painful,  and  pitiable."— 5iV  Walter  Scott, 
"  Hob  Royr 

Morris  Danca,  brought  to  Engiana 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  when  John 
of  Gaunt  returned  from  Spain.  In  the 
dance,  bells  were  jingled,  and  staves  or 
swords  clashed.  It  was  a  military  dance 
of  the  Jloors  or  Moriscoes,  in  which  live 
men  and  a  boy  engaged  ;  the  boy  wore  a 
morione  or  hoad-piece,  and  was  called 
Mad  Morion,  The  Maid  Marian  is  a 
corruption  of  Mad  Morion. 

Morse  Alphabet.  An  alphabet 
used  in  telegraphic  messages,  invented 
by  Professor  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  right-hand  deflection  of 
the  electric  needle  corresponds  to  a  dash, 
and  the  left-hand  to  a  dot,  and  by  means 
of  dashes  and  dots  every  word  may  be 
spelt  at  length.  Military  signalling  is  "per- 
formed in  England  by  short  and  long 
Hashes  of  a  flag  or  some  other  instrument ; 
the  short  flash  corresponds  with  the  dot, 
and  the  long  with  the  dash.  The  follow- 
ing ten  varieties  will  show  how  these  two 
symbols  are  capable  of  endless  combina- 
tions, •  |  ••!•••  I  ••••! I-I  —  I 

-•I  ■•-!-••  I  &c. 

Mortal.  /  sa^o  a  mortal  lot  of  '/xoplt 
—i.e.,  a  vast  number.  Mortal  is  the 
French  h,  mort,  as  in  the  sentence,  "  II  y 
avait  du  monde  a  mort."  Lcgonidec 
says,  "  Ce  mot  (mort)  ne  s'emploie 
jamais  au  propre,  mais  seuleinent  au 
tigurS,  avecla  signification  de  multitude, 
grand  nombre,  foule." 

Mortar  Board.  A  college  cap.  A 
corruption  of  the  French  morlier,  the  ca{i 
worn  by  the  ancient  kings  of  France,  and 
still  used  ofScially  by  the  chief  justice  or 
president  of  the  court  of  justice.  Asa 
college  cap  has  a  square  board  on  the 
top,  the  mortier-board  was  soon  trane- 
formed  into  moi-tdr-board. 

Morte  d'Arthvir,  compiled  by  Sir 
Thomas  Malony,  from  French  originals ; 
edited  by  Southey,  the  poet  laureate. 
The  compilation  contains  — 

The  Prophecies  of  Merlin. 

The  Qhhsi  of  the  St.  Graal. 

The  Uomnnoe  of  Sir  LauBoelot  -.ri  th« 
Lake. 


606 


MORTHER 


MOTHER  BUNCH. 


Tljo  History  of  Sir  Tristam ;  &c.  &c. 
Tennyson    has   a  "  Morte  d'Arthur " 
imoii;!;  his  poems. 

Morther.  Well,  Mor,  where  have  r/ou 
been  (his  long  while  ?  (Norfolk).  I'sji, 
Morther,  come  hilher  I  (Norfolk).  Mor  or 
>[orUier  means  a  lass,  a  wench.  Itistlie 
Dutch  moer  (a  woman).  In  Norfolk  they 
call  a  lad  a  hor,  from  the  Dutch  hoer  (a 
farmer),  English  hoo^-.  "  Well,  bor  !"  and 
"  Well,  mor  !"  are  to  be  heard  daily  ir 
every  part  of  the  county. 

When  onoe  a  gigaling  inorther  you, 
Aud  I  a  red-faced,  clmbby  boy, 

81y  tricks  you  piayed  me  not  a  few, 
For  mischief  whs  yur  greatest  joy. 

Hloomfielit,  "  Richard  and  Kail:" 

Mor'timer.  So  called  from  an  an- 
cestor in  crusading  times,  noted  for  his 
exploits  on  the  shores  of  the  Dead  Sep 
(de  Mortuo  Mari). 

Mortstone.  He  may  remove  Mori- 
ttone.  A  Devonshire  proverb,  said  in- 
credulously of  husbands  who  pretend  to 
be  masters  of  their  wive.s.  Mort-bay  is 
stopyied  up  with  a  huge  rock  called 
Mortstone.  It  also  means  "If  you  bavo 
done  what  you  say,  you  can  accomplish 
anything." 

Morven.  Fingal's  realm  ;  probably 
Argyllsliire  aud  its  neighbourhood. 

Mo'sa-saur.  The  lizard  of  the  Mosa 
or  Mouse  ;  an  extinct  gigantic  saurian 
tirst  discovered  in  the  chalk  on  the  banks 
of  the  Meuse. 

Mosa'ic  Work  is  not  connected 
with  the  proper  name  Moses,  but  is  the 
Latin  opus  mtos^tim.  or  musivum,  through 
the  French  mosa'ique,  Italian  mosaico. 
Pliny  says  it  was  so  called  because  these 
lesselated  floors  were  first  used  in  the 
ifrottoes  consecrated  to  the  Muses  (xxxv. 
21,  s.  42).  The  most  famous  workman 
in  mosaic  work  was  Sosus  of  Per'gamos, 
who  wrought  the  rich  pavement  in  the 
common-hall,  called  Asaroton  oecon. — 
Pliny,  "  Satural  History,"  xxxvi.  25. 

Moscow.  So  called  from  the  river 
Moscowa,  on  which  it  is  built. 

The  Monarch  of  Moscow.  A  large  bell 
weighing  193  tons,  21  feet,  high,  and  21 
feet  in  diameter. 

Mosen  (Spanish).  A  coiTuption  of 
Mio  Seiior,  corresponding  to  the  Castilian 
Don. 


Moses  Primrose.  Son  of  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Primrose,  wry  green,  and  with  a 
good  opinion  of  himself.  He  is  chiefly 
known  for  his  wonderful  l)argain  with  a 
Jew  at  the  neighbouring  fair,  when  he 
gave  a  good  horse  in  exchange  for  a  gross 
of  worthless  green  spectacles,  witli  cfijijicr 
rims  and  shagreen  cases. — Goldsmith, 
"  Vicar  of  Wakefield." 

Moses'  Rod.  So  the  divining  rod 
was  usually  called.  'I'hc  divining  rod  was 
emploj-ed  to  discover  water  or  miueral 
treasure.  In  "Blackwood's  Magazine" 
(May.  1850)  we  arc  told  that  nobody  sinksa 
wolfiu  North  Somersetshire  without  con- 
sulting the  jow.u'.r  (as  the  rod-diviner  is 
called).  The  abbd  Richard  is  stated  in  the 
"  Monde  "  to  be  an  extremely  expert  di- 
viner of  water,  and  iimongst  others  dis- 
covered the  "  Christmas  Fountain  "  on  M. 
de  Metternich'a  estate,  in  1  «';.'•.  In  the 
"  Quarterly  Review  "  (No.  44)  we  have  an 
account  of  lady  Noel's  divining  skill.  (See 
"  World  of  Wonders,"  pt.  ix.,  p.  28-3.) 

Moslem  or  Moslemin.  Piural  of 
Mussulman,  sometimes  written  Mussul- 
mans. The  word  is  Turkish,  and  means 
true  believer. 

Mosse.  Napping,  as  Mosse  took  hu 
mare.  Wilbraham  says  Mosse  took  hia 
mare  napping,  because  he  could  not 
catch  her  when  awake. 

Mosstrooper.  A  robber,  r.  bandit. 
The  marauders  who  infested  the  borders 
of  England  and  Scotland  were  so  called 
because  they  encamped  on  the  7nosses. 

Moth.  Page  to  Don  Adrian©  de 
Arma'do,  all  jest  and  playfulness,  cunning 
and  versatile. — Shalcespea,re,  "  Love's  La- 
boiir's  Lost. " 

Mother.  Mother  and  head  of  all 
Churches.  So  is  St.  Jonn  Lateran  of 
Rome  called.  It  occupies  the  site  of  the 
splendid  palace  of  Piantius  Latera'nus, 
which  escheated  to  the  crown  from  trea- 
son, and  was  given  to  the  Church  by  the 
emperor  Constantino.  Fnm  the  balcony 
of  this  church  the  pope  blesses  the  people 
of  the  whole  world. 

Mother  Ann.  -Ann  Lee,  the 
"  spiritual  mother"  of  the  Shakers. 
(1735-1784.) 

Mother  Bunch.  (1)  Mother  B  inch 
wliose  tairy  tides  are   notorious.     1  hc6€ 


MOTHKR  CAREY'S  CHICKENS. 


MOTU  PROPRIO. 


55»7 


tales  are  in  "  Pasqiiil's  Jests,"  with  tlie 
Merriments  of  Mother  Bunch.     (1G53.) 

(2)  The  other  Mother  Bunch  is  called 
"Mother  Bunch's  Closet  Newly  Broke 
Open,"  containinfj  rare  secrets  of  art 
and  nature,  tried  and  experienced  by 
leai'nod  philosophers,  and  recommended 
to  all  ingenious  young  men  and  maids, 
teaching  them  how  to  get  good  wives 
and  husbands.     (1760.) 

Mother  Carey's  Chickens. 

Stormy  petrels.  Mother  Carey  is  Maler 
Cava.  The  French  call  these  birds 
oiseaux  de  Notre  Dame,  or  aves  Sanclce 
Mai-ice.  Chickens  are  the  young  of  any 
fowl,  or  any  small  bird. 

Mother  Carey  s  Goose.  The  great  Black 
Petrel  or  gigantic  Fulmar  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Mother  Carey  is  plucking  her  goose. 
It  is  snowing.    (-See  Hdlda.) 

Mother-Country.  One's  native 
country,  but  the  term  applies  specially  to 
England,  in  relation  to  America  and  the 
colonies.  The  inhabitants  of  North 
America,  Australia,  &c.,  are  for  the 
most  part  descendants  of  English  parents, 
and  therefore  England  may  be  termed 
the  mother-country.  The  Germans  call 
their  native  country  Fallw-laud. 

Mother  Douglas.  A  noted  pro- 
curess, introduced  in  "The  Minor,"  by 
Foote.  She  also  figures  in  Hogarth's 
•'March  to  Finchlcy."  Mother  Douglas 
resided  at  the  north-east  corner  of  Covcnt 
Garden  ;  her  house  was  superbly  fur- 
nished and  decorated.  She  grew  very 
fat,  and  with  pious  up-turned  eyes  used 
to  pray  for  the  safe  return  of  her  "babes" 
from  battle.     She  died  17dl. 

Mother  Goose.  A  name  associated 
with  nursery  rhymes.  She  was  born  in 
Boston,  and  her  eldest  daughter  Eliza- 
beth married  Thomas  Fleet,  the  printer. 
Mrs.  Goose  used  to  sing  the  rhymes  to 
her  grandson,  and  Thomas  Fleet  printed 
the  first  edition  in  1719. 

Mother  Hubbard.  The  old  lady 
whoso  whole  time  seems  to  have  been 
devoted  to  her  dog,  who  always  kept  her 
on  the  trot,  and  always  ni:ido  game  of 
her.  Her  temj)er  was  proof  against  this 
wilfulness  on  the  part  of  her  dog,  and 
her  politeness  never  forsook  her,  for  when 
she  saw  blaster  Doggie  dressed  in  his  ; 
line  clothes —  I 


The  dsme  maif  n  curt«ey,  the  aw  ma'le  >  how ; 
The  dame   ^aid   "  Your   servaut,"   the   dog   said 
"  Bow-wow." 

Mother  Shipton  lived  in  the  reign 
of  Heni-y  VIII.,  and  was  famous  for  her 
prophecies  in  which  she  foretohl  the 
death  of  Wolsey,  lord  Percy,  &c.,  and 
many  wonderful  events  of  the  future 
times.  All  her  "prophecies"  are  still 
extant. 

Mother-VPit.  Native  wit ;  a  ready 
reply  ;  the  wit  which  "  our  mother  gave 
us."  In  ancient  authors,  the  term  is  used 
to  express  a  ready  reply,  courteous  but 
not  profound.  Thus,  when  Louis  XIV. 
expressed  some  anxiety  lest  Polignac 
should  be  inconvenienced  by  a  shower  of 
falling  rain,  the  mother-wit  of  the  car- 
dinal replied  "  It  is  nothing,  I  assure 
your  Majesty ;  the  rain  of  Marly  never 
makes  us  wet." 

Mother  of  Believers.  Ay-6-shah, 
the  second  and  favourite  wife  of  Maho- 
met ;  so  called  because  Mahomet  being 
the  "  Father  of  Believers,"  his  wife  of 
wives  was  Mother  of  Believers. 

Mother  of  Books.  Alexandria  was 
80  called  from  its  library,  which  was  the 
largest  ever  collected  before  the  inven- 
tion of  printing. 

Mother  of  Cities  (Am^-al-BulnCC). 
Balkh  is  so  called. 

Mother  of  Pearl.  The  shells  of  a 
bivalve  mollusc,  which  also  produces  the 
precious  pearls. 

Mother  of  the  Gracchi.  A  hard, 
stroujj-minded,  rigid  woman,  without  one 
soft  point  or  effeminate  weakness.  Al- 
ways in  the  right,  and  maintaining  her 
right  with  the  fortitude  of  eT  martyr. 

Mothering  Sunday  is  Mid-Lent,  a 
great  holiday,  when  the  Pope  blesses  the 
golden  rose,  and  children  go  home  te 
their  mothers  to  feast  on  "  mothering- 
cakes."  It  is  said  that  the  day  received 
its  appellation  from  the  ancient  custom 
of  visiting  their  "mother-church,"  and 
making  offerings  on  the  altar  on  that 
day. 

Motley.    Men  of  Motley.    Licensed 
fools  ;  so  called  because  of  their  dress. 
Mot'ey  is  the  only  wear. 

^laiUcgp'U'rt,  "At  You  Likt  It,"  ii.  7, 

Motu  Pro'prio.  .\  law  brought  in 
by  Con-sal'vi,  to  abolish  minopolieF  in 
the  Papal  states  (17.'i7). 


598 


MOUCHARD, 


MOURNING. 


Mouchard  {French).  A  spy,  "qui 
fait  commo  les  tnouches,  qui  voiont  si 
bien  sans  on  avoir  I'air."  At  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  those  pctits- 
maltrcs  who  frequented  the  Tuileries  to 
see  and  be  seen  were  called  moucbards 
(flj--men). —  "Diclionnaire  Ettjniologique 
de  Menage" 

Mound.  The  larg-est  artificial  mound 
in  Europe  is  Siibury  Hill,  near  Avebury 
(Wiltshire).  It  covers  5  acres  34  perches, 
measures  at  the  base  2,027  feet;  its  dia- 
meter at  top  is  120  feet ,  its  slope  is  316 
feet ;  perpendicular  height,  107  feet ; 
and  it  is  altogether  the  most  stupendous 
monument  of  human  labour  in  the 
world. 

Alyattes,  in  Asia  Minor,  described  by 
Herodotus,  is  somewhat  larger  than 
Siibury  Hill. 

Mount  Zion.  The  Celestial  City  or 
heaven. —  Buni/an,  ^'Pilgrim's  Progress." 

I  am  come  from  the  City  of  Destruction,  and  am 
gcjug  to  Mouiit  Zion.    (Part  i.) 

Mountain  {The)  or  Montag/iards. 
The  extreme  democratical  party  in  the 
first  French  Revolution ;  so  called  because 
they  seated  tliemselves  on  the  hig'hest 
benches  of  the  hall  in  which  the  National 
Convention  met.  Their  leaders  were 
Danton  and  Robespierre,  but  under  them 
were  Marat,  Couthon,  Thuriot,  St.  Andre, 
I-.egeudre,  Camille-Desmouliiis,  Carnot, 
Bt.  Just,  and  CoUot  d'Herbois,  the  men 
who  introduced  the  "Reign  of  Terror." 
Extreme  radicals  are  still  called  in  France 
the  "  mountain  party"  or  "  montag- 
nards." 

Old  Man  of  the  Mountain.  Imaum 
Hassan  ben  Sabbah  el  Homairi.  The 
sheik  Al  Jebal  was  so  called,  because  his 
residence  was  in  the  mountain  fastnesses 
of  Syria.  He  was  the  prince  of  a  Ma- 
hometan sect  called  Assassins  {q.v),  and 
founder  of  a  dynasty  in  Syria,  put  an  end 
to  by  the  Monpuls  in  the  twelfth  century. 
In  Eymer's  "  Fcedera"  (vol.  i.)  two 
letters  of  this  sheik  are  inserted.  It  is 
not  the  province  of  this  "  Book  of 
Fables"  to  dispute  their  genuineness. 

Ifilii  mountain  will  not  come  to  Maho- 
met, Mahomet  must  go  to  the  mountain.  If 
what  I  seek  will  not  come  to  me  without  i 
my  stir,  I  must  exert  myself  to  obtain  it ; 
if  we  cannot  <io  as  vfe  wish,  we  must  do 
ns  we  can.  When  Mahomet  first  an- 
nounced his  system,  ti:8  Arabs  demanded 
"lupernatnral  proofs  nf   his  commission. 


"Moses  and  Jesus,"  said  they,  "wrought 
miracles  in  testimony  of  their  divine 
authority ;  and  if  thou  art  indeed  the 
proi"ihet  of  God,  do  so  likewise."  To  this 
Mahomet  replied,  "  It  would  be  tempting 
God  to  do  so,  and  bring'  dovra  his  anfrer, 
as  in  the  case  of  Pharaoh."  Not  pati.stied 
with  this  answer,  he  commanded  mount 
Safa  to  come  to  him.  and  when  it  stirred 
not  at  his  bidding,  exclaimed  "  God  is 
merciful.  Had  it  obeyed  my  words  it 
would  have  f.allen  on  us  to  our  destruc- 
tion. I  will  therefore  go  to  the  mo\in- 
tain,  and  tha-nk  God  that  he  has  had 
mercy  on  a  stiff-necked  generation." 

The  mountain  in  labour.  A  mighty  ef- 
fort made  for  a  small  effect.  The  allusion 
is  to  the  celebrated  line  of  Horace,  "  Par- 
turiunt  montes,  nasce'tur  ridiculus  mus," 
which  Creech  translates,  "The  travail- 
ing mountain  yields  a  silly  mouse  ;"  and 
Boileau,  "  La  montagno  on  travail  en- 
fante  une  souris." 

Mountain-dew.    Whisky. 

Mountain    of     Terrors.       Tha 

Schreckhorn,  in  the  Bernese  .A.lps. 

Mourning. 

Black.  To  expiess  the  privation  of 
light  and  joy,  the  midnight  s-loom  of 
sorrow  for  the  loss  sustained.  The  colour 
of  mourning  in  Europe.  It  wa"^  also  the 
colour  of  mourning  in  ancient  Greece 
and  in  the  Roman  empire. 

Black  and  white  striped.  To  express 
sorrow  and  hope.  The  mourning  of  the 
South-Sea  [slanders. 

Greifiih  broivn.  The  colour  of  the 
earth,  to  which  the  dead  return.  The 
colovir  of  mourning  in  Ethiopia. 

Pale  brown.  The  colour  of  withered 
leaves.     The  mourning  of  Persia, 

Sky-hlue.  To  express  the  as.sured  hope 
that  the  deceased  is  gone  to  heaven.  The 
colour  of  mourning  in  Syriii,  Cappadocia, 
and  Armeiiia. 

Deep  blue,  iu  Bokha'ra,  is  the  colour  of 
mourning  (H.auway).  The  Romans  in 
the  Repuiilic  wore  dark  blue  for  mourn- 
ing. 

A  s  a  prince,  m  a  long  robe,  restricted  to 
kings  a'ld  princes  of  the  blood. 

Pxirple  and  riolet.  To  express  royalty, 
"  kings  and  priests  to  God"  The  colour 
of  mourning  for  cardinals  and  the  kings 
of  France.  The  colour  of  mourning  in 
Turkey  is  violet 

Whit)'.       Emblem    of     "  white-handed 


JfOURNiVAL. 


MUCH   ADO  ABOUT  NOTHING.  695= 


hope."  Tbo  colour  of  mourning  in  China. 
Henry  VIII.  wore  while  for  Anne  Boleyn, 
The  ladies  of  ancient  Kome  and  Sparta 
wore  white  for  mourning.  It  was  the  j 
colour  of  mourning  in  Kpain  till  1-198.  | 
In  England  it  is  still  customary,  in  several 
of  the  provinces,  to  wear  white  silk  hat- 
bands for  the  unmarried. 

Yellow.  The  scar  and  yellow  leaf.  The 
colour  of  mourning  in  Egypt  and  in  Bur- 
mah,  where  also  it  is  the  colour  of  the 
monastic  order.  In  Brittany,  widows' 
caps  among  the  paysmiiies  are  yellow. 
Anne  Bolejii  wore  yellow  mourning  for 
Catharine  of  Aragon.  Some  say  yellow 
is  in  token  of  exaltation. 

Mournival.  Four  cards  all  alike, 
as  four  aces,  four  kings,  &c.,  in  a  game 
of  cards  called  Oleek.  Gleek  is  three 
cards  alike. 

A  moumival  of  ao«s,  gleek  of  kiiftves. 
Just  niLe  a-i>iece. 

"  A'lrumrizar"  aci  iii.,  ?  5. 

Poole  in  his  "  English  Parnassus  "  called 
the  four  elements  Natures  first  mournival. 

Mouse  Tower,  on  the  Rhine,  said 
to  be  .so  called  because  bishop  Hatto 
iq.v.')  was  there  devoured  by  n)ice.  The 
tower,  however,  was  built  by  bishop  Sieg- 
fried, 200  years  after  the  death  of  bishop 
Hatto,  as  a  tollhou.?o  for  collecting  the 
duties  upon  all  goods  which  passed  Viy. 
The  word  mcuts  or  maulh  means  "  toll," 
and  the  toll  collected  on  com  being  very 
unpopular,  gave  rise  to  the  tradition  re- 
ferred to,  and  the  catastroplie  was  fixed 
on  bishop  Hatto,  a  noted  statesman  and 
councillor  of  Otho  the  Great,  proverbial 
for  his  cunning  perfidy.     (See  Hatto.) 

Moussa.     Moees. 

Moussali.  A  Persian  musician. 
Haronn  al  Raschid  was  going  to  divorce 
his  late  favourite  Maridah  or  Marinda, 
but  the  poet  Moussali  saug  some  verses 
to  him  which  so  touched  his  heart,  that 
lie  went  in  search  of  the  lady  and  made 
peace  with  her.— D'Uerbelol. 

Mouth.  God  of  the  dead  ;  the  Hades 
or  Pluto  of  classic  story. — Si/rian  my- 
Ihology. 

Moutons.  Revenons  d  7ios  moutons. 
Return  we  to  our  subject.  The  phrase  is 
taken  from  an  old  French  play,  called 
"  L'Avocat,"  by  Patelin,  in  which  a 
woollen-draper  charges  a  shepherd  with 
stealing  sheep.  In  toiling  his  grievanca 
Ije  kept  for  ever  ruimiui;  away  from   bin 


subject;  and  to  throw  discredit  on  tht 
defendant's  attorney,  accused  him  ot 
stealing  a  piece  of  cloth.  The  j'idge  had 
to  pull  him  up  erery  moment  with  "Mais, 
mon  ami,  reveuons  k  nos  moutons  "  (what 
about  the  sheep,  tell  me  about  the  sheep, 
now  return  to  the  story  of  the  sheep). 

Moving  the  World.  Give  me  tckere 
to  stand,  and  I  will  move  the  world.  So 
said  Archime'desof  Syracuse;  and  the  in- 
strument he  would  have  used  was  the  lever. 

Mowls.  The  bridegroom  of  snow, 
who  (according  to  American-Indian  tra- 
dition) wooed  and  won  a  beautiful  bride  ; 
but  when  morning  dawned,  Mowis  left 
the  wigwam,  and  juolted  into  the  sun- 
shine. The  bride  hunted  for  him  night 
and  day  in  the  forests,  but  never  saw 
him  more. 

Mozaide  (2  syl.)  or  Momaida.  The 
"  Moor,"  settled  in  Calicut,  who  be- 
friended Va.sco  da  Gama  when  he  first 
landed  on  the  Indian  Cuntinont. 

The  Moor  attends,  Moz-iili",  whoce  ze  iloug  rara 
To  Qama'a  eyes  revealed  each  treaclu-roiiR  snare. 
C(U/Ui«»«,  '■  Liicind. '  l.k.    x 

Much..  The  miller's  eon,  in  Kobic 
Hood  dances,  whose  great  feat  was  to  bang 
with  a  bladder  of  peas  the  heads  of  the 
gaping  spectators.     Represents  the  Fool. 

Much  Ado  about  Nothing.    The 

plot  is  Irom  a  novel  of  Belleforcst,  copied 
from  one  by  Bandello  (18th  Vol.  vi.). 
There  is  a  story  resembling  it  in  Ariosto's 
"  Orlando  Furioso,"  book  v.  ;  another  in 
the  "Geneura"  of  Q.  Tuvberville  ;  anu 
Bpensor  has  a  similar  one  in  the  "  Fafery 
Queen,"  book  ii.,  canto  4. 

^fuch  Ado  about  Nothini/.  After  a  wa/ 
in  Messina,  Claudio,  Benedick,  and  some 
other  soldiers  went  to  visit  Lcnnato  the 
governor,  when  the  former  fell  in  love 
with  Hero  the  governor's  daughter  ;  but 
Benedick  and  Beatrice,  being  great  rattle- 
pates,  fell  to  jesting,  and  each  positivclj 
disliked  the  other.  By  a  slight  artiiice 
their  hatred  was  coaveited  into  love,  and 
Beatrice  was  betrothed  to  the  Paduan 
lord.  In  regard  to  Hero,  the  day  of  her 
nuptials  was  fixed ;  but  don  John,  wha 
hated  Claudio  and  Leonato,  induced  Mar- 
garet, the  lady's  maid,  to  dress  up  like  her 
mistress,  and  to  talk  familiarly  with  one 
Borachio,  a  servant  of  don  John's;  an.-l 
while  this  chit-chat  was  going  on,  the  don 
led  Claudio  and  Leonato  to  overhear  it. 
FJach  thought  it  to  b«  Hero   and  wher 


800 


MUUIANA  CAUTIO. 


MULLA. 


she  appfarod  as  a  brido  next  morning  at 
church,  they  both  denounced  her  as  a  hj^ht 
woman.  The  friar,  being  persuaded  that 
there  was  some  mistake,  induced  Hero 
to  retire,  and  gave  cut  that  she  was  dead. 
Leonato  now  challenged  Claudio  for 
being  the  cause  of  Hero's  death,  and 
Benedick,  urged  on  by  Beatrice,  did  the 
game.  At  this  crisis  Boracliio  was  ar- 
rested, and  confessed  the  trick  ;  don  John 
fled,  the  mystery  was  duly  cleared  up, 
and  the  two  lords  married  the  two  ladies. 

Mucia'na  Cau'tio.  A  law-quirk, 
30  called  from  Mu'cius  ScBe'vola,a  Roman 
pontifex,  and  the  most  learned  of  jurists. 

Mucldebaekit.      Elspeth  Muchh-  \ 

backit,  mother  of  Saunders.   _  _  ! 

Little    Jenny    MucHehackit,     child    of 

Saunders.  ! 

Maggie  MucTclebacUt,  wife  of  Saunders. 

Saunders  Mucklebaclcit,  the  old  fisher-  | 

man  at  Musslecrag.  i 

Sieenie    MncUebackit,    eldest    son    of 

Saunders  (drowntd). — &ir    Walter  Scott,  \ 

"  The  Antiquary. "  j 

MucTslewrath..  Hahakhuh  Muckle-  j 
un-Atk.  A  fanatic  preacher. — Sir  Walter  > 
Scott,  "  Old  Mm-tality" 

John   MucUeimxUh.      Smith  at  Cairn-   , 
vreckan  village.    Dame  Mucklewratb,  his  ! 
wife,   is  a  perfect  virago. — Sir    Walter 
Scott,  "Waver ley." 

Mudar'ra.  Son  of  a  Moorish  princess 
and  Gonc^'alo  Bustos  de  Salas  de  Lara, 
who  mm-dered  his  uncle  Rodri'go  while 
hunting,  to  avenge  the  death  of  his  seven 
half-brothers.  {See  Lara— TAg  Seven 
Infants  of.) 

Muf2.ns  and  Crumpets.  Muffins 
is  pain-movJflet.  Du  Cange  describes  the 
-panis  moJleUts  as  bread  of  a  more  delicate 
nature  than  ordinary,  for  the  use  of  pre- 
bends, &c.,  and  says  it  was  made  fresh 
every  day.  Crumpets  is  crumple-eites, 
cakes  with  little  crumples. 

Mufti.  We  went  in  mufti — out  of 
uniform,  incog. 

The  French  say  en  pekin,  and  French 
soldiers  call  civilians  pekins.  An  officer 
who  had  kept  Talleyrand  waiting,  said 
he  had  been  detained  by  some  p€kins. 
'*What  are  they?"  asked  Talleyrand. 
"  Oh,"  said  the  officer,  "  we  call  every- 
body who  is  not  military  a  pckin."  "  And 
we,"  said  Talleyrand,   "  call  everybody 


military  that  is  not  civil."    Mufti  is  ac 
Eastern  word  sigijifying  a  priest. 

Mug-house.  An  ale-house  was  eo 
called  in  the  eighteenth  century.  Some 
hundred  persons  assembled  in  a  large 
tap-room  to  drink,  sing,  and  spout.  One 
of  the  number  was  made  chairman.  Ale 
was  served  to  the  guests  in  their  own 
mugs,  and  the  place  where  the  mug  was 
to  stand  was  chalked  on  the  table. 

Muggins.  A  small  borough  magnate, 
a  village  leader.  To  mug  is  to  drink, 
and  Mr.  Muggins  is  Mr.  Drinker. 

Muggleto'nian.  A  follower  of  one 
Lodovio  Muggloton,  a  journeyman  tailor, 
who,  about  I60I,  set  up  for  a  prophet. 
He  was  sentenced  to  stand  in  the  pillory 
and  was  fined  £500. 

Muggy  means  half  stupid  with  beer 
and  tobacco-smoke.  Mug-houses  were 
ale-houses  (q.v.).  (Gaelic,  muig,  cloudi- 
n-ess  ;  Welsh,  niygu,  to  smoke  ;  British, 
mo'ifju,  to  suffocate.  Legouidec  says. 
"  Mouguz,  etouffant,  qui  rend  la  respira- 
tion difficile.") 

Mulat'to  {Spanish).  A  mule,  a  mon- 
grel ;  applied  to  the  offspring  of  a  negress 
by  a  white  man,  or  of  a  white  woman  by 
a  negro. 

Muleiber— i.«.,  Vulcan.  It  is  said 
that  he  took  the  part  of  Juno  against 
Jupiter,  and  Jupiter  hurled  him  out  of 
heaven.  He  was  three  days  in  falling, 
and  at  last  was  picked  up  half  dead  and 
with  one  leg  broken,  by  the  fishermen  of 
the  island  of  Lemnos.  {See  Milton, 
"  Paradise  Lost,"  bk.  i.) 

Mule.  Mahomet's  favourite  whita 
mule  was  Daldah.     {See  Fadda.) 

Mull.  To  make  a  mull  of  a  job  is  to 
fail  to  do  it  properly.  The  failure  of  a 
peg-top  to  spin  is  called  a  mull,  hence 
also  any  blunder  or  failure.  (Scotch, 
mull,  dust,  or  a  contractior.  of  muddle.) 
The  people  of  Madras  are  called  "  Mulls," 
because  they  ara^n  a  less  advanced  state 
of  civilisation  than  the  other  two  presi- 
dencies, in  consequence  of  v/hich  they 
are  held  by  them  in  low  estimation. 

Mulla.  Awbeg.  a  tributary  of  the 
Blackwater,  in  Ireland,  which  flowed 
close  by  Spenser's  home.  Spenser  is 
called  by  Shenstone  "  The  bard  of  ^fulla's 
silver  stream." 


MULREADY   ENVELOPE. 


MUNGO. 


601 


Mulread'y  Envelope  is  an  enve- 
lope resein>>linfr  a  balf-slieet  of  letter- 
paper,  when  folded.  The  space  left  for 
the  address  formed  the  centre  of  an 
ornamental  desi'^  by  Mulready,  the 
artist.  When  the  penny  postage  en- 
velopes were  first  introduced,  these  were 
the  stamped  envelopes  of  the  day. 

Multipliers.  Alchemists,  who  pre- 
tended to  multiply  gold  and  silver.  An 
act  was  passed  (2  Honry  IV.,  c.  iv.) 
making  the  "art  of  multiplication" 
felony.  In  the  "  Canterbury  Tales"  the 
Chanoua  Yeman  says  he  was  reduced  to 
poverty  by  alchemy,  adding  :  "Lo,  such 
advantage  is't  to  multiidy. "—Pro^^we 
tx>  "  Chanounes  Yemanes  Tale." 

Multitudes.  Dame  Juliana  Bemers 
says,  in  designating  companies  we  must 
not  use  the  names  of  multitudes  promis- 
cuously, and  examples  her  remark  thus  : 

"  Vi'e  say  a  foniTrepKfi/cii  of  people,  a  hoost  of  men, 
ft  fmishyijpyngi  of  jomen,  and  a  bevy  of  liidyes;  we 
muBtBpeik  of  aherde  of  dere,  swaunys,  crauyg,  or 
wrenys.  a  itue  of  hurous  or  byiouiyi,  a  muster  of 
peoooKes,  a  voatche  of  ayt'htyiigalea,  a  fiyghte  of 
doves,  a  do(erj/;ipe  of  chougiies,  a  pryiU  of  lyous,  a 
lUwtht  of  t.L-eres,  a  i/tii/in  '  -t  seys,  a  tkulke  of  fixes,  a 
tculle  of  frerj  s,  a  ponUficaliiye  of  prestys,  end  a  «»^«r- 
Huyta  of  nonnes."— i'oo*  of  iit.  Albans  ( l  tSO). 

She  adds,  that  a  strict  regard  to  these 
niceties  better  distinguishes  "gentylmen 
from  ungentylnien,"  than  regard  to  the 
iTiles  of  grammar,  or  oven  to  the  moral 
law. 

Mum.  A  strong  beer  m&ie  in  Bruns- 
wick ;  so  called  from  Christieui  Mummer, 
by  whom  it  was  first  brewed, 

Mvni  (a  mask),  hence  mummer. 

Mum's  Ifi^  wwd.  Keep  what  is  told  you 
ft  profound  secret.     (^See  Mumchance.) 

Seal  up  your  lips,  and  ^ive  no  words  but — mum. 
ska  icsfeare,  "2  Henry  VI.,"  i.  2. 

Mumbo  Juj/jbo.  An  African  bogie, 
hideous  and  malignant,  the  terror  of 
nogro  women.  We  use  the  term  to 
aiguify  unmeaninf;  janjan. 

Mumchance.  Silence.  Mumchance 
was  a  game  of  chance  with  dice,  in  which 
sik'ii'je  was  indispensable.  (Mum  is  con- 
nected with  mumble  ;  German,  mummc, 
a  muffle  ;  Danish,  mumle,  to  mumble.) 

And  for  "  mumcliance,"  howe'er  tlie  i thane  may  ta&, 
Vo-.i  muct  be  tnufn  for  fear  of  spollini;  alL 

'■  Matkiavtlfi  Dcgg." 

Mummy  is  the  Egyptian  word  wmw, 
wax  ;  from  the  custom  of  anointing  the 
body  with  wax  and  wrapping  it  in  sear- 
cloth       '.'ien  i5KATKM.\ 


Mump'simus.  /  am  riot  going  to 
change  my  old  mumpsimus  for  your  neic 
suwpsimm.  I  am  not  going  to  change 
Cjy  old  ways  and  habits  for  your  uev; 
fangles.  The  reference  is  to  an  old 
priest  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  who 
used  to  say  Mumpsimus,  Domine,  instead 
of  Sumpsimus;  and  when  remonstrated 
with,  replied  he  had  used  raumpsimua 
for  thirty  years,  and  was  not  going  to 
change  it  for  the  new-fangled  s-umpsimm. 

Munchau'sen  (Baron).  The  hero 
of  a  volume  of  travels,  who  meets  with 
the  most  marvellous  adventures.  The 
incidents  have  been  compiled  from 
variovis  sources,  and  the  name  is  said  to 
have  pointed  to  Hieronymus  Karl  Fried- 
rich  von  Mlinchhausen,  a  German  office? 
in  the  Russian  army,  noted  fir  his  mar- 
vellous stories  (172U-17t>/).  it  is  a 
satire  either  on  Baron  de  Tott,  or  on 
Bruce,  whose  "  Travels  in  Abyssinia" 
were  looked  upon  as  mythical  when  they 
tirst  appeared.  The  autkor  is  Rudolf 
Erich  Kaspe,  and  the  sources  from  which 
the  adventures  were  compiled  areBebel's 
*' Facetiai,"  Castiglione's  "  Cortegiano," 
Bildermann's  "  Utopia,"  and  some  of  the 
baron's  own  stories. 

Mundane  Egg.  In  the  Phoenician, 
Egyptian,  Hindu,  and  Japanese  systems 
the  Creator  is  represented  as  producing 
an  egg,  from  which  the  world  was  hatched. 
In  some  mythologies  a  bird  is  represented 
as  laying  the  mundane  egg  on  the  prim- 
ordial waters, 

Mundilfo'ri.  One  of  the  giant  race, 
who  had  a  son  and  daughter  of  such  sur- 
jiassing  beauty  that  their  father  called 
them  Maui  and  Sol  {moon  and  sun). — 
Scandinavian  mi/thohgy 

Mundun'gus.  Bad  tobacco.  Pro- 
bably a  quibble  on  the  German  mundung, 
the  mouth,  and  the  words  mun  dung, 
"  Mun"  means  rotten  ;  hence  "mun  fish, 
and  mun  meaning  "manure"  in  Corn- 
wall. 

Mu'nera.  The  daughter  of  Pollente, 
the  Saracen,  to  whom  he  gave  all  the 
spoils  he  unjustly  took  from  those  who 
fell  into  his  power.  Ta'us,  the  iron  page 
of  Sir  Ar'tegal,  chops  ofT  her  golden 
bands  and  silver  feet,  and  tosses  h» 
over  the  castle  wall  into  the  moat.— 
6'/'</w<»',  "  Fuei-y  Ouun."  bk.  v.  2. 

MungO  in  Biitish,  i«  Mioynyu,  which 
uif-aa*  "^retiily  dear."     .K  kind  uf  sbiiddv 


002 


MUNNJN 


MUSLIN. 


Munnin.     Memory;  one  of  the  two 

raTous  that  sit  perched  on  ihe,  slioulders 
of  Odiu  ;  the  other  is  Hugin  (nund).— 
Scandinavian  mylliology. 

Munkar  and  Nakeer.    Two  black 

Rogels  of  appalling  aspect,  the  inquisitors 
of  the  dead.  The  Koran  says  that  dur- 
ing the  inquisition  the  soul  is  united  to 
the  body.  If  the  scrutiny  is  satisfactory 
the  soul  is  gently  drawn  foi-th  fronj  the 
lips  of  the  deceased,  and  the  body  is  left 
to  repose  in  peace  ;  if  net,  the  body  is 
beaten  about  the  head  with  iron  clubs. 
And  tlie  soul  is  wrenched  forth  by  racking 
torments. 

MuntaTDur    (Mount  Tabor).      The 

royal    residence  of    the  soldan    whose 

daughter  manii '  Otnit,  king  of  Lom- 
bardy. 

Mu'rad.  Sou  of  Hadra'ma  and  Mar- 
sillus,  king  of  Portugal,  Castile,  Aragon, 
Leon,  and  Valence,  when  those  countries 
were  held  by  the  Moors.  He  was  called 
"  Lord  of  the  Lion,"  because  he  always 
led  about  a  lion  in  silken  fetters.  When 
he  carried  defiance  to  Charlemagne  at 
Pronsac,  the  lion  fell  in  love  with  Aude 
the  Fair;  Murad  chastised  it,  and  the 
lion  tore  him  to  pieces.— "Cro^wemi- 
iaine,"  vii. 

Murat.  The  Russian  Murat.  Michael 
Miloradowitch.    (1770-1820.) 

Muscular  Christianity.  Healthy 
or  strong-minded  religion,  which  braces 
a  man  to  fight  the  battle  of  life  bravely 
and  manfully.  The  expression  was  first 
used  by  Charles  Kingsley. 

Muse.  The  tenth  Jluse.  Marie  Lcjare 
de  Gournay,  a  French  writer.  (1566- 
1645.) 

Mlise'um.  The  most  celebrated  are 
the  British  Museum  in  London ;  the 
Louvre  at  Paris  ;  the  Vatican  at  Eome  ; 
the  Jluseum  of  Florence ;  that  of  St. 
Petersburg ;  and  those  of  Dresden, 
Vienna,  jMunich,  and  Berlin. 

A  walHng  museum.  So  Longi'nus, 
author  of  a  work  on  "The  Sublime,"  was 
called.     (A.D.  '213-273.) 

MusKkoda'sa  (jVorik-Aitiericaii  In- 
dian) .    The  grouse. 

Mushroom,  anciently  spelt  musk- 
rump,  is  Welsh  maes  (a  field),  rhuvi 
(knob).  Similai'ly  the  French  cham- 
pignon is  champ  (field),  pignon   (nut   or 


cone).    The  French  have  also  m,ouMercm 

(a  white  mushroom). 

Music.  Father  of  Music.  Qiovanuj 
Battista  I'ielro  Aloisio  da  Palestrina. 
Giovanni  Pierluigi  da  Palestrina  wa.s 
"the  prince  of  musicians."  (1529-1594.) 
Father  of  Greek  Music.  Terpander. 
{Flo.  n.c.  676.) 

The  Prince  of  Music.  Q.  Pietro  A.  da 
Palestrina.    (1529-1594.) 

Music  haih  charms,  &c.  ;  from  Con- 
greve's  "Mourning  Bride"  (i.  1). 

Music  of  the  Spheres.  Pythag'oras 
was  the  first  who  suggested  the  notion  so 
beautifully  expressed  by  Shakespeare — 

There's  not  the  Bmallest  orb  which  thou  behoWst 
But  in  his  motion  like  an  ani!el  sings. 
Still  quiring  to  the  yoang-eyed  cherubims. 

"jliicKinl  of  V&r.ici,"  f.  I. 

Plato  says  that  a  syren  sits  on  each 
planet,  who  carols  a  most  sweet  song, 
agreeing  to  the  motion  of  her  own  par- 
ticular planet,  but  harmonising  with 
the  other  seven.  Hence  Milton  speaks 
of  the  "  celestial  syrens'  harmony,  that 
sit  upon  the  nine  enfolded  spheres." — 
"Arcades." 

Slaximus  Tyrius  says  that  the  mert 
proper  motion  of  the  planet-s  must  create 
sounds,  and  as  the  planets  move  at  regu- 
lar intervals  the  sounds  must  harmonise 

Musical.  The  mit^ical  sviall-coal 
man.    Thomas  Britton.     (1654-1714.) 

Musical  ^rotation.    (See  Do.) 

Musicians.  Father  of  Musicians. 
Jubal,  "  the  father  of  all  such  as  handk- 
the  harp  and  organ  "  (Gen.  iv.  21). 

Musido'ra.    (See  Damon.) 

Mu'sits  or  Musets.  Gaps  in  a  Ledge ; 
places  through  which  a  hare  makes  his 
way  to  escape  the  hounds. 

The  many  tiinsifs  throngli  the  which  he  goes 
Are  like  a  labyrinth  to  amjuie  his  foes. 

aliukespeare,  "  i'i;<:*i  and  Adonia" 

The  passing  of  the  hare  through  these  gaps 
is  termed  musing.  The  word  is  from  the 
Italian  musare  (to  stand  gazlflg) ;  French, 
viusei-  (to  ioitei) ;  from  the  want  of  deci- 
sion of  the  hare. 

Musket  is  the  Span,  mosquete.  fiom 
viosca.  a  fly,  and,  compared  with  the  heavy 
arquebus,  it  was  "light  as  a  fly." 

Musliu.  So  called  from  Mosul,  ia 
Asia,  whero  it  was  first  asanufactured. 
(Fn-juch,  ttiortjseline.) 


WUBmJD. 


NAB. 


608 


M  osnud.  Cushioned  seats,  reserved 
ill  Persia  for  persons  of  distinction. 

Muspel.  A  region  of  fire,  whence 
Sxurtur  will  collect  tiames  to  set  fire  to 
the  univerpe, — Scnridinaviaii  mythology. 

MuspeUieiin  (3  syi.).  The  abode 
of  fire  which  at  the  beginning  of  time 
existed  in  tlie  south.  It  was  light,  warm, 
and  radiant ;  but  was  guarded  by  Surt 
with  a  flaming  sword.  Sparks  wore  col- 
lected therefrom  to  niak«  the  stars.— 
Scandinavian  mythology. 

Musulman — that  is,  Moslemin,  plural 
of  Modem.  A  Mahometan ;  so  called 
from  the  Arabic  muslim,  a  believer. 

Mutantxir.  "Omnia  mutantur" 
(Baibonius).  "  Tempera  mutantur,  nos 
at  muta'inur  in  illis"  is  not  a  quotation 
from  any  classic  author. 

ISutes  at  funerals.  This  was  a  Ro- 
man custom.  The  undertaker,  attended 
with  lictors  dressed  in  black,  marched 
with  the  corpse  ;  and  the  undertaker,  as 
master  of  the  ceremonies,  assigned  to 
each  follower  his  proper  place  in  the 
procession. 

Mutton  (French,  mouton).  A  gold 
coin  impressed  with  the  image  of  a  lamb. 

Th:  mutton- eating  king.  Charles  II. 
of  Eujrland.  The  witty  earl  of  Rochester 
«rrote  this  mock  epitaph  on  his  patron : — 

Here  lies  our  mutiou-eatins  king. 

Whose  word  do  miu  relies  on : 
He  never  I'U''  a  foolish  thin^, 

And  neTer  dul  a  wise  on*. 

Mylitta.  A  female  deity  of  the 
Babylonians,  the  personification  of  pro- 
creation. 

Mylodon  (Greek,  gnnder-toofk). 
One  of  the  Mog'ather  genus  discovered 
by  Charles  Darwin  at  Punta  Alta,  in 
Pat-ago'nia. 

Mynheer  Closh.  A  Dutchman. 
Closhor  Claus  is  an  abbro\-iation  of  Ni- 
cholas, a  common  name  in  Holland. 
Sandy,  a  contraction  of  Alexander,  is  a 
similar  nickname  for  a  Scotchman. 

Mynian  Sails.  The  ship  Argo ;  so 
called  because  its  crew  were  natives  of 
Mynia. 

Wliea  I'.is  blMck  whirlwiuds  u'er  Ihe  'coji  roli«J 
And  rent  the  Myniiii  snila. 

Cj.ii'teiK,  '■  L'ltiad,"  bk.  Tt 

Myr'midons  of  the  Law.  Bailiffs, 
Bherlll.s'  officers,  and  other  law  menials. 
Any  rough  fellow  employed  to  annoy 
■inother  is  the  employer's  myrmidon. 

The  Myrmidons  were  i  people  of  Thcs- 


saly  who  followed  Achilles  to  the  eiege 
of  Troy,  and  were  distinguished  for  their 
savage  brutality,  rude  behaviour,  and 
thirst  for  rapine. 

Myrra.  An  Ionian  slave,  the  beloved 
concubine  of  Sardanapa^us,  the  Assyrian 
king.  She  roused  him  from  his  indolence 
to  oppose  Arba'ces,  the  Mode  who  as- 
pired to  his  throne,  and  when  she  found 
that  his  cause  was  hopeless  induced  him 
to  place  himself  on  a  funeral  pile,  which 
she  fired  with  her  own  hand,  and  spring- 
ing into  tlie  flames,  perished  with  her 
beloved  lord  and  master. — Byron,  "  Sar- 
danapalu.^." 

Myrropli'ores  (4  syl. ;  the  myrrh 
bearers).  The  three  Maries  who  went  to 
see  the  sepulchre,  bearing  myrrh  and 
spices.  In  Christian  art  they  are  repre- 
sented as  carrying  vases  of  myrrh  ic 
their  hands. 

Mysteries  of  Woods  and  Rivers. 
The  art  of  hunting  and  fishing. 

My^thras  or  Mikii-'.  That  sacred 
being  enthroned  in  the  sun  whom  the 
Ghebers  worship. 

N 

N.  This  letter  re;  jresents  Q  wriggling 
eel,  and  is  called  in  Hebrew  nun  (a  fish). 

H",  in  Spanish,  has  sometimes  a  mark 
over  it,  thus  — fi.  This  mark  is  called  a 
tilde,  and  alters  the  sense  and  pronuncia- 
tion of  a  word.  Thus,  "pena"  means 
punishment^  but  "  pena,"  a  rocL 

N,  (one  whose  name  is  not  given.) 
^ee  M  or  N. 

N,  a  numeral    Greek  »'=50,  but  ,»  = 

50,000.    N  (Rom.)  =900,  but  X  =  900,000. 

N  added  to  Greek  words  ending  in  a 
short  vowel  to  lei):^hcn  it  "b}  position," 
and  "  1 "  added  to  French  words  begin- 
ning with  a  vowel,  when  they  follow  a. 
wofd  ending  with  a  vowel  (as  si  Von  for 
si  on),  is  called  N  or  L  "  ephelcys'tic" 
(taggcd-on  ;  Greek,  ep%  kdho). 

Nth,  or  .V<A  pht^  one,  iu  University 
slang,  means  to  the  utmost  clogree.  Thus 
Cut  to  tlie  Ath  means  wholly  unnoticed  by 
a  friend.  Tlie  expression  is  taken  from 
the  index  of  a  mathematical  formula, 
where  n  stands  for  any  number,  and  h+] 
one  more  than  any  number. 

Nab-  The  fairy  that  addresses  O? 
pheus  in  tlie  infernal  regions,  and  oScrs 


CO'l 


NABOB. 


NAIL. 


him  for  food  a  roasted  ant,  a  flea's  thigh, 
butterfliss'  brains,  some  sucking  mites, 
a  rainbow-tart,  and  other  delicacies  of 
like  nature,  to  be  washed  down  with  dew- 
drops,  beer  made  from  seven  barley- 
corns, and  the  supernaculum  of  eartb- 
bom  topers. — King,  "  Orpheus  and  Evr- 
rydice." 

Naljob.  Corruption  of  the  Hindu  word 
naw^b,  the  plural  of  naih.  An  adminis- 
trator of  a  province  and  commander  of 
the  Indian  army  under  the  Mogul  empire. 
Tiwse  men  acquired  great  wealth  and  lived 
in  Eastern  splendour,  so  that  they  gave 
rise  to  the  phrase,  "  Ilich  as  the  naw&b," 
corrupted  into  ^'^  Rich  as  a  luibob."  In 
England  we  apply  the  phrase  to  a  mer- 
chant who  has  attained  great  wealth  in 
the  Indies,  and  has  returned  to  live  in 
his  native  country. 

Nabonassar  or  A''ebo-adon-Assv.r 
(Nebo  prince  of  Assyria).  Founder  of 
the  Babylonian  or  Chaldtean  kingdom, 
and  first  of  the  dynasty  of  Nabonassar. 

Mra  of  Nabonassar  begins  Wednesday, 
February  26th,  747  B.C.,  the  day  of 
Nabonassar's  accession.  It  was  used  by 
Ptolemy,  and  by  the  Bal  >ylonians,  in  all 
their  astronomical  calculations. 

Nach  Guido  Reni.  In  the  style  of 
Guide.  {Nach,  German  for  "according 
to,"  "  in  the  manner  of,"  &c.) 

Nadab,  in  Dry  den's  satire  of  "Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,"  is  meant  for  lord 
Howard,  of  Esrick  or  Esuriek,  a  pro- 
fligate who  laid  claim  to  great  piety. 
Nadab  offered  incense  with  strange  fire, 
and  was  slain  by  the  Lord  (Lev.  x.  2) ; 
and  lord  Howard,  while  imprisoned  in 
the  Tower,  is  said  to  have  mixed  the  con- 
secrated wafer  with  a  compound  of  roasted 
apples  and  sugar,  called  lamb's-wool. 

Na'dir.  An  Arabic  word,  signifying 
that  point  in  the  heavens  which  is  directly 
opposite  to  the  zenith. 

From  zenith  down  to  Nadir.  From  the 
highest  point  of  elevation  to  the  lowest 
depth. 

Na'dir.  A  representation  of  the  pla- 
netary system. 

We  then  lost  (i'j9lj  n  most  tieaaiiful  table,  fshri- 
oited  of  different  metals.  .  .  .  Saturn  was  of  co:per, 
Jupiter  of  gold,  .Ha^s  of  ii-on,  thesun  of  lattea.  Mer- 
cury of  ambe-,  Veuui  of  tin,  iiiid  the  .M>.'on  of  silver. 
...  It  was  the  most  celebrated  nadir  in  all  England. 
—Ingulphiit. 

I^adir  Shall.  KouU  Khan,  a  Per- 
sian warrior.     (1687-1747.) 


Nag,  Wagging.  Constant  fa»j>lt- 
finding.  (Danish,  kna.<],  a  knot  in  wood; 
Swedish,  Icnagg  ;  Irish,  cnag ;  our  srcag, 
a  shoi-t,  rough  branch,  or  the  stumpy 
part  of  a  tree  left  in  "  clearing"  a  plot 
of  ground.)  As  those  snags  worry  and 
annoy,  so  knots  of  temper  expressed  in 
words  tease  and  irritate.  We  call  a  slight 
but  constant  pain,  like  a  tooth-ache,  r 
nagging  pain. 

Nag'a  Head  Conseuration.  On 
the  passing  of  the  first  Act  of  Uniformity 
in  queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  fourteen 
bishops  vacated  their  sees,  and  all  the 
other  sees,  except  Llandaff,  were  at  the 
time  vacant.  The  question  was  how  to 
obtain  consecration  so  as  to  preserve  the 
succession  called  "  apostolic  "  unbroken, 
as  Llandaff  refused  to  officiate  at  Parker's 
consecration.  In  this  dilemma  (the  story 
rnns)  Story,  a  deposed  bishop,  was  sent 
for,  and  officiated  at  the  Nag's  Head 
tavern  in  Cheapside,  thus  transmitting 
the  succession. 

Naga.  Deified  serpents;  the  king 
of  them  is  Sesha,  the  sacred  serpent  ot 
Vishnu.  — Hindu  mythology. 

Waggleton  (Mr.  and  Mrs.).  A  hus- 
band and  wife  always  nagging  each  other. 
The  term  arises  from  a  series  of  papers 
which  appeared  in  Punch  in  the  years 
1S6I-5,  which  represent  this  husband  and 
wife  as  eternally  jarring  about  broken 
straws  and  wilful  misunderstandings. 

Na'glfar.  The  giants'  ship,  in  which 
they  will  embark  on  "  the  last  day"  to 
give  battle  to  the  gods.  It  is  made  of 
the  nails  of  the  dead.  (Old  Norse,  nagl, 
a  human  nail,  and  Java,  to  make). — 
Scand.  mythology.     Piloted  by  Hrymer. 

Waids.  Nymphs  of  lakes,  fountains, 
rivers,  and  streams.  —  Classical  mythology. 

Wail.  To  pay  down  upon  the  nail — 
i.e.,  ready  money.  O'Keefe  says;  In 
the  centre  of  Limerick  Exchange  is  a 
pillar  with  a  circular  plate  of  copiier 
about  three  feet  in  diameter,  called  the 
;tai.7.  On  this  metal  desk  the  earnest  of 
all  stock-exchange  bargains  has  to  bc- 
paid  ("UecoUections").  A  similar  cus- 
tom prevailed  at  Bristol,  whore  were  tour 
pillars  called  nails  in  front  of  the  es- 
change  for  a  similar  purpose. 

/  have  nailed  it.  Secured  it  to  myself. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  custom  above  re 
f erred  to  ;  but  the  Jews  had  a  similar  e? 


NAIL-MONEY. 


NANCY. 


006 


pressicn,  and  derived  it  from  the  wooden 
nails  by  which  they  made  their  tents  fast 
to  the  ground.  Ezra  says  God  gave  the 
Jews '^a  nail  in  his  holy  place  .  .  .  to  give 
them  a  little  reviving  in  their  bomjage" 
(ix.  8),  meaning  a  permanent  place  in 
his  sanctuary,  a  "  dwelling  in  the  house 
of  the  Lord  for  ever." 

The  nails  with  u-/dch  our  Lord  was  fui- 
lened  to  the  cross  were,  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
objects  of  great  reverence.  Sir  John 
Maundeville  says,  "  He  had  two  in  his 
Kondes,  and  two  in  his  feet ;  and  of  on 
of  theise  the  emperour  of  Canstantynoble 
made  a  brydille  to  his  hors,  to  here  him 
in  batayllo ;  and  thorghe  vertue  thereof 
he  overcam  his  enemyes "  (c.  vii.).  \b 
are  shown  as  relies,     (.^^^e  Iron  r'KOWN.; 

Nails  driven  into  cottage  walls.  This 
was  a  Roman  practice,  under  the  notion 
that  it  kept  off  the  plague.  L.  Manlius 
was  named  dictator  (a.U.O.  390)  "to 
drive  the  nail." 

Our  cottagers   still  nail  horseshoes  to 
thresholds  to  ward  off  evil  spirits.     Mr. 
Coutts,  the  banker,  had  two  rusty  horse-   I 
shoes  fastened  on  the  highest  step  out-   I 
Bide  Holly  Lodge.  I 

Nail-money.    Six  crowns  given  to 
the  "roy  des  harooys"  for  affixing  the  i 
arms  of  a  knight  to  the  pavilion.  1 

Naileh..  An  Arab  idol  in  the  form 
of  a  v/oman  ;  it  was  brought  from  Syria, 
and  placed  in  the  El-Marweh,  near  the 
temple  of  Mecca. 

Nain  Rouge.  A  Lutin  or  goblin 
of  Normandy,  kind  to  fishermen.  There 
is  another  called  Le  petit  /lomme  roxtge. 

Naivete  (pron.  luih'-eve-ty).  Inge- 
nuous simplicity ;  the  artless  innocence 
of  one  ignorant  of  the  conventions  of 
Bociety.  The  term  is  also  applied  to 
poetry,  painting,  and  sculpture.  The 
word  is  formed  from  the  Latin  natus, 
nalura,  &c.,  meaning  nature  without  art. 

Naked  Truth.  The  fable  says  that 
Truth  and  Falsehood  went  bathing : 
Falsehood  came  first  out  of  the  water, 
and  dressed  liurself  in  Truth's  garments. 
Truth,  unwilling  to  take  those  of  False- 
hood, went  naked. 

Nakeer.    (*«  Munkar.) 

Nala,  a  legendary  king  of  India, 
whose  love  for  Uamayanti  and  subsequent 
niisfortimes  have  supplied  subjects  for 
numerous   pooins.       L)f»an    Milman    haa 


translated  into  English  the  episode  from 
the  "  Mahabharata,"  and  W.  Yates  the 
famous  Sanskrit  poem  called  "  Nalo- 
daya." 

Na'ma.  A  daughter  of  the  race  of 
man  who  was  beloved  by  the  angel 
Zaraph.  Her  one  wish  was  to  love  purely, 
intensely,  and  holLly  ;  but  she  fixed  her 
love  on  a  seraph,  a  creature,  more  than 
on  her  Creator ;  therefore,  in  punishment, 
she  was  condemned  to  abide  on  earth 
"  unchanged  in  heart  and  frame  "  so  long 
as  the  earth  endureth  ;  but  when  time  is 
no  more,  both  she  and  her  angel  lover 
will  be  admitted  into  those  courts  "where 
love  never  dies."  —Moore,  "Loves  of  tk< 
Angels,"  story  iii. 

Namby  Pamby.  Pap  for  infant 
minds.  Pope  applied  the  word  to  the 
verses  addressed  to  lord  Carteret's  chil- 
dren by  Ambrose  Phillips.  The  first 
word  is  a  bab^'-way  of  pronouncing 
Amby — i.e.,  Ambrose.  The  latter  is  a 
jingling  corruption  of  the  surname.  Mr. 
Macaulay  says  this  sort  of  verse  "  has 
been  so  called  after  the  name  of  it* 
author." 

Name. 

What's  in  a  name?  that  which  we  c«ll  a  roM. 
By  any  other  uume  would  smell  as  8\>eeU 

Shakvipaxre,  "  R.nne,)  and  JulUt,"  ii.  3. 

Names  of  tlie  Puritans. 

Praise-God  Barebones.  A  leather- 
seller  in  Fleet  Street. 

If-Jesus-Christ-had-not-di  d-for-thee- 
thou-hadst-been- damned  Barebones.  His 
son  ;  usually  called  Damned  Dr.  Bare- 
bones. 

Namou'na.  An  enchantress,  bom 
long  before  any  other  created  thing,  yet 
still  as  young  and  beautiful  as  ever.— 
Persian  mythology. 

Na'm.OUS.  The  envoy  and  familiar 
minister  of  Mahomet  in  Paradise. 

Nam.U8  or  Namo  (in  "Orlando  Fu- 
rioso").  Duke  of  Bavaria.  He  was  one 
of  Charlemagne's  twelve  peers. 

Nancy.  The  sailor's  choice  in  Dib- 
den's  exquisite  song  be'j-inning  "'Twae 
post  meridian  half-past  four."  At  half- 
past  four  he  parted  by  signal  from  hie 
Nancy  ;  at  eight  he  "bade  her  a  long 
adieu  ;  next  morn  a  storm  arose,  and 
four  sailors  were  washed  overboard, 
"  but  love  forbade  the  waves  to  snatch 
our  tar  from  Nancy  ;"  when  the  stons 


606 


NANDl. 


NARS. 


ceased  an  enemy  appeared,  but  when 
the  battle  was  hottest  our  gallant 
friend  "  put  up  a  prayer  and  thought  on 
Nancy." 

Hiss  ^Vaticy.  Mrs.  Anna  Oldfield,  a 
celebrated  actress,  buried  inWestminster 
Abbey.  She  died  in  1730,  and  her  re- 
mains lay  in  state,  attended  by  two 
noblemen.  She  was  buried  in  a  "very 
fine  Brussels  lace  head-dress,  a  holland 
shift  with  a  tucker  and  double-ruffles  of 
the  same  lace,  a  pair  of  new  kid  gloves," 
8ic. 
"  Odious  !  in  woollen  7  'twould  a  Baint  provoke  I" 
Were  the  laai  words  that  poor  Narcib.-a  spoke. 

Fofic.  "  Moral  iEssayi." 

Miss  Nancy.  An  effeminate  young 
man. 

Nancy  of  the  Vale.  A  village  maiden 
who  preferred  Strephon  to  the  gay  lord- 
lings  who  sought  her. — Shenstone. 

Ifandl.  Goddess  of  joy. — Indian 
oiythology. 

Nankeen.  So  called  fi-om  Nankin, 
in  China,  where  it  ia  largely  manufac- 
tured. 

Nanna.  Wife  of  Balder.  When  the 
bliud-god  slew  her  husband,  she  threw 
herself  upon  his  funeral  pile  and  was 
burnt  to  death. 

Nannaeus  (Latin),  Wannakos 
{^Greek).  The  king  who  predicted  Deuca'- 
hou's  Flood. 

Nannie,  to  whom  Burns  has  ad- 
dressed several  of  his  songs,  was  Hiss 
Fleming,  daughter  of  a  farmer  in  the 
parish  of  Tarbolton,  Ayrshire. 

KTantes  (1  syl.).  Edict  of  Nantes. 
The  decree  of  Henri  IV.  of  France,  pub- 
lished from  Nantes  in  159S,  securing 
freedom  of  rehgion  to  all  Protestants. 
Louis  XIV.  repealed  this  edict  in  li>S5. 

Waph'tha.  The  drug  used  by  Mede'a 
for  anointing  the  wedding  robe  of 
Glauce,  daughter  of  king  Cre'on,  whereby 
she  was  burnt  to  death  on  the  morning 
appointed  for  her  marriage  with  Jason. 

JSTa'pier's  Bones.  A  method  in- 
rented  by  baron  Napier  of  Merchiston, 
for  shortening  the  labour  of  trigone- 
metrical  calculations.  Certain  figures 
are  arranged  on  little  slips  of  paper  or 
ivory,  and  simply  by  shifting  these  slips 
the  result  r  'quired  is  obtained.  They  are 
called  bontt  because  the  baron  used  boija 
or  ivory  rods  instead  of  cardboard. 


Napoleon  III.,  nicknamed  Virhv*', 
a  "patronymic/'  lindinguel,  the  man 
shot  by  Napoleon  in  the  Boulogne  esca- 
pade ;  Bausirapa  (7-".);  Man  of  Sedan, 
after  the  battle  of  fcjodan  he  surrendered 
his  8v<ord  ;  Man  0/  December,  he  was 
made  emperor  Dec.  2,  1852 ;  Rntipole, 
he  was  a  special  constable  in  London. 

Nappy  Ale.  Strong  ale  is  so  called 
because  it  makes  one  nappy,  or  because 
it  contains  a  nap  or  frothy  head. 

Nar'aka.  The  hell  of  the  Hindus. 
It  has  twenty-eight  divisions,  in  some  of 
which  the  victims  are  mangled  by  ravens 
and  owls  ;  in  others  they  will  be  doomed 
to  swallow  cakes  boiling  hot,  or  walk 
over  burning  sands.  Each  division  has 
its  name .-  Rurava  (fearful)  is  for  liars 
and  false-witnesses;  Pvodha  (olisirnction.) 
for  those  who  plunder  a  town,  kill  a  cow, 
or  strangle  a  man;  SOikara  (sivine)  for 
drunkards  and  stealers  of  gold  ;  &c. 

Narcissa,  in  the  "Night  Thoughts," 
was  Elizabeth  Lee,  Dr.  Young's  step- 
daughter. In  Night  iii.  the  poet  says 
she  was  clandestinely  buried  at  Mont- 
pellier,  because,  boing  a  Protestant,  she 
was  "denied  the  charity  that  dogs  en- 
joy."  (For  Pope's  Narcissa  see  Nasct.) 

Narcissus  saw  his  image  in  a  foun 
tain,  and  fell  in  love  with  it.  He  vainly 
attempted  to  kiss  the  shadow,  but  not 
being  able  to  do  so  killed  himself.  His 
blood  was  changed  into  the  narcissus 
flower.  —  Chid,  "  Metaviorphoses,"  iii. 
316,  &c. 

Nardac.  The  highest  title  of  hon- 
our in  the  realm  of  Lilliput.  Gulliver 
received  this  distinction  for  carrying  off 
the  whole  fleet  of  the  Blofuscu'dians.— 
Sioift,  " Gulliver f  Travels"  {Voyage  to 
Lilliput,  v.). 

Nare(ia  (3  syl.).  Sons  of  Rrahma.— 
Hi)idu  mythology. 

Nargal.  The  guardian  of  hidden 
treasure,  to  be  appoached  by  offering? 
only. — Astrological  mythology. 

Narrowdale  Noon.  One  o'clock. 
The  top  of  Narrowdale  Hills,  in  Stafford- 
shire, is  so  high  that  the  inhabitants  un- 
der it  never  see  the  sun  for  one  quarter 
of  the  year,  and  when  it  reappears  they 
do  not  see  it  till  one  o'clock,  which  ihey  irail 
Narrowdale  Noon.   A  thing  long  deferred. 

Nars.  Divinity  of  the  ancient  Arab^ 
represented  under  the  forn?  of  an  e&gle. 


NARSES. 


NATrr  BUMFPO. 


607 


Uarses  (2  syl.).  A  Roman  general 
against  the  Goths  ;  the  terror  of  children. 
(473-568.)    {See  Bogie.) 

The  name  "f  Narseswas  the  fcrmiiiaWe  sound  with 
?fhich  tlie  AS'^yriaii  mothers  were  ac  ustomed  to 
tf rrify  their  iatanta.— f?it6on,"Z)«din6  nnd  Fall,"  dc, 
viii  iv.\. 

Narwhal.  Drinkinc:  cups  made  of 
the  bone  of  the  nai-whal  used  to  be 
greatly  valued,  from  tlio  supposition  that 
they  counteracted  the  fatal  effects  of 
poison. 

Naseby  {Northamptonshire)  is  the 
Saxon  nafehi,  the  navel.  It  is  so  called 
because  it  was  considered  the  navel  or 
centre  of  Eni.land.  Similarly  Delphi  was 
called  the  "navel  of  the  earth,"  and  in 
this  temple  was  a  white  stone  kept  bound 
with  a  red  ribbon,  to  represent  the  navel 
and  umbilical  cord. 

Nasi.  The  president  of  the  Jewish 
Sanhedrim. 

Na'so.  The  "surname "  of  Ovid, the 
Roman  poet,  author  of  "Metamor- 
phoses." Naso  means  "  nose,"  hence 
Holofernes'  pun :  "  And  why  Naso,  but 
for  smelling  out  the  odoriferous  fiowers 
of  fancy." — iikakespeare,  " Love' s Labour' s 
Lost"  iv.  2. 

Nasser.  The  Arabian  merchant 
whose  fables  are  the  dcliyLt  of  the  Arabs. 
D'llerbelot  tells  us  that  when  Mahomet 
read  to  them  the  history  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, they  cried  out  with  one  voico 
that  Nasser's  tales  were  the  best ;  upon 
which  Mahomet  gave  his  malediction  on 
Nasser,  and  all  who  read  him. 

Na'strond.  (dead-man's  reriion).  The 
worst  marsh  in  the  infernal  rejjions,  where 
serpents  pour  forth  venom  incessantly 
iroin  the  high  walls.  Here  the  murderer 
and  the  perjured  will  bo  doomed  to  live 
for  ever.  (Old  Norse,  nd,  a  dead  body ; 
Aad  strond,  a  strand.) — Scandijtaiian  mtj- 
tholonij.     {See  Likstkond.) 

Nathan'iel  {Sir),  a  grotesque  cu- 
rate in  Shakespeare's  "  Love's  Labour's 
Lost." 

Nation  of  Gentlemen.  So  George 
IV.  called  the  Scotch  when,  in  1822,  he 
risitod  that  country. 

Nation  of  Shopkeepers.  So  Na- 
poleon called  the  English  by  way  of  coa- 
compt. 

National  Anthem.  Doth  the  mu- 
sic and   worfia   were  composed  by   Dr. 


Henry  C.^-rey  in  1740.  Tn  Antwerp 
Cathedral  is  a  MS.  copy  of  it  which 
affirms  that  the  words  and  music  were  by 
Dr.  John  Bull ;  adding  that  it  was  com- 
posed on  the  occasion  of  the  discovery 
of  Gunpowder  Plot,  to  which  the  words 
"frustrate  their  knavish  tricks"  espe- 
cially allude. 

National  Convention.  The  as- 
sembly of  deputies  which  assumed  the 
government  of  France  on  the  overthrow 
of  the  throne  in  1792.  It  succeeded  tho 
National  Assembly. 

National  Debt.  Money  borrowed 
by  the  Governm.ent,  on  tho  security  of 
the  taxes,  which  are  pledged  to  the 
lenders  for  the  payment  of  interest. 

National  Debt. 

In  William  III.'s  reign,  £15,730,4.39. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  American 
war,  £128,583,635. 

At  the  close  thereof,  £249,851,628. 

At  the  close  of  the  French  war, 
^840,850,491. 

Cancelled  between  1817  and  1854, 
£85,538,790. 

Created  by  Crimean  war,  £68,623,199. 

Inl86t>,  £802  842,949. 

In  1872  it  was  £792,740.000. 

In  1875  it  was  £714,7^7,715. 

In  1879  it  was  £709,430,594. 

National  Exhibition.  So  Douglas 
Jerrold  called  an  execution  at  tho  Old 
liailey.  These  scandals  were  abolished 
in  1868. 

Nativity  (The)  means  Christmas 
Day,  the  anniversary  of  the  birth  of 
Jesus. 

The  cave  of  the  Nativity  is  under  the 
chancel  of  the  "  Church  of  the  Nativity." 
In  the  recess,  a  few  feet  above  the  ground, 
is  a  stone  slab  with  a  star  cut  in  it,  to 
mark  the  spot  where  the  Saviour  was 
bom.  Near  it  is  a  hollow  scraped  out  of 
the  rock,  said  to  be  the  place  where  the 
infant  Jesus  was  laid. 

To  cast  a  man's  nativ^  is  to  construct 
a  plan  or  map  out  of  the  position,  &c.,  of 
the  twelve  houses  which  belong  to  him. 
This  being  done,  the  astrologer  explains 
the  scheme.     (See  House.) 

Natty.  Tidy,  methodical  and  neat. 
(Italian  7ietlo,  French  net,  Welsh  nith,  &c  ) 

Natty  Bumppo,  called  "  Laather 
Stockings."  He  appears  in  five  of  Feni- 
more    Cooper's    novels ;   as    the    Deer- 


608 


NATURAL. 


NECK   AND   HRELR. 


sinyer  ;  the  Path-finder;  the  Hawk-eye 
(La  Longv*  Carabine.)  in  the  "Last  of 
the  Mohicans ;"  Natty  Bnmppo  in  the 
"  Pioneers ;'"  and  the  Trapper  in  the 
"  Prairie,"  in  which  he  dies. 

Natural  {A).  A  bom  idiot ;  one  on 
whom  edneatidrt  can  make  no  impression. 
As  nature  made  him,  so  he  remains. 

A  natxra/  cliild.  One  not  bom  in 
lawful  wedlock.  The  Romans  called 
the  children  of  concubines  7iatura'les, 
children  according  to  nattire,  not  accord- 
in-?  to  law. 

Nauglit  (not  "■  novght")  Naught  is 
Ne  (nej^ative),  anyhl  (anything),  baxon 
ndkt,  which    is    ne   dht  (not    anything:). 

A  head\e»s  iiian  had  t,  letter  fol  to  write. 
He  WHO  read  it  [utiiiyht]  hail  lust  his  sight, 
Tlie  dumb  repeated  it  (  nauM'>  i  word  for  word. 
Aud  deaf  was  the  man  who  Usteued  aud  heard  |  nauaht  \ 
—Dr.  Whfw'^U. 

Navigation.  Father  of  Navigation. 
Don  Henrique,  duke  of  Visoo,  the  great- 
est man  that  Port\igal  ever  produced. 
(1394-1460.) 

Father  of  British  Inland  Na,vi.gation. 
Francis  Eg-erton,  duke  of  Bridge  water. 
(1736-1803.) 

Kavvy.  A  contractioH  of  navigator. 
Some  half  century  ago,  navigators  were 
employed  on  the  inland  canal  and  river 
navigation,  and  the  same  class  of  men 
supplied  the  best  hands  for  the  midland 
railways.  In  the  North  a  canal  is  called 
a  "navy."     Sometimes  spelt  Navvi. 

Way-word.  Pass-word.  Slender,  in 
"  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  says — 

Wfi  have  a  nay-worfl  hoT  to  know  each  other. 
I  come  to  her  in  wbitu  and  cry  Muni,  sie  erieg 
h'di/tt,  and  by  that  we  know  one  another. —A'Aute- 

Nayres  (1  syl.).  The  aristocratic 
class  of  India.     {See  Poleas.  ) 

Nazaraeans  or  Nazarenes  (3  syl.). 
A  sect  of  Jewish  Christians,  who  believed 
Christ  to  bo  the  Messiah,  that  he  was 
born  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  aud  that  he 
possessed  a  divine  nature ;  but  they 
nevertheless  conformed  to  the  Mosaic 
rites  and  ceremonies.     (Set  below.) 

Nazare'ne  (3  syl.).  A  native  -of 
Nazareth ;  hence  our  Lord  is  so  called 
(John  xviii.  5,  7  ;  Acts  xxiv.  5). 

Nazarite  (3,syl.).  One  separated  er 
set  apart  to  the  Lord  by  a  vow.  These 
Nazarit-es  were   to  refrain  from   stroae; 


drinlfB,  and  to  suflfer  their  hair  to  grow. 
(Hebrew,  nazar,  to  separ&te.  Numb.  vl. 
1-21.) 

Ne  i>lU8  ultra  (Latin).  The  per- 
fection or  most  perfect  state  to  which  a 
thing  can  be  V)rought.  We  have  Ne- 
pfris- ultra  corkscrews,  and  a  mu)titud« 
of  other  things. 

We  Sutor,  &o.    (S«e  Cobbler.) 

Neaera.  Any  sweetheart  or  lady-love. 
She  is  n»entioned  by  Horace,  Virgil,  and 
Tibullus. 

To  sport  with  Amaryllis  in  the  ehade. 
Or  with  tlie  taoKlee  of  iNeeer  's  hair. 

Milton, "  Lveida»." 

Weapol'itan.  A  native  of  Naples  ; 
pertaining  to  Naples. 

Wearer,   my  God,   to  Thee.    By 

Sarah  Flower  Ad.ains,  musical  composer 
and  authoress,  who  died  1848. 

Neb'uchadnez'zar.  The  prophet 
Daniel  says  that  Nebuchadnezzar  walked 
in  the  palace  of  the  kingdom  of  Babylon 
and  said,  "Is  not  this  great  Babylon,  that 
I  have  built  ...  by  the  might  of  my 
power,  and  for  the  honour  of  my  ma- 
jesty?" And  "the  same  hour  , .  .  he  was 
driven  from  men,  and  did  eat  grass  as 
oxeu,  and  his  body  was  wet  with  the  dew 
of  heaven,  till  his  hairs  were  grown  like 
eagles'  feathers,  and  his  nails  like  birds' 
claws"  (iv.  29-33). 

Wee.  A  water  spright  or  lost  spirit, 
according  to  Scandinavian  mythology, 
doomed  to  live  eternally  in  a  watery 
grave. 

Wecessity.  Make  a  virtue  of  neces- 
sity.— Shakespeare,  "Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona,"  iv.  1. 

Necessity  the  tyrant's  plea. — Milton, 
"Paradi.5e  Lost,"  book  iv.,  v«rse  393. 

Week.  Oh  that  the  Roman  j)eople  had 
but  one  neck,  tliat  I  might  cut  it  off  at  a 
blow  I"  The  words  of  Calig'ula,  the  Ro- 
man emperor. 

Week  and  Crop.  Entirely.  The  crop 
is  the  gorge  of  a  bird. 

Week  and  Heels.  /  bundled  him  ovi 
neck  and.Jieels.  There  was  a  certain 
punishment  formerly  in  vogue  which 
consisted  in  bringing  the  chin  and  knees 
of  the  culprit  forcibly  together,  and  in 
this   state  thrusting  the   victim   into  a 


NECK  OK  NOTHING. 


NEHALLENIA. 


fOO 


Nock  or  Nothing.  Desperate.  A 
racing  phrase  ;  to  win  by  a  nock  or  to  be 
iK> whore — i.e.,  not  counted  at  all  because 
unworthy  notice. 

Neck-verso  (Psalm  ii.  1).  "Have 
mercy  upon  me,  0  God,  according  to  thy 
lovingkindacss  :  according  unto  the  mul- 
titude of  thy  tender  mercies  blcLout  my 
transgressions."  This  verse  was  so  called 
because  it  was  the  trial-verse  of  those 
who  claimed  benefit  of  clergy ;  and  if 
they  could  read  it  the  ordinary  of  New- 
pate  said  Li'f/ii  ut  clerlcus,  and  the  con- 
vict saved  his  neck,  being  only  burnt  in 
the  hand  and  set  at  liberty. 

Neck-weed.  A  slang  term  for 
hemp,  of  which  the  hangman's  rope 
is  made. 

Necklace.  A  necklace  of  coral  or 
white  bryony  beads  used  to  bo  worn 
ronn<l  the  necks  of  children  to  aid  their 
teelliiug.  Necklaces  of  hyoscyamus  or 
boiibane-root  have  been  recommended 
for  the  same  purpose.  In  Italy  coral 
beloques  are  worn  as  a  charm  against  the 
"evil  eyo." 

The  diamond  7ucklace  (1785).  Cardinal 
de  liohan  nursed  for  ten  years  a  silly 
liking  for  Marie  Antoinette.  The  countess 
de  Lamotte,  to  make  cai)ital  of  this  folly, 
induced  the  churchman  to  believe  that 
the  queen  reciprocated  his  passion,  and 
after  worming  from  him  several  sums 
of  money,  persuaded  him  to  buy  for 
£700,000,  as  a  present  for  the  queen,  a 
diamond  necklace  made  by  Boehmer  for 
Madame  Dubarry.  The  cardinal  swal- 
lowed the  bait,  handed  the  necklace  to 
the  countess  to  give  to  the  queen,  and 
received  a  letter  of  acknowledgment 
signed  Marie  Antoinette  de  France.  The 
countess  in  reality  sold  the  necklace  in 
England,  but  IJoohmer  not  being  paid, 
ajiplied  to  the  queen  for  his  money,  and 
as  the  queen  denied  all  knowledge  of  the 
matter,  brought  an  action  ac;ainst  her. 
'J'he  trial  lasted  nine  tuonths,  and  created 
immense  scandal. 

The  fatal  necklace.  (Jadmos  received 
on  hia  wedding-day  the  present  of  a  neck- 
lace, which  proved  fatal  to  every  one 
who  possessed  it.  Some  say  that  Vulcan, 
and  others  tliat  Euro'pa  gave  the  neck- 
lace to  Cadmos.     {See  Uaumoxia.) 

Nec'romancy   moans    prophesying 
by  calling  up  the  dead,  as  tlie  witch  of 
U 


Endor  called  up  Samuel.  (Greek,  nekros, 
the  dead  ;  manteia,  projihecy. ) 

Nec'tar.  Wine  conferring  immor- 
tality, and  drunk  by  the  gods.  The 
Koran  tells  us  "  the  righteous  shall  be 
given  to  drink  pure  wine  sealed  with 
nmsk."  The  food  of  the  gods  is  An^ 
hro'sia. 

Neddy.  A  contraction  and  diminu- 
tive of  Mine  Edward— Mine  Eddy,  My 
N'Eddy.  Tcddi/  is  the  French  tu,  toi 
form ;  and  Neddy  the  nunation  form. 

lYeddi/.  A  donkey  ;  a  variety  of  tha 
word  Noddy  ;  a  low  cart  used  in  Dublin. 
So  called  because  its  jolting  keeps  the 
riders  eternally  nodding. 

Tlje  "  Set-fiowu"  was  sucoeoile  J  by  tha  Nodd'.as 
called  from  ita  03i;illatini^  mofioa  t)ick»ards  aud 
forftards.— "A'/.i'fcAcs  0/  Ireland  '  (1S17). 

Neddi/.  A  dunce ;  a  euphemism  for 
"an  ass." 

Neddi/.  A  life-preserver ;  so  called  from 
one  Kennedy,  whose  head  was  broken  ic 
St.  Giles's  by  a  poker. 

"Need  makes  the  old  v;i/e  trot;  in  Ger- 
man, Die  noth  macht  ein  alte  weib  traben; 
in  Italian,  Bisagna  fd  trotter  la  vecchia  ; 
iu  French,  Besoin  fait  trotter  la  viellle  ; 
tha  Scotch  say.  Need  gars  naked  men  i-nn. 

Needfire.  Fire  obtained  by  friction. 
It  has  been  supposed  to  defeat  sorcery, 
and  cure  diseases  assigned  to  witchcraft. 
(Danish,  gnide,  to  rub.) 

Needham.  Voti  are  on  the  high-road 
lo  Needham— to  ruin  or  poverty.  The 
pun  is  on  the  word  need.  Needham  is  in 
Suffolk. 

Needle.  To  hit  the  needle— hit  the 
right  nail  on  the  head,  to  make  a  piorfect 
hit.  A  term  in  archery,  eaual  to  hitting 
the  bull's-eye. 

Ne'gro.  Fuller  says  a  negro  is  "  OocTt 
image  cut  in  ebony." 

Negro'ni.  A  princess,  the  friend  of 
Lucrezia  di  Bor'gia,  duchess  of  Fena'rju 
She  invited  to  a  banquet  the  nobles  who 
had  insulted  her  friend,  and  killed  them 
with  puisoned  wino. — Donizetti,  ^'■Lucrezia 
di  Borgia  "  (an  opera). 

Ne'gUS.  So  called  from  colonel 
Francis  Negus,  who  first  concocted  it 

NeliaUe'nia.      The  Flemish  doily 
who  presided  over  commerce  auJ   navi- 
l     gation. 


CIO 


NEITHEL 


NEREIDS. 


Ne'ithe  (3  Byl.).  Tbo  Miucrva  of 
Egyptian  mytholofjry. 

A'eiOi^.  The  m-esiJin;;  spirit  of  rivers 
nnd  Ukes  in  Celtic  mytliology,  Tbo 
primitive  of  tho  word  moans  to  purify 
tsilh  water, 

TTeken.  The  evil  spirit  of  the  North 
that  plays  his  melancholy  strains  in 
Swedish  waters.  —  Orimm,  "  Deutsche 
Mj/Oiolof/ie." 

K'ekslieb.   The  city  of  Ti-ansoxia'na. 

TTell's  Point,  in  Barry  Island.  Fa- 
mous for  a  well  to  which  women  resort 
on  Holy  Thursday,  and  having  washed 
their  eyes  with  tho  water  of  the  well, 
each  woman  drops  into  it  a  pin. 

ITem.  Con.  Unanimously.  A  con- 
traction of  the  Latin  neiii'ine  contra- 
dicen'ie  (no  one  opposing). 

"Neva..  Diss.  Without  a  dissentient 
voice.    (Latin,  neni'ine  dissent' iente.) 

N em'ean  Games.  One  of  tho  four 
great  national  festivals  of  Greece,  cele- 
brated at  Nem'ea,  in  Ar'golis,  every  al- 
ternate yenr,  the  first  and  third  of  each 
Olympiad.  The  victor's  reward  was  at 
first  a  crown  of  olive-leaves,  but  subse- 
quently a  garland  of  i^'y.  Pindar  hag 
eleven  odes  in  honour  of  victors  at  these 
games. 

iPTem'ean  Lion-  The  first  of  the 
labi'Uis  of  liercules  was  to  kill  tho 
Neniean  lion  (of  Ar'golis),  which  kept 
the  people  in  constant  alarm.  Its  skin  was 
so  tough  that  his  club  made  no  impression 
on  the  beast,  so  Hercules  caught  it  in  his 
arms  and  squeezed  it  to  death.  He  ever 
after  wore  the  skin  as  a  mautlo. 

Ere  Nemea's  boast  resicne  J  liis  shaggy  spinls. 

Nem'esis.  Retribution,  or  rather 
the  righteous  anger  of  God.  A  fomalo 
Greek  deity,  whose  mother  was  Night. 

l"7eol'ogy.  The  rationalistic  inter- 
pretation of  Scripture.  The  word  is 
Greek,  and  means  new-(theo)-logy. 
Tho8e  who  accept  this  system  are  called 
Neolo'i/lans. 

N s'optoi'emos  or  Piirrhos.  Son  of 
Achilles  ;  called  I'yn-koi  from  his  yellow 
hair,  and  Ncoplol'eaios  because  he  was  a 
new  soldier,  or  one  that  came  late  to  the 
si'>g«  of  Troy.  According  to  Virgil  it 
V  us  this  young  man  that  s^ew  tho  aged 
Piiam .  Oa  his  returt.  home  h«  wes  mur- 
dered by  Orestes,  at  Delphi. 


ITepen'the.  A  drug  to  as.'juago  pain 
nnd  grief ;  a  magic  potion.  Homer 
speaks  of  a  magic  potion  so  called,  which 

made  persons  forgiH  their  sorrows  and 
misfortunes. — Ohjssnj  iv.  228. 

Neper's  Bones.    {See  Nafier.) 

Weph'elo-coccyg'ia.  A  town  in 
the  clouds  built  by  tho  cuckoos.  It  was 
built  to  cut  olf  from  the  gods  the  incense 
otTered  by  man,  so  as  to  compel  them 
to  come  to  iQTmt.—Aris'.oph'anet,  "The 
Birds." 

riep'omulc.  St.  John  Nepomuk,  a 
naiive  of  Luhemia.  w;.8  the  almoner  of 
Wonccslas  IV.,  and  rcfuaed  to  reveal  to 
the  emperor  the  confession  of  the  em- 
press. After  having  heroicully  endured 
torture,  he  was  taken  from  tho  rack  and 
cast  into  the  Moldau.  Nepomuk  is  the 
French  n^,  born,  and  Pomuk,  the  vil- 
lage of  his  birth.  A  stone  imago  of  this 
saint  stands  on  the  Carl  Briicko  over  the 
Moldau,  in  I'ragne.     (1330-1383.) 

Nep'otism.  An  unjust  elevation  of 
our  own  kinsmen  to  places  of  wealth  and 
trust  at  our  disposal.  (Latin,  nepos,  a 
nephew  or  kinsman.) 

Nep'tune  (2  syl.).  The  sea.  In 
Roman  mythology,  the  divine  monarch 
of  tho  ocean.     (i*'t<  Ben.) 

Nepldiie  opposes  Apollo,  in  Homer's 
epic,  which  means  that  moisture  and 
dryness  are  always  antagonistic.— 
Jitistalhiiis. 

Neptune's  Horse.  Hippocampes ; 
it  had  but  two  legs,  the  hinder  part  of 
the  body  being  that  of  a  fish. 

Neptu'nian  or  Xtp'txuiist.  One  who 
follows  the  opinion  of  Weraer,  in  the 
belief  that  all  the  great  rocks  of  the 
earth  were  once  held  in  solution  in  water, 
and  have  been  deposited  as  sediment. 
Tho  Vulcanists  or  Pluioniam  ascribe 
them  t-o  the  agency  of  fire. 

ITe'reids  (2  syl.).  Sea-nymphs,  daugh- 
ters of  Kereus,  fifty  in  number. 

Nereids  or  Xere'ides    (4    syl.).      Sea- 
nymphs.      Camotins,  in    his   "  Lusiad,' 
gives  the  names  of  three — Doto,  Ny se,  and 
Neri'ne ;    but  he  has  spiritualised  their 
i    office,  and  makes  them  the  sea-guardiang 
I    of  the  virtuous.     They  went  before  the 
1    fleet  of  Ga'ma,  and  when  the  treaeherou!! 
i    pilot  supplied  by  Za-coc'ia,  king  of  Mo- 
1    tiim'biquo,  steerod  the  sh'p  of  Vasco  de 


NEREUS. 


NEW   STYLE. 


611 


y 


G:ima  towards  a  sunken  rock,  these  guar- 
dian nymphs  j«-essed  against  the  prow, 
lifting  it  from  the  water  and  turniu:^  it 
round.  The  pilot  looking  to  seo  the 
cause  of  this  strange  occurrence,  beheld 
the  rock  which  had  nearly  proved  the 
ruin  of  the  whole  fleet  (bk.  ii.). 

Ne'reus.  A  sea-god,  represented  aa 
a  very  oM  man,  whose  special  dominion 
was  tho  /Eg-o'an  Sea. 

lieri'ne  (3  8yl.).  Or.o  cf  the  Nereids. 
(jS'««  Nvse.) 

rTci'is'sa.  Portia's  waiting- maid  ; 
clever,  self-confident,  and  coquettish. — 
iihah.fpeart,  "Merchant  of  Venice." 

We'ro.  Emperor  of  Rome.  Some 
say  he  set  fire  to  Rome  to  sco  "  how 
Troy  would  look  when  it  was  in  flames  ;" 
others  say  he  forbade  tho  flames  to  be 
put  out,  and  went  to  a  high  tower,  where 
he  sang  verses  to  his  lute  "  Upon  tho 
Burning  of  old  Troy." 

A  Xero.  Any  bloody-minded  man, 
relentless  tyrant,  or  evil-doer  of  extra- 
ordinary savagery. 

Nero  of  Ote  Sorlh.  Christian  II.  of 
Denmark.     (1480,  1534-1653,  Im'X) 

Nesr.  An  idol  of  tho  ancient  Arabs. 
It  was  in  the  form  of  a  vulture,  and  was 
worshipped  by  tho  tribe  of  llemyer. 

Nesrem.  A  statue  some  fifty  cubits 
high,  in  the  form  of  an  old  woman.  It 
war.  hollow  within  for  tho  sake  of  giving 
^ocr6t  oracles.— ylraJjaa  mylhology. 

N"essU3.  Shirt  of  Nessm.  A  source 
of  misfortune  from  which  there  is  no  es- 
cape ;  a  fatal  present ;  anything  that 
wounds  the  susceptibilities.  Tii*.is  lle'nau 
has  "  the  Nessus-shirt  of  ridicule."  Her- 
cules ordered  Nessua  (tho  centaur)  to 
carry  bis  wife  Dejani'ra  across  a  river. 
The  centaur  ill-treatod  tho  woman,  and 
Herc^des  shot  him  with  a  poisoned  arrow. 
No-suR,  in  revenge,  gave  Dejani'ra  his 
tunic,  saying  to  wiiomsocver  sho  iravo  it 
would  love  her  e.xclusivoly.  Dejani'ra 
gpve  it  to  her  husband,  who  was  devoured 
by  poison  as  soon  as  he  put  it  on ;  but, 
after  enduring  agony,  tho  hero  threw 
himself  on  a  fvneral  pile,  and  was  cou- 
sumed.    (<Ve«  IIaumoma's  Robe.) 

VhU;  to  lay  ]im\m  th"  eoTcaocje'l  R-.iDtle  olio:;*, 

iTfacbttl  In  the  oint&ur'i  bLoc^  snriliguvit  i;  >;«. 

M'tit,-  Trtump>uoJ  tSr  U9uf  {LuetuH). 

Nestor.  King  of  Pylos,  in  Greoco; 
iLo  oldest  and  muat  exporionced  of  the 


cliieftains  who  went  to  the  «iej;(?  of  Troy. 
A  "  Nestor  "  means  the  oldest  and  wisest 
man  of  a  class  or  company. — Uomtr, 
"  Iliad." 

Xeiior  of  tlu  chmicnl  Revolution.  A 
term  apr-lied  by  Lavoisier  to  Dr.  Black, 
(1728-1799.) 

Kesior  of  E%rope.  f>eopold,  king  of 
Belgium.     (1790,  1831-18(55.) 

Nestorians.  Followers  of  Nesto'- 
rius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople  in  tho 
fifth  century.  He  maintained  that  Christ 
had  two  distinct  natures,  and  that  Mary 
was  the  mother  of  his  human  nature, 
which  was  the  mere  shell  or  hut  of  the 
divine. 

Netli'mims.  The  hewers  of  wood 
and  drawers  of  water  for  the  houso  of 
God,  an  oQico  which  the  Gibeonitos  were 
condemned  to  by  Joshua  (Josh.  ix.  27j. 
(The  word  means  given  to  God.) 

Nettle.  Camden  says  tho  Romans 
brought  over  the  seed  of  this  ])lant,  tiiat 
they  might  have  nettles  to  chafe  thei: 
limbs  with  when  they  encountered  the 
cold  of  Britain. 

Nettoyer  (French).  "  Nottoyer  uu« 
personue,  c'est  k  dire  luy  gagner  tout  son 
argent." —  OifJin,  "Curiosite:  Frayirout./." 

Our  English  phra&e,  "  I  cleaned  him 
out,"  is  precisely  tant.amount  to  it. 

Wavers.  II  conte  di  Nevers,  the  hus- 
band of  Valentina.  Being  asked  by  the 
governor  of  tho  Louvre  to  join  in  the  mas- 
sacre of  tho  I'rotcstants,  ho  replied  that 
his  family  contained  a  long  list  of  war- 
riors, but  not  one  assassin.  He  was  one 
of  the  Catholics  who  fell  in  the  dreadful 
slaughter. ~ Meyerbeer,  "  Oli  UgonoUi" 
{an  opera). 

Newr  Christians.  Certain  Jews  of 
Portugal,  who  yielded  to  compnlsicin  and 
RufFered  themselves  to  bo  baptised,  but 
in  secret  observed  the  Mosaic  ceremoniec. 
(Fifteenth  century. ) 

New  Jerusalem.  Tho  paradise  cf 
Christians,  iu  allusion  to  Rev.  xxu 

New  Man.  The  regonoratod  man. 
In  Scripture  phrase  tho  unrogeneraiod 
state  is  called  the  old  man  (q.v.). 

New  Style.  The  reformed  or  Or«»- 
gorian  ciilondar.  adopted  iu  England  io 
Septeuibtr,  1752. 


612 


NEW   TESTAMENT. 


NIBELUNO. 


New  Testament.  Tlie  oldest  MSS. 
oxtant  are:— (1)  The  Codox  Sinait'icua 
(5^)i  published  at  the  expense  of  Alex- 
ander II.  of  llussia  since  the  Crimean 
war.  This  codex  contains  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  Olil  and  Now  Testaments, 
and  was  discovered  in  the  convent  of  St. 
Catherine  on  Mount  Binai,  by  Constan- 
tius  Tischendorf.  It  is  ascriljcd  to  the 
fourth  century.  (2)  The  Codex  Vatica'- 
nus  (B),  in  the  Vatican  Library.  Written 
on  vellum  in  Eg-ypt  about  the  fourth 
century.  (3)  The  Codex  Alexaudri'nus 
(A),  belonging  to  the  fifth  century.  It 
was  pre.<;ented  to  Charles  I.  in  1628  by 
Cyrillus  Lucaris,  patriarch  of  Alexandria, 
and  is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 
It  consists  of  four  folio  volumes  on  parch- 
ment, and  contains  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,  except  the  first  twenty-four 
chapters  of  Si.  Matthew,  and  the  Epistle 
of  Clement  to  the  Corinthians. 

New  World.  America;  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere  is  called  the  Old  World. 

New-year's  Gifts.  The  Greeks 
transmitted  the  custom  to  the  Romans, 
and  the  Romans  to  the  early  Britons. 
The  Roman  presents  were  called  strenae, 
whence  the  French  term  etrenne  (a  New- 
year's  gift).  Our  forefathers  used  to 
bribe  the  magistrates  with  gifts  on  New- 
year's  day — a  custom  abolished  by  law 
in  1290,  but  even  down  to  the  reign  of 
James  II.  the  monarchs  received  their 
tolens. 

N.B.— Nonius  Marcellus  says  tha-t 
Tatius,  king  of  the  Sabiues,  was  pre- 
sented with  some  branches  of  trees  cut 
fiom  the  forest  sacred  to  the  goddess 
Strenia  {strengih),  on  New-year's  day,  and 
from  this  happy  omen  established  the 
custom. 

w 

News.     The  letters  ^  »  used  to  be 

8 

prefixed  to  newspapers  to  show  that 
they  obtained  information  from  the 
four  quarters  of  the  world,  and  the  sup- 
position that  our  word  news  is  thence 
derived  is  at  least  ingenious;  but  the 
old-fashioned  way  of  spelling  the  word, 
■Mwii,  is  fatal  to  the  conceit.  The  French. 
nouvelles  seems  to  be  the  real  scion, 
(See  NoTAiucA.) 

N>\v«  is  conveyed  by  letter,  word,  or  raoath. 
Anil  cornea  to  us  from  Korln.  East,  AVest,  aud  Soatk., 
W^'a  "  Hiicreations. " 

Newcastle  (Northuvilerland)  wae 
once  called  Moncaster,  from  the  monks 


who  settled  there  in  the  Saxon  times  ;  it 
was  called  Newcastle  from  the  castle 
built  there  by  Robert,  son  of  the  Con- 
queror, in  1080,  to  defend  the  neigh- 
bourhood from  the  Scots. 

A'eiccaslle  (Sta(fordshire)  is  so  called 
from  the  new  castle  built  to  supply  the 
place  of  an  older  one  which  stood  at 
Che:stertou-under-Line,  about  two  miles 
d;:;tant. 

Carry  coals  to  Newcastle.  A  work  of 
supererogation,  Newcastle  being  the 
great  seat  of  coals.  The  Latins  have 
Aqxiarn,  mari  infimdere  (to  pour  water 
into  the  sea) ;  Si'dera  ccelo  addtre  (to  add 
stars  to  the  sky);  Noctuas  Athe'nas  (to 
carry  owls  to  Athens,  which  abounded 
in  them). 

Newcome  {Colonel).  A  character  in 
Thackeray's  novel  called  "  The  New- 
com.es." 

Ntwcoines.     Strangers  newly  arrived. 

Newgate.  Before  this  was  set  up, 
London  bad  but  three  gates :  Aldgate, 
Aldersgate,  and  Ludgate.  The  new  one 
was  added  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I. 

Newgate.  Nash,  in  his  "  Pierce  Peni- 
lesse,"  says  that  Newgate  is  "a  common 
name  for  all  prisons,  as  liomo  is  a  common 
name  for  a  man  or  woman." 

Newgate  fashion.  Two  by  two.  Pri- 
soners used  to  be  conveyed  to  Newgate 
covipled  together  in  twos.  (See  "  1  Henry 
IV".,"iii.  S.—Bardolph.) 

Newgate  Priiige.  The  hair  worn 
under  the  chin,  or  between  the  chin  and 
the  neck  ;  so  called  because  it  occupies 
the  position  of  the  rope  when  men  are 
about  to  be  hanged. 

Newlon  (Sir  Isaac)  discovered  the 
prismatic  colours  of  light.     (1612-1727.) 
Nature  and  Nature's  laws  lay  hid  in  n-'eht. 
God  eaid,  "  Let  ^'esnou  be,"  and  all  was  lishL 
Popt. 
Tlii  Neioton  of  harmony.  Jean  Philippe 
Rameau  was  so  called  from  his  work  en- 
titled a  "  Dissertation  on  the  Principlea 
of  Harmony."     (16S31764.) 

Newto'nian  Philosophy.  The, 
astronomical  system  at  present  received, 
together  with  that  of  universal  gravita- 
tica.  So  called  after  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
who  established  the  former  and  dis- 
covered the  latter      (.See  Apple.) 

Ni'belung.  A  mythical  king  of  Nor- 
way, wliose  subjects  are  called  the  Xibe- 
lungers   aud    territory  the   Nibeluugen- 


NIBELUNGEN  HOARD. 


NICHOLAS. 


613 


laud.  There  were  two  contemporary 
kiatfs  in  this  realm,  at^ainst  whom  Sictj- 
fried,  prince  of  the  Netherlands,  fought. 
He  slew  the  twelve  giants  who  formed 
their  paladins  with  700  of  their  chiefs,  and 
made  their  country  tributary  (Lay  iii). 
The  word  is  from  nehel  (darkness),  and 
means  the  children  of  mist  or  darkness. 

{Hee  NiBKLUNGEN-LlED.) 

Nibelungen  Hoard.  A  mythical 
mass  of  gold  and  precious  stones,  wliich 
Siegfried  oMained  from  the  NibelunL,'-:?, 
and  gave  to  his  wife  Kriemhild  as  her 
marriage  portion.  It  was  gxiarded  by 
Albric  the  dwarf.  After  the  murder  of 
Siegfried,  his  widow  removed  the  hoard 
to  Worms ;  here  Ilagan  seized  it,  and 
buried  it  secretly  beneath  "the  Rhine  at 
Lochham,"  intending  at  a  future  time  to 
enjoy  it,  "  but  that  was  ne'er  to  be." 
Kriemhild  married  Etzel  with  the  view 
of  avenging  her  wrongs.  la  time  Giin- 
ther,  with  Ilagan  and  a  host  of  Burg^in- 
dians,  went  to  visit  king  Etzel,  and 
Kriemhild  stirred  up  a  great  broil,  iu 
which  a  most  terrible  slaughter  ensued. 
(See  Kriemhild.) 

Twos  much  ns  tw.'lve  hug*  ^raggonj  in  four  whole 

DmhU  tk  .(1  dnya 
Coull  c.rry  from  the  mountain  down  to  th»   salt- 

fl'-.i  bay. 
rUoagli  to  aiij  fro  e»ch  waggon  thiioo  journeyed 

every  day. 

It  WW  mad !  up  of  notMog  but  precions  Btones  &nd 

gol-  : 

Were  ;ill  the  world  bought  from  it,  and  down  the 

Talufj  toM, 
Rot  s  nark  ihe  leas  would  there  be  left  than  erst 

there  wae.  V  weeo. 

"NibAwAgen-Liii,"  xix. 

Wi'belungen-Ijied..  A  famous  Ger- 
man epic  of  the  thirteenth  century,  pro- 
bably a  compilation  of  different  lays. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  one  ending 
with  the  death  of  Siegfried,  and  the 
other  with  the  death  of  Kriemhild,  his 
widow.  The  first  part  contains  the 
marriage  of  Giinther,  king  of  Burgundy, 
with  queen  I'ninhild  ;  the  marriage  of 
Siegfried  witli  Kriemhild,  his  death  by 
liagan,  the  removal  of  the  "  Nibclung 
hoard"  to  Burgimdy,  and  its  seizure  by 
Hag.-in,  who  buried  it  somowbero  under 
the  Rliiue.  This  part  contains  nineteen 
lays,  divided  into  1,188  four-line  stanzas. 
The  second  part  contains  the  marriage 
of  the  willow  Kriemhild  with  king  Etzel, 
tlie  visit  of  tlio  Burgundians  to  the  court 
of  the  Uunnish  king,  and  the  death  of 
dU  the  principal  characters,  including 
Hagau  and  Kriemhild.    This  part,  some- 


times called  "The  Nibelungen-Nflt"  from 
tlie  last  three  word.s,  contains  twenty 
lays,  divided  into  1,271  foiir-lino  stanzas. 
The  two  parts  contain  thirty-nine  lays, 
2,-45;»  s'aiizas,  or  0,P,3C  linos.  The  tale'  is 
based  ou  a  h'gend  iu  the  Volsunga  Saga. 

Nibelungen-Not.  The  second  part 
of  the  famous  German  epio  called  the 
Nibelungen-Lied  (j.v.). 

Nibelungers.  Whoever  possessed 
the  "Nibe'ung  Hoard"  {q.v.).  Thus  at 
one  time  certain  peoj)le  of  Norway  were 
80  called,  but  when  Siegfried  possessed 
himself  of  the  hoard  he  was  called  king 
of  the  Nihelungors ;  and  at  the  death  of 
Siegfried,  when  the  hoard  was  removed 
to  Burgundy,  the  Burgundians  were  so 
called.     (»See  NiBELDNO.) 

Nic  Frog.    (See  Froo.) 

Wice.  The  Council  of  Nice.  The  first 
oecumenical  council  of  the  Christian 
church,  held  under  Constantino  the 
Gre.at  at  Nice  or  Nicsea,  in  Asia  Minor, 
to  condemn  the  Arian  heresy  (3J.")).  The 
seventh  cecuraenical  council  was  also 
held  at  Nice  (787). 

Nieene  Creed  (Ni-seen)  drawn  up 
chielly  by  ITosius  of  Cor'duba.  Down  to 
the  words  "  I  believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost," 
formed  part  of  the  Nicene  formulary ; 
the  rest  was  added  in  ."61  to  guard 
again.st  the  heresy  of  llacedonius. 

Is  ich.e.  A  nij-Jie  in  the  temple  of  Fame. 
The  temple  of  Fame  was  the  Punthe'on, 
convorted  (1791)  into  a  receptacle  for 
illustridiis  I'renchnien.  A  niche  in  the 
temple  is  a  place  for  a  monument  record- 
ing your  name  and  deeds. 

Nicholas  (St.).  The  patron  saint 
of  boys,  as  St.  Catherine  is  of  giria.  In 
Germany,  a  person  assembles  the  chil- 
dren of  a  family  or  school  on  tho  6th 
December  (tho  eve  of  St.  Nicholas),  and 
distributes  gilt  nuts  and  sweetmeats; 
but  if  any  naughty  child  is  present,  he 
receives  the  redoubtable  punishment  oi' 
the  klauhauf.  The  same  as  Santa  Claui 
and  the  Datch  Kriss  Kringle  (q.v.). 

St.  Nicholas.  Patron  saint  of  parish 
clerks.  This  is  because  he  was  the  patron 
of  scholars,  who  used  to  be  called  chris. 

St.  Nicholas.  Patron  saint  of  s;iilors*, 
because  he  allayed  a  storm  on  a  voyago 
to  tho  Holy  Land. 

St.  Nicholas,  Tho  patron  saint  of 
liiuviiia- 


614 


NICK. 


NICKNAME. 


St.  Nicholas.  The  patron  eaint  of 
Aberdeen. 

at.  Nicholas,  in  Cbristian  art,  is  re- 
presented in  episcopal  robes,  and  has 
either  three  purses  or  poidon  balls,  or 
throe  children,  as  his  distinotive  sym- 
bols. Tbe  three  purses  are  in  allusion 
to  the  three  purses  given  by  him  to  throe 
sisters  to  enable  them  to  marry.  The 
three  children  allude  to  tho  legend  that 
«,n  Asiatic  gentleman  sent  h.\ii  tliree  boys 
to  school  at  Athens,  but  told  thcrn  to 
call  on  St.  Nicholas  for  his  benediction  ; 
they  8topjie<l  at  Myra  for  the  night,  and 
the  iunkeopor,  to  secure  their  baggage, 
murdered  them  in  bed,  and  put  th'jir 
mangled  bodies  into  a  pickling  tub  with 
some  pork,  intending  to  sell  the  whole 
as  such.  St.  Nicholas  had  a  vision  of  the 
whole  aflair,  and  went  to  the  inn,  when 
the  man  confessed  the  crime,  and  St. 
Nicholas  raised  the  murdered  boys  to 
life  again.  (.Sc«  Hone's  "  Everyday  Book," 
vol.  i.,  col.  155G ;  Maitre  Wace, "  Metrical 
Life  of  St.  Nicholas.") 

Clerics  or  Knifjhts  of  St.  Nicholas. 
Thieves,  so  called  because  St.  Nicholas 
was  their  patron  saint ;  not  that  he  aided 
them  in  their  wrong-doing,  but  because 
on  one  occasion  he  induced  some  thieves 
to  restore  their  plunder.  Probably  St. 
Nicholas  is  simply  a  pun  for  Nick,  and 
thieves  may  be  called  the  devil's  clerks 
or  knights  with  much  propriety. 

I  think  yonder  come  prancinz  down  the  hilU 
from  Kingston  a  couiile  of  St.  Nicholas's  Clerks.— 
BouUi/,  "  Hatch  ai  Mtdniffhi"  (l;wo). 

Nick,  in  Scandinavian  mythology,  is 
a  water-wraith  or  kelpie.  There  are 
nicks  in  sea,  lake,  river,  and  waterfall. 
Both  Catholic  and  Protestant  clergy  have 
laboured  to  stir  up  an  aversion  to  these 
beings.  They  are  sometimes  represented 
as  half  child,  half  hi)rse,  the  hoofs  being 
reversed,  and  sometimes  as  old  men  sit- 
ting on  rocks  wringing  the  water  from  their 
hair.  In  1  )enmark,  wben  on©  is  drowned, 
they  say  Nikken  tog  ham  hoH  ( Nick  took 
him  away) ;  and  when  a  drowned  body  is 
recovered,  if  the  nose  is  red,  they  ga.y, 
Nikken  har  suet  ham  (Nick  has  sucked 
him).  This  kelpie  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  nix  (q.v.). 

Ol'i  Nick  is  the  Scandinavian  wraith 
under  the  form  and  fashion  of  an  old 
man.  Butler  says  the  word  is  derived 
from  Nicholas  Machiavel,  but  this  can 
be  only  a  poetical  satire,  as  the  term 


existed  many  years  beff>'-e  the  birth  of 

that  Florentine. 

Niok  MarhijTel  had  ne'er  a  frfck 

li  houfih  lie  iiivfB  iiume  to  our  Old  Kick) 

Bui  waa  Lelow  the  Icabt  of  these. 

"  Z/uoiiiro*,"  iii  1. 

Old  Nick.  Grimm  says  the  word  Nick 
is  Neken  or  Nikken,  the  evil  spirit  of  iha 
North.  In  Scandinavia  there  is  scar  .ely 
a  river  withouj;  its  Nikr  or  wraith.     {Sti 

NiCKA-NAN.  NlCKAU."> 

lie  nicked  it.  Won,  hit,  accomplished 
it.  A  nick  is  a  winning  throw  of  dice. 
Jlence  Florio  (p.  2SlJ)  says  :  "To  tyo  or 
nicko  a  cast  of  dice." 

To  nick  the  nick.  To  hit  the  exact 
moment.  Tallies  used  to  be  called  "  nick- 
sticks."  Hence  to  make  a  record  of  any- 
thing is  "  to  nick  it  down,"  as  publicans 
nick  a  score  on  a  tally. 

Jn  the  nick  of  time.  Just  at  the  right 
moment.  Theallusionis  to  tallies  marked 
with  nicks  or  notches.  Shakespeare  baa 
"  "Pis  now  the  prick  of  noon  "  ("  Romeo 
and  Juliet,"  ii.  4),  in  allusion  to  the  ctis-- 
torn  of  pricking  tallies  with  a  pin,  asthef 
do  at  Cambridge  University  still.  If  a 
man  enters  cliapel  just  before  the  doorj 
close,  he  would  be  just  in  time  to  get 
nicked  or  pricked,  and  would  be  at  tha 
nick  or  prick  of  time. 

ITieka-Wan  rTight.  The  night 
preceding  Shrove  Tuesday  is  so  called 
in  Cornwall,  because  boys  play  impish 
tricks  and  practical  jokes  on  the  imwary, 

K"iekar  or  Unickar.  The  name  as- 
.sumed  by  Odin  when  he  impersonates  the 
destroying  principle. — Grimm,  "  Deiilscht 
Myihologie." 

JTicker.  One  who  nicks  or  hits  a 
mark  exactly.  Cert-ain  night-larkers, 
whose  game  was  to  break  windows  with 
halfpence,  assumed  this  name  in  the  ea  ly 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

His  scattered  pence  the  fljing  Nicker  flings. 
And  with  the  copper  ehf>»er  the  casement  rinsfi. 
(f  ;iy,  •'  Trivia,"  iii. 

ITick'leby(iI//J.).  An  endless  talker, 
always  introducing  something  quite 
foreign  to  the  matter  in  hand,  and  plum- 
ing herself  on  her  penetration. — Dickens, 
"  Nicholas  Nicklcb^." 

nickname.  "  An  eke  name,"  writ' 
ten  A  neke  name.  An  additional  name, 
an  ag-nomen.  The  "  eke"  of  a  bee-hive 
is  the  piece  added  to  the  bottom  to  en- 
large the  hive.    (See  Now-a-d/.ts.) 


NICKNAMES. 


NIGHTSUADE. 


C15 


K"ick.name3.    National  Ji-'ick  names: 

For  an  American  cf  tho  United  States, 
**  Brother  Jonataan  "  i<j.v.). 

For  a  Dutchman,  "Nic  Frog"  {q.v.), 
and  "M3Tiheor  Closh"  {q.v.). 

For  an  Englitliman,,  "John  Bull." 
(See  Bull.) 

For  a  Frenchman,  "Crapaud"  (?.«.), 
Johnny  or  Jean,  Robert  Macaire. 

For  French  Canadians,  "Jean  Bap- 
tJGte." 

For  French  Reformers,  "Brissotinfi." 
French  Peasantry,  "  Jacques  Bonh<  mme." 

For  a  Glasqotcegian,  "Glasgow  Keelio." 

For nGerinan,  "Cousin  Michael" (c.r;.). 

For  an /rw/t/n a «,  "PadJy." 

For  a  Lonloner,  "A  Cockney"  (j.v.). 

For  a  Russian,  "A  Bear." 

For  a  Scot,  "Sav.-ney"  {q.v.). 

For  a  Swifs,  "  Colin  Tampon  "  (q.v.). 

For  a  Turh,  "  Infidel." 

A  Liverpudlian,  "Dicky  Sam." 

A  mano/GlcLSgotc,  "A  Glasgow kcelio. 

Nick'nev'en.  A  gigantic  malit'nrmt 
hag  of  Scotch  superstition.  Dimhar  has 
wqW  described  this  spirit  in  his  "Fly ting-, 
of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy." 

Nicola'itans.  The  followers  of  Ni- 
colacis  (second  century).  They  were  Gnos-. 
tics  in  doctrine  and  Epicureans  in  practice.' 

Nic'olas.    (S<<  XicnoLAS.) 

Nico'tine  (3  syl.)  is  so  named  from 
Jean  Nicot,  lord  of  Villomain,  wlio  pur- 
chased some  tobacco  at  Lisbon  in  1;VJ0, 
introduced  it  into  Franco,  and  had  tho 
honour  of  fixing  his  name  on  the  plant.' 
Our  word  tobacco  is  from  tho  Indian 
tabaco  (tho  tube  used  by  the  Indians  for 
inhaling  the  smoke). 

Nidhogg.  Tho  monster  serpent,  hid 
in  the  pit  Hvergolmer,  which  for  ever 
pnaws  at  tho  roots  of  tho  mundane  asb- 
troo  Yggdrasil. — Scandinavian  mythology. 

Nio'mi.  A  lake  and  mountain  in 
Lapland,  where  guardian  spirits,  -called 
Ualtios,  are  said  to  dwell. 

Nill-lieim  (2  syl.,  ra/;o«)-.A(«n<).  The 
rc;,'-ion  of  endless  cold  and  orerlasting 
nij^ht,  ruled  over  by  Hula.  It  consists 
of  nine  worlds,  to  which  are  consifrned 
thoKo  who  die  of  disease  or  old  ago.  'J'his 
re^fion  existed  "from  the  beginning"  in 
ttio  North,  and  in  tho  middle  thereof  waa 


tho  well  Ilvergelmcor,  from  which  flowed 
twelve  rivers.  (Old  Norse,  nift,  mist; 
and  hfimr,  home.)  In  the  South  was  tho 
world  called  Muspolheim  (7.1'). — Sean^ 
dinuvian  myUiolor/^j.     {See  HvEHQELMEa.) 

ITigger  Song3  are  chiefly  composed 
by  Stephen  C.  Foster,  of  Pittsburgh, 
who  died  1SG4.  Among  others  the  follow- 
ing are  from  his  pen  : — 


Unols  Ked,  publiahod 

"'B4a. 
Oh  Susanmh. 


The  Old  PoVks  »t  riimeL 
My  >  'Id  Kentucky  iiums. 
Old  l^'-g  Tray. 


itiightingale.  Tereus,  king  of 
Thrace,  fetched  Philomela  to  visit  his 
wife  ;  but  when  he  reached  the  "  soli- 
tudes of  llelas"  he  dishonoured  her,  and 
cut  CKit  her  tongue  that  she  miijht  not 
reveal  his  conduct.  Tereus  told  liis  wifo 
that  Philomela  was  dead,  but  Philomela 
made  her  story  known  by  weaving  it  into 
a  peplus,  which  she  sent  to  her  sister, 
the  wife  of  Tereus,  whoso  name  was 
ProcntJ.  Procne,  out  of  revenge,  cut  up 
her  own  son  and  served  it  to  Tereus  ; 
but  as  soon  as  the  king  discovered  it  he 
pursued  his  wifo,  who  tied  to  Philon-.eia, 
her  sister.  To  put  an  emi  to  the  sad  tale, 
the  gods  changed  all  three  into  birds; 
Tereus  became  the  hawk,  his  wife  tho 
sivallow,  a!:d  Philomeia  the  niylUiii'jule. 

Arcadian  ni<ihtingahs,  atses,  Caiii- 
bridycshire  niyhtinyules,  edible  frogs. 

Nightmare.  A  sensation  in  sleep 
as  if  something  heavy  were  sitting  on  our 
breast  (From  tho  Saxou  mnra,  an  in- 
cubus; Habbiuic,  maria,  a  demon  or  evil 
spirit.)  This  sensation  used  to  bo  called 
in  Frendi,  Coc/f-mcr  (the  sow-devil), 
because  it  rosonibles  the  dull  lifeless 
weight  of  a  fat  sow;  and  anciently  it 
was  not  unfrcquently  called  tho  JVighl- 
hag,  or  the  riding  of  tlot  iritch.  Fu'scli 
used  to  eat  raw  beef  and  pork  chops  for 
supper  to  pioduco  nightmare,  that  ho 
might  draw  the  horrible  creations.  {Set 
Mare's  Nkst.) 

I  do  MicTe  that  the  witob  w«  eiH  M»r«  hss  bffn 
deiling  w.tb  yoil.-tfir  Ualler  Scott," Tin  Ji-JrotKf^." 
cb.  IV. 

Nightmare  of  Europe.  Nipoleon  Boq&- 
parte.      (17(;9,  1S04-1SH,  1^21.) 

NightGliade  is  called  deadh/,  not  bo 
much  because  it  is  poi'^^onous  as  because 
it  was  used  to  blacken  tho  eyes  in  mourn- 
ing.    It  was  tho  plant  of  mournit;g  for 

the  dead. 


dl5 


NIIIILO. 


NINE. 


Nillilo.  Ex  nihilo  nihil  fit.  From 
nothing  comes notliiug — i.e.,  every  effect 
must  have  a  cause.  It  is  an  Epicure'an 
axiom  to  prove  the  eternity  of  matter. 
We  now  apply  tbe  plira.se  as  equivalent 
to  '•■  You  cannot  get  blood  from  a  stone." 
You  cannot  expect  clever  work  from  ono 
who  has  no  brains;  you  cannot  expect 
fruits  of  the  earth  without  ploughing 
uud  sowing. 

Nile.  The  Egyptians  say  that  the 
Bwelling  of  the  Nile  is  caused  by  the  tears 
of  Isis.  The  feast  of  Isis  is  celel>rated  at 
the  anniversary  of  the  death  of  Osi'ris, 
when  Isis  is  supposed  to  mourn  for  her 
husband. 

Hero  of  the  Nile.  Horatio  lord  Nelson. 
(1758-1805.) 

Kil'ica  or  Sephal'ica.  A  plant  in  the 
blossoms  of  which  the  bees  sleep. 

Nimbus  characterises  authority/  and 
pcnver,  not  sanctity.  The  colour  indi- 
cates the  character  of  the  person  so 
invested '.—  the  nimbus  of  the  Trinity  is 
gold  ;  of  angels,  apostles,  and  the  Virgin 
Mary,  either  red  or  while ;  of  ordinary 
saints,  violet;  of  Judas,  hlach;  of  Satan, 
some  very  dark  colour.  The  form  is 
generally  a  circle  or  half-circle,  but  that 
of  Deity  is  often  triangular. 

K'im'ini-Pim'ini.  Affected  sim- 
plicity. Lady  Emily,  in  tiie  "  Heiress," 
iclla  Miss  Alscrip  the  way  to  acquire  the 
pnphiau  Mimp  is  to  stand  before  a  glass 
and  keep  pronouncing  niiuiui  pimini. 
"  Tho  lips  cannot  fail  to  take  the  right 
plie." — "  Genei'al  Burgoyne,"  iii.  2. 

This  conceit  has  been  borrowed  by 
Charles  Dick&ns  in  his  "  Little  Dorrit," 
where  Mrs.  General  tells  Amy  Dorrit  — 

Papa  giTes  a  pretty  form  to  the  lips.  Pnjxt, 
potalMf.yityvUry,  fiimnts,  and  pr:sm.  You  will  tiud 
•t  earvi-eaMe  if  jou  gaj  to  youiself  on  enterinj?  a 
room,  I'apa,  potatoes,  poidtri/,  pruna,  anij  priam, 
prunes  sud  prism. 

jKimrod.  "  A  mighty  hunter  before 
the  Lord  "(Gen.  x.  9),  which  the  Targum 
says  means  a  "  sinful  hunting  cf  the  sons 
of  men."  Pope  says  of  him,  he  was  "a 
mighty  hunter,  and  his  prey  was  man  ;  " 
6.)  also  Milton  interprets  tho  plirase. — 
"'  Paradise  Lost,"  sii. 

JVimrod.  Any  tyrant  or  devastating 
warrior. 

Ninrod,  in  the  Quarterly  Review,  is  the 
Tuyni-de-plumeoi  Charles  James  Apperley, 
of  Denbighshire,  who  was  passionately 
fond  of  hunting.     Mr.  Pittraau,  the  pro- 


prietor, kept  for  him  a  stud  of  hunter^ 
His  best  productions  are  "  'I'he  Chaao, 
tho  Turf,  and  tho  Uo.ad."    (1777-1813.) 

Nincompoop.  A  poor  thing  of  a 
man.  A  comintion  of  the  Latin  non 
compos  \men>is\ 

Nine.  Nine,  five,  and  three  are 
mystical  numbers — the  diapason,  dia- 
pento,and  diatri'on  of  the  Greeks.  Nine 
consists  of  a  trinity  of  trinities.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Pythagorean  numbers,  man  ia 
a  full  chord,  or  eight  notes,  and  deity 
comes  next.  Three,  being  the  trinity, 
represents  a  perfect  imily  ;  twice  throe 
is  the  perfect  dmd ;  and  thrice  three 
is  the  perfect  ;>?i(ra/.  Tliis  explains  the 
use  of  nine  as  a  mystical  number,  and 
also  as  an  exhaustive  plural,  and  conse- 
quently no  definite  number,  but  a  sirn[)ie 
representative  of  plural  perfection.  («%« 
Diapason.) 

(1)  Nine  indicaling  perfection  or  com- 
pleiion  ; — 

Deucalion's  ark,  made  by  the  advice  of 
Prome'theus,  was  tossed  about  for  nine 
days,  when  it  stranded  on  the  top  of 
Mount  Parnassus. 

Rigged  to  the  nines  or  Dressed  up  to  tht 
nines.     To  perfection,  from  head  to  foot. 

There  are  nine  earths.  Hela  is  goddess 
of  the  ninth.  Milton  speaks  of  "nine- 
enfolded  spheres." — "Arcades." 

There  are  nine  rcorlds  in  Nifheim. 

There  are  nine  heo.r ens.  (See  Heavens.) 

Gods.  Macaulay  makes  Porsenna  swear 
by  tho  nine  gods. 

There  are  7iine  orde-rs  of  angels.  {Set 
Angels.) 

There  are  the  nine  korrigan  cr  fays  of 
Armorica. 

'J'here  were  nine  muses. 

There  were  nine  Gallicence  or  virgin 
priestesses  of  the  ancient  Gallic  oracle. 
The  serpents  or  Nagas  of  Southern  Indian 
worship  are  nine  in  number. 

There  are  nine  worthies  (q.v.) ;  and  niao 
worthies  of  London. 

There  were  nine  rivers  of  hell,  accord- 
ing to  classic  mythology.  Milton  says 
the  gates  of  hell  are  "  thrice  three-fold  : 
three  folds  are  brass,  three  iron,  throe 
of  adamantine  rock.  They  had  nine 
folds,  nine  plates,  and  nine  linings."— 
'•  Paradise  Lost,"  ii.  645. 

Fallen  ange'.s.  Milton  says,  when  they 
wero  cast  out  of  heaven,  "Nine  d.ayj 
they  fell." — "Paradise  Lost,"  vi.  HJl. 

Vulcan,  when  kicked  out  of  heaven. 


NINE. 


NINE  DAYS'   WONDER.      C17 


was  nine  days  falling,  and  then  light«d 
on  the  island  Lemuos. 
Nice  or  nimble  as  ninepence  (g.v."), 

(2)  Examples  of  the  use  of  uino  cm  an 
txh/itutive  plural : — 

Nine  laihrs  make  a  man,  does  not 
mean  the  number  nine  in  the  ordinary  ac- 
cefitation,  but  simply  the  plural  of  tailor 
without  relation  to  number.  As  a  tailor 
is  not  so  robust  and  powerful  as  the  or- 
dinary run  of  men,  it  requires  more  than 
one  to  match  a  man. 

A  nine  dai/»  wonder  is  a  wonder  that 
lasts  more  than  a  day ;  here  nine  equals 
"  several." 

A  cat  has  nine  lives— i.e.,  a  cat  is  more 
tenacious  of  life  than  animals  in  general. 

PossessiMi  is  nine  points  of  the  laio—i.e., 
several  points,  or  every  advantage  a  per- 
eon  can  have  short  of  ri^ht. 

There  are  nine  ci'otvns  recognised  in 
heraldry.     {See  UiwwNs.) 

A  fe'e  asked  a  Norman  peasant  to 
change  babes  with  her,  but  the  peasant 
replied,  "No,  not  if  your  child  were 
nine  times  fairer  than  my  own." — "Fairy 
Mythology,"  p.  473. 

(3)  Nine  as  a  vti/stic  number.  Exam- 
ples of  its  superstitious  use  : — 

The  Abracadabra  was  worn  nine  days, 
and  then  flung  into  a  river. 

Cadency.  There  are  nine  marks  of 
cadency. 

Cat.  The  whip  for  punishing  evil- 
doers is  a  cat  o  nine  tails,  from  the  super- 
stitious notion  that  a  flogging  by  a 
"trinity  of  trinities"  would  be  both 
more  sacred  and  more  efficacious. 

Dio.monds.  (ike  "Diamond  Jousts," 
under  the  word  Diamond.) 

Fairies.  In  order  to  see  the  fairies,  a 
person  is  directed  to  put  "nine  grains  of 
wheat  on  a  foar-leaved  clover." 

lid  has  dominion  over  nine  worlds. 

Hydra.  The  hydra  had  nine  heads. 
{See  livORi.) 

Leiues  used  to  be  granted  for  999 
year.s,  that  is  three-three  times  thne-lhree. 
liven  now  they  run  for  ninety-nine  years, 
the  dual  of  a  trinity  of  trinities. 

At  the /yew  n'j-t'a,  held  by  the  Ron:an8 
on  the  yth,  11th,  and  13th  of  May,  per. 
ions  haunted  tljrow  black  beans  over 
their  heads,  pronouncing  nine  times  the 
words:  "A vaunt,  ye  spectres  from  this 
iiouse  !"'  and  the  oxorcisui  was  complete. 
{8ee  Ovid's  "Fasti.") 

Maypies.  To  see  nine  magpies  is  most 
UJilucky.     (Set  MuOl'lB.) 

U  " 


Odin's  ring  dropped  eight  other  rings 
every  ninth  night. 

Ordeals.  In  the  ordeal  by  fire,  nine 
hot  ploughshares  were  laid  lengthwise  at 
unequal  distances. 

I\as.  If  a  servant  finds  nine  green 
peas  in  a  peascod,  she  lays  it  on  the  lintel 
of  the  kitchen-door,  and  the  first  man 
that  enters  in  is  to  be  her  cavalier. 

Seal.  The  people  of  Feroes  say  that 
the  seal  casts  olf  its  skin  every  ninth 
month,  and  assumes  a  liunnan  form  to 
sport  about  the  land.  —  "  Thiele,"  iii.  51. 

Styx  encompassed  the  jnfemal  regions 
in  nine  circles. 

Toast.  We  drink  a  Three-times-threi  to 
those  most  highly  honoured. 

Witches.  The  weird  sisters  in  "Mac- 
beth" sang,  as  they  danced  round  the 
cauldron:  "Thrice  to  thine,  and  thrice 
to  mine,  and  thrice  again  to  make  up 
nine;"  and  then  declared  "the  charm 
wound  up." 

Wresting  Thread.  Nine  knots  are 
made  on  black  wool  as  a  charm  for  a 
sprained  ankle. 

(4)  Promisctiout  examples : — 

Niobe's  childreu  lay  nine  days  in  their 
blood  before  they  were  buried. 

Nine  buttons  of  official  rank  in  China. 

Nine  of  Diamonds  Q].v.).  The  curse 
of  Scotland. 

There  are  nine  Mandarins  (<fv.). 

Fla)U'is.—  (l)  Mercurv,  (2)  Venu'!,  (3) 
Earth,  (4)  Mars,  (5)  the  Planetoids,  (C)  Ju- 
piter, (7)  Saturn,  fS)  Uranus,  ('J)  Neptune. 

The  followers  of  Jai'na,  a  heterodox 
s\3ct  of  the  Hindus,  believe  all  object? 
are  classed  under  nine  categories.  {Se4 
Jainas.) 

Nine  Crosues.  Altar  crosses,  pro- 
cessional crosses,  roods  on  lofts,  reliquary 
crosses,  conseiration  crosses,  marking 
crosses,  pectoial  crosses,  spire  crosses, 
and  crosses  pendant  over  altars. — Pugin, 
"  Cilusisa)-i/  of  J'cclesiaslical  Ornaments." 

Nine  Crowns.    (See  Crowns.) 

Nine  Days*  Wondfir.  Something 
that  causes  a  great  sensation  for  a  few 
days,  and  then  passes  into  tlio  limbo  of 
things  forgotten.  In  Bohn's  "  Handbook 
of  Proverl)s"  we  have,  "A  wonder  lasts 
nine  days,  and  then  the  puppy's  eyes  are 
open,"  alluding  to  cats  and  dogs,  which 
are  burn  bliud.  Ao  mueh  as  to  say  the 
ej'cs  of  the  public  are  l>liiid  in  a.stonisb- 
nient  for  nine  dayR,  but  then  their  eyes 


ei8 


NINE  POINTS. 


NITOUCHE. 


we  opoc,  aud  they  see  too  much  to  won- 
der any  longer. 

Nine  Points  of  tho  Law.  Success 
in  a  law-suit  requires  (1)  a  good  deal  of 
money  ;  (2)  a  good  deal  of  patience ;  (3) 
a  good  cause;  (4)  a  good  lawyer;  (5)  a 
good  couD2el ;  (6)  good  witnesses;  (7)  a 
good  jury;  (8)  a  good  judge;  and  (9) 
good  luck. 

Wine  Worthies.  Joshua,  David, 
and  Judas  Maccahasus  ;  Hector,  Alexan- 
der, aud  Julius  Cuisar ;  Arthur,  Charle- 
magne, and  Godfrey  of  Bouillon. 
Nine  worthies  were't!K"7  corel.  cf  different  rites— 
Three  Jew^,  three  pagaus,  cud  tbr«o  CIiriEtiaa 
kuiglitj. 

Vryden,  "  T'tn  Flower  a>U  Uu  Lc<{/." 

Nine  Worthies  (privy  councillors  to 
William  III.):— 

Whigs:  Devonshire,  Dorset,  Monmouth, 
ard  Edward  Russell. 

Toi-ies  :  Caermarthon,  Pembroke,  Not- 
tingham, Marlborough,  and  Lowther. 

Nine  Worthies  of  London.  (See  WOR- 
rniES.) 

Winepence.  As  nice  as  ninepence. 
Silver  nincpeuces  were  common  till  the 
year  1696,  when  all  unmilled  coin  was 
called  in.  These  ninepences  were  often 
bent  and  given  as  love-tokens,  the  usual 
formula  of  presentation  being  2'o  my  love, 
from  my  love. 

Win'ian  (St.).  The  apostle  of  the 
Picts  (fourth  and  fifth  centuries). 

XTiuon  de  Lenclos,  noted  for  her 
beauty,  wit,  and  gaiety.  She  bad  two 
natural  sons,  one  of  whom  fell  in  love 
with  bar,  and  blew  out  his  brains  when  he 
discovered  the  relationship.   (1615-1706.) 

!N"i'nus.  Son  of  Bolus,  husband  of 
Semu-'amis,  and  the  reputed  builder  of 
Nineveh. 

ISTiobe  (3  syl.).  The  personification 
of  female  sorrow.  According  to  Grecian 
fable,  Niobe  was  the  mother  of  twelve 
children,  and  taunted  Lato'ua  because 
she  had  only  two,  namely  Apollo  and 
Diana,'  Lato'ua  commanded  her  children 
to  avenge  the  insult,  and  they  caused  all 
the  sons  and  daughters  of  Niobe  to  die. 
Niobe  was  inconsolable,  wept  herself  to 
death,  and  was  changed  into  a  stone, 
from  which  ran  v.ater.  "  Like  NiobS,  all 
tears"  ("  Hamlet"). 

Tlie  group  of  Niobe  and  her  children, 
in  Florence,  was  discovered  afc  Rome  ia 
1583,  and  was  ihe  work  cither  of  Scopas 
or   Praxifelfes. 


The  Niol'i  of  Nations.  So  lord  Byroa 
styles  Rome,  tho  "  lone  mother  of  dead 
empires,"  with  *'  broken  thrones  and 
temples ;"  a  "  chaos  of  ruins  ;"  a  "desert 
whore  wo  steer  stumbling  o'er  recollec- 
tions."— "  Childe  llcLrold,"  iv.,  stanza  79. 

Nip-cheese  or  Nip-farlhing.  A  mi- 
ser, who  nips  or  pinches  closely  his  cheese 
and  farthings. 

Nipper  (S^tsan).  The  attendant  on 
Florence  Dombey.  She  is  affectionate 
and  faithful,  but  teasing  and  caustic. 

Nirva'na.  Annihilation,  or  rather 
the  final  deliverance  of  the  soul  from 
transmigration  (in  Buddhism).  Sanskrit, 
nir,  out;  vdiia,  blown.     {_Sce  Ga.utama.) 

Nishapoor  and  Tous.  Mountains 
in  Khorassan  whore  turquoises  are  found. 

Nisi  Prii'(S.  A  Nisi  Case\  a  cause 
to  be  tried  in  the  assize  courts.  Si'.Unffs 
at  Nisi  Fr-itis ;  sessions  of  Nisi  I^rius 
courts,  which  never  try  criminal  cases. 
Trial  at  Nisi;  a  trial  before  judges  of 
assize.  An  action  at  one  time  could  bo 
tried  only  in  the  court  where  it  was 
brought,  but  Magna  Charta  provided  that 
certain  cases,  iuste^^.d  of  being  tried  at 
Westminster  in  the  superior  courts, 
should  be  tried  in  their  proper  counties 
before  judges  of  assize.  The  words 
"  Nisi  Prius"  are  two  words  on  which  the 
following  clause  attached  to  the  writs 
entirely  hinges :  "  We  command  you  to 
come  before  our  justices  at  Westminster 
on  the  morrow  of  All  Souls',  NISI 
PRIUS  justiciarii  domini  regis  ad  assisas 
capieudas  vcneriut— i.e.,  unless  previously 
the  justices  of  our  lord  the  king  come  to 
hold  their  assizes  at  (the  court  of  your 
own  assize  town). 

Nis'roch.  An  idol  of  the  Ninevites, 
represented  in  their  sculptures  with  a 
hawk's   head.     The  word  means   Great 

Ecnle. 

Nit.    One  of  the  attendants  of  queen 

Mab, 

Nitouehe  (St.")  or  Mie  Towctie. 
(Touch-me-not).  A  hypocrite,  a  demure- 
looking  pharisee.  The  French  say  Faire 
la  Sdikti  Nitovche,  to  protond  to  great 
sanctity,  or  look  as  if  butter  would  not 
melt  in  your  mouth.  We  use  the  word 
Maw-worm  in  the  same  signification — a 
name  taken  from  "  The  Hypocrite,"  b-y 
Isaac  Biekorstafif. 


NIX. 


NOGGS. 


619 


Nix  (maa.),  Nixe  (fom.).  Kind  busy- 
body. Little  creatures  not  unlike  tiie 
Scotch  hruivnie  and  German  kohold, 
'Jhey  wear  a  reil  cap,  and  are  ever  ready 
to  lend  a  helpinq;  hand  to  the  industrious 
and  thrifty.    (.y<;e  Nick.) 

Og  Trolde,  Uezer,  Kisser  i  hrtr  Vrane. 
And  Trolls,  htgs,  nixrs  Is  (.ich  uook. 

Nizam.'.  A  title  of  sovereignty  in 
India,  derived  from  Nizam-nl-mulhi^re^' 
later  of  the  state),  who  obtained  posses- 
sion of  the  Deccan  at  the  beginning  of 
the  last  century.  The  name  Cxsar  was 
by  the  Romans  used  precisely  in  the 
same  manner,  and  has  descended  to  tbo 
present  hour  in  the  form  of  Kaiser  (of 
Austria). 

Njambai  or  Njemlai.  The  good 
jpirit  of  the  Bakalai  tribes  of  Africa. 

Njord.  God  of  the  winds  and  waves. 
—Edda. 

No-Popery  Riots.  Those  of  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow,  February  5,  1779. 
Those  of  London,  occasioned  by  lord 
George  Gordon,  in  17S0. 

Noah's  Ark.  A  white  band  spanning 
the  sky  like  a  rainbow  :  if  east  and  west 
expect  dry  weather,  if  north  and  south 
expect  wet. 

Noah's  Wife,  according  to  a  me- 
diioval  legend,  was  unwilling  to  go  into 
the  ark,  and  the  quarrel  between  the 
patriarch  and  his  wife  forms  a  very 
prominent  feature  of  "  Noah's  Flood," 
in  the  Chester  and  Towneley  Jlystories. 

JIastow  no'ight  l.crd,  quod  Nioholas.  also 
The  sorwe  oi:  Noii  witli  his  f«liis<:liippo 
Thai  be  had  or  he  gut  hit  wyf  to  schip  7 

Chaucer,^' Vatitei-lixiry  Taie3,"3531. 

Noakes  {John)  or  John  o'  Noakes. 
A  fictitious  name,  formerly  made  use  of 
by  lawyers  in  actions  of  ojcctment.  Ills 
name  was  generally  coupled  with  that  of 
Tovi  Styl'a.  Similarly,  John  Doe  and 
Richard  Jioe  were  used.  The  liomaa 
names  wcro  Tidus  and  Seius  ("Juv. 
Sat.  "  iv.  13).  All  theso  worthies  ai9 
tho  hopeful  sons  of  Mrs.  Harris. 

Nobs  ami  Snobs.  Nobles  and 
paoiKlonoblea. 

Noble.  An  ancient  coin,  so  called  on 
ccoount  of  tho  gujicrior  excellency  of  its 
go4d.  Nobles  wore  originally  disposo'l 
of  as  a  rev.'ard  for  good  news,  or  iin- 
portent  service  done      Edward  III.  waa 


the  first  who  coined  rose  nobles  (i-v.), 
and  gave  100  of  them  to  Gobin  Agace  of 
I'icardy,  for  showing  him  a  ford  across 
tho  river  8omme,  when  he  wanted  to  join 
his  army. 

Tht  Xohle.  Charles  III.  of  Navarre 
(1361.142J).  Soliman  Tchelili,  Turkish 
prince  at  Adrianople  (died  1410). 

Noble-Soul.  The  surname  given 
to  KhosrCi  I.,  the  greatest  monarch  of 
tho  Sa.ssauian  dynasty.     (  •  ,  531-57!).) 

Noblesse  Oblige  (French).  Noble 
birth  imjjoses  the  obligation  of  high- 
minded  principles  and  noble  aetions. 

Nocca.     The  Neptune  of  the  Goths. 

Noctes  Ambrosia'naa.  While 
Lockhart  was  writing  "  Valo'rius,"  he  was 
in  tho  habit  of  taking  walks  with  Pro- 
fessor Wilson  every  morning,  and  of 
supping  with  Blackwood  at  Ambrose's,  a 
small  tavern  in  Edinburgh.  One  night 
Lockhart  said,  "What  a  pity  there  has 
not  been  a  short-hand  writer  here  to  take 
down  all  the  good  things  tluit  have  been 
said  !"  and  next  day  he  produced  a  paper 
from  memory,  and  called  it  "Noctes 
Ambrosianaj."  That  was  the  first  of  the 
series.  The  part  ascribed  to  Hogg,  the 
Ettrick  Shciilierd,  is  purely  supposi- 
titious. 

Noddy.  A  Tom  Noddy  is  a  very 
foolish  or  half-witted  person,  "a noodle." 
Tho  marine  birds  called  Noddies  are  so 
silly,  that  any  one  can  go  up  to  them  and 
knock  them  down  with  a  stick.  A  donkey 
is  called  a  Neddy  Noddy, 

Nodel.  The  lion  in  the  beast-epio 
called  "  Eoynard  tho  Fox."  Nodel  re. 
presents  tho  regal  element  of  Germany; 
isengrin,  the  wolf,  represents  tho  baro- 
nial eloMient,  and  Reynard  represents  the 
church  element. 

Noel.  Christmas  day,  or  a  Christmas 
carol.  A  contraction  cf  «ouwWf5(tidings), 
written  in  old  KnglisU  nowelU. 

A  child  tMa  d.it  19  tiorn. 
A  child  of  l.lK'h  minwn* 

M.'-t  nurlliy  ii(  a  ►ccrir.'. 

.\    wcptrr  ai„l  a  .r.»„. 
N.JwrIK  li.»elli..  nu«cll«l 

Sin;;  nil  uo  iii.-iy, 
Br.'.iiiM!  Hint  Ckris),  the  Kln(, 

W  M  U.rn  tliij  hlu>i'4l  a«y.    q,^  ^„t 

Nogps  i^Sewnuui).  liulph  Niekleby's 
rliiU.  A  lull  miin  of  middle  spo,  nilli 
two  gi->gBlo  eyes,  one  of  which  was  % 
lixlur<.^     This  kind,   dilapidated   fellow, 


620 


NOKOMIS. 


NON  SEQUITUE. 


"  kept  his  horses  and  hounfis  onoo."— 
Dkkem,  "  Nicholas  Nicklchy." 

Noko'mis.  Daughter  of  tho  Moon. 
Sjiorting  one  day  with  her  maidens  on  a 
swing  made  of  vino-canos,  a  rival  cut  the 
swing,  and  Nokorais  fell  to  earth,  where 
she  pave  birth  to  a  daughter  named 
Weno'nah. 

Nolens  Volens.  Whether  willing 
or  not.  Two  Latin  participles  meaning 
"  being  unwilling  (or)  willing." 

TSoM.  Old  Noll.  Oliver  Cromwell 
was  so  called  by  tho  Royalists.  Noll  is 
a  familiar  contraction  of  Oliver— i.e.,  01' 
with  an  initial  liquid. 

Noli  me  Tan'gere.  A  plant  of 
the  genus  impatiens.  The  seed-vessels 
consist  of  one  cell  in  five  divisions,  and 
when  tho  seed  is  ripe  each  of  these,  on 
being  touched,  suddenly  folds  itself  into 
a  spiral  form  and  leaps  from  the  stalk. — 
{See  Darwin,  "  Loves  of  the  Plants,"  ii.3.) 

Nolle  Pros'equi  {Don't  prosecute). 
A  petition  from  a  plaintifiE  to  stay  a  suit. 
[See  NoN  Pros.) 

Nolo  Episcopa'ri  (/  am  umvillmg 
to  accept  the  office  of  Bishop).  A  very 
general  notion  prevails  that  every  bishop 
at  consecration  uses  these  words.  Mr. 
Christian,  in  his  notes  to  Blackstone, 
says,  "  The  origin  of  these  words  and  of 
this  vulgar  notion  I  have  not  been  able 
to  discover:  the  bishops  certainly  give 
no  such  refusal  at  present,  and  I  am  in- 
clined to  think  they  never  did  at  any 
time  in  this  country."  When  the  see  of 
iJath  and  Wells  was  offered  to  Beveridge, 
be  certainly  exclaimed,  "Nolo  episcopari ;" 
out  it  was  the  private  expression  of  his 
owrn  heai-t,  and  not  a  form  of  words,  in 
his  case.  Chamberlayne  says  in  former 
times  the  person  about  to  be  elected 
bishop  modestly  refused  the  office  twice, 
and  if  he  did  so  a  third  time  his  refusal 
was  accepted. — ^'Present  Ulate  of  Eng- 
land." 

Noni.  NoM  de  Gtwrn  is  French  for 
a  "  war  name,"  but  really  means  an  as- 
sumed name.  It  was  customary  at  one 
time  for  every  one  who  entered  the  French 
ttrmy  to  assume  a  name ;  this  was  espe- 
cially the  case  in  the  times  of  chiralry, 
when  knights  went  by  the  device  of  their 
shields  or  some  other  distinctive  cha- 
racter in  their  armour,  as  the  "  lied- 
CTOss  Knight,"  k<i. 


Norn  de  Plume.  French  for  the  "pen 
name,"  and  meaning  tho  name  assumed 
by  a  writer  who  does  not  choose  to  jive 
his  own  name  to  the  public ;  as  Peter 
Pindar,  the  nora  de  plume  of  Dr.  John 
Wolcot ;  Peler  Parley,  of  Mr.  Goodrich  ; 
Currer  Bell,  of  Charlotte  Bronte  ;  Culhlerl 
Bede,  of  the  P^ev.  Edward  Bradley,  &,c. 

Nom'ads.  Wanderers  who  live  in 
ten'.,s.  The  Indians  call  their  tents  nwnda, 
made  of  a  woollen  stuff  very  thick.  The 
Greeks  called  the  people  of  Scy  thia,  Libya, 
and  Numidia  Nomads,  and  probably  do- 
rived  the  word  from  numda  (a  tent)  and 
not  from  nemo  (to  feed). 

Nominalists.  A  sect  founded  by 
Boscelin,  canon  of  Compi&gne  (1040- 
1120).  He  maintained  that  if  the  Father, 
Son,  and  Holy  Ghost  are  one  God,  they 
cannot  be  three  distinct  persons,  but 
must  be  simply  three  names  of  the  same 
being ;  just  as  father,  son,  and  husband 
are  three  distinct  names  of  one  and  the 
same  man  under  different  conditions, 
Abulard,  William  Occam,  Buridan, 
Hobbes,  Locke,  bishop  Berkeley,  Con. 
dillac,  and  Dugald  Stewart  are  the  most 
celebrated  disciples  of  Roscelin.  (Set 
Eealists.) 

Non  Bis  in  Idem  (Latin,  Not  tmct 
for  the  same  thuig) — i.e.,  no  man  can  be 
tried  a  second  time  on  the  same  charge. 

Non  Compos  Mentis  or  Non 
Com.  Not  of  sound  miud  ;  a  lunatic, 
idiot,  drunkard,  or  one  who  has  lost 
memory  and  understanding  by  accident 
or  disease. 

Non  Con.  (-See  Nonconformist.) 

Non  Est.  A  contraction  of  Non  «l 
inventus  (not  to  be  found).  They  ai-e  the 
words  which  the  sheriff  writes  on  a  writ 
when  the  defendant  is  not  to  be  found  in 
his  bailiwick. 

Non  Plus  ("no  more"  can  be  said 
on  the  subject).  When  a  man  is  come  to 
a  non-plus  in  an  argument,  it  means  that 
he  is  unable  to  deny  or  controvert  what 
is  advanced  against  him.  "  To  non-plus" 
a  person  is  to  put  him  into  such  a  fix. 

Non  Pros,  for  Non  pros'eqtd  (not  to 
prosecute).  The  judgment  of  .Vo/i/^roi.  is 
one  for  costs, when  tho  plaintiff  stays  a  suit. 

Non  Sequitur  (^A).    A  conclusion 
which  does  not  follow  from  the  premisee 
'    stated. 


NONCONFOBMISTS. 


NORRISIAN  PROFESSOR.    63l 


The  n«me  began  with  B  and  ended  with  0-   Perhaps  it 
•r;\a  WuttTt. 

Dickeiu,  "  A'ieholat  A'ickUbp,"  p.  1S& 

Nonconformists.  The  2,000  cler- 
jrymen  wlio,  in  16'J"2,  left  the  Church  of 
England,  rather  than  conform  or  submit 
to  the  conditions  of  the  Act  of  Uniformity 
— i.e.,  "unfeigned  assent  to  all  and  every- 
thing contained  in  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer."  Tlie  word  is  loosely  used  for 
Dissenters  generally. 

Nonjurors.  Those  clergymen  who 
refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  new  government  after  the  Revolution. 
They  were  archbishop  Sancroft  with  eight 
other  bishops,  and  400  clergymen,  all  of 
whom  were  ejected  from  their  livings 
(1691). 

ISTonne  Prestes  Tale.  A  thrifty 
wi(low  had  a  cock,  "hight  Chaunt'e- 
clere,"  who  had  his  harem  ;  but  "damysel 
Pertilote  "  was  his  favourite,  who  perched 
beside  him  at  night.  Chaunteclere  once 
dreamt  that  he  saw  a  fos  who  "  tried  to 
make  arrest  on  his  body,"  but  Pertilote 
chided  him  for  placing  faith  in  dreams. 
Next  day  a  fox  came  into  the  poultry- 
yard,  but  told  Chaunteclere  he  merely 
came  to  hear  him  sing,  for  his  voice  was 
Bo  ravishing  ho  could  not  deny  himself 
that  pleasure.  The  cock,  pleased  with 
this  flattery,  shut  his  eyes  and  began  to 
crow  most  histily,  when  Dan  Russell 
seized  him  by  the  throat  and  ran  off 
with  him.  When  they  got  to  the  wood, 
the  cock  said  to  the  fox,  "  I  should  ad- 
vise you  to  eat  me,  and  that  anon."  "  It 
shall  be  done,"  said  the  fox,  but  as  he 
loosed  the  cock's  neck  to  speak  the  word, 
Chaunticlere  flew  from  his  back  into  a 
tree.  Presently  came  a  hue  and  cry 
after  the  fox,  who  escaped  with  difficult}', 
and  Chaunticlere  returned  to  the  poul- 
trj'-yard  wiser  and  discreeter  for  his 
&'\ye\\i\irQ.  — Chaucer, "Canterbury  Tahs." 

This  tale  is  taken  from  the  old  French 
"Roman  do  Rcnart."  The  same  story 
forms  also  one  of  the  fables  of  Marie  of 
France,  called  "Don  Coc  et  Don  Werpil." 

Nor.  The  giant,  father  of  Night. 
lie  dwelt  in  \Siga.td.— Scandinavian  my- 
thology. 

Norfolk.    The  folk  north  of  Kent, 

Essex,  and  iSuffolk. 

Norfolk-Howards.  Bugs.  A  per- 
son named  Rugg,  in  YbG'i,  changed  bia 
same  into  Norfolk-Uowai  d. 


Norfolk  Street  {Strand),  with 
Arundel,  Surrey,  and  Howard  Streets, 
wet  e  the  site  of  the  house  and  grounds  of 
the  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  (then  of 
the  lord  high  admiral  Seymour,  and 
afterwards  of  the  Howards  earls  ol 
Arundel  and  Surrey,  from  whom  it  came 
into  the  possession  of  the  earl  of  Norfolk. 

Norma.  A  vestal  priestess  who  has 
been  seduced.  She  discovers  her  para- 
mour in  an  attempt  to  seduce  her  friend, 
also  a  vestal  priestess,  and  in  despair 
contemplates  the  murder  of  her  base- 
born  children.  The  libretto  is  a  melo« 
dr.ima  by  Romani,  music  by  Bellini 
(1831).     "  Norma.,"  an  Opera. 

Normandy.  The  Poles  are  the  Vin- 
tagers in  Normandy.  The  Norman  vintage 
consists  of  apples,  beaten  down  by  poles. 
The  French  say  En  Normandie  I'on  ren- 
dange  avec  la  gaule,  whore  gaule  is  a  play 
on  the  word  Gaul,  but  really  means  a 
pole. 

Tfi^  Oem  of  Normandif.  Emma, 
daughter  of  Richard  I.    (•-1052.) 

Noma.  The  well  of  Urda,  where  the 
gods  sit  in  judgment,  and  near  which  is 
that  "fair  building"  whence  proceed 
the  three  maidens  called  Urda,  Verdandi, 
and  Skulda  {Past,  Present,  and  Future). 
— Scandinavian  mythology. 

Noma  "of  the  Fitful-head."  A 
character  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "Pirate," 
to  illustrate  that  singular  kind  of  in- 
sanity which  is  ingenious  in  self-impo- 
sition, as  those  who  fancy  a  lunatic 
asylum  their  own  palace,  the  employes 
thereof  their  retinue,  aud  the  porridgo 
provided  a  banquet  tit  for  the  gods. 
Noma's  real  name  was  Ulla  Troil,  but 
after  her  amour  with  Basil  Mertoun 
(Vaughan),  and  the  birth  of  a  son,  named 
Clement  Cleveland,  she  changed  her  name 
out  of  shame.  Towards  the  end  of  the 
novel  she  gradually  recovered  her  right 
mind. 

Nomir  or  Noms.  The  three  fates 
of  Scandinavian  mythology, Past,  Present, 
and  Future.  They  spin  the  events  of 
human  life  sitting  under  the  ash-trea 
Yggdrasil  (Ig'-dra-siW). 

Norris'lan  Professor.  A  Pro- 
fessor of  Divinity  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge.  This  professorship  was 
founded  in  17(.'0  by  John  Norris,  K.'^q.,  of 
WUitton  in  Norfolk.    The  four  divinity 


C23 


NORROY. 


NOSE. 


professors  are  latly  Margaret's  professor  of 
diviiiity,llegiu8professor  of  divinity,  Nor- 
risian  professor,  and  liulsean  professor. 

ITorroy.  North-roy  or  king.  The 
third  king-at-arms  i3  so  called,  becaiise 
ills  office  18  on  the  north  side  of  the  river 
Trent ;  that  of  the  south  side  is  called 
Clarencienx  (fi-v.). 

K'orte.  Violent  northern  erales,  which 
visit  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  September 
to  March.  In  i\Iarch  they  attain  their 
niaxiniTim  force,  and  then  immediately 
cease.     (Spanish,  norie,  the  north.) 

ITorte  de  Los  Esta'dos.     By  Don 

Francisco  de  Ossuna.     Published  1550. 

ITorth  {Christopher) .  A nom  de  plumo 
of  Professor  Wilson,  of  Gloucester  Place, 
Edinburgh,  one  of  the  chief  contributors 
to  BlacJaoood's  Magazine. 

North  Side  of  a  Churchyard. 
The  poor  have  a  great  objection  to  be 
buried  on  the  north  side  of  a  churchyard, 
i'bey  seem  to  think  only  evil- doers  should 
be  there  interred.  Probably  the  chief 
jeasou  is  the  want  of  sun.  Uu 
the  north  side  of  Glasgow  Cathe- 
dral is  shown  the  hangman's  bu'ial 
place. 

There  is,  however,  an  ecclesiastical 
reason : — Tho  east  is  God^s  side,  whei-e 
his  throne  is  set ;  the  west,  man's  side, 
the  Galilee  of  the  Gentiles ;  tho  south, 
the  side  of  t'ne  "spirits  made  just"  and 
angels,  where  the  sun  shines  in  his 
strength ;  the  north,  the  devil's  side, 
where  Satan  and  his  legion  lurk  to 
catch  the  unwary.  Some  churches  have 
Btill  a  "  devil's  door"  in  the  north  wall, 
which  is  opened  at  baptisms  and  com- 
munions to  let  the  devil  out. 

Ab  men  die,  so  shall  th-^y  arise  ;  if  in  faith  in  the 
Lord,  towards  the  south  ....  and  shall  arise  iu 
glory  ;  if  in  unbelief  ....  towards  the  north,  then 
lire  they  past  ail  hope.— Cofcrduft,  "  Traying  Jor  tht 
Lead." 

ITorthamptonshire  Poet.  John 
Clare,  son  of  a  farmer  at  Helpstone. 
(1793-1864.) 

ITorthern  Bear.    Russia. 

Northern  Gate  of  the  Sun.  Tho 
i»,ism  of  Cancer,  or  summer  eolstico ;  so 
called  because  it  marks  the  northern 
tropic. 

Northern  Harlot  (Ct«*»H  dv  Ncrfj. 
Elizabeth  Petrowna,  emnrcsn  of  Rusnia, 
9lso  called  "  The  Infamous."  (1708-1761.) 


Northern  Lights,  The  Auro'ra 
BoreJi'lis,  ascribed  by  the  Northern 
savages  to  the  merriment  of  the  ghosts. 

Norval.  An  aged  peasant  and  his 
son  in  the  tragedy  of  "  Douglas,"  by 
John  Home. 

Norway  (3/«irf  of)-  JIargaret,  in- 
fant queen  of  Scotland.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Eric  II.  king  of  Nor- 
way, and  JIargarct  daughter  of  Alex- 
ander III.  of  Scotland.  She  never  ac- 
tually reigned,  as  she  died  on  her  passage 
to  Scotland  in  1290. 

Nose.  Bleeding  of  the  nose.  Sign  o1 
love. 

"Dirt  my  nose  ever  bleed  when  I  was  in  year 
company  7  "and,  puor  wretch,  just  :ib  she  spake  this, 
to  show  her  trne  he.irt,  her  uose  fell  a-bleeding.— 
Boidster, "  Lectures,''  p.  13u. 

Bleeding  of  tJie  nose.  Grose  says  if  it 
bleeds  one  drop  only  it  forebodes  sick- 
ness, if  three  drops  the  omen  is  still 
worse;  but  Melton,  in  his  "  Astrolo- 
gaster,"  says,  "  If  a  man's  nose  bleeds 
one  drop  at  the  left  nostril,  it  is  a  sign  of 
good  luck,  and  vice  versd." 

Itching  of  tJie  nose.  A  sign  that  you 
will  see  a  stranger. 

We  sbsU  ha'  piests  today— my  nose  itcheth  sa— 
Dekker,"  JJoiiisl  Whore." 

To  count  noses.  To  count  the  numbers 
of  a  division.  It  is  a  horse-dealer's  term, 
who  counts  horses  by  the  nose,  for  the 
sake  of  convenience.  Thus  the  Times, 
comparing  the  House  of  Commons  to 
Tattersalf  s,  says,  "  Such  is  the  counting 
of  noses  upon  a  question  which  lies  at  the 
basis  of  our  constitution." 

Led  by  the  nose.     This  very  day,  as  I 

came  down  Farringdon  Street,  I  saw  a 

drover  leading  an  unwilling  ox  by  a  hook 

in    the    nose,   and  that  verso  of  Isaiah 

(xxxvii.  29)  came  into  my  mind:  —  "  Be- 

i    cause  thy  rage  against  me  ...  is  come 

I    up  into  mine  ears,  therefore  will  I  put  my 

j    hook  in  thy  nose  .  .  .  and  will  turn  thee 

back.  .  .  ."      Horses,  asses,  &c.,  led  by 

bit  and  bridle,   are    led    by  the  nose. 

I    Hence  lago  says  of  Othello,  he  was  "  led 

by  the  nose  as  asses  are "  (i.  3).     But 

buffaloes,  camels,  aud  bears  are  actually 

hid  by  a  ring  inserted  into  their  nostrils. 

i        Paying  thrmigh  the  yiose.     Grimm  says 

i    iaat  Odin  had  a  po!l-t."vx  v^hich  w&s  called 

j    in  Sweden  &  nose-tax ;  it  was  a  penny 

I    per    nose    or    poll.—"  Dv.'.xJ-e    E-icku 


KOSNOT-P.OCAL 


NOTORIETY. 


C23 


Sei'mon  on  Noses  (La  Diceria  de'  Nasi), 
by  Annibal  Caro  (15S-1). 

Chapteron  Noses,  in  "Tristram  Shandy," 
by  L.  Sterne. 

On  Hie  Dignitji,  Gravity,  and  Authoritif 
of  Noses,  by  Taglicozzi  or  Tagliacozzo 
(1697). 

De  Virginitale  (§  77).  A  chapter  in 
Rornmann. 

The  Noses  of  Adam  and  Eve,  by  Mdlle, 
Boiuignon. 

Pious  Meditations  on  lIieNose  of  the  Vir- 
gin Mary,  by  J.  Petit. 

Pu'view  of  Noses  (Louis  Brevitatis),  by 
Th(?ophile  Raynaud. 

Nos'not-Bo'cai  or  Bo'cai.  Prince 
of  purgatory.  Purgatory  is  tho  "realm 
of  Nosnot-Eocai." 

Sit.  I  last  night  received  command 
To  see  you  out  of  Fairy-land, 
Into  the  realm  of  Nosnot-liocai ; 
But  let  not  fear  or  sulphur  choafc-ye, 
For  he's  a  fiend  of  sense  and  wit. 

King,  "  Orpheut  and  Euryiice" 

Nostrada'raus  (Michael).  An  astro- 
loger who  published  an  annual  "Almanac," 
very  similar  in  cliaracter  to  that  cf  "Fran- 
cis Moore,"  and  a  "  Kecueil  of  Prophe- 
cies," in  four-line  sianzas,  extending  over 
seven  centuries.    (1503-1566.) 

The  Noslradamvs  of  Porlxigal.  Qon- 
^alo  Anne's  Bandarra,  a  poet-cobbler, 
whose  lucubrations  were  stopped  by  the 
Inquisition.    (  *  -1556.) 

As  good  a  prophet  as  Nostradannis — i.e., 
80  obscure  that  none  can  raahe  out  your 
meaning.  Nostrada'mus  was  a  provincial 
astrologer  of  tho  sixtctnth  century,  who 
has  left,  a  number  of  prophecies  in  verse, 
but  what  they  mean  no  one  has  yet  been 
able  to  discover.     (French  provei-b.) 

Nostrura  means  Our  own.  It  is 
applied  to  a  quack  medicine,  the  ingre- 
dients of  which  are  supposed  to  be  a  se- 
cret of  the  compounders.     (Latin.) 

ITot'ables  (in  French  history).  An 
assembly  of  nobles  or  noiablo  men,  se- 
lected by  tho  king,  of  the  House  of 
Valois,  to  form  a  parlinment.  They 
were  convened  in  1026  by  llicholieu,  and 
not  again  till  1787  (a  hundred  and  sixty 
years  afterwards),  when  Louia  XV] . 
called  them  together  with  the  view  of 
relieving  the  nation  from  some  of  its  pe- 
cuniary embarrassments.  The  last  time 
they  over  aj^sembled  was  Nov,  6,  1788. 

Notariea. 

A.  E.  I.  O.  U.  A\is,ir\e,'%  JPmpiro  /« 
(ho7  all  t^niver«al.     (See  A,  V..  I.,  &o.) 


J<:ra.     .A.  ER.A—i.€.,  Anno  EPxAt 

A\\c\i^\.\.    (.Sfe^HA.) 
I       Cahal.    Clitford.-'lshley,  Buckingham, 
I   Arlington,  Zauderdale.     (iSge  Cabal.) 
I        Clio.       Chelsea,    Zondon,    /sUngton, 
I    Office.    (See^uo.) 

Ilempe.  "When  hempe  is  spun,  Eng- 
land is  done."  Ileury,  Edward,  J/ary, 
Philip,  .Elizabeth,     (See  Hempe.) 

Hip  I  hip  I  huiToh  I  2/ierosolyma  Ee,i 
Per'dita.     (See  Hip.) 

Jchthvs.  /e'sous  CiZristos  TJIoon  Uioa 
(Soter.     {See  IcuTHUs.) 

Koli.  TiTing's  Owa  Light  /nf^ntry 
(the  51st  Foot). 

Limp.  Z-ouis,  /ames,  Jifnry,  Prince. 
{See  I-iMP.) 

Maccabees.  Mi  Camokali  .Baolim  Je- 
hovah.    {See  Maccab.eus.) 

Aew.<.  A'orth,  A'ast,  IFest,  jiSbuth. 
(See  Nkws.) 

Smccti/vi'mins.  /S'tephen  J/arshall,  .S'd- 
mund  6'alamy,  rhonias  I'oung,  Mutthew 
A''ewcomen,  6'Milliam5purstow.(«Sce  yiiEC.) 

Torg.     True  0\d  is'oyal  I'eoman. 

The  following  palindrome  may  be  ad- 
ded ;  K.T.L.N.L.T.u.  Lat  to  live,  Never  live  to 
cat.  In  Latin  thus:  e.v.V.n.v.v.b.  Lde 
ut  vivas,  ne  vivas  ut  edas. 

Whig.      H'o  //npo  /u  C?od. 
Wise.     IFalcs,  /reland,  .Scotland,  Eng- 
land— i.e.,  Wales,  Ireland,  and  Scotlaad 
added  to  England. 

Notation  or  Notes.    (See  Do.) 

Notch.  Out  of  all  notch.  Out  of  all 
bounds.  The  allusion  is  to  the  practice 
of  fitting  timber :  the  piece  which  is  to 
receive  the  other  is  notched  upon;  the  oiio 
to  fit  into  the  notch  is  said  to  be  notched 
dou'7i. 

Nothing.  '*A  tune  played  by  the 
picture  of  nobody." — Shaixspeare,  "  Tem- 
pest," iii.  2, 

No'thosaur  (Greek,  not  a  li-ue 
lizard).  An  extinct  saurian,  found  in  the 
Triassic  deposits  of  Germany,  &c. 

Notori'ety.  Depraved  taste  fur  nolo- 
riet!/ : — 

Cleom'brotos,  who  leaped  into  the  sea. 
(See  C'LEOMnaoTOs.) 

Emped'oclea,  who  leaped  into  Etna. 
{See  Empedocles.) 

Heros'tratos,  who  set,  fire  to  tho  toKi- 
pie  of  Diana.     (.?«  Diana.) 

William  Lloyd,  who  bro'>e  in  pieces 
the  Portland  vase  (1815). 


624 


NOTTINGHAM. 


NUMA, 


Jonathan  Martin,  who  sot  fire  to  York 
Minster  (1820). 

Nottingham.  (Saxon,  Smlinga- 
ham,  ptaco  of  caves.)  So  called  from  tha 
caverns  in  the  soft  sandstone  rock. 
Montecute  took  king  Edward  III.  throus^h 
these  subterranean  passages  to  the  hill 
castle,  where  he  found  the  "gentle  Mor- 
timer "  and  Isabella,  the  dowager-quocn. 
The  former  was  .slain,  and  the  latter  im- 
prisoned. The  passage  is  still  called 
"Mortimer's  Hole." 

Nottingham  Poet.  Tliilip  James  Bailry, 
author  of  "  Fcstiis."  15orn  at  Basford 
liear  Nottingham.     (I'UG.) 

2Volting/<(im  l.mnh.<.     Tlio  roughs. 

iNOTirmahar.  Sultana.  The  word 
means  Light  of  the  Ilaram.  She  was 
afterwards  called  Nourjehan  {Light  oj  tlie 
World).  In  "  Lalla  Kookh,"  'the  tale 
called  "  The  Light  of  the  Haram "  is 
this :  Nourmalial  was  estranged  for  a 
time  from  the  love  of  Selim,  son  of  Ac- 
bar'.  By  the  advice  of  Namou'na,  she 
prepares  a  love-spell,  and  appears  as  a 
lute-player  at  a  banquet  given  by  "the 
imperial  Sslim."  At  the  close  of  the 
feast  she  tries  the  power  of  song,  and 
the  young  sultan  exclaims,  "If  Nour- 
malial had  sung  those  strains  I  could 
forgive  her  all ;"  whereupon  the  sultana 
throw  off  her  mask,  Selim  "caught  her 
to  his  heart,"  and  as  Nourmahal  rested 
her  head  on  Selim's  arm,  "  she  whispers 
him,  with  laughing  eyes,  'Remember, 
love,  the  Feast  of  Roses.' " — Thomas 
Moore. 

Nous  or  Nouse  (1  syL).  Genius,  na- 
tural acumen,  quick  perception,  ready 
wit.  The  Platonists  used  the  word  for 
mind,  or  the  first  cause.  (Greek,  nous, 
contractioc  of  noos. ) 

Nova'tians.  Followers  of  Nova- 
tia'nus,  a  presbyter  of  Rome  in  the  third 
century,  who  would  never  allow  any  one 
who  had  lapsed  to  be  re-admitted  into 
the  church. 

November  17.    {See  Queen's  Day.) 

Novum  Or'ganvun.  The  great 
work  of  lord  Bacon. 

Now-a-days.  A  corruption  of  In- 
our-days,  /'  nour  days.  {See  Apron, 
Nickname,  Nugoet,  &c.) 

Now-now.  Old  Anthmui  Now-ntyv. 
km  itincraut  fiddler,  meant-  for  Anthony 


Mnnday,  the  dramatist  who  wroto 
"City  Pageants." — Cheltle,  "  Kindharl'i 
Dream  "  (1592). 

TSTo'wheres    (2   syl.).    {See    Meda- 

MOTHI.) 

Noyacles  (2  syl.).  A  moans  of 
execution  adopted  by  Carrier  at  Nantes, 
in  the  first  French  Revolution,  and  called 
Carrier's  Vertical  Diportulion.  Some 
150  persons  being  stowed  in  the  hold  of 
a  vessel  in  the  Loire,  the  vessel  was 
ncuttled,  and  the  victims  drowned.  Nero, 
at  the  suggestion  of  Anice'tus,  drowned 
his  mother  in  this  same  manner.  (French, 
noyo;  to  drown.) 

Nubbles  (Kit),  in  "  The  Old  Cu- 
riosity Shop,"  by  Dickens. 

Nucky.  Ursula,  contracted  from 
Mine  Ursu,  My  N'  ursj,  N'  ucky. 

Nucta,  or  miraculous  drop  which  falls 
in  Egypt  on  St.  John's  day  (June),  is 
supposed  to  have  the  effect  of  stopping 
the  plague.  Thomas  Moore  refers  to  it 
in  his  "  Paradise  and  the  Peri." 

Nvide.  Rabelais  wittily  says  that  a 
person  without  clothing  is  dressed  in 
"  grey  and  cold"  of  a  comical  cut,  being 
"  nothing  before,  nothing  behind,  and 
sleeves  of  the  same."  King  Shrovetide, 
monarch  of  Sneak-island,  was  so  arrayed. 
— "Oargantua  and  Paniagruel,"  iv.  29. 

The  nude  statues  of  Paris  are  said  to 
be  draped  in  "  cerulean  blue." 

Nugget  of  gold.  A  corruption  of 
an  ingot,  a  ningot.  A  correspondent  in 
Kotes  and  Queries  says  the  Ben- 
galees use  the  term  nuggitt  pisa  for 
"hard  cash,"  from  the  Persian  nugnd 
(ready  money) ;  and  as  Australia  is  the 
sanatorium  of  Indian  officers,  it  is  easy 
to  see  how  Indian  words  have  been  im- 
ported.    {See  Now-A-DVYS,  Ncckt.) 

Another  correspondent  in  Notes  and 
Queries  suggests  nog  (a  wooden  ball) 
used  in  tlie  game  of  suinne}-.  Nig  in 
Essex  means  a  "  piece ;"  a  noggin  of 
bread,  a  hunch. 

In  Scotland  they  still  say  a  nugget  of 
sugar  (i.e.,  a  lump). 

Nulla  Linea.    {See  Link.) 

Nulli     Secun'dus    Club.      The 

Coldstream  Guards. 

Numa.  The  second  king  of  Rome, 
who  reduced  the  irJant  state  to  order  by 
wise  laws. 


NUMANCIA. 


NUMIDICUS. 


ffSj 


Nutnan'oia.  A  tragedy  by  Oer- 
vantes,  author  of  "  Don  Quixote,"  but 
never  published  in  his  life-time. 

Numba.  A  bachelor  god  of  Oroun- 
gou,  in  Africa ;  a  combination  of  Nep- 
tune and  Mercury. 

Numbers. 

Army  of  soldiers,     Reffimmf,  iic. 

Batch  or  Casie  of  bread. 

Bevy  of  beeves,  roes,  quails,  ladies,  &<'5. 

Brood  of  chickens,  kc. 

Catch  of  fibh  taken  in  nets,  &c. 

Clv.mp  of  trees. 

Clvster  of  grapes,  nuts,  stars,  &c. 

Collection  of  pictures,  curiosities,  (S:c. 

Covey  of  birds. 

CowfircUce  of  curs.     3Iute  of  hounds. 

Crew  of  sailors. 

Drove  of  horses,  ponies,  beasts,  &c. 

Fleet  of  ships. 

Flight  of  bees,  birds,  stairs,  kc. 

Flock  of  birds,  sheep,  geese,  &c. 

Oagle  of  women. 

Galaxy  of  beauties. 

Gangoi  slaves,  jirisoners,  &c. 

Haul  of  fish  caught. 

//errf  of  bucks,  deer,  harts,  &o, 

Z/^u'e  of  bees. 

House  of  senators.     Kennel  of  rachea. 

Lefjion  tf  "  foul  fiends. 

Littd-  of  pigs,  whelps,  &c. 

J/o'j  of  roughs. 

Nest  of  rabbits,  ants,  &c. ;  shelves,  &c. 

Pack  of  hounds,  playing  cards,  kc. 

Pencil  of  rays,  &c. 

/*('/«  of  books,  wood  stacked. 

Pride  of  lions. 

Rabble  of  men  ill-bred  and  ill-clad. 

Rouleau  of  money. 

8et  of  china,  or  articles  assorted. 

Shoal  ol  mackerel.  School ol  whales,  So. 

Shock  of  hair,  corn,  &c. 

Skulk  of  foxes. 

Slack  of  corn,  hay,  wood  (piled  to- 
gether). 

String  of  horses. 

Slud  of  mares. 

Stiil  of  clothes. 

Stale  of  rooms. 

Swarm  of  bees,  locusts,  4,0. 

7V(/ct'  of  fish. 

Team  of  oxen,  horses,  &c. 

Tribe  of  goats. 

Assembly,  cougrcyaCion,  crowd,  host,  &c., 
of  men  and  wcmieii.     (5e«  Multitude.) 

Odd  y timbers.  "  Numero  Deus  impirc 
jraudet "  (Virg,  Eel.,  viii.  75).  This  is  a 
fact,  not  a  superstition.  Three  indicates 
the  "beginning,  middle,  and  end."    The 


Godhead  has  three  persons;  so  in  classic 
mythology  Hecate  had  threefold  power  ; 
Jove's  symbol  was  a  triple  thumlerbolt, 
Neptune's  a  sca-trident,  Pluto's  a  three- 
headed  dog ;  the  Fates  were  three,  the 
Furies  three,  the  Graces  three,  the  Horw 
three;  the  Muses  three -times -three 
There  are  seven  notes,  nine  planets,  nine 
orders  of  angels,  seven  days  a  week  and 
365  a  year,  kc. ;  five  senses,  five  fingers 
on  the  hand  and  toes  on  the  foot,  five 
vowels,  five  continents,  &c.  kc.  A 
volume  might  be  filled  with  illustrations 
of  the  fact  that  "God  delights  in  odd 
numbers."    (See  Odd,  Nine.) 

To  consult  ihcBook  of  Afwmbeis  is  to  ca.ll 
for  a  division  of  the  House,  or  to  put  a 
question  to  the  vote. — Parliamentary 
Kit. 

Number  Nip.  The  gnome  king  ot 
the  Giant  Mountains. — Musceus,  "Popw 

lar  Tales." 

Number  of  the  Beast.    "  It  is  the 

number  of  a  man,  and  his  number  is  Six 
hundred  threescore  and  six"  (Rev.  xiii. 
18).  This  number  has  been  a{)plied  to 
divers  persons  previously  assumed  to  be 
Antichrist :  as  Mahomet,  the  pope,  Julian 
(the  apostate),  Trajan  and  Diocletian, 
Luther,  Evanthas,  Titan,  Lampetis, 
Niketes,  Napoleon  I.,  and  several  others. 
Also  to  certain  phrases  supposed  to  be 
descriptive  of  "the  man  of  sin,"  as 
Arnoume  (/  renounce),  K.akos  Odo'gos 
{bud  gui(le),  Al)inu  Kadescha  Papa  {our 
holy  father  the  pope) :  e.g. — 

M  a     o      ra     e       t        i  .<;. 

40,  1,     70,     40,     5,     300,     10,  200  =  6CG. 

L  a      t       e      i       n       o       B. 

30,  1,    300,    5,     10,    50,     70,  2J0  =  CC6. 

L  u      th      r       an       0  8. 

SO,  400,    9,     100,     1,    50,    70,  6    =  GC6. 

The  Nile  is  emblematic  of  the  year; 
N     e      i       1       OS. 
60,    6,     10,     30,    7,    200  =-  3G5. 

Num.cro.  Uomme  de  numero— that 
is  "  tm  hommo  fin  en  afTuires."  M. 
Walckenaer  says  it  is  a  shop  phrase, 
meaning  that  he  knows  all  the  numbers 
of  the  different  goods,  or  all  the  private 
marks  indicative  of  price  and  quality. 
n  n'itoit  lors.  d«  Paris  ju<^qu'i  Rome, 
Oalaut  qui  eflt  «i  tiien  le  numiTo. 

La  Fu'ilaine,  "  Kirhard  Uinulolo." 

Nuinid'icua.  Quiutus  Ctecilius  Mo- 
tcllus,  commander  ag~ainst  Jugurtho^ 
about  100  B.C. 


626 


NUNATION. 


NUTSnBLL. 


Nunation.  Adding  A'  to  an  initial 
vowel,  as  jVol  for  OlLiver],  Nell  for 
Ell[en],  iVedforEd[ward]. 

Nunc  Dimittia.  The  canticle  of 
Simeon  is  so  called,  from  the  first  two 
words  in  the  Latin  version  (Luke  ii. 
29-32). 

Nuncu'pative  Will.  A  will  or 
testament  made  by  word  of  mouth.  As 
a  general  rule,  no  will  is  valid  unless  re- 
duced to  writing;  and  signed ;  but  soldiers 
and  sailors  may  simply  declare  their  wish 
by  word  of  mouth.  (Latin,  nunciipo,  to 
declare). 

Nurr  and  Spell  or  Knor  and  Spill. 
A  game  resembling  trapball,  and  played 
with  a  wooden  ball  caDed  a  nurr  or  knoi-. 
The  ball  is  released  by  means  of  a  spring 
from  a  little  brass  cup  at  the  end  of  a 
tongue  of  steel  called  a  spell  or  spill. 
After  the  player  has  touched  the  spring, 
the  ball  flies  into  the  air,  and  is  straek 
with  a  bat.  In  scm~ing,  the  distances  are 
reckoned  by  the  score  feet,  previously 
marked  off  by  a  Gunter's  chaiu.  The 
game  is  played  frequently  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire. 

Nurse.  To  nurse  an  omnihw,  is  to 
try  and  run  it  off  the  road.  This  is  done 
by  sending  a  rival  omnibus  close  at  its 
heels,  or  if  necessary,  one  before  and  one 
behind  it,  to  pick  up  the  passengers.  As 
a  nurse  follows  a  child  about  regardless 
of  its  caprices,  so  these  four-wheel  nurses 
follow  their  rival. 

Nursery  Tales.  "Jack  and  the 
Bean-stalk,"  "Jack  the  Giant  Killer," 
with  some  others,  are  Scandinavian  nur- 
sery tales ;  "  Tom  Thumb  "  is  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  origin  ;  "  Prince  Marcassin," 
"  Fortunatus,"  "  Puss  in  Boots,"  are  by 
Straparola  (tlie  Italian),  translated  into 
French  (1585) ;  "  Blue  Beard,"  "  Sleop- 
iiig  Beauty,"  "Puss  in  Boots,"  "  Piiquet 
with  the  Tuft,"  "Little  Red  Ridiug- 
Hood,"  are  by  Charles  i  <\  ault  (a 
Frenchman);  "Beauty  and  'he  Be.ist" 
is  by  Madame  Villeueuve  ;  "Goody  Two- 
Shoes,"  by  Oliver  Goldsmith  ;  "  Gulliver's 
Travels,"  by  Dean  Swift ;  "  The  Devil  on 
Two  Sticks,"  by  Lesage  ;  "  The  Castle 
of  Otrauto,"  by  Horace  Walpole  ;  "  Tho 
Old  English  Baron,"  by  Clara  Reeve ; 
"  The  Mysteries  of  Udulpho,"  and  "  The 
Komance  of  the  Forest,"  by  Mrs.  Rad- 
olifio ;  tc.  '?«!, 


ITuh.  Thai'i  nuti  to  him.  A  great 
pleasure,  a  fine  treat.  Nuts  among  the 
homans  made  a  standing  dish  at  dessert ; 
they  were  also  common  toys  for  children  ; 
hence  to  put  away  childish  things  is,  in 
Latin,  to  put  your  nuts  away. 

It  is  time  to  lay  our  nutt  aside  (Latin, 
relin'quere  nuces) .  To  leave  off  our  follies, 
to  relinquish  boyish  pursuits.  The  allu- 
eion  is  to  an  old  Roman  marriage  cere- 
mony, in  wliich  the  bridegroom,  as  ho 
led  his  bride  home,  scattered  nuts  to  the 
crowd,  as  if  to  symbolise  to  them  that 
he  gave  up  his  boyish  sports, 

Tfut-brown  Maid.  Henry  lord 
Clifford,  first  earl  of  Cumberland,  and 
lady  Margaret  Percy  his  wife,  are  the 
originals  of  this  ballad.  Lord  Clifford 
had  a  miserly  father  and  ill-natxu-ed  step- 
mother, so  he  left  home  and  became 
the  head  of  a  band  of  robbers.  The 
ballad  was  written  in  1502,  and  saya 
that  the  "  Not-browne  Mayd"  was  wooed 
and  won  by  a  knight  who  gave  out  that 
he  was  a  banished  man.  After  describ- 
ing the  hardships  she  would  have  to  un- 
dergo if  she  married  him,  and  finding 
her  love  true  to  the  test,  ho  revealed 
himself  to  be  an  earl's  son,  with  .large 
hereditary  estates  in  Westmoreland. — 
Percy,  "Jleliques"  (series  ii.). 

Nutcraek  Night.  All  Hallows' 
Eve,  when  it  is  customary  in  some  places 
to  crack  nuts  in  large  quantities. 

Nutcrackers.  The  3rd  Foot ;  so 
called  because  at  A  Ibue'ra  they  cracked 
the  heads  of  the  Polish  Lancers,  then 
opened  and  retreated,  but  in  a  few 
minutes  came  again  into  the  field,  and 
did  most  excellent  service. 

Nutshell.       Iliad     in     a     nutshell. 
Pliny  tells  us  that  Cicero  asserts  that 
the  whole  Iliad  was  written  on  a  piece 
of   parchment,  which  might  be  put  into 
a   nutshelL    Lalanne    describes,   in    his 
"Curiosit^s  Bibliographiques,"  an  edition 
of  Rochefoucault's  "Maxims,"  pubhshed 
by  Didot  in  1829,    on    pages   one  inch 
square,  each   paga   containing  26  lines, 
and  each  lino  44  letters.   Charles  Toppan , 
of  New  York,  engraved  on  a  plate  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  square  12,000  letters. 
The  lUad  contains   501.930  letters,  and 
;    would  therefore  occupy  42  such  platM 
I    engraved  on  both  sided.   Huet  haa  proved 
I    by  experiment,  th-tt  a  parchment  27  by 
l-  81  centimetres  woidd  contain  the  entire 


NTCTANTIIE3. 


OAKS. 


(37 


lYvui,  and  such  a  parchment  would  go 
iuto  a  common-slzod  nut;  but  Mr.  Top- 
pan's  engraving  would  g-et  the  whole  Iliad 
into  half  that  size.  Ueor^e  P.  Marsh 
eays,  in  his  "  Lc-fUiree,"  he  hae  seen  the 
entire  Arabic  Koran  in  a  jiarchinetit  roll 
four  inches  wide  anil  half  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

Nyctan'thes  lieprins   to  spread  its 

rich  odour  after  sunset. 

JN"ym  (Corporal).  One  of  FalstafFs 
followers,  and  an  arrant  ropfue.  Nim  is 
to  steal. — "  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor," 

Ny'se  (2  syl).  One  of  the  Noreids 
[q.v.). 

The  loTc'.y  Njsc  and  Ncri'Do  =prini?, 
Wall  &U  tbe  vchoinence  an  1  i^pccd  of  wing. 

t'lcmoeiis,  "  Litsijd,"  bk.  11.. 


O.  Tliis  letter  represents  an  eye,  and 
is  called  in  Hebrew  ain  (an  eye). 

O.  Tha  fifleen  O's  are  fifteen  prayers 
Loi;inuing  with  the  letter  O.  (See  "Horm 
Buatissimae  Virginia  Marios.") 

O'.  An  Irish  patronymic.  (Gaelic 
ogha,  Irish  oa,  grandson.) 

O.H.M.S.  On  Her  Majesty's  Ser- 
vice. 

O  K.  A  telegraphic  symbol  for  "  All 
right"  (orl  korrect,  a  Sir  William  Curtis' s 
or  Ar'temus  Ward's  way  of  spelling  "  all 
correct"). 

O.  P.  Riot  {Old  Price  Biol).  Whon 
the  new  Covent  Garden  theatre  was 
opened  in  1809,  the  charges  of  admission 
were  increased  ;  but  night  after  night  for 
three  months  a  throng  crowded  the  pit 
shouting  O.P.  {old  prices),  much  damage 
was  done,  and  the  manager  was  obliged 
at  last  to  give  way. 

Oaf.  A  corruption  of  ouph  (elf).  A 
foolish  child  or  doit  is  so  callcri,  from  the 
notion  that  all  idiots  are  changelings,  left 
by  tiie  fairies  in  the  place  of  the  stolen 
ones. 

Oak.  Worn  on  the  20th  Mayj.  The 
29th  May  was  the  birthday  of  Charles  II. 
It  v.-as  in  the  month  of  September  that  he 
concealed  hini.'iclf  in  an  oak  at  Boscobel. 
Tlie  battle  of  Worcester  was  fought  on 
Wediicsflay,  Soptomber  3,  1651,  and 
Charles  arrived  at  WiiiteladioH,  nlmut 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  i<o<Jcobel 


House,  early  the  next  mom..ig.  He  re- 
turned to  England  on  his  birthday,  whon 
the  Pvoyalists  displayed  a  branch  of  oak 
in  allusion  to  his  concealment  in  an  oak- 
tree. 

To  /port  011^ s  oak.  To  be  "not  at 
home  "  to  visitors.  At  the  universities 
the  "  chambers "  have  two  doors,  the 
usual  room-door  and  another  mado  of 
oak,  outside  it ;  when  the  oak  is  shut  or 
"sported"  it  indicates  either  that  the 
occupant  of  the  room  is  out,  or  that  lie 
does  not  wish  to  be  disturbed  by  visi- 
tors. 

Oak  and  Ash.  The  tradition  is,  il 
the  oak  gets  into  leaf  before  the  ash  we 
may  expect  a  fine  and  productive  year  ; 
if  the  ash  precedes  the  oak  in  foliage, 
wo  may  anticipate  a  cold  summer  and 
unproductive  autumn.  In  the  years  1816, 
1817,  1821,  1S23,  132S,  1829,  1830,  1833, 
1840,  1845,  1850,  and  1859,  the  ash  was 
in  leaf  a  full  month  before  the  oak,  and 
the  autumns  were  unfavourable.  In  1831, 
1333, 1839,  1853, 1S60,  the  two  species  of 
trees  came  into  leaf  about  the  same  time, 
and  the  years  were  not  remarliable  either 
for  plenty  or  the  reverse ;  whereas  in  1818, 
1819,  1820,  1822,  1824,  182=),  1826,  1827, 
1833,  1834,  1835,  1836,  1837,  1842,  1846, 
1854, 1863,  and  1869,the  oak  displayed  its 
foliage  several  weeks  before  the  ash, 
and  the  summers  of  those  years  were  dry 
and  warm,  and  the  harvests  abundant. 

Oaks. 

(1)  Owen,  Olendover't  Oak,  at  Shelton, 
near  Shrewsbury,  was  in  full  growth  in 
1403,  for  in  this  tree  Owen  Gleudower 
witnessed  the  great  battle  between 
Henry  IV.  and  Henry  Percy.  Six  or 
eight  persons  can  stand  in  the  hollow  of 
its  trunk.     Its  girth  is  40^  foet. 

(2)  Cowthorpe  Oak,  near  Wetherby,  in 
Yorkshire,  will  hold  seventy  persons  in 
its  hollow.  Professor  Burnet  states  its 
age  to  be  1,600  years. 

(3)  Fairlop  Oak,  in  Hainault  Forest, 
was  thirty-six  feet  'In  circumference  a 
yard  from  the  ground.  It  was  blown 
down  in  1820. 

(4)  The  Oa.i:  of  the  Partisans,  in  Parcy 
forest,  St.  Ouen,  in  the  department  of 
the  Voagss,  is  107  feet  in  height.  It  ia 
650  yenrs  old. 

(5)  Tlie  null  Oal;  Wcdsrenock  Park, 
was  growing  at  the  time  of  the  Conouest. 

(6)-  The  Winfarihino  Oni  was 7uO  yeara 
old  at  the  time  of  the'Oonqueat. 


CANNES. 


OBEEON. 


(7)  William,  the  Conqveror'i  Oak,  in 
Windsor  Great  Park,  is  thirty-eight  feet 
in  girth. 

(8)  Queen's  Oal;  Huntin(3ffield,  Suffolk, 
Is  so  named  because  from  this  tree 
queen  Elizabeth  shot  a  buck. 

(9)  Sir  ridlip  Sidnej/s  Oak,  near  Pens- 
hurst,  was  planted  at  his  birth  in  1.554, 
and  has  been  memorialised  by  Ben 
Jonson  and  Waller. 

(10)  The  Ellerslie  Oal,  near  Paisley,  is 
reported  to  have  sheltered  Sir  William 
Wallace  and  I'OO  of  his  men. 

(11)  The  Swiknr  Oak,  in  Need  wood 
Forest,  Staffordshire,  is  between  tiOO  and 
700  years  old. 

(1'2)  The  Abbot's  Oak,  near  Wobum 
Abbey,  is  so  called  because  the  Wobum 
abbot  was  hanged  on  one  of  its  branches, 
in  1537,  by  order  of  Henry  VIII. 

Oaks  consecrated  to  the  god  of  thunder. 
Because  they  are  more  liable  to  be  struck 
by  lightning  than  other  trees. 

The  Oaks.  The  stakes  at  Epsom  races  so 
called  receive  their  name  from  Lambert's 
Oaks,  in  the  parish  of  Woodmansterne, 
formerlyan  inn.  The  house  was  erected 
on  lease  by  the  "  Hunter's  Club,"  and 
was  rented  from  the  Lambert  family.  It 
afterwards  became  the  residence  of 
general  Burgoyne,  from  whom  it  passed 
to  the  eleventh  earl  of  Derby.  It  was 
Edward  Smith  Stanley,  twelfth  earl  of 
Derby,  who  originated  the  Oaks  stakes. 
May  14,  1779.  On  the  death  of  the  earl 
of  Derby  in  1834,  the  Oaks  estate  was 
sold  to  Sir  Charles  Grey,  and  is  now  held 
by  Joseph  Smith. 

Oan'nes.  The  Chaldean  sea-god.  It 
bad  a  fish's  head  and  body,  and  also  a 
human  head  ;  a  fish's  tail,  and  also  feet 
under  the  tail  and  fish's  head.  In  the 
day-time  he  lived  with  men  to  instruct 
them  in  the  arts  and  sciences,  but  at 
night  retired  to  the  ocean.  Anedotes  or 
Idotion  was  a  similar  deity,  so  was  the 
Dagon  \_dag-On,iish  On]  of  the  Philistines. 

O'asis.  A  perfect  o'asis.  A  fertile 
epot  in  the  midst  of  a  desert  country,  a 
little  charmed  plot  of  land.  The  reference 
is  to  those  spots  in  the  desert  of  Africa 
where  wells  of  water  or  small  lakes  are 
to  be  found,  and  vegetation  is  pretty 
abundant.  (Coptic  word,  called  by 
llerodotos  auasis,  inhabited.) 

Oats.  He  has  soicn  his  wild  oats.  He 
has  left  off  his  gay  habits  and  is  become 
steady.     The  thick  vapours  which  rise 


on  the  earth's  surface  just  before  the 
lands  in  the  North  burst  into  vegetation, 
are  called  in  Denmark  Lok  kens  havrt 
(Loki's  wildcats).  When  the  fine  weather 
succeeds,  the  Danes  say  Loki  has  sovm 
his  wild  oats. 

Oath.  The  sacred  oath  of  the  Persiang 
is  By  the  Uuly  Grave— i.e.,  the  Tomb  of 
Shah  Besa'de,  who  is  buried  in  Casbin. — 
Strut. 

Oaths.  Rbadamanthus  imposed  on 
the  Cretans  the  law  that  men  should  not 
swear  by  the  gods,  but  by  the  dog,  ram, 
goose,  and  plane-tree.  Hence  Socrates 
would  not  swear  by  the  gods,  but  by  the 
dog  and  goose. 

Ob.  and  Sol.  Objection  and  solution. 
Contractions  used  by  controversial  stu- 
dents. 

Obadi'ah.  A  slang  name  for  a 
Quaker. 

OhaiUa?i.  One  of  the  servants  of  Mr. 
Shandy. — Sterne,  "  Tristram  Shandy." 

Obam'bou.  The  devil  of  the  Gamma 
tribes  of  Africa  ;  it  is  exorcised  by  noise 
like  bees  in  liight. 

OT^eism.  Serpent-worship.  From 
Egy{)tian  Ob  (the  sacred  serpent).  The 
African  sorceress  is  still  called  Obi.  The 
Greek  ophis  is  of  the  same  family. 
Moses  forbade  the  Israelites  to  inquire 
of  Ob,  which  we  translate  wizard. 

Ob'elisk.    (See  Dagger.) 

O'bermann.  The  impersonation  of 
high  moral  worth  without  talent,  and  the 
tortures  endured  by  the  consciousness  of 
this  defect. — Elienne  Pivert  de  Se'nan- 
cour,  "  Obermann." 

OTDeron.  King  of  the  Fairies,  whose 
wife  was  Titan'ia.  Shakespeare  intro- 
duces both  O'beron  and  Titan'ia  in  his 
"Midsummer  Night's  Dream."  (A uberon, 
anciently  ^4 /6e)w,  GQvm.a,Ti  Alherich,  king 
of  the  elves.) 

O'beron  the  Fay.  A  humpty  dwarf  only 
three  feet  high,  but  of  angelic  face,  lord 
and  king  of  Mommur.  He  told  Sir 
Huon  his  pedigree,  which  certainly  is 
very  romantic.  The  lady  of  the  Hidden 
Isle  (Cephalo'nia)  married  Neptane'bus 
king  of  Egypt,  by  whom  she  had  a  son 
called  Alexander  the  Great.  Seven 
hundred  years  later  Julius  Ctesar,  on  bis 
way  to  Thessaly,  stopped  in  Cephalonia, 
and  the  same  lady  falling  in  love  with 
him  had  in  time  another  son,  and  that 


OBERTUAL. 


ODD  NUMBERS. 


629 


sou  was  Oberon.  At  his  birth  the  fairies 
bestowed  thoir  fipfts— one  was  insight 
into  men's  thoughts,  and  another  was 
the  power  of  transporting  himself  to  any 
place  instantaneously.  He  became  a 
friend  to  Huon  (q.v.),  whom  he  made  his 
successor  in  the  kingdom  of  Mommur. 
In  the  fulness  of  time,  falling  asleep 
in  death,  legions  of  angels  conveyed  his 
soul  to  Paradise. — "  Huon  de  Bordeaux  " 
{a  romance). 

Oberthal  (Count).  Lord  of  Dor- 
drecht, near  the  Meuse.  When  Bertha, 
one  of  his  vassals,  asked  permission  to 
marry  John  of  Leyden,  the  count  re- 
fused, resolving  to  make  her  his  mistress. 
This  drove  John  into  rebellion,  and  he 
joined  the  Anabaptists.  The  count  was 
taken  prisoner  by  Gio'na,  a  discarded 
tservant,  but  liberated  by  John.  When 
John  was  crowned  Prophet-king,  the 
count  entered  his  banquet  hall  to  arrest 
him,  and  perished  with  John  in  the 
flames  of  tlie  burning  palace.  — il/eyer- 
leer,  "  Le  Prophile"  {an  opera). 

Obi'dah.  An  allegory  in  the  Ram- 
ble)', designed  to  be  a  picture  of  human 
life.  It  is  the  adventures  and  misfor- 
tunes which  a  young  man  named  Obi'dah 
met  with  in  a  day's  journey. 

Obid'ieut.  The  fiend  of  lust,  and 
one  of  the  five  that  possessed  "poor 
Tom."—  Shalespeare,  "  King  Lear,"  iv.  1. 

Object  means  forecast,  or  that  on 
which  you  employ  forecast.  (Latin,  oh 
jacio. ) 

Ob'olus.  Give  an  ob'olus  to  old  Belt- 
ia'rius.  Tzetzes,  a  writer  of  the  twelfth 
century,  says  that  Bolisarius,  stripped  of 
all  his  wealth  and  honours,  was  reduced 
to  beggary  in  his  grey  old  age  ;  that  he 
lived  in  a  mud  hut,  from  the  window  of 
which  ho  hung  an  alms-bag,  and  that  he 
u.-icd  to  cry  to  the  passorsby  "  Give  an 
ob'olus  to  poor  old  Belisa'rius,  who  rose 
by  his  merits  and  was  cast  down  by 
envy." 

Obsequies  are  the  funeral  honours, 
or  those  which  follow  a  person  deceased. 
(Latin,  ob-aequor.) 

Obstinate.  An  inhabikmt  of  the 
city  of  Destruction  who  advised  Christian 
to  return  to  his  family,  and  not  run  on 
fools'  errands.— .Citrtyttn,  "Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress," pt.  i. 

O'hy.    A  river  in  Russia.     The  word 


means  Great  Bivtr.  Thomson  the  pooi 
says  it  is  the  ultima  UmI«  of  the  habitable 
globe. 

Occam  ( William),  sumamed  Doctor 
Singuki'i-is  et  Invincil'ilis.  He  was  the 
great  advocate  of  Nominalism.  (1270- 
1347.) 

Occam's  Razor.  Fnlia  non  sunt 
multiplicanda  (entities  are  not  to  be 
multiplied).  With  this  axiom  Occam 
dissected  every  question  as  with  a  razor. 
An  entity  issomething  which  is  ;  perhaps 
the  nearest  "  synonym  "  is  an  element. 

Occasion.  A  famous  old  hag,  quite 
bald  behind.  Sir  Guyon  seized  her  by 
the  forelock  and  threw  her  to  the  ground  ; 
still  she  railed  and  reviled,  till  Sir  Guyon 
gagged  her  with  an  iron  lock  ;  she  then 
began  to  use  her  hands,  but  Sir  Guyon 
bound  them  behind  her. — Spenser, 
"  Faery  Queen,"  bk.  ii. 

Occult  Sciences.  Magic,  alchemy, 
and  astrology  ;  so  called  because  they 
were  occult  or  mysteries  (secrets). 

Oce'ana.  An  ideal  ropnblie  by  James 
Harrington,  on  the  plan  of  Plato's  At- 
lantis. 

Oc'hiltree  {Edie).  A  gaberlunzie 
man  or  blue-coat  beggar  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  "Antiquary." 

Ocoucou.  An  evil  spirit  in  the 
mythology  of  several  African  tribes. 

Octa'vian-  Chief  character  of  The 
Mouuluincers,  a.  di-a.ma  by  George  Colman. 
He  goes  mad  out  of  love  for  donna 
Fioranthij,  whom  ho  suspects  of  loving 
another ;  but  Roque,  a  blunt  yet  feel- 
ing Old  man,  finds  him  out,  tells  him 
Floranthe  is  true  to  him,  and  induces 
him  to  return  home. 

Octa'vo.  A  book  where  each  sheet 
of  paper  is  folded  into  ciglit  leaves ; 
contracted  thus— 8vo.  (Italian,  w/i'  ol- 
tavo ;  French,  in  octavo ;  Latin,  octo, 
eight.) 

Oc'ypus,  son  of  Podalir'ius  and  A8« 
ta'sia,  was  eminent  for  his  strength, 
agility,  and  beauty  ;  but  used  to  deride 
those  afflicted  with  the  gout.  This  pro- 
voked the  anger  of  the  goddess  who 
presided  over  that  distemper,  and  she 
scijt  it  to  plague  the  scoffer. — LnciaA. 

Od.      (AiOl'YLE.) 

Odd  Numbers.  Luri  in  odd  ««»•• 
bers.     A  major  chord  consists  of  a  fumiA- 


eao 


ODD'S. 


CEIL. 


montal  or  tonic,  its  major  tliird,  and  ita 
just  fifth.  Seven  notes  complete  the 
octave,  and  nine  is  deit3'.  According'  to 
the  Pythagoro'an  system  "  all  nature  is  a 
harmony;"  man  is  a  full  chord;  and  all 
beyond  is  deity,  so  that  )iiM  represents 
deity.  As  llii;  odd  uunibers  are  tho  funda- 
mental notes  of  nature,  the  last  being 
deity,  it  will  be  easy  to  see  how  thoy  came 
to  be  considered  the  great  or  lucky  num- 
1  ors.  In  China,  odd  numbers  belong  to 
heaven,  and  v.  v.  {v.  Diapason;  Numbkr.) 

Good  luck  lies  in  odd  numbers  .  .  .  they  say, 
thera  ia  diTiiiity  iu  odd  numbers,  eilhor  in  naiivity. 
eliance,  or   death.— S/'inA«»p<are,  "  Men  y    Wivet  oj 

IKim/sor,"  V.  1. 

Odd'f)  or  0(Vt,  used  in  oaths,  as — 

OdijCs  bodikim !  or  Odsbody !  means 
*' God's  body,"  of  course  referring  to 
incarnate  Deity. 

Od't  heart !  God's  heart. 

Od's  pittikim !  God's  pity. 

Od' a  plessed  will. — "Merry  Wives  oi 
Windsor,"  1.  1. 

Ode.  Prince  of  Tke  Odt.  Pierre  de 
Ilonsard,  a  French  lyrist.     (1524-1585.) 

Odin.  Chief  god  of  the  Scandina- 
vians. 

His  real  name  was  Sigge,  son  of  Fri- 
dulph,  but  he  assumed  the  name  of  Odin 
when  he  left  the  Tana'is,  because  he  had 
been  priest  of  Odin,  supreme  god  of  the 
Scythians.  He  became  the  All- wise  by 
drinking  from  Mimir'a  fountain,  but  pur- 
chased the  distinction  at  the  cost  of  one 
eye. 

His  brothers  are  Vila  and  Ve. 

His  wife  is  Frigga. 

His  sons,  Thor  and  Balder. 

His  seat,  Valaskjalf  ;  hia  coiiri  as  war- 
god,  Valhalla  ;  his  hall,  Einherian. 

His  two  black  ravens,  Huginn  (thought) 
and  Muninu  (memory). 

Hia  steed,  Sleipner  (q.v.). 

His  ships,  Skidbladiiir  and  Naglfar. 

Hi^^  spear,  Gungner,  which  never  fails 
to  hit  the  mark  aimed  at. 

His  riny,  Draupner,  which  every  ninth 
night  drops  eight  other  rings  of  equal 
Taiue. 

Hia  wolves,  Geri  and  Freki. 

He  will  be  ultimately  swallowed  up  by 
the  wolf   Fenris. — Scandinavian    mfJio- 

'^yy-    ,.  ^  .  j 

Tke  \  ow  of  Odia.  A  matri^nonial  or  ' 
other  vow  made  before  the  "Stone  of  j 
Odia,"  in  the  Orkneys.  This  is  an  oval  : 
sieao,  with  a  hole  iu  it  Large  enough  to 


admit  a  man's  hand.  Any  one  who  vio. 
lated  a  vow  made  before  this  stone  waa 
held  infamous. 

O'dium  Tbeolog'icum.  The  bitter 
hatred  of  rival  religionists.  No  wars  so 
sanguinary  as  holy  wars  ;  no  persecutions 
so  relentless  as  religious  persecutions ; 
no  hatred  so  bitter  as  theological  hatred. 

O'Doherty  (&ir  Morgan).  Papers 
contributed  to  Blackwood's  Ma/}azine  by 
William  Maginn',  LL.D.,  full  of  wit, 
fun,  irony,  and  eloquence  (1819-1842). 

Odori'co  (in  "  Orlando  Furioso").  A 
Biscayan,  to  whom  Zerbi'no  commits 
Isabella.  He  proves  a  traitor  and  tries 
to  ravish  her,  but  being  interrupted  by  a 
pirate  crew,  flies  for  safety  to  Alphonzo's 
court.  Here  Almo'nio  defies  him  and 
overcomes  him  in  single  combat.  King 
Aluhonzo  gives  the  traitor  to  the  con- 
queror, and  he  is  delivered  bound  to  Zer- 
bino,  who  awards  liim  as  a  pimishment 
to  attend  Gabri'na  for  one  year  as  her 
champion,  and  to  defend  her  against 
every  foe.  lie  accepts  the  charge,  but 
hangs  Gabri'na  to  an  elm.  Almonio  in 
turn  hangs  Odorico  to  an  elm. 

Odrys'ium  Carmen.  The  poetry 
of  Orpheus,  a  native  of  Thrace,  called 
Odrysi.'\  tellus,  because  thoOd'ryses  were 
its  chief  inhabitants. 

O'dur.  Husband  of  Freya,  whom  he 
deserted. — Scandinavian  mythology. 

Od'yle  (2  syl.).  That  which  emanates 
from  a  medium  to  produce  the  several 
phenomena  connected  with  mesmerism, 
spirit-rapping,  table-turning,  and  so  on. 
The  production  of  these  "  manifesta- 
tions" is  sometimes  called  od'ylism. 
Baron  Ileichenbach  called  it  Od  force,  a 
force  which  becomes  manifest  wherever 
chemical  action  is  going  on. 

Odyssey.  The  poem  of  Homer 
wtiich  records  the  adventures  of  Odi'sseus 
(Ulysses)  in  bis  home-voyage  from  Troy. 
The  word  is  an  adjective  formed  out  of 
the  hero's  name,  and  means  the  things  or 
adventures  of  Ulysses. 

CB'dipus.  /  am  no  (Edipus.  I  can- 
not guess  what  you  mean.  QJdipos 
guos'jed  the  ri'ldle  of  the  Sphynx,  and 
saved  Thebes  from  her  ravages. 

CEil.  .-1  I'oeil.  On  credit,  for  nothing. 
Corruption  of  the  Italian  a  ujo  (grati*). 


(SIL  DE  BCEUF. 


OGYGIAN  DBLUGE. 


ff?l 


In    the    French    translation    of    "  Don 
Quixote  "  is  tliis  passage  : — 

Jia  femme,  disait  Sani:ho  Pan^,  n«  m'a  jamais 
dit  oui  que  quMitl  il  fallnil  dire  uon.  Or  ellcs  soDt 
toutea   oe  mime  .  .  .   Ellc3   sunt   toutcs  buunes  i 

r'lidrf  .  .  .  I  i-i.-i  cela,  eUes  n«  Taleoi  pas  c<  que 
at  uaus  I'x.l- 

CBil  do  Bceuf.  Les  Pastes  dt  I'CEil  de 
Boiuf.  TLo  annals  of  tho  courtiers  of  the 
Grand  Monarque  ;  anecdotes  of  courtiers 
generally.  Tho  ceil  de  bceuf  is  the 
round  window  seen  in  entresols  in  the 
roofs  of  houses,  like  those  at  Trinity 
HalJ,  Cambridge,  on  the  ground-floor. 
The  anteroom  where  courtiers  waited  at 
the  royal  chamber  of  Versailles  had  these 
ox-eye  windows,  and  hence  they  were 
called  by  this  name. 

Off  with  his  Head!  so  much  for 
Buckingham  \—Colley  Cilher,  "  The  Tra- 
gical History  of  Richard  III."  (altered 
from  Shakespeare). 

Offa's  Dyke,  which  runs  fr^m 
Beachley  to  Flintshire,  was  not  the  work 
of  Olla,  king  of  Morcia,  but  was  repaired 
by  him.  It  existed  when  the  Romans 
were  in  England,  for  five  Roman  roads 
cross  it.  Otfa  availed  himself  of  it  as  a 
line  of  demarcation  sulficiently  servico- 
fcble,  though  by  no  means  tallying  with 
his  territory  either  in  extent  or  position. 

Og,  in  the  satire  of  "Absalom  and 
Achitophel"  by  Dryden  and  Tato,  is 
Thomas  Shadwoll,  who  succeeded  Dry- 
den as  poet  laureate.  Dryden  called 
him  Mac  Flecnoe,  and  says  "  he  never 
deviates  into  sense."  Ho  is  called  Og 
because  he  was  a  very  large  and  fat 
man.     (Pt.  ii.) 

OgTiams.  The  secret  alphabet  long 
in  use  among  tho  ancient  Irish  and  somo 
other  ColLio  nations. 

Ogliris.  The  lion  that  followed 
■  prince  Murad  like  a  dog.  Tho  word  in 
tho  Saracen  tongue  means  throat  of  bra»i. 
At  the  death  of  Murad  the  lion  was 
given  to  Aui'.e  as  tho  price  of  coni]ucst, 
when  Roland  overthrew  in  single  combat 
the  giant  Angoulailre. — '^Civqiumitaiiu." 

O'giar  the  Dane  (2  syllables).  One 
of  the  paladins  of  king  Charlemagne. 
Various  fairies  attended  at  his  bii  th  and 
bestowed  upon  him  divers  gifts.  Among 
them  wa.s  Morg\.e,  who  when  the  knight 
was  a  liundred  years  old  embarked  Lim 
for  ilio  isle  and  c«atlo  of  Av'ulon,  "  liard 
l.y  tlio  t<»iTPfitrial  paradise."     'I'lie  vossc] 


in  which  he  sailed  waa  wrecked,  and 
Ogicr  was  in  despair,  till  he  heard  a 
voice  that  b.ade  him  "fear  nothing,  but 
enter  the  castle  which  I  will  show  thee." 
So  he  got  to  the  island  and  entered  the 
castle,  where  he  found  a  horse  sitting  at 
a  banquet  table.  The  horse,  whose  name 
was  Papillou,  and  who  had  been  once  a 
mighty  prince,  conducted  him  to  Morgue 
the  Fay,  who  gave  Iiim  (1)  a  ring  which 
removed  all  infirmities  and  restored  him 
to  ripe  manhood  ;  (2)  a  Lethean  crown 
which  made  him  forget  his  country  and 
past  life ;  and  (3)  introduced  him  to  king 
Arthur.  Two  hundred  years  rolled  on, 
and  France  was  invaded  by  the  Paynims. 
Morgue  now  removed  the  crown  from 
Ogier's  head  and  sent  him  to  defend  "le 
bonpays  do  France."  Having  routed  the 
invaders.  Morgue  took  him  back  to 
Avalon,  and  he  has  never  reappeared  in 
this  earth  of  om-s, — "  Ogier  le  Danois" 
(a  roi}iance). 

O'gier  the  Dane.  Represented  as  tho 
Knave  of  Spades  in  the  French  pack. 
He  is  introduced  by  Ariosto  in  his  "  Or^ 
laudo  Furioso." 

The  sn-ordi  of  Oyier  the  Dane.  Cuvta'Ka 
{the  cntlf.r),  and  Sauvagine,  See  Morris, 
"Earthly  Paradise  "  (xVugust). 

Ogleby  (Lord).  A  superannuated 
nobleman  who  affects  the  gaiety  and 
graces  of  a  young  man. — "  Clandestine 
Marriage,"  by  OarHck  and  Colman  Uie 
elder. 

Og'mioia  or  Ogmiot.  The  Hercules  of 
tlie  ancient  Gauls,  represented  as  an  old 
man. 

O'gres  of  nui-sery  mythology  are 
giants  of  very  malignant  dispositions, 
who  live  on  human  flesh.  It  is  an 
Piastem  invention,  and  the  word  is  de- 
rived from  the  Ogura,  a  desperately 
savage  horde  of  Asia,  who  overran  part 
of  Europe  in  the  fifth  century.  Others 
derive  it  from  Orcus,  the  ugly  cruel  man- 
eating  monster  so  familiar  to  readers  of 
Bojardo  and  Ariosto.  Tho  female  is 
Ogress, 

O'Groat.    (See  John.) 

Ogyg'ian  Deluge.  A  flood  which 
ovorr.in  a  part  of  Greece  while  Og'yges 
was  king  of  Attica.  There  were  two 
Hoods  so  called— one  in  Bcrotia,  when 
the  hake  Copa'is  overflowed  its  banks  ; 
and  anotl;er  in   Attica,  wlien  the  wholo 


OH  NANNY. 


OLD   LAD 7. 


territory  was  laid  wasto  for  two  hundred 
years  (B.C.  1704), 

"  Oh  Nanny ,wilt  thou  gang  wi'  me?" 
By  Thomas  Percy,  bishop  of  Dromore. 
Nanny  was  afterwards  his  wife.  Nanny 
Isted  of  Ecton,  near  Northampton. 

Oi  Polloi  (Greek).  The  commonalty, 
the  many.  In  university  slang  the  "poll 
nipu,"  or  thosfi  who  take  df  ^rops  without 
"  honours."    Properly  Hoi  Polloi. 

Oignement  de  Bretaigne  (French). 
A  sound  drubbing.  Oignement  is  a 
noun  corruptly  formed  from  hogner.  In 
Lyons  boys  called  the  little  cuffs  which 
they  gave  each  other  Iwgius. 

FrSre  Eleuthere  a  tr'-nclioisons, 
Kt  j'ay  orgement  de  Drelaigne  ; 
Qui  gariBt  de  roigne  et  de  taigne. 

"Ze  Uaitifit  de  S.  Ueiiis,''  l^c,  p.  129. 

Oignons  d'Egypte.  The  flesh-pots  of 
Egypt.  Hence  "  regretter  les  oignons 
d'Egypte,"  to  sigh  for  the  flesh-pots  of 
Egypt,  to  long  for  luxuries  lost  and 
gone. 

Je  plume  oignons.  I  scold  or  grumble. 
Also  peler  de$  oignons  in  the  same  sense. 
A  corruption  of  hogner,  to  scold  or 
grumble. 

Cii/on.— Que  fais-tu  la? 
BroyhauU.—Je  plume  ongnnns. 
*'Xa  Q\iarU  Journet  <i"  Mtbtercde  la  Panion," 
Pas  ne  ssvoit  onguons  peler. 

VMoii,  Ballade  u. 

Oil.  To  oil  the  knocker.  To  fee  the 
porter.  The  expression  is  from  Eacine, 
On  n'entre  'point  cloez  lui  sans  graisser  le 
tnarieau  (No  one  enters  his  house  without 
oiling  the  knocker). — "Les  Plaideurs." 

To  jyour  oil  on  troubled  waters.  "  A  soft 
answer  turneth  away  wrath."  Professor 
Horsford,  by  emptying  a  vial  of  oil  upon 
til?  sea  in  a  stiff  breeze,  stilled  its  surface ; 
and  commodore  Wilkes,  of  the  United 
States,  saw  the  same  effect  produced  in 
a  violent  storm  off  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  by  oil  leaking  from  a  whale-ship. 

Oil  of  Palnis.  Money.  Huile  is 
French  slang  for  "  money,"  as  will  ap- 
pear from  the  following  quotation  : — 
"  II  faudra  que  vostre  boursti  fasse  les 
frais  de  vostre  curiosite' ;  il  faut  de  la 
pecune,  il  faut  de  I'huile."— "ia  Fausse 
Coquette,"  act.  ii.,  s.  7  (1694). 

Ointment.  Money.  From  the  fable 
"De  la  Vieille  qui  Oint  la  Palme  au 
Chevalier  (thirteenth  centurj'). 

Vole'bant  autem  prsefa'ti  c'.erlci  al'iquem 
habe're  lega'tum  natio'ne  Buma'num,  qui  un- 
fuentis  AiigUcis,  aura  scilicet  et  ari-'euto  Solent  nd 
(fUsUb't  inclina'ri— Gfrrnii  rf<  Caii(<ri)Uiv,"C'Aroii. 
Kite "  (ijcrirtoreg  decern  ii.,li33).   ^ 


St.  Olaf  or  Olave.  The  first  Chrifitiau 
king  of  Norway,  slain  in  battle  by  his 
pagan  subjects  in  1030.  He  is  usually 
represented  in  royal  attire,  bearing  the 
sword  or  halbert  of  his  martyrdom,  and 
sometimes  carrying  a  loaf  of  bread,  a.s  a 
rel>us  on  his  name,  which  in  Latin  is 
Uolojlus  or  Whole-loaf.     (Born  995.) 

Olaf  Tryg»va-Sonar  or  Trigg, 
vason.  A  legeudof  historical  foudnation 
in  the  Sagas. 

Old  Bags.  John  Scott,  lord  Edon  ; 
so  called  from  his  carrying  home  with 
him  in  different  bags  the  cases  still  pend- 
ing his  judgment.     (1751-1838.) 

Old  Bona  Fide.  Louie  XIV.  {1G38, 
1613-1715.) 

Old  Dominion.  Virginia.  Every 
Act  of  Parliament  to  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  designated  Virginia  "The 
Colony  and  Dominion  of  Virginia."  Cap- 
tain John  Smith,  in  his  "  History  of  Vir- 
ginia"  (1629),  calls  this  "colony  and  do- 
minion" OuUl  Virginia,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  iVew  England  and  other  British 
settlements. 

Old  England,  This  term  was  first 
used  in  1641,  twenty-one  years  after  our 
American  colony  of  New  Virginia  re- 
ceived the  name  of  New  England. 

Old  Faith  Men.     (See  Pdilippins.^ 

Old  Fogs.  The  87th  Foot;  so 
called  from  the  war-cry  Fag-an-Bealach 
(Clear  the  way),  pronounced  Fanga- 
hoUagh. 

Old  Fox.  Marshal  Soult ;  so  called 
by  the  soldiers  because  of  his  strategic 
abilities  and  never-failing  resources. 
(1769-1851.)     (Sfe  Fox.) 

Old  Glory.  The  United  States' 
Flag.     Sir  Francis  Burdett.    (1770-1844.) 

Old  Grog.      Admiral   Edward   Ver- 
non ;    60  called  by  Hrirish   sailor"   from 
his  wearing  a  crosrram  cloak  in  foul  wea 
ther.    (1GS4-I7c7.) 

Old  Harry.  The  devil.  (^^IIaurt.) 

Old  Humphrey.  The  novi  de 
plumg  of  George  Mogridge,  of  London, 
author  of  several  interesting  books  for 
children.     (Died  1S54.) 

Old     Lady    of     Tlu'eadneedle 

Street.    The  Bank  of    England,   situ« 
ated  in  Threadneedle  Street. 


OLD  MAN   ELOQUENT. 


OLINDO. 


CSS 


Old  Man  Eloquent.  Isoc'rates  ; 
BO  called  by  Milton.  When  he  heard  of 
the  result  of  the  battle  of  Chaerone'a, 
which  was  fatal  to  Grecian  liberty,  ha 
died  of  griei. 

That  dishonest  rictory 
At  Chxrone  a,  fatal  to  lilieriy, 
Killed  with  report  that  Uld  M.in  Eloquent 

,>/!/;>.'«,  ■•SonneCl.' 

Old  Man  of  the  Moxintain. 
Hassan-ben-Sabah,  the  sheik  Al  Jebal, 
and  founder  of  the  sect  called  Assassins 

Old  Man  of  the  Sea,  in  the  story 
of  "  Sinbad  the  Sailor,"  hoisted  on  his  j 
shoulders,  clung  there  and  refused  to 
dismount.  Sinbad  released  himself  from 
his  burden  by  making  the  Old  Man  drunk. 
—  "Arabian,  Ni'jhis." 

Old  Mortality.  The  itinerant  anti- 
quary in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  of  that 
name.  It  is  said  to  bo  a  photograph  of 
Robert  Patterson,  a  Scotchman,  who 
busied  himself  in  clearing  the  moss  from 
the  tombstones  of  the  Covenanters. 

Old  Nicka  (in  Runic).  A  spirit  that 
came  to  strange  people  who  fell  into  the 
water.— 5u-  William  Temple.  (^eeNiCK.) 

Old  Noll.  Oliver  Cromwell ;  so 
called  by  the  Cavaliers.     (1599-1058.) 

Old  Nell's  Fiddler.  Sir  Roger 
L'Estrange;  so  called  because  he  plaved 
the  bass  viol  at  the  musical  parlies  held 
at  John  Kingston's  house,  which  parties 
Cromwell  attended. 

Old  Port  SchooL  Old-fashioned 
clergymen,  who  stick  to  church  and 
state,  old  port  and  "  orthodoxy." 

Old  Rowley.  Charles  II.  was  so 
called  from  his  favourite  racehorse.  A 
portion  of  the  Newmarket  race-course  is 
still  called  Rowley  mile,  from  the  same 
horse. 

Old  Scratch.  The  devil ;  so  called 
from  ScKralz  or  Sh-atli,  a  demon  of  Scan- 
dinavian mythology.     (See  NiCK.) 

Old  Stone.  Henry  Stone,  statuary 
and  painter.    (Died  1G53.) 

Old  Tom.  Cordial  ^n.  Thomas 
Norris,  one  of  the  men  employed  in 
Messrs.  Hodges'  distillery,  opened  a  giu 
palace  in  Great  Russell  Street,  Covent 
Garden,  and  called  the  gin  concocted  by 
Thomas  Chamberlain,  one  of  the  firm  of 
Hoilge:',  "Old  Tom,"  in  coniplimout  to 
his  former  master. 


Old  World.  So  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa  are  called  when  compared  with 
North  and  South  America  (the  Ne\f 
World). 

Oldbuck.  An  anticpiary  ;  from  the 
character  of  Jonathan  Oldbuck,  a  whim- 
sical virtuoso  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
"Antiquary." 

Oldeastle  {Sir  John),  called  Th( 
Oood  Lord  Cohluxm,  the  first  Christian 
martyr  among  the  English  nobility. 
(December  14,  1417.) 

Old'enburg  Horn.  A  horn  long  in 
the  possession  of  the  reigning  princes  of 
the  house  of  Oldenburg,  but  now  in  the 
collection  of  the  king  of  Denmark.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition,  count  Otto  of  Olden- 
burg, in  967,  was  offered  drink  in  this 
silver-gilt  horn  by  a  "  wild  woman,"  at 
the  Osenberg.  As  he  did  not  like  the 
look  of  the  liquor,  he  threw  it  away,  and 
rode  off  with  the  horn. 

Oleum  Adde  Cami'no.  To  pour 
oil  on  fire ;  to  aggravate  a  wound  under 
pretence  of  healing  it. — Ilmace,  "Satires," 
ii.  3,  321. 

Olib'rius  {An).  The  wrong  man  in 
the  wrong  place.  Olib'rius  was  a  Roman 
senator,  proclaimed  emperor  by  surpiise 
in  47-,  but  he  was  wholly  unsuited  for 
the  office. 

Ol'ifaunt-  Lord  Nigel  Olifannt  oj 
Olenvarloch,  on  going  to  court  to  present 
a  petition  to  king  James  I.,  aroused  the 
dislike  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham  ;  lord 
Dalgarno  gave  him  the  cut  direct,  when 
Niirel  struck  him,  and  was  obliged  to 
seek  refuge  in  Alsatia.  After  various 
adventures  he  married  Margaret  Ramsay, 
the  watchmaker's  daughter. — Sir  Waller 
Scott,  "  Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Oligar'cliy  {olli^-gar'-ly').  A  govern- 
ment in  which  the  supremo  power  is 
vested  in  a  chiss.  (Greek,  oUgos  arcke, 
the  few  boar  rule.) 

Oiin'do.  The  Mahometan  king  of 
Jerusalem,  at  the  a<lvice  of  his  magician, 
stole  an  im.age  of  the  Virgin,  and  set  it 
up  as  a  palladium  in  the  chief  mosque. 
The  inia  re  was  stolen  during  the  night, 
and  the  king,  unable  to  discover  the  per- 
petrator, ordered  all  bis  Christian  sut>- 
jects  to  bo  put  to  the  sword  Aofrouia, 
to  prevent  this  wholesale  massacre,  nc- 
ouscd  hcnolf  of  the  deed,  iinJ  was  con- 


c;;i 


OLIO. 


OLY.MPIA. 


demned  to  be  burnt  alivo.  Ob'nrlo,  hnr 
lovor,  lieai'ing  of  tliis,  wont  to  tlio  king 
and  took  oa  hirnsolf  tho  blarao;  where- 
upon both  were  condemnod  to  death, 
but  were  saved  by  the  iuterceasion  of 
Olorinda. — "  Jerusalem  Delivered." 

O'lio  or  Oj'io.  A  mixture  or  medley 
of  any  sort.  (Spanish,  olla,  a  pot  fur 
boiling  similar  to  wb:it  the  French  call 
their  pot  aufen.  The  olio  is  the  mixture 
of  bread,  vegetables,  spices,  meat,  &c., 
boiled  in  this  pot.), 

Ol'ive  (2  syl.).  The  olive,  sacred  to 
Pallas  Atlio'nC,  v-as  regarded  by  tbs 
Greeks  as  an  emblem  of  chastity.  A 
crown  of  olive-t\?igs  was  given  to  a 
citizen  who  had  merited  well  of  his  coun- 
try, and  was  the  highest  prize  of  the 
Olympian  games.  An  olive  branch  was 
the  symbol  of  peace,  and  those  who 
begged  for  peace  carried  one  in  their 
hands.  This  use  of  the  olive  branch  is 
based  on  the  account  of  Noah's  dove 
(Gen.  viii.  11).    (See  Crown.) 

Ol'ive  Branches.  Children  of  a 
parent.  It  is  a  Scripture  term  :  "  Thy 
wife  shall  be  as  a  fruitful  vine  .  .  .  thy 
children  like  olive  plants  round  about 
thy  table"  (Psalra  cxsviii.  3). 

Olive  Tree.  Emblem  of  prosperity. 
David  says,  "  I  am  like  a  green  olive  tree 
in  the  house  of  God"  (Psalm  lii.  8). 

Oliver.  Son  and  heir  of  Sir  Rowland 
de  Boys,  who  hated  his  youngest  brother 
Orlando,  and  persuaded  him  to  try  a 
wrestlingmatch  with  a  professed  wrestler, 
hoping  thus  to  kill  his  brother  ;  but  when 
Orlando  proved  victorious,  Oliver  swore 
to  set  fire  to  his  chamber  when  he  was 
asleep.  Orlando  fled  to  the  forest  of 
Ardeu,  and  Oliver  pursued  him ;  but  one 
day,  as  he  slept  in  the  forest,  a  snake  and 
a  lioness  lurked  near  to  make  him  their 
prey  :  Orlando  happened  to  bo  passing, 
and  slew  the  two  monsters.  When  Oliver 
discovered  this  heroic  deed  he  repented 
of  his  ill-conduct,  and  his  sorrow  so  in- 
terested the  princess  Celia  that  she  fell 
in  love  with  him,  and  they  were  married. 
— ShaTces2Hare,  "As  You  Like  It." 

Ol'iver  or  Oliv'ier.  Charlemagne's 
favourite  paladin,  who,  with  Roland,  rode 
by  his  side.  lie  was  count  of  Genes,  and 
brotlier  of  the  beautiful  Aude.  His 
sword  was  called  "Ilaute-claire,"  and  his 
horse  "  Ferrant  d'Espa^e." 


A  Rowland  for  an  Oliver.  Tit  for  tat, 
quid  pro  quo.  Dr.  J.  N.  Scott  says  that 
this  proverb  is  modern,  and  owes  its  rise 
to  the  Cavaliers  in  the  time  of  the  civil 
wars  in  England.  These  Cavaliers,  by 
way  of  rebuff,  gave  the  anti-monarcliial 
party  a  general  Monk  for  their  Oliver 
Cromwell.  As  Monk's  Christian  name 
was  Georgf,,  it  is  hord  to  boliovo  that  the 
doctor  is  correct.    (^c'«  Roland.) 

Olive'tans.  Brethren  of  "  Our  Lady 
of  .Mount  Olivet,"  an  offshoot  of  the 
Benedictine  order. 

Oliv'ia.  Niece  of  Sir  Toby  Belch. 
Malvo'lio  is  her  steward,  Maria  her  wo- 
man, Fabian  and  a  clown  her  male 
servants.— ^/iaZ-«.';:»c«)-e,  "Ticelfth  NijlU." 

Olivia.  A  femalo  Tartutfe  {q.v.)  in 
Wycherly's  "  Plain  Dealer."  A  con- 
summate hypocrite,  of  most  unblushing 
effrontery. 

Olla  Podri'da.  Odds  and  ends,  a 
mixture  of  scraps.  In  Spain  it  takes  the 
place  of  the  French  j)ot  au  feu,  into 
which  every  soH  of  eatable  is  tlirown 
and  stewed.  It  is  called  podri'da  or 
putrid,  because  amongst  the  poor  the 
bits  are  so  often  rs-cooked  that  they  be- 
come putrid. 

Ollapod.  An  apothecary,  always 
trying  to  say  a  witty  thing,  and  looking 
for  wit  in  the  conversation  of  others. 
When  he  finds  anything  which  he  can 
construe  into  "point"  ho  says,  "  Thank 
you,  good  sir ;  I  owe  you  one."  He  had 
a  military  taste,  and  was  appointed 
"  cornet  in  the  volunteer  asaociation  of 
cavalry"  of  his  own  town.— (?.  Cdman, 
"  TAe  Poor  Gentleman." 

Olombo.  The  spirit  which  favours 
the  hunt,  according  to  the  mythology  of 
the  Cam  ma  tribes  in  Africa. 

Oljroi'pia  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"), 
Countess  01  Holland,  and  wife  of  Bire'no 
Cymoseo  of  Friza  wanted  to  force  her  to 
marry  his  Sen  Arbaui.es,  but  Arbantl'a 
w.is  slain.  This  aroused  the  fury  of 
Cymoseo,  who  seized  Bireno,  and  would 
have  put  him  to  death  if  Orlando  had  not 
slain  Cymoseo.  Bireno  having  deserted 
Olympia,  she  was  bound  naked  to  a  rock 
by  pirates;  but  Orlrudo  delivered  her  and 
took  her  to  Ireland.  Here  king  Oberto 
espoused  her  cause,  slew  Bireno,  and 
married  the  young  widow.    (^Bks,  iv.,  7.) 


OLYMPIAD. 


ONL'fl  PROBANDI. 


G3f. 


Olym'piad,  among  the  ancient 
Greeks,  v.-as  a  perioil  of  four  years,  being 
the  interval  between  tho  celebrations  of 
their  Olympic  Games. 

Olympic  Games.  Games  held  by 
the  Greeks  at  Olym'pia  in  Elis,  every 
fourth  year,  in  the  mouth  of  July. 

Clympus.  On  tho  connnes  of  Mace- 
donia and  Tbessaly,  where  tho  fabulous 
jourt  of  Jnpitor  was  supposed  to  be  held. 
It  is  used  for  any  pantheon,  as  "  Odin, 
Thor,  Baldur,  and  the  rest  of  the 
Northern  Olympus."  The  word  means 
All  bright  or  aleox.  In  Greek  tho  word 
U  Olumpos. 

Om.  A  Sanskrit  word,  somewhat 
limilar  to  .-1  men.  When  tho  gods  are 
asked  to  rejoice  in  a  sacrifice,  the  god 
Savitri  cries  out  Om  (Uo  it  so).  When 
Pravihan  is  asked  if  his  father  has  in- 
Btructod  him,  ho  answers  Oin  (Verily). 
Brahmans  be;,'in  and  end  their  lessons  on 
the  Veda  with  the  word  Om,  for  "  unless 
Om  precedes  his  lecture,  it  will  be  like 
water  on  a  rock,  which  cannot  be  gathered 
lip;  and  unless  it  concludes  the  lecture, 
it  will  bring  forth  no  fi-uit." 

Om  mani  padme  hum.  These  are  the 
first  six  syllables  taught  tho  children  of 
Tibet  and  Mongolia,  and  the  last  words 
uttered  by  the  dying  in  those  lands.  It 
ia  met  with  everywhere  as  a  charm. 

O'man's  Se-a.    The  Persian  Gulf. 

Ombri?.  A  Spanish  game  of  cards 
called  "  Tho  Royal  Game  of  Ombre." 
Prior  baa  an  epigram  on  tho  subject. 
He  says  he  was  piaying  ombro  with  two 
ladies,  and  though  ho  wished  to  lose, 
won  everything,  for  Fortune  gave  him 
"  success  in  every  suit  but  hearts." 

0'mc£^a.  The  Alpha  and  Omega. 
The  firsthand  tho  last,  the  beginning  and 
tho  end.  Alpha  is  tho  jirst  and  (hnega 
tho  last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet. 

Omens.    (.So-  III  Omkns.) 

Omoyin0;or  Saga.  An  historical 
tradition  of  Scandinavia. 

Om'nibus.  The  French  have  a  pood 
Biaii;^  term  for  these  conveyances.  Tlicy 
call  au  omnibus  a  "  Four  lian.al"  (parish 
oven). 

Cm'nium  (Latin,  of  all).  Tho  par- 
ticulars of  all  the  itema,  or  the  a^si;:^- 


ment  of  all  the  securities,  of  a  govorn- 
mect  loan. 

Om'nitim  Qath'erum.  Dog  Latin 
for  a  gathering  or  collection  of  all  sorts 
of  persons  and  things  ;  a  miscellaneous 
gathering  together  without  regard  to 
suitability  or  order. 

Omorca.  The  godiloss  who  was 
sovcreii^n  of  the  universe  when  it  was 
first  created.  It  was  covered  with  water 
and  darkness,  but  contained  crmo  few 
animals  of  monster  forms,  representa- 
tions of  which  may  be  seen  in  the  temple 
of  Bel. — Berosius. 

Om'phale  (3  syl.).  The  masculine 
but  attractive  queen  of  Lydia,  to  whom 
Hercules  was  bound  a  slave  for  three 
years.  lie  fell  in  love  with  her,  and  led 
an  elTemiuate  Hfe  spinning  wool,  while 
Om'phale  wore  the  lion's  skin  and  was 
lady  paramount. 

On  dit  {French).  A  rumour,  a  re- 
port ;  as  "  There  is  an  on  dit  on  Exchanrr^ 
that  Spain  will  pay  up  its  b.ick  divi- 
dends." 

Onion  Pennies.  Roman  coins  dug 
up  at  Silchester ;  so  called  from  one 
Onion,  a  giant  who,  the  country  peoi'io 
say,  inhabited  tho  buried  city.  Silchester 
used  to  be  called  by  the  British  Ard- 
Oneon—i.e.,  Ardal  Onion  (the  region  of 
Einiuuor  Onion). 

Only  (Th().  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 
Richter  (1763-182.')).  Cariyle  says,  "  In 
tho  whole  circle  of  litoraturo  we  look 
in  vain  for  his  parallel."  (German,  Uer 
Eimi<j'e.) 

On' slow,  invoked  by  Thomson  in  his 
"  Autumu,"  was  Arthur  Onslow,  ths 
Speaker  of  tho  House  of  Commons, 
termed  clariim  ac  venera'lilS  nomen,.  It 
was  said  of  him  th.at  '-his  knowledge  of 
the  Constitution  was  only  equalled  by  liis 
attnchmout  to  it." 

Onu'phis.  Tlio  b.all  consecrated  to 
Osi'ris.  —  Egyptian,  mylhologj. 

Onus  {Lalin).  The  burden,  the 
blame,  the  responsibility  ;  sls,  "  The 
whole  onus  must  rest  on  your  own 
shoulders." 

O'nus  Prcban'di.  The  obligation 
of  pri^f ;  a«,  "  'J'ho  onu«  probaivii  res.s 
with  tho  accuser." 


630 


OISUVA, 


ORACLE. 


Onu'ya.  'J  ho  Venus  of  the  ancient 
Qa,\i]s.  —  CelUc  myUiiAogy. 

Onyx  is  Greek  for  a  finger-nail ;  so 
called  because  its  colour  resembles  that 
of  the  finger-nail. 

Opal,    (.b^e  Ceraunium.  ) 

Open  Ses'ame.  The  charm  \) 
which  the  door  of  tbo  robbers'  duncreon 
Cew  open.  The  reference  is  to  the  tale 
cf  "The  Forty  Thieves,"  in  the  "Arabian 
Nights." 

Tliese  words  were  the  only  "open  sesamd "  frj 
their  foelints  and  fymjiathies.— 5.  i'AKoii. 

The  Fpell  li>«es  its  power,  and  he  who  ehouM 
hope  fo  conjure  witli  it  wt'ul  i  find  liimte. fas  much 
miAtaken  n«  Cassin.  when  he  Btoud  cryiui?  "'Op.-n. 
Wheat  ;"  "Open,  Birley,"  to  tlje  door  which  obeyed 
no  bound  but  "  Open,  Sesc.me." 

Ophelia.  Dautrhter  of  Polo'nius  the 
chamberlain.  liarnlet  fell  in  love  with 
her,  but  after  his  inteniew  with  the 
Ghost  found  it  incompatible  with  his 
plans  to  marry  her.  Ophelia,  thinking  his 
"strange  conduct"  the  etfect  of  mad- 
ness, becomes  herself  demented,  and  iu 
her  attempt  to  gather  flowers  is  drowned. 
—Shakespeare,  "Hamlet." 

Opinicus.  A  fabulous  monster, 
composed  of  dragon,  camel,  and  lion, 
used  in  heraldry.  It  forms  the  crest  of 
the  Uarber  Surgeons  of  London. 

0'piuni-eater(r/ie  English).  Thomas 
de  Quincey,  author  of  "  Confessions." 
(1785-1850.) 

Oppidan  of  Eton.  A  student  not 
on  the  foundation  like  a  king's  scholar. 

Opportunity.  The  presence  of  a 
harbour.  Timely  as  a  port  to  a  ship. 
(Latin,  oh porlu3,  near  a  harbour.) 

Optime  (plural,  op-ti-mes),  in  Cam- 
bridge phraseolog}',  is  a  graduate  in 
honours  below  a  wrangler.  Of  course  the 
Latin  optimus  (a  best-man)  is  the  foiis  et 
origo  of  the  terra.  Optimes  are  of  two 
grades  :  a  man  of  the  higlier  group  is 
termed  a  senior  optime,  while  one  of  the 
inferior  class  is  called  a,  junior  optime. 

Op'timism,  in  moral  philosophy,  is 
the  doctrine  that  "  whatever  is,  is  right ;" 
that  everj-thing  which  happens  is  for  the 
best. 

O'pus  tXa'jus.  The  great  work  of 
Roger  Bacon. 

Opus  Op'eran'tis,  in  theology, 
meaus  that  the  personal  pi  ety  of  the  person 


who  docs  the  act,  and  not  the  act  itself, 
en  uses  it  to  be  an  instrument  of  graca. 
Thus,  in  the  Eucharist,  it  is  the  faith  oi 
the  recipient  which  makes  it  efficient  fo/ 
grace. 

Opus  Opera'tum,  in  theology, 
means  that  the  act  conveys  grace  irre- 
spectively of  the  receiver.  Thus  baptism 
is  said  by  many  to  convey  regeneration 
to  an  infant  in  arras. 

Or  ever.  Ere  over.  (Saxon,-  cer, 
before.) 

Oracle.  Tha  following  are  famous 
responses : — 

(1)  When  Croesus  consulted  the  Del- 
phic oracle  respecting  a  projected  war, 
he  received  for  answer,  "Croesis  Hajyn 
penetrans  magnam,  pervertit  opumvim" 
(When  Croesus  passes  over  the  river 
IlalyR,  he  overthrows  the  s'l'entrth  of  an 
empire).  Croesus  supposed  the  oracle 
meant  he  would  overthrow  the  enemy's 
empire,  but  it  was  his  own  that  he 
destroyed. 

(2)  PjTrhus,  being  about  to  make  war 
against  Rome,  was  toM  by  the  oracle  : 
"Aio  te,  ^acide,Roma'nos  vin'cere  posse" 
(I  say,  Pyrrhus,  that  you  the  Romans 
can  conquer),  which  may  mean  either 
You,  Pyrrkv^i,  can  overthrow  the  Romans, 
or  Pynhus,  the  Romans  can  overtJiro>e 
you. 

(3)  Another  prince,  consulting  the 
Oracle  concerning  a  projected  war,  re- 
ceived for  answer  :  "  Ibis  redi'bis  nuii- 
quam  per  bella  peribis"  (You  shall  go 
shall  return  never  you  shall  perish  by 
tb.e  war).  It  will  be  seen  that  the  whole 
gist  of  this  response  depends  on  the 
place  of  the  omitted  comma  :  it  may  bo 
You  shall  return,  you  sluiU  never  perish  in 
the  war,  or  Von  shall  return  never,  you 
shall  perish  in  tfie  war,  which  latter  wa3 
the  fact. 

(4)  Philip  of  Macsdon  sent  to  ask  the 
oracle  of  Delphi  if  his  Persian  expedition 
would  prove  successful,  and  received  for 
answer- 
Tie  ready  Tlcfim  crowns!  for  death 

Ilefore  tb:  altar  alaads. 

Philip  took  it  for  granted  that  the 
"  ready  victim"  was  the  king-  of  Persia, 
dut  it  was  Philip  himself. 

(5)  When  the  Greeks  sent  to  Delphi  to 
know  if  they  would  succeed  against  the 
Persians,  they  were  told— 

S,-»d-tiine  and  harvest,  weeping  pirea  shall  tell 
Uovr  tbtiU3ajj43  tou^Ut  at  Salaniiji  and  iftlL 


ORANGE  BLOSSOMS. 


ORBILIAN  STICK, 


637 


Eiit  whether  the  Greeks  or  the  Persians 
rsro  to  be  "the  weeping  sires,"  deponent 
Btateth  not,  nor  whether  the  thousands 
"about  to  fall"  were  to  be  Greeks  or 
PsrslAus.    {See  Puxctuatiox.) 

Oracle  of  tLe  Uoly  Bottle,  Bachuc,  near 
Cathay,  in  Upper  India.  Books  iv.  and  v. 
of  Kabolais  are  occupied  by  the  search 
for  this  oracle.  The  osteu.sible  object 
was  to  obtain  an  answer  to  a  question 
which  had  been  put  to  sibyl  and  poet, 
monk  and  fool,  philosopher  and  witch, 
judge  and  "  sort,"  viz.,  "  Whether  Pan- 
urge  should  marry  or  not  ? "  The  whole 
affair  is  a  disguised  satire  on  the  church. 
The  celibacy  of  the  clergy  was  for  a  long 
time  a  moot  point  of  groat  diiKculty, 
and  the  "  Holy  Bottle "  or  cup  to  the 
laity  was  one  of  the  moving  causes  of 
the  "  great  schisms "  from  the  Roman 
Catholic  church.  The  crew  sotting 
sail  for  the  Bottle  refers  to  Anthony 
duke  of  Vendome,  afterwards  king  of 
Navarre,  sotting  out  in  search  of  reli- 
gious truth.  Baclr.ic  is  the  Hebrew  for 
a  bottle.  The  au>^hcm  sung  before  the 
fleet  set  sail  was  "  V/hen  Israel  went  out 
of  bondage,"  and  all  the  emblems  of  the 
ships  bore  upon  the  proverb  "In  vino 
Veritas."  Bacbuc  is  both  the  bottle  and 
the  priestess  of  the  bottle. 

Oracle  of  Sieve  and  Shears.  This 
method  of  divination  is  mentioned  by 
Theoc'ritos.  The  modus  o/xrandi  was  as 
follows  : — The  points  of  the  shears  were 
stuck  in  the  rim  of  a  sieve,  and  two  per- 
sons supported  them  with  their  finger- 
tips. Then  a  verso  of  the  Bible  was  read 
aloud,  and  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  were 
Bsked  if  it  was  A,  B,  or  C  (naming  the 
persons  suspected).  When  the  right 
person  was  named  the  sieve  would  sud- 
denly turn  round. 

Bearching  for  tiiiazB  loit  with  aiiere^ind  sheare. 
—Ben  Jonson,  "  AlckimLit,"  i.  1. 

T/^e  Oracle  of  tli^  Church.  St.  Bernard. 
(1091-1153.) 

^ir  Oracle.  A  dogmatical  person,  one 
not  to  bo  gainsaid.  The  ancient  oracles 
professed  to  be  the  respon.sos  of  the  gods, 
from  which  there  could  bo  no  append. 

I  »m  Sir  Oracle, 
And  wh 'n  I  opo  my  lips  let  no  d^l?  lavk. 

Shiktaprart,  " ilnchjuU  of  k'tHw-e,"  L  1. 

Orange  Blossoms  worn  at  Wed- 
dings, The  Saracen  brides  used  to 
wear  orange  blossoms  as  an  emblem  of 
fecundity ;  and  occasionally  the  same 
emblem  may  have  boon  worn  bj'  I'^uro- 


pean  brides  ever  since  the  time  of  th« 
crusades  ;  but  the  general  adoption  of 
wreaths  of  orange  blossoms  for  brides  is 
comparatively  a  modern  practice,  due 
especially  to  the  recent  taste  for  flower- 
language.  The  subject  of  bridal  decora- 
tions being  made  a  study,  and  the  orange 
(lower  being  found  suitable,  from  the  use 
made  of  it  by  the  ancient  Saracens,  it  was 
introduced  by  modistes  as  a  fit  ornament 
for  brides.  The  notion  once  jilan ted  soon 
became  a  custom,  now  very  general, 
adopted  by  all  brides  who  study  the  con- 
ventions of  society,  and  follow  the  ac- 
cepted fashions. 

The.  Oraiuje  Lilies.  The  -Soth  Foot ;  so 
called  from  their  orange  facings. 

William,  of  Orange.  William  III.  of 
England.     (1650,  lt)t)9.1702.) 

Orangeman.  A  name  given  by 
Roman  Catholics  to  the  Protestants  of 
Ireland,  on  account  of  their  adhesion  to 
William  III.  of  the  House  of  Orange; 
they  had  been  preWously  called  "Peop- 
of-Day  Boys."  The  Roman  party  were 
Jac'obites. 

Orange  Peel.  A  nickname  given  to 
Sir  Robert  Peel  when  Chief  Secretary  for 
Ireland  (1812-1S18),  on  account  of  his 
strong  anti-Catholic  proclivities.  (Set 
above, ) 

Orange  -  tawny.  The  ancient 
colour  appropriated  to  clerks  and  per- 
sons of  inferior  condition.  It  was  also 
the  colour  worn  by  the  Jews.  Hence 
lord  Bacon  says,  "  Usurers  should  have 
orange-tawny  bonnets,  because  they  do 
Judaise"  (Essay  xli).  Bottom  the  weaver 
asked  Quince  what  coloured  beard  ho  was 
to  wear  for  the  character  of  PjT'amus  : 
"  I  will  discharge  it  in  either  your  straw- 
coloured  beard,  your  orange-tawny  beard, 
your  purple-ingrain  beard,  or  your  French 
crown-colour,  which  is  a  perfect  yellow  " 
("Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  i.  2). 

Oran'ia.  The  lady-love  of  Am'adii 
of  Gaul. 

Orator  Henley.  The  Rev.  John 
Henlev,  who  for  about  thirty  )'ears  de- 
livered lectures  on  theological,  political, 
and  literary  subjects.     (1(392-1756.) 

Orbilian  Stick  {The).  A  cane  or 
birch-rod. 

Orbilius  was  the  schoolmaster  who 
taught  Horace,  and  lloraco  calls  him 
Plago'tus(t\iQ  flojrger).— A'/),  ii.  71. 


888 


ORG. 


ORGOGUO. 


Ore  (In  "Orkndo  Furioso").  A  sea- 
monster  that  dovoured  mun  and  women. 
Ho  haunted  the  soaa  near  Ireland.  Or- 
lando threw  an  anchor  into  his  open  jaws, 
ftiid  then  drap:;;od  the  monster  to  the 
Irish  coast,  where  he  died. 

Or'ca.  The  Orkney  Islands, or  Arcades. 

Or'chard  properly  means  a  kitchen 
garden,  a  yard  for  borbs.  (Saxon,  ort- 
gcard — i.e.,  wort- yard).  Wort  enters  into 
the  names  of  numerous  herbs,  as  mug- 
wort,  liror-wort,  sploon-wort,  &c. 

Or'eu.3.  The  abode  of  the  dead ; 
Aeaih.—  Roman  mythology. 

Or'deal  (Saxon,  great  judgment),  in- 
stituted long  before  the  Conquest,  and 
not  abolished  till  the  reign  of  Ilenry  II  [. 
Ordeals  were  of  sereral  kinds,  but  the 
most  usual  were  by  wager  of  batlle,  by 
hoi  or  cold  water,  and  by  fire.  This  me- 
thod of  "  trial"  was  introduced  from  the 
notion  that  God  would  defend  the  right, 
even  by  miracle  if  needful. 

(1)  Wager  of  battle,  was  when  the  ac- 
cused person  was  oblicjeJ  to  fi<i:ht  any 
one  who  charged  him  with  guilt.  This 
ordeal  was  allowed  only  to  persons  of 
rank. 

(2)  Of  fire,  w.ac  another  ordeal  for 
persons  of  rank  only.  The  accused  had 
to  hold  in  his  hand  a  piece  of  red-hot 
iron,  or  had  to  walk  blindfold  and  bare- 
foot among  nine  red-hot  ploughshares 
laid  at  unequal  distances.  If  he  escaped 
uninjured  he  was  accounted  innocent, 
aliler  non.  This  might  be  performed  by 
deputy. 

(3)  Of  hot  water,  was  an  ordeal  for  the 
common  people.  The  accused  was  re- 
quired to  plunge  his  arm  up  to  the  elbow 
in  scalding  hot  water,  and  was  pro- 
nounced guilty  if  the  skin  was  injured  in 
the  experiment. 

(4)  Of  cold  water,  was  also  for  the 
common  p>eoplo.  The  accused,  being 
bound,  was  tossed  into  a  river:  if  he  sunk 
he  was  acquitted,  but  if  he  floated  he  was 
accounted  guilty. 

(5)  Of  t/te  bier,  when  &i>er SO'  suspected 
of  murder  was  required  to  touch  the 
cori>se,  and  if  gnilty  the  "  blood  of  the 
dead  body  would  start  forth  afresh." 

(6)  Of  the  eucharist.  This  was  for 
clergymen  suspected  of  crime.  It  was 
supposed  that  the  elements  would  choke 
him,  if  taken  by  a  guilty  man. 

(i)  Of  On  cvisned,  or  consecrated  bn^>1 


and  cheese.  Godwin  esu-l  of  Kent  is 
eaid  to  have  boon  cLokod  when  ho  sub- 
mitted to  this  ordeal,  being  accused  ol 
the  murder  of  the  king's  brother. 

(8)  Of  lot,  two  dice,  one  marked  by  a 
cross,  being  thrown. 

It  was  a  fiery  ordeal.  A  severe  tost. 
{See  above.  No.  2.) 

Order.  When  members  of  the 
House  of  Commons  and  other  debaters 
call  out  Order,  they  mean  that  the  person 
speaking  is  transgressing  the  rules  of  the 
House. 

To  move  for  the  order  oj  the  day.  A 
method  of  putting  aside  a  disagreeable 
question.  If  the  motion  is  carried,  the 
"orders"  must  be  read  and  proceeded 
with  in  regular  coui-se ;  but  this  routine 
may  bo  set  aside  by  a  motion  "  to 
adjourn." 

Order  of  the  Cockle.  Created  by 
St.  Louis  in  12(i9,  in  memory  of  a  dis- 
astrous e.'cpiidiUon  made  by  sea  for  the 
succour  of  Christians.  Purrot  says  it 
scarcely  survived  its  foundation. 

Ordigale.  The  otter,  in  the  tale  of 
"Reynard  the  Fox,"  part  iii. 

Or'dinary  (An).  One  who  has  an 
"ordinary  or  regular  jurisdiction"  in  hii 
own  right,  and  not  by  deputation.  Thus 
a  judge  who  has  authority  to  take  cog- 
nisance of  causes  in  his  ov.ti  right  is 
an  ordinary.  A  bishop  is  an  ordinary 
in  his  own  diocese,  because  he  has 
authority  to  take  cognisance  of  eccle- 
siastical matters  therein  ;  but  an  arch- 
bishop is  the  ordinar}'  of  his  pro\'inco, 
having  authority  in  his  own  right  to 
receive  appeals  therein  from  inferii^r 
jurisdictions.  The  chaplain  of  Newgate 
is  also  called  the  ordinary  thereof. 

Orelio.  The  steed  of  Don  Roderick, 
the  last  of  the  Goths,  noted  for  its  speed 
and  symmetry. 

Oreila'na.  The  river  Amazon  in 
America;  so  called  from  Oreila'na,  lieu- 
tenant of  Pizarro. 

Orfeo  and  Heui'o'dis.  Ths  tile  of 
Orpheus  and  Euryd'ice,  with  the  G-.thio 
machinery  of  olves  or  fairies. 

Or'gies  (2  syl.).  Drunken  revek, 
riotous  feasts ;  so  called  from  the  noc- 
turnal festivals  in  honour  of  Bacchus. 
(Greek,  orge,  violent  emotion.) 

Orgoglio  (pron.  Or-gole^-yo.  The 
word  is   Italian,  and  moczis  "Arrogant 


OROON. 


ORINDA. 


C39 


Pride,"  or  Tke  Man  of  Sin).  A  hideous 
giant  as  tall  as  three  men  ;  he  was  son 
of  Earth  and  Wind.  Finding  the  Ked 
Cross  Knisjht  at  the  fountain  of  Idleness, 
he  beats  him  with  a  club  aud  makes  him 
bis  Elave.  Una,  hearing  of  these  mis- 
chances, telis  king  Arthur,  and  Arthur 
liberates  the  knis^ht  and  slays  the 
giant.  Moral. — The  Man  of  Siu  had 
power  given  him  to  "  make  war  with  the 
saints  and  to  overcome  them"  for  "forty 
and  two  months"  (Rev.  xiii.  5,  7),  then 
the  "  Ancient  of  Days  came,"  and  over- 
came him  (Dan.  vii.  21,  92). — Spgiise^; 
"Faery  Queen,"  bk.  i. 

•»•  Arthur  first  cut  off  Orgoglio's  left 
arm, — i.e.,  Bohoniia  was  first  cut  off  from 
the  Church  of  Eomo.  He  then  cut  oflf 
the  giant's  rujht  leg— i.e.,  England  ;  and 
this  being  cut  off  the  giant  fell  to  the 
earth,  and  was  afterwards  dispatched. 

Or'gon.  Brother-in-law  of  Tartuffe. 
His  credulity  is  proverbial:  ho  almost 
disbelieved  his  senses,  and  ?aw  every  ouo 
and  every  thing  through  tho  coidear  de 
rose  of  his  own  honest  heart. — Moliire, 
"  Tartuje." 

Oria'na.  The  beloved  of  Am'adis  o* 
Gaul,  who  called  himself  Belteno'bros 
when  he  retired  to  the  Poor  liock. — 
"A  m'adis  de  Gaul"  ii.  6. 

Queen  Elizabeth  is  sometimes  called 
tho  "peoricss  Ori.ana,"  especially  in  the 
madriirals  entitled  the  "Triumphs  of 
Oria'na"  (1601). 

Oria'na.  Tho  nurseling  of  a  lioness, 
with  whom  Esplandian,  son  of  Oriana 
and  Am'adis  of  Gaul,  fell  in  love,  and  for 
whom  he  underwent  all  his  j.ctils  and 
exploits.  She  is  represented  as  tho 
fairest,  gentlest,  and  most  faithful  of 
womankind. 

O'riande  (O-re-ond).  A  fay  who 
lived  at  Eoscllcur,  aud  broug^ht  up 
Maugis  d'Aygremont  (i/.v.).  When  her 
proteg^  grew  up  she  loved  him  "  d'un  si 
grand  amour,  qu'elle  doute  fort  qu'il  no 
BO  departo  d'avecquea  elle." — "  Ii/)inafice 
de  May.gii  d'AygrtmoHl  el  de  Vivian  ton 
Vrire. " 

Oriel.  A  tairy  wbo?e  empire  lay 
along  the  banks  of  tho  Thames,  when 
king  Oberon  held  his  court  in  Kensing- 
ton Gardens.— TicLell,  "  /' mttngton.  Oar- 
ient." 

Or'LQamme  (3  sjl.).  First  used  In 
France  »*  a  national  Imnner  in  11 10.     It 


consisted  of  a  crimson  flag  mounted  on 
a  gilt  staff  (un  glaive  tout  dor6  oh  est 
attacl.c  u:ic  b  ^uuiero  vermeilie).  Vue  fif»g 
v.'as  cut  into  three  "Vandykes"  to  rrpre- 
Ecnt  "tongues  of  fire,"  and  between  each 
was  a  silken  tassel.  This  celebrated 
standard  was  the  banner  of  St.  Denis  ; 
but  when  the  counts  of  Vexin  became 
possessed  of  the  abbey  the  banner  passe'l 
into  their  hands.  In  10S2  Philippe  1, 
united  Vexin  to  tho  crowu,  and  the 
sacred  Oriflamme  belonged  to  the  king. 
It  was  carried  to  the  field  after  the 
battle  of  Agiucourt,  in  1415.  The 
romance  writers  say  that  "mescreans" 
(infidels)  were  blitidod  by  merely  looking 
on  it.  In  the  "  Roman  de  Garin  "  the 
Saracens  are  represented  as  saying  "  If 
we  only  set  eyes  on  it  we  are  all  dead 
men"  (Se's  attendous  tuit  sommes  mors 
et  pris).  Froissart  says  it  was  no  sooner 
unfurled  at  Rosbecq  than  the  fog  cleared 
off,  leaving  the  French  in  li^rht,  while 
their  enemies  remained  in  misty  dark- 
ness still.  {Or,  gold,  referring  to  the 
staff ;  fl'xmme,  flame,  referring  to  tha 
tongues  of  fire.) 

Or'iffenists.  An  early  Christian  sect 
who  drew  their  opinions  from  the 
writings  of  Origc-n.  They  maintained 
Chri.st  to  be  the  Son  of  Ood  only  by 
adoption,  and  denied  the  eternity  of 
future  punishments. 

Original  Sin.  That  corruption 
which  is  bom  with  us,  and  is  tho  in- 
heritance of  all  the  ofTspring  of  Adam. 
As  Adam  was  tho  federal  head  of  his 
race,  when  Adam  fell  the  taint  and 
penalty  of  his  disobedience  passed  to  all 
his  posterity. 

Oril'o  or  Orilto(m  "  Orl.ando  Fnrioso,*' 
bk.  viii.).  A  mngi'jian  and  robber  who 
lived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nile.  He  was 
the  son  of  an  imp  and  fairy.  When  any 
limb  wxs  lojiped  off  ho  restored  it  by  his 
magic  power,  and  when  bis  liead  was  out 
off  he  p'lt  it  on  his  neck  again.  Astolpho 
encountarcd  hiin,  cut  off  his  head,  and 
fled  with  it.  Orillo  mouutod  his  horse 
and  gave  chase.  Jfeanwhile  Astoljif.o 
with  his  sword  cut  the  liair  from  the 
head.  Life  was  in  one  particular  hair, 
and  as  soon  as  that  was  severed  the 
head  died,  and  the  magician's  body  fell 
lifeless. 

Orin'da.callerl  the  "  Incomparable," 
wos  Mrii.   Katherine  Philij'ps.  who  I'.vod 


640 


ORION, 


ORLANDO  INNAMOHATO. 


fn  the  reign  of  Cbailss  II.,  and  died  of 
sraall-pox.  Her  praises  were  suup  by 
Cowley,  Dryilen,  and  others.  {See  Dry- 
don's  odo  "To  the  Memory  of  Mrs,  Anne 
Killigrew,") 

Ori'on,  A  giant  hunter,  noted  for 
his  Icauty,  He  was  blinded  by  rEnop'ion, 
but  Vulcan  sent  Oedalion  to  be  hlff  (^'uiilf, 
and  bis  sij.^ht  was  restored  by  exposing 
his  eyeballs  to  the  sun.  Being  slain  by 
Diana,  ho  was  made  one  of  the  constel- 
lations, and  is  supposed  to  be  attended 
with  stormy  weather.  "  Assurgens  Huctu 
nimbo'sus  Orion." — Viryil,  "yEiieid," 
i.  539. 

/8  beautiful  as  Orion— i/crwdr,  "Iliad,"  xvUL 

Wife  of  Orion.     Side. 
Lof/s    of    Orion.      Arctopli'onos     and 
Ptodph'agos. 

Orkneys,  Either  the  Teutonic  Ork- 
n-(i/s  (the  water  or  islands  of  the  whirl- 
pool), in  allusion  to  the  two  famous 
whirlpools  near  the  isle  of  Swinua ;  or 
else  the  Norwegian  Orkeyjar  (northern 
islands),  the  Hebrides  being  the  Sudrey- 
jar,  or  southern  islands. 

Orlando.  The  youngest  son  of  Sir 
Rowland  de  Boys.  Oliver,  who  haled 
him,  persuaded  him  to  wrestle  with  one 
Charles,  a  famous  wrestler,  hoping  that 
Charles  would  kill  him;  but  Orlando 
proved  the  victor.  At  the  match  the 
banished  duke  was  present,  with  his 
daughter  Rosalind,  who  took  a  lively 
interest  in  the  young  nobleman,  and 
after  the  match  gave  him  a  chain, 
Baying — "Gentleman,  wear  this  for 
me.''  His  brother  Oliver  now  vowed  to 
burn  bira  in  his  chamber,  and  when  Or- 
lando was  told  of  this  vow  he  fled  to  the 
forest  of  Arden  to  join  tho  party  of  the 
banished  duke,  his  father's  friend.  Here 
he  met  Rosalind  disguised  as  a  country 
lad,  seeking  to  join  her  father.  In  time 
they  became  acquainted  with  each  other, 
and  the  duke  assented  to  their  union. — 
Shakigpeare,  "As  Yoii  Like  It." 

Orlando,  called  Rotolando  or  Roland, 
and  Rutlandus  in  the  Latin  chronicles 
of  the  middle  ages,  the  paladin,  was  lord 
of  Anglaut,  knight  of  Brava,  son  of  Milo 
d'Anulesis  and  Bertha,  sister  of  Charle- 
magne. Though  married  to  Aldabella, 
he  fell  in  love  with  Angel'ica,  daughter  oi 
the  infidel  king  of  Cathay  ;  but  Angelica 
married  Medo  ro,  a  Moor,  with  whom 
she  fled  to  India.     Wlien  Orlando  heard 


thereof  he  turned  mad,  cr  rather  his 
wits  v/ere  taken  fnjm  him  for  three 
months  by  way  of  punishment,  and  de- 
posited in  the  moon.  Astojpho  went 
to  the  moon  in  Elijah's  chariot,  and  St, 
John  gave  him  an  urn  containing  the  lost 
wits  of  Orlando.  On  reaching  earto 
again  Astolpho  first  bound  the  madman, 
then  holding  the  urn  to  his  nose,  the 
errant  wits  returned,  and  Orlando,  cured 
of  his  madness  and  love,  recovered  from 
his  temporary  derangement. — "  Orlando 
Furioso."    (-Se«  Angelica.) 

Orlando  or  Roland  was  buried  at 
Blayes,  in  the  c'nurch  of  St.  Raymond ; 
but  his  body  was  removed  afterwards  to 
Roncesvalliis,  in  Spain. 

Orlando's  Horn  or  Jioland's  Horn.  An 
ivory  horn  called  Olivant,  mentioned  a 
hundred  times  or  more  by  Boiardo  and 
Anosto. 

I'eiacto  bello,  Rolan'his  cscendif  in  niontem,  et 
re'iiil  reiro  ad  viiim  Hun-iavnllia.  Tunc  insonait 
tul>a  sua  eburnea ;  et  tautu  vir^ute  in^oiiuit,  quod 
fla'u  omnis  ejus  tuba  per  meilium  ecisiia,  et  vena 
colli  ejus  et  nevvi  rupti  fuisse  leruaiur. 

Orlando's  Sicm-d.  Durinda'na,  which 
once  belonged  to  Hector. 

Orlando  Furioso.  An  epic  poem 
in  forty-six  cantos,  by  Ariosto  (digested 
by  Hoole  into  twenty-four  books,  but 
retained  by  Rose  in  the  original  form). 
The  subject  is  the  siege  of  Paris  by 
Agramant  the  Moor,  when  the  Saracens 
were  overthrown.  In  the  pagan  army 
wore  two  heroes— Rod'omont  called  the 
Mars  of  Africa,  and  Roge'ro.  The  latter 
became  a  Christian  convert,  and  was 
baptised.  The  poem  ends  with  a  combat 
between  these  two,  and  the  overthrow  of 
Rodomont. 

The  anachronisms  of  this  poem  are 
most  marvellous.  We  have  Charlemagne 
and  his  paladins  joined  by  king  Edward 
of  England,  Richard  earl  of  Warwick, 
Henry  duke  of  Clarence,  and  the  dukes 
of  York  and  Gloucester  (bk.  vi.).  We 
have  cannons  employed  by  Cymoscc 
king  of  Friza  (bk.  iv.),  and  also  in  tho 
siege  of  Paris  (bk.  vi.).  We  have  the 
floors  established  in  Spain,  whereas 
they  were  not  invited  over  by  the 
Saracens  for  nearly  300  years  after 
Charlemagne's  death.  In  Book  xvii.  we 
have  Prester  John,  who  died  1202  ;  and 
in  the  last  three,  Constantine  the  Great, 
who  died  337. 

Orlando  Innamora'to  (Roland  the 
paladin    in  love).     A   romiiutic   epic   in 


ORLEANS. 


ORSON. 


m 


thtxie  books,  by  the  count  Boiardo   of 
SoAiidiano,  in  Italy  (1495). 

There  is  a  hurlesnue  iu  verse  of  the 
?nme  title  by  IJerni  of  Tuscany  (1538), 
author  of  "  Burlesijiie  IJhynies." 

Orleans.  I'our  txplanalion  U  like  an 
Orleans  commeul — i.t.  Your  coninien*.  or 
explanation  makes  the  matter  more  ob- 
scure. The  Orleans  college  was  noted  for 
its  wordy  eoinnioiitaries,  which  daikcued 
the  text  by  overladiatj  it  will:  words. — A 
French  proverb. 

Or'niandine  (3  syl.).  The  necro- 
niancer  wlio  by  his  ma-cic  arts  threw  St. 
David  for  sovon  years  into  an  enchanted 
sloop,  from  which  ho  was  redeemed  by 
St.  (Jeorye. — "  The  Seven  Chain/nons  of 
Vktistendum,"  i.  9, 

Or'mulum.  a  paraphrase  of  Scriji- 
ture  in  An;,do-Sa.\on  verse;  so  called 
from  the  name  of  tiie  author,  Orm  or 
'Jrmin  (13th  cent.). 

Ormusd  or  Orvund.  The  principle 
or  ani,'el  of  light  and  good,  auil  creator 
of  all  thin.s,  accordintj  to  tha  Mayijuj 
system.     (See  Auwnix^.) 

Oromas'des  (l  .syl.).  Tlie  tirat  of 
the  Zoroastrian  trinity.  The  divine 
goodness  of  I'lato  ;  the  deviser  of  creation 
(the  father).  The  second  person  is  Mitliras, 
the  eternal  intellect,  architect  of  the 
world  ;  the  third,  Arim'auiis  (Psyche),  the 
iiiuniiane  soul. 

O'roonda'ttJS.  Only  son  of  a  Scythian 
kini;,  whose  love  for  .Stati'ra  (widow  of 
Alexaniler  the  (Jroat,  and  daughter  of 
!)ari'us)  leads  him  into  numerous  dangers 
and  ditlioulties,  which  ho  surmounts. — 
La  Cal/ircnide,  "  Viiss/nulra"  {a  rotnance). 

Oros  The  Apollo  of  Egyptian  m}'- 
UioU>i.',\. 

Oro  sius  {General  IIis(ory  of),  from 
Crc.-xtiou  to  A.D.  417,  in  I.atin,  by  a 
Spanish  presbyter  of  the  5th  century, 
was  translated  into  Anglo-Saxon  by 
All  red  the  Great. 

(Drotalt,  acccirding  to  the  Greek 
writers,  was  the  U.icchus  of  the  ancient 
Arabs.  This,  however,  is  a  mistake,  for 
the  word  is  a  corruption  of  Allah  Taala 
(God  the  Most  High). 

Orpheus  (2  syl.).     A  Thracian  poet 
who  could  move  oven  inanimate  things 
by  his  tr.ukic.     When  his  wife  EurydioS 
V 


died  he  went  into  the  infernal  retrioui, 
and 80 charmed  king  Hlutothat  Eurydice 
was  released  from  death,  on  the  condition 
that  Orpheus  wouhl  not  look  back  till  he 
reached  the  eailh.  lie  was  just  about 
to  place  his  foot  on  the  earth  when  he 
turned  round,  and  Eurydice  vanished 
from  him  in  an  inslanK.  I'opo  introduces 
this  lalo  in  his  "  .^t.  Cecilia's  Ode." 

The  tale  of  Orphnt.i  is  thus  explaine<l  : 
Aedoneus,  king  of  Thospro'tia,  was  tor 
his  cruelty  called  I'luto,  and  having 
ceized  Euryd'iciasshellod  from  Arist.b.i.'T, 
detained  her  captive.  Orpheus  obta'.ned 
her  release  on  cert:\in  conditions,  which 
ho  violated,  and  lost  hor  a  second  time. 

Orpheus  of   Highwaymen.    So 

Gay  has  been  called  on  account  of  hit 
"  Heggars'  Opera."    (lt)88-173:i.) 

Orrery.  An  astronomical  toy  to 
show  the  ri^lative  movements  of  the 
planets.  &c.,  invented  by  George  Gra- 
ham, who  sent  his  model  to  Rowley, 
an  instrument  maker,  to  make  oiie 
for  prince  Eugfeno.  Kowley  made  a 
copy  of  it  for  Charles  I'.ovle,  third 
earl  of  Orrery,  and  Sir  Kichard  Steele 
named  it  an  Orrery  nut  of  compliment 
to  the  earl.  One  of  the  best  is  Fulton  s, 
in  Kelvingrove  Museum,  West  End  Park, 
Glasgow. 

Orsin.  One  of  the  leaders  of  the 
rabble  that  attacked  llu<iibras  at  a 
bear-baiting.  He  was  "famous  for  wi.-je 
conduct  and  success  in  war."  Joshua 
Gosling,  who  ke|)t  the  boars  at  "  I'aiis 
(Jarden,"  in  Southwark,  was  the  academy 
tigure  of  this  character. 

Orsi'ni  (Majjiu).  A  young  Italian 
nobleman,  whose  life  was  saved  by 
Gennaro  at  the  battle  of  Rimini.  Or- 
sini  became  the  staunch  friend  of  Gen- 
na'ro,  but  both  were  poisoned  at  a 
banquet  given  by  the  princess  Xeg  roni. 
~Do,iiz(tti,  ^' Lucrezia  di  Durjia"  (ai 
opciv). 

Orson.  Twin  brother  of  Valentine, 
and  sou  of  Ik-Uisant,  sister  of  king  I'epii) 
and  wife  of  Ale.tander,  emjieror  of  Con- 
sUintinoplo.  The  twin  brothers  were 
born  in  a  wood  nc.ir  Orleans,  und  Orsou 
was  carried  off  by  a  boar,  which  suckled 
him  with  her  cubs.  When  ho  j/rew 
up  he  was  the  terror  of  France,  and 
was  called  tha  Wild  Man  of  the  t\^rui. 
He  was  reclaiiL>ed  by  Valentine,  over- 
threw  the   Green    Kni;,'ht,  and  marri.Td 


442 


CRTS, 


OSSEO. 


Fozon,  the  daupbter  of  duke  Savary  of 
A<niitaine.  (French,  oiirson,  a  little 
bear.)  —  "  Valentine  and  Orson." 

Orts.  CnimV)fi,  refuse.  (Saxon, 
oretta7i,io  mnko  worthless  ;  Gaelic,  ord; 
Irish,  orila,  a  fraf,'ment ;  our  ordw-e.) 
Kilian,  with  nioro  wit  than  truth,  derives 
tlie  word  from  over-ate— i.e.,  what  is  left 
after  eating. 

I  shall  not  eat  your  orts -i.e.,  your 
leavings. 

tiCt  him  have  time  a  beEsrar'a  i  r;«  to  cr.iv«. 

Uluikesieart, " Ripe  of  Luereet." 

Ortus.  Ortus  a  quercii,  non  a  sal'ice 
Ijatin  for  "  sin-ung  from  an  oak,  and  not 
from  a  willow" — i.e.,  stubborn  stuff; 
one  that  cannot  bend  to  circ\imstanccs. 

Ortwine  (2  syl.).  Knight  of  Metz, 
Bister's  son  of  Sir  Hagan  of  Trony,  a 
Uurgundian  in  the  "  Nibelungen-Lied." 

Orvie'tan  (3  syl.)  or  Venice  treacle.^ 
once  believed  to  be  a  sovereign  remedy 
against  poison.  (See  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
'  Keuilworth,"  ch.  xiii.) 

Orville  (Zoj-rf).  Hero  ol  "  Eveli'na," 
a  novel  by  Miss  Buruey. 

Os  Saci'Um  {Sue  Liz).  A  triangular 
bone  situate  at  the  lowc-r  part  of  the 
rertcbral  column,  of  wlr.cli  it  is  a  con- 
tinuation. Some  say  [his  bone  was  so 
called  because  it  was  in  th''  part  used  in 
sacrifice,  or  the  sacred  part;  Dr  Kash 
Bays  It  is  so  called  "because  it  is  nuich 
bigger  than  any  of  the  vertebrae;"  but 
the  Jewish  rabbins  say  the  bone  is  called 
sacred  because  it  resists  decay,  and  will 
be  the  germ  of  the  "new  body  "at  the 
resurrection. — Iludibras,  pt,  iii.  c.  2. 

Osbaldistone.  Nine  of  the  char- 
acters in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Rob  Roy" 
bear  this  name.  There  are  (1)  the  Lon- 
don merchant  and  Sir  Hildebrand,  the 
beads  of  two  families  ;  (2)  the  son  of  the 
merchant  is  Francis,  the  pretendu  of 
Diana  Vernon  ;  (3)  the  "distinguished  " 
offspring  of  the  brother  are  i'ercival  t/i4 
sot,  ThomclifTe  the  bull;/,  John  the  c/ame- 
Iceeper,  Richard  the  horse-jockey,  Wilfred 
the  fool,  and  Rashleigh  the  scholar,  by  far 
the  worst  of  all.  -This  last  worthy  is 
slain  by  Rob  Roy,  and  dies  cursing  his 
cousin  Frank,  whom  he  had  injured  in 
«very  way  he  could  contrive. 

Oeeway  (Damt).  The  ewe,  ia  the 
tele  ol  "  Reynard  the  Foi." 


O.si'ria  (in  Egj-ptian  mythology). 
Judge  of  the  ilcad,  and  potentate  of  the 
kingdom  of  the  ghosts.  This  lirother 
and  l)usband  of  Isis  was  worshipped 
ui:der  the  form  of  an  ox.  Tho  word 
means  Many-eyed. 

Oslade  or  Ouslade.  God  of  luxury 
and  pleasuro — Slavonic  mythology. 

Osmand.  A  necromancer,  who  by 
his  enchantments  raised  up  an  army  to 
resist  the  Christians.  Six  of  the  Cham- 
pions of  Chrisfendom  were  enchanted  by 
Osmand,  but  St.  George  restored  them. 
Osmand  tore  off  his  hair  in  which  lay  his 
sjiirit  of  enchantment,  bit  his  tongue 
in  two,  embowcUed  himself,  cut  off  his 
arras,  and  then  died. — "  The  Seven  Cham- 
pions of  Christendom,"  i.  19. 

Osnabiirg.  The  duke  of  VorJc  vas 
lishop  0}  Osnaburg.  Not  prelate,  but 
sovereign-bichop.  By  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia,  in  1G48,  it  was  decreed  that 
tho  ancient  bishopric  should  be  vested 
alternately  in  a  Catholic  bishop  and  a 
Protestant  prince  of  the  House  of  Ltme- 
burg.  Frederick  duke  of  York  was  the 
last  sovereiirn-bishop  of  Osnaburg.  In 
IS'io  the  district  was  attached  to  Hanover, 
and  it  now  forms  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  Prussia. 

Os'pray  or  Osprey  (the  bone-breaker). 
So  called  because  fratrments  of  bones 
have  been  discovered  in  its  stomach. 
Hanmer  says  that  tho  o.spray  will  bring 
up  "foundling"  birds  with  its  own 
nestlings.     (Latin,  osj'raugo.) 

Ossa.  Heaping  Ossa  vpon  Pelion. 
Adding  difficulty  to  difliculty  ;  fruitless 
efforts.  The  allusion  is  to  the  attempt 
of  tho  giants  to  scale  heaven  by  piling 
mount  Ossa  upon  mount  Pelion. 

Osse'o.  Son  of  the  Evening  Star. 
When  "  old  and  ugly,  broken  with  age, 
and  weak  with  coughing,"  ho  married 
Oweenee,  youngest  of  the  ten  daughters 
of  a  North  hunter.  She  loved  him 
in  spite  of  his  ugliness  and  decrepi- 
tude, because  "all  was  beautiful  within 
him."  One  day  as  he  was  walking  with 
his  nine  sisters-in-law  and  their  husbandft, 
he  leaped  into  the  hollow  of  an  oak-tree, 
and  came  out  "  tall  and  straight  and 
strong  and  handsome  ; "  but  Oweenee  at 
the  same  moment  vr.is  changed  into  a 
weak  old  woman,  "  wasted,  wrinkled, 
old,  and  ugly  ;"  but  the  love  of  Os.se'o 


I 


osyiAN. 


oaTia. 


OiS 


was  cot  weakened.  Tho  nine  brothers 
and  sistcfs-iD-law  were  all  transformed 
into  birds  for  mocking  Osseo  and 
Oweenee  when  they  were  ugly,  and 
Oweenee  recovering  her  beauty  had  a 
son,  whoso  delitrlit  as  he  grew  up  was  to 
shoot  at  his  aunts  and  uncles,  the  birds 
that  mocked  his  father  and  mother. — 
Loivjfdlow,  "Huuvatha,"  .\ii. 

Os'sian.  The  son  of  Fingal,  a  Scot- 
tish warrior-bard  who  lived  in  tho  third 
century.  Tho  poems  called  "  Ossian's 
Poems  "were  first  published  by  James 
M'Pherson  in  1700,  and  professed  to  be 
translations  from  Erse  manuscripts  col- 
lected in  the  Highlands.  This  is  not 
true.  M'Pherson  uo  doubt  based  the 
poems  on  traditions,  but  not  ono  of 
them  is  a  translation  of  an  Erse  manu- 
script; and  so  far  as  they  are  Ossiauic 
at  all,  they  are  Irish  and  not  Scotch. 

Ostend'  Manifesto.  A  deoUirution 
made  in  18.57  bv  the  ministers  of  the 
Uiiited  States  in  England,  France,  and 
Spain.  "  that  Cuba  must  belong  to  the 
United  States  " 

Oster-Monath.  Sasoa  naino  of 
April. 

Ostler,  wittily  derived  from  oal- 
UaUr,  but  actually  from  the  French 
loitelier,  an  innkeeper. 

Os'traois'ni.  Oystor-shelling,  black- 
balling, or  expoiling.  Clis'theni-sgave  the 
people  of  Attica  the  power  of  removing 
from  the  state,  without  making  a  definite 
charge,  any  leader  of  tho  people  likely 
to  subvert  the  govornment.  Each  citizen 
wrote  his  vote  on  an  oyster-shell  (uslra- 
eoti),  whence  the  terra. 

Os'trich.  When  hunted  the  ostrion 
will  run  a  certain  distance  and  then 
thrust  its  head  into  a  bush,  thinking 
because  it  cannot  see  that  it  cannot  bo 
seen  by  tho  hunters.     (See  Crocodile.) 

Ostrich  Brains.  It  was  Helio- 
pab'alus  who  had  battues  of  ostriches  for 
the  s;iko  of  their  brains.  Smollett  says 
"  he  had  600  ostrichoa  compounded  in 
one  mess." — "Peregrine  Pickle." 

Ostrich  Stomachs.  Strong  sto- 
machs which  will  diLTOst  anything.  The 
oatrich  swallows  largo  stones  to  aid  iti 
g'izT-^rd,  and  when  confined  where  it 
ooniiot  obtain  them  will  ivrallow  pieces 
of    iron    or    copper,    bricks    or    t^l«M. 


Oswald's  Weil  commemorates  the 
death  of  Oswald,  Christian  king  of  Xor- 
thumbria,  who  fell  in  battle  before  Peuda, 
Pagan  king  of  Mercia,  in  GI2. 

Otarid.  The  Mercury  of  tho  AsaJ 
tribe.  —Arauian,  ■))iyt/i.iilogii. 

Othello  (in  Shakesnearo's  tr:i','o  ly  so 
called).  A  Moor,  commander  of  the  Vene- 
tian army,  who  eloped  with  Desdemo'ua. 
Brabantio  accuscil  him  of  necromancy, 
but  Desdemona  being  sent  for  refute  1 
the  charge.  Tho  Moor  bciiiq-  then  sent 
to  drive  the  Turks  from  Cyprus,  won  a 
signal  victory.  On  his  return  lago  pdaj'ed 
upon  his  jealousy,  and  persuaded  himtl>at 
Dcsclemona  intrigued  with  Ca«sio.  He 
therefore  murdered  her,  and  then  stabbed 
him-elf. 

Othello  Uie  Moor.  Shakospciro  bor- 
rowed this  tale  from  tho  seventh  of 
CJiovanni  Giraldi  Ciuthio's  third  decade 
of  stories.     Cinthio  died  1573. 

Oth'man,  Os'uhui,  or  Olh'oman,  sur- 
named  the  Coivjueror.  Founder  of  tho 
Turkish  power,  from  whom  the  empiro 
is  called  the  Ottoman,  and  the  Turks  are 
called  Oiiiiaris,  Othmaiis,  Osniaiili,  kc. 
Peter  the  Great  being  hemmed  in  by 
tho  Turks  on  tho  banks  of  the  Prntli, 
was  rescued  by  his  wife  Catharine, 
who  negotiated  u  peace  with  the  grand 
vizier. 

O'tium  cum  Dig  (dig)nta'te').  Ko- 
tirotneut  after  a  person  has  given  up 
business  and  has  saved  enough  to  live 
upon  in  comfort.  The  words  are  Latin, 
and  mean  "retiremont  with  honour." 
'i'hey  are  more  frequently  used  in  jest, 
familiarity,  and  ridicule. 

Oton-ta'la-     The  Sea  of  Stars. 

O'Trigger  (_Sir  Lucius)  in  "  The 
Rivals"  Shcridau. 

Oui  (French  for  "yos").  A  contrac- 
tion of  "  Hoc  illud."  Thus  hoc-ilf,  ho'-il, 
o'  il,  oil,  oi,  out. 

Ou'tis  (Greek,  noboili/).  A  n.Tuio  as- 
sumed by  Odusseus  in  tlie  cave  of  I'oly- 
phOnios.  When  tho  monster  roared  with 
I'ain  from  the  loss  of  his  eye,  lua  brother 
;;iant8  demanded  from  a  distance  who 
was  hurting  him:  "Nobody,"  thundi-red 
out  Polynhomos,  and  his  companions 
went  their  way.  OduAscus  in  Lfttia  U 
Ulyssoa. 


844 


OUTRIGGKR. 


OX  OF  THE  DELUGR. 


Outrigger-  Tho  li^ader  of  a  unicorn 
team.  Tuo  earl  of  Malmesbury,  in  18(J7, 
BO  called  the  ropresontativo  of  ihe  minor- 
ity ill  tbo  threo-coruered  conslitucucy. 

Ou'zeL  The  black-bird  ;  sometimes 
Uio  tlirush  is  so  called  (Freuch,  mW,  a 
bird).  Bottom  speaks  of  the  "  ousel 
cock,  EO  black  of  lino  with  orancre  tawny 
bill." — '■'■  Midsvmmir  M;//il's  Drcdtn." 

Ova'tion.  A  triuiiiph;  a  triuiiJiilial 
reception  or  entry  of  the  second  order. 
So  called  from  orii,  a  sheep,  because 
the  Romans  saorilicud  a  sheep  to  a  vic- 
torious general  to  whom  an  ovation  was 
accorded,  but  an  ox  to  one  who  had  ob- 
tained a  •'  triumph." 

Over.  Greek,  liiiper;  Latin,  super; 
German,  ukr;  Saxon,  oyer;  Dutch,  occr. 

Overy.  St.  Mury  Overy  (South wark). 
John  Overie  was  a  ferryman,  who  used  to 
ferry  passengers  from  Souihwark  to  the 
City,  and  accumulated  a  hoard  of  wealth 
by  penurious  savings.  His  daughter 
Mar  J',  at  his  decease,  became  a  nun,  and 
founded  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Overy  on 
the  site  of  her  father's  house. 

Overdo  (Justice),  in  Ben  Joii.--ou's 
"  Bartholomew  P''air." 

Overreach  (Sir  Giles).  The  photo- 
graph of  Sir  Giles  Mompesson,  a  noted 
usurer  outlawed  for  his  misdeeds.  He  is 
an  unscrupulous,  grasping,  proud,  hard- 
hearted rascal  in  "A  New  Way  to  pay 
Old  Debts,"  by  Massiuger. 

Overture.  A  piece  of  music  for  the 
opening  of  a  concert.  To  "  make  an 
overture  to  a  person  "  is  to  be  the  first 
to  make  an  advance  either  towards  a  re- 
conciliation c  an  acquaintance.  (French, 
ouverhire,  opening.) 

Ovid.  The  French  Ovid.  Du  Beilay, 
one  of  the  Pleiad  poets  ;  also  called  the 
"father  of  grace  anil  elegance."  (15"24- 
l.^.oO.) 

Ow^'ain  (Sir).  The  Irish  knight  wlio 
passed  through  St.  Patrick's  purgatory 
Sy  way  of  ])enanco. — Henry  of  Saliiey, 
^'Tlu  Descent  of  Otvai/i." 

OvFon  Mcrcditli.  Robert  ISulwer 
Lj'tton. 

Owrl.    Owls  hoot  in  Bp  and  GP,  or 

F  5  and  A  P.     (6V«  Ascalaphos.) 

OkI,  ike  embUm  of  A  thens,  because  owls 
»bo\ind    thera     As     Athc'na  (Minerva) 


and  Athe'nse  (Athens)  are  the  parae  won!, 
the  owl  was  given  to  Minerva  for  hei 
symbol  also. 

The  owl  teas  a  baker's  daughter.  Our 
Saviour  went  into  a  baker's  shop  to  ask 
for  something  to  eat.  The  mistress  of 
tJie  shop  instantly  put  a  cake  into  the 
oven  for  him,  but  the  daughter  said  it 
was  too  large,  and  reduced  it  half.  The 
dough,  however,  swelled  to  an  enormou? 
size,  and  the  daughter  cried  out 
"  ilcugh  !  heugh  !  lieugh  !  "  and  was 
trarisformcd  into  an  owl.  Ophelia  alludes 
to  this  tradition  in  the  line — 

>'■  e  1  Qoci  'e'd  you  !  Tlicy  Bay  tlii'  ow!  wnj  i 
takci  t  •'.i'\th'  tr.~ Shukritpeare,  "  IJuviUL'' 

Owl-glass  (German,  Eulenspugel). 
Thyl,  sou  of  Klaus  l-iibjuspiegel,  pro'o- 
typo  of  all  the  knavisii  fools  of  modern 
times.  He  was  a  native  of  Brunswick, 
and  wandered  about  the  worlil  pl;iying 
all  manner  of  tricks  on  the  people  he  en- 
countered. Hence  esjiieijle,  the  French 
for  waggish  ;  and  also  the  noun  espihjle, 
a  wag.     (DiedlS.'iO.) 

Ox.  Emblematic  of  St.  Luke.  It  is 
one  of  the  four  figures  which  made  up 
Ezekiel's  cherub  (i.  10).  The  ox  is  the 
emblem  of  the  priesthood,  and  has  been 
awarded  to  St.  Luke  because  he  dwells 
more  than  any  other  of  the  Evangelists 
on  the  priestly  character  of  Christ. 

The  ox  is  also  the  emblem  of  St. 
Frideswide,  St.  LeoiiMrd,  St.  Sylvester, 
St.  Medard,  St.  Julieita,  and  St.  Blan- 
dina. 

lie  has  an  ox  on  his  tongue.  (Latin, 
Dovem  in  lingua  hdbe're,  to  be  bribed  to 
silence).  The  Greeks  had  the  same  ex- 
pression. The  Athenian  coin  was  stamped 
with  the  figure  of  an  ox.  The  French 
say,  11  a  unosdans  la  bouche,  referring  to 
a  dog  which  is  bribed  by  a  bone. 

Thehlack  ox  hoih  trampled  on  you  ("The 
Antiquary").  Misfortune  has  come  to 
your  house.  You  are  hen-pecked.  A 
black  ox  was  sacrificed  to  Pluto,  the  in- 
fernal god,  as  a  white  one  was  to  Jupiter 

The  black  ox  necer  trod  upon  his  foot 
(common  proverb).  He  never  knew 
sorrow.     He  is  not  married.     (See  abore.) 

The  du7nb  ox.  St.  Thomas  Aqui'nas; 
so  named  by  his  fellow-students  at  Co- 
logne, on  account  of  his  dullness  and 
taciturnity.    (1224-1274.) 

Ox  of  the  Deluge.  The  Irish  name 
for  a    great    black    deer,  prol)ably    the 


ox.  EYE. 


P'S  AND  Q*S. 


045 


Mt-mce'roi  Hiher'nicus,  or  Irish  oik,  now 
extinct 

Ox-ej''e.  A  clomly  speck  which  in- 
dicates the  apjiroach  of  a  storm.  When 
Elijah  heard  tliat  a  speck  no  bijifgerthan 
a  "man's  hand"  might  be  seen  in  the 
Bky,  ho  told  Ahab  that  a  torrent  of  rain 
Would  overtake  him  l)cfore  he  could 
reach  borne  (1  Kings  xviii.  41,  45). 
Thomson  alludes  to  this  storm-signal  in 
his  "  Summer." 

Oxford.     The  College  Bihlwa. 

Bulliol,  pink,  white,  blue,  white,  pink. 

lirasenose,  black,  and  gold  edges. 

Christ  Church,  blue,  with  red  cardi- 
nal's hat. 

(.'itrpui,  red  and  blue  stripe. 

Exeter,  black,  and  red  edges. 

Jesus,  green,  and  white  edges. 

Lincoln,  blue,  with  mitre. 

Magdalen,  black  and  white. 

Merlon,  blue,  and  white  edges,  with 
roil  cross. 

Sew  College,  throe  pink  and  two  white 
ttrifies. 

Grid,  blue  and  white. 

I'enibroke,  pink,  white,  pink. 

Queen's,  red,  white,  blue,  white,  blue, 
white,  red. 

.S(.  Johns,  yellow,  black,  red. 

Trinitji,  blue,  with  dcniblo  dragon's 
head,  yellow  and  green,  or  blue,  with 
white  edges. 

f'nivirsiti/,  blue,  and  yellow  edges. 

ti'itiUnim,  light  i)lue. 

Worcester,  blue,  white,  pink,  white, 
blue. 

Halls. 

at.  Aldan's,  blue,  with  arrowhoad. 

St.  EdmoiuUs,  red,  and  yellow  edges. 

St.  Miny,  white,  black,  white. 

Magdalen,  black,  and  bhie  edges. 

Oxford  Blues.  The  Royal  ITorao 
Guards.     Oxford  JJuul  Crew,  dark  blue. 

Oxford  Stroke  (in  rowing).  A  long, 
deep,  high-feathered  stroke,  excellent 
in  very  heavy  water.  The  Cambridge 
stroke  is  a  clear,  fine,  ilccj)  sweep,  with  a 
very  low  foathor,  excellent  in  smooth 
water.  The  Cambridge  pidl  is  the  best 
for  smooth  water  and  a  short  reach,  but 
the  Oxford  for  a  "lumpy"  river  and  a 
four  mile  course. 

O'yer  and  Ter'ininer  {Courts  o/)  are 
general  gaol  doliverios,  held  twice  a-yoar 
in  every  county.  "Oyer"  is  Froncii  for 
to  htiir — i«. ,  be^r  in   court  or  try;  and 


"terminer"  is  French  for  to  conclude. 
The  words  mean  that  the  commissioners 
ai'iiointod  are  to  hear  and  bring  to  an 
em)  all  the  cases  in  the  county. 

O  Yes!  O  Yes!  O  Yes!  French 
ojiz  (he:ir  ye). 

Oyster.  No  more  sense  I'tan  an  oyster. 
Til  is  is  French,  II  raisonne  comme  unt 
hiiilre.  Oysters  iiave  a  mouth,  but  no  head. 

An  oyster  /larl.  An  actor  wiio  appo.irs, 
speaks,  or  acts  only  once.  Like  au  oystor 
he  opens  but  once. 

iVho  eats  oy.tters  on  St.  Ja:nes's  day  will 
never  want.  St.  James's  day  is  the  first 
day  of  the  oyster  season  (August  .5lh\, 
when  oysters  are  an  expensive  luxury 
eateu  only  by  the  rich.  By  G,  7  Vict, 
c.  79,  the  oyster  season  begins  Septem> 
ber  1,  and  closes  April  30. 


P.  This  letter  ie  a  rude  outline  of  a 
man's  mouth,  tho  upright  being  the 
neck.  In  Hebrew  it  is  called  pe  (the 
mouth). 

P.  The  five  P's.  William  Oxbcrry 
was  so  called,  because  ho  was  Printer, 
Poet,  Publisher,  Publican,  and  Plavei. 
(1784-1824.) 

P.O.  {patres  cojiscripti.)  Tho  Roman 
senate.  The  hundred  senators  appointed 
by  Romulus  were  called  simply  pulres  \  a 
second  liundred  added  by  Tatius,  upon 
the  union  of  the  Sabincs  with  the 
Romans,  were  calloil  patres  mino'rnm 
gentium;  a  third  hundred  subsequently 
added  by  Tanpiin'ius  Priscus  were 
termed  patres  conscripti,  an  expre-ssion 
applied  to  a  fourth  and  fifth  hundred 
conscribed  to  tho  original  patres  or  sena- 
tors. Latterly  the  term  was  applied  to 
the  whole  body. 

P.P.  in  music  is  not  for  pui-\iscimo, 
but  for  /n'fi  piano  (moro  softly). 

P.P.C.(/)0!<)-  prendre  congf).  For  leave- 
taking  ;  soiu(;tirnos  written  on  tho  ad- 
dress cards  of  persons  about  to  leave  a 
locality,  when  they  pay  tht^ir  fiin-wi^il 
vi.-vita.     In  Kn^Uah,  paid  parting  call. 

P.S.  ipost-scriptuyn).  Written  after- 
wards—i.<.,  after  the  letter  or  book  wai 
finished.     {Latin.) 

P's  and  Q's.  MindyoMT  Fs  and  Q'$ 
Re  very  oircumspeot  in  your  behaviour. 


640 


PA  BAN  A. 


PADUA. 


Sovoral  oxjilanations  have  been  enf»- 
gestcd,  but  none  seom  to  be  wholly 
8'itisfactory.  Tlio  following  comes  near- 
est to  the  point  of  the  caution  : — In  the 
rei^n  of  Louis  XIV.,  when  wigs  of  un- 
wieldy size  wore  worn,  and  bows  were 
made  with  very  f;;reat  formality,  two 
things  were  especially  required,  a  "step" 
with  the  feet,  and  a  low  bond  of  the 
l>o<ly.  In  the  latter  the  wig  would  be 
very  apt  to  get  deranged,  and  even  to 
fall  off.  The  constant  caution  therefore 
of  the  French  dancing-master  to  his 
pupils  was  "  Mind  your  P's  (i.e.,  pieds, 
feet)  and  Q's  (i.e.,  (itieues,  wigs)." 

Throe  other  explanations  are  ingenious, 
but  do  not  carry  out  the  force  of  the  ex- 
p.ression.  One  is  this  :— ChiMren  are 
very  apt  to  confound  the  p  and  q  ;  this 
was  especially  the  case  when  they  were 
taught  from  a  horn-book,  and  the  old 
daino  had  to  warn  her  child-scholai- 
many  and  many  a  time  to  "  mind  his  P's 
and  Q's." 

A  third  solution  is  as  follows  : — When 
scores  were  kept  in  public-houses  with 
a  tally,  p  was  set  down  for  "  pints,"  and 
q  for  "quarts."  Mine  host  would  then 
say  to  the  person  scut  out  to  make  the 
score  "  Mind  your  P's  and  Q's,"  and  not 
unfreiiueutly  would  the  customer  also 
give  the  same  caution,  that  ho  might  not 
be  charged  for  quarts  instead  of  pints. 

The  next  suggestion  is  somewhat 
similar  :— Punch  used  to  be  sold  in  bowls 
of  two  sizes  :  the  P  size  was  a  shilling, 
and  the  Q  size  sixpence.  When  two 
clubbed  together,  one  might  say  "  Mind 
your  P's  and  Q's" — i.e.,  Do  not  tike  a 
small,  but  the  double  measaro. ' 

Paba  'na  (;2'/<e)  or  Peacock  Bailee.  A 
grave  aud  stately  Spani-sh  dance,  so 
called  from  the  manner  in  which  the  lady 
held  up  her  skirt  during  iho  performance. 

Pacha-Ca  'inac.  The  creator  of  the 
uuiverbe,  according  to  the  Peruvian  my- 
thology; so  called  from  the  valley  of 
Pacha-ca'm.a,  whore  th.'  liicaa  had  a 
splendid  temple  to  his  honour. 

Pacific  Ocean.  So  called  by  Ma- 
gcUau,  because  lie  enjoyed  calm  weather 
aud  a  placid  sea  when  ho  sailed  across  it. 
all  the  more  striking  after  the  stormy 
aud  tempestuous  passag'o  of  the  adjoin- 
ing straits. 
J'/ie  Pacljic. 

A'.iiadeus  Vi  1 1.,  count  of  Savoy.  (13S3, 
13'J  1-1139,  died  1151.) 


FiCdorick  III.,  cmpevor  of  Germany. 
(iUo,  It'll)- 14'J3.) 
^  Olans  III.  of  Norway.      (*,  1030-1003.) 

Pac'olet.  A  dwarf  in  the  service  of 
lady  Clerimond.  Ho  had  a  winged 
hor.so,  which  carried  of!  Valentine,  Orson, 
and  Clerimond  from  the  dungeon  of 
Fcrragus  to  the  palace  of  king  Pepin, 
and  afterwards  carried  Valentine  to  the 
palace  of  Alexander,  emperor  of  Con- 
stantinople, his  father. — "  Valentine  and 
Or.wn." 

It  is  a  horse  of  Pacolet  (French).  A 
very  swift  one,  th.at  will  carry  the  rider 
nnywhere;  in  allusion  to  the  enchanted 
flying  horse  of  wood,  belonging  to  the 
dwarf  Pac'olet.     (See  above.) 

I  fnar  ncilhor  shot  nor  arrow,  nor  ony  hor'-o 
liow  Bwift  soi^ver  he  mav  be.  n  »t  though  lie  couM 
out'itrip  the  I'ejasua  of  Persea-i  or  of  Pjc)lct.  being 
assured  ttii'  1  can  maka  goo.l  my  es^'ape.— i<a'<«- 
l.ns,  bk  ii.  21. 

PaetolU3.  The  golden  sands  of  tki 
Pactolui.  The  gold  found  in  the  Pac- 
tn'ji.an  sands  was  from  t)io  mines  of  mount 
Tniolus ;  but  the  supply  ceased  at  the 
C'  immcncement  of  the  (Jliristi.iu  era.  (-iee 
Midas.)    Now  called  Bagouly. 

Pad'alon.  The  aboilo  of  departed 
spirits. — Hindu  mytholngij. 

Padding.  The  filling-up  stufT  oi 
serials.  The  padding  of  coats  and  gowns 
is  the  wool,  &c.,  put  in  to  make  the 
figure  of  the  wearer  more  ship-shape. 
Figuratively,  stuff  in  books  or  speeches 
to  spin  them  out. 

Paddingtoa  Fair.  A  public  exe- 
cution. Tyburn,  where  executions  for- 
merly took  place,  is  in  the  parish  o( 
Paddington.  Public  executions  were 
abolished  in  186S. 

Paddle  your  owTi  Canoo.  Mind 
your  own  business. 

Paddock.  Cold  as  a  padJocL:  A 
paildock  is  a  toad  or  frog ;  and  wo  have 
the  corresponding  phrases  "  cold  as  a 
toad,"  and  "cold  as  a  frog."  Both  are 
cold-blooded.  "Paddock calls."- J/aoi.  i.  1. 

Paddy.  An  Trisiiman.  A  cOTiipticn 
cf  St.  Patrick,  Irish  PadJirig. 

Pad di- whack  means  an  Irish  wjig, 
wag  being  from  the  Saxon  KA-j-ian. 

Pad'ua  was  long  supposed  by  tii3 
Scotch  to  be  the  chief  school  of  nocro- 


PADUASOY. 


PALACE. 


flW 


mancy  ;  bonce  Sir  Walter  Scott  says  of 

llic  earl  of  Gowrio — 

lie  learned  the  art  thr\t  iionfl  m»j  name 
Iq  I'aiua,  (^t  beyuud  tlie  B';a. 

"Jaii/  of  th«  Lost  Minclrel." 

Paduasoy  or  Padesoy.     A  silk  cloth 

Paean.  The  physician  of  Iho  celes- 
tial gods;  the  deliverer  from  any  evil  or 
calamity.  Also  a  son;:^  to  Apollo,  praying 
him  to  avert  some  dreaded  ovil ;  so  called 
because  it  betjau  with  "  lo  Pa'an." 
Jlonier  applies  it  to  a  triumphal  song  in 
general. 

Pagan  properly  means  "  belonging  to 
a  villag-o"  (Latin,  pagm).  Tlio  Christian 
church  fixed  itself  first  in  cities,  the 
centres  of  intelli!,'onco.  Long  after  it 
Lad  been  established  in  towns,  idolatrous 
practices  continued  to  bo  observed  in 
rural  districts  and  villages,  so  pagan  and 
villager  meant  the  same  thing,  (.b'ee 
Hea'dikn.) 

Page  (1  ayl.).  A_  boy  attendant. 
Russian,  puj,  a  k)<)y ;  Greek,  pais;  Ka- 
lian, pa(j<jw ;  Spanish,  P'i'j( ;  Welsh, 
hncluirn  ;  our  Ix^y.') 

Mr.  and  j^h's.  Page.  Inhabitants  of 
Windsor.  The  lady  joins  with  Mrs.  Ford 
to  trick  Sir  .John  Falstalf. 

Anne  Po'je.  Daughter  of  the  above, 
in  love  with  Fcuton.  Slender,  the  son  of 
a  country  spiiro,  shy,  awkward,  and  a 
bijoby,  greatly  admires  the  lady,  but  has 
too  faint  a  heart  to  urge  his  suit  further 
than  to  sigh  in  audible  whi-spers  "  Sweet 
Anno  I'ago  I" 

WiUuun  Page.  A  schoolboy,  the  bro- 
ther of  Aniie. — aiiakespeare,  "  Tue  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor." 

Pago'da.  A  temple  in  China,  Hin- 
dustan, &c.  (lliuilustanee,  loot-khuda, 
alioilo  of  Uod  ;  Persian,  put-gada,  idol- 
house.) 

Paint.  The  North- American  Indians 
paint  their  faces  only  when  they  go  to 
war;  when  hostilities  aro  over  they  wash 
the  paint  off. 

Painter.  The  rcij.!)  which  binds  a 
ship's  boat  lo  the  ship.  (Irish,  painter, 
a  snare.) 

I'll,  cut  your  painO-r  for  yon.  Til  send 
you  to  the  right  about  in  doubio  quick 
tinio.  If  the  painter  is  cut,  of  course 
the  bo.at  drifts  away. 

Characlerislict  oj  the  }>aintert.  The 
brilliant  truth  of  a  Watteau,  the  doad 


reality  of  a  Poussin,  tho  touching  grace 
of  a  Reynolds, 

The  colouring  of  Titlin,  the  eipresaiou  of  llabeoa, 
the  grace  of  Kaplia-1.  the  purity  of  Liomciritiiuo, 
Vie  LoireuKiojc  iyo(  Correj  lo,  tlic  Irarniiis  "f  I'o^h- 
Bill,  the  aira  bf  Uuido,  the  tis'e  of  ihe  Currachi,  the 
gni:ii  coiitjur  of  .Vmielo.— i«nK. 

Prince  of  Painters.  Parrhas'ios,  the 
Greek  painter,  so  called  himself,  (oth 
centurj'  B.C.) 

Apelles  of  Cos.     (4th  century  B.C.) 

Painter  of  the  Graces.  Andrea 
Appia'ui  is  so  called.     (17o4-lS17.) 

Painter  of  Nature.  Remi  Belleau, 
author  of  "  Loves  and  Transformations 
of  tho  Precious  Stones."  One  of  the 
Pleiad  poots  is  so  called,  and  well  de- 
serves the  compliment.  The  "Shepherd's 
Calendar"  of  Spenser  is  largely  borrowed 
from  Belloau's  "  Song  on  April."  (152d- 
1577.) 

Painting.  It  was  Ai)elles  who. 
being  at  a  lo.s3  to  delineate  tho  foam  ol 
Alexander's  horse,  dashed  his  brush  at 
the  picture  in  despair,  and;  did  by  acci- 
dent what  he  could  not  accomplish  by  art. 

Pair  Off.  When  two  members  of 
parliament,  or  two  opposing  electors, 
agree  to  absent  thoiusulves,  and  not  to 
voto,  so  th.it  one  neutralises  the  vote  of 
the  other. 

Paishdad  ian  Dynasty.  The  Kai- 
Omurs  dynasty  of  Persia  was  so  called 
from  the  third  of  the  lino  (lioushung), 
who  was  suriiamed  I'aislidad,  or  tho 
just  law-giver  (u.c.  910-870J.  (See  Kai 
Omuks  ) 

Paix.  Ixi  Paixdes  Damef.  Tho  treaty 
concluded  at  Cambray,  in  15'2'.>,  between 
Fran(,'ois  [.  and  Charles  V.  of  Germany; 
so  called  because  it  wa.s  brought  about 
by  Louise  of  Savoy  (mother  to  tho  French 
king)  and  ilargaret,  the  emperor's  aunt. 

Palace  originally  meant  a  dwelling 
on  tho  Pa!  a  lino  ilill  of  Rome.  This  hifi 
was  so  called  from  Pa'ics,  a  pastonil 
deity,  whoso  festival  was  celebratod  OD 
April  21st,  tho  "birthilay  of  Koine,"  to 
commemorate  tho  day  when  the  wolf- 
child  Uom'ulus  drew  tho  lii-st  furrow  at 
tho  foot  of  the  hill,  and  thus  laid  tho 
foundation  of  the  "  Roma  Quadra'ta," 
the  most  ancient  part  of  tho  city.  On 
thi.s  hill  Augustus  built  his  mansion,  and 
his  example  wai  followed  by  Tibe'rius 
and  Nero.  Under  the  last-named  em- 
I     peror,  all  private  house*  on  tho   hill  had 


648 


PALADIN. 


PALE. 


to  l>o  pulled  down  to  make  room  for 
"Tlio  Golilcn  House,"  called  tbo  I'ala'- 
tiuin,  tho  jialace  of  palaces.  It  continued 
to  bo  the  residence  of  the  Roman  em- 
perors to  the  time  of  Alexander  Scvo'rus. 
(.See  I'ali.ack.) 

Paladin.  An  officer  of  tlie  Pala'tium 
or  Byzantine  palace,  a  high  dignitary,  a 
cliieflain, 

J'aladuu.  Tho  kniyhts  of  kinj^  Charle- 
magne. The  most  noted  are  AUory  de 
I'Estoc  ;  Astolfo  ;  Basin  de  Gencvois  ; 
Fierambras  or  Fenimbras  ;  Florismart; 
Ganolon,  tho  traitor  ;  Geoffrey,  seigneur 
de  Bordolois,  and  Geollroy  de  Frises  ; 
Guerin,  due  <le  Lorraine  ;  Guillaumo  de 
r  iistoc,  brother  of  Allory ;  Guy  de 
Bourgogne ;  Hotil,  comte  de  Nantes  ; 
Lambert,  prince  de  Briixcllos;  Malagi'gi; 
Nami  or  Nayme  de  Bavibre  ;  Ogicr  or 
Oger  the  Dane  ;  Olivier,  son  of  Regnier, 
comte  de  Genncs;  Orlanlo  {see  Ro\a,nd) ; 
Otuel ;  Richard,  due  de  Normandie  ,■ 
Ruialdo  ;  Riol  du  Mans  ;  Roland,  comte 
de  Cenouta,  son  of  Millon  and  dame 
liertbe,  Charlemagne's  sister ;  Samson, 
diie  de  Bourgogne  :  and  Thiry  or  Thiery 
d' Ardaine.  Of  these,  twelve  at  a  time  seem 
to  have  formed  the  coterie  of  the  king. 

Who  b«ar  the  bows  were  kTii.-tils  in  Arthur's  reica     ' 
TwclTu  they,  au.i  twthe  the  ne  rs  of  Charlemain. 

I'll/  eii,  •■  The  Fluwtr  anU  the  Leaf."       i 

Palse'mon,   originally    called    Meli-   i 
ceites.   Son  of  Ino  ;  called  Pahemon  after 
he    was   made  a   sea-god.     Tho   Roman 
I'ortu'nus,  the  protecting  god  of  harbours, 
is  the  same.     (See  I'alemun.) 

"P  L.lse'other  {Greek,  ancient  tci/d  least). 
An  extinct  thick-skinned  animal  found 
in  Eocene  beds. 

Palais  des  Therraes  {pallny  da 
la  em).  Once  the  abode  of  the  Roman 
srovernment  of  Gaul,  as  well  as  of  tiie 
liings  of  the  first  and  second  dyna.stios. 
Here  Julivis  fixed  his  residence  when  ho 
was  Ca'sar  of  Gaul.  It  is  in  Paris,  but  the 
only  part  now  extant  is  a  vast  hall,  for- 
OK'rly  the  chamber  of  cold  baths  {frirjida'- 
ri'.'iii),  restored  by  the  present  emperor. 

Palame'des  (in  "Jerusalem  De- 
liveri-d"),  of  Lombardy,  joined  the 
s«]nadron  of  adventurers  with  his  two 
brothers  Achilles  and  Sforza,  in  the 
allied  Christian  army.  lie  was  shot  by 
Clorinda  with  an  arrow. — Book  xi. 

lie  is  a  J\ilainedes.  A  clever  ingenious 
person.  The  allusion  is  to  the  son  of 
Nauplios,  who  invented  mea.suros,  scales. 


dice,  &c.     IIo  also    detected    that   th« 
madness  of  Ulysses  wa.s  only  a.ssumed. 

Sir  J'alame'des.  A  Saracen  kiriglit 
overcome  in  single  combat  V)y  Sir 
Tristram.  Both  loved  Lsolde,  the  wife 
of  king  Mark  ;  and  after  the  lady  was 
given  up  by  the  Sar.icen,  Sir  Tristrarn 
converted  him  to  tlie  Christian  faith, 
and  stood  his  godfather  at  the  font. — 
Thomas  the  lUti/mer 

Pal'amonand  Arcite  (2  sy!.).  Two 
young  Theban  knights,  who  fell  into  the 
handsof  "duke'l'hescns,"and  wereshnt  up 
in  a  donjon  at  Athens.  Both  fell  in  love 
with  Emily,  the  duke's  sisler-in  law.  In 
tin!2  they  obtained  their  liberty,  and  the 
duke  appointed  a  tournament,  promising 
Kmily  to  the  victor.  Arcite  prayed  to 
.Mars  to  grant  him  victory,  Palamon 
prayed  to  Venus  to  grant  him  Emily, 
and  both  obtained  tlieir  petition.  Arcite 
won  the  victory,  but  l^eiiig  thrown  from 
his  horS'i,  died  ;  Paramon  therefore, 
though  not  the  winner,  won  the  prize 
for  which  he  fought.  The  story  is  bor- 
rowed from  "  Le  Teseide  "  of  Boccaccio. 
"  The  Black  Horse,"  a  drama  by  .John 
Fletcher,  is  the  same  tale  ;  so  called  be- 
cause it  was  a  black  horse  from  which 
Arcite  was  thrown  — C/uiucer,  "  Tli/e 
Kniijld's   Tale." 

Palatinate  (4  syl.).  The  province 
of  a  palatine,  as  the  Palatinate  of  the 
Uhiue,  iu  Germany.  A  palatine  is  an 
officer  whose  court  is  held  in  the  royal 
palace,  aldo  called  a  palace-greavo  or 
pfalzgraf.  There  were  three  palatine 
counties  in  England— viz.,  Chester,  Dur- 
ham, and  Lancaster,  in  which  the  count 
exercised  a  royal  authority,  just  as  su- 
preme as  thoigh  he  had  been  the  regal 
tenant  of  the  palace  itself. 

Pala'ver  is  cot  a  corruption  of  tho 
French  parlez-vov.3,  but  comes  from  the 
Portuguese  pa/avra  (talk),  which  is  from 
palaver,  a  council  of  African  chiefs. 
(Irish,  pi-lahkradh,  fine  or  soft  talk- 
ing; Welsh,  Uafar,  utterance;  Spanish, 
)ahil>ra.) 

Pale.  tl*i(/iin  Uie  pale  •.•/  my  vhsn^oo.- 
tioH,  i.e.,  the  scope  thereof.  The  dominion 
of  King  John  and  his  successors  in 
Ireland  was  marked  off,  and  the  part 
belonging  to  th(  5ni:lish  crown  was 
calk-d  the  pale,  or  part  paled  off. 

I'alc  Faces.  So  ludiaufl  call  tL« 
European  settlers. 


PALEMON. 


PALLADIUM. 


649 


Pale'mon.  "  The  pride  of  swains  " 
In  Thomson's  "Autumn  :"  a  poetical  re- 
presentatiou  of  Bnaz,  while  the  "  lovely 
voun{j  Laviuia"  is  liulh. 

Po lemon  in  love  with  the  captain's 
daughter,  in  Falcouer's  "  Shipwreck." 

Pales.  The  ;,'oil  of  she|>herds  and 
Hieir  Hocka.—  JiotAaa  mylkologi/. 

Pales'tra  (3  syl.).  Either  the  act  of 
wrestling,',  ic,  or  Iho  place  in  which  the 
tJrccian  youths  practised  athletic  exer- 
cises.    (Greek,  pale,  wrestling.) 

Palestri'na  or  PtkMri'nn.  An  island 
nearly  south  of  Venice,  noted  fur  its  glass- 
houses. 

Oiovanni  Pierluigi  da  Paleilrina, 
called  "  the  priuce  of  music."  (15-9- 
I.VJi.) 

Palimpsest.  A  parchment  on 
which  the  orif^inal  writing  has  been 
efLioud,  and  something  else  has  been 
written.  Greek,  ixUiii  (again),  psao  (I 
rub  or  efface).  When  parchment  was 
cot  supplied  in  sutiicient  quantities,  the 
monks  and  others  used  to  w;ish  or  rub 
out  the  writing  in  a  parchment  and  use 
it  a^ain  ;  as  they  did  not  wa-sh  or  rub 
jt  out  entirely,  many  works  have  been 
recovered  by  nioiiern  ingenuity.  Thus 
Cicero's  "  De  Ucpublica"  has  been  re- 
stored ;  it  was  partially  erased  to  make 
room  for  a  commentary  of  St.  Augustine 
nn  the  Psiilms.  Of  course  St.  Augustine's 
commentary  w;u;  tirst  copied,  then  erased 
from  the  parchment,  and  the  original 
MS.  of  Cii-'iro  made  its  appearance. 

I  ciitritl  AtiM  IK  a  paliinpscal ;  everywhere  uciu&l 
t»irl>aiiani  otcr  tjsa  b^goue  civiliuiioii.— 7'^i<  Iimti. 

Palindrome  (3  syl.).  A  word  or 
line  which  roads  backwards  and  for- 
wards alike,  as  Mailani,  also  "  Uoma  tibi 
Kul)it<j  motil)Us  iliit  amor."  The  Siiluta- 
tion  of  the  first  man  to  the  first  waman  : 
'■  Madam,  I'm  Adam,"  ((Jreek,  palin. 
diuiiu),  to  run  back  aL'ain.)— &e;  SotaDIO. 

Palinode  (3  syl.).  A  song  or  dis- 
course recanting  a  previous  one.  A  good 
Bpecimeu  of  the  palinode  is  "  Horace," 
book  i.,  ode  1'!,  translated  by  Swift. 
U'atts  liiis  a  palinode  in  which  he  retracts 
the  praise  bestowotl  upon  queen  Anne. 
In  tl>o  tirst  part  of  her  reign  he  wrote  a 
lauriatory  poem  to  the  <pieen,  but  he  says 
that  the  latter  part  delu<lod  his  hopes 
ancl  proved  him  a  false  prophet.  Samuel 
liutlor  has  also  a  palino<lo  to  recant  what 
he  said  in  a  previous  pouiu  to  the  linn. 
V  « 


E<lward  Howard,  who  wrote  a  poom 
called  "  The  British  Princes."  (Greek, 
palin  (Hie,  a  song  again.) 

Pal'inu'rus.  Any  pilot;  so  called 
from  Palinurus,  the  steersman  of  .<£ne'as. 

Palissy  Ware.  Dishes  and  other 
similar  articles  covered  with  models 
from  nature  of  fish,  reptiles,  shells, 
flowers,  and  leaves,  most  carefully 
coloured  and  in  high  relief,  like  the  wares 
of  Delia  Ilobbia.  iJemard  Palissy  was 
born  at  Salutes.     (1510-1590.) 

Pall,  the  covering  thrown  over  a 
coflSn,  is  the  Latin  palliuin,  a  s<|uare  piece 
of  cloth  used  by  the  Romans  to  throw 
over  their  shoulders,  or  to  cover  them  in 
bed  ;  hence  a  coverlet. 

Pall,  the  long  sweeping  robe,  is  the 
Roman  palla,  worn  only  by  princes  and 
women  of  honest  fame.  This  differed 
greatly  from  the  riallium,  which  was 
Worn  l)y  freemen  ana  slaves,  soldiers  and 
philosophers. 

80iiie!ime«  let  goriieotis  Trajedjr 
lu  sjei>treU  i>all  come  snreepina  '>7 

lliiUm,  "  Jl  fMUWofo." 

Pall-bearers.  The  custom  of  ap- 
pointing men  of  mark  for  pall- bearers  has 
come  to  us  from  the  Romans.  Julius 
Ciesar  had  m.igistrates  for  his  pall- 
be.ircrs  ;  Augusuia  Cuisar  had  senators  ; 
Germanicus  had  tribunes  and  centurions; 
iEiuil'ius  L.  I'uulus  had  the  cliicf  men  of 
Macedonia  who  happened  to  be  ut  Rome 
at  the  time  ;  but  the  poor  were  carried 
on  a  plain  bier  on  the  shoulders  of  four 
men. 

Pall  Mall.  A  game  in  which  a  palle 
or  iron  ball  is  struck  through  an  iron 
ring  with  a  mall  or  mallet. 

Pallace  is  by  Phillips  doriveil  from 
pallida,  jialesor  paled  fences.  In  Devon- 
shire a  palace  meons  a  "'  storehouse  ;"  in 
Totucss,  "a  landing  place  enclosed  but 
not  roofed  in." 

K\\  til  <t  cellar  aiiJ  ilie  rhambcrs  over  the  same, 
and  'lie  little  call  ic  '  aud  lati'>iii.i-|iU  e  a-tj"iiiin.-  tli« 
rircr  I'art.  — I.«mm  \iraiU*i  byUu  Coi poraiwn  oj  Tut- 

tU-A  III  I  ?!•■'<. 

tiut  of  til-  Iv.iry  ralices  (rsnlin  il».  S)  i.«.,  »tur»- 
pa  ca  ur  culnueU  made  uf  i\ury. 

Palladium.  Something  that  a(Tor la 
ell'ectual  protection  and  8.afcty.  The 
Palladium  w:us  a  colossal  wooden  statue 
of  Pallas  in  the  city  of  Troy,  said  to  have 
fallen  from  heaven.  It  was  believed 
that   so   long  .'IS   this    statue    remaiucrd 


060 


PAIJ.AS. 


PAMPHLET. 


within  the  city  Troy  would  be  safe,  but 
if  rcmovcil  the  city  would  fall   into  the   ! 
hail. Is   of   tho   enemy.     The  statue  was 
carried    away    by    the  Greolis,   and  the 
city  burnt  by  thein  to  the  ground. 

The  Sc(jtch  had  a  similar  tradition  at- 
tached to  the  jjfreat  stone  of  Scone,  near 
I'orth.  Edward  I.  removed  it  to  West- 
niiiiister,  luul  it  is  still  framod  in  the 
cunniation  chair  of  England.  {See  Scom:.) 

Palladium  of  Rome.     Anci'le  (q.v.). 

Palladium  of  Meq'ara.  A  golden  hair 
of  king  Nisus.  {P.a  ScTf.tA,  Eden 
ILu.i..) 

Pallas.  A  name  of  Minerva,  some- 
times called  Pallas  Miuer^a.  The  word 
simply  means  virgin.     (Greek,  -pallax.) 

Pallet.  Tlio  painter  in  Smollett's 
"  Peregrine  Pickle."  A  man  without  one 
jot  of  reverence  for  ancient  customs  or 
modern  etiquette. 

Palliate  (3  syl.)  means  simply  to 
cloak.     (Latin,  pallium,  a  cloak.) 

Tliat  we  shoulj  not  iliss-mble  nor  cluke  them  (our 

Biu-) but  coufess  tliem  witU  a  hunilile,  lowly,  and 

obedient  heart.— Common  Froyiir  Bouk. 

Palm.  An  itching  palm.  A  hand 
ready  to  receive  bribes.  The  old  super- 
stition  is  that  if  your  palm  itches  you 
are  going  to  receive  money. 

Let  me  tell  you,  Cassius,  you  yourself 
Are  much  couilemueJ  to  have  an  itoliiug  palm. 
aliukespeare, ''Julius  dssar," Iv. 

To  hear  the  palm.  To  be  the  best.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  llomau  custom  of  giving 
the  victorious  gladiator  a  branch  of  the 
palm  tree. 

To  palm  off  leaves,  tricks,  dr.,  iipon  the 
unn-ary.  Tlie  allusion  is  to  jugglers,  who 
conceal  in  the  palm  of  their  hand  what 
they  protend  to  dispose  of  in  some  other 
way.  These  jugglers  were  sometimes 
calleil  palmers. 

Vou  may  palnx  upoc  U3  ucw  for  ol  i 

Pryden. 

Palm  Sunday.  The  Sunday  next 
before  Easter.  So  called  in  memory  of 
Christ's  triumphant  entry  into  Jerusalem, 
when  tho  multitude  strewed  the  way  with 
palm  branches  and  loaves.   (John  xii.) 

Palm.  Tree  is  said  to  grow  faster 
for  being  weighed  down.  Hence  it  is 
the  SJ^nbol  of  resolution  overcoming 
calamity.  It  is  believed  by  Orientals  to 
have  sjirung  from  the  residue  of  tho  clay 
of  which  Adam  was  formed- 

Palmer.  A  pilgrim  privilpged  to 
carry     a     palm- staff.       In     I'osbroUc's 


"  British  Monacbism "  we  read  that 
"  certain  prayers  and  psalms  being  said 
over  tho  pilgrims,  as  they  lay  prostrate 
before  tho  altar,  they  were  sprinkled 
with  holy  water,  and  receivecl  a  con- 
eeorated  palm-stafl.  Palmers  differed 
from  pilgrims  in  this  respect:  A  pilgrim 
made  his  pilgrimage  and  returned  to 
public  or  private  life  ;  but  a  palmer 
spent  all  his  days  in  visiting  holy  shrinoa, 
and  lived  on  charity. 

Ilis  aauJiila  were  with  travel  tor', 
>itntf.  huilgsr.  bottle,  Bcrap  he  wore; 
The  fa'ied  paliubranch  in  his  liaiiJ 
Showed  pilgrim  from  the  llolv  Land. 

tir  ll'uiler  .-coU,  "  ilarmMfi,"  1.  J7. 

Pal'merin  of  England.  A  rou^.ance 
of  chivalry,  in  which  Palmerin  is  the 
hero.  There  is  another  romance  called 
"  Palmerin  de  Oliva."  (See  Southey's 
"  Palmerin.") 

Palmy  Days.  Prosperous  or  hajipy 
days,  as  those  were  to  a  victorious  gladia- 
tor v/hen  he  went  to  receive  the  palm- 
branch  as  the  reward  of  his  prowess. 

Palsy.  The  Gentlenians  Pal.o/,  ruin 
from  gambling.     (EUzabctlCs  reign.') 

Pam'ela.  The  title  of  the  finest  of 
Richardson's  novels,  which  once  enjoyed 
a  popularity  almost  equal  to  that  of  the 
romances  of  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Pamela.  Lady  Edward  Fitzgerald. 
(Died  1S31.) 

Pampas.  Treeless  plains,  some 
2,000  miles  long  and  from  300  to  500 
broad,  in  South  America.  They  cover 
an  area  of  750,000  square  miles.  It  is 
an  Indian  word  racamng  fiats  or  plains. 

Pamper,  according  to  Junius,  is  from 
the  Latin  pam'pinus.  French  pamjn-t 
(vine-tendril).  A  vineyard  overgrown 
with  leaves  and  fruitless  branches  is  called 
^aj)iy»i(  pamprer  dicitur  viuea  supervacuo 
pampino'rum  gor  mine  exu'berans,  ac 
uiiu'ia  crescendi  lu.\u'ria  quodammodo 
sylvcscere).     Hence  ildton — 

„,,    .  Where  any  ruw 

Or  fruit-trees,  over-woody,  reachel  loo  f:ir 
Th^'ir  pampered  bouglw,  anJ  needed  bauds  to  chcUc 
fruitless  embracer.  •'  I'armitu  lott,' ». 

The  Italian  pamhera'lo  (well-fed)  is  a 
compound  of  pane  (bread)  and  fceit 
(drink). 

Pamphlet,  said  to  be  from  Pamphila, 
a  Greek  lady  whose  chief  work  is  a  com- 


PAN. 


PANDORA'S   BOX. 


651 


mon-place  book  of  anecdotes,  epitonios, 
notes,  &c.  Dr  Johnsou  suggests  jxtr-«;»- 
filet  (held  "  by  a  thread  "),  i.e.,  stitched 
but  not  bound ;  another  derivation  is 
patj'inmfda'Ue  (pages  tacked  together).  It 
was  anciently  written  i)anjktus,  pamjhte, 
and  by  Gix\\.on  paunjkt. 

Pan.  The  personification  of  deity 
di.cplayod  in  creation  and  pervading  all 
things.  As  flocks  and  herds  were  the 
chief  propert.y  of  the  pastoral  agc^  Pan 
was  called  llie  god  of  tlocks  and  lierds. 
ilc  is  also  called  the  god  of  hi/te,  not  the 
"woods"  only,  but  "all  niatcrial  sub- 
stances." The  lower  part  was  that  of 
a  goat,  because  of  the  asperity  of  the 
earth ;  the  upper  part  was  that  of  a 
man,  because  ether  is  the  "hegemonic 
of  the  worhl;"  the  lustful  nature  of  the 
god  symbolised  the  sjiermatic  principle 
of  the  world  ;  the  libbanl's  skin  was  to 
indicate  the  immense  variety  of  created 
things  ;  and  the  character  of  "  blameless 
Pan"  symbolised  that  wiatlom  which 
governs  the  world.  (Greek,  pan,  every- 
thing.)—/Vto>vi«<?(.s,"Z'«iV«/wraZ>eo)'M»i," 
ixvil.  203. 

Dniversixl  Pin, 

Knit  witli  lilt  (jiBvCN  niid  the  Hours  in  dauce, 

Led  on  the  eteiual  spring. 

MUiun,"  I'ar.tilise  Lott,"  Iv. 

The  Gre<il  Pan.  Franc^ois  Marie  Arcr.ot 
de  Voltaire,  also  called  the  Dictator  of 
Letters.    (1G91-1778.) 

Panace'a.  A  universal  cure.  Pana- 
cea was  the  daughter  of  Escula'pios  (god 
of  modicino).  Tlio  name  is  evidently 
composed  of  two  Greek  vioTHspanakeoniai 
(all  I  cure).  Of  course  the  medicine 
that  cures  is  the  daughter  or  child  of  the 
Healing  art. 

Panace'a.  An  Orkney  proverb  says 
the  well  of  Kildinguie  and  the  dulse  {sea- 
weed) of  Guiodin  will  cure  all  maladies 
gave  Black  Death.-  ,%•  Walter  Scott,  "  T/ce 
Pirate,"  ch.  xxis.     {See  AzoTH.) 

Pancake  (2  syl.)  is  a  pudding  or 
"cake"  niada  in  a  frying-pan.  It  was 
originally  to  bo  eaten  after  dinner,  to  stay 
the  stomachs  of  those  who  went  to  bo 
f>hriven.  The  Shrovo-bell  was  called  the 
Pancake  Hell,  and  ihe  day  of  shriving 
"  Pancake  Tuesday." 

Pancaste  (3  syl.),  sn  Athenian 
hotfera,  iind  lie.  companion  in  sin, 
Phryne,  wit<'  Ihc  models  of  Veuns  lUdng 
from  ilitf  yea  I  y  Apelltis.     [See  Phkynb.) 


Pancras  (St.).  Patron  saint  of  chil- 
dren. He  was  a  noble  Roman  youth; 
martyred  by  Diocle'tian  at  the  age  ol 
fourteen  (a.d.  304).  (See  NicnoLAS.) 

Si.  Pancras,  in  Christian  art,  is  repre- 
sented as  treading  on  a  Saracen  and 
bearing  eitlier  a  stone  and  sword,  or  a 
book  and  palm-branch.  The  allusions 
are  to  his  hatred  of  infidelity,  and  the 
implements  of  his  martyrdom. 

Pan'dai'US.  Leader  of  the  Lycians 
in  tho  Trojan  war,  but  represented  as  a 
pimp  in  modi.-eval  romances,     (.b'te  I'.vN- 

DEH.) 

Pandects  of  Justin'ian,  found  at 
Amalphi  (11.'57*,  gave  a  spur  to  the  study 
of  civil  law  which  changed  tho  wliole 
literary  and  legal  aspect  of  Europe.  The 
word  moans  much  the  same  as  "  cyclo- 
pajdia."  (Greek,  pan,  everything  ;  decW- 
omai,  I  receive.) 

Pandenio'nium.  A  perfect  pamle- 
monium.  A  bear-garden  for  disorder 
and  licentiousness.  In  allusion  to  the 
parliament  of  hell  in  Milton's  "  Paradise 
Lost,"  bk.  i.  (Greek,  pan  dixmon,  every 
demon.) 

Pander.  To  pander  to  one's  vices  is 
to  act  as  an  agent  to  them,  and  sucli  an 
agent  is  termed  a  jianilur,  from  I'an'darus, 
who  procures  for  Tro'ilus  ihe  love  and 
good  graces  of  Cressida.  In  "  Much  Ado 
about  Nothing"  it  is  said  that  Troilua 
was  "  the  first  emiiloyer  of  pandars" 
(v.  2). — Sluik>xpeare,  "Tioilns  and  Cres- 
sida ;"  C/uiHcer,  "  Troilxis  and  Cress'-ide." 

Let  all  piliful  Rocrs  between  lie  callel  to  the  world  • 
end  after  my  uaiiie,  cull  tlieiri  all"  I'^imiiim."  Ld 
all  cuiistaut  incu  be  "Tioil'  He4,"  ail  false  wumen 
'  C^e^8iJ8."  and  nil  broKtrs-between  "Pauilaii." 
Say  .\iiicn  —"  Troihit  and  tv.ssi</.(,"  iji.  a 

Pandora's  Box  {A).  A  prcKeut 
which  seems  valuable,  liut  which  is  in 
reality  a  curse  ;  as  when  Midas  was  per- 
mitted, according  to  his  request,  to  turn 
whatever  he  touched  into  gold,  and  found 
his  very  food  became  gold,  and  therefore 
uneatable.  Prometheus  made  an  imago 
and  stolo  fire  from  heaven  to  endow  it 
with  lifo.  In  revenge,  Jupiter  told  Vul- 
can to  make  a  female  statue,  an<l  gave 
her  a  box  which  she  was  to  present  to 
the  man  wlio  married  her.  Promothouh 
distrusted  Jovo  and  his  gifts,  but  Kpime'- 
theus,  his  brother,  raariiud  the  beautiful 
Pandora,  and  receivoii  the  bos.  Imme- 
diately the  brido(,'room  opened  ihe  bofc 


^2 


PANEL. 


PANTALOON. 


all  tlie  evils  that  flesh  is  heir  to  flew  forth, 
and  have  ever  since  continued  to  afflict 
the  world.  The  last  ihiu^  that  Hew  from 
the  box  was  Hope. 

Panel  moans  simply  a  piece  of  rag 
or  slcin.  (LaXiu,  panmu  ;  Greek,  pdao.i.) 
In  law  it  moans  a  })ieco  of  parchment 
containing  the  names  of  jurors.  To  em- 
panel a  jury  is  to  enter  their  names  on 
the  jianel  or  roll.  The  panels  of  a  room 
are  the  framed  wainscot  which  supplies 
the  place  of  tapestry,  and  the  panels  of 
doors  are  the  thin  boards  like  wainscot. 

Panglosa  (Dr.).  A  learned  pedant, 
»ery  poor  and  very  conceited,  phimiiig 
himself  on  the  titles  of  LL.D.  and  A.SS. 
{(Jreek,  "  All- tongue.") — Colmaii,  "Heir- 
al-Law." 

Pan'ie.  On  one  occasion  Bacchus, 
in  his  Indian  expeditions,  was  encom- 
passed with  an  army  far  superior  to  his 
own  ;  one  of  his  chief  captains,  named 
I'an,  advise<l  him  to  command  all  his 
men  at  the  dead  of  night  to  raise  a  simul- 
taneous shout.  The  shout  was  rolled 
from  mountain  to  mountain  by  innu- 
merable echoes,  and  the  Indians,  thinking 
tiiey  were  surrounded  on  all  sides,  took 
to  sudden  flight.  From  this  incident, 
all  sudden  fits  of  great  terror  have  been 
termed  panics.     (See  Judges  vii.  18-21.) 

Theon  gives  another  derivation,  and 
Says  that  the  god  l^an  struck  terror  into 
tlie  hearts  of  tlie  giants,  wlien  they  warred 
Mgainst  heaven,  liy  blowing  into  a  sea- 
shell. 

Pantag'ruel'.  (Greek,  panto,  all ; 
Hagarene,  (jiuel,  thirsty.)  So  called  be- 
cause he  was  born  during  the  drought 
which  lasted  thirty  and  six  months,  throe 
Weeks,  four  days,  thirteen  hours,  and  ;i 
little  more,  in  that  year  of  gruce  noted  foi 
having  "throe  Thursdays  in  one  wet  k.' 
llis  father  was  Garganlua,  the  giant,  wlio 
was  four  hundred  fourscore  and  forty- 
f(i\ir  years  old  at  the  time  ;  bis  mother 
fiudebec  died  in  giving  him  birth  ;  his 
ijrandfather  was  Grangousicr  (q.v.).  lie 
was  so  strong  that  he  was  chained  in  his 
cradle  with  four  great  iron  chains,  like 
tliose  used  in  ships  of  the  largest  size; 
It  ing  angry  at  this,  he  stamped  out  the 
l"ttom  of  his  bassanet,  which  was  made 
111  weavers'  beams,  and  when  loosed  by 
tl.e  servants,  broke  his  bonds  into  live 
hundred  thousand  pieces  with  one  blow 
of    h;s   infaut   fist.     When    he   ffrcw  to 


manhood  he  knew  all  languages,  all  sci- 
ences, and  all  knowledge  of  every  sort, 
out-Solomoning  Solomon  in  wisdom. 
Having  defeated  Anarchus,  king  of  tht 
Dipsodes,  all  subniitteil  except  the  Al- 
mirods.  Marching  against  these  people, 
a  heavy  rain  fell,  and  Pantagruel  covered 
his  whole  army  with  his  tongue.  While 
so  doing,  Alcofri'bas  crawled  into  hia 
mouth,  where  he  lived  six  months, 
taking  toll  of  every  morsel  that  his  lord 
ate.  llis  immortal  achievement  was  his 
voyage  from  Uto'pia  in  (piest  of  the 
"  oracle  of  the  Holy  Bottle  "  (rj.v.). 

Wouldst  tliou  unt  issue  forth  .  .  . 
To  6ee  the  Uiiril  part  iu  tliis  earthy  cell 
Of  the  tirave  acts  of  good  I'antao'ruel' 
Rabelais,  "  To  the  Hpiiit  o/  Ihe  Queen  of  Hatarrt." 

Pantag'ruel'  (meant  for  Henri  II.,  son 
of  Francois  I  ),  in  the  satirical  romance 
of  Rabelais,  entitled  "  History  of  Gar- 
gantua  and  Pantagniel." 

TIce  great  Paidag'ru£l  case  (lord  Bns- 
(pieue  V,  lord  Sucktist).  This  case, 
having  nonplussed  all  the  judges  of 
Paris,  was  referred  to  lord  Pantagruel 
for  decision.  The  writs,  ko.,  were  as 
much  as  four  asses  could  carry,  but 
the  arbiter  determined  to  hear  the 
plaintiff  and  defendant  state  their  own 
cases.  Lord  Busqueue  spoke  first,  and 
pleaded  such  a  rigmarole  that  no  one  on 
earth  could  unravel  its  meaning  ;  lord 
Suckfist  replied,  and  the  bench  declared 
"  We  have  not  understood  one  single 
circumstance  of  the  defence."  Then 
Pantagruel  gave  sentence,  but  his 
judgment  was  as  obscure  and  unintelli- 
gible as  the  case  itself.  So  as  no  one 
understood  a  single  sentence  of  the  whole 
ati'air,  all  were  perfectly  satisfied,  "  a 
thing  unparalleled  in  the  atmals  of  the 
lav7. "— y.'<;', /liw,  "I'linlacjtiul,"  bk.  ii. 

Pantag'ruel'ion  Herb.  Homp; 
so  called  "because  Pantagruel  was  the 
inventor  of  a  certain  use  which  it  serves 
for,  exceeding  hateful  to  felons,  unto 
whom  it  is  more  huitl'ul  than  strangle- 
weed  to  flax. " 

The  fignire  and  sh.npe  of  the  leaves  are  not  muck 
dillerciit  from  those  of  the  ash-tree  or  the  Ajfrimony, 
the  herb  itself  being  so  tike  the  Hupato'rio  tliat  nianj 
herhaliists  have  called  it  tlu-  "  tiimiestic  I--ui.'ainrio, 
and  the  Hupatorio  tlte  *'  UilJ  HaiitayrucUon." — Jiadt- 
iais,  "  ^ania^ruil,"  iii.  49. 

Pantaloon.  A  feeble-minded  old 
man,  the  cully  of  the  clown,  whom  he 
aids  and  abets  in  all  his  knavery.  The 
word  is  derived  from  the  dress  he  used 


PANTHEA. 


PANU  RGR, 


668 


to  wear,  panu  talon,  a  loose  suit  down  to 
the  heels. 

That  Li'-entio  that  ccnes  awooing  is  mv  man 
Tr.'ihio  lieanug  mj  port,  tliut  we  imiiht  lur^.^ile  :lie 
out  paiitaloou, — ^^hakesji-'ure,  **  Taming  of  the  iVirew," 
ill  1 

Pantaloon.  Lord  Byron  says  the 
Venetians  were  called  the  Planters  oj  the 
Lion  — i.e.,  the  Lion  of  St.  Mark,  the 
standard  of  the  republic  ;  and  further 
tells  us  that  the  character  of  "  panta- 
loon," beinjr  Venetian,  was  called  Pinnta- 
Ifone  (Planter  of  the  Lion).  — "  Childe 
Ilaro/d,"  bk.  iv.,  stanza  14,  note  9. 

J'kv/uig  Pantaloon.  I'laying  second 
fiddle  ;  being  the  cat's-paw  of  another  ; 
servilely  imitating'. 

Panthe'a  (Greek).  Statues  carrying 
symbols  of  several  deities,  as  in  the 
medal  of  Antoninus  Pius,  where  Sera'pis 
is  re['resented  by  a  modius,  Apollo  by 
ruifs,  Jupiter  Animon  by  ram's  horns, 
I'luto  by  a  large  heard,  and  Escula'pios 
by  a  xvand  around  which  a  serpent  is 
twined. 

Panthe'on.  The  finest  is  that 
erected  )n  Kome  by  Agrippa  (son-in-law 
of  Augustus).  It  is  circular,  150  feet  in 
diameter,  and  the  same  in  height.  It  is 
now  a  church,  with  statues  of  heathen 
gods,  and  is  called  the  Rotunda  lij 
Paris  thi5  Pantheon  was  church  of  St. 
Gi'iievieve,  built  by  Louis  XV.,  finished 
17i»0.  Nhxi  year  the  Convention  called 
it  the  Pantheon,  and  set  it  apart  as  the 
Bhriuo  of  those  Frenchmen  whom  their 
country  wished  to  honour  (anx  grands 
bomnes  la  putrie  reconnaissante). 

Panther.  The  Spotted  Panther  in 
Dryden's  "  Hind  and  Panther  "  means 
the  Oliurch  of  England  full  of  the  spots 
of  error,  whereas  the  Church  of  Rome  is 
faultless  as  the  milk-white  hind. 

Th"  panther,  sure  the  noblest  next  tlio  hind. 
And  fairest  creature  of  tlie  spotted  kind  ; 
oil.  could  her  inborn  stains  be  wash  d  away, 
Slio  were  too  Rood  to  be  a  be.t.st  of  prey. — ([it.  I.) 

Pan'thera.  A  hypothetical  boast 
which  lived  in  the  cast.  Koynard  aflirincd 
that  ho  had  sent  H.M.  tho  Queen  a  cmub 
made  of  panthcra  bone,  "more  lustrous 
than  tho  rainbow,  more  odoriferous  than 
any  perfume,  a  charm  against  every  ill, 
and  a  universal  panacea." — U.  von  Alkmar, 
"  lii  I/nurd  the  Fox." 

Pantile.     A  hat.     {See  Tii.k.) 
Pantomime   (3  syl.),  according   to 
etym'ilogy,  should  bo  all  dumb  show,  but 
in  modern  practice  it  is  partly  dumb  show 


and  partly  grotesque  speaking.  Harle- 
quin and  Columbine  never  speak,  but 
Clown  and  Pantaloon  keep  np  a  constant 
fire  of  fun.  Ur.  Clarke  says  that  Ilarlr"- 
quin  is  the  god  Mercury,  with  his  sho'  t 
sword  called  "herpS;"  he  is  supposeil 
to  be  invisible,  and  to  be  able  to  transport 
himself  to  the  ends  of  the  earth  as  quick 
as  thouglit.  Columbine,  ho  says,  is 
P.viche  (the  soul);  the  old  man  is  (Jharon; 
and  the  Clown,  3Jomus  (the  buffoon  of 
heaven),  whose  large  gaping  mouth  is 
an  imitation  of  the  ancient  masks. — 
"  Travels,"  iv.  459. 

Tho  best  Roman  pan tomi  mists  were 
Bathylus  (a  freedinau  of  Maecenas),  I'y- 
lades,  and  Hylas. 

Panton  Gates.  Ofda.'!  Panfc-n  d'afei 
A  corruption  of  I'andou  Gates  at  New. 
castle-on-Tyne. 

Panurge  (2  syl.).  A  comp.inion  of 
Pantag'ruel's,  not  unlike  our  Rochester 
and  Buckingham  in  the  reign  of  th> 
mutton-eating  king.  He  was  a  desjierat* 
rake,  was  always  in  debt,  had  a  dodge 
for  every  scheme,  knew  everything  and 
something  more,  was  a  boon  companion 
of  the  mirthfullest  temper  and  most 
licentious  bias;  but  was  timid  of  danger, 
and  a  coward.  He  enters  upon  ten 
thousand  adventures  for  the  solution  of 
this  knotty  point :  "  Whether  or  not  he 
ought  to  marry  ? "  and  although  every 
response  is  in  the  negative,  disputes  the 
ostensible  meaning,  and  stoutly  main- 
tains that  no  means  yes.  (Greek, /ac<o- 
turn.) — Pait'Clais. 

Panurge,  probably  meant  for  Calvin, 
though  some  think  it  is  cardinal  Lorrain. 
He  is  a  licentious  intemperate  libertine, 
a  coward  and  knave.  Of  course  tho  sa- 
tire points  to  the  celibacy  of  tho  clergy. 

Bum  Slick  ;8  ihe  tliorou?h-bred  Yaukee,  bold, 
cuiiiiiiu.  an<i  above  all  a  n.erchant.  lu  gliorr,  he  is 
a  ^orl  of  icpohliciD  Paniir^e.  — G'oV. 

As  Panarge  asked  if  he  should  marri/. 
\sking  advice  merely  to  contradict  the 
giver  of  it  Panurge  asked  Pantag'ruel' 
whothei  ho  advised  liim  to  marry.  "  Yes," 
said  Pantiigniel,  when  Panurge  urged 
some  strong  objection.  "Then  don't 
marry,"  said  Pantagruel,  to  which  the 
favourite  replied,  "His  whole  heart  was 
bent  on  so  doing."  "  Marry  then,  by  all 
means,"  said  tho  prince,  but  again  found 
some  insuiieraMe  barrier;  and  so  they 
went  on:  every  time  Pantagruel  saiil 
"  Vea,"  new  reasons  were  found  against 
this    advice ;   and    every    time   be   said 


654 


panyku's  alley. 


PARADISE   LOST. 


"Nay,"  reftpons  no  less  cogent  wero 
discovorod  for  tlio  atiirniativo.  — Tfif'/e/cK.', 
"  Gmyuantua  and  Puntarji-wl,"  lik.  iii.  9. 
Pan'yer's  Alley  [Lomlon).  So  called 
from  a  stone  built  into  tlio  wall  of  one  of 
tho  houses.  On  the  stone  is  nidcly 
chiselleil  (1)  a  pannier  surmounted  by  a 
boy,  and  (2)  tbe  following  inscription  : — 

When  you  ImveBmislit  the  cily  round. 
Vet  still  tliii<  ia  Die  liiclieat  (ground. 

Pap.  lie  (jiies  pap  with  a  hatchet.  He 
does  or  siiys  a  kind  thing  in  a  very 
brus'iue  and  ungracious  manner.  The 
Sjiartan  cliililren  wore  feci  by  the  point 
of  a  sword,  and  the  Teuton  children  with 
hatchets,  or  instruments  so  called  — pro- 
bably of  tbe  doll  typo.  "Ursus,"  in 
Victor  Hugo's  novel  of  "  L'Honime  qui 
Rit,"  gives  "  p.-vp  wiih  a  hatchet." 

Papa,  Father.  The  former  is 
Noriuau- French,  the  latter  Saxon.  The 
former  is  still  retained  in  aristocratic 
families,  but  the  latter  is  usual  with  rus- 
tics and  artisans.  The  Normans  were  the 
lords,  the  Saxons  the  serfs  and  rustics. 

Paper.  So  called  from  the  papy'rus 
or  Egyptian  reed  used  at  one  time  for 
tbe  manufacture  of  a  writing  material. 
Bryan  Donkin,  in  1S03,  perfected  a  ma- 
chine for  making  a  sheet  of  paper  to 
any  rci^tiired  length. 

Paper  House  in  theatrical  language 
is  one  where  the  stall  and  box  occupants 
have  not  paid  cash  for  their  places,  but 
have  come  in  with  orders. 

Paper  King.  John  Law,  the  pro- 
jector of  the  Mississippi  Scheme.  (1671- 
1729.) 

Paper  Marriages.  We  Idings  of 
dons,  who  pay  their  fees  in  bank-notes. 

Papll'ian.  Relating  to  Venus,  or 
rather  to  Paphos,  a  city  of  Cyprus  where 
Venus  w.as  worslupped ;  a  Cyprian ;  a 
prostitute. 

Papimany.  The  country  of  the 
Papimans;  the  country  subject  to  the 
pope,  or  any  prie.st-ridden  country,  as 
Spain. — Rabelais,  "  Gar'jantua  and  Pan- 
(ai/ruel,"  iv.  45. 

Papy'ra.  The  goddess  of  printing  ; 
BO  called  from  papy'rus,  the  Nile  reed, 
from  which  at  one  time  paper  was  made, 
and  from  which  it  borrows  its  name. 

Till  to  ftstonishod  realms  I'ai  yra  ta'izht 
To  paint  in  dits'io colours  sound  ani  thouEht, 
With  Wisdom  s  voice  to  pr  ut  tlie  pa);e  sublime, 
A.Dd  m&rk  in  ndam&nt  the  !<ler(  of  Time. 

l/arv>n,  "  Lotti  0/  Hit  J'lni,it  "(aiiiloa. 


Papy'rL  Written  BcroIlB  mane  ot 
the  Papy'rus,  found  in  Egypt  and  Hercu- 
la'noum. 

Paracel'sists.  Disciples  of  Para- 
celsus in  medicine,  physics,  and  mystic 
sciences. 

Paraclete.  Tlio  advocate  ;  ono 
called  to  aid  or  support  another.  (The 
word  paraclete  is  the  Greek  para-haleo, 
to  call  to  ;  and  advocate  is  tho  Latia 
ad-voco,  the  same  thing.) 

Paradise.  The  Greeks  used  this 
word  to  denote  the  extensive  parks  aivi 
pleasure-grounds  of  the  Persian  kings. 
(IVrsiau,  purdes;  Arabic,  firdauz;  iia.n- 
skrit,  ^arac/e'sa.)    (See  Gala  r a.) 

An  o!d  word  "paradise."  which  the  Hebrews  had 
borrowed  fiom  Ihe  Per-inn-',  and  wliicii  at  first 
desicnat^d  the  "i  a  ks  of  tiie  Acliaeineuidse,  'summed 
up  t.'io  KCaeral  dream,— iW'inn,  "  l.ije  0/  Jetus,"  xi. 

Upper  and  Lower  Paradise.  The 
rabbins  say  there  is  an  earthly  or  lower 
paradise  umler  the  equator,  divided  into 
seven  dwellings,  and  twelve  times  tea 
thousand  miles  square.  A  column  reaches 
from  this  paradise  to  the  upper  or 
heavenly  one,  by  which  the  souls  mount 
ujnvards  after  a  short  sojourn  on-  the 
earthly  one. 

The  ten  dumb  ayiimalt  admiiled  to  the 
Moslem's  paradise  are— 

(1)  The  dog  Kratim,  which  accom- 
panied the  Seven  Sleepers. 

(2)  Balaam's  ass,  which  spoke  with  the 
voice  of  a  man  to  reprove  the  disobedient 
prophet. 

(3)  Solomon's  ant,  of  which  he  said 
"  Go  to  the  ant,  thou  sluggard  .  .  ." 

(4)  Jonah's  whale. 

(5)  The  ram  caught  in  tbe  thicket,  and 
offered  in  sacrifice  in  lieu  of  Isaac. 

(G)  The  calf  of  Abraham. 

(7)  The  camel  of  Saleb. 

(8)  The  cuckoo  of  Belkis. 

(9)  The  ox  of  Moses. 

10)  Mahomet's  mare,  called  Borrik. 

Paradise  Lost.  Satan  rouses  tiie 
panic-stricken  host  of  fallen  angels  to 
tell  them  about  a  rumour  current  in 
Heaven  of  a  now  world  about  to  be 
created.  He  calls  a  counsel  to  deliberate 
what  should  be  done,  and  they  agree  to 
send  Satan  to  se;\rch  out  for  the  new 
world.  Satan,  pas.sing  the  giilf  between 
Hell  and  Heaven  and  the  limbo  of  Vanity, 
outers  the  orb  of  the  Sun  (in  the  gxiisa 
of  an  ordinary  angel)  to  make  inquiries 


PARADISE   PvEGAINED 


PARC  AUX  CRUF8. 


C5fi 


of  tii«  Hew  plauel's  whereabouts;  and 
hiiviup  obtaiued  tho  uccossary  iuforma- 
t  '3  ali;;lils  on  mount  is'ipha'lcs,  and 
goes  to  I'aradise  in  tuo  iuim  ot  a  coimo- 
raut.  Seating  himself  on  tho  Tree  of 
Life,  ho  overhears  Adam  and  Evo  talking 
aljout  the  prohibition  made  by  God,  and 
at  once  resolves  upon  tho  naturo  of  his 
attack.  Gabriel  sends  two  angels  to 
watch  over  the  bower  of  Parailisc,  and 
Satan  flees.  Raphael  is  sent  to  warn 
Adam  of  his  danger,  and  tells  him  the 
story  of  Satan's  revolt  und  expulsion 
out  of  Heaven,  and  why  and  how  this 
worhi  was  maiie.  After  a  time  Satan 
returns  to  Paradise  in  the  form  of  a 
mist,  and  entering-  the  serpent,  induces 
Eve  to  eat  of  the  forbidden  fruit.  Adam 
eats  "that  he  may  perish  with  the 
woman  whom  he  loved."  Satan  returns 
to  [iell  to  tell  his  triumph,  and  Michael 
is  sent  to  lead  the  guilty  pair  out  of  the 
garden. — Millvii. 

Paradise  Regained,  in  four  books. 
The  subjoct  is  tho  Temptation.  Eve, 
being  tempted,  fell,  and  lost  Paradise  : 
Jesus,  being  temi)tcd,  resisted,  and  re- 
gained Paradise. — MiHoa. 

Paradise  of  Fools.  The  Ilindus, 
Mahometans,  Scandinavians,  and  Roman 
Catholics  have  devi-ed  a  place  between 
Paradi.'^e  and  "  Purgatory,"  to  get  rid  of 
a  theological  difficulty.  If  there  is  no 
gin  without  intention,  then  infants  and 
idiots  cannot  commit  sin,  and  if  they  die 
cannot  be  consigned  to  the  purgatory  of 
evil-doers ;  but  not  being  believers  or 
good-doers,  they  cannot  be  placed  with 
the  saints.  The  Roman  Catholics  place 
them  in  the  Paradise  of  Infants  and  the 
Paradise  of  Fools. 

Paradise  and  the  Pe'ri.  The  second 
tale  in  Moore's  poetical  romance  of 
"  Lalla  Rookh."  The  Peri  laments  her 
expulsion  from  Heaven,  and  is  told  she 
will  be  ro-admitted  if  she  will  bring  to 
tho  Gate  of  Heaven  tho  "gift  most  dear 
to  the  Almighty."  First  she  went  to  a 
battle-field,  where  the  tyrant  Mahmoud, 
having  won  a  victory,  promised  life  to 
a  young  warrior,  but  the  warrior  struck 
the  tyrant  with  a  dart.  Tho  wound, 
however,  was  not  mortal,  so  "The  tyrant 
lived,  the  hero  fell."  Tho  Peri  took  to 
Heaven's  Gate  the  last  drop  of  the 
patriot's  blood  as  her  olTering,  but  tho 
gotoe  would  not  open  to  hrr.     Next  bLo 


flew  to  Egypt,  where  the  plague  wat 
raging,  and  saw  a  young  man  dying  ; 
presently  his  betrothed  bride  sought  hire 
out,  caught  the  disease,  and  both  died. 
The  Peri  took  to  Heaven's  Gate  the  last 
sigh  of  that  self-s;icrificed  damsel,  but 
tho  otTcriiig  was  not  good  enough  to  open 
the  gates  to  her.  Lastly,  she  flew  tu 
Syria,  and  there  saw  an  innocent  child  and 
guilty  old  man.  The  ve.sp-rcall  sounded, 
and  the  child  knelt  down  to  prayei; 
Tho  old  man  wept  with  repentance,  and 
knelt  to  pray  beside  tho  child.  The 
Peri  offered  the  Repenlaat  Tear,  and  the 
gates  tiew  open  to  receive  her. 

Paramatta.  So  called  from  a  to^vn 
in  New  South  Wales,  famcr.s  for  the 
manufacture. 

Paraphernalia  means  all  that  a 
woman  can  claim  at  tho  death  of  her 
husband  beyond  her  jointure.  In  tho 
Roman  law  her  paraphernalia  included 
the  furniture  of  her  chamber,  her  wear- 
ing-apparel, her  jewels,  &c.  Hence  per- 
sonal attire,  fittings  generally,  anything 
for  show  or  decoration.  (Greek,  para- 
pherne,  beyond  dower.) 

Parasite  (3  syl.)  means  the  warder 
of  a  granary  or  purad  tion.  The  priests 
appointed  in  Greece  to  garner  the  cora 
for  the  public  sacrilices  were  called 
parasites,  or  warders  of  tl»e  "  parasi'tion." 
In  tho  Commonwealth  the  general  public 
was  relieved  of  the  parasite  tax,  and  the 
ministering  priests  were  billeted  on  the 
wealthy  citizens,  where  they  m.ade  them- 
selves agreeable  for  their  own  sakes. 
Hence  a  hanger-on  or  trencher  com- 
panion is  called  a  parasite.  ("Greek, 
para  siti.) 

Parbutta  or  Devi.  Wife  of  Siva, 
anil  goddess  of  war,  murder,  and  blood- 
slied,  in  Hindu  mythology.  The  idols 
of  the  goddess  ate  most  frightful. 

Pare  aux  Cerfs  (Deer  Purl).  A 
mansion  fitted  up  in  a  remote  corner  of 
Versiiilles,  whither  girls  were  iuvei;:lod 
for  the  licentious  pleasure  of  Louis  XV. 
The  rank  of  tho  person  who  visited  them 
was  scrupulously  kept  concealed ;  but 
one  girl,  more  bold  than  the  rest,  rifled 
the  pockets  of  M.  le  Comt«,  ami  found 
that  he  was  no  other  th.in  the  king. 
Madame  de  I'onipadour  did  not  shrink 
from  superintending  the  labours  of  the 
loyal  valet*  to  procure  victims  for  tlii* 
infara  lus  ciitablishraent.      The   lenr>   is 


6Si 


PARCM. 


PARTS. 


now   used  for   an  Alsa'tia,  or  haven   of 

shipwreckeil  characters. 

Binlopiie  maybe  pvond  of  being  the  "rare  niiT 
tf  rr»  "  to  those  whom  rcitiorBeloss  greed  driTee  from 
their  island  home.— .S'>'"'i/rij/  lunew. 

Parcae.  The  Fates.  'J'ho  three  were 
Clotho,  Lach'esis,  and  At'ropos  (L'Uin, 
niylhology).  Parcie  is  from  pars,  a  lot; 
and  the  corresponding  Moirte  is  from 
meroi,  a  lot.  The  Fates  were  so  called 
liccanse  they  decided  the  lot  of  every 
man. 

Parchment.  So  ealled  from  Por'- 
pamos  in  Lesser  A.sia,  where  it  was  used 
for  purposes  of  writing  when  Ptol'emy 
prohihited  the  exportation  of  paper  from 

Egypt. 

Pardalo.  The  demon-steed  given  to 
Iniguoz  Guerra  by  his  gobelin  mother, 
that  he  might  ride  to  Tole'do  and  liberate 
his  father,  don  Diego  Lopez,  lord  of  Bis- 
ciy,  who  had  fallon  into  the  hands  of 
the  .Moors. — jSjmuUs/i  story. 

Ta-rdon  Bell  or  Ave  Bell.  The  bell 
tolled  after  full  service,  to  call  those  who 
wish  to  stay  to  the  invocation  of  the 
Virgin  for  pardon. 

Par'douneres  Tale,  in  Chaucer,  is 
"  Death  and  the  Rioters."  Three  rioters 
in  a  tavern  agreed  to  hunt  down  Death 
and  kill  him.  As  they  went  their  waj- 
they  met  an  old  man,  who  told  them  that 
he  had  just  left  him  sittin?  under  a  tree 
in  the  lane  close  by.  Off  posted  the 
three  rioters,  but  when  they  came  to  tho 
tree  they  foimd  a  groat  treasure  which 
they  agreed  to  divide  equally.  Tliej' 
east  lots  which  was  to  carry  it  home,  and 
the  lot  fell  to  the  3'oimgest.  who  was  sent 
to  the  village  to  buy  food  and  wiun. 
While  he  was  gone  the  two  who  were 
left  agreed  to  kill  him,  and  so  increase 
their  share ;  but  the  third  bought  poison 
to  put  into  the  wine,  in  order  to  kill  his 
two  confreres.  On  his  return  with  his 
stores,  the  two  set  upon  him  and  slew 
him,  then  sat  down  to  drink  and  be 
merry  together  ;  but  the  wine  being  poi- 
soned, all  the  three  rioters  found  l3eath 
under  the  tree  as  the  old  man  had  said. 

Pari  Passu.  At  the  same  time ; 
two  or  more  schemes  carried  on  at  once, 
and  driven  forward  with  equal  energy, 
are  said  to  be  carried  on  pari  passu,  which 
is  Latin  for  e^v.al  strides  or  the  equally 
uioa.'(ured  paoo  of  persons  marching  to- 
gether. 


Pa'rian  Chronicle.  A  chronolo- 
gical register  of  the  chief  events  in  the 
mythology  and  history  of  ancient  Greece 
during  a  series  of  1,.318  j'ears,  beginning 
with  the  reign  of  Cecrops,  and  ending 
with  the  archonship  of  Diogne'tos.  It  is 
engraved  on  marble,  and  was  found  in 
the  island  of  Pares.  It  is  one  of  the 
Arundelian  Marbles  {7. z;.). 

Pa'rian  Verse.  Ill-natured  satire  ; 
so  called  from  Aichil'ochos,  a  native  of 
Paros. 

Pa'rias  or  Pai^'iak.  The  lowest  class 
of  tiie  Hindu  population,  below  the  four 
castes. 

The  lodgers  overheal  may  perhnpa  bp  nble  to  tnke 
a  inorf^  comprelicu-iive  vitw  of  public  iiucBtions;  but 
they  are  puliiieai  llelo'B  they  an'  the  Paiiaiie  of 
our  constitutional  Brahmiuism. —  The  7'im«f  (March 

S'l.  1*7). 

Par'idel.  A  young  gentleman  that 
travels  about  and  seeks  adventure,  be- 
cause he  is  young,  rich,  and  at  leisure. 
(See  Moid.) 

Thee  too,  my  Paridel.  flh-  mnrkel  Itiee  f  er«, 
Str'-tched  on  the  rack  of  a  t')u-eaiy  chair. 
And  hear.l  thy  evcHas'iug  yawn  confer 
The  pains  and  peualties  uf  idleness. 

•'  Duncind,"  iy.  Hi . 

Sir  Paridel.  A  male  coquette,  whose 
delight  was  to  win  women's  hearts,  and 
then  desert  them.  The  model  was  the 
earl  of  Westmoreland.— .9/)fn.<ter,  "  Fdi'.rri 
Queen"  bk.  iii.  cant.  10;  bk.iv.  c.  I, 

Paris  or  A  lexander.  Son  of  Priam, 
and  cause  of  the  siege  of  Troy,  lie  was 
hospitably  entertained  by  iSIenela'os, 
king  of  Sparta,  and  eloped  with  Helen, 
his  host's  wife.  This  brought  about  the 
siege.  Post-Homeric  tradition  says  that 
Paris  slew  Achilles,  and  was  himself 
slain  either  by  Pj-rrhos  or  Philocte'tes. 
— Homer,  "Iliad." 

I'aris.  Kinsman  to  the  prince  of  Ve 
ro'na,the  unsuccessful  suitor  of  Juliet. — 
Sfialespeare,  "  Romeo  and  Juliet." 

Paris.  Rabelais  says  that  Gargantu.i 
plaj'ed  on  the  Parisians  who  came  to 
stare  at  him  a  practical  joke,  and  the 
men  said  it  was  a  sport  "  par  ris"  (to  be 
laughed  at) ;  wherefore  the  city  was 
called  Par-'is.  It  was  called  before  Leu- 
co'tia,  from  tlie  "white  skin  of  the  ladies" 
(Greek,  lexib't'es,  whiteness).— "  (zar^a*" 
tua  and  Pantagniel,"  bk.  i.  17. 

Paris,  called  by  the  Romans  "Lutetia 
Parisio'rum  "  (the  mud-city  of  the  Parisii). 
The  Parisii  were  the  Gallic  tribe  which 
dwelt  in  the  "lie  du  Palais"  when  the 
fiomans  invaded  Gaul.     (.Se<  Isis.) 


i'ARIS-GARDEN. 


TARLIAMENT. 


C57 


Mon».  ck  Pariti  The  public  execu- 
blnner  of  Paris. 

Little  Paris. 

The  "Galleria  Viitorio  Emanuele"  ot 
Milauisso  called  on  account  of  its  brilliant 
shops,  its  numerous  cafes,  and  its  general 
gay  appearance. 

Brussels,  the  capit&l  of  Dclgium,  situate 
on  the  Senne. 

Paris-Garden.     A  bear  parclen  ;  a 
noisy,  disonlerly  place.     In  allusion  to 
the  bear-garden  so  called  on  the  Thames 
bank-side,  kept  by   Ilobert  de  Paris  in   j 
the  reign  of  Richard  II. 

Paris'ian.  Made  at  Pari'* ;  after  the 
mode  of  l^aris;  a  native  of  Paris;  like  a 
native  of  Paris. 

Parisienne  {La).  A  celebrated  song 
l>y  Casituir  Delavigiie,  called  the  Mar- 
sallaiso  of  1S:.50. 

P»riB  n's  r'u'*  qn'nn  cri  de  gloire: 
Ku  aviint  ninrchont, 
C'ontie  \f\ifi  canons. 
&  trave  8  le  ftr.  le  feu  d'.-s  biHtoii!i>rj, 
Couioup  a  lavictoi'e ! 

Parisina,  the  beautiful  young  wife 
of  Azo,  falls  in  love  with  Hugo,  her  step- 
son, and  betrays  herself  to  lier  husband 
in  a  dream.  Azo  condemns  his  son  to 
be  executed,  but  the  fate  of  Parisina, 
says  Byron,  is  unknown. — "  Parisina." 

Frizzi,  in  his  "  History  of  Ferrara," 
tells  us  that  Parisi'na  Malatesta  was  the 
soi:ond  wife  of  Niccolo,  marquis  of  Este; 
that  phe  fell  in  love  with  Ogo,  her  sn-p- 
son,  and  that  the  infi<ielity  of  Parisina 
was  revealed  by  a  servant  named  Zoe'sij. 
He  says  that  bntli  Ogo  and  Parisina  were 
beheaded,  and  that  the  marquis  com- 
manded all  the  faithless  wives  he  knew 
to  be  beheaded  to  the  molocb  of  his 
passion. 

Parish  Ecpjisters.  Bills  of  mor- 
tality. George  Crabbe,  author  of  "  The 
Borough,"  has  a  poem  in  three  parts, 
in  ten-syllable  verse  with  rhymes,  enti- 
tled "  The  Parish  Register." 

Pariza'de  (4  syl.).  A  lady  whose 
adventures  in  search  of  the  Talking  Bird, 
Singing  Tree,  and  Yellow  Water,  are 
related  in  the  "  Story  of  the  Sisters  who 
Envied  their  Younger  Sister,"  in  the 
"Arabian  Nights."  This  tale  has  been 
closely  imitated  in  "  Chcry  and  Fair- 
star"  iqv.). 

Parkership-  The  ofBce  of  pound- 
Veeper  ;  from  parent  (a  pound). 


Parks.  There  are  in  England  331 
parks  stocked  with  deer;  red  deer  are 
kept  in  511  of  them.  The  oldest  is  Eridge 
park,  iri  Sussex,  calleil  in  Domesday 
Book  Rercdfdle  (Rotherlield).  Th« 
largest  private  deer  park  is  lord  Esrcr- 
ton's,  7'atton,  in  Cheshire,  which  containi 
2,500  acres.  Blenheim  park  coniaina 
'J.^OO  acres,  but  only  1,1.00  acres  of  it  are 
open  to  deer.  Almost  as  extensive  as 
TattoTi  park  are  Richmond  park,  in  Sun 
rey ;  Ea.stwell  park,  in  Kent;  Grims- 
thorpe  park,  in  Lincolnshire  ;  Thoresby 
park,  in  Notts;  and  Knowesley  park,  it 
Lancashire. — /•'.  P.  Shirleij.  "■  Ent/lis/i  Hecr 
Parks."     Woburu  park  is  3, .500  acres. 

Parlance.  In  cmnmrm  parlance.  Ir 
the  \isual  or  vulgar  phraseology.  An 
English-French  word  ;  the  French  have 
pnrler,  parlant,  parlage,  &c. — to  speak, 
speaking,  talk — but  not  parlance. 

Parlement  (Frenrh).  A  crown  court 
where,  in  the  old  regime,  councillorB 
were  allowed  to  pleail,  and  where  justice 
was  administered  in  the  king's  name. 
The  Paris  Parlement  received  appeals 
from  all  inferior  tribunals,  but  its  own 
judgments  wore  final.  It  took  cogni- 
zance of  all  offences  against  the  crown, 
the  peers,  the  bishops,  the  corporations, 
and  all  high  officers  of  state  ;  and  though 
it  had  no  legislative  power,  had  to  register 
the  royal  edicts  before  they  could  become 
law.  Abolished  by  the  Constituent  As- 
sembly in  1790. 

Parliament. 

Mrlord  Cuke  icIN  us  Parliammi  is  derired  frcn. 
"  parler  le  roe  111  '  (;o  s;  i  ak  <  ne  s  miuill  Hemulu 
B8  honesily  i.ave  taunlit  us  tiiat/irm'inieiil  is  -firnia 
r»eQti8"(a  farm  foi  llie  luind) :  or  '■fundameMi"  iha 
botiom  of  ihe  mind.— /VyniCT, "  On  Parlwmento." 

The  A  ddliid  Parliament.  Between  April 
5th,  1614,  and  June  7th,  1(515  ;  so  called 
because  it  remonstrated  with  the  king  on 
his  levying  "  benevolences,"  but  passed 
no  acts. 

fiarebone's  Parliament.  The  Parlia- 
ment convened  July  4th,  1653  ;  over- 
ridden by  I'raise-God  Barebone. 

The  Black  ParHnment,  held  by  Henry 
VIII.  in  Bridewell. 

The  Deiil's  Parliament.  The  Pnrlia- 
moni  convened  at  Coventry  by  Henry 
VI  in  14;VJ;  which  passed  attainders  on 
the  duke  of  York  and  bis  6upportert>. 

The  Dnuiken  Parliament.  The  Parlia- 
ment a.ssemblcd  at  Edinburgh,  Janua-y 
1st,  l(5ul,  of  which  Burnetsavs  the  mem- 
ben  "were  almost  perpetually  drunk." 


G58 


rAULlAMF>NTAniAN. 


PAROLLES, 


The  Good  Parliamfut^  in  tlie  roign  of 
Edward  III.,  wliilo  the  ]51,ick  Prince  was 
stil!  alivo  ;  eo  called  from  tho  sevetity 
with  which  it  pursued  tho  unpopular 
party  nf  tho  duke  of  Lancaster. 

Tlce  Lonij  J'urliameiit.  Same  as  the 
"  I'ensionor  I'arliament"  (f/.v.).  Con- 
vened November  3rd,  Kl-lO  ;  dis.solvodby 
Cromwell,  April  '2()th,  1G53.  This  Par- 
liament Toted  the  Ilouse  of  Lords  as 
useless. 

Historian  of  the  Long  Parliament. 
Thomas  Mav,  biiried  in  Westminster 
Abbey.     (l.V.t.^.-l()."-0.) 

The  Mad  Purliament,  in  the  reigii  of 
Henry  111.  (r^f.S),  and  so  called  for  its 
opposition  to  the  king.  It  insisted  on  his 
conlirmiug  the  Magna  Charta,  and  even 
appointed  twenty-four  of  its  own  nie.n- 
bers,  with  Simon  de  Rlontfort  as  presi- 
dent, to  adnmiister  the  guvernnient. 

The  I'endoner  Parliament,  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  I.  ;  so  called  because  it  sat 
for  eighteen  years  without  dis.solution, 
and  tlie  members  seemed  to  have  a  pen- 
sion or  right  of  membership. 

The  Rump  Pai/i<nii€nt,  in  the  Protec- 
torate ;  so  called  because  it  contained 
tho  rump  or  fag-end  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment (1659).  It  was  this  Parliament 
that  voted  r.he  trial  of  Charles  I. 

The  Rraining  Pin-liament.  A  Scotch 
Parliament ;  so  called  from  its  constantly 
being  shifted  from  place  to  place. 

The  UiimerciJ'id  Parliament,  ia  the 
reign  of  Richard  II.  ;  so  called  by  the 
people  from  its  tyrannical  proceedings. 

The  Useless  Parliament.  The  Parlia- 
ment convened  by  Charles  I.,  on  June 
18th,  1625  ;  adjourned  to  Oxford,  August 
1st;  and  dis.solved  Aug'.ist  I'ith  ;  having 
done  nothing  but  otfend  the  king. 

The  Wondermaking  Parliament.  The 
same  as  "Tlie  Unmercifid  Parliament;" 
convened  February  3rd,  1388.  liy  plaj'- 
ing  into  the  hands  of  the  duke  of 
Glouee.-iter  it  checkmated  tho  king. 

Parliament  of  iJnitces;  convened  by 
llecry  IV.  at  Coveutrj-,  in  14U4,  and  so 
called  b.c-u'ae  all  lawyers  were  excluded 
iro  m  iu 

Pailiarranta'rian.  One  who  fa- 
voured the  Parliament  in  opposition  to 
CLttrles  I. 

Parlour.  The  room  in  a  nunnery 
where  the  ladies  went  to  see  their  friends 
and  chat  with  them  (French,  parler). 

Parlous.  Plausible,  evident;  &ho 
wordy,  &c.  {Yreuch,  parler). 


Parme'nianists.  A  name  given  to 
the  Don'atists;  so  called  from  Parmoni- 
a'nus,  bishnp  of  Carthage,  the  great  an- 
tagonist of  Augustine. 

Par'mesan'.  A  cheese  mado  at 
Parma,  in  Italy. 

Parnassos  (Greek;  Parnassus, 
Latin).  A  mountain  near  Delphi,  in 
Greece.  It  has  two  summits,  one  oi 
which  was  consecrated  to  Apollo  and  th« 
Wu.ses,  the  other  to  Bacchus.  It  waa 
anciently  called  Laniassos,  from  larnax, 
an  ark,  because  I)eucaIion's  ark  stranded 
t!  ere  after  the  tlood.  After  the  oracl* 
of  Delphi  was  built  at  its  foot  it  received 
the  name  of  Parnas.sos,  which  Peucerus 
says  is  a  corruption  of  liar  A'nhoi, 
hill  of  divination.  Tho  TLirks  call  it 
"  Liakura." 

Parnassus.  The  region  of  poetry. 
Properly  a  mountain  of  Plmcis,  in  Greece, 
sacred  to  Apullo  and  the  Miise.s.  "  Where 
lies  your  vein  ?  Are  you  inclined  to  soar 
to  the  higher  regions  of  Parnassus  or  to 
flutter  round  the  base  of  the  hill?"  ("  The 
Antiquary") — i.e.,  Are  you  going  to  at- 
tempt the  higher  walks  of  poetry,  such 
as  epic  and  dramatic,  or  some  moro 
modest  kind,  as  simple  song? 

To  climb  Parnassus.    To  write  poetry. 

Parody.  Father  of  Parody.  Hippo'- 
nax  of  Ephesus.  The  word  parody  means 
an  ode  which  perverts  the  meaning  of 
another  ode.     (Greek,  pa7-a  ode.) 

Parole  {French).  A  verbal  promise 
given  by  a  soldier  or  prisoner  of  war, 
that  he  will  not  abuse  the  leave  of  ab- 
sence granted  to  him  ;  the  watchword  of 
the  daj'. 

Parolles  (3  syl.).  A  man  of  vain 
words,  who  dubs  himself  "captain,"  pre- 
tends to  knowledge  which  he  has  not, 
and  to  sentiments  he  never  feels.  (French, 
paroles,  a  creature  of  empty  words.) — 
Shaiespeare,  "All's  Well  that  Ends  Well." 

I  know  Iiim  a  nororjons  liar, 
Tliink  him  a  area!  way  fuol,  sulelv  a  coward : 
Yei  ilipse  fixed  evils  sit  60  tit  on  l:i  ii 
Thit  tbey  take  place     .  .  .—(Act  i.  1.) 

He  was  a  mere  Parolles  in  a  pedacogv^s 
wig.  A  pretender,  a  man  of  worcfs,  and 
a  podant.  The  allusion  is  to  the  bragging, 
faithles.s,  slandering  villain  mentioned 
above. 

Rust, sword;  cool. blushes;  and,  Panl'cs  liv» 
f-afestio  shame;  being  fuoicd,  by  fooling  thriT?: 
luere'g  place  bnd  means  for  CTery  man  alive. 

'Atli  WrU  thai  Snd,  »'.«,••  iv.  ft 


PARR. 


PARTINGTON. 


65J 


Parr.  Old  Pai-r.  Tliomas  Parr  lived 
In  tho  roicrns  of  ton  eovorcigns  ;  married 
a  second  wife  when  lie  was  120  years  old, 
and  had  a  child  by  her.  He  was  a  hus- 
bandinan,  bom  at  Salop  in  1430,  and 
died  1635,  aged  152  years. 


Par'ricide  (3  syl.). 
dele.     Beatrice  Cenci  ( 


La  Belle  Parri- 
-15U9.) 


Parsecs  or  Gh-:lert.  Fire-worship- 
pers. We  use  the  wcni  for  Persian 
refup;ees  driven  out  of  their  country  by 
tlie  persecutions  of  the  Mussulmans. 
They  now  inhabit  various  parts  of  Imlia. 
(Tlie  won!  means  People  of  Pars  or  Fars 
— !.>!.,  Persia.) 

Parson,  says  Blaclcstone,  is  "perso'ia 
ecclcsice,  one  that  hath  full  rights  of  tho 
parochial  church."  With  all  duo  deference 
to  so  jreat  an  authority,  it  is  far  more 
likely  to  bo  connected  wiii;  tho  German 
yfiuTe,  a  benefice  ;  pfaiTei-,  a  clcrjiryuian  ; 
pfarr-haui,  a  clerLryman's  house,  &c. 
(_See  Cleiucal  Titlks.) 


and    wodewes    ich    am    ywoned    sutc 


*eth. 


Ilo'icrt  Langland,  "  Picr$  Plowmet  Vinon' 
Ood  give  you  good   morrow,  iiuister  i>crson  (t.^..  Sir 
Natli.iniel,  a  parnou).— i7ii;ic»/<e:iire,  "  Lart't  La/-<iuT't 
Lvtt;'  1».  2. 

Parson  Adams.  A  simple-minded 
country  clcrtrymau  of  the  eiL,'htcenlh  cen- 
tury, in  Ficldin{,''s  "Joseph  Andrews." 

Fielding  s-ays  that  Paison  Adams  at  the 
atjc  of  fifty  was  provided  with  a  handsome 
income  of  £'!'■''>  a-yoar  (1740).  Timothy 
Burrell,  Esq.,  in  1715,  bequeathed  to  his 
nephew  Timothy  the  sum  of  £"20  a-year, 
to  1)0  paid  during  his  residence  at  the 
University,  and  to  bo  continued  to  hiin 
till  he  ol>tained  some  preferment  with  at 
least  £3U  a.-ycAT.—  "' Sussex  Arclueological 
Colhclions,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  172. 

*,*  WhonGoldsinith  says  that  his  coun- 
try clerj^'y  man  with  "forty  pounds  a  year  " 
was  "  passing  [oxccedinj.dy]  rich,"  it  is 
no  covert  satire.  In  Norway  and  Sweden 
to  the  present  hour  tho  clergy  are  paid 
from  twenty  to  forty  pounds  a-year. 
Kvon  in  Paris  the  working  clergy  receive 
about  the  same  stipciiils. 

Parson  Bate.  A  stalwart,  choleric, 
•porting  parson,  editor  of  tho  Morniiio 
Poll  in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Ho  was  .if forwards  Sir  Henry 
Bate  Dudley,  Bart. 

When  "^Ir  Ilciirj  B^te  DiiJIi'V  was  appointed  aa 
Irish  (i«nii.  a  youug  laJy  of  Duilm  uid.  "Oh,  bow 


I  long  to  eee  oar  d.^ne.  TU»y  ««y  he  1«  a  very  h.ind 
Eoiiie  in.in.  and  that  he  fl^hls  like  an  antjel.— Cj<«<I'< 
ilagntii.e,  **  London  Legmdt,"  iii. 

Parsons  (^Walter),  the  giant  porter 
of  king  James,  died  in  1622. — ^Fuller's 
Worl/ius." 

Partant  pour  la  Syrie.  Tho  na- 
tional air  of  tho  French  empire.  The 
words  were  composed  by  M.  do  Labordo 
in  1809  •  tho  music  by  queea  Ilort^nso, 
mother  of  Napoleon  III.  It  is  a  ballad, 
tho  subject  of  which  is  hs  follows: — 
Young  Dunois  followed  th"!  cruut  his 
lord  to  Syria,  and  prayed  *he  Virgin 
"th.at  he  might  prove  tlie  bravjgt  war- 
rior, and  lovotlio  fairest  maiden."  After 
tho  battle,  tho  count  said  to  Dvmois, 
"  To  thee  wo  owe  tho  victory,  and 
my  daughter  I  give  to  thee."  Moi-al : 
"Amour  \  la  plus  belle ;  honnour  au 
plus  vaillant." 

Parthe'nia.  Mistress  of  Argalus, 
in  the  "Arcadia"  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

Parthen'ope  (4  syl.).  Naples  ;  so 
called  from  Parthenope,  the  siren,  who 
threw  herself  into  tho  sea  out  of  lovo  for 
Ulj'sses,  and  was  cast  up  on  the  bay  of 
Naples. 

Parthenopean  Republic.  That 
of  Naples,  from  January  22,  1799,  to  tho 
June  following. 

Particular  Baptists.  That  branch 
of  the  Baptist  Dissenters  who  limit  tho 
S.acrameut  of  tho  Lord's  Supper  to  those 
who  have  been  recipients  of  adult  bap- 
tism. Open  Baptists  admit  any  baptised 
person  to  receive  it. 

Particularists.  Tlioso  who  hold 
tho  doctrine  of  particular  election  and 
reprobation. 

Parting. 

Parting  is  suofi  >tye''t  sorrow, 
That  I  nhill  eay  "  l>  o  1  NiuUt"  till  it  he  nriDrrow. 
^kukespeare,  "  Romeo  anl  Juliet."  &<:\  iL,  8.  i. 

Partington.  A  Mrs.  Malaprop,  or 
Tabitlia  Biamble,  famous  for  her  misuse 
of  hard  words.-  yj.  /'.  ,'Shillaber  (an 
American  author). 

JJaiae  Parlini/toii  and  lier  Jfo/y.  A 
taunt  against  those  who  try  to  withstand 
progress.  Tho  nowsp.apors  say  thf.t  a 
Mrs.  Partington  had  a  cottage  at  Sid- 
mouth,  in  Devonshire.  In  November, 
1824,  a  heavy  galo  drove  the  soji-wavos 
into  her  house,  and  tho  old  lady  laboured 
with  a  mon  to  sop  tho  wot  up,  till  she 
waa  obligoa  to  take  rofug-o  in  tho  uppar 


600 


PARTLET. 


PASQUINADE. 


S.art  of  the  houso.  The  Rev.  Sidney 
n)itli,  spcakiiif^  on  the  Lords'  rejection 
of  the  itcform  Bill,  October,  1831,  com- 
pares them  to  Damo  Partinf,Hon  with  her 
mop,  trying  to  push  back  the  AtLiutic. 
"  She  was  excellent,"  he  says,  "at  a  slop 
or  jiiiildle,  but  should  never  have  med- 
dled with  a  tempest." 

Part'let.  The  hen  in  Chaucer's 
"Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  and  in  the  tale  of 
"RejTiard  the  Fox"  (14th  century).  So 
railed  from  the  partlet  or  loose  collar  of 
"the  doublet,"  refcrrinc:  to  the  frill-like 
feathers  round  the  neck  of  certain  hens. 
Id  tlic  li:irn  tl;e  tenant,  cock 
CLae  to  paitUt  pi rcheJ  on  hiph 

Cttninghnm. 

Si.iler  Partht  with  her  hooded  liead,  al- 
legorises the  cloistered  community  of 
niuis  ill  Dryden's  "  Hind  and  Panther," 
where  the  lloman  Catholic  clergy  are 
likened  to  barn-yard  fowls. 

Partridge.  The  attendant  of  Jones, 
half  barber  and  half  schoolmaster; 
shrewd,  but  simple  as  a  child.  His  sim- 
plicity, and  his  strong  excitement  at  the 
play-house,  when  he  went  to  see  Garrick 
in  "  Hamlet,"  are  admirably  portrayed. — 
Fieldiiuj,  "  Tom  Jones." 

Par'tula,  according  to  Tertulli.in, 
was  the  goddess  of  pregnancy,  who  de- 
termined the  time  of  gestation. — Aulus 
Gel! ins,  iii.,  c.  16. 

Party.  Person  or  persons  under 
consideration.  "  This  is  the  next  party, 
your  worship" — i.e.,  the  next  case  to  be 
examined.  "  This  is  the  party  that  stole 
the  things"— the  person  or  persons  ac- 
cused.    (French,  partte,  a  person.) 

If  ftn  evil  spirit  trouble  any.   one    must  make   a 

»moke and  tiie   party  shall  be  no  mure  vcie  i 

(lolit  vi.  7). 

Party  Spirit.  The  animus  or  feel- 
ing of  a  party  man. 

Par'venu'  (French).  An  upstart ; 
one  who  has  risen  from  the  ranks. 

Parvis  (London).  The  "place"  or 
court  before  the  m.iin  entrance  of  a  cathe- 
dral. In  the  parvi.«  of  St.  Paul's  lawyers 
ased  to  meet  for  consultation,  as  brokers 
do  in  exchange.  The  word  is  now  ap- 
plied to  the  room  above  the  church-porch. 
(A  corruption  of  the  Latin  pei'vius,  open 
to  passengers,  whence  the  low  L»atin 
parvi^ium.^ 

A  sprgeaiit  rf  Inwe,  war  n'  d  wt», 
That  olt«n  hadde  ben  :it  6  p&rvys 
Oliauoer,  "  Canttrburi/  Tale*  "  {IntroUuctiim'i. 


Parviz'  (  Viclorious).  Surname  of 
Khosru  or  Chosroes  II.,  the  grandson 
of  Khosru  l/te  Magrdfcenl.  The  reigns  of 
Khosru  I.  and  II.  were  the  golden  jierioil 
of  Persian  history.  Parviz'  kept  l.'i,i/00 
female  musicians,  6,000  household  offi- 
cers, 20,.'j(j0  saddle-mules,  9tJ0  elephants, 
200  slaves  to  scatter  perfumes  when  he 
went  abroad,  1,000  sekabers  to  water  the 
roads  before  him,  and  sat  on  a  (lillared 
throne  of  almost  inconceivable  splendour. 

The  horse  <>f  Chosroes  Parviz.  Shibdia, 
the  Persian  Buceph'alos. 

Parys'atis.  Wife  of  Darius  Nothos. 
A  corruption  of  Peri  'Zadcher  (fairy  bird- 
of-Paradi.so),  sometimes  called  Azad'cliir 
(bird-of- Paradise). 

Parzival  of  Wolfram  {EschenhachX 
An  Arthtunan   romance   of  the  twelfth 

century. 

Pasha  of  Three  Tails.  There  are 
three  grades  of  pashas  distinguished  by 
the  number  of  horse-tails  on  their  stand- 
ard. In  war  the  horse-tail  standard  is 
carried  before  the  pasha,  and  planted  in 
front  of  his  tent.  The  highest  rank  of 
pashas  are  those  of  three  tiiils  ;  the  grand 
vizier  is  always  ex  officio  such  a  pasha. 
Pashas  of  two  tails  are  governors  of  pro- 
vinces ;  it  is  one  of  these  officers  that 
we  mean  when  we  speak  of  a  pasha  in  a 
general  way.  A  pasha  of  one  tail  is  a 
sanjak  or  lowest  of  provincial  governors. 
(The  word  pasha  is  the  Persian  pa,  sup- 
port of  iShah,  the  niler. ) 

Pasque  Eggs     {See  Easter  Eggs.  ) 

Pasquina'de  (3  syl.).  A  lampoon 
or  political  squib,  having  ridicule  for  its 
object ;  so  called  from  Pasqui'no,  an 
Italian  tailor  of  the  15th  century,  noted 
for  his  caustic  wit.  Some  time  after  his 
death  a  mutilated  statue  was  dug  up, 
representing  either  Ajax  supporting 
Menela'os,  or  Menela'os  carrying  the 
dead  body  of  Patroc'los,  or  else  a  gladia- 
tor, and  was  placed  at  the  end  of  the 
Braschi  Palace  near  the  Piazza  Navo'ni. 
As  it  was  not  clear  what  the  statue  repre- 
sented, and  as  it  stood  opposite  Pasquin's 
house,  the  Italians  called  it  "  Pasquin." 
The  Romans  made  this  torso  the  depo- 
sitory of  their  politicxl,  religious,  and 
personal  satires,  which  were  therefore 
called  Pasquin-sonris  or  Pasquinades.  In 
the  Capitol  is  a  rival  statue  called  Mar- 
forio.  to  which  are  affi.xed  replies  to  the 
Pasquinades. 


PASS. 


TATAVINITY. 


661 


Pass.  A  pats  or  A  common  pass.  An 
ordinary  degree,  witliout  honours.  Where 
a  person  is  allowed  to  pass  up  the  senate- 
house  to  his  d'JLjree  without  being 
'•  plucked."    (See  Pluck.) 

Well  to  pass.  Well  to  do.  Here 
"pass"  is  the  synonym  ol  fare,  Saxon 
faran,  to  go  or  pass.  Shakespeare  has 
the  expression  "  How  (/oes  it  V — i.e.,  How 
fares  it,  how  passes  it  ? 

Passe-partout.  A  sort  of  picture- 
frame.  The  middle  is  cut  out  to  the  size 
of  the  picture,  and  the  border  or  edge 
is  embossed,  so  as  to  present  a  raised 
margin.  The  passe-partout  and  picture, 
being  backed  and  faced  with  a  glass,  are 
held  together  by  an  edging  of  paper 
which  shows  on  the  glass  face.  The 
word  means  something  to  "pass  over 
all." 

A  master-key  is  also  called  a  passe- 
partout (a  pass  through  all  the  rooms). 

Passelourdin  (3  syl.).  A  great 
rock  near  Poitiers,  where  there  is  a  vei-y 
i>arrow  hole  on  the  edge  of  a  precipice, 
through  which  the  university  freshmen 
are  made  to  pass,  to  "  matriculate"  them. 
The  same  is  done  at  Mantua,  where  the 
freshmen  are  made  to  pass  under  the 
arch  of  St.  Longi'i.us.  Passe-lourdau 
means  "  lubber-piuss." 

Pass'elyon.  A  young  foundling 
brought  up  by  Morgane  la  F^e.  He  was 
detected  in  an  intrigue  with  Morgane's 
daughter,  and  the  adventures  of  this 
amorous  youth  are  related  in  the  ro- 
mance called  "  Perccforcst,"  vol.  iii. 

Passe  Brewell.  Str  Tristnam^ 
horse.  Sir  'J'ristrani  was  one  of  the  round- 
table  knights.— yy/ii.  <;/  J'r.  Arthur,  ii.  GS. 

Passing      (See  Bki.i,.  ) 
I'ufsiwj  /air.      Admirably    fair,      'i'ho 
DuUh  jjusscii,  to  admire. 

A  -rail  1)0  was  to  all  llic  country  dear. 
And  pasaiijg  rich  with  forty  pounds  a  year. 

Uolilsuuth,  ••Dcatrfd  yu:,igt." 

Passion  Flower. 

T.ie  (<<i/gyniliolizoi  tlie  ajiear. 

Tlio  flvo  anihrrs,  lliu  flvu  wounds. 

Tlie  tenilriU,  tin-  cords  or  whips. 

The  column  of  tlio  marj/,  th«  pillar  of  the  cross. 

I'he  stamens,  the  hatatners. 

Thf  thrie  st'.Ui,  ihu  throe  nails 

TUo  Jl'shy  lh,-,wU   within  the  llowcis    lhocri,nno/ 

thorns. 
The  cu/M.  the  plory  or  nimbus. 
The  ii/ii/>  tint,  punty. 
The  Uiu  tint,  heaven. 
It  kco;.s    oii.'n  ihroc  days.-  Mull.  lil.  4(i,  and  the 

three  years"  inini»try . 


Passionista  Certain  priests  of  the 
Roman  Cathohc  Church,  who  mutually 
agreed  to  preach  "  Jesus  Christ,  and  him 
crucified."  The  founder  of  this  "  con- 
gregation"  was  Paul  Francis,  suruamed 
Paul  of  the  Cross.     (1694-1775.) 

Pass'over.  A  Jewish  festival  to  com- 
memorate the  deliverance  of  the  Israel- 
ites, when  the  angel  of  death  (that  slew 
the  first-born  of  the  Egyptians)  passed 
over  their  hougc?,  and  spare. 1  all  who  did 
as  Moses  commanded  them. 

Passy-measure  or  Passing-mea- 
snre.  A  slow  stately  dance  ;  a  corrup- 
tion of  the  Italian  passamezzo  (a  middle 
pace  or  step).  It  is  called  a  cinque- 
measure,  because  it  consists  of  five 
measures — "two  sintrles  and  a  double  for- 
ward, with  two  singles  side."— Co//i«r. 

Passy-measiu'o  Pavin.  A  pavin 
is  a  stately  dance  (jsee  Pa  van)  ;  a  passy- 
measure  pavin  is  a  reeling  dance  or 
motion  like  that  of  a  drunken  man  from 
side  to  side.  Sir  Toby  Belch  says  of 
"  Dick  Surgeon  " — 

lies  a  roi'ue  aud  a  passy-measure  pavin.  I  hate  » 
druukcil  TuiMe.—ahukt^iJeiiie,  "  Tweijlh  Xtght,"  v.  i. 

Pasteboard.  A  visiting  card  ;  so 
called  fium  the  material  of  which  it  is 
made. 

Paston  Letters.  The  first  two 
volumes  appeared  in  1787,  entitled 
"  Original  Letters  written  during  the 
reigns  of  Henry  VI.,  Edward  IV.,  and 
Itiehard  III.,  by  various  jiersons  of 
rank;"  edited  by  Mr.,  afterwards  Sii- 
John  Fenn.  They  are  called  Paston  bfi- 
cause  chiotly  written  by  or  to  members 
of  the  Paston  family  in  Norfolk.  They 
passed  from  the  earl  of  Yarmovith  to 
Peter  le  Neve,  anlii|uary  ;  then  to  Mr. 
Martin,  of  Palgrave,  .Sullolk  ;  wore  then 
bought  by  Mr.  Worth,  of  Diss;  then 
passed  to  the  editor.  Charles  Knight 
calls  them  "an  invaluable  record  of  the 
social  customs  of  the  fifteenth  century" 
(the  time  of  the  War  of  the  liases),  but 
of  lute  some  doubt  has  been  raised 
respecting  their  authenticity.  Three 
extra  vobuijes  werosubseiiuently  added. 

Pastorale  of  Pope  Gregory,  1  y 
Alfred  the  Croat. 

Patavin'ity.  A  provincial  idiom  in 
Bpcoch  or  writing ;  so  called  from  Pata- 
vium  (Padua),  tho  birtb-plico  of  Tjvy 
(.S'cY  I'aTOIS.) 


662 


PATCH. 


PATRI.PASS1AN3. 


Patch.  A  fool ;  so  called  from  the 
motley  or  patched  dress  worn  by  licensed 
fools. 

What  a  pied  ninny's  thisl  ihou  s.-urvy  pal'h  ! 

Stiiiketpm  re,  "  Tlis  TtmiKul,"  iiL  2. 

Crosi-}ialch.  An  ill-ternpcred  person. 
(See  above.) 

Patches.  The  Whig  belles  wore 
patches  of  court  plaister  on  the  rif/ld,  and 
the  Tories  on  the  left  side  of  their  faces 
or  forehea<ls.     (See  CuuuT  I'laisteu.) 

Pat'elin.  The  artful  dodger.  The 
French  say  Savoir  son  Patelin  (to  know 
how  to  bamboozle  you).  I'atelin  is  the 
name  of  an  artful  cheat  in  a  farce  of  the 
fiflocuth  century  so  called.  On  oue  occa- 
sion he  wanted  William  Josseaume  to 
sell  him  cloth  on  credit,  and  artfully  fell 
on  praising  the  father  of  the  merchant, 
winding  up  his  laudation  with  this  ne  plus 
ultra  :  "  He  did  sell  on  credit,  or  even 
lend  to  those  who  wished  to  borrow." 
This  farce  was  reproduced  in  1706  by 
Brueys,  under  the  name  of  "L'Avocat 
Patelin." 

Consider,  sir,  I  prny  jou.  how  the  uoIj!.>  I'atelin. 
hnvine  a  mind  to  ei'ul  to  tie  third  heaven  lliefafler 
cf  William  J«)ss.*auie,  said  no  n^ore  than  this; 
"  An  1  lie  did  Ijnd  to  'hose  who  were  desirous  to  bor- 
row ol  h  m/'—KiiheUus,  Tantagruel,"  ii;.  i. 

Patelina^e.  Foolery,  buffoonery ; 
acting  like  Patelin  in  the  French  farce. 

I  never  in  my  life  iiiuahed  bo  much  as  al  I h"  acting 
of  lh.it  I'ateliLaije.— itii^eiuis,  "/'an(ii!;?-u.J,"iiL  34. 

Patent  Roils.  Letters  patent  col- 
lected together  on  parchment  rolls.  Each 
roll  is  a  j'car,  though  in  some  cases  the 
roll  is  subdivided  into  two  or  more  pari;s. 
Each  slieet  of  parchment  is  numbered, 
and  called  a  membrane  :  for  example,  the 
8th  or  any  other  sheet,  say  of  the  10th 
year  of  Ilenrj"  III.,  is  cited  thus  :  "Pat. 
10,  Hen.  III.,  m.  8.  If  the  document  is 
on  the  hack  of  the  roll  it  is  called  dorso, 
and  "  d"  is  addeil  to  the  citation. 

Pat'er  Nos'ter.  The  Lord's  Prayer  ; 
so  called  from  the  first  two  words  in  the 
Latin  version.  Every  tenth  bead  of  a 
rosary  is  so  called,  because  at  that  bead 
the  Lord's  Prayer  is  repeated.  Loosely, 
t  .e  rosary  itself  is  so  called. 

Paternoster  Row  {London)  was  so 
named  from  the  rosary  or  paternoster 
makers.  We  read  of  "  one  liobert  Nikke, 
a  paternoster  maker  and  citizen,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  IV."  Some  say  it  was 
so  called  because  funeral  processions  on 
thoir  way  to  St  Paul's  began  thaii  pater 


noster  at  the  beginning  of  the  Row,  and 
went  on  repeating  it  till  they  reached 
the  church-gate. 

Pater  Patrum.  St.  Gregory  of 
Nyssa  was  so  entitled  bv  the  Nica^an 
Council.     (332-395.) 

Pathfinder.  Major-General  John 
Charles  Fremont,  who  conducted  four  ex- 
peditions across  the  liocky  Slouutains. 
(1842.) 

Fat/ifiniler,  in  Fenimoro  Cooper's  five 
novels,  is  Natty  LJumppo,  called  the 
Pathfinder,  the  Deer-slayer,  the  Haw  k- 
eye,    and    the    Trapper.       (See    Natt? 

BUMPPO.) 

Patient  (r/ie).  Albert  TV.,  duke  of 
Austria.     (1377-1104.)    (See  Helena.) 

Patient  Gris'el,  GrisU'des,  Grisild, 
GrisihVe,  or  Grisildi.<,  according  to  Chau- 
cer, was  the  wife  of  U'autier,  marquis  of 
Sal'uces  ("Clerkes  Tale").  According 
to  Boccaccio,  Griselda,  a  poor  country 
lass,  became  the  wife  of  Gualtie're,  mar- 
quis of  Saluzzo  ("  Tenth  Day,"  novel  x.). 
She  is  put  upon  by  her  husband  in  the 
most  wanton  and  gratuitous  manner,  but 
bears  it  all  not  only  without  a  murmur, 
bu*;  even  without  loss  of  temper.  Slie 
is  tho  model  of  patience  under  injuries. 
The  allegory  means  that  God  takes  away 
our  children  and  goods,  afflicts  us  in 
simdry  ways,  and  tries  us  "  so  as  with 
fire;"  but  we  shotdd  always  say,  "The 
Lord  gave,  and  the  Lord  hath  tiiken 
away ;  blessed  be  the  name  of  the  Lord." 

Patin.  Brother  of  the  emperor  of 
Rome,  who  fights  with  Am'adis  of  Gaul, 
and  has  his  horse  killed  under  him. 

Pat'ina.  A  beautiful  surface  deposit 
or  fine  rust  with  which,  in  time,  buried 
coins  and  bronzes  become  covered.  It 
is  at  once  preservative  and  ornamental, 
and  may  be  seen  to  advantage  in  the 
ancient  bronzes  of  Pompeii.  (Greek,  pa- 
tane,  a  patin.) 

Patois  (2  syl. ).  Dialectic  peculiarity, 
proviueialism.  AsiniusPoUio  noticed  some- 
thing of  the  kind  in  Livy,  which  he  called 
2'atavhutas,  from  Patavium,  Livy's  birth- 
town. 

Patri-Passians.  One  of  the  most 
ancient  sectaries  oft  he  Christian  Church, 
who  maintained  the  oneness  of  the  God- 
head.  The  founder  was  Praxeas,  of 
Phrygia,  in  the  second  centurjr.     The 


PATRICIAN. 


PATTEN. 


663 


appollation  was  given  to  them  by  their 
oj)i)oneDts,  who  affirmed  that  according 
to  their  theory  the  Father  must  have 
sull'ered  on  the  cross. 

Patrician,  properly  speaking,  is  one 
of  the  pddes  or  fathers  of  Rome.  These 
patres  were  the  senators,  and  their  de- 
scendants were  the  patricians.  As  they 
held  for  many  years  all  the  honours  of 
the  stitc,  the  woiil  came  to  signify  the 
mngnatcs  or  uobility  of  a  nation. 

N.B. — In  Rome  the  patrician  class  was 
twice  augmented  :  first  by  Tatius,  after 
tliC  Sabine  war,  who  added  a  whole  "cen- 
tury ;"  and  again  by  Tar>juinius  Priscus, 
who  addeil  another.  The  Sabine  century 
went  by  the  name  of  patricians  of  the 
senior  races  {nutjo'ncm  yeHlinm),  and  the 
Tanpiinian  patricians  were  termed  of  the 
junior  creation  (mino'i-uni  geiilium). 

Pat'rick.  Chambei-s  says,  "  We  can 
trace  the  footsteps  of  St.  Patrick  almost 
from  his  cradle  to  his  grave,  by  the  names 
of  places  called  after  him.  Thus,  assuming 
tlie  Scottish  origin,  he  was  born  at  Kil- 
pairicl  (the  cell  of  Patrick),  in  Dumbar- 
tonshire ;  he  resided  for  some  time  at 
Dul-patrick  (the  district  of  Patrick),  in 
Lanarkshire ;  and  visited  Cnupphadrig 
(the  rock  of  Patrick),  near  Inverness, 
lie  founded  two  churches,  Kirk-patnck 
in  Kircudbright,  and  K irk-patrick  in 
Dumfries ;  and  ultimately  sailed  from 
Port-patrick,  leaving  behind  him  such  an 
odour  of  sanctity,  that  among  the  most 
distinguished  families  of  the  Scottish 
aristocracy  Patrick  has  been  a  favourite 
name  down  to  the  present  day. 

Arriving  in  England  he  preached  at 
Paller-dide  (Patrick's  valley),  in  West- 
moreland ;  and  founded  the  churcli  of 
Kirk-patrick,  in  Durham.  Visiting  Wales 
he  walked  over  Sarn-ladvig  (causeway 
of  Patrick),  which  now  forms  a  dan- 
gerous shoal  in  Carnarvon  Bay ;  and 
departing  for  the  Continent  sailed  from 
Han-lKidrig  {chxiTch  of  Patrick),  in  the 
isle  of  Anglesea.  Undertaking  his  mis- 
sion to  convert  the  Irish,  he  first  landed 
at  Itinii-pntrick  (island  of  Patrick),  and 
next  at  Ilolm-putru-k,  on  the  opposite 
shore  of  the  mainland,  in  the  county  of 
Duljlin,  Sailing  nortlm-ards  ho  touched 
at  the  Isle  of  Man,  called  Innis-palrkk, 
where  he  founded  another  church  of 
Kirk-patrick,  near  the  town  of  Peel. 
Again  landing  on  the  coast  of  Irelaiid,  in 
the  county  of  Down,  he  converted  and 


baptised  the  chieftain  Dichu  on  his  own 
threshing-floor,  an  event  pcrpietaated  in 
the  word  Saul— i.e.,  Salbal-patrick  (haru 
of  Patrick).  He  then  proceeded  to 
TempU-patrick,  in  Antrim  ;  and  from 
thence  to  a  lofty  mountain  in  Mayo,  ever 
since  called  Croagh-palrick.  In  East 
Meath  he  founded  tliealibey  of  Domnnch- 
Padraig  (house  of  Patrick),  and  built  a 
church  in  Dublin  on  the  spot  where  St. 
Patricias  Cathedral  now  stands.  In  an 
island  of  Loul'Ii  Derg,  in  Donegal, 
there  is  St.  Patrick's  Purgatory  ;  in  Lein- 
stor,  St.  Patrick's  Wood  ;  at  Cashel,  St. 
Patrick's  Rock.  There  are  scores  of  St, 
Patrick's  Wells  from  which  he  drank  ; 
and  he  died  at  Saul,  March  17th,  493. 
—  "Book  of  Days'' 

St.  Patrick's  Cave,  through  which  was 
a  descent  to  purgatory,  for  the  behoof  of 
the  living  who  wished  to  expiate  their 
evil  deeds  before  death. 

St.  Patrick's  Cross.  The  same  shape 
as  St.  Andrew's  cross  (X),  only  different 
in  colour,  viz.,  rod  on  a  white  field.     (Set 

ASDUEW.) 

St.  Patrick's  Purgatory,  Ireland,  de- 
scribed in  the  Italian  romance  called 
"  Guerino  Meschino."  Here  gourmands 
are  t-antalised  with  delicious  banquets 
which  elude  their  grasp,  and  are  at  the 
same  time  troubled  with  colic. 

St.  Patrick  and  the  Serpent.  According 
to  tradition,  St.  Patrick  cleared  Ireland 
of  its  vermin  ;  one  old  serpent  resisted, 
but  St.  Patrick  overcame  it  by  ciuming. 
lie  made  a  box,  and  invited  the  serpent 
to  enter  it.  The  serpent  objected,  s.iying 
it  was  too  small  ;  but  St.  Patrick  in- 
sisted it  was  quite  large  enough  to  be 
comfortable.  After  a  long  contention, 
the  serpent  got  in  to  prove  its  case,  when 
St.  Patrick  slammed  down  the  lid,  and 
threw  the  box  into  the  sea.  To  com- 
plete this  wonderful  tale,  the  legend  says 
the  waves  of  the  sea  are  maile  by  the 
writhiugs  of  this  serpent,  and  the  noise 
of  the  sea  is  that  of  the  serpent  imploring 
the  saint  to  release  it. 

Pat'rico.    An  .\bram-man  (q.v.). 

Patroc'los.  The  gentle  and  amiakle 
friend  of  Achilles  in  Homer's  "  Iliad." 
When  Achilles  refused  to  fight  in  order 
to  annoy  Agamemnon,  ho  sent  I'atroc loa 
to  battle,  and  ho  was  slain  by  Euphorbos. 

Patten.  Martha  or  Patty,  says  Gay, 
was    the    daughter    of    a    Liucolashire 


«n4 


PATTENS-MONEY. 


PAUL'S  WALKEPA 


farmer,   with   whom  tlie  villape  black- 
smith fell  in  love.      To  save  her  from 
wet  feet  when  she  went  to  milk  the  cows, 
the   village   Mulciber    invontoil   a  clog, 
mounted  on  iron,  which  ho  called  pally, 
after  his  mistress.     This  |iretty  fable  is 
of  no  literary  value,  as  the  word  is  the 
French  jMtln  (a  liiph-heclrd  shoe  or  skate], 
fiiiin  ihe  (jvkiiik  pultiii  (to  walk). 
The  1  atttn  tow  iipporta  »nc!i  fruial  dam'", 
W'hicli  from  llie  blue-eyed  Pattj  inkeo  i  *  ni"  e. 
Oiiy,  ■'  Tiivm,"  i. 

Pattens-Money  (Ckapins  de  la 
Reina).  A  suhsidy  levied  in  Spain  on  all 
crown-tenants  at  the  time  of  a  royal 
marriage. 

Patter.  To  chatter,  to  clack.  Dr. 
Pusey  thinks  it  is  derived  from  I'aUr- 
noster  (the  Lord's  Prayer).  The  priest 
gabbled  it  in  a  low,  mumbling  voice  till 
he  came  to  the  words,  "  and  lead  us  not 
into  temptation,"  which  he  spoke  alnud, 
and  the  choir  responded,  "  but  deliver 
us  from  evil."  In  our  reformed  Prayer- 
Book,  the  priest  is  directed  to  say  the 
whole  prayer  "  with  a  loud  voice."  Prob- 
ably the  "  pattering  of  rain" — i.e.,  the 
rain  coming  with  its  pat-pat,  is  after  all 
ihe  better  derivation.  (Welsh,  ^rfat,  a 
blow.) 

Pattern.  A  corruption  of  patron. 
As  a  patron  is  a  guide,  and  ought  to  be 
an  example,  so  the  word  has  come  to  sig- 
nify an  artistic  model. 

Pattieson  (.1/r.  Peier).  Introduced 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  tne  Intro<luctions 
of  the  ''  Heart  of  Midlothian  "  and  '"'  Bride 
of  Lammermoor."  lie  is  represented  as 
"  a.ssistant"  at  Gandercleugh,  and  author 
of  the  "Tales  of  My  Landlord,"  pub- 
lisheil  posthumously  by  Jedidiah  Cleish- 
boiham. 

Paul  (<Sr^).  Patron  saint  of  preachers 
and  tentinakers. 

His  symbols  are  a  sword  and  open 
book,  the  former  the  instrument  of  his 
martyrdom,  and  the  latter  indicative  of 
the  new  law  proj)agated  by  him  as  the 
apostle  of  the  Gentiles  He  is  repre- 
sented of  short  stature,  with  bald  head 
and  grey,  bushj'  beard. 

St.  Paul  Ike  IJciinit  is  represented  as 
an  old  man,  clothed  with  palm-leaves, 
jtnd  seated  under  a  palm-tree,  near  which 
are  a  river  and  loaf  of  bread. 

Paul's  Pigeons.  The  boys  of  St,  Paul's 
school,  Loudon. 


Paul ofiht  Crnts.  Paul  Francis,  f oundei 
of  the  Pa.ssionists.     (1004-1775.) 

Paul  and  Virginia.  A  tale  by  Bcr- 
nardin  de  St.  Pierre.  At  one  time  this 
litile  ro-Tianco  wa.s  as  popular  a*  "  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin." 

Paul  Pry.  An  idle,  meddlcsom* 
fellow,  who  has  no  occupation  of  his  own, 
and  is  always  interfering  with  other  folk'i 
business. — John  PooU,  "Paul  Pry"  (a 
coiifcdy).     The  original  was  Thomas  HilL 

Paul'ianists.  A  sect  of  heretics  so 
called  from  Paulia'nus  Samosa'tanus 
(Paul  of  Samosa'ta),  elected  bishop  of 
Antioch  in  '2tJ2.  He  may  be  considered 
the  father  of  the  Socinians. 

Paulieians.  A  religions  sect  of  the 
Easti  m  empire,  an  offshoot  of  the  Mani- 
chie'iiiis.  It  origiiiated  in  an  Armenian 
named  Paul,  who  lived  under  .Justiniaa 
II.  Neander  says  they  were  the  fol- 
lowers of  Coustantine  of  Mananalis,  and 
were  called  Paulieians  because  the  apostle 
Paul  was  their  guiile.  He  says  they  re- 
jected the  worsiii|)  of  the  Virgin  and  of 
saints,  denied  the  doctrine  of  transub- 
stuntiation,  and  maintained  the  right  of 
every  one  to  read  the  Sctiptures  freely. 

Pauli'na,  wife  of  Antig'onus,  a  Si- 
cilian nobleman,  takes  charge  of  queen 
Hermi'one,  when  unjustly  sent  to  prison 
by  her  jealous  husband,  and  after  a  linie 
presents  her  again  to  Leontes  as  a  statue 
"  by  that  rare  Italian  master,  Julio 
Tiomano."—  S/ude.y)eure,"  lyinter's  Tale." 

Paulo.  The  cai  dinal,  brother  of  count 
Guiilo  Frauceschi'ni,  who  advised  his 
scajie  grace  bankrupt  brother  to  marry 
an  heiress,  in  order  to  repair  his  fortune. 
—  Fi'ihryl  liiowiiikfj,  "  The  Uiny  nml  Hie 
DooL." 

Paul's  Walkers.  Loungers  who 
fre<piented  the  middle  of  St.  Paul's, 
which  was  the  Bond  Street  of  Lomion 
up  to  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth, 
(.b'te  Ben  Jonson's  "  Every  Man  out  of 
his  Humour,"  where  are  a  variety  of 
scenes  given  in  the  interior  of  St.  Paul's. 
Harrison  Ainsworth  de.scribes  these 
"walkers"  in  his  novel  entitled  "Old 
Saiut  PiUi  't\"J 

The  young  i.'all.-uits used  to  meet  at  Ih*  ceutr»l 

point,  su  Puul's;  and  fruni  this  circuiustAni^e  o'l^ 
tuined  the  api>eUHttun  of  I'auVt  \ralkrrs.  as  we  now 
tjiy  liond  .Street  Lounyirt — JJaseT,  "Auritf'cuu  Sin 
gaxinc,"  July,  1S07. 


PAVAN. 


PEAK. 


665 


Pa'van  or  Pavin.  Evn-ji  pavan  has 
iU  galliard  {Spiui'sh).  Every  sajje  has 
his  moments  of  folly.  Every  white  must 
have  its  black,  and  every  sweet  its  sour. 
The  pavan  was  a  stately  Spanish  dance, 
in  which  the  ladies  and  ^fcntlemeu  stalked 
like  peacocks  (Latin,  p(iro')ies'),  the  gen- 
tlo'nen  with  their  long  robes  of  office,  and 
the  ladies  with  trains  like  peacocks'  tails. 
The  pavan,  like  the  minuet,  ended  with 
a  ijuick  movement  called  the  galliard,  a 
sort  of  pavot'. 

Pawnbroker.  The  three  ijoldea  halls. 
The  Lombards  were  the  first  money- 
lenders in  p]n^'-l.ind,  and  those  who  bor- 
rowed money  of  I  hem  deposited  some  se- 
curity or  pawn.  The  Medici  family,  whose 
arms  were  three  i/ilded  pills,  in  allusion 
to  their  profession  of  medicine,  were 
the  richest  mcrcliants  of  Florence,  and 
greatest  money  lenders.     (See  Balls.) 

Pawnee.  Brandy  pawnee.  Brandy 
grog.     (Hindu,  pa'ni,  water.) 

Pax.  The  "  Kiss  of  Peace."  Also  a 
sacred  uten.'^il  used  when  mass  is  cele- 
brated by  a  high  ditrnitary.  It  is  some- 
times a  crucifix,  sometimes  a  tablet,  and 
Bomptimes  a  reliqiinry.  The  pax  is 
omitted  on  Maundy  Thursday,  from  hor- 
r.  r  at  tliH  kiss  of  J  uda-. 

Pay  (sea  term).     To  cover  with  pitch. 

I'll  pay  liim  ovt.  I'll  be  a  match 
/or  bim,  I'll  punish  him.  (French, 
fieiaer,  peine,  punishment ;  Latin,  ;50?«a.) 

They  wis li  &  foxe  tile  him  soundly  did  psy. 

••7/i«  Ai.i«  iiml  K.ntheiiie  Mm.  '•  (1G40). 

Wh'i's  to  pav  the  piper  f  Who  is  to 
stand  Sam?  who  is  to  p.ay  thescoro?  The 
phrase  comes  from  the  tradition  about 
the  I'ied  Piper  of  Hamelin,  who  agreed 
to  cure  the  town  of  rats  and  mice  ;  when 
he  had  done  so,  the  people  of  llaiuelin 
refused  to  pay  him,  whereupon  he  piped 
iignin,  and  led  all  the  children  to  Ivoppel- 
berg  lliil,  which  opened  upon  iLem. 

Payn'ising.  A  process  of  preserving 
and  hardening  wood  invented  by  Mr. 
Payne.     (See  Kyanise.) 

Peace.  The  Perpetual  Peace.  The 
peace  concluded  January  24th,  1502,  be- 
tween England  and  Scotland.  A  few 
years  after,  the  battle  of  Flodden  Field 
was  fought  between  the  contracting  par- 
ties. 

Peace  of  Antal'cidas,  between 
Irtaxorxes  and  the  sUitus  of  (jreeco.     It 


was  brought  about  bj  Antal'cidas,  the 
Spartan  (B.C.  387). 

Peace  of  God.  In  lO^.*)  the  clergy 
interfered  to  prevent  tho  constint  feuds 
between  baron  and  baron  ;  they  com- 
manded all  men  to  lay  ilown  their  arms 
on  pain  of  excommunication.  1  he  com- 
mand ami  malediction  were  read  daily 
fron)  the  pidpits  by  the  oliRcia'ing  priests 
after  the  proper  gospel  :  — "  Mav  they 
who  refuse  to  obey  be  accursed,  aiid  have 
their  portion  with  Cain,  the  first  mur- 
derer; with  Judas,  the  arch  traitor; 
and  with  Itathan  and  Abi'rani,  who  went 
down  alive  into  the  pit.  May  they  be 
accursed  in  the  life  that  now  is  ;  and  in 
that  which  is  to  come  may  their  light  be 
put  out  .as  a  candle."  So  saying,  all  the 
Ci'ndles  were  instantly  extinguished,  and 
the  concrreL'ation  had  to  make  its  waj 
out  of  church  as  it  best  could. 

Peaceful  (The).  Kangwang,  third 
of  tho  Thow  dynasty  of  China,  in  whose 
reign  no  one  was  either  put  to  death  or 
imprisoned.     (109S-ll.'iJ. ) 

Peach.  Inform,  "split;"  a  contrac- 
tion of  impeach. 

Peach'um.  A  receiver  of  stolen 
goods,  whose  house  is  tiie  resort  of  pick- 
pockets and  thieves.  —  Gay,  "  lieyguri 
Opera." 

A^frs.  Peachum.     His  wife. 

Peacock.  Let  him  Icp  peacock  to 
himself.  Let  him  keep  to  himself  bis 
eccentricities.  Wlicn  George  III.  had 
partly  recovered  from  one  of  his  attacks, 
his  ministers  got  him  to  read  the  Kinir's 
Speech,  but  he  ended  every  sentence  with 
the  word  "  peacock."  The  minister  who 
drilled  him  .said  that  peacock  was  an  ex- 
cellent won!  for  ending  a  sentence,  only 
kings  should  not  let  subjects  hear  it.  but 
shoulii  wliisi)er  it  softly.  The  result 
was  a  perfect  success :  the  pause  at  the 
close  of  each  sentence  had  an  excellent 
effect. 

Jiy  the  Pcacod/  A  corninon  oath  which 
at  ono  time  was  thouglit  sacred.  Tho 
fa! lied  incorruptibility  of  the  pe.acock'.s 
tlesh,  caused  the  bird  to  bo  adopted  as  a 
type  of  tho  resurrection. 

Peak  (Derhy.hire).  "The  Queen  of 
Scots'  Pillar"  is  a  column  in  the  cave  of 
the  peak  as  clear  as  al.abaster,  and  so 
called  liocauso  Mary  Queon  of  Scots  pri> 
ceoded  thus  far,  and  then  returned. 


606 


fEAL. 


PKDLAH 


Peal.  To  ring  a  pi-al  is  to  ring  5,040 
changes ;  any  uviniber  of  changes  less 
th;in  that  is  technically  called  a  touch  or 
flourish.  Bolls  are  first  reused,  and  then 
pealeil—i.e.,  knocked  with  their  hammers. 
(The  Latin  pe/lo,  tu  knock.) 

TKiB  8oci  ty  run;  .  »  true  atid  complete  peril  of 
S.Olii  (rraiidsire  tri;>le-  in  tliree  Irmrs  an  1  fourteen 
miaatQa.—  Inscription  in  HuuLfor  C'ur/eui  Tuwtr. 

Pearls.  Dioscor'ides  and  Pliny  men- 
tion tlie  belief  that  pearls  are  formed  by 
drops  of  rain  falling  into  the  oyster-shells 
while  open,  and  the  rain-drops  thus 
received  are  hardened  into  pearls  by 
some  secretions  of  the  animal. 

According  to  Richardson,  the  Persians 
say  when  drops  of  spring-rain  fall  into 
the  pearl-oyster  they  produce  pearls. 

I'ri-cious  the  tear  i.s  that  rain  from  the  sky 
\S  hioh  turns  into  p?.irl8  as  it  falls  on  the  tea. 
Thnnui^  Moon. 

N.B  — Dr.  Darwiu  thinks  th.it  pearls 
(ire  formed  like  those  calcareous  pro- 
ductions of  crabs  known  by  the  name  of 
crahs-eycs,  which  are  always  near  the 
stomach  of  the  creature  ;  and  adds  that 
in  both  cases  the  substance  is  probably 
a  natural  provision  either  for  the  repara- 
tion or  enlargement  of  the  shell. — 
"Econoiny  of  Ve(jetalioa,"  i.  3. 

Pearls.  Cardan  says  that  pearls  are 
poli.shed  by  beinjr  pecked  and  played  with 
by  doves.  —  "Z's  llerum  Varietute,"  vii.  34. 

Peasant  Bax'd.  Robert  Bums,  the 
lyric  poet  of  Scotland.    (1759-1796.) 

Peasants'  "War,  between  1500  and 
1525.  It  was  a  frequent  rising  of  the 
peasantry  of  Swabia,  Franconia,  S.axony, 
and  other  German  states,  in  conseijuence 
of  the  tyranny  and  oppression  of  the 
nobles.  In  1502  was  the  rebellion  called 
the  Laced  Shoe,  from  its  cognisance ;  in 
1514,  the  Leaijue  of  Poor  Conrad;  in 
1523,  the  Laliii.  War.  The  insurgents 
were  put  doivn,  and  whereas  they  had 
been  whipped  before  with  scourges,  they 
were  now  chastised  with  scorpions. 

Peascod.  Father  of  Peas-blossom, 
if  Bottom's  pedigree  may  be  accepted. 

I  pray  you  commend  me  to  Mistress  S<inash 
your  iitolher,  and  to  Master  l'fa.'5'>od  j-our  fatlirr, 
goiid  Jl.^•!|«■^  F.-.w1.|..s»oia.— S/i(iA<«fiar«,  •■J/i<i.i,m- 
miT  .fi^ht't  Dream;  iii.  L 

Winter  for  shoeinp,  peascod  for  viooinq. 
The  allusion  in  the  latter  clause  is  to  tlie 
custom  of  placing  a  peascod  with  nine 
peas  in  it  on  the  door-lintel,  imder  the 
notion  that  the  first  man  who  entered 
Ihi  ough  the  door  would  be  the  husband  of 


the  person  who  did  so.    Another  custom 

is  alluded  to  by  Browne — 

The  reascoil  Rreene  oft  with  no  little  toyl« 
llceM  BceKe  lur  in  the  fattest,  firtil'st  soile, 
And  rejid  il  fro^n  the  ftnlke  to  brint;  it  to  her, 
And  in  her  b&surne  for  aweptan''-  wi>o  her 

"  BrititU  l^usUirult." 

Pec.  Eton  slang  for  money.  A  cod 
traction  of  the  Latin  ptcu'nia. 

Pecca'vi.  To  a-y  pecca'vi.  To  ac- 
knowledge oneself  in  the  wrong.  It  is 
said  that  Sir  Charles  Napier,  after  the 
kittle  of  Hyderabad,  in  1S13,  used  this 
word  as  a  pun  upon  liis  victory — "  I  have 
Sindo"  {sinned).  (Pecca'vi  is  the  Latin 
for  "  I  have  done  wrong.") 

Peckham.  All  holida'i  at  Ptcldta.it> 
—  i.e.,  no  ai'potite,  not  peckish  ;  a  pun  on 
the  word  peck,  as  going  to  Bedfordshire 
is  a  pun  on  the  word  bed. 

Going  to  Pcclham.     Going  to  dinner. 

Peck'sniff.  A  canting  hypocrite, 
who  speaks  homilies  of  morality,  does 
the  most  heartless  things  "as  a  duty  to 
society,"  and  forgives  wrong-doing  in 
nobody  btit  himself. — Dickens,"  Martin 
Chuzzlewit." 

Pecu'lium.  My  own  pcculium. 
Private  and  individual  property  or  pos- 
session. The  Roman  slaves  were  allowed 
to  acquire  properly,  over  which  their 
masters  had  no  right  or  control ;  this 
was  called  their  pecu'lium. 

Pecuniary.  From  pecu-t,  cattle, 
especially  sheep.  Varo  says  that  sheep 
were  the  ancient  medium  of  barter  and 
standard  of  value.  Ancient  coin  was 
marked  with  the  image  of  an  ox  or 
sheep.  We  have  the  Gold  Sheep 
{tnouton  cf  or)  and  Gold  Lamb  (agnel  li'or) 
of  ancient  France,  so  called  from  the 
figure  struck  on  them,  and  worth  about 
a  shilling. 

Ped'agogue  (3  syl.)  means  a  boy 
leader.  It  was  a  slave  whose  duty  it  was 
to  attend  the  boy  whenever  he  left  horee. 
As  these  slaves  influenced  the  education 
of  the  child,  the  word  came  to  be  applied 
to  schoolmasters.     (Greek,  paw  ago'yi:.) 

Pedlar  is  not  a  tramp  who  goes  on 
his  feet,  as  if  from  the  Latin  jicdes  (feet), 
but  a  man  who  carries  a  ped,  or  hamper 
without  a  lid,  in  which  are  stored  fish  or 
other  articles  to  hawk  about  the  ."streets. 
In  Norwich  there  is  a  place  called  the 
Ped-market,  where  women  expose  eggs, 
butter,  cheese,  &c.,  in  open  hampera. 


PEDLARS  ACRE. 


PRO, 


C67 


Pedlars  Acre  (Lambeth).  Accord- 
ma:  to  tradition  a  podlar  of  tliis  parish 
left  a  sum  of  money,  on  condition  that 
his  picture,  with  a  dog,  should  be  pro- 
served  for  ever  in  glass  in  one  of  the 
church-windows.  In  the  south  window  of 
the  middle  aisle,  sure  enough,  such  a  pic- 
ture exists  ;  but  probaV'ly  it  is  a  rebus  on 
C/uipman,  the  name  of  some  benefactor. 
In  Swaffham  church  there  is  a  portrait  of 
one  John  Chapman,  a  great  benefactor, 
who  is  represented  as  a  pedlar  with  his 
pack  ;  and  in  that  town  a  similar  tradition 
exists. 

Peebles.  Poor  Peter  Peebles.  The 
pauper  litigant  in  "  llcdgauutlet,"  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Peel.  A  Peel  Dhtrlct.  A  clerical 
district  (not  a  parish)  devised  by  Sir 
lluhort  Peel. 

Peeler  (.1).  Slang  for  a  policeman. 
So  called  from  Sir  Robert  Peel,  who 
established  the  Irish  constibulary.  Bobby 
being  the  nickname  of  Robert  is  applied 
to  the  same  force.     {See  Bobbt.) 

J'eeler.  It  is  an  extraordinary  circum- 
stance that  this  word,  now  applied  to  a 
policeman  or  thief-catcher,  was  in  the 
bi.xtcenth  century  applied  to  robbers. 
IloUinshed,  in  his  iScodisk  Chronicle 
(l.'iTO),  refers  to  Patrick  Dunbar,  who 
"delivered  the  co\intrio  of  these 
peelers."  Thomas  Mortimer,  ia  his 
"British  Plutarch;"  Mikon,  in  his 
"Paradi.se  Regained"  (book  iv.);  and 
Dryden,  all  use  the  word  "  peeler"  as  a 
plunderer  or  robber.  The  old  Border 
towers  were  called  "peels." 

Peep.  As  a  sj)ecimen  of  the  inge- 
nuity of  certain  etymologists  in  tracing 
our  language  to  Latin  and  Greek  sources, 
may  be  mentioned  Mr.  Casaubon's  deri- 
vation of  peep  from  the  Greek  opipieiw 
(to  stare  at). 

Plai/ing  peep-ho.  Hiding  or  sculking 
from  creditors ;  in  allusion  to  the  infant 
nursery  game. 

Peep-O'-Day  Boys.  The  Irish  in- 
surgents of  17>"-i  ;  so  called  because  tiioy 
used  to  visit  the  houses  of  their  oppo- 
nents (called  diJcnucTs)  at  peep  of  day, 
searching  for  arms  or  plunder. 

Peeping  Tom  of  Coventry,  Leo- 
fric,  earl  of  Morcia  and  lord  of  Coventry, 
imposed  some  very  sovcro  imposts  on  the 
people  of  Covcntrj',  which  his  countess, 
Godi'va,   triod   to   get   mitigated.     The 


earl,  thinking  to  silence  her  importunity, 
said  ho  would  comply  when  siic  iiad 
ridden  naked  from  one  en<i  of  the  town 
to  the  other.  Godi'va  took  hira  at  his 
word,  actually  rode  throuirh  the  to'mi 
naked,  and  Leofric  remitted  the  imposts. 
Btfore  Godi'va  started,  all  the  inhabi- 
tants voluntarily  confined  themselves  to 
their  houses,  and  resolved  that  any  one 
wh.o  stirred  abroad  should  be  put  to 
death.  A  tailor  thoiight  to  have  a  peep, 
but  was  rewarded  by  the  loss  of  his  e3'es, 
and  has  ever  since  been  called  Pvcpiug 
Tom  of  Coventry, 

Peers  of  the  Eealm.     The  fivo 

orders  of  duke,  marquis,  earl,  viscount, 
and  baron.  The  word  peer  is  the  Latin 
pares  (equals),  and  in  feudal  times  all 
great  vassals  were  held  equal  in  raulc 
The  following  is  wA\  fitted  to  a  dictionary 
of  Phrase  and  Pable: — 

n  Is  well  known  that  althongh  the  English 
.iri>tocracj'  recruits  itself  from  ilie  sons  of  barU-rs^  ,is 
lord  Teiiterden  ;  mercltant  taU"rs,  »a  count  'r.-iven; 
mtrtrrs,  as  tlio  counts  of  Coventry,  &c.,  it  will  never 
tolerate  poverty  "iihin  its  raiiits.  Tlic  malo  rcp-e>cn- 
t.ttive  of  Simon  di>  Monifort  is  now  a  oinUllur  in  T.oley 
street;  the  groat -graridson  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  a  porter 
In  I  orli  markt't ;  ajid  Stephen  James  Tenny.  verger  of 
St.  Oe->rge's  Church,  Hanover  Square. is  a  dir.-ct  »ie- 
scendant  of  the  filth  son  of  Edward  111.  — 7"At  (J.ii./.:.<. 

Peg  or  Pe</!/i/,  for  Margaret,  corrupted 
into  Meg  or  Meggy.  Thus,  J'at  or  /'ally 
for  Martha ;  Pol  or  Polly,  for  Mary, 
corrupted  into  Mol  or  Molly;  &c. 

.1  ptcj  loo  low.  Low-spirited,  moody. 
Our  reason  ancestors  were  accustomed  to 
use  peg-tankards,  or  tankards  with  a  peg 
inserted  at  equal  intervals,  that  when 
two  or  more  drank  from  the  .'^aine  bowl 
no  one  might  exceed  his  fair  proportion. 
We  are  told  that  St.  Dunstan  introduced 
the  fashion  to  prevent  brawling.  /  am  a 
peg  Ion  low  means,  I  want  anoi  her  draught 
to  cheer  me  up. 

Come,  old  fellow,  drink  down  to  your  peg  1 
But  do  uol  druik  any  further,  1  bee. 

Loii'jjeih-iP, "  (iulden  Lejend,"  Iv, 

To  take  otie  down  a  peg.  To  take  the 
conceit  out  of  a  braggart  or  pretentious 
person.  The  allusion  here  is  not  to  peg- 
tanlcards,  but  to  a  ship's  colours,  which 
used  to  bo  raised  a:)d  lowered  by  pegs; 
the  higher  the  colours  are  raised  tha 
greater  the  honour,  and  to  take  them 
down  a  peg  would  bo  to  award  loss 
honour. 

Trfpatin'd  your  i  arty  with  tntrlfrtJe, 
Ana  took  your  grandees  down  n  peg 

2;ut(«r,-//m(ii-r"«."  U.l 

There  are  alicays  more  round  prgs  than 
round  kola.  Always  more  candidates  for 
ofEco   than  places   to   dispose   of.     The 


6C8 


TEGASOa. 


PF.LIDES. 


allusion  is  to  Military  Tactics  and  otber 
giniilar  j^'ames. 

Peg'asos  [Greek;  Pepasiis,  Luiiii). 
The  inspiration  of  poetry,  or,  acconling 
to  Boiardo  ("Orlando  Inamorato"),  the 
horse  of  the  Mmkos.  A  poet  speaks  of  bis 
rog'asus,  as  "My  I'cfrasus  will  not  go 
this  rnorninK-,"  moaning  his  brain  will  not 
work.  "I  am  mounting  Peg-asus"— i.e., 
e:oin.g  to  write  poetry.  "  I  am  on  my 
i'egasus,"  engaged  in  writing  verses. 

I'eg'asus  or  Feg'aRos,  according  to 
classic  mythology,  was  the  winged  liorse 
on  which  Beller'ophon  rode  against  the 
Cbimiura.  When  the  Muses  contended 
with  the  daughters  of  Pi'oros,  Hel'icon 
ro.=e  heavenward  with  delight ;  but 
Peg'asos  gave  it  a  kick,  stopped  its 
ascent,  and  brought  out  of  the  mountain 
the  soul-inspiring  waters  of  Hippocrene 
(JJip'-po-ci-cen). 

Pegg  (Kaiharine).  One  of  the  mis- 
tresses of  Charles  II.,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Pegg,  of  Yeldersey,  in  Derby- 
shire, Esquire. 

Peine  Forte  et  Dure.  A  species  of 
torture  applied  to  contumacious  felons. 
In  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  the  accused 
was  pressed  to  death  by  weisrhts ;  in  later 
roigns  the  practice  prevailed  of  tying 
the  thumbs  tightly  together  with  whip- 
cord, to  induce  the  accused  to  plead, 
rhe  following  persons  were  pressed  to 
death  by  weights:  Juliana  Quick,  in 
i442 ;  Anthony  Arrowsmith,  in  1598; 
Walter  Calverly,  in  1605  ;  Major  Strang- 
ways,  in  1657;  and  eveu  in  IZil  a  person 
w.as  pressed  to  death  at  the  Cambridge 
assizes.     Abolished  1772. 

Pela'gianism.  The  system  or  doc- 
trines taught  by  Pela'gius  {q.v.).  He 
denied  what  is  termed  birth-sin  or  the 
taint  of  Adam,  and  he  maintained  that 
we  have  power  of  ourselves  to  receive  or 
reject  the  Gospel. 

Pela'gius.  A  Latinised  Greek  form 
of  the  name  Morgan— the  Welsh  mar, 
like  the  Gvceik pel u<jos,  meaning  the  sea. 

Pel'ago-saur  (Greek,  sea-lizard).  An 
extinct  saurian  of  the  Upjier  Jurassic 
formation. 

Pelf.  Filthy  pelf.  Money.  The  word 
was  anciently  used  for  refuse  or  rubbish. 
'■  Who  steals  my  purse  steals  iraxh." 
Filthy  means  ungodly  ;  the  Scripture 
expression  is  '•'  unrighteous  mammon." 


(Latin  pelvi.i,  or  Greek  pellii,  the  ViaHia 
used  by  priests  for  the  intestines  and 
refu.se  of  animals  sacrificed;  our  pail; 
p'-'/,  meaning  refuse  ;  .and  pefl,  refuse  hair, 
as  in  pell-wool,  Ac.)  It  is  certainly  not 
coimected  with  pilfer,  as  it  is  usually 
given. 

Pel'ias.  The  huge  spear  of  Achilles, 
which  none  but  the  hero  could  wield  ;  so 
called  because  it  was  cut  from  an  ash 
growing  on  mount  Pel'ion,  in  Thessaly. 

Pel'ican,  in  Christinn  art,  is  a  symbol 
of  charity.  Jt  is  also  an  emblem  of  Jesus 
Christ,  by  "whose  blood  we  are  healed" 
(E\icherius  and  Jerome).     [See  below.) 

Pelican.  A  mystic  emblem  of  Christ, 
called  by  Dante  nostra  I'elicano.  St. 
Hieronymus  gives  the  story  of  the  pelican 
restoring  its  young  ones  destroyed  by 
serpents,  and  his  .salvation  by  the  blood 
of  (Jhrist.  The  "  Bestia'rium  "  .says  that 
Physiol'ogus  tells  us  that  the  pelican  is 
very  fond  of  its  brood,  but  when  the 
young  ones  begin  to  grow  thej'  rebel 
against  the  male  bird  and  provoke  bis 
anger,  so  that  he  kills  them  ;  the  mother 
returns  to  the  nest  in  three  days,  sits  on 
the  dead  birds,  pours  her  blood  over 
them,  revives  them,  and  they  feed  on 
the  h]oo(\.—Bihl.  Nat.  Belf).,  No.  10,074. 

Than  eayd  the  Pellyanc, 

■When  my  hyrdte  he  slayne 
With  my  blomle  I  Ihen  leuyue  [reriTe!. 

Scrypture  doth  record. 

The  same  ilyd  .mr  Lord, 
And  ro8e  from  deth  to  hue. 

ShtlUm,  "  Armoury  of  Birdli.' 

Pelicam.  The  notion  that  pelicani 
feed  their  young  with  their  blood  arose 
from  the  following  habit :—  They  have  a 
large  bag  attached  to  their  under  bill. 
When  the  parent  bird  is  about  to  feed 
its  brood,  it  macerates  small  fish  in  this 
bag  or  pouch,  then  pressing  the  bag 
against  itsbreast,  transfers  the  macerated 
food  to  the  mouths  of  the  young  ones. 

A  pelican  in  her  piety  is  the  represen- 
tation of  a  pelican  feeding  her  young 
with  her  blood.  The  Piomans  called  filia! 
love  piety,  hence  Virgil's  hero  is  called 
;n«5^ne 'as,  because  he  rescued  his  father 
from  the  tiames  of  Troy. 

Peli'des.  Son  of  Peleus— that  is, 
Achilles,  the  hero  of  Homer's  "  Iliad," 
and  chief  of  the  Greei.  waxriors  that  be- 
sieged Troy. 

When,  like  Peli'des.  bold  beyond  control. 

UoDier  raised  high  to  heaven  the  loni  imrtetnoiu 

song  hraltu,  "  MvtUTti.'' 


PELIOS. 


PENDRAGON, 


86V 


Pel'ion.  Ifeapiitf)  Ossa  upon  Pelion. 
Adding  difficulty  to  difficulty,  embarrass- 
ment to  emtiarrassnient,  &c.  When  the 
giants  tried  to  scale  heaven,  they  placed 
mount  Ossa  upon  mount  i'elion  for  a 
scaling  ladder. 

Pell-mell.  Headlong ;  in  recKlese 
confusion.  From  the  players  of  pall- 
mall,  who  rush  heedlessly  to  strike  the 
ball.  The  "pall"  is  the  ball  (Italian, 
valla),  and  the  "  mall"  is  the  mallet  or 
Dat  (Italian,  maijlia  ;  French,  mail).  The 
bat  is  sometimes  called  the  pall-mall  ; 
sometimes  the  game  is  so  called,  and 
sometimes  the  ground  set  apart  for  the 
game,  as  Pall-Mall,  Louc'ou. 

Pelle'an  Conqueror.  Alexander 
the  Great,  born  at  I'olla,  in  Macedo'nia. 

Kemembor  ttmt  I'ellonn  lonq'i'ror. 

ilMuii,'-  Faixidvu  Kegaintd,"  II. 

Pelleas  (Sir).  One  of  the  knights 
of  the  Round  Table.  In  the  "  FaL;ry 
Queen,"  he  goes  after  the  "  blatant 
beast,"  when  it  breaks  the  chain  with 
which  it  had  been  bound  by  Sir  Calidore. 

Pellenore  (King).  A  noted  cha- 
raclLT  in  the  "  Morte  d'Arthur." 

Pells.  Clerk  of  the  Pells.  An  officer 
of  the  Exche.^uer,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
m.ike  entries  on  the  pells  or  parchment 
rolls.     Abolished  in  1S:J4. 

Pel'ops.  Son  of  Tan'talos,  cut  to 
pieces  and  served  as  food  to  the  gods. 
The  More'a  was  callerl  Peloponno'sos  or 
the  "  island  of  Pelops,"  from  this  my- 
thical king. 

Tlu  inrry  alioidder  of  lUe  sous  of  Pelops. 
The  distinguishing  or  distinctive  mark 
of  any  one.  The  tale  is  that  Deme'ter 
ate  the  shoulder  of  Pelops  when  it  was 
served  up  by  Tan'talos,  and  when  the 
gods  put  the  body  b.ack  into  the  cauldron 
to  restore  it  to  life,  ho  came  forth  lacking 
a  shoulder.  Demotcr  supplied  an  ivory 
shoulder,  and  all  his  descendants  carried 
this  mark  in  thoir  bodies.     (•See  Pttha- 

GUli.V.S.) 

Pelo'rUB.  Capo  di  Faro,  a  promon- 
tory of  Sicily.—  Virtjil,  '''yEneid,"  iii.  6,  7. 

/  t  wlion  'tie  force 
Of  r>ul<t«rraDt-iin  wiuU  ir:iui<|>ort!<  a  hill 
Toiu  from  li-liiius. 

ildluti,  "  I'aradiM  LmU,"  t>.  L 

Pelos  (mMc/).  Father  of  Physigna'thos, 
ling  of  the  Frogs.--  "  lialtle  of  the  Frogs 
a-i4  .Mice." 


Pelt,  in  printing.  Untanned  sheep- 
skins used  for  jtrinting-balls.  (French, 
pelte;  Latin,  ptllis,  a  skin). 

Pen  and  Feather  are  varieties  of 
the  same  word,  the  rnot  being  the  San- 
skrit pat,  to  Hy.  (Wc  have  the  Sanskrit 
pattra,  a  wing  or  instrument  for  flying ; 
Latin,  petna  or  ptnuo,  pen;  Greek, 
pteron;  'l'eutoa\c, p/iallrm:  Siixou,J<:l.'ur; 
our  "feather.") 

Penang  Lawyers.  Clubs,  Pe- 
naiig  slicks  come  from  Malay  and 
Borneo. 

Pena'tes.  The  household  gods  of 
the  ikuaiaiis. 

Pencil  of  Rays.  All  the  rays  that 
issue  from  one  point,  or  that  cau  be 
focussed  at  one  point  (Laiiii,  peiucillus, 
little  tail,  whence  penicilluK,  a  painter's 
brush  made  of  the  hair  of  a  cow's  Uu\); 
so  called  because  they  are  like  the  hairs 
of  a  paint-brush,  except  at  the  point 
where  they  aggregate. 

Pendennis  (Ait/na-).  The  hero  of 
Thackeray's  novel,  entitled  "  The  History 
of  Pendennis,"  kc. 

Major  Pendennis.  A  tuft-hunter, 
similar  in  character  to  Macklin's  ceio- 
brated  Sir  Pertinax  M 'Sycophant. 

Pendente  Li'te  {LaiiK).  Pending 
the  suit ;  while  the  suit  is  going  on. 

Pendrag'on.  A  title  conferred  on 
several  British  chiefs  in  times  of  great 
danger,  when  they  were  invested  with 
dictatorial  power :  thus  Uter  and  Ar- 
thur were  each  appointed  to  the  ofhce  to 
repel  the  Saxon  invaders.  Ca.ssibelaun 
waspendragon  when  Julius  Cifsarinvaded 
the  island  ;  and  so  on.  The  word  j>en  is 
British  for  head,  and  droijnn  for  loader, 
ruler,  or  chief.  The  word  therefore 
means  summus  re.v  (chief  of  the  kings). 

So  much  for  fact,  and  now  for  the 
fable  :  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  sjiys,  when 
Aure'lius,  the  British  king,  w;is  poisoned 
by  Ambron,  during  the  ii;vasion  of  Pius- 
centius,  son  of  Vortigeni,  there  "  ap- 
peared a  star  at  Winchester  of  wonderful 
magnitude  and  brightness,  darting  forth 
a  ray,  at  the  end  of  which  was  a  plolie 
of  (ire  in  form  of  a  dragon,  out  of  whose 
mouth  issuc<l  forth  two  rays,  one  of 
which  extended  to  Gaul  ainl  the  other 
to  Ireland."  Uter  ordered  two  golden 
dragons  bo   be   made,  one  of   which  hr 


(J70 


PENELOPE. 


PENNY-A-LINER. 


prcsentRd  to  Winchester,  and  the  other 
be  carried  with  him  as  bis  royal  stan- 
dai'd,  whence  ho  received  the  name  of 
Uter  Pcndrag-on. — (Bks.  viii.,  xiv.,  xvii.) 

Penel'ope  (4  syl.).  TJu  Weh  or 
Shrovd  of  J'eiiclopc.  A  work  "never 
endinf^,  still  hofa^inninfi; ;"  never  done  but 
crer  in  hand.  Penolopii,  according  to 
Homer,  was  pestered  by  suitors  while 
her  husband,  Ulysses,  was  absent  at  the 
siepo  of  Troy.  To  relievo  herself  of  their 
importunities,  she  promised  to  m:\ke  her 
clioice  of  one  as  soon  as  she  had  finished 
weaving  a  shroud  for  her  father-in-law. 
Every  ni^dit  she  unravelled  what  she  had 
done  in  the  da}-,  and  so  deferred  making 
any  choice  till  Ulysses  returned,  when 
the  suitors  were  sent  to  the  right-about 
without  ceremony. 

Penerophon.  The  bcggnr  loved  by 
king  Uophotua.    {See  OoPiiETUA,) 

Penel'va.  A  knight  whose  adven- 
tures and  exploits  form  a  supplemental 
part  of  the  Spanish  romance  entitled 
"  Am'adis  of  Gaul."  The  first  four  books 
of  the  romance  and  the  part  above  re- 
ferred to  were  by  Portuguese  authors — 
the  former  by  Vasco  do  Lobeira,  of 
Oporto,  who  died  1403,  the  latter  by  an 
unknown  author. 

Penetralia.  The  private  rooms  of 
a  house;  the  secrets  of  a  family.  That 
part  of  a  Roman  temple  into  which  the 
priest  alone  had  access ;  here  were  the 
sacred  images,  here  the  responses  of  the 
oracles  were  made,  and  here  the  sacred 
mysteries  wore  performed.  The  Jewish 
Holy  of  Holies  was  the  penetralia  of  their 
Temple. 

Penfeather  {Lady  Penelope).  The 
lady  patroness  of  the  Spa, — /Sir  Walter 
^cott,  "Si.  Ronan's  ]Vell." 

Peninstilar  War.  The  war  carried 
on,  under  the  duke  of  Wellington,  against 
the  French  in  Portugal  and  Spain,  be- 
tv^een  1808  and  1812. 

Penitential  Psalms  are  seven 
p.salms  expressive  of  contrition.  They 
are — vi.,  xxxii.,  xxxviii.,  li.,  cii.,  cxxx., 
cxliii.,  of  the  "Authorised  Version,"  or 
vi.,  xxsi.,  xxxvii.,  1.,  ci.,  cxxix.,  clxii.  of 
the  Vulgate. 

Penmanship. 

The  "Good  King  Rgn€,"  titular  king 
of  NapleB  in  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth 
c«ntury,  was  noted  for  his  initial  letters. 


St.  TTiecla  of  Isauria  wrote  the  entire 
Scripti;res  out  without  a  blot  or  mistak''. 

St.  Theodosius  wrote  the  Gosjiels  in 
letters  of  gold  without  a  single  mi>-tako 
or  blur.  {See  Ijongfellow'g  "Goldan 
Legend,"  iv.)     (See  AxcEt^) 

Pennals  (pen-casef).  So  the  fresh- 
men of  the  Protestant  universities  of 
Germany  were  called. 

Pen'naliBm.  The  same  as  "  fag- 
ging." The  pennals  or  freshmen  of  tbc 
I'rotestant  universities  were  the  fags 
of  the  elder  students,  called  schurists. 
Abolished  at  the  close  of  the  seventeent 
century.     {See  above.) 

Pennant.  The  common  legend  is, 
that  when  Tromp,  the  Dutch  admiral, 
appeared  on  our  coast,  he  hoisted  a  broom 
on  his  ship,  to  signify  his  intention  of 
sweeping  the  ships  of  England  from  the 
sea  ;  and  that  the  EnLcHsh  admiral  hoisted 
a  horse-whip,  to  indicate  his  intention 
of  drubbing  the  Dutch.  According  to 
tins  legend,  the  pennant  symbolises  a 
horsewhip,  and  it  is  not  unfrequently 
called  "The  Whip." 

Penniless  C  The").  The  Italians  called 
^Maximilian  I.  of  Germany  I'ocld  Vanari. 
(U59,  1493-1519.) 

Penny,  in  the  sense  of  poimd.  Six- 
penny, eightpeuny,  and  tenpenny  nails 
are  nails  of  three  sizes.  A  thousand  of 
the  first  will  weigh  six  pounds ;  of  the 
second,  eight  pounds  ;  of  the  third,  ten 
pounds. 

Penny  sometimes  expresses  the  duo- 
decimal part,  as  tenpennj'  and  eleven- 
penny  silver— meaning  silver  10-12th8 
and  ll-12ths  fine. 

One  was  to  be  teureuny.  another  eleven,  another 
EtciUug  silver. —  WtuUnJeid,  "Secrelt  of  tht  AdepU." 

My  penny  of  ohservation  ("  Love's  La- 
bour's Lost,"  iii.  1).  My  pennyworth  of 
wit ;  my  natural  observation  or  mother- 
wit.  Probably  there  is  some  pun  or  con- 
fusion between  penetration  and  "  penny 
of  observation"  or  "penn'orth  of  wit." 

A  penny  for  your  thoughts.  See  Hey- 
wood's  Lialogue,  Pt.  ii.  4.     {See  Pennt- 

"WOllTH.) 

Penny-a-liner.  A  contributor  to 
tho  local  newspapers,  but  not  on  the 
staff.  At  one  time  these  collectors  of  news 
used  to  be  paid  a  penny  a  line,  and  it 
was  to  their  interest  to  spin  out  their 
report  as  much  as  possible.  The  word 
remains,  but  is  now  a  misnomer. 


PENNY-FATHER. 


rENTHESILEA. 


671 


Penny-father.  A  miser,  a  penu- 
fiotis  person,  who  "husbands"  his  pence. 

Gool  old  peaay-fatlier  was  gl&d  of  his  liquor, 
r,tiqu,l,-'J,tW  (1629). 

Penny  Gaff.  A  theatre,  the  ad- 
mission to  whicli  is  one  penny.  Properly 
a  ;r;iff  is  a  rini,'-  for  cock-fighting,  a  sen- 
eational  aransenient  which  has  Keen  made 
to  yield  to  sensational  dramas  of  the 
Richardson  typn.      (Irish,  fja/,  a  hook.) 

Penny  Readings.  Parochial  unter- 
t.iininciits  consi.stiuy;  of  reading's,  music, 
itc,  fur  wljicli  Id  admission  is  charged. 

Penny  Weddings.  "Wcd<ling  ban- 
quets in  Scotland,  to  which  a  num- 
ber of  persons  wore  invited,  each  of 
whom  paid  a  small  sum  of  money  not 
exceeding'  a  shilling.  After  defraying 
tlio  expenses  of  the  feast,  the  residue 
went  to  the  newly  married  pair,  to  aiil 
in  furnishing  their  house.  Abolished  in 
1616. 

\  era  tru-,  ycra  tr-jc.  We'll  have  a'  to  iiar  ...  a 
sort  of  punuyweiiiiing  it  w  11  prove,  «liere  tU  nuu 
CI  ntrit'Ute  lo  ihe  j-oaDij  folks  mainti-iiaUce.-Air 
H'altr  Scott,  "  yorluiies  nf  Xiyrl,"  cu.  xxviu 

Penny-weight.  So  called  from 
being  the  weiglit  of  a  silver  poany  in  the 
reif-'n  of  Edward  1.    Dwt  is  d  =^ penny,  wk 

Penny  Wise.  Unwise  thrift.  The 
whole  proverb  is  ■penny  wise  and  pound 
foidisk,  like  the  man  who  lost  his  horse 
from  his  penny  wisdom  in  saving  the 
expense  of  shoeing  it  afresh  when  one  of 
its  shoes  was  loose. 

PennjTWOrth,  or  Pen'oth.  A  small 
quantity,  as  much  as  can  be  bought  for 
a  penny.  Butler  says,  "This  was  the 
pen'oth  of  his  thought"  ("lludiliras," 
ii.  3).  meaning  tliat  its  scope  or  amount 
was  extremely  small.  [See  p.  G70,  coL  2). 

lie  has  gut  his  penni/worLh,  lie  has 
got  value  for  his  monoj'. 

Pen'sion  is  something  weu/hed  out. 
Originally  money  was  weighed,  hence  our 
pound.  When  the  Gauls  were  bribed  to 
leave  Rome  the  ransom  money  was 
weighed  in  scales,  and  then  Brennus 
threw  his  sword  into  the  weight-pan. 
ILatin,  pernio,  to  weigh  money.) 

Pensioners  at  the  Universities  and 
Inns  of  Court ;  so  called  from  the  French 
pension,  (board),  pensionnaire  (a  boarder, 
one  wlio  pays  a  sum  of  money  to  dine 
and  lo'lgo  with  some  one  else). 

Pen'tr^ele.  A  five-s'ided  heul-dross 
of  fine  linen,  meant  to  rc{)re8ont  tho  Qve 
sen£i'<f,  ivnd  worn   as  a  defence  against 


demons  in  the  act  of  conjuration.  It  ii 
also  called  Solomon's  Seal  (sigynnn  Sahi- 
mo'nis).  A  pontaclo  consisting  of  throe 
triangles  was  extended  by  the  magician 
towards  the  spirits  when  they  proved 
contumacious. 

And  on  her  hea.1,  lest  spirits  shonM  inva  le, 
A  pemacle,  for  more  assurance,  laid. 

lUtxe,  **  Oiiantio  Funoto,"  iii.  SI. 

Pentap'olin.  An  imaginary  chief- 
t;iin,  but  in  reality  the  drover  of  a  flock 
vi  sheep.  Don  Quixote  concoi^'cd  him 
to  bo  the  Christian  king  of  tho  Gara- 
mantians,  surnamed  the  Xaked  Arm,  be- 
cause he  always  entered  tho  field  with 
his  rignt  arm  bare.  The  driver  of  a  lL<ok 
from  the  opposite  direction  was  dubbed 
by  tho  Worthy  Don  the  emperor  Alilan- 
faron  of  the  isle  of  Taproba'na.  a  pagan. — 
drvanies,  '■'■Don  Quixote,"  Pt.  L  bk.  iii.  ■!. 

Pentap'olis. 

(1)  The  five  cities  of  tho  plain  :  Sodom, 
Gomorrah,  Admali,  Zcbo'im,  and  Zoar; 
four  of  which  were  consumed  with  lire, 
and  their  site  covered  with  tho  lake  As- 
phalti'tes,  or  the  Dead  Sea. 

(2)  Tho  five  cities  of  Cyrena'ica,  in 
Egypt:  Bereni'ce,  Arsin'oe,  Ptolema'ia, 
Cyre'ne,  and  Apollo'nia. 

(3)  Tlie  five  cities  of  tho  Phili.stines : 
Oiiza,  Gath,  As'calon,  Ash'dotl,  and 
Ekron. 

(4)  Tho  five  cities  of  Italy  in  tho 
exarchate  of  Ravenna:  Rim' in i,  Pesaro, 
l<\ino,  Sinigaglia,  and  Anco'na.  These 
were  given  liy  Po|iin  to  tho  pope. 

(.5)  Tho  Dorian  pentapolis :  Cni'dos, 
Cos,  Lind()s,  lal'ysos,  and  Cami'ros. 

Pentateuch.  The  first  five  books 
of  the  Old  Testament,  supposed  to  be 
written  by  Moses.  (Greek,  penle,  five  ; 
tti'xhos,  a  book.) 

The  Chinese  Pentateuch.  The  five  books 
of  Confucius  :  —  (!)  Tho  "Shoo-King,"  or 
Look  of  History  ;  ('!)  The  "  Lee-King," 
or  Book  of  Rites  ;  ('.i)  Tho  Book  of  Odes. 
or  Chinese  Homer;  (4)  Tho  "  Yih-Kiiig, 
or  Book  of  Changes  ;  and  (.5)  The  "  Chun- 
Ts'eu,"  or  Spring  and  Autumn  Annals. 

Fen'teeost.  (Greek,  fiflidh.)  The 
festival  hold  by  tho  Jews  on  the  fiftieth 
day  after  tho  Passover  ;  our  Whitsunday. 

Penthesile'a.  Queen  of  the  Ama- 
zons, slain  by  Achilles.  Sir  Toby  Belch 
says  to  Maria,  in  the  service  of  Olivia — 

Qo<^    night,    Penthitilpa    Imr    flno    wo.ii^!|-- 


672 


i'ENTlIOLSK. 


PEUEGRINK. 


Pent'house  (2  ey\.).  A  hat  witri  a 
broad  hriin.  The  aikisiui!  is  to  the  hood 
of  a  door,  or  cojiiDfr  of  a  roof.  (Welsh, 
peiitif ;  S^.anish,  peatice ;  Froucb,  ap- 
pe/Uu,  also  peiUfj  a  slope. ) 

Pentreath  (Dolly).  'Ine  last  person 
wlio  spoko  (Jornish.  She  was  visituil  by 
Sir  Joseph  JJanks. 

Pe'olphan.  The  groat  hunter  of 
the  North. 

People.  Thf.  People'*  Fviend.  Dr. 
William  Gordon,  the  pliilanlhroi)ist. 
(1801-1849.) 

Pepe.  All  P^pe.  Mine  host  of  the 
Crocodile  Inn.  Hu  was  hanyed  for  mur- 
der.— '^Cruquemitaiiie,"  iii.  6. 

Pepper  Gate.  When  your  daiu/kier 
is  stolen  close  Pepper  Oate.  Pepper  (^Jato 
used  to  be  on  the  east  side  of  the  city  of 
Chester.  It  is  said  that  the  daughter  of 
the  mayor  eloped,  and  the  mayor  ordered 
the  gate  to  be  closed  up.  "  Li)ck  ihe 
stable-door  when  the  steed  is  stolen." — 
Albert  Smitli,  ^-  CItriitophcr  Tadpole,"' c\i.  i. 

Peppy  Bap.  A  larp-e  erratic  boulder, 
east  of  Loith.  IJap  or  Ba])'homet  was  an 
imaijfinary  idol  which  the  Templars  were 
said  to  employ  in  their  mysterious  rites. 
l'cp]>y  is  a  contraction  of  Pepe-iiuth,  .. 
Saxon  idol. 

Per  Saltuili.  (Latin,  hy  a  leap.)  A 
promotion  or  degree  given  without  going 
over  the  ground  usually  prescribed. 
Thus,  a  clergyman  on  lieing  made  a 
bishop  has  the  degree  of  D.D.  given  him 
per  sallaia — i.e.,  without  taking  the  B.D. 
degree,  and  waiting  the  usual  five  years. 

Peree'forest  (Kinij).  A  prose  ro- 
mance, printed  at  Paris  in  1528,  and  said 
to  have  been  discovered  in  a  cabinet  hid 
in  the  massive  wall  of  an  ancient  tower 
on  the  baiiks  of  the  Humber,  named 
Burtimer  from  a  king  of  that  name  who 
built  it.  The  MS.  was  said  to  bo  in 
Greek,  and  was  translated  through  the 
Latin  into  French. 

It  is  also  used  for  Peixeval,  an  Ar- 
thurian knight,  in  many  of  the  ancient 
romances. 

Perceval  (Sir),  of  Wales.  Knight 
of  the  Round  TaVile,  »on  of  Sir  Pellinore, 
and  brother  of  Sir  Lame  rock.  Ho  went 
in  quest  of  the  St.  Graal  [q.v.).  Chre'tien 
de  Troj'es  wrote  the  "  lioniau  de  Perce- 
val."   (1541-1596).    Meucssier  ia  verso. 


Per'cinet.  A  fairy  prince,  who 
thwarts  the  miilicious  designs  of  Grog- 
non.  the  cruel  stop-mothei  of  Gracio'sa. 
—  Fairy  tales. 

Percy  {)>itn-ce-eye).  When  Malcolm 
III.  of  Scotland  invaded  England,  and 
reduced  the  castle  of  Alnwick,  Ilobert 
do  Mowbray  brought  to  him  the  keys  of 
the  castle  suspended  on  his  lance  ;  and, 
handing  them  from  the  wall,  thrust  his 
lance  into  the  king's  eye  ;  from  which 
eircumstanco,  the  tradition  says,  he  re- 
ceived the  name  of  "  Piorce-cye,"  which 
has  ever  since  been  borne  by  the  dukes 
of  NorthumVjerland. 

This  is  (ill  a  fiMi'.  The  Peroies  «■  t  .lescodei  f/om 
a  ereat  N.jnuan  haron.  wlio  oirae  over  with  William, 
and  who  tooli  hi"  uuine  from  Ins  csMt  »u.it*iHU 
111  .\orii  ttli  JJ.— 6/r  it'uUir  ScutI,-  y.ilri  nj  a  lirnrd. 
J.ilh,r:'  IV. 

Per'dita.  Daughter  of  Leontes  and 
Ilermi'one  of  Sicily.  She  was  bom  when 
her  mother  was  imprisoned  by  Leonte: 
out  of  causeless  jealousy.  Paulina,  a 
noble  lady,  hoping  to  soften  the  king's 
heart,  took  the  infant  and  laid  it  at  its 
father's  f set ;  but  Leontes  ordered  it  to 
bo  put  to  sea,  under  the  expectiition  that 
it  would  drift  to  some  desert  island.  The 
vessel  drifted  to  Bohemia,  where  the  in- 
fant was  discovered  by  a  sheiiherd,  whc 
brought  it  up  as  his  own  daughter.  In 
time  Florizel,  the  sou  and  heir  of  the 
Bohemian  king  Polixenes,  fell  in  love 
with  the  supposed  shepherdess.  The 
match  was  forbidden  by  Polixenes,  and 
the  young  loveir:  Hed,  under  the  charge 
of  Camillo,  to  Sicily.  Here  the  story  is 
cleared  up,  Polixines  and  Leontes  be- 
come  reconciled,  and  the  young  loverf 
are  vajjcneA.—  SUakespeart,  ''  Whiter  t 
Tale." 

Pere  Duclaene.  Jacques  Rdntf 
Hebert,  one  of  the  most  profligate  cha- 
racters of  the  French  Revolution.  He 
was  editor  of  a  vile  newspaper  so  called, 
containing  the  gTos.sest  insinuations 
against  Marie  Antoinette.     (1755-1794.) 

Peregrine  (3  syl.)  ran  away  from 
home  and  obtained  a  loan  of  £10  from 
Job  Thornburj',  with  which  he  went 
abroad  and  traded  ;  he  returned  a  wealthy 
man,  and  arrived  in  Loudon  on  the  very 
day  Job  Thornbury  was  made  a  bank- 
rupt. Having  paid  the  creditors  out  of 
the  procfieds  made  from  the  hardware- 
man's  loan,  he  married  his  daughter.— 
George  Culman  tM  yav-iijer,  "John  Bull,'' 


PEKEOniKE 


PERK. 


673 


Peregrine  Falcon.  The  female  is 
larger  tliar,  the  male.  The  female  is  the 
falcon  of  falconers,  anJ  the  male  tht^ 
utrctl.  It  is  called  peregrine  from 'its 
wandering  habits. 

Pere^-ine  Piclda.  The  hero  of 
Smollett's  novel  so  called.  A  savage, 
ungrateful  spendthrift ;  fond  of  practical 
jokes  to  the  annoyance  of  others,  and 
suffering  with  evil  temper  the  misfor- 
times  brou;;ht  on  by  his  '^wn  w«l^l!- 
ness, 

Perfec'tionists.  A  socit-ly  fL-itiulcd 
by  Father  Noyes  in  Oneida  Creek.  They 
take  St.  Paul  for  their  law-giver,  but 
read  his  epistles  in  a  new  li^jht.  They 
reject  all  law,  saying  the  guidance  of  the 
Spirit  is  superior  to  all  human  codes. 
If  they  would  know  how  to  act  in  mat- 
ters affecting  others,  they  consult  "  pub- 
lic opinion,"  expressed  by  a  committee  ; 
and  the  "law of  sympathy"  so  expressed 
is  their  law  of  action.  In  material  pros- 
perity this  society  is  unmatched  by  all 
the  societies  of  North  America. —  W. 
Ufpworlh  Dixon,  "  jVew  America,"  vii. 
20,  21. 

Perfide  Albion!  {French).  Tub 
words  of  Napoleon  [. 

Per'fume  (2  syl.)  means  simply 
"from  smoke"  (Latin,  per  fumum),  the 
first  perfumes  having  been  obtained  by 
the  combustion  of  aromatic  woods  and 
erums.  Their  oritriual  use  was  in  sacri- 
tiee.s,  to  counteract  the  oliensivo  odouro 
of  the  burning  tlesh. 

Pe'ri  (pi.  peris).  Peris  are  delicuto, 
gentle,  fairy-like  beings  of  Eastern  my- 
thology, begotten  by  fallen  spirits.  They 
<lircct  with  a  wand  tlio  pure  in  mind  the 
way  to  heaveo.  'I'hese  lovely  creature-, 
according  to  the  Koran,  are  under  tlie 
sovereignty  of  Eblis,  and  Mahomet  was 
sent  for  their  conversion,  as  well  as  for 
ll.at  of  mnn. 

L'U-  p«ri»'  waniJi,  wh>p  pci'i'injt  out  Ih?  roal 
Kor  toiue  pure  npirit  lu  tne  bleat  a^iode. 

Tii'.n,,,,  Moo, i^"LiiU.i  HooKii,"  pt  L 

Per'icles,  Prince  of  Tyro  {SUU- 
tpeare).  The  story  is  from  the  "  CJesta 
Komano'rum,"  where  Perii:!es  is  called 
"Apollo'nius,  king  of  'I'yre."  The 
story  is  also  related  by  Gower  in  his 
"  t'onfessio  Amantis,"  bk.  viii. 

Peril'Io  vSw^ords.  PeriUo  is  a  "  lit- 
tle stone,"  a  mark  by  which  Julian  del 
\\'  \  a  fiimouq  nrmourer  cf  T'jlo'di  •Ms^ 


Zir.agoza,  authenticated  the  swonls  o( 
his  manufacture.  All  perillo  swords  were 
made  of  the  stool  produced  from  the 
mines  of  Mondragon.  The  swords  friven 
by  Catliarino  of  .\ragon  to  Henry  VI If. 
on  his  wedding  day  were  all  I'ttilio 
blades. 

The  most  common  inscription  was, 
Draw  me  not  wilhoul  reason,  sUeaike  r.ienvi 
wil/oiil  hoiiojr. 

Perilous  Castle.  The  castle  of 
lord  i)ouglas  was  so  called  in  the  reign 
of  Kdward  I.,  because  good  lord  Doughs 
destrnycd  several  Eiigli.sh  garrisons  .sra- 
tioneil  there,  and  vowed  to  be  revenged 
on  any  one  who  sIiouM  dare  to  t,ako  pos- 
ses.siw)  of  it.  Sir  Walter  Scott  calls  it 
"  Ca.'Ule  Dangerous.'  (See  Introduction 
of  "Ca.stle  Dangerous.'') 

Per'ion.  A  fabulous  king  of  GauJ, 
father  of  "Am'alis  of  Gaul."  His  en- 
counter with  the  lion  is  one  of  his  best 
exploits.  It  is  said  that  he  was  huntinjr, 
when  his  horse  reared  and  snorted  at 
seeing  a  !ion  in  the  path,  Porion  leaped 
to  the  ground  and  attacked  the  lion,  but 
the  lion  overthrew  him  ;  whereupon  the 
king  drove  his  sword  into  the  belly  of 
the  beast  ar.  1  killed  him. — "  Amadu  dt 
Uaid,"  ch.  i. 

Peripatet'ios.  Founder  of  Vie  Peri- 
patetics.— Aristotle,  who  used  to  teach 
his  disciples  in  the  covered  walk  of  the 
Lyceum.  This  colonnade  was  called  the 
P'ripuius.  because  it  was  a  place  for 
walking  about  (jjtri jxUeo). 

Peris      Persia.     (See  Ptni. ) 

Peris'sa  («.r««  or  prodiqalily ;  Greek, 
Perisso.i).  Step-sister  of  Eiis.sa  and  Me- 
di  'na.  These  ladies  could  never  agree  upon 
any  subject. — Spenser,  "  Faenj  Qiuen," 
bk.  ii. 

Piirlwig.    {S>e  PEnrKE.) 

Periwink'le.  The  l)indaound 
plant.  (Saxon,  peruinee ;  French,  per- 
veache ;  connected  with  rincio,  the  Latin 
verb  "to  bin<l.")  In  Italy  it  used  to  be 
tvreatlied  round  dead  infants,  and  hence 
its  Italian  name/ior  di  murto. 

Perk.  To  pnk  onesflf.  To  plume 
oneself  on  atiy thing.  (Welsh,  percu,  to 
smarten  or  plume  feathers  ) 

yaii  Icjin  to  perk  up  a  bit— i.e.,  to  got 
a  little  fatter  and  more  plumn  after  a^i 
irricas.    {See  a'fjvi.) 


074 


PERKUNOS. 


PERUSE. 


Porku'nos.  CJod  of  the  elomonts. 
The  Sclavonic  Trinity  was  Perkii'nos, 
llikollos,  and  Potiimpos.  —  Orimm, 
"  Deutsche  Mylholo(jie." 

Porm'ian  Strata.  So  called  from 
Perm,  in  Russia,  whore  thoy  are  most 
distinctly  developed. 

Pernelle  (Madame).  A.  scolding 
old  woman  in  Molibru's  "  Tartuffo." 

Pcrpet'ual  Motion.  Restlessness ; 
fidgotty  or  nervous  discjuiet ;  also  a 
chiinerical  scheme  wholly  inipracticahlo. 
Many  liavo  tried  to  invent  a  machine  that 
shall  move  of  itself,  and  never  stop  ;  but 
as  all  materials  must  suffer  from  wear 
and  tear,  it  is  evident  that  such  an  in- 
vention is  practically  impossible. 

It  were  lietler  to  lie  eaten  to  deatli  with  rust,  than 
to  be  erourcJ  to  noi  liimr  witli  rerpetiial  motioa  — 
Hhakun/ture,  "  2  Jlenrt!  J  V,''  act  i.  2. 

Perriike  or  Periwu/.  Menas^e  inge- 
niously derives  these  words  from  the  Latin 
pilus,  "  hair."  Thus,  piltis,  pedis,  pehi- 
(lis,  pelu'tiais,  pelu'tica,  pei-u'a,  iierni,que. 

Pers.  Persia ;  called  Fars.  (French, 
Perse.') 

Person.  (Latin,  persona,  a  mask  ; 
persoria'tus,  one  who  wears  a  mask,  an 
actor.)  A  "person"  is  one  who  imper- 
Gonates  a  character.  Shakespeare  says, 
"All  the  world's  a  staRe,  and  all  the 
men  and  women  merely  players"  or  per- 
sons. When  we  speak  of  the  "  person 
of  the  Deity"  we  mean  the  same  thing, 
the  cluxracler  represented,  as  that  of  the 
Father,  or  that  of  the  Son,  or  that  of  the 
Holy  Ghost.  There  is  no  more  notion  of 
corporeality  conijocted  with  the  word, 
than  there  is  any  assumption  of  the  body 
of  Hamlet  when  an  acttir  impersonates 
that  character. 

Persecutions  (The  Ten  Orcat).  (1) 
Under  Nero,  A.D.  (54  ;  (2)  Domitiati,  95  ; 
j3)  Trajan,  98;  (4)  Hadrian,  118;  (5) 
Pcrtinax,  202,  chiefly  in  Egypt ;  (6)  Maxi- 
min,  23G  ;  (7)  Decius,  249  ;  (8)  Valerian, 
^•'>7 :  (9)  Aurelian,  272 ;  (IG)  Diocletian, 
302, 

Persep'olis,  called  by  the  Persians 
"  The  'Ihrone  of  Jam-sheid,"  by  whom 
it  wag  founded.  Jara-sheid  removed  the 
»oat  of  government  from  Balk  to  la- 
takhar. 

Por'seus  (2  syl.).  A  bronze  statue 
in  the  Loggia  dei   Laczi,   at   Floreuca. 


The    best    work    of    Benvoiuto  Collint 
(1500-15';2.) 

Perseus  jlying  horse.  A  ship.  "Per- 
seus comiuercd  the  head  of  Medu'sa,  and 
did  make  Peg'ase,  the  most  swift  ship, 
which  be  always  calls  Perseus'  flying 
horso." — "  Destruction  of  Troy." 

The  strong-ribbed  baik  through  linuiJ  ir.ouut4.iaf 

cut 

Like  I'erscus'  liorse. 

i,luik,i.ty>eart,  "  Troilus  and  Crcmda,"  L  i. 

Perse  ve're  (3  syl. ).  This  word  comes 
from  an  obsolete  Latin  verb,  severo,  to 
stick  rigidly  ;  hence  severus,  severe  or 
rigid.  Asseverate  is  to  stick  rigidly  to 
what  you  saj' ;  persevere  is  to  stick 
rigidly  to  what  you  undertake  till  you 
have  accomplished  it. 

Persia,n  Alexander.  Sand  jar. 
(1117-1168.)    (.S««  Alexander.) 

Persian  Buceph'alos.  Shebdis;. 
the  charger  of    Chosroes    Parviz.     (See 

BUCKTHALOS.) 

Perth  is  Celtic  for  a  bush.  The 
county  of  Perth  is  the  county  of  bushes. 

Fair  Maid  of  Perth.  Catharine  Glover, 
daughter  of  Simon  Glover,  glover,  of 
Perth.  Her  lover  is  Henry  Gow,  aliai 
Henry  Smith,  alius  Gow  Chrom,  alias 
Hal  of  the  Wynd  the  armourer,  foster- 
son  of  Dame  Shoolbrod. — Sir  Walter 
Scott,  "i'uif  Maid  of  Perth." 

The  Five  Articles  of  Perth  were  those 
passed  in  1618  by  order  of  James  VI., 
enjoining  the  attitude  of  kneeling  to 
receive  the  elements;  the  observance  of 
Christmas,  Good  Friday,  Easter,  and 
Pentecost;  the  rite  of  confirmation,  &c. 
They  were  ratified  August  4, 1621,  called 
Black  Saturday,  and  condemned  in  the 
General  Assembly  of  Glasgow  in  1633. 

Peru.  Thai's  not  Pern.  Said  of 
something  utterly  worthless.  A  French 
expression,  founded  on  the  notion  that 
Peru  is  the  El  Dorado  of  the  world. 

Peruvian.  A  native  of  Peru,  per- 
taining to  Peru,  &c. 

Per  avian  Bark,  called  also  Jesuit's 
Bark,  because  it  was  introduced  into 
Spain  by  the  Jcsnifs,  and  "  qniniuf," 
from  the  tree  called  by  the  Indians  qiuH- 
qniiicL     [See  Gincho.na.) 

Peruse  (2  syl.).  A  contrs-ction  of 
the  Greek  peri  mo,  ruo  being  a  dialeotio 
form  of  »Yo,  a  verb  allied  t^  our  read; 
p©'-ruso  is  to  "  run  over  " 


PESCECOLA. 


PETER. 


073 


Pescec'ola.  Tlio  famous  swimmer 
drowneil  in  the  pool  of  ("haribdis.  The 
tale  says  he  dived  once  into  the  pool,  and 
was  quite  satisfied  with  its  honors  and 
wonders  ;  but  the  king  F'rederick  then 
tossed  in  a  golden  cup,  which  Pescecola 
dived  for,  and  was  novor  seen  again. 
(.SVe  Schiller's  "Bivor.') 

Pessimist.  One  who  fancies  every 
thing  is  as  bad  as  possible.  (Latin, 
pesa'tm  us,  the  worst. ) 

Petard'.  IToisl  on  his  oiim  petard. 
Caright  in  his  ow!i  trap,  involved  in  the 
danger  he  meant  for  others.  The  petard 
was  an  instruniont  of  war  in  the  form  of 
a  high-crowned  hat,  chiefly  employed 
for  blowing  open  gates  with  gimpowder. 
The  engineers  used  to  carry  the  petard  to 
the  place  they  intended  to  blow  up,  and 
having  nicely  adjusted  the  plank  of  the 
petard  to  the  gate,  fire  it  by  a  fusee. 
Shakespeare  spells  the  word  pelar:  "  'Tis 
the  sport  to  have  the  engineer  hoist  with 
his  own  petar." — "Hamlet,"  iii.  4. 

Turning  the  niuzzloa  of  tl.e  L'uns  Ma-riiRla-wnrds, 
«iwl  fCttii  g  a  rif".-  ')<  li^-lit'l  ripe,  [ti:c  party]  blazi-d 
na.iv  lis  Viuorously  as  lo^sible  iind  tried  to  hoist 
I'lieo  luie  ou  hiB  owu  petarj.  — /l«iVj/  paper. 

Petaud.  '  2'i>  the  court  of  Icing  Petaud, 
u'hi^e  ever//  one  is  master.  There  is  no 
order  or  discipline  at  all.  This  is  a  I 
French  proverb.  Potaud  is  a  corruption 
of  peto  (I  bog),  and  king  Petaud  means 
king  of  the  l)0ggars,  in  whose  court  all 
are  masters,  for  no  one  acknowledges  his 
authority   or   fears   his   laws.     (See  Al- 

BATIA.) 

Peter.    {See  Blcjk  Peter.) 

Ortal  Peter.  A.  bell  in  York  Minster, 
weighing  lOj  tons,  and  hung  in  1845. 

Lui-d  Peter.  The  pope  in  Swift's 
"  Talo  of  a  Tub." 

Rob  Peter  to  pay  Paul.    (See  Robbing.) 

St.  Peter.  I'atnm  .saint  of  fisher.s  and 
fishmongorB,  being  himself  a  fisher- 
man. 

St.  Peler,  in  Christian  art,  is  repre- 
sented as  an  old  man,  bald,  but  with  a 
flowing  beard  ;  ho  is  usually  dressed  in  a 
white  m.antlo  and  blue  tunic,  and  holds 
in  ills  hand  a  book  or  scroll.  His  pecu- 
liar Kyinl.ols  are  the  keys,  and  a  sword 
the  instrument  of  his  martyrdom. 

Jle  luis  <jot  St,  Peter's  fin^/iTS— i.e.,  the 
fingers  of  a  thiof.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
fish  caught  by  St.  Peter  with  a  piece  of 
money  in  its  mouth.  Tliey  say  that  a 
thief  tias  a  flsh-huok  on  orory  &ugor. 


Peter  the  Great  of  Russia  built 
St.  Petersburg,  and  gave  Russia  a  place 
among  the  nations  of  luiropo.  Ho  l.tid 
aside  his  crown  and  scui>tre,  came  to 
Enn-land,  and  worked  as  a  common  la- 
bourer in  our  dockyards,  that  he  might 
teach  his  subjects  how  to  build  ships. 

Peter  the  Hermit  (in  Tasso),  "the 
holy  author  of  the  cnisado"  (bk.  i.).  It  is 
said  that  si.K  millions  of  persons  assumed 
the  cross  at  his  preaching. 

Peter  the  Wild  Boy,  found  1725  in 
a  wood  near  Hameln,  in  Hanover,  at 
the  suppo.sed  age  of  13.     (Died  1785.) 

Peter-boat.  A  boat  made  to  go 
either  way,  the  stem  and  stern  being  both 
alike.  A  corruption  oi petkur,  to  run.  to 
hurry.  (Latin,  peto,  to  go  straight  to  a 
place,  as  Cyzicum  peteha'nuis — Cicero.) 

Peter  Botte  Mountain,  in  the 
island  of  Mauritius;  so  called  from  a 
Dutchman  who  scaled  its  summit,  but 
lost  his  life  in  coming  down.  It  is  a 
rugged  cone,  more  than  2,800  feet  in 
height. 

Peter  Parley.  The  nom  de  plume  of 
Samuel  G.  Goodrich,  an  American.  (1793- 
1860.) 

Peter  Peebles.  Peter  Peebles'  Law- 
S7dt.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  of 
"  Redgauntlet."  Peter  is  a  litigious 
hard-hearted  drunkard,  poor  as  a  church- 
mouse,  and  a  liar  to  the  backbone.  His 
"ganging  plea"  is  Hogarthiaa  comic,  as 
Carlyle  says. 

Peter-pence.  An  annual  tribute  of 
one  penny  paid  at  the  feast  of  St.  Peter 
to  the  see  of  Rome.  At  one  tiHio  it  was 
collected  from  every  family,  but  after- 
wards it  was  restricted  to  those  "  who 
aad  the  value  of  thirty  pence  in  quick  or 
live  stock."  This  tax  was  collected  in 
P^ngland  from  740  till  it  was  abolished  bv 
lleury  VIII. 

Peter  Pindar.  The  nom  de  plwHt 
of  Dr.  John  Wolcot  (  Wool-cut),  of  Dod- 
brooke,  Devonshire.     (1733-1819.) 

Peter  Porcupine.  William  Cob- 
bett,  when  ho  was  a  Tory.  We  h.ive 
"  Potor  Porcupine's  Gazette,"  and  the 
"Porcujiine  Papers,"  in  twelve  volumes 
(1762-1835.) 

Peter  Wilkins  was  written  by 
Robert  I'ultock,  of  Clilford't  Inn,  and 
Bold  to  Dodaley  the  publisher  fcr  jKO. 


S76 


PETER. 


PETTO. 


Peter  of  Provence  came  into  jios-  | 
eession  of  Merlin's  wooden  horse.  Tliore 
is  a  French  romance  called  "  Peter  of 
Provence  and  the  Fair  Magalo'na,"  the 
chief  incidents  of  which  are  connected 
with  this  Hying  charger. 

Pe'terborough  { Norihampton shire). 
So  called  from  the  monastery  of  St. 
Peter,  founded  in  (ib^>.  Tracts  relatinc,' 
to  this  monastery  are  published  in 
Sparko's  collection. 

Pe'terloo.  The  dispersal  of  a  large 
tnceling  in  St.  Peter's  Field,  Manchester, 
by  an  armed  force,  Jnly  16th,  181'J.  '1  he 
assemblage  consisted  of  operatives,  and 
the  question  was  parliamentary  reform. 
The  ftord  is  a  parody  upon  Waterloo. 

Petit-Maitre.  A  fop;  a  lad  who 
assumes  the  manners,  dress,  and  affecta- 
tions of  a  man.  The  term  arose  before 
the  Revolution,  wheu  a  great  dignitary 
was  styled  &  r/mnd-ma'tie,  and  a  preten- 
tious one  a  jintil-maUre. 

Petitio  Prineip'ii.  A  begging  of 
fche  question,  or  assuming  in  the  pre- 
mises the  question  you  undertake  to 
prove.  Thus,  if  a  peison  undertook  to 
prove  the  infallibility  of  the  pope,  and 
were  to  take  for  his  premises  — (1)  Jesus 
Christ  promi.sed  to  keep  the  apostles  and 
their  successors  in  all  the  truth  ;  (2)  the 
popes  are  the  regular  successors  of  the 
apostles,  and  therefore  the  popes  are 
infallible— it  would  bo  a  vicious  syllo- 
gism from  a  pedtio  ■principii. 

Petitioners  and  Abhorrers.  Two 
political  parties  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  When  that  monarch  was  first  re- 
stored he  used  to  trrant  everything  he 
was  asked  for  ;  but  after  a  time  this  be- 
came a  great  evil,  and  Charles  enjoined 
his  loWng  siibjects  to  discontinue  their 
practice  of  "  petitiDuing."  Those  who 
agreed  with  the  king,  and  disapproved  of 
petitioning,  were  called  A  hhorrtrs  :  those 
who  were  favourable  to  the  objectionable 
practice  were  nicknamed  I'elUione>-s. 

Petrarch.  The  English  Petmn-h. 
Sir  Philip  Sidney  ;  so  called  by  Sir  Wal- 
ter Puileigh.  Cowper  styles  him  "the 
warbler  of  poetic  prose."   (1554-15S6.) 

Pet'l^l.  TU  SLormi)  I'eliel.  So 
named,  according  to  trailition,  from  the 
Italian  Petrelio  (little  Peter),  in  allusion 
lo  St.  Peter,  who  walked  on  the  sea. 
Our  sailors  call  theui  "  M.othT  Carey's 


Chickens."  They  are  f-allod  $tormv  be- 
cause in  a  gale  they  surround  a  ship  W 
catch  small  animals  which  ri.sa  to  the 
surface  of  the  rough  f-ea  ;  when  the  gale 
ceases  they  are  no  longer  seen.  Thomson 
thinks  the  bird  is  called  "  I'ewetrel  from 
its  cry." 

Pet'iified  (3  syl.).  Thf  Ptlrified  Ci'ii. 
Ishmonio,  in  Upper  Egypt,  is  so  called 
from  the  number  of  petrified  bodies  of 
men,  women,  and  children  to  be  Boen 
there. 

Petrobrus'siaus  or  I'Hioiirux'iaru. 
A  religious  sect,  founded  in  1110,  and  so  * 
called  from  Peter  Bniys,  a  Proven(;al. 
He  declaimed  against  churches,  a.sserting 
that  a  stable  was  as  good  as  a  cathedral 
for  worship,  and  a  manger  equal  to  an 
altiir.  He  also  declaimed  against  the 
use  of  cruciii.xes. 

Pfct'ronel.  Sir  Petronel  Flash.  A 
braggavlocio,  a  tongue-doughty  warrior. 


Give  your  echoMcr  d'wn 
AijJ  some  dice  for  Si 


.  and  your  lawyer  hiif^es, 
I'elroucll  Flash. 

BrU  liM. 


Petru'chio.  A  gentleman  of  Vero'Ui. 
who  undertakes  to  tame  the  haughty 
Katharine,  called  Ihe  Shrew.  Ho  marries 
her,  and  without  the  least  personal 
chastisement  brings  her  to  lamb-like 
submission.  — S/(.a^esvO«a?-«,  "Taming  oj 
the  Shrew." 

Petticoat  and  Gown.  The  dress. 
When  the  gown  wa.s  looped  up,  the  petti- 
coat formed  an  important  item  in  dress. 
The  poppy  is  said  to  have  a  red  petti- 
coat and  a  green  gown;  the  daffodil,  a 
yellow  petticoat  and  green  gown  ;  a 
candle,  a  white  petticoat ;  and  so  on  in 
our  common  nursery  rhymes— 

1     The  kiiii't  dsu.liter  is  c-omin?  to  town. 
Wit     »  reJ  1  ttticoai  bm^I  «  gree  ■  go»n. 
i     Daffa-iowu  d  lly  is  now  co-iie  lo  t-'»ii 

1 11  «  .\  elluw  pitticost  nod  a  green  gown 
Pettifogger.  A  pelti/ngyuu/  la'c;ifi 
is  not  one  who  mystities  his  client,  or 
keeps  him  always  in  a  little  fog,  but  a 
corruption  of  the  French  petit  voguf, 
"  voguer  "  being  the  Norman-French  for 
an  ad-vocate  (Latin,  voco)\  so  that  petit 
votnier  is  an  inferior  advocate. 

Petto.  1)1  pelio.  In  secrecy,  in  re- 
serve (Italian,  in.  the  breast).  The  pope 
creates  cardinals  in  petto— i.e.,  in  his  own 
mind— and  keeps  the  appointment  to 
himself  till  he  thinks  proper  to  an- 
nounce  it. 

Belgium.  &  rleprt-neut  of  fra;;-'  J"  P^*"-'.*-** 
Is  tue  iiiUD  iou  of  tii«  peopioi.— T'-a  Htriiu.  .Si,. 


rmTY. 


PUARAMOND. 


677 


Petty  Cu'ry  (Camhridye)  means 
"Tho  Street  of  Cooks."  Itiscfilled  Pafi'a 
Co/rVid  in  a  deed  dated  13  Edward  III. 
I'robably  at  cub  time  it  was  part  of  the 
Market  Hall.  It  is  a  nii.stake  to  derive 
IJiiry  from  F.airie.  Dr.  Petjge  derive.s  it, 
from  the  verb  cwra're,  to  care  or  dress 
food. 

Peutinge'rian  Map.  A  map  of 
tlie  roads  of  the  ancient  Roman  world, 
constructed  in  the  time  of  Alexander 
Sove'rus  (a.d.  22u),  and  made  known  to 
moderns  by  Conra  1  ['c^tiiip-nr  of  Augs- 
berf^-. 

Pev'eril  of  the  Peak.  Sir  ficoffrey 
the  Cavalier,  and  lady  Margaret  his  wife  ; 
Julian  Feveril,  their  son,  in  love  with 
Alice  Bridgenorth,  daughter  of  Major 
Bridger.orth,  a  Roumlhead  ;  and  William 
Pevoril,  natural  son  of  William  the  Con- 
queror, ancestor  of  Sir  CootTrey. — Sir 
Waltei'  Scolt,  "  I'everil  ofthe  I'eak." 

Pewter.  To  scour  the  pewter.  To  do 
one'.«i  work,  the  allusion  being  to  the 
slavie  whose  office  it  is  in  boer-houses  to 
keep  the  pots  clean. 

But  if  ehf  neitlT  «c<iar  hfr  pe>>trr. 
Qive  her  the  money  thai  iadue  I'tier. 

Kiiig,  "  UrpUiua  and  Eur'jdici." 

Pexe  Nicholas.  A  comiption  of 
Pescecola  (q.v.), 

Phcedria  (icantonnexs).  Handmaid 
of  Acrasia  the  enchantress.  She  sails 
aliout  idle  Lake  in  a  gondola.  Seeing 
Sir(!uyon  she  ferries  him  acioss  the  lake 
to  tlie  tloatiug  island,  where  Cymoch'les 
attacks  him.  Phiedria  iijterposes,  the 
comljatants  desist,  and  the  little  wanton 
ferries  the  knight  Ton>j>eranco  over  the 
lake  .igain. — .'S/iinser, '  Fueri/  Queen,"  ii. 

Pha'eton.  The  son  of  Phuebus,  who 
undertook  to  dnve  the  chariot  of  tho 
sun,  was  upset,  and  caused  great  mis- 
chief: Libya  was  parched  into  barren 
sjvnds,  and  all  Africa  was  more  or  less 
injured,  the  inlial)itanf3  blackened,  and 
vegetation  nearly  destroyed. 

Uailup  lip^re.  V011  fiery-footed  steeds, 
To>var<<s  I'liie^ms'  iimii'-lon  ;  i>uch  a  w  <mr(»i«r 
As  I'haelun  'vimld  vtliin  you  lo  tlie  weii 
Aud  bnns  iti    I  j.nly  a'lul  iminediat'ly. 

ShtikMiK^irt    •  R>ir)VM  u.ij  Julut,"  111.  1. 

Pha'iton.  A  sort  of  carri;ige  ;  so  called 
from  the  sun-car  driven  by  Phaeton. 
{See  (iltooe.) 

Phal'aria.  The  brazoi  hull  of  Plml'- 
arts.  I'eriilos,  a  brass-founder  of  Athens, 
proposed   to    Phalaris,    tyrant  of  Atfii- 


gentum,  to  invent  for  him  a  new  species 
of  punishment;  accordingly,  he  ca.st  a 
brazen  bull,  with  a  door  in  the  side.  The 
victim  was  shut  up  in  the  btdl  and  roasted 
to  death,  but  the  throat  of  the  engine 
was  so  contrived  that  tho  groans  of  the 
sufferor  resembled  the  bellowings  of  a 
mad  bull.  Pijal'aris  commended  the  in- 
vention, and  onlered  its  merits  to  be 
tested  by  Perillos  himself. 

T/ie  epistle*  ol'  Plnil'aris.  Certain  let- 
ters said  to  have  been  written  by  Phal  - 
aris,  tyrant  of  Agritren'tum,  in  Sicily. 
IJoylo  maintained  tliem  to  be  genuine, 
and  Bentley  affirmed  that  they  were 
forgeries.     No  doubt  Bentley  is  right. 

Phaleg,  in  the  satire  of  "Ab.salom 
and  Achitophel,"  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  \» 
Mr.  Forl)es,  a  S'cotchman. 

Phallas.  The  hi>rse  of  Heraclius. 
(Greek,  pUal'ws,  a  grey  horse.) 

On  the  memorable  day  which  tie  :t<le>l  ttie  fate  i>f 
Pervin,  lleraclms,  on  his  horse  l'hr.!ln«,  siirpsKuril 
tlie  bravest  of  hia  warriors.  His  lip  «ai  rler.:ed 
with  a  spear,  the  sie  d  wis  woiiiileJ  'u  the  tliiijli 
but  he  Ciir.-led  hii  niaslc  « ife  .ml  vic:oi  mus  through 
the  triple  philaux  of  the  bail<a.'iuua.— ir  Uon. 

Phallos.  Emblem  of  the  generative 
principle  in  Grecian  mythology.  {Set 
Grovk.  ) 

Phantom  Ship.  (^V«  Carmilhan.) 

llr  of  th'it  plKintom  ship,  whose  fonn 
.^h'liits  like  a  meteor  tlirou.;h  ttie  s'urm  ; 
When  llie  dark  ncud  comes  ilrivin^  liard. 
.^lli|  lowered  is  ercry  toiifaii  yard.. .. 
.\n\  Acll  il'e  cio.jm' d  spcL-talois  kuow 
Tib  liirliiiih'er  o'  wreck  and  w.>e. 

Sir  HulUr  Scatl,  ••  HoUl^,"  IL  11. 

Pha'on.  A  young  man  gro.itly  ill- 
tre.ited  by  Furor,  and  rescued  by  Sir 
Guyon.  He  lovet]  Claribel,  but  Phile- 
mon,  his  friend,  persuaded  him  that 
Claribel  was  unfaithful,  and  to  prove  his 
words,  told  him  to  watch  in  a  given 
place.  lie  saw  what  he  thought  was 
Claribel  holding  an  a.ssiL,'iiaiion  with  what 
seemed  to  be  a  iirooui,  and  rushing  forth, 
met  the  true  I'larihol,  whom  he  slew  on 
tho  spot.  Being  tried  for  the  munler,  it 
ciiine  out  that  the  groom  w.as  Phiroiiion, 
and  tho  supposed  Claribel  only  her  lady's 
mai<l.  He  poisonetl  Phif  nuoii,  aiid 
would  have  murdered  tho  haii'lmaid,  but 
she  escapeil,  and  while  ho  pursued  her 
he  was  attacked  by  Furor.  This  tale  it 
to  e.xposo  the  iulempeiaiico  uf  revenge. — 
Spenser.  "  Fairy  Quteti,"  ii.  4,  28. 

Phar'amond.  King  of  the  Franki 
and  a  kniglit  of  the  lioimd  Table.  Ho 
in  said   to    have  been  tho  Jirtt   king   of 


678 


PHARAOH. 


PHENOMENON^ 


France.  Tliis  reputed  son  of  Marcomir 
and  f.'itlior  of  Clo'dion,  is  the  hero  of  one 
of  Calpronfedo's  novels. 

Pha'raoh  (2  syl.).  Tlio-king.  It  is 
the  Coptic  article  P  and  the  wnrd  onro 
(Uinj;).  There  are  eloveu  of  this  title 
mentioned  in  Holy  Scrii)turn:  — 

(1)  The  Pharaoh  contonipornry  with 
Abraham  (Gen.  xii.  25). 

('2)  The  good  Pharaoh  who  advanced 
Joseph  (Gen.  xli.). 

(3)  The  Pharaoh  who  "  knew  not  Jo- 
Boph"  (Exod.  i.  8). 

(4)  The  Pharaoh  who  was  drowned  in 
the  Rod  Sea  (Exod.  xiv.  28)  ;  said  to  be 
Menephthes,  son  of  Ram'e.scs  II. 

{!))  The  Pharaoh  that  protected  Hadad 
(1  Kinps  xi.  19). 

(6)  The  Pharaoh  whose  daughter  Solo- 
mon married  (1  Kings  iii.  1 ;  ix.  16). 

(7)  Pharaoh  Shishak,  who  warred 
against  Kehobo'ani   (1  Kings  xiv.  25,  M]. 

(8)  Pharaoh  called  "So,"  with  whom 
Hoshea  made  an  alliance  (2  Kings  xvii.  4). 

(!i)  The  Pharaoh  tliat  made  a  league 
with  llezeki'ah  against  Sennacherib, 
called  Tirhakah  (2  Kings  xviii.  21 ;  xix.  S)). 

(10)  Pharaoh  Necho,  who  warred 
against  Josi'ah  (2  Kings  xxiii.  29,  &c.). 

^11)  Pharaoh  llophra,  the  ally  of  Zede- 
ki'ah  (Jer.  xli  v.  30);  said  to  be  A  pries, 
who  was  strangled  B.C.  670.    (_Sce  Kino.) 

Pharaoh,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  "Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,"  means  Louis  XIV. 
of  Franco. 

If  Pharaoh'a  doubtful  succour  be[ChnrUs  II.]  should 

use, 
&  forelin  aid  would  more  Incense  the  Jewf  [ErtijUth 

nation}. 

Pharisees  means  "separatists" 
(Hcb.  para.ih,  to  separate),  men  who 
loiiked  upon  themselves  as  holier  than 
other  men,  and  therefore  refused  to  hold 
social  lutorcovu'se  with  them.  The  Tal- 
mud mentions  the  following  classes  : — 

(1)  The  "  Dashers," or  "  Handy-legged" 
(N'ili/l),  who  scarcely  lifted  their  feet 
from  the  ground  in  walking,  but  "dashed 
them  against  the  stones,"  that  people 
might  think  thorn  absorbed  in  holy 
thought  (Matt.  xxi.  44). 

(2)  The  "  Mortars,"  who  wore  a  "  mor- 
tier"  or  cap  which  would  not  allow  them 
to  see  the  passers-by,  that  their  medita- 
tions might  not  be  disturbed.  "  Having 
eyes  they  saw  not"  (Mark  viii.  18). 

(3)  The  "  Bleeders,"  who  inserted 
thorns  in  the  borders  of  their  gaberdines 
to  prick  their  legs  in  walking.     To  this 


St.  Paul  alludes  when  ho  saye,  "A  thorn 
was  given  him  in  the  flesh  to  budct  him 
withal  "  (2  Cor.  xii.  7). 

(4)  Tho  "Cryers"  or  " Inquirers,"  who 
went  about  crying  out,  "Let  me  know 
piy  duty,  and  I  will  do  it"  (Matt.  xix. 
lG-22). 

(,'))  The  "  Alm.sgivcrs,"  who  had  a 
trumpet  sounrleil  before  them  to  summon 
the  poor  together  (Matt.  vi.  2). 

(6)  The  "Stumblers"  or  "Bloody- 
browed  "  (A'ijui),  who  shut  their  eyes 
when  they  went  abroad  that  thcj*  might 
see  no  women,  being  "blind  Icader.s  of 
the  blind"  (Matt.  xv.  14).  Our  Lord  calls 
them  "blind  Pharisees,"  "Fools  and 
blind." 

(7)  The  "  Immovables,"  v/ho  stood  like 
statues  for  hours  together,  "j)raying  in 
the  market  places"  (Matt.  vi.  .5i. 

(8)  The  "Pestle  Pharisees"(.l/ef/m^ia), 
who  kept  themselves  bent  double  like 
the  handle  of  a  pestle. 

(9)  The  "Strong-shouldered"  (Shikmi), 
who  walked  with  their  l>ack  bent  as  if 
carrying  on  their  shoulders  the  whole 
burden  of  the  law. 

(10)  The  "Dyed  Phar'.sees,"  called  by 
our  Lord  "  Whited  Sepulchres,"  whose 
externals  of  devotion  cloaked  hypocrisy 
and  moral  uncleanness.  —  Talmud  of  Jeni/- 
salevi,  ^'  Beral-oth,"  ix.;  "  Sota,"  v.  7. 
Talmud  of  Ualiyloii,  "  Sola,"  22  b. 

Pha'ros.  A  lighthouse ;  so  called 
from  the  lighthouse  built  by  Sostratus 
Cnidius  in  the  island  of  Pharos,  near  the 
port  of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  It  was 
450  feet  high,  and  could  be  seen  at  the 
di.stance  of  100  miles.  Part  was  blown 
down  in  793.  This  Pharos  was  one  of 
the  Seven  Wonders  of  the  World. 

Pharsa'lia.  An  epic  in  Latin  hex- 
ameters by  Lucan.  The  battle  of  Phar- 
salia  was  between  Pompey  and  Cicsar. 
Ponipey  had  4o,000  legionaries,  7,000 
cavalry,  and  a  large  number  of  auxili- 
aries ;  Ca:'par  had  22,000  legionaries  and 
1,000  cavalry.  Pompey's  battle-cry  was 
Hercules  invicUis  ;  that  of  C»sar  was 
Vtnxn  viclri-.     Ctesar  won  the  battle. 

Piie'be  (2  syl.).  A  shepherdess.— 
Shakespeare,  "As  Yoji  Like  It." 

Phelis,  called  the  Fair.  The  wife  en 
Sir  Guy,  earl  of  Warwick.    {See  Gut.) 

Phenorn'enon  (phiral,  phenom'ena) 
means  simply  what  has  appeared  (Greek, 
phanomai,    to    appe.nr).     It    is    used   in 


PHIDIAS. 


PHILISTINES. 


679 


pcience  to  express  the  visible  result  of  an 
experiment,  the  manifestations  of  nature, 
i:c.  In  popnlar  lang-uage  it  means  a 
sight  or  prodigy. 

Phid'ias.  The  French  Pkidiai. 
Jean  Goiijon  (1510-1572);  also  called  the 
Correggio  of  Scvlptors,  (2)  J.  B.  Pigalle 
(1714-1785). 

Phigalian  Marbles.  A  series  of 
twenty-three  sculptures  in  alto-relievo, 
discovered  in  1812  at  Phiga'lia,  in  Ar- 
ca'dia,  and  in  1814  purchased  for  the 
British  Museum.  They  represent  the 
combat  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithaa, 
and  that  of  the  Greeks  and  Am'azons. 
They  are  part  of  the  "Elgin  Marbles" 
q.v.). 

Philadelphia  Stones  called  Chrit- 
liaii  Bones.  It  is  said  that  the  walls  of 
Philadelphia,  in  Turkey,  were  built  of 
the  bones  of  Christians  killed  in  the  Holy 
Wars.  This  idle  tale  has  gained  credit 
from  the  nature  of  the  stones,  full  of 
pores  and  very  light,  not  unlike  petri- 
fied bones.  Similar  incrustations  are 
found  at  Knaresborough  and  elsewhere. 

Philan'der  (in  "  Orlando  Furioso  "). 
A  sort  of  Joseph  ;  the  brother  of  lier- 
mon'ides,  and  a  native  of  Holland.  He 
was  entertained  at  the  house  of  Arge'o, 
a  baron  of  Servia,  when  Argeo's  wife 
(Jabri'na  tempted  his  virtue.  He  tied 
the  house,  but  Gabrina  aocused  him  to 
her  husband  of  adultery,  and  he  was 
overtaken  by  Arge'o  and  cast  into  a  dun- 
geon. One  day  Gabrina  went  and  im- 
plored him  to  defend  her  virtue  against 
a  wicked  knight.  lie  undertook  to  do  so, 
but  the  "wicked  knight"  was  Argno, 
whom  Philander  in  his  ignorance  slew. 
Gabrina  now  threatened  to  give  him  to 
the  hands  of  justice  unless  he  married 
her;  and  the  youth,  to  save  his  life,  com- 
plied. In  a  short  time  Gabrina  tired  of 
him,  and  murdered  him  by  poison. 

Philan'dering.  Coquetting  with  a 
woman  ;  paying  court,  and  leading  her 
to  think  you  love  her,  but  never  declaring 
your  jireforenco.  The  word  is  coined 
from  Philander,  the  Dutch  knight  who 
coquettoil  with  Gabri'na  (''[■v.). 

Philanthropist  (The).  John  How- 
ard, who  spent  miichof  his  life  in  visiting 
the  prisons  and  hospitals  of  Eurupo. 
(172(;-1790.) 

Philemon  and  Baucis  entertained 
Jupiter  and  Mercury  when  every  one  else 


refused  then  hospitality.  Ecing  asked 
to  make  a  request,  they  begged  th;.t  they 
might  both  die  at  the  same  time.  Wiicu 
they  were  very  old,  Philemon  was  changed 
into  an  oak.  and  Baucis  into  a  linden  tree. 
—  Ovid,  "MelamwphosiS,"  iii.  631,  ic. 

Philip.  Philip,  remember  thou  art 
viorlal.  A  sentonco  repeated  to  the 
Macedonian  king  every  time  he  gave  an 
audience. 

Philip  Sober.     When  a  woman   who 
asked  Philip  of  Macedon  to  do  her  jus-         / 
tice  was  snubbed  by  the  petulant  mon-        / 
arch,    she   exclaimed,    "  I'hilip,    I   shall       / 
appeal   against   this   judgment."     "Ap-     .J 
peal!"    thundered    the    enraged   king, 
"  and  to  whom  will  you  appeal  ? "     "  To 
Philip  sober,"  was  her  reply. 

St.  Philip  is  usually  represented  bear- 
ing a  large  cross,  or  a  basket  containing 
loaves,  in  allusion  to  St.  John  vi.  5-7. 

Philip  Nye  (in  "  Hudibras").  One 
of  the  assembly  of  dissenting  ministers, 
noted  for  his  ugly  beard. 

Philip  Q,uarl.  A  castaway  sailor, 
solaced  on  a  desert  island  by  a  monkey. 
Imitation  of  llobiusou  Crusoe,    (1727.) 

Philippe  Egalite.  Louis  Philippe 
Joseph  due  d'Orldans.  (1747-1793.) 

Philip'pic.  A  severe  scolding  ;  an 
invective.  So  called  from  the  orations 
of  Demos'theuos  against  I'hilip  of  Mace- 
don, to  rouse  the  Athenians  to  resist  his 
encroachments.  The  orations  of  Cicero 
against  Anthony  are  called  "Philippics." 

Philip'pins.  A  Russian  sect;  so 
called  from  the  founder  Philip  Pusto- 
swiilt.  They  are  called  Old  Faith  Men, 
because  they  cling  with  tenacity  to  the 
old  service  books,  old  version  of  the 
Bible,  old  hymn-book,  old  prayer-book, 
and  all  customs  previous  to  the  reforms 
of  Nekon,  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

Philips  (/o/t/i),  author  of  "The 
Si^endod  Shilling,"  wrote  a  georgic  on 
"Cider,"  in  blank  verse— a  serious  poem 
modelled  upon  Milton's  epics. 

Philipe.  Fonioiia'8  tiard,  the  stcond  thou 
Wlio  iioMy  durst,  in  rbyine-unfettered  verse, 
Witli  ilrituli  (reedoin  euii;  tlie  Itritiib  sang. 

'I'honujn,  •'  Autumn.' 

Philis'tines  (3  syl.).  Ear-wigs  and 
other  insect  tormentors  are  so  called  in 
Norfolk.  Baililfs,  constables,  &c.  "  The 
Philistines  are  upon  theo,  Samson " 
(Judges  xvi.). 


680 


PHILISTINISM. 


PHILOSOPHER. 


Philislinfs.  A  term  applied  by  Mat- 
lliew  Arndld  to  tlie  midillc-dass  o,f  Enij- 
laiul,  which  ho  says  is  iynoratit,  iiarrow- 
niinded,  and  dulicicnt  in  groat  ideas, 
LDsomuch  that  Kiig-land  has  becotno  con- 
teiuptihle  in  the  eyes  of  foroigncra. — 
Coni/iM  Magazine. 

Philis'tinisra.  A  cynical  indiffer- 
ence and  supercilious sneerinp  at  reUgion, 
The  allusion  is  to  the  I'hilistiues  of 
Palestine. 

Phillis.  A  play  written  in  Spanish 
by  Lupercio  Leonardo  of  A  rgensola.  (liee 
"  Don  Quixote,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  70.) 

Philoc'lea,  in  Sidney's  "Arcadia," 
is  lady  I'enelope  Devereux,  with  whom 
he  was  in  love  ;  but  the  lady  married 
another,  and  Sir  Philip  transferred  his 
affections  to  Frances,  eldest  daughter  of 
Sir  Francis  Walsinghani. 

PMlocte'tes,  treacherously  deserted 
by  the  Greeks  on  the  island  of  Lemnos, 
because  he  had  been  bitten  by  serpents, 
was  afterwards  entreated  in  humble  suit 
to  pardon  this  baseness  and  come  to 
their  aid ;  for  an  oracle  had  said  that 
Troy  could'  not  be  taken  without  the 
arrows  of  Hercules,  and  Hercules  bad 
given  these  to  his  Argonautic  friend. 

PhH'omel  or  PhUome'la.  The  story 
Bays  that  I'andi'on,  king  of  Attica,  had 
two  daughters,  Philomel  and  Procni?', 
both  of  whom  fell  in  love  with  Tereus, 
king  of  Phocis.  Tereus  married  the 
la  Iter,  but  in  a  few  weeks  concealed 
h  !•,  and  told  Philomel  that  she  was  dead, 
whereupon  Philomel  became  his  bride. 
When  she  ascertained  the  truth  she  told 
her  sister,  and  Tereus  resolved  to  slay 
both.  He  chased  them  with  an  axe  and 
overtook  them,  but  at  that  moment 
Philomel  was  changed  into  a  nightiug.ile, 
and  Procne  to  a  swallow. 

By  this,  lamantiiii!  Philomel  hail  ended 
The  well-tuued  warble  of  her  ui.:litly  sorrow. 
S/uikespcute,  **  linjit  nj  Lucreee.'* 

Philomelus.  The  Druid  bard  tliat 
Accomi>anied  Sir  Industry  to  the  CastU 
of  Indolence.—  Thomson  (canto  ii.  34). 

Philopoe'men,  general  of  the 
Achiean  league,  made  Epaminoudas.  his 
model.  He  slow  Mechan'idas,  tyrant  of 
Sparta,  and  was  himself  killed  by  poison. 

Philos'oplier.  The  sages  of  Greece 
used  to  be  called  .?op/(i  (wise  men),  but 
Pythag'oras  thought  the  word  too  arro- 


gant, and  adopted  the  compound  philo- 
soph'ia  (I  love  wisdom),  whence  "  philo- 
8oj)her,"  one  who  courts  or  loves  wisdom. 

J'hUosopher.  "  There  was  never  yet 
pliilosopher  who  could  endure  the  tooth- 
ache patiently,  however  they  have  writ 
the  style  o.f  gods,  and  made  a  push  at 
chance  and  sufferance." — Shakespeare, 
"Much  Ado  About  Nolhinrj,"  v.  1. 

The  Philo.wpher.  Marcus  Aurelius 
Antoni'nus  is  so  called  by  Justin  Martyr. 
(121,  IGl-lbO.) 

Leo  VI.,  emperor  of  the  East  (3J6, 
&86-'jn.) 

Porphyry,  the  Antichristian.  (233-305. ) 

T/i^  Philosopher  of  China.  Confucius. 
His  mother  called  him  LiiUe  Ililluck, 
from  a  knob  on  the  top  of  his  head. 
(B.C.  551-479.) 

The  Philosopher  of  Femey.  Voltaire  ; 
so  called  from  his  chateau  of  Ferncy,  near 
Gene'va.    (16941778.) 

JV-e  Philosophcroj  Malme-'hur^.  Thomas 
Hobbes,  author  of  "  Leviathan."  (1583- 
1679.) 

The  Philosopher  of  Persia.  Abou  Ebn 
Sina,  of  Shiraz.     (Died  1037.) 

The  Philosopher  of  Saiis-Souci' .  Frede- 
rick the  Great.     (l'7!2,  1740-17S6.) 

The  J'hUosopher  of  Wiiniledun.  John 
Home  Took,  author  of  "Diversions  of 
Purley."     (1736-1812.) 

Tlie  Seven  Sages  or  Wise  Men  of  Oreecr. 
Thales,  Solon,  Chilon,  Pit'tacos,  Bias, 
Cleobu'los,  Periander ;  to  which  add 
Sosiades,  Anacharsis  the  Scythian,  My- 
son  the  Sjiartan,  Epimen'idijs  tlie  Cretan, 
and  Pherecy'dos  of  Syros. 

Philosophers  of  the  A  cade'mie  sect. 
Plato,  Speusippos,  Xenoc'rat-e.s,  Pol'e- 
tnon,  Crati-s,  Grantor,  Arcesila'os,  Care'- 
ades,  Clitom'achos,  Philo,  and  Anti'» 
oohos. 

Philosophers  of  the  Cynic  sect.  Antis'- 
thenes,  Diog'enes  of  Sino'pe,  Mon'imos, 
Onesic'ritos,  Crates,  Metroc'les,  Hippar'- 
ehia,  Menippos,  and  Menede'mos  of 
Lainps'acos. 

Philosophers  of  the  Cyrena'ic  sect. 
Aristippos,  Hegosias,  Annio'eris,  Theo- 
do'ros,  and  Biou. 

Philosophers  of  the  Eleac  or  Ertt'riac 
sect.  Phwdo,  PJis'theues,  and  Menede'- 
mos of  Eret  ria. 

Philosophers  of  the  EUat'ic  sect.  Xen- 
oph'anijs,  Parmen'ides,  Melissos,  Zeno  of 
Tarsos,  Leueippos,  Dornoc'ritos,  Pro- 
tag'oras,  and  Anaxarchos. 

Philosophers    of    Uie    Epicunfan    sect. 


PHILOSOPEIER'S  STONE, 


PHOEBUS. 


68i 


Epicu'roB,  auii  a  host  of  disciples  U>j 
numerous  for  insertion  here. 

Philosophers  of  the  IJeracli'tian  seel. 
Hcracli'tos;  the  names  of  his  disc1i[)ea 
are  unknown. 

Philosophers  of  the  Ionic  sect.  Anaxi- 
in.-uider,  Aiuixim'cnds,  Auiixag  oras,  uud 
Archc'lii'os. 

Philosopher's  of  the  fudic  sect.  Pythac;''- 
oras,  Emped'ocliJs,  Epicharmos,  Archy'- 
tas,  Alem;uon,  Ilip'pasos,  Philola'os,  and 
Eudoxoa. 

Philosophers  of  llie  Mtt/ar'ic  sect.  Euclid, 
Eubu'lides,  Alexinos,  Euphantos,  Apol- 
lo'nios,  Clirou'oR,  Diodo'ros,  Ich'thyas, 
Cliuom'achos,  and  Stilpo. 

Philosophers  of  the  Peripatetic  sect, 
Aristotle,  Theophrastos,  Straton,  L'yco, 
Aristo,  Critola'os,  and  Diodo'ios. 

Philosophers  of  Oie  Sceptic  sect.  PyrrLo 
and  Tiinon. 

Philosophers  of  the  Socralic  sect.  Soc'- 
rato's,  Xeu'ophon,  JJs'chiniJs,  Crito, 
Simon,  Olaiico,  Simmias,  and  Co'bos. 

Philosophers  of  the  Stoic  sect.  Zono, 
Cleaiitliiis,  Chrysippos,  Zcno  the  Less, 
Dioi,'-'enes  of  Babylon,  Antip'ater,  PaiiiO- 
tios,  and  Posido'nios. 

Philosopher's  Stone.   The  way  to 

wealth.  The  ancient  alchemists  thought 
there  was  a  substance  which  woidd  con- 
vert all  baser  metals  to  gold.  This  sub. 
st;ince  they  called  the  philosopher's  stone. 
The  word  stone  in  this  case  is  about 
ecpial  to  the  word  substratum,  which  is 
cuiupounded  of  the  Latin  sub  and  stratus 
(sprt-ad-under),  the  latter  being  related 
to  the  verb  .liu/ul,  stood,  and  meanin;^ 
something  on  which  the  csperimeut 
stands.  Jt  was  in  fact  a  red  powder  or 
amalgam  to  drive  olf  the  impurities  of 
baser  nietals.     ("  Stone,"  Saxon,  stdn). 

Philosopher's  Stone.  According  to 
legend  Noah  was  commanded  to  hang 
up  the  true  and  genuine  philosopher's 
stone  in  the  ark,  to  give  light  to  every 
living  creature  therein. 

Inventions  discovered  in  scarchini/  for 
the  Philosofthei's  Stone.  It  was  in  search- 
ing for  this  treasure  that  Biittichcr 
Btuniblod  on  the  invention  of  Dresden 
porcelain  manufacture  ;  Roger  Bacon  on 
the  composition  of  gunpowder;  Geher 
on  the  proiiertiesof  acids  ;  Van  Helmout 
on  the  nature  of  gas  ;  anil  Dr.  Glauber 
ou  the  "  salts"  which  boar  his  name. 

Philosophy.  Father  of  Philosophy. 
AlLiichtvon  lluller/if  Berne.  (1708-1777.) 


Philot'ime  (_lover  of  honour).  The 
presiding  queen  of  Hell,  and  daughter 
of  Mammon. — Spcnsc;  "  Fac'rij  Queen," 
bk.  ii. 

Philox'enos.  An  epicure,  who 
wished  to  have  the  neck  of  a  crane, 
that  ho  might  enjoy  the  taste  of  his  food 
lontrer  before  he  swallowed  it. — Aristotle, 
"J-Mics,"  iii.  10. 

Philter.  A  draught  or  charm  to 
incite  in  auotlier  the  passion  of  love. 
The  Thessalian  philters  were  the  most 
renowned,  but  both  the  CJreeks  and 
Romans  used  these  dangerous  potions, 
which  sometimes  produced  in.sanity. 
Lucro'tius  is  said  to  have  been  driven 
mad  by  a  love-potion,  and  Calig'ula's 
death  is  attributed  to  philters  adminis- 
tered to  him  by  his  wife,  Cioso'nia. 
Brabantio  says  to  Othello— 

Tboii  haat  iiractised  oa  ber  iDttdemona)  with  foul 

oliarma. 
AljufcU  litr  delicate  joutliwitli  drugs  or  miueralf 
Tliat  ueukeii  motion. 

Shukeiiptart,  "  Othello,"  i.  1. 

Phi'neus  (2  syl.).  A  blind  king  of 
Thrace,  who  had  the  gift  of  prophecy. 
Whenever  he  wanted  to  eat  the  Harpies 
came  and  took  away  or  defiled  his 
food. 

niiiiil  Tli«!n')ri<i,  anrt  blind  Mfcoii'uics. 
And  T're'biaJ,  and  Plii'neuB.  proplietg  old. 

ilUlou,  ••  P'jnidise  Lfiitt''  iiL  3t 

Phiz,  llablot  K.  Browne,  who  illus- 
trated the  "  Pickwick  Papers,"  kti. 

Phleg'ethon.  A  river  of  liquid  fira 
in  Hades.    (Greek,  phle;/o,  to  burn.) 

Fierce  Phleaetlmn. 
Wliosi!  waves  of  lo'rent  Urt  iiitiame  with  ngn. 
}(UUin,  "  PurndiM  Luttl.'  ii. 

Phleg'ra,  in  Macedonia,  was  where 
the  giants  attacked  I  the  gods.  Eucel'ados 
was  the  chief  of  the  giants. 

Pho'ca  (pi.  phoccs).  A  sea-calf,  or 
any  other  monster  of  the  deep. 

Pho'cion,  surnamed  The  Oood,  who 
resisted  all  the  bribes  of  Alexander  and 
his  successor.  It  was  this  real  patriot 
who  told  Alexander  to  turn  his  arms 
against  Persia,  their  common  enemy, 
rather  than  against  the  Btate.«  of  Greece, 
his  natural  allies. 

Pliocion  tlie  t'.o'ii.  in  public  life  ■<.-T«re, 

To  \irtiie  atiU  iueiorab.y  linn. 

Th'irtuon,"  WxnUr' 

Phoobe.  The  moon,  sister  of  Phoebus. 

Phoebus.  The  sun  or  sun-god. 
lu    Greek    mythology   Apollo   ia    otilled 


882 


PIICENIX. 


PHYLACTERY. 


Phoebus  (llio  sun-f^od),  because  ho  drove 
the  chariot  of  the  si;n. 

The  r«r8  dUiuc  of  viriinl  I'lioebiis  sMne. 

Tluimiun, '  :<iiring." 

Phosnix;  said  to  livo  500  years, 
when  it  makes  in  Arat.ia  a  nost  of  spicos, 
burns  itself  to  ashes,  anrl  comes  forth 
witli  renewed  life  for  anotlior  500  years. 

riueidx ;  said  to  have  fifty  oriUcos  in 
his  bill,  continued  to  his  tail.  After 
living  1000  years  ho  builds  for  himself 
a  funeral  pile,  sing-s  a  melodious  air 
through  his  fifty  organ-pipes,  flaps  his 
wings  with  a  velocity  which  sets  fire  to 
the  pile,  and  consumes  himself. — Puck- 
ardson. 

The  enchanted  pile  of  that  hmely  bird, 
Vt' ho  sings  at  the  last  his  owu  dtath-lay, 
Au;I  in  musii  aud  perfume  dies  away. 

Thumua  -l/ooce,  "  Paradise  and  the  I'trL" 

Pkcenix,  as  a  sii^n  over  chemists'  shops, 
was  adopted  from  the  association  of  this 
fabulous  bird  with  alchemy.  Paracelsus 
wrote  about  it,  and  several  of  the  al- 
chemists employed  it  to  symbolise  their 
vocation. 

A  phanix  among  women.  A  phoenix  of 
his  kind.  A  par.agon,  unique  ;  because 
there  never  was  but  one  phceuix. 

If  8l:e  be  furnished  with  a  mind  so  rare, 
yiie  is  aloue  the  Arabian  bird. 

S>iakespeai-e,  "Ci/mielirw,"  1.  7. 

Phoenix  Alley  {London).  The  alley 
leading  to  the  Phoenix  theatre,  now 
called  Drury  Lane. 

Phoenix  Park  {Dublin).  A  cor- 
ruption of  the  Gaelic  Fion-uite  (fair 
water) ;  so  called  from  a  spring  at  one 
time  resorted  to  as  a  chalybeate  spa. 

Phoenix  Period  or  Cycle,  accord- 
ing to  Tacitus,  consisted  of  250  years ; 
but  R.  Stuart  Poole  asserts  that  it  was 
a  period  of  1,460  Julian  years,  like  the 
Sothic  Cycle.  Now,  the  phcenis  is  said 
to  have  appeared  in  Egypt  five  tiines : 
(1)  in  the  reign  of  Sesostris ;  (2)  in  the 
reign  of  Am-asis ;  (3)  in  the  reign  of 
Ptolemy  Philadelplios  ;  (4)  a  year  or  two 
prior  to  the  death  of  Tiberius  ;  and  (5)  in 
A.D.  334,  during  the  reign  of  Constantiiie. 
These  dates  being  accepted,  a  Phcenix 
Cycle  consisted  of  300  years :  tlms, 
Sesostris,  B.C.  866;  Am-asis,  B.C.  5'.>'J ; 
Ptoleiu)^,  B.C.  2ii(i  :  Tiberias,  A.D.  34  ; 
Constautine,  a.d.  331.  In  corroboration 
of  this  sviggestion  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  Jesus  Christ,  who  died  A.D.  34, 
is  termed  the  Phoanix  by  monastic  winters. 


Tacitus  mentions  the  fir-rt  three  of  these 

appearances. — "  Annalts,"  vi.  28. 
I'hcenix  Theatre.    (.S'e«  P.  Alley.) 
Phoenix    Tree.      The    palm.      In 

Greek,  phoinix  means  both   phcenix  aud 

I)alni-tree. 

Now  I  will  believe  . .  .  that  in  Aral;ia 

Th<  re  is  une  tree,  the  phrenix'  throne,— one  plictnlj 

At  tins  hour  rcignetli  tn  re. 

Shaiisfcure,  "  The  TemfesI"  iiL  3, 

PhooTca  or  Pooka.  A  spirit  of  most 
malignant  disposition,  who  hurries  people 
to  their  destruction.  He  sometimes 
comes  in  the  form  of  an  eagle,  and  some- 
times in  that  of  a  horse,  like  the  Scotch 
kelpy  (q.v.). — Irish  superstition. 

Phor'cos.  "The  old  m.an  of  the 
sea."  He  was  the  father  of  the  three 
Graipe,  who  were  grey  from  their  birth, 
and  had  but  one  eye  and  one  tooth 
common  to  the  three. — Greek  mythology. 

Phor'mio.  A  parasite,  who  accom- 
modates himself  to  the  humour  of  every 
one. — Terence,  "  Pliormio." 

Phrygians.  An  early  Christian  sect, 
so  called  from  Phrygia,  where  they 
abounded.  They  regarded  Monta'nus  aa 
their  prophet,  and  laid  claim  to  the  spirit 

of  prophecy. 

Phry'ne  (2  syl.).  A  courtesan  or 
Athenian  hetasra.  She  acquired  so 
much  wealth  by  her  beauty,  that  she 
offered  to  rebuild  the  walls  of  Thebes 
if  she  might  put  on  them  this  in- 
.seription  :  "  Alexander  destroyed  them, 
but  Pliryne  the  hetaera  rebuilt  them." 
The  Cuidian  Venus  of  Praxit'elea  was 
taken  from  this  courtesan.  Apelles' 
picture  of  "Venus  rising  from  the  sea" 
was  partly  from  his  wife  Oampaspe, 
aud  partly  from  Phryne,  who  entered 
the  sea  with  dishevelled  hair  as  a 
model. 

Phylac'tery.  A  charm  or  amulet. 
The  Jews  wore  on  their  wrist  or  forehead 
a  slip  of  parchment  bearing  a  text  of 
Scripture.  Strictly  speaking,  a  phylac- 
tery consisted  of  four  pieces  of  parch- 
ment rolled  together  in  the  form  of  a 
pyramid  of  boxes,  enclosed  in  a  black 
leather  case,  aud  fastened  to  the  fore- 
head or  wrist  of  the  left  hand.  On  the 
slips  of  parchment  were  written  four 
passages  of  Scripture  —  Ex.  xiii.  1-10, 
11-16;  Deut.  vi.  4-9,  xi.  13-21.  The  i^lea 
arose  from  the  command  of  Moses, 
"  Therefore  shall  ye  lay  up  thex  my  tc^ords 


PnVLLIS. 


FICCADILLY. 


&S3 


in  your  heart  .  .  .  and  bind  l?tem  for  a  fign 
upon  yciur  hand  .  .  .  as  froniUla  hdwitn 
your  eyes." — Deut.  xi.  18. 

Phyllis.  A  country  ^rl.  —  Virgil, 
"  Jiclot/nes,"  iii.  and  v. 

Coiintrv  me>!se^, 
Whijli  tlic  Qsal-liauded  I'liylli^i  drcss't. 

MUtun,  ■  L'  Allegro.'' 

Phyllis  and  Bruiietta.  Rival 
bcautit's,  who  for  a  long  time  vied  with 
eacli  other  on  equal  terms.  For  a  certain 
festival  Phyllis  procured  soraomarvoUous 
fabric  of  gold  brocade  to  outshine  her 
rival ;  but  Brunotta  dressed  the  slave 
who  bore  )\er  train  in  the  same  material, 
clothing  herself  in  simple  black.  Upon 
this  crusiiing  mortification  Phyllis  wcut 
home  and  died. — Spectator. 

Phyllising  the  Pair.  Philandering 
—  making  soft  speeches  and  winning 
faces  at  tijem.  Garth  says  of  Dr.  Atter- 
bury — 

He  piisaod  )i:e  e;uy  hours,  instead  of  pnycr, 
lu  ra^idri^als  i^nd  phy.lin.ui;  ili'  f'ir 

"  The  Dispensari/,"  L 

PhynTlod'deree  (the  Uairy-one).  A 
Manx  spirit,  similar  to  the  Scotch 
"  brownie,"  and  German  "kobold."  IIo 
is  s.aid  to  be  an  outlawed  fairy,  and  the 
offence  was  this:  He  absoiitod  himself 
witliout  leave  from  Fairy-court  on  the 
great  levee-day  of  the  Harvest-moon,  be- 
ing in  the  glen  of  Kushen,  dancing  with 
a  jirotty  Manx  maid  whom  he  was 
courting. 

Physician.  The  Jicloved  J'hi/xician., 
St.  TiUkfi,  tlio  evaiigr^liat  (Col.  iv.  14). 

'J'he  Prince  of  PhiiHcians.  Avii^oima, 
tlif  Arabian.     (!)M)-1U37.') 

Physigna'thos  (One  who  swells  the 
chirks).  King  of  the  Frogs,  and  son  of 
.Vc'.us  fmiid],  slain  by  Troxartas  the 
JUouse-kiuLj. 

Grexl  I'liyslgn.ithiis  I,  from  ri!iMi»'  rate, 
Bc'pil  in  fuir  Ilydrointilo'8  ein)<ruci', 
Wlier«,  by  tlie  nuptial  l>iiiik  tli;it  paints  his  side, 
Tlie  «wUi  Kriil  Hniia  drllKlits  lo  ^lidt^ 

t'arntll,  "  n,iltU  0/  tlic  Frngs,"  bk,  i. 

Pi'arists,  or  Brethren  of  the  Piou^ 
Schno/.  A  religious  congregation  fonndtnl 
in  tlio  sixteenth  century  by  Joseph  of 
Ciilasimza,  for  tlie  bettor  instruction  and 
education  of  the  middle  and  higher 
flas.sos. 

Pic-nic.  Originally  the  subscribers 
of  a  pic-nic  had  a  liill  of  faro  numbered  ; 
each  member  picked  out  a  certain  di.sh 
which  he  wa.<>  willing  to  furnish,  aud  the 


Dun-her  was  nicked  or  ticked  ofT.  So 
the  entertainment  was  called  a  pi<  i  and 
nicl-.     The  custom  dates  from  1802. 

Dr.  John  Anthony  derives  it  from  the 
Italian  jyiccola  nicchia  (a  small  task),  each 
por.sun  being  sot  a  small  task  towards 
the  gep.eral  eutert.iinmeDt.  NeiUier 
satisfactory.     (French,  piipit-nique.) 

Pie'ador  {S/iani-^h).  A  horseman ; 
cue  vvho  in  bull-lights  is  armed  with  a 
gilt  spear  (pica-dorada), 

Picards.  An  immoral  sect  of  fanatics 
in  the  fifteenth  century  ;  so  called  from 
Picard  of  Flaniicrs,  their  founder,  who 
called  himself  the  Now  Adam,  and  tried 
to  introduce  the  custom  of  living  uude 
like  ."Vdam  in  Paradise. 

Yoii,  are  as  hot-headed  as  a  picard.  This 
is  a  French  exjircssion,  and  is  tantamount 
to  our  "  Peppery  as  a  Welshman." 

Pica'roon'.  A  pirato,  one  who  plun- 
ders wrecks.  (French,  'picoreur,  picorer, 
to  plunder  ;  .Sec  tch,  pilaty,  rapine ; 
Spanish,  pi-car'on,  a  villain.) 

Pic'atrix.  The  pseudonyme  of  a 
Spanish  monk,  author  of  a  book  on  do- 
rnonology,  collected  from  the  writings  of 
224  Arabic  magicians.  It  was  dedicated 
to  king  Alfonso. 

Al  tlie  time  wlien  I  w.«  n  Btn.Ient  In  the  Unlver- 
nity  uf  T<.ul..ii..e.  tli.-it  s.iiue  revernnl  l'ic;.irii,  nrtor 
ft  tlie  IJiabulioal  I'liculty,  wiis  wont  to  tell  \if  tlist 
dtvilH  did  natnially  fear  tlie  Ijriicht  Klancini;  of 
»w,,nl»  M  much  a!i  tliii  spU-iiilimr  aud  lifjht  of  the 
KUK — litibeliiUt  *'  J'antagruel,"  iii.  'J^i. 

Piec-adil'ly(/'-oH(^o7i) ;  so  called  from 
Piccadilla  Hall,  the  chief  depot  of  a  cer- 
tain sort  of  lace,  much  in  vogue  during 
the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  The  lace 
was  called  piccaililti/  lace  from  its  little 
spear-points  (a  diminutive  of  pica,  a  pika 
or  spear).  In  tho  reign  of  James  I.  the 
high  ruff  was  called  a  piccadilly,  though 
divested  of  its  lace  edging.  Barualiy 
Rice,  speaking  of  the  piccadillics,  says  — 
"  He  that  some  forty  years  sithen  should 
have  asked  after  a  piccadilly,  I  wonder 
who  would  have  understood  him,  an'f 
would  have  told  liim  whether  it  was  fi.sh 
or  Hcsh"  (Uil4).  Wo  are  told  in  tho 
"Clo.ssographia"  (li!81)  that  Piccadilly 
was  nanie<l  from  lliggins'  famous  ordi- 
u.-^ry  near  St.  James's,  called  Illggins'a 
I'ickadtlly,  "  because  ho  made  his  money 
by  Belling  fiircadillips"  (p.  40.V.  (.S'c^ 
also  llon.^  hrcrydny  Book,  vol.  ii.p  ;j8L) 
WliiTc  Sa.kvllle  Street  now  u'andl  was  I'icendlll. 
II  .11.  where  rico  uiilaior  tu.uoTcr,  w '"  old  wl.i<A 


084 


PICK. 


PIE  CORNER. 


Pick.  To  throw ;  same  as  flitch. 
The  instrument  that  throws  the  shuttle 
ig  called  the  picka: 

I'll  rifk  you  o'er  t1i«  pales. 

aiittkeHneare,  " lltnry  Vlll."  T.  8. 

Pickanin'ny.  A  young  child.  A 
West- Indian  nc^^ro  word. 

Pick'elher'ringe  (S  syl.).  A  bud'oon 
is  so  called  by  llio  Dutch  ;  a  corriiptiou 
of  Picklo-harin  (hairy  s[irite).  Bon  Jou- 
8011  has  Puck-hairy. 

Pickle.  A  rod  in.  tncJcle.  One  ready 
to  chastisd  with  at  any  moment.  Pickled 
■  means  preserved  for  use. 

I'm  ill  a  prctly  pickle — in  a  qtiaiidtir;/, 
or  state  of  disorder. 


Pickwick  {Mr.  Samuel).  The  hero 
of  the  "  Pickwick  Papers,"  by  Charles 
Dickens.  He  is  a  simple-minded,  bene- 
volent old  gentleman,  who  wears  spec- 
tacles, breeches,  and  short  black  gaiters, 
has  a  bald  head,  and  "  good  round  belly." 
lie  founds  a  club,  and  travels  with  its 
members  over  England,  each  member 
being  under  his  guardianship. 

Pic'rochole  {Pil^-ro-coal).  King  of 
Lerne.  A  Greek  compound,  meaning 
"bitter-bile"  or  choleric.  The  rustics  of 
Utopia  one  day  asked  the  cake-bakers  of 
Lerue,  who  happened  to  be  passing  by, 
to  sell  them  some  cakes,  but  received 
only  abuse  for  their  answer ;  whereupon  a 
quarrel  ensued.  When  Picrochole  was  iu- 
formetl  thereof,  he  marched  with  all  his 
men  against  Utopia.  King  Grangousier 
tried  to  appease  the  choleric  king,  but 
all  his  efforts  were  in  vain.  At  length 
Gargautua  arrived,  defeated  Picrochole, 
and  pui  his  army  to  the  rout. — RctLdais, 
"  GarjanliM,^'  Lk.  i. 

King  ricruchotes  slales/jian.  One  who 
without  his  host  reckons  of  mighty  j 
achievements  to  bo  accomplished.  The 
duke  of  Smalltrash,  earl  of  Swashbuck- 
ler, and  captain  DurtaiUe  advised  king 
Picrochole  to  divide  his  army  into  two 
parts  ;  one  was  to  be  left  to  carry  ou 
the  war  in  hand,  and  tlie  other  to  be 
sent  forth  to  make  con<iuests.  They 
wore  to  tiike  England,  France  and  Spain, 
Asia  Minor,  the  Greek  Islands,  and  Tur- 
key, Germany,  Norway,  Sweden,  Russia, 
kc,  and  to  divide  the  lauds  thus  taken 
among  the  conquerors.  Echeph'ron, 
QD  old  soldier,  replied — "A   shoemaker 


bought  a  ha'poth  of  milk  ;  with  this  he 
was  going  to  mak^  butter,  the  butter 
was  to  buy  a  cow,  the  cow  was  to  have  a 
calf,  the  calf  was  to  be  changed  for  a 
colt,  and  the  man  was  to  become  a  nabob  ; 
oiily  he  cracked  his  jug,  spilt  his  milk, 
and  went  supporless  to  bod." — Rabdaii, 
"  Cuvijantua,'"  bk.  i.  oo. 

Pict  is  not  from  the  Latin  pitti 
(painted  people).  As  i'icts  and  Scots 
are  always  mentioned  together,  there  is 
no  reason  why  one  should  be  (jaolic  and 
the  other  Latin.  Scot  is  the  Gaelic  'sgod 
(a  dweller  in  woods  and  forests),  and 
Pict  is  the  Gaelic  picl-isk  (freebooters) ; 
the  two  being  equivalent  to  foresters 
and  freebooters. 

Picts'  Houses.  Those  underground 
buildings  more  accurately  termed  "  Earth 
Houses,"  as  the  Pict's  lluuse  at  Kettle- 
burn,  in  Caithness. 

Picture.  A  model  or  beau-ideal,  as 
He  is  the  piciure  of  health  ;  A  perfect  pic- 
ture of  a  house. 

The  Picture.  Ma<=singer  has  borrowed 
the  plot  of  this  play  from  Bandello  of 
Piedmont,  who  wrote  novelles  or  tales  iu 
the  fifteenth  century. 

Pictiires.    (o'ee  Cabinet,  Cautoons, 

Picture  Eible.    (See  Biblia.) 

Pie.  LookliKj  fir  a  pie's  nest  [French). 
Looking  for  something  you  are  not  likely 
to  tind.     {Seehelow.) 

lie  is  in  the  pie's  nest  {French).  In  a 
fix,  in  great  doubt,  in  a  quandary.  The 
pie  places  her  nest  out  of  reach,  and  for- 
tifies it  with  thorny  sticks,  leaving  only  a 
small  apei'ture  just  large  enough  to  ad- 
mit her  body.  She  generally  sits  with  her 
he;ul  towards  the  hole,  watching  against 
intruders. 


Pie-Bald.  A  corruption  of  pie-hailed, 
s;eckled  like  a  pie.  The  words  Ball, 
Dun,  and  Favel  are  frequently  given  as 
names  to  cows.  "Ball"  means  the  cow 
with  a  mark  on  its  face;  "Dun"  means 
the  cow  of  a  dun  or  brownish-yellow 
colour;  and  "Favel"  means  the  ba  3' cow. 
(Bull,  in  Gaelic,  means  a  ''mark;"  hallach, 
speckled.) 

Pie  Corner  (^Londmi).  So  named 
from  an  eating-house —  he  "  [Mag]-pie." 


PIE  POUDRE. 


PIO. 


086 


Pie  Poudre.  A  court  formerly  held 
*t  a  fair  on  ISt.  Giles's  Hill,  near  Win- 
chester. It  was  orit,'-inally  authorised  by 
the  bishop  of  Winton  from  a  grant  of 
I'liiward  IV.  Similar  courts  were  held 
elsewhere  at  wakes  and  fairs  for  the 
rout;fh-and-ready  treatment  of  pedlars 
anil  hawkers,  to  compel  them  an<l  those 
with  whom  they  dealt  to  fulfil  their  con- 
tracts. (French,  pied  poudreu.v,  (histy 
foot.  A  vagabond  is  called  in  French 
picd-poudreux.) 

Have  its  proceedinxs  disilloweJ  or 
Allowed,  at  fancj  at  rii'-i  "wI'T. 

Huthr,  ••  ll'xdih' ai."  pt  ii  2. 

Pied  Piper  of  Ham'eiin.  The 
Pycd  Piper  was  promised  a  reward  if  ho 
•voiild  drive  the  rats  and  mice  out  of 
IImuh'Iii  (W  Csiplialin)  Tlds  he  did,  for  ho 
ICiitiiored  them  together  by  his  pipe,  and 
tlieii  drowned  them  in  the  river.  A.s  the 
pi'ople  refused  to  pay  him,  he  next  led  the 
children  to  Koppelber^  Hill,  where  180  of 
them  perished  (.J  ul3' 22,  loTij)  (jStt  Uatto.) 

To  blow  the  ripe  his  lips  henrinklei. 
Ai.d  grei-n  an.i  Muc  li!»  sharp  c.v  e«  twinkled... 
Aud  eri!  thrte  i.otcs  his  pipe  had  uitired... 
Out  uf  Hie  hiiuses  lals  came  turiihling— 
lirtat  rats,  sioail  ni's.  lean  rai8,  hrau  ny  rats. 
Blown  r';t»,  bhu'lv  ir.  .«.  yifiy  rara.  tawny  r.its- 
Aiidstep  hy  slei^  tliey  folin>iori  h  m  dancini?. 
Till  they  came  to  the  ri?er  \V  ^er 

R*}hei  t  Hrnvmin-j. 

{,S(t  IIatto.  ) 

Pierre  (prnn.  Peer).  A  conspirator 
in  Otway's  "  Venice  Preserved."  He  is 
described  as  a  patriot,  of  the  bluntest 
manners,  and  a  stoical  heart. 

(Jijlier  than  I'iai-e  dti  t'uignet  {French). 
Coiirniires  was  an  advocate-i^'cneral  in  the 
reig-ii  of  Philippe  de  Valoi.^,  who  stoutly 
opposed  the  encroachments  of  thechnrch. 
The  monks  in  reven(,'e  called,  by  way  of 
pun,  those  gfrotesquo  monkey-like  ligures 
carved  in  stone,  u.sed  in  church  archi- 
li'cluro,  pierrc'S  ilu  Coit^net  or  pierrus  du 
•JoiKn^res.  At  Notre  iJaiue  de  I'aris  they 
to  extinguish  their  torclics  in  tlie  mouths 
and  no.strils  of  these  figiu-es,  which  thus 
acquired  a  superadded  ugliness. 

Yoo  mny  sflRoeiate  thein  wtih  inasier  Pfter  dti 
Coiguel .  ..Ill  the  niddl'  of  ih?  porch.,  .to  i  erfoim 
the  •  ih  'c  of  fx'i:i-iii>>liers,  aud  wiih  Iheir  noses  i>iu 
>nt  llie  Ji.liied  eaiillet,  torches,  lapers,  aud  Oain- 
\^•.\ux  —Habd.a\t. 

Pierrot  Ipe'er-ro).  A  character  in 
French  p.uitoiuimo  re]>resentirga  man  in 
growth  and  a  child  in  mind  and  manners, 
lie  IB  generally  the  tallest  and  thinnest 
man  that  can  Vie  got,  has  his  face  and 
hair  covered  with  white  powder  or  (lour, 
and  wea.rs  a  while  gown  with  very  long 


sleeves,  ami  a  row  of  big  buttons  down 
the  front.    The  word  means  Little  Peter. 

Piers.  The  shepherd  who  relates  the 
fable  of  the  "  Kiil  and  her  Dam,"  to  show 
the  danger  of  bad  company. — Sfienaer, 
"  .Shepherd: s  Calendar." 

Pi^ra  Plowman.  The  hero  of  a 
satirical  poem  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. He  falls  asleep,  like  John  liunyan, 
on  the  Malvern  Hills,  and  has  dilferent 
visions  which  ho  descnlies,  and  in  which 
he  exposes  the  corruptions  of  society, 
the  dissoluteness  of  the  clergy,  ana  tlie 
allurements  to  sin,  with  considoratile 
bitterness.  The  author  is  supposed  to 
be  Ilobert  or  William  I.anglaud. 

Pieta'.  A  representatimiof  the  Virgin 
Mary  embracing  the  dead  body  of  her 
Hon.  Filial  or  parental  love  was  called 
;)w<y  by  the  Romans.     (See  Pious.) 

Pi  etists.  A  sect  of  Lutherans  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  who  sought  to 
introduce  a  more  moral  life  and  a 
more  "evangelical"  sjiirit  of  doctrine 
into  the  reformed  church.  In  Germany 
the  word  Pietist  is  about  equal  to  otir 
vulgar  use  of  Methodist. 

Pie'tro  (2  syl).  The  putative  father 
of  Pompil':*;  criminally  assumed  as  his 
child  to  prevent  certain  property  from 
passing  to  an  heir  not  his  own  — Rnh^'i 
Brmoniiiff,  "  77(6  liiurj  and  the  Book,^' 
ii.  580.     (Ac  King.) 

Pig.  In  the  forefeet  of  })igs  is  a  ve;  y 
small  hole,  which  may  be  seen  when  the 
hair  lias  been  carefully  removed.  Tlie 
tra.Htion  is  that  the  legion  of  devils 
entered  by  these  apertures.  There  are 
also  round  it  some  six  rin^-^s,  the  whole 
together  not  larger  than  a  small  spangle  ; 
they  look  as  if  burnt  or  brande<l  into  the 
skin,  and  the  tradition  is  that  they  arc 
the  marks  of  the  devil's  claws  when  he 
entered  the  swine  (.Mark  v.  11-1.5). 

P if/ in  a.  pole.  A  blind  bargain.  The 
French  say  Acheter  chat  en  poche.  The 
referenco  is  to  a  common  trick  ia  days 
gone  by  of  substituting  a  cat  for  a  suck- 
ing-i>ig,  and  trying  to  palm  it  off  OD 
greeidiorns.  1  f  any  one  heedlessly  bought 
the  article  without  examination  ho 
bought  a  "  cat "  for  a  "  pig  ;  "  but  if  he 
opened  the  sack  he  "  let  the  cat  out  of 
the  bag,"  and  the  trick  was  disclosed. 
The  French  "chat  en  poche"  refers  to 
till)  f.ict,  while  our  proverb  regards  ihg 
ti  ick.     Pocket  is  diminutive  of  poke. 


OM 


ft  06. 


PIGEO!^. 


Ht  hcu  hnnghl  hit  ■pigt  to  a  prcity 
market.  lie  has  made  a  very  bad  bar- 
gain ;  he  Las  luanatred  his  business  in  a 
very  bad  way.  I'iiia  were  the  chief 
articles  of  saio  with  our  Saxon  herdsmen, 
and  till  recently  the  villaije  cottager 
looked  to  pay  his  rent  by  the  sale  of  his 
pips. 

JJe  follows  me  about  like  an  Anthony 
jnr)  ;  or  such  and  such  a  one  is  a  Taniony 
pig;  meaning  a  beggar,  a  hanger-on. 
ytow  says  that  the  officers  of  the  market 
used  to  slit  the  ears  of  pigs  unfit  for 
food.  Ouo  day  one  of  the  proctors  of  St. 
Anthony's  Hospital  tied  a  bell  about  a 
pig  whoso  ear  was  slit,  and  no  one  would 
ever  hurt  it.  The  pig  would  follow  like 
a  dog  any  one  who  fed  it. 

Pleaae  the  j)i^-'.  Tf  the  Virgin  permits. 
Saxon,  piga  (a  virgin),  whence  Peggy, 
a  common  name  of  females  in  Scotland.. 
In  the  Danish  New  Testament  "  maiden" 
is  generally  rendered  pigoi.  "  Pig 
Cross,"  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  is 
I'irgin  Cross,  or  the  Lady  Cross.  So 
also  "Pig's  Hill,"  "Pig's  Ditch,"  in 
some  instances  at  least,  are  the  field  and 
diggin'  attached  to  the  Lady's  Chapel, 
though  iu  others  they  are  simply  the  hill 
and  ditch  where  jiigs  were  offered  for  sale. 
Another  etymology  is  Please  the  /nxies 
(fairies),  a  saying  still  common  in  Devon- 
shire. 

It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  'pige 
should  be  Norse  for  maiden,  and  hog  or 
og  Gaelic  for  young  generally.  Thus 
ogan  (a  young  ra.^n),  and  oige  (a  young 
woman). 

The  common  notion  that  "  please  the 
pigs"  is  a  ccrniption  of  "please  the 
pix,"  is  wholly  unworthy  of  credit. 

Some  men  there  are  love  not  a  gaping  pig 
("Merchant  of  Venice,"  iv.  1).  Marshal 
d' Albert  always  fainted  at  the  sight  of 
a  pig.     {See  AiN'Tir.\TUY,  Cat.) 

Pigs.    (5(«  Bai-.tiioi-omew  Pigs.) 

1*1  g  and  Tindcrbox.  The  Elephant 
and  Castle. 

Pig  and  Whistle.  The  bowl  and 
wassail,  or  the  was>ai!-cup  and  wassail. 
A  piggen  is  a  pail,  especially  a  niilkpail; 
and  a  pig  is  a  small  bowl,  cup,  or  mug. 
Thus  a  orockery  dealer  is  called  a  pig- 
wife.  Another  explanation  is  th.at  it  is  a 
corruption  of  the  pix  and  housel ;  the 
"  pix"  being  the  box  in  which  the  sacred 
Vfafors  wore  kept,  and  tho  "  housel"  the 
cucharist  or  wafers  themselves. 


Pig-back,  Pick-back,  or  a-Pigger- 
lack,  does  not  mean  as  a  pi/y  is  carried  by 
abutcher,buta8a75(//aorc/a7rf  is  carried. 
It  should  be  written  apiggorhack.  A 
butcher  carries  a  pig  head  domiicards, 
with  its  legs  over  his  shoulders  ;  but 
a  child  is  carried  with  its  arms  round 
your  neck,  and  legs  under  your  arms. 

She  carries  thf!  other  a  p'cltapaclE  upon  her  Biioal- 
iti».—L  Eelrangt. 

Pig  Iron.  This  is  a  mere  play  upon 
tho  word  sow.  When  iron  is  melted  it 
runs  off  into  a  cliannel  called  a  sow,  the 
lat'eral  branches  of  which  are  called  the 
pigs  ;  hero  the  iron  cools,  and  is  called 
pig-iron.  Now  soto  has  nothing  whatever 
to  do  with  swine,  but  is  from  the  Saxon 
eaxvan,  to  scatter;  German,  sausen,  to 
rush  ;  and  ought  to  be  written  saus(%o'Ks), 
a  word  in  use  still  in  the  expre.'^.sicni  "  Ho 
soused  upon  him" — i.e.,  swooped  or 
rushed.  Having  sows  or  sow  for  the 
parent  channel,  it  required  no  great 
effort  of  wit  to  make  the  lateral  grooves 
the  little  pigs. 

Pig-tails  (The).  The  Chinese;  so 
called  because  the  Tartar  tonsure  and 
braided  qucuo  are  very  general. 

We  Inid  awaj  tellini:  one  another  of  the  pig-lailj 
till  we  u  th  dropped  uff  to  sleep.—"  Talts  about  the 
Chinnise." 

Pig-wiggen.  A  dwarf ;  so  called 
from  the  fairy  in  Drayton's  "  Nyniph- 
idia."   A  corruption  of  Pig-widden.    (Set 

PiGGT-WlGGY.) 

Pigeon.  Pitt  says  in  Jlocc-t  no  one 
will  kill  the  blue  pigeons,  because  they 
are  held  sacred. 

Pigeons.  Two  black  pigeons,  we 
are  told,  took  their  flight  from  Thebes, 
in  Egypt :  one  tiew  to  Libya,  and  the 
other  to  Dodo'na,  in  Greece.  On  the 
spot  where  the  former  alighted,  the  tem- 
ple of  Jupiter  Amnion  was  erected  ;  iu 
the  place  where  the  other  settled,  tho 
oracle  of  Jupiter  was  established,  and 
there  tho  responses  were  made  by  the 
black  pigeons  that  iuhalated  the  sur- 
rounding groves.  This  fable  is  probably 
based  on  a  pun  upon  the  word  peleiai, 
which  usually  means  "  old  women,''  but 
in  the  dialect  of  the  Epi'rots  signides 
pigeons  or  doves. 

Pigeon  lays  only  ttt<o  eggs.  Hence  the 
Queen  says  of  Hamlet,  after  his  (it  ao 
will  be— 

Ai  psi'^ent  »s  th«  feoi.^l"  dovs 
MTbeu  Ihit  her  KQi<kD  euvpld*  are  di»clo!<«<l  [ifi.f 
b»tcl;»i  i.  ••  Uan.UL,'  V.  U 


FlGEON-ENGLIStL 


PILGRIMAGE. 


MaJumeCs  Pi'jeon.  Tliis  pisreoa  was 
taught  to  pick  seeds  from  .Mahomet's 
e;ir,  so  that  it  might  be  thought  to  be  the 
messenger  of  inspired  commuuieations. 

I/e  w/oo  is  sprhMed  with  piyeon's  blood 
will  never  die  a  natural  death.  A  sculptor 
carrj-ing  home  a  bust  of  Charles  I.  stop- 
pod  "to  rest  on  the  way  ;  at  the  moment  a 
pigeon  overhead  was  struck  by  a  hawk, 
and  the  blood  of  the  bird  fell  on  tho 
neck  of  the  bust.  The  sculptor  thought 
it  ominous,  and  after  tho  king  was  be- 
headed the  saying  became  current. 

Flocks  of  wild  pigeons  presage  t/oe  pesti- 
lence, at  least  in  Louisia'na.  Longfellow 
says  they  come  with  "  naught  in  their 
craws  but  an  a.coTu."—'^  Evangeline." 

To  pig-ion.  To  cheat,  to  gull  one 
of  his  money  by  almost  self-evident 
hoaxes.  Pigeons  are  very  easily  grilled, 
caught  by  snares,  or  scared  by  malkins.  | 
One  easily  gulled  is  called  a  pigeon.  The 
French  pigeon  means  a  dupe. 

Je  me  dcfiicroy  tatiNw!  qne  lu  mtuij  un  it  cenx 
qu)  ne  ee  ia'x:it;ut  ei  facilenieut  pl»>>aa<r  a  Idea 
ttui.—'  Lit  I)vihfj\it»  de  J^'juet  I  thureau"  (15S6i. 

Pigeon -English,  or  Pigcon-Uik.- 
A  corniptiou  of  bu.dness-(a/L  Thus  : 
business,  bidginess,  bidgin,  pidgin, 
pigeon.  A  mixture  of  English,  i'urtu- 
gueso,  and  Chinese,  used  in  businooS 
trausactions  in  "The  Flowery  Empire." 

The  tiiiders  care  nothin:;  Tor  tlieCli'.ncse  Iin7\i-.g'>, 
»n<l  aio  content  t'Jiarry  on  their  bu^iiurBH  iiAiisac- 
ti  •usiii  a  hideouajargon  callei  "pigeon  Enslish."— 
The  TniKs. 

Pigeon-livered.  Timid,  easily 
frightened,  like  a  pigeon.  The  bile  rules 
the  temper,  and  the  liver  tho  bile. 

Pigeon  Pair.  A  boy  and  girl,  twins. 
It  was  once  supposed  that.pigeons  always 
sit  on  two  eggs,  which  produce  a  male 
and  a  female,  and  these  twin  birds  live 
together  in  love  tho  rest  of  their  lives. 

Pigg.     {See  under  Ike  word  Bkkweu.  ) 

Piggy-wiftgy  or  Piggii-uhidden.  A 
word  of  cn<h!:irment ;  a  pet  pig,  which 
being  the  smallest  of  tho  litter  is  called 
by  tho  fliminutive  Piggy,  and  being  very 
white  from  weakness  is  called  wiggy,  a 
corruption  of  Khiddy,  meaning  white. 

Pigh'tle.  A  Email  p.arcel  of  land 
onclc-ed  with  a  hedge.  In  the  Eastern 
counties  called  a  pUkte.  (Scotch,  pighl, 
fixed  or  dotorininate.) 

Pigmy.  A  dwarf.  In  fabulous  his- 
tory tho  pigmies  wero  a  nation  of  dwarfs 
derourod  by  cranes.     {.'5'«  Pvt^diiKS.) 


Pigsnie,  A  word  of  eii'loarmont  to 
a  girl,     (tiaxon,  piga,  a  girl.) 

Pigwiggin.  An  elf  in  love  with 
queen  Mab.  He  comlata  the  jealoui 
0  beron  vrith  great  fury.  —  Drayton, 
"Ni/rp.phidia." 

Pike-staff.  Plain  as  a  pike-staff.  A 
corruption  of  "Plain  as  a  pack-staff," 
the  staff  on  which  pedlars  carried  their 
pack.  The  pike-staff  would  be  the 
shaft  of  the  pike  or  halbert. 

Pilate  Voice.  A  loud  ranting  voico. 
In  the  old  mysteries  all  tyrants  were 
made  to  speak  in  a  rough  ranting  manner. 
Thus  Bottom  the  Weaver,  after  a  rant 
"  to  show  his  quality,"  exclaims,  "That's 
'Ercles'  vein,  a  tyrant's  vein  ;"  and  Ham- 
let describes  a  ranting  actor  as  "  out- 
heroding  Herod." 

In  Pilate  voys  be  gan  to  cry. 
And  swor  bvarme^.  and  by  blooi  and  bonee. 
C'/wucer,  "  CanUrbury  Tales,''  51 :6. 

Pilcll.  The  flannel  n.apkin  of  an  ir» 
fant ;  a  bull  or  leather  jerkin.  {See 
belmc. ) 

Pilcher.  A  scabbard.  {Haxon,  pylce, 
a  skin  coat.) 

Will  you  plunk  your  BTiord  out  of  his  pilcher  T 
6h'jJ:e.iii<-ari;,  "  liunico  and  Juliet,"  iii.  1. 

Pil-garlic  (^ ).  One  whose  hair  has 
fallen  off  from  disease  ;  one  avoided  and 
forsaken  by  his  fellows.  The  editor  of 
iVoles  and  Qneries  says  that  garlic  was 
a  prime  specific  for  leprosy,  so  th.it 
garlic  and  leprosy  became  inseparably 
associated.  As  lepers  had  to  pil  or  peel 
their  own  garlic,  they  wore  nick-named 
pil-garlics,  and  any  one  who  was  shunno<l 
like  a  lei)er  was  called  so  likewise. 
Stow  refers  the  expression  to  one  get- 
ting old,  observing  "  llo  will  soon  bo  a 
peeled  garlic  like  myself." 

Pil'grimage  (3  syl.).  The  chief 
places  in  tb.e  West  wore  (1)  Walsinghain 
and  Canterbury  {England);  (2)  Four- 
vieres,  Pu}',  and  St.  Denis  (France) ;  (3) 
Homo,  Lorotto,  Genotsano,  and  Assist 
{Italy)  ;  (4)  Compostella,  Guadalupe,  and 
Montserrat  {Spai>i);  (5)  Getting,  Zell, 
Cologne,  Trier,  and  Einsiedeln  ( Oemiany), 
Chancor  has  an  admirable  photograph, 
chioUy  in  vor!>e,  of  a  pilgrimikge  t<i 
Heckot's  tomb,  in  (^antorhnry  cathedral. 
The  pilgrims  beguile  tho  weariness  of  the 
way  by  telling  Uilos.  Those  "Cftnterbury 
Talcs  "  wore  uovor  complolod. 


688 


PILLAR. 


TIN. 


Pillar.  Eunninfj  from  pillar  In  post  — 
from  oue  thiiif;  to  another  witliout  any 
liolinite  purpoj-o.  This  is  an  allusion  to 
tlic  mandgo.  'J'ho  pillar  is  the  centre  of 
tlio  riding  ground,  and  the  posts  are  the 
cohiinns  at  equal  distances,  placed  tv/o 
and  two  round  the  circumfe.-ence  of  the 
ring. 

Pillar  Saints  or  Sli/H'tes.  A  class 
of  ascetics,  chiefly  of  Syria,  who  took  up 
ill  oir  abode  on  the  top  of  a  pillar,  from 
which  they  never  descended.  (See 
Stylitks.) 

Pillars  of  Heaven.  The  Atlas 
mountains  are  so  called  by  the  natives. 

Pillars  of  Hercviles.  The  opposite 
rocks  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  one  in  Spain  and  the  other  on^ 
the  .\frican  continent.  The  tale  is  that' 
they  wore  b^und  toj^ether  till  Hercules 
tore  them  asunder  in  order  to  get  to 
GadiJs  (Cadiz).  The  ancients  called  them 
Calpe  and  Ab'yla  ;  we  call  them  Gibraltar 
Rock  and  Mount  Ilacho,  on  which  stands 
the  fortress  of  Ceu'ta  [Ku'tahJ. 

Pillory.  Tlie  following  eminent  men 
have  been  put  in  the  pillory  for  literary 
otiences  : — Leighton,  for  tracts  against 
Charles  I.  ;  Lilburu,  for  circulating  the 
tracts  of  Dr.  Bastwick  ;  Bastwick,  for  at- 
tacking the  Church  of  England  ;  Wartoa 
the  publisher;  Prynue,  for  a  satire  on 
the  wife  of  Charles  I. ;  Daniel  Defoe,  for 
a  panijihlet  entitled  "The  Shortest  Way 
with  Dissenters,"  &c. 

Pilot,  according  to  Scaliger,  is  from 
&n  old  French  word,  pile  (a  siiip). 

Pilot  Fish.  So  called  because  it  is 
supposed  to  pilot  the  shark  to  its  prey. 
The  shark  will  no  more  injure  it  than 
a  crocodile  would  harm  a  trochilus  or 
humming-bird. 

Pilpay'  or  Bidpay.  The  Indian 
?Ksop.  His  compilation  was  in  San- 
'krit,  and  entitled  "  Pantclia-Tantra." 
Khosru  (Chosroes)  the  Great  of  Persia 
ordered  them  to  be  translated  into 
Pehlvi,  an  idiom  of  ^fedish,  at  that 
time  the  language  of  Persia.  This  was 
in  tho  middle  of  the  sixth  century. 

Pimlico  (Lomlon),  according  to  tra- 
dition, receives  its  name  from  lien  Pim- 
lico, famous  for  his  nut-brown  ale.  His 
tea-gardens  were  near  Hoxton,  and  the 
road  to  them  was  called  Pimlico  Path. 


Pin.  NoL  worth  a  pin.  Wholly  worth- 
less. 

/  don't  care  a  pin,  or  a  pin'$  point.     In 

the  least, 

Th.e  pin.  The  centre,  as  "the  pin  of 
the  heart "  (^Shakespeare,  "  Rciieo  and 
Juliet,"  ii.  4).  The  allusion  is  to  tho 
pin  which  fastened  the  clout  or  white 
mark  on  a  target  in  archery. 

]Veak  on  his  pins.  Weak  in  his  logs, 
the  legs  being  a  man's  pegs  or  sup- 
porters. 

I/i  inttrry  pin.  In  merry  mood,  in 
good  spirits.  Pegge,  in  liis  "'  Anony- 
miana,"  says  that  the  old  tankards  were 
divided  into  eight  equal  partf^,  and  each 
part  was  marked  with  a  silver  pin.  The 
cups  held  two  quarts,  consequently  the 
quantity  from  pin  to  pin  was  half  a  Win- 
chester pint.  I!y  the  rules  of  "good 
f-ellowship"  a  drinker  was  to  stop  drink- 
ing onli/  at  a  pin,  and  if  he  drank  beyond 
it  was  to  drink  to  the  next  one.  As  it 
was  very  hard  to  stop  exactly  at  the  pin, 
the  vain  efforts  gave  rise  to  much  mirth, 
inid  thtt  drinker  had  generally  to  drain 
thn  tankard.     {See  Peg.) 

No  son^,  no  lau^h,  no  jovial  din 
Of  drinking  wassail  to  the  pin. 

Lonzf'llo-w,  "  Golden  Legtnd  "  ' 

A  merry  jrin.     A  roisterer. 

We  are  told  that  St.  Dunstan  intro- 
duced the  plan  of  pegging  tankards,  to 
check  the  intemperate  habits  of  the  Eqi;- 
lish  in  his  time. 

/  do  not  pill  my  faith  upon  yonr  sleeve. 
I  am  not  going  to  take  j'our  ir,se  dixit 
for  gospel.  In  fevidal  times  badges  were 
worn,  and  the  partisans  of  a  leader  used 
to  wear  his  badge,  which  was  pinned  on 
the  sleeve.  Sometimes  these  badges 
were  changed  for  specific  purposes,  and 
persons  learned  to  doubt.  Hence  the 
phrase,  "  You  wear  the  badge,  but  I  do 
not  intend  to  pin  my  faith  on  your 
sleeve." 

He  tirlcd  at  the  pin.  Rattled  at  the 
latch  to  give  notice  that  he  was  about  to 
enter.  The  pin  was  not  only  tho  latch 
of  chamber-doors  and  cottages,  but  tho 
"rasp"  of  castles  used  instead  of  the 
modern  knocker.  It  was  att.achcd  to  a 
ring,  which  produced  a  grating  sound  to 
give  notice  to  the  warder. 

Sae  liclit  he  jumped  up  the  steii 

And  tirled  at  v,he  pin  ; 
And  wha  sae  rendy  as  herscl' 

To  let  the  l*1Jie  iu  ? 

•'  Charlie  it  m</  Durling- 


PIN   MONEY. 


PIOUS. 


6,S9 


Pin  Money.  A  lady'g  allowance  cf 
tnoijoy  for  her  own  personal  cxpeuiliture. 
liOng  after  the  invoution  of  pins,  in  the 
foiirteeiith  century,  the  maker  was  al- 
lowed to  sell  them  in  open  shop  only  on 
tho  1st  and  2nd  of  January.  It  was  then 
that  tlia  co>ii-t  ladies  and  city  dames 
flocked  to  the  depots  to  buy  thctn,  having 
been  first  provided  with  money  by  their 
husbands.  When  pins  became  cheap 
and  common,  the  ladies  spent  their  al- 
lowances on  other  fancies,  but  the  term 
pin-mo!iey  remained  in  vogue. 

It  is  quite  an  error  to  suppose  that 
pins  were  invented  in  the  reign  of 
iVani^ois  I  ,  and  introduced  into  England 
In  Catharine  Howard,  the  fifth  wife  of 
Henry  VIII.  In  1347,  just  two  hundred 
years  before  tho  death  of  Fran(;ois, 
r2,0()0  pins  wcro  delivered  from  the  royal 
wardrobe  for  the  use  of  the  princess 
Joan,  and  in  1400  (more  than  a  century 
before  Francois  ascended  the  throne)  the 
duchess  of  Orleans  purchased  of  Jehan 
le  Broconnier,  espinfjlier,  of  Paris,  several 
thousand  long  ami  short  pins,  besidee 
five  hundred  de  lafa(;on  <£ AngleXerrt.  So 
that  pins  were  not  only  manufactured  in 
England,  but  were  of  high  re2nUe  even  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  IV. 

Pinabello  or  Pin'ahel  (in  "  Orlando 
Furioso").  Bon  of  Anselmo,  king  of 
Maganza.  Mari:)hi'8a  having  overthrown 
him,  and  taken  the  steed  of  his 
dame,  Pinabello,  at  her  instigation,  de- 
creed that  nothing  would  wipe  out  tho 
disgrace  o.xcept  a  tiiousand  dames  .And  a 
thousand  warriors  unhorsed,  and  spoiled 
of  their  arms,  steed,  and  vest.  He  was 
slain  by  Brad'amant. 

Pinch  ( Dr.).  X  schoolmaster  and  con- 
jurer.— ShakfsiHare,  "  Corned;/  of  Errors." 

Tdin  J'inch,  in  "Martin  Chuzzlewit," 
by  C-'harles  Dickens. 

Jidlh  Pinch.     Sister  of  the  above. 

PinchTaock.  .'^o  called  from  Chris- 
topher Pinclibcck,  a  musical-clock  maker, 
Fleet  Street.  (DiedlTo'i.)  Tho  word  is  used 
for  Brununagem,  iuferic>r,  make-believe. 

Wlirre,  tn  theie  rint-nnfck  dnyn.  can  we  hope  to 
An<l  ihe  old  iwricultnral  virtue  in  all  itn  purity 7— 
J^tlh^nti  Tr-.i'iope,  "  Frmiilcv  J' in^mut." 

Pinchwife  {Mr.  and  J/w.),  in 
Wychorly'a  "Country  Wife." 

Pindar.  Tf>4  French  Pindar.  Joan 
Dorat  (1507-1588).  Also  Ponce  Donis 
Ubrun  (17'.Z9-18n7) 


T%e  Italian  Pindar.  Gabriello  Chia- 
biera  ;  whence  Chiabreresco  is  in  Italian 
tantamount  to  "  Pindaric."    {\5f>'2-\iyM  I 

/'eler  Pindar.  Dr.  John  Wolcov, 
(1738-1819.) 

Pindar  of  England.  George,  duke  of 
Buckingham,  declared  Cowley  to  be  tho 
Pindar,  Horace,  and  Virgil  of  England. 

In  Westminster  Abbey,  the  last  lino  of 
Gray's  tablet  claims  tne  honour  of  British 
Pindar  for  the  autlior  of  "Tho  Bard." 
Bbe  (liriiani  I  feU  a  Homf-r's  lire  in  .MiI'oq  a  slraing, 
A  PiU'iar's  rapture  iu  tlie  Ij  re  of  (}raj. 

Pindar  of  Wakefield  {Geonje-a- 
Green)  has  given  his  name  to  a  celebrated 
house  on  the  west  side  of  the  Gray's-inn 
Road;  and  a  house  with  that  name  still 
exists  in  St.  Chad's  How,  on  the  other 
side  of  tho  street. —  T/ie  Times.  (Set 
PiNDKU. ) 

Pinda'ric  Verse.  Irregular  verso  ; 
a  poora  of  various  metres,  but  of  lofty 
stylo,  iu  imitation  of  tho  odes  of  Pindar. 
"  Alexander's  Feast,"  by  Drydon,  is  the 
best  sjiecimen  in  English. 

Pinder.  One  who  takes  care  ol 
cattle  in  a  pound  or  pen  ;  thus  George- 
a-Groen  was  the  "  Pindor  of  Wakefield," 
and  his  encotinter  with  Robin  Hood, 
Scarlet,  and  Little  John  forms  tho  sub- 
ject of  one  of  the  Robin  Hood  ballads. 

Pindo'riis  (in  "Jerusalem  Deli- 
vered"). Ouo  of  the  two  heralds;  the 
other  is  Aridcus. 

Pine-bender.  Sinis,  tho  Corinthian 
robber.  So  called  because  he  used  to 
fasten  his  victims  to  two  pine-trees  bent 
towards  the  earth,  and  then  leave  them 
to  be  rent  asunder  by  the  rebound. 

Pink.  Tlie  flower  is  so  called  because 
the  edges  of  tho  petals  are  pinked  or 
notched.     {See  below.) 

Pink  of  Perfection.  Tite  acme  ; 
the  beau-ideal.  Shakespeare  has  "tho 
pink  of  courtesy  "  ("  Romeo  and  Juliet," 
ii.  i).  W'?lsh,  p>fnc,  a  p5int,  an  acnio ; 
otir  jiiyii:,  to  stab  ;  yiyi/cing,  cutting  into 
points. 

Pi'ony  or  Peony.  A  tl.>wer;  so 
called  from  tho  chieftain  Paitui,  who  dis- 
covered it. — "  Saxon  Leechdorru"  i. 

Pious  (2  syl.).  The  Romans  called  a 
man  who  revered  his  father  pius  ;  hence 
Antoni'nus  was  called  /jiuj,  because  ho 
reijuested  that  his  adopted  father  (Ha- 


090 


PIP. 


PITCHERS. 


drian)  mipht  be  rankoJ  amon^  the  goda. 
jliiio'as  was  crillod  piut  beoai'.se  lie  res- 
cued bis  father  from  the  burning  city  of 
Troy.  Tlie  Italian  word  "pieta"  (9.?'.) 
has  a  similar  meaning. 

The  J'ious.  Ernst  I.,  founder  of  the 
House  of  Gotha.     (1601-1674.) 

Robert,  son  of  Hugucs  Capet.  (971, 
990-1031.) 

Eric  IX.  of  Sweden.     (  *,  1155-1161.) 

Pip.  The  hero  of  Dickens's  "  Great 
Kxpectations."  He  is  first  a  poor  boy, 
and  then  a  man  of  wealth. 

Pip'chins  {Mrs.).  A  wan,  false- 
tootbed,  yellow-skiuned  scrag — Dlckent, 
"  Ji(.iiihnj  i.f  Son.'" 

Pipe.  To  pipe  your  eye.  To  snivel ; 
to  cry.     (Welsh, /^i/«a«,  to  puke.) 

Pat  your  pipe  out.  Spoil  your  piping 
or  singing  ;  make  you  sing  another  tune, 
or  in  another  key.  "  Take  your  shine 
out  "  has  a  similar  force. 

Put  that  into  your  pipe  and  smohe 
it  Digest  that  if  )-ou  can.  An  ex- 
pression used  by  one  who  has  given  an 
adversary  a  severe  rebuke.  The  allusion 
is  to  the  i)ipes  of  peace  and  war  smoked 
by  the  American  Indians. 

Olfice  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Pipe.  A  very 
ancient  office  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer, 
whore  lea-ses  of  crown  lands,  sheritrs' 
accounts,  &c.,  were  made  out.  It  e.xisted 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  I!.,  and  was 
abolished  in  the  reign  of  \ViJliam  IV. 
Lord  Bacon  says,  "The  office  is  so  called 
because  the  whole  receipt  of  the  court 
is  finally  conveyed  into  it  by  means  of 
divers  small  pipes  or  quilis,  as  water 
into  a  cistern." 

Pipe  Rolls  or  Great  Rolls  of  the  Pipe. 
The  series  of  Great  Rolls  of  the  Ex- 
chequer, beginning  2  Henry  II.,  <and 
continued  to  1S34,  when  the  Pipe-office 
was  abolished.  These  rolls  are  now  in 
the  Public  Record  Office,  Chancery  Lane. 

Pipe  of  Peace.  The  North-Ame- 
rican Indians  present  a  pipe  to  any  one 
they  wi.sh  to  be  on  good  terms  with.  To 
receive  the  pipe  .and  smoke  together  is 
to  promote  friendship  and  good-will,  but 
to  refuse  the  olTer  is  virtually  a  decla- 
ration of  hostility. 

Pipeclay.  Routine  ;  fossilised  mili- 
tary dogmas  of  no  real  worth.  In  govern- 
ment offices  the  terra  rcd-tapt  is  used  to 
express  the  same  idea.  Pii>eclay  was 
at  one  time  largely  Uiwd  by  soldiurg  for 


making  their  gloves,  accoutromcnts,  and 
clothes  look  clean  and  smart. 

Pipelet.  A  concierge  or  French 
door-j)orter ;  so  called  from  a  character 
of  th.at  ilk  in  Eugene  Buo's  "  Mysteries 
of  Paris." 

Piper.    {See  Tiv.ti,  Pay  the  Piper.) 

Tom  Piper.  So  the  piper  is  called  in 
the  morris  dance. 

Piping  Hot.  Hot  as  water  whicb 
pipo.>  or  sing.s. 

Pirae'us.    Now  called  the  port  Leo'iwi. 

Pirith'oos.  King  of  the  Lapitha>, 
proverbial  for  his  love  of  Theseus,  king 
of  Athens. 

Pisa'nio.  A  servant  noted  for  his 
attachment  to  Im'ogen. —  iS/uike^peure, 
"  Ci/mleli>ie." 

Piskey.  Psyche,  the  impersonation 
of  the  soul.  Hence  white  moths  are 
called  souls,  fairies,  &nd  piskeys. 

Pistol.  FalstafFs  lier.tcnant  or  an- 
cient; a  bully  but  a  coward,  a  rogue,  and 
always  poor. — Shahspeare,  "1  and  '2 
Ileiiry  IV.,"  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor." 

Pis'tols.  So  called  from  Pistoja,  in 
Florence,  where  they  were  invented  in 
lo45. 

Pistris,  PiMrix,  Pvistis,  or  I'ridrix. 
The  sea-monster  sent  to  devour  Androm'- 
eda.  In  ancient  art  it  is  represented 
with  a  dragon's  head,  the  neck  and  head 
of  a  beast,  fins  for  the  fore-legs,  and  the 
body  and  tail  of  a  fish.  In  Christian 
art  the  pistris  was  usually  employed  to 
represent  the  whale  which  swallowed 
Jonah. — Aratus,  "  Cmwncittaries." 

Pit-a-pat.  My  heart  goes  pit-a-pat. 
Pit  is  a  corruption  of  bent,  and  pat  is  a 
gentle  blow.  Pit-a-pat  is  "beating  and 
panting."  (Hindu,  pata;  Burmese,  pty- 
tai ;  Welsh,  jfaty  Yrcnch,  jxsa'eier  ;  our 
pant,  ka.) 

Pitch.  Pitch  info  him.  Thrust  or 
dart  your  fists  into  him.  (Welsh,  picio, 
to  dart  ;  Italian,  ;«'ccare.) 

Pitch'ers.  Little  pitchers  have  loiu) 
ears.  Little  folk  or  children  hear  what 
is  said  when  you  little  think  it.  The 
ear  of  a  pitcher  is  the  handle,  made  in 
t!io  shape  of  a  man's  ear.  The  b.indle 
of  a  cream-ewer  and  of  other  small  ju^'s 
is  quite  out  of  proportion  to  the  size  of 
the  ve.«sol,  compared  with  thn  handles  0/ 
large  jars. 


PrttTos, 


PLANETS. 


6j1 


Pithos.  A  large  jar  to  keep  wine  or 
oil  in.  Winckelinann  has  engraved  a 
copy  of  a  curious  bas-relief  representing 
Diogciitis  occupying  a  jiitlios  and  holding 
conversation  with  Alexander  the  Great. 

Pi'tri  (pi.  Pitaras).  An  order  of  di- 
vine beings  in  Hindu  mythology  inhabit- 
ing celestial  regions  of  their  own,  and 
receiving  into  their  society  the  s]iirits  of 
those  mortals  whose  funeral  rites  have 
been  duly  performed. 

Pitt  Diamond  ov  tUe  Regent.  Called 
Pi/t  diamond  because  it  once  belonged 
to  Mr.  I'itt,  grandfather  of  the  famous 
earl  of  Chatham.  Called  the  Re<jeni 
diamond  from  the  duke  of  Orleans,  re- 
gent of  France,  who  purcha.sed  it.  This 
famous  diamond  was  worn  in  the  sword- 
hilt  of  Napoleon,  and  now  belongs  to  the 
king  of  I'ru.ssia. 

Pitt's  Mark.  The  printer's  name 
and  [dace  of  business  affixed  to  printed 
books,  according  to  William  Pitt's  Act, 
39  Geo.  III.,  c.  79. 

Pitt's  Pictures  or  BUlii  Pitt's  Vic- 
iurei.  Blind  windows  ;  so  called  because 
many  windows  were  blocked  up  when 
■\\'illi,im  Pitt  augmented  tlie  Window 
Tax  in  178-1,  and  again  iu  17i'7. 

Pit'tacus  (Greek,  Pitta/cos).  OneoC 
the  "  Seven  Sages  "  of  Greece.  His  groat 
sayings  were  :  (1)  Know  tl<e  right  time 
("Gno'thi  kairon");  and  (2)  ' I'm  a  sore 
thing  to  he  eminent  ("Chalspon  esthlon 
einmenai "). 

Pit'tiVnce.  An  allowance  of  victuals 
over  and  above  bread  and  wine.  Anthony 
du  Pinet,  in  bis  tnmslatiou  of  Pliny, 
ajiplies  the  term  over  iiiid  over  agnln  to 
ligs  and  beanw.  The  word  originally 
comes  from  the  pcoiiie's  piety  iu  giving 
to  jioor  mondic.'.nts  food  for  their  sub- 
sistence. (Monkish  Latin,  pictancea : 
Spanish,  pilar,  to  distribute  a  dole  of 
food  ;  pituncero,  one  who  distributes  the 
dole,  or  a  begging  friar  who  subsists  by 
chvrity.) 

Pix'ies  (2  .syl.).  The  Dovonshiro 
Piol'inGuodFellows ;  said  to  be  the 
fijurils  of  infants  who  have  diod  before 
baptism.  The  I'iiy-monarch  holds  his 
oourt  like  Tit-mia,  and  sends  his  subjects 
oil  tlieir  Bover.il  tii-sks.  Thu  w.ird  is  & 
diuiinutive  of  Pis.  probably  tbo  Eauio  lui 


Puck.    Swedish,  pyke;  old  F-ngli-sh,  2^'juk, 
lu(j,  bogie  ;  Danish,  poy  and  pokker. 

Nelettli*  rouke  nor  o!li«r  evil  iprites — 

Fray  ub  witli  lliinga  that  bi;  not 

Upenxer, "  Etiitlwlamiv:t." 

PlacelDO.  One  of  the  brothers  of 
January,  an  old  baron  of  Lombardy. 
When  January  held  a  family  council  to 
know  whether  he  should  marry,  Placebo 
very  wisely  told  him  to  do  as  he  liked, 
for  says  he — 

A  ful  BTct  fuol  is  eny  con>i(elour,' 
Tl  at  servith  any  lord  of  high  lionoiir,' 
Tliat  dar  rre"""!".  or  oonl'S  (once)  thcrken  it. 
Th.it  hi'"  eouiiseil'  ichuld  r usi  I'is  lonl^  B  wit. 
Vhnucer,  "  The  Marchii:)vlit  Tele,"  liue  bl-n,  ic. 

Pla'giarist  means  strictly  one  who 
kidnaps  a  slave.  Martial  applies  the 
word  to  the  kidnappers  of  other  men's 
brains.  Literary  theft  unacknow- 
ledged is  called  plajiarism.  (Latin,  pla 
gia'rius.) 

Pla'giary  (Sir  Fretful),  in  Sheridan's 
"Critic;"  designed  for  llichard  Cum- 
berland. 

Plain  {The).  The  Girondists  were  so 
called  in  the  National  Convention,  be- 
cause they  sat  on  the  level  floor  or  plain 
of  the  hall.  After  the  overthrow  of  the 
Girondists  this  part  of  the  House  was 
called  the  niar.sh  or  swamp  (^taarais),  and 
included  such  members  as  were  under 
the  control  of  the  Mountain  {q.v.). 

Plain  Dealer.  Wycherly  was  go 
called,  from  his  celebrated  comedy  of 
the  same  title. 

The  oi.uiiVss  of  Pro?htda  .  inquired  for  the  I'lnin 
Vrider  "Mnd^in,"  Bays  .Mr.  FHirl.eanl.  '  since  y  'U 
are  for  Mie  '  riaiii  Uralcr,'  (here  lie  is  for  yi>u, 
r:Hl.inff  Mr  Wvclierly  toward!  Uer.—C'iOfcer  "  Lvei 
oj  '.'»«  Foeli."  iii.,  p.  24i. 

Planets.  In  heraldry  the  a;ius  of 
royal  personages  u.'^cd  to  bo  bl.i/.op.ed  by 
the  names  of  planets,  and  those  of  uoble- 
men  by  precious  stones  instead  of  the 
corresponding  colours. 

Sol  -ti'piiz — or  ((/o/t/)— bezants. 

IjUna — pearl — argoul  {.<i/ccr}  —plates. 

Saturn — diamond — sable  (WacA)— pel 
lets. 

Mars — ruby — gules  (reef) — tortcaux. 

,lu  [liter— sapphire — azu  re  (i/«e)  — hurts. 

Yon  us  —  emerald  —  vert  (^grccii)  — 
pommes. 

Mercury— amethyst — piirpiiro  {liokt') 
—  golpes. 

Inferior  planets.  Morcnry  and  Voiitis  ; 
eo  chIUhI  because  their  orbits  are  within 
the  ui'bil  of  I  he  ear;h. 


ff»2 


PLANK. 


PLEBEIANS. 


Superior  planetf.  Mars,  tho  Planetoids, 
Jupiter,  Saturn,  U'ranns,  and  Nc]itiine; 
so  called  hocaiise  tlioir  orhitsaro  outside 
\ho.  oartli's  orbit — i.e.,  further  from  the 
8iin. 

Plank.  Any  one  principle  of  a  po- 
litical platform.     (See  I'latfoum.) 

Plantagenet,  from  planfa  genidn. 
(broom-plant),  the  family  cognisance 
first  assumed  by  tho  earl  of  Anjou,  tlie 
first  of  his  race,  during  a  pilgrimage  to 
the  Holy  Land,  as  a  symbol  of  humility. 
— Duck,  "  Richard  ///." 

Plaster  or  Chapel  Plader.  A  cor- 
ruption of  play-stow  (play- ground). 
Saxon,  plegslow. 

Plat'en,  among  printers,  is  the  power 
or  weight  which  presses  on  the  tym- 
I'rtn  (q.v.),  to  cause  the  impression  of 
llio  letters  to  be  given  off  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  sheet.     (French,  plat,  flat.) 

Platfor.m,  in  the  New  England 
states,  is  a  scheme  of  church  govern- 
ment, as  the  Cambridge  or  Saybrook 
platform.  In  other  parts  of  America  it 
is  applied  to  the  political  and  other 
principles  on  which  a  leader  builds  up 
his  party.  Each  separate  principle  is  a 
plank  of  the  platform. 

Their  declaration  •.f  irinciplcs-ttieir  "plitform." 
to  usi>  the  Hppriipiiate  lerm- wns  pcttled  aiul  i'ul>- 
(islieil  to  the  worM.  Its  nietinotive  elemculo  or 
■'  rlaiiks  "  are  finaiit-ial  —The  Times. 

Pla'to.  His  original  name  was  Aris'- 
tocles,  but  he  was  called  Pluton  from  tho 
great  breadth  of  his  shoulders. 

The  German  Plato.  Friedrich  Hein- 
rich  Jacobi.     (1743-1819.) 

The  Jeivish  Plato.  Philo  Jurlreus,  an 
Alexandrine  philosopher.  (Flourished 
20-40.) 

The  Pm-itan  Plato.  John  Howe,  the 
Nonconformist.     (1630-171)6.) 

Plato's     Year.      A    revolution    of 
'Jfi,000  years,  in  which  period  the  stars 
and  constellations  return  to  their  former 
places  in  respect  to  tho  e(]uinoxes. 
Cut  mif  more  work  tlinn  ra'i  he  doue 
Id  PlaloB  jiar.  t.m  fininlj  no;,e 

HulUr,  ■■  IJudibrn','  pt.  iii.  1. 

Platonic  Bodies.  The  five  regular  ! 
geometric. solids  described  by  Plato— viz., 
the  tetrahedron,  hexahedron,  octahedron,  ; 
dodecahedron,  and  icosahedron,  all  of  '■ 
which  are  bounded  by  like,  equal,  and  i 
refe'\ilar  planes.  j 


Platonic  Love.  Spiritual  love  be- 
tween fn-rsons  of  oppo.site  sexes.  It  it 
the  frieixiship  of  man  and  woman,  withoul 
mixture  of  wliat  is  usually  called  love. 
Plato  strongly  a<lvocated  this  pure  affec- 
tion, and  hence  its  distinctive  name. 

Platonic  Puritan.  John  Howe, 
the  Nonconformist  divine.    (1630-1706.) 

Platonism.  The  philosophical  sys- 
tom  of  Plato  ;  dialectics.  Locke  main- 
tains that  the  mind  is  by  nature  a  sheet 
of  white  paper,  the  five  senses  being  the 
doors  of  knowledge.  Plato  maintained 
the  opposite  theory,  drawing  a  strong 
line  of  demarcation  between  the  province 
of  thought  and  that  of  sensations  in  the 
prochiction  of  ideas.     (.See  DtaLECTICS.  ) 

In  thenloijif,  he  taught  that  there  are 
two  eternal,  primary,  independent,  and 
incorruptible  causes  of  material  things — 
O'odihe  maker,  and  ma//f?-the  substance. 

In  psychology,  he  maintai'ned  the  ulti- 
mate unity  and  mutual  dependence  of 
all  knowledge. 

In  physics,  he  said  that  God  is  the 
measure  of  all  things,  and  that  from 
(iod,  in  whom  reason  and  being  are  one, 
proceed  h\iman  reason  and  those  "  ideas" 
or  laws  wliich  constitute  all  that  can  be 
called  real  in  nature. 

Platter  with  Two  Eyes.  Emble- 
matical of  St.  Lucy,  in  allusion  to  her 
sending  her  two  eyes  to  a  nobleman  who 
wanted  to  marry  her  for  the  exceeding 
beauty  of  her  eyes.  "  Take  them,"  she 
said,  "and  let  me  now  live  to  God." 
The  tale  says  that  God  accepted  the  sa- 
crifice and  restored  her  eyes. 

Play.  "  This  may  Ise  play  to  you, 
'tis  death  to  us."  The  allusion  is  to  the 
fable  of  the  boys  throwing  stones  at  some 
frogs. — Roy  a-  L'  Estranye. 

A  synod  as  a  pla  ii.  So  said  king  Charles 
when  he  attended  the  discussion  of  lord 
Ross's  "Divorce  Bill." 

Play  the  Deuce.  The  Irish  say. 
Play  the  Pooka.  Pooka  or  Pouke  is  an 
evil  spirit  in  the  form  of  a  wild  colt,  who 
does  great  hurt  to  benighted  travellers. 

Pleasant  (.Mrs.),  in  Tom  Killigrew'i 
"Parson's  Wedding." 

Pleasure.  It  was  Xerses  who  ofTered 
a  reward  to  any  one  who  would  invent  a 
new  pleasure. 

Plebe'ians.  Common  people;  pro- 
perly it  means  the  free  citizens  of  Roma. 


PLEBISCITE. 


PLINY'S   DOVES. 


693 


who  were  neither  patricianB  nor  clients. 
They  were,  however,  free  landowners, 
and  had  their  own  "geiites."  (Latin, 
pleo,  to  till.) 

Plebiscite  (3  syl.).  A  decree  of  the 
peojile.  In  Roman  history,  a  law  enacted 
by  the  "  comitia"  or  assembly  of  tribes. 
In  Franco,  the  resolutions  adopted  in  the 
Revolution  by  the  voice  of  the  people, 
and  the  general  votes  given  during  the 
second  empire— such  as  the  general  vote 
to  elect  Napoleon  III.  emperor  of  the 
French. 

Pledge.  I  pkdyt  yuii,  in  ihis  wiru. 
This  custom  arose  in  the  tenth  century, 
when  it  was  thought  necessary  for  one 
person  to  watch  over  the  safety  of  a  com- 
panion while  in  the  act  of  driiikiu;^.  It 
was  by  no  means  unusual  with  the  fierce 
Danes  to  stab  a  person  under  such  cir- 
cumstances. 

If  I 
Were  a  Imse  man,  I  sliouM  fear  to  dink  at  meils, 
LcBt  tliey  sliould  njiy  my  xtiuttpipe'x  d<iii:eruu8  uotes. 
Urett   iTiau    thouM   ariuk    witli    liariicHa  ua    ilicir 

UiroatB.  ■■  Tunoii  uj  .•It'inii,"  i,  1. 

Plei'ades  (3  syl.)  means  the  "  sailing 
Rtiirs"  (Greek,  pLeo,  to  sail),  because  the 
(Jrocks  considered  navigation  safe  at  the 
return  of  the  Pleiadiis,  and  never  at- 
tempted it  after  those  stars  disappeared. 

Tke  I'leiad  of  Alexandria.  A  group  of 
seven  contemporary  poets  in  the  reign  of 
I'tolemy  Philadclphos,  so  called  in  refer- 
ence to  the  chister  of  stars  in  the  back 
of  Taurus.  Tiieir  names  are— Callira'- 
achos,  Apollo  uios  of  lihodes,  Ara'tos, 
Phili.scos  (called  Homer  tlit  Yoiui'jer), 
Ly  copliron,  Nicander,  and  Theoc'ritos. 

The  literary  Pleiad  of  CkarUnuiijne. 
Alcuin  (AUii'nus),  Angilbert  {Ilomer^, 
Adelard  {Au;/usti)ie),  Riculfe  [iMnuelas), 
I'harleniagne  (Daviil),  Varuefrid,  and 
Kginhard. 

The  fisl  Frencli  Pleiad.  Seven  con- 
temporary poets  in  the  sixtei^nth  cen- 
tury, in  the  reign  of  Henri  IIL,  who 
wrote  French  poetry  m  the  metres,  style, 
and  verbiage  of  the  ancient  Greek  and 
Latin  ])oetry.  Of  these  Ronsard  was  by 
far  the  most  talented  ;  but  much  that 
would  bo  otherwise  excellent  is  spoilt  by 
pedantry  and  Frenchitied  Latin.  The 
(Hsven  names  are  Ronsard,  Dorat,  Du 
Ht'llav,  Remi-Belleau,  Jodelle,  lia'if,  and 
Thiard. 

Tke  second  Preach  Pleiad.  Seven  oon- 
tomporary  poets  in  tlio  rei^cn  of  Louig 
XII L.  very  inferior  to  the  "  first  Pleiad." 


Their  names  are  Rapin,  Conamire,  l^rue, 
Santeuil,  Manage,  Duperier,  and  Petit. 

Plein'damouT  {Sir).  An  ancient 
English  romance,  of  which  no  French 
version  is  extaiit. 

Pleio-saur.  (Greek,  more  of  a  lizard 
"  than  the  Plesio-saur,  q.v.)  A  sea-reptile 
with  short  neck,  large  head,  and  stron^; 
teeth,  found  iu  the  O.\foi-d  and  Kimino- 
ridge  clays  of  the  Upper  Oolite  period. 

Ple'sio-saur.  (Greek,  aim  to  a 
lizard.)  An  extinct  saurian  common  in 
the  lias  and  Kimmeridge  clay. 

Plet  is  a  lash  like  a  knout,  but  not 
knotted,  ma^lo  of  raw  hides. 

Pley'dell  (Mr.  Pauhcs).  An  advocate 
in  Kdiuburgh,  formerly  sheriff  of  Elian- 
go  wan. 

Mr.  Couiieellor  PleyJell  was  »lii«!y.9hirp-looking 
g'-ullfmfiii,  nit'i  a  profe^ii  •u^l  «hr<-wd(ies8  in  liii 
eye,  and,  generaltvsi  faking. a  p'ofe-sionai  foriiialiiy 
in  )i«s  in  inner  ;  hut  this  li*-  cuuM  8lii>  uff  uu  \  Satur- 
day «veniui.'.  wtien he  joined  in  the  au'ieo-  tat- 

t  me  of  1 1  Hill  Jiuks,  — 6'ir  WoUer  Hcutl,  '(Juy  ilin- 
luriiig,"  xxxiz. 

Pli'able.  A  neighbour  of  Christian's 
who  went  with  him  as  far  as  the  Slo\igh 
of  Despond,  and  then  turned  back  again, 
— Jjunyan,  "  Pibjrinis  Progress"  pt.  i. 

Pli'ant  {Sir  Paul).  An  uxorious  old 
knight  in  Congrovo's  "  Double  Dealer." 

Pliny.      The  (•  riiutn  I'iii'i.     ivourad 
vou  Gcsuer,  of  Zurich,     (lolij  l.^Oo.) 
Pliny  of  tlu  East.     {Sc-e  Z.\kauij.\.  ) 

Pliny's  Doves.  In  one  of  the  roomf 
on  the  u|>per  Hoor  of  the  museum  of  the 
Capitol  at  Rome  are  the  celebrated  Doves 
of  Pliny,  one  of  the  nnest  and  most 
perfectly  preserved  specimens  of  ancient 
mosaic.  It  represents  four  doves  drink- 
ing, with  a  beautiful  border  surroundim,' 
the  composition.  The  mosaic  is  formed 
of  natural  stones,  so  small  that  160  pieces 
cover  only  a  square  inch.  It  is  supp(i.-;eil 
to  be  the  work  of  Sosu.s,  and  is  dc.s.:ribed 
by  I'liny  as  a  proof  of  the  [)crfection  to 
which  that  art  had  arrived,  lie  says, 
"  At  I'ertraiuos  is  a  wonderful  sjiecimen 
of  a  dove  drinking,  and  darkening  the 
water  with  the  8h.a<low  of  her  bead  ;  on 
the  lip  of  the  vessel  arc  other  doves 
pluming  themselves."  This  ex<piisite 
specimen  of  art  w.as  found  in  Villa 
Adria'ua,  in  1737,  by  cardinal  Furietti, 
irom  whom  it  was  purchased  by  Clomont 
XIU. 


S)4 


PLiTn. 


PLUMI'ER 


Pli"th.  A  piece  of  iron  made  liotand 
put  into  an  iron  box,  t^  be  holil  for 
jiiiuislimeut  by  a  criminal.      [See  I'LiiT.) 

Plon-plon.  Prince  Napoleon,  called 
CVaiH<-/)/o;<i/>  (Fear-bullet)  in  tlio  Crimean 
war.  Plon-plon  is  a  euphonic  corruption 
of  Craiut-plomb. 

Plotcock.  The  old  Scotch  form  of 
th»»  Roman  Phito,  by  wliich  !*atan  is 
monnt.  Chancer  calls  Pluto  the  "king  of 
Faerie  ;"  ami  Dunbar  names  him  "Pluto, 
that  elricli  incubus." 

Plough  Monday.  The  first  Mon- 
day after  Twelfth-day  is  so  called  because 
it  is  the  end  of  the  Christmas  holidays, 
and  the  day  when  men  return  to  their 
plough  or  daily  work.  It  was  customary 
on  tills  day  for  farm-labourers  to  draw  a 
plough  from  door  to  door  of  tho  parish, 
and  solicit  "  plough- money"  to  spend  iu 
a  frolic.  The  queen  of  tho  banquet  was 
called  Bessy.  (See  Distaff.) 
?lo,»-maii.  The  Vision  of  IHfrf 
Ploiomaii  is  a  satirical  poem  by  W.  [or  P.] 
Langland,  completed  in  13C2.  The  poet 
gupposea  himself  falling  asleep  on  the 
Malvern  Hills,  and  in  his  dream  sees 
variou?  visions  of  an  allegorical  charac- 
ter, bearing  on  tho  vices  of  the  tirnes. 
In  one  of  the  allegories,  the  lady  An'ima 
((/(«  sovl)  is  placed  in  a  castle  Caro  (flesli) 
under  the  charge  of  Sir  Constable  In-wit, 
and  his  sons  See-well,  Hear-well,  Work- 
well,  and  Go-well.  Tho  whole  poem  con- 
sists  of  nearly  15,000  verses,  and  is  divi- 
ded into  twenty  parts,  each  part  being 
called  a  passus  or  separate  vision. 

Plover.  Tu  live  Ul-e  a  pfova:  Tl-.at 
is,  on  tho  wind ;  on  nothing  or  next  to 
nothing  ;  at  a  very  cheap  rate. 

You  live  then  uron  f  liih  auJ  hope,  aa  the  plo^ei 
doea  upon  viud.—" Ilei'Unneicn,"  Kuv.  Hvi. 

Plowden.  "  The  case  is  altered," 
qxioth  Plowden..  Plowden  was  a  priest 
very  unpopul.ar,  and  in  order  to  bring 
him  into  trouble  some  men  inveigled  him 
into  attending  mass  performed  by  a 
laym:\n,  and  then  impeached  him  for  so 
doing.  Being  brought  before  tho  tribunal, 
the  canning  priest  asked  the  layman  if  it 
was  he  who  officiated.  "  Yes,"  said  the 
man.  "  And  are  you  a  priest  ? "  said 
Plowden.  "  No,"  said  tho  man.  "Then" 
paid  Plowden,  turning  to  the  tribunal, 
"that  alters  the  case,  for  it  is  an  axiom 
with  the  church,  '  No  priest,  no  mass.'  " 


Pluck.  To  reject  a  candidate  foi 
literary  honours  because  he  is  not  up  to 
the  required  mark.  The  rejected  candi- 
date is  .said  to  be  phicked. 

When  degrees  are  conferred,  tho  name 
of  each  person  is  read  out  before  he  is 
presented  to  the  Vice-Chancellor.  The 
proctor  used  at  one  tiuio  to  walk  once 
up  and  down  the  room,  and  any  one  who 
objcclcd  to  the  degree  being  conferred 
might  signify  his  di.sscnt  by  plucking  or 
twitching  the  proctor's  gown.  This  was 
occasionally  done  by  tradesmen  to  whom 
the  candidate  was  iu  debt;  but  now  all 
persons  likely  to  bo  objected  to  dthi-r  by 
trad(!sraen  or  examiners  know  it  before- 
baud,  and  keep  away.  They  are  virtually 
plucked,  but  n-ot  really  so. 

.1  case  of  pluck.  An  instance  of  one 
who  has  been  plucked  ;  as  "  Tom  .Jones 
is  a  case  of  pluck" — i.e.,  is  a  plucked  man. 
A  man  of  pluck.  Of  courage  or  spirit. 
The  pluck"  is  the  heart,  liver,  and  what- 
ever else  is  "plucked"  away  from  the 
chest  of  a  sheep  or  hog.  We  also  use 
the  expressions  bold  heart,  \\\y-livered,  a 
man  of  another  kidney,  bowels  of  mercy, 
a  vein  of  fun,  it  raised  his  hile,  &c.  (Se« 
Liver.) 

Plum.  A  plum  bed  (Devonshire).  A 
soft  bed,  in  which  the  down  lies  light. 

The  dough  plums  uelL  (Devonshire). 
Rises  well,  and  will  not  be  lioavy. 

The  cake  is  nice  and  plum  (Devonshir,). 
Light.      (Pi'innp,  swelled  out.) 

he  is  worth  a  plum.  The  Spanish 
phana  means  both  plumage  and  wealth 
Hence  tiene  pluma  (he  has  feathered  his 
nest).  We  arbitrarily  place  this  deside- 
ratum at  £100, 'T)!),  and  the  man  who  has 
realised  only  £50,000  has  got  only  ha.f-a- 
plum.    "Either  a  plum  or  a  plumstone." 

Plum  Puddings  on  Christmas  Day. 
Kmblematical  of  the  offerings  of  the  wise 
men  to  the  infant  Jesus. 

Plume.  Tho  Alga/.el  or  sacred  pen, 
made  (according  to  Mahometan  my- 
thology) by  deity  itself,  has  eighty  nibs, 
and  writes  of  itself  an  account  of  every- 
thing that  is  to  transpire  in  the  world  ; 
but  only  the  angel  Seraphael  can  de- 
cipher the  writing. 

Plumper.  Every  elector  repre- 
sontc'l  in  Parliament  by  two  members 
h-is  tho  power  of  voting  for  both  can- 
didates at  an  election.  To  give  a 
plumper  is  to  vote  for  only  oq«  of  tla<= 


PLUNGETl. 


POETS. 


695 


candidatfts,  and  not  to  use  the  second 
vote.  If  ho  votes  for  two  candidates  of 
opposite  politics,  Lis  vote  is  termed  a 
split  V0t9. 


Plunger.  One  wlio  plungss,  or 
spends  money  recklessly  in  bets,  &c.  The 
marquis  of  Hastings  was  the  first  person 
so  called  by  the  turf.  One  night  he 
played  three  pames  of  draughts  for  £1000 
a  game,  and  lost  all  three.  He  then  cut 
a  pack  of  cards  for  £500  a  cut;  and  lost 
£5000  in  an  hour  and  a-half.  He  paid 
both  debts  at  once,  before  lie  left  the 
ro'ou. 

Plus  ultra.  The  motto  in  the  nival 
(arms  of  Spain.  It  was  once  Ne]'lnsidira, 
'in  allusion  to  the  pillarn  of  Hercules,  the 
ne  plus  ultra  of  the  world  ;  but  after  the 
discovery  of  America,  and  when  Charles 
V.  inherited  the  crown  of  Aragon  and 
Castile,  with  all  the  vast  American  pos- 
sessions, ho  struck  out  ne,  aud  assumed 
the  words  plus  ultra  for  the  national 
motto,  as  much  as  to  say  Spain  and  the 
plus  ultra  country. 

Plush  {.John).  A  gorgeous  footman, 
conspicuous  for  bis  plush  breeches. 

Plu'to.  The  grave,  or  the  god  of 
that  region  where  the  dead  go  to  before 
they  are  admitted  into  Elysium  or  sent 
to  'I'ar'taros. 

llrothcrB,  be  of  good  olieer,  this  night  we  slia!!  sup 
viti.  \'\\Ho  -  Leu.niiua  to  th'  Ihrtt  Uundrtd  Si  uHaiit 
be/on  tke  battU  of  TlitrnvM-s/lde. 

Give  llie  uutastcil  porijon  you  hnre  won 

To  those  wlio  muck  vou  gone  to  I'luto's  reign. 
Thuniton,  "  CusUc  uf  IndoUnce,"  canto  i. 

T/ie  horses  of  Pluto.  Abas'ter,  Ab'atos, 
Amcthe'a,  IMeth'eos,  No'nios,  Nycte'a,  ka. 

Piuton'ic  Rocks.  Granites,  and 
certain  porphyres,  supposed  to  bo  of 
igneous,  but  not  of  volcanic  origin.  Bo 
called  by  LyoU  from  Pluto,  the  principle 
of  elemental  fire. 

Plutus.  liirh  as  Plulus.  In  Greek 
mythologj'  Plutos  is  the  god  of  riches, 

Plymouth  brethren.  A  sect  that 
protoi^ts  against  all  sectarianism,  and 
a<lvocatos  tlie  unity  of  the  church  ;  some 
even  go  so  far  as  to  advocate  a  commu- 
nity of  goods.  So  called  from  Plymouth, 
where  thev  sprang  into  o».istence  in 
IS'JU. 

Plymouth  Cloak.  A  good  stout 
oud(,'ol.      Jn  the  time  of  the   Crusades 


many  men  of  good  family  used  to  land  at 
Plymouth  utterly  destitute.  They  went 
to  the  neighbouring  wood,  cut  themselves 
a  good  stout  club,  aud  stopping  the  first 
jiassenger  tliat  passed  by,  provided 
themselves  with  money  and  clothing. — 
Fuller,  "  Worthies." 

Poav'ola.  A  child's  doll.  Florio 
.says  it  is  "a  childcs  Kabie  to  play  wilh- 
all."-  Worlde  of  W.,rd(s.  (The  French 
poupee,  Latin  pupa,  English  pcppet,  aud 
even  hatie  are  of  the  same  family.) 

Pocahontas.  Daughter  of  Pow- 
hatan, an  Imlian  chief  of  Virginia,  who 
rescued  Captain  John  Smith  when  her 
fiithor's  hand  was  on  the  point  of  kiliiiig 
him.  She  suiisuqiiently  married  John 
liolfe,  aud  was  baptised  under  the  name 
of  licbccoa.  (1.')95-1C17.)  [6ee  •'  Old  and 
Xi'w  London,"  ii.  -181.) 

Pocket-Pistol.  A  dram-flnsk  for 
tlie  pocket,  in  "  self-defence,"  because  we 
cannot  get  a  dram  on  the  road. 

Pocket  Judgment.  A  bond  under 
the  hand  of  a  debtor,  countersigned  by 
the  sovereign.  This  bond  can  be  en- 
forced without  legal  process,  but  has 
quite  fallen  into  disuse. 

Poco,  rather,  as  poco  forte,  poco 
animato. 

Podge rs.  Toadies,  venerators  (real 
or  pretended)  of  every  thing  and  every 
one  with  a  name. — ./nhii  Hollin'jshead, 
"  The  Birthplace  of  Podgers  "  (a  farce), 

Podsnap.  A  type  of  the  heavy 
gentry,  lumbering  and  straight-backed 
as  Elizabethan  furniture. — Dickens,  "Our 
Mutual  Friend." 

Podanap'pery.  The  etiquette  of 
the  fossil  gentry,  sti If- starched  ami  ex- 
tremely proper. 

It  may  not  Iw  Bo  in  the   Gospel  according  to  Po4» 

piiapiery hut  it   h^s   hcu  the  tiuth    b  nee    the 

f"iiiiiiitiouj  of  the  universe  »  ere  laid.—"  Our  ifiititui 

Fiiead.  •' 

Poets  {poieo,  to  make,  Greek). 

Skalds  of  Scandinavia  (etym.,  scalla, 
to  sing,  Swedish,  kc). 

MiniiosJingers  of  the  Holy  Empire 
(Germany),  love-singers. 

Troubadours  of  Provence  in  France 
(froubar,  to  invent,  in  the  Proven(,-il 
dialect). 

Trouv^ros  of  Normandy  (trouver,  to  in« 
vent,  in  the  Walloon  dialect). 

Bards  of  Wales  {lardijan,  a  song, 
Celtic). 


696 


POETS   LAUREATE. 


POINT. 


Prince  of  Potts.  Edmund  Sponsor  ia 
60  called  on  Lis  monument  in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey.     (1.'>.53-1."j98.) 

J'rhice  of  Spanish  Poets.  Garcila'so  de 
la  Vega,  frequently  so  called  by  Cer- 
vantes.    (150:3-ir>3t).) 

Poet  of  the  Poor.  |{ev.  George  Crabbe. 
(1754-1832.) 

The  Quaker  Poet.  Bernard  Barton. 
(1784-1849.) 

Poets  are  called  "genus  irrita'bile 
ratum  "  (the  totohy  race),  because  tliey 
are  so  easily  oll'cniled  with  triHos. 

Potts'  Cornel-.  A  part  of  the  south 
transept  of  Westminster  Abbey  which 
contains  tablets,  busts,  and  monuments 
to  British  poets.  Here  Chaucer  and 
Spenser,  Shakespeare  and  Milton,  Dry- 
den  and  Goldsmith,  are  duly  recognised. 

The  corner  where  ttiey  p\it  tlic  poets.  I'onr  thiuga  ! 
What  have  they  done  that  they  should  always  be 
put  in  a  corner?— Z)oui;Iaf  Jcnnhl,  "  Tlu  Hurt  of 
(fold.- 

Poets  Laureate.  Chaucer,  Scogan, 
Kaye,  Barnard,  John  Skelton,  Eilmund 
Sjienser,  Daniel,  Ben  Jonson,  Sir  William 
I)aven.ant,  Dryden,  Shad  well,  Nahum 
Tate,  Nicholas  Rowe,  Eusden,  Colly  Cib- 
ber,  William  Whitehead,  Thomas  War- 
ton,  Henry  J.  Pye,  Southey, Wordsworth, 
Tennyson. 

Poet  Squab.  So  Rochester  calls 
Dryden,  who  was  very  corpulent.  (ItJol- 
1701.) 

Poetical.    (See  Aonia.n.) 

Poetical  Justice.  That  ideal  jus- 
tice which  poets  exercise  in  making  the 
good  happy,  and  the  bad  unsuccessful  in 
their  evil  schemes. 

Poetry  on    the   Greek   model.      {Set 

CniABKKKESCO.) 

Father  of  Jiiu/lish  Poetry.  Geoffrey 
Chaucer  (1328-1400);  so  called  by  Dry- 
den. Spenser  calls  him  "the  pure  well 
of  Enelish  uudetiled."  He  was  not  the 
first  English  ])oet,  but  was  so  superior 
to  his  predecessors  that  he  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  a  new  era.  He  is  sometimes 
termed  "  the  daystarre,"  and  Spenser 
the  "  sun-rise  "  of  English  poetry. 

Po'gram.  A  "  creak-shoes,"  a  Puri- 
tanical starch  niawworm. 

Poille.  An  Apulian  horse.  The 
horses  of  Apulia  were  very  greatly 
valued  at  one  time.     Richard,  archbishop 


of  Armagh  in  the  fourteeinth  conttiry, 
says  of  St.  Thomas,  "  Neither  the  mule 
of  Spain,  the  courser  of  Apulia,  the  re- 
pe'do  of  Ethiopia,  the  elephant  of  Asia, 
the  camel  of  Syria,  nor  the  English  ass, 
is  bolder  or  moro  combative  than  he." 

Therto  so  h'  rsly.  and  so  quyk  or  yc, 
Ah  \t  a  peDtil  J'oylevs  courser  were ; 
h'nr  ccrte.s,  fro  his  tayl  uulo  his  cere 
Nature  ne  art  in:  coui  he  him  nought  amend. 
Chaueer,  '  CatUerOuri/  TaU>,"  line  1U,50S. 

Poins.  One  of  the  companions  of 
Sir  John  FnhUxif. -Sfiah.''peare,  "I,  2 
Henry  1  V." 

Point.  Defined  by  Euclid  as  "  that 
which  hath  no  parts."  Playfair  defines 
it  as  "that  which  has  position  buv  nut 
magnitude,"  and  Legendre  says  it  "  is  a 
limit  terminating  a  line;"  but  none  of 
these  definitions  can  be  called  either  phi- 
losophical or  exact.  A  point  is  not  neces- 
sarily a  "  limit  terminating  a  line,"  for  if 
so  a  point  could  not  exist  even  in  imagina- 
tion without  a  line,  and  the  expression, 
"a  limit  terminating,"  is  apt  to  suggest 
Dr.  Johnson's  definition  of  a  cabbage-net. 
Besides  Legendre's  definition  presupposes 
that  we  know  what  a  line  is  ;  but  as- 
suredly a  "  point"  precedes  a  "line,"  .as 
a  line  precedes  a  "  superficies."  To  arrive 
at  Lcgendre's  idea  we  must  begin  with  a 
solid,  anil  say  a  superficies  is  the  "limit 
terminating  each  face  of  a  solid,"  lines 
arc  the  "  limits  terminating  a  superficies," 
and  points  are  the  "limits  terminating  a 
line." 

/n  good  point.  In  good  condition; 
every  point  in  exact  order.  (See  Stretch 
a  Pmnt.') 

To  dine  on  potatoes  and  point.  To  have 
potatoes  without  salt,  a  very  meagre  din- 
ner indeed.  When  salt  was  verj'  de.ar, 
and  the  collar  was  empty,  parents  used 
to  tell  their  children  to  point  their  potato 
to  the  salt  cel'ar,  and  eat  it.  This  was 
potato  and  point.  In  the  tale  of  "  Ralph 
Richards  the  Miser,"  we  are  told  that 
he  gave  his  boy  dry  bread,  and  whipped 
him  for  pointing  it  towards  the  cupboard 
wl'.cre  a  bit  of  cheese  was  kept  in  a 
bottle. 

To  stretch  a  point.  To  exceed  what  ia 
strictly  right.  Points  were  the  tagged 
laces  used  in  ancient  dress ;  hence  to 
"  truss  a  point,"  to  truss  or  tie  the  laces 
which  held  the  breeches;  to  "  stretch  a 
point"  is  to  stretch  these  laces,  so  as  to 
adjust  the  dress  to  extra  growth,  or  the 
temporary  fvilness  of  good-feeding.     At 


POINTS  OF  THE  ESCUTCHEON. 


POKERS. 


697 


Whitsuntide  these  points  or  tags  were 
given  away  by  the  churchwardens. 

Their  poinU  bein?  broken,  down  fell  their  hoM. 
^A-jiti-prnre,  "  1  lltnry  IV.'  v.  4. 

To  stand  on  poinU.  On  punctilios  ;  de- 
licacy of  t)ehaviour. 

This  fellow  doth  not  stand  upon  poi;it6 
ShakeSitare,  '  iJilmtmitier  MfflUa  Dream."  v.  1. 

Points  of  the  Escutcheon.  There 
are  nine  points  distinguished  in  heraldry 
by  the  first  nine  letters  of  the  alphabet 
—  three  at  top,  A,  B,  C  ;  three  down  the 
middle,  D,  E,  V  :  and  three  at  the  bot- 
tom, G,  H,  I.  The  first  three  are  chiefs; 
tlie  middle  three  are  the  collar  point,  fess 
point,  and  nomhril  or  navel  point;  the 
bottom  three  are  the  hast  points. 

Point-blank.  Direct.  A  term  in 
gunnery  ;  when  a  cannon  is  so  placed  that 
the  line  of  sitjht  is  parallel  to  the  axis 
and  horizontal,  the  discharge  is  point- 
blank,  and  is  supposed  to  go  direct  to 
the  object  without  a  curve.  In  French 
point  hlanc  is  the  white  mark  or  bull's- 
eye  of  a  target,  to  bit  which  the  ball  or 
arrow  must  not  deviate  in  the  least  from 
the  exact  path. 
Now  an  thou  within  point  blank  of  our  jnrislicMon 

ri-^al.  i>li,ik>>i>„iit,"i  litniy  11.,"  IT. 7. 

Point  d'Appui  (French).  A  stand- 
point ;  a  fulcrum  ;  a  position  from  w^hich 
you  can  openite  ;  ^  pretext  to  conceal 
tho  real  intention.  Literally  the  point 
of  support. 

Tlie  ma'eriil  which  gives  name  to  the  dish  is  but 
thei'oint  I'aiipui  furtlif  literary  cayenne  auJ  curry- 
powder,  by  which  it  in  rec^'m meuded  to  the  palate  of 
the  rea.ier.— :(/"«  .ilfi-niriiin. 

Point  de  Judas  (French).  The 
nunilier  13.  The  twelve  apostles  and  our 
Lord  made  thirteen  at  the  Last  Supper. 

Point-devise.  Punctilious;  mi- 
Q'itely  exact.  Holofemes  says,  "I  ab- 
hor such  insociable  and  point-devise  com- 
panions, such  rackers  of  orthography." 
(French,  point  de  vise.) 

Ton  are  ralber  point-dcTise  in  your  accoutrementa. 
Sfi';kesp:ire.  **  As  i'ou  Like  It.'*  \\\.   -.'. 

Poison.  It  is  said  that  poisons  had 
no  clTi-i-i  on  Mithrida'tes,  king  of  Poiitus. 
This  was  MithrLilntcs  VL,  called  the 
Ureat,  wlio  succeeded  his  father  at  the 
Rge  of  cloven,  and  fortified  his  consti- 
tution by  drinking  antidotes  to  poisons 
which  might  at  any  moment  ba  adminis- 
tered to  him  by  persons  abo\it  the  court. 
(iiee  Aqua  Tofana.) 

Poison  of  Khaibar  refers  to  the 
poifoned  leg  of  mutton  of  which  M;'bomet 


partook  while  in  the  citadel  of  Khaibar. 
It  was  poisoned  by  Zainab,  a  Jewess,  and 
Mahomet  felt  the  effects  of  the  morse/ 
he  tasted  to  the  end  of  his  life. 

Poisoners  (Sea-et). 

(1)  Locusta,  a  woman  of  ancient  Rome, 
who  was  employed  by  the  empress  Agrip- 
pi'na  to  poison  her  husband  Claudius. 
Nero  employed  the  same  woman  to  poison 
Britannicus  and  others. 

(2)  The  Borgias  (Pope  Alexander  VI. 
and  his  children,  Cfesar  and  Lvicrezia) 
were  noted  poisone-s. 

(3)  Hieronyma  Spara  and  Toffania,  of 
Italy.    (5<e  Aqua  ToFANA.) 

(4)  Marquise  de  Brinvilliers,  a  young 
profligate  Frenchwoman,  taught  the  art 
by  an  officer  named  Sainte  Croix,  who 
learnt  it  in  Italy.  (See  "  World  of  Won- 
ders," part  vii.,  p.  203.) 

(5)  Lavoisin  and  Lavirroreux,  French 
midwives  and  fortune-tellers. 

In  P^nglisli  history  wc  have  a  few  in. 
stances  :  ^.e.  — Sir  Thomas  Overbury  w.os 
so  murdereii  by  the  countess  of  Somerset. 
King  James,  it  has  been  said,  was  a 
victim  to  similar  poisoning,  by  Viliiers, 
duke  of  BiickiughAin. 

Pois'son  d'Av^ril.  -An  April  fool. 
The  poisson  d'Avril  is  the  mackerel,  an^l 
we  have  the  expression  "  You  silly 
mackerel,"  and  silly  indeed  are  those 
who  allow  themselves  to  bo  caught  by 
the  t>alpablo  jokes  engendered  on  the 
1st  of  April.  The  Scotch  say  "hunting 
till'  gowk  "  (cuckoo). 

An<jthcr  suggestion  may  be  made :  In 
"Hdliwell's  Archaic  Dictionary"  we 
have  the  word  po.^.ione,  to  drive  about, 
■whence  the  old  word  po.iscd,  pushed  about, 
fiom  the  French  poH.''S(r  (to  push);  a 
pioissin  is  a  chicken  that  pushes  itself 
through  its  shell.  An  "April  poisson" 
would  bo  one  driven  from  pillar  to  post, 
or  pushed  about  from  one  person  to 
another.  A  gudyton  is  a  dupe  "easily 
cau>-rhL" 

Poke.  To  poke  fun  at  one  is  to 
make  one  a  lauiihiug-stock.  The  allii- 
siciu  is  to  poking  wild  beasts  fur  the 
amusement  of  spectators.  (JSce  Via  in 
a  I'oKK.) 

At  table  he  was  hospltablB  an<i  joci>»e,  alvprt 
pokine  C'jod-natiircl  fun  at  liuke  E.  t-i/nn  l,\ii4,'>i\, 
"  Lutit  Lurtun  of  Grri/rigj,"  ch   xii. 

Pokers,  The  'squire  Bedels  who 
carry  a  silver  mace  or  poker  before  the 
Vice-Chancellor  are  no  called  at  Caaj 
bridge. 


698 


POKER-PICTURES, 


POLONIUS. 


Poker-Pictures.  Drawings  exe- 
cuted by  the  point  of  a  hot  pokor  or 
"heater"  of  an  Italian  iron.  By  char- 
rini^  (lilTeront  parts  more  or  loss,  various 
tints  are  obtained. 

Pokership.  The  office  of  a  por- 
caritu,  or  keeper  of  hogs  in  a  forest. 

Polack.  An  inhabitant  of  Poland. 
(French,  Polaque.') 

So  Crowiied  he  once,  when,  in  ansry  parle, 

Ue  siuotL-  the  sled'led  [''.lacks  ou  the  ice.  I 

Shakctpeare, "  /lamlei," 1. 1. 

Polarisation  of  Light  is  the  ab- 
sorption of  those  raj-s  which  are  at  right 
angles  to  the  rays  preserved  :  Thus  A  B 
*  o      is  one  ray  in  which  A  is  re- 

(D  o9d  >!®»  fleeted  to  B,  and  B  to  A ; 
B  H      C  D  is  a  ra}'.  in  which  C  is 

rcllected  to  D,  and  D  to  C.  In  EG  F  IT, 
if  the  light  is  polarised,  either  E  F  or 
G  H  is  absorbed.  A  B  and  C  D  are 
the  poles  of  light,  or  the  directions  in 
which  the  rays  are  reflected. 

Pole.  Under  hart  poles.  Said  of  a 
ship  when  all  her  sails  are  furled. 

Po'leas  (2  syl).  The  labouring  cla,s8 
of  India. 

Poleas  the  labouring  lower  clans  are  mmed. 
li;  the  proud  Najres  the  DoUe  rank  is  claimed. 

Polinesso  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
Duke  of  Albany,  who  falsely  accused 
Geneu'ra  of  incontinency,  and  was  slain 
in  single  combat  by  Ariodantes, 

Polish,  off.  To  finish  out  of  hand. 
In  allusion  to  articles  polished. 

I'll  polish,  him  off  in  no  time,  means 
I'll  set  him  down,  I'll  give  him  a  drub- 
bing. 

To  polish  off  a  meal  is  to  eat  it  quickly, 
and  not  keep  any  one  waiting. 

Political  Economy.  This  term 
was  invented  by  Fran(,'ois  Qucsuay,  the 
French  physician.     (16i)Jr-1774.) 

Polixene  (3  syl.).  The  name  as- 
sumed by  Madelou  in  Moli^re'a  ''  Pi'^ 
cieuses  liidicules." 

Polix'enes  (4  syl.),  king  of  Bohemia, 
boing  invited  to  Sicily  by  king  Leontes, 
excites  unwittingly  the  jealousy  of  his 
friend,  because  ho  prolongs  his  stay  at 
the  entreaty  of  queen  Hemii'one.  Leontes 
orders  Caniillo  to  poison  the  royal  guest, 
but  instead  of  doing  so  Camillo  flees  with 
him  to  Bohemia       In  time,  Florizel.  ^he 


son  and  heir  of  Polixenes,  falls  in  lovo 
with  Perdita,  the  lost  daughter  of 
Leontes.  Polixenes  forbids  the  match, 
and  the  young  lovers  under  the  charge 
of  Camillo  flee  to  Sicily.  Polixenes  fol- 
lows the  fugitives,  the  mystery  of  Per- 
dita is  cleared  up,  the  lovers  are 
married,  and  the  two  kings  resume 
their  friendship. — Shakespeare,  "Winter'/ 
Tale." 

Poll,  To  go  out  in  the  poll.  To  take 
an  ordinary  degree— a  degree  without 
university  "honours." 

Poll  Degree.    {See  above.) 

Poll  Men.  Those  of  the  "  Hoi  Pol- 
loi."  the  manij,  not  the  honour-men. 

Pollente.  The  puissant  Saracen, 
father  of  Mu'nera.  He  took  his  station 
on  "  bridge  Perilous,"  and  attacked 
every  one  who  crossed  it,  bestowing  the 
spoil  upon  his  daughter.  Sir  Artegal 
slew  the  monster.  Pollente  is  meant  for 
Charles  IX.  of  France,  sadly  notorious 
for  the  slaughter  of  Protestants  on  St. 
Bartholomew's  day. — Spenser,  "Faery 
Queen,"  book  v.  2. 

Pollio,  to  whom  Virgil  addresses  his 
fourth  Eclogue,  and  to  whom  he  ascribes 
the  remarkable  advent  of  the  "golden 
age,"  was  the  founder  of  the  first  public 
library  of  Rome.     (B.C.  76— a. D.  4.) 

Pollux.  The  horses  of  Castor  and 
Pollux.  Cyll'aros  and  Har'pagos.  Seneca 
and  Claudian  give  Cyllaros  to  Castor, 
but  Virgil  (Georgic  iii.)  to  Pollux.  The 
two  brothers  mount  it  alternately  on 
their  return  from  the  infernal  regions. 
Har'pagos,  the  horse  from  Ilarjia'gium  in 
Phrygia,  was  common  to  both  brothers. 

Polly.  Mary.  The  change  of  M  for 
P  in  pet  names  is  by  no  means  rare ; 
g.e.— 

lUargaret.  Maggie  or  Meggy,  becomes 
Peggy,  and  Pegg  or  Peg. 

Martlui.     Matty  becomes  Patty. 

Mary.     Molly  becomes  Polly  or  Poll. 

Here  we  see  another  change  by  no 
means  unusual — that  of  r  into  I  or  II. 
Similarly  SaraA  becomes  Sally;  Dorothea, 
Dora,  becomes  Dolly  ;  Ilarry,  Hal. 

Polo'nius.  An  old  courtier,  garru- 
.ous,  conceited,  and  politic.  He  was 
father  of  Ophelia,  and  lord  chamberlain 
io  the  king  of  Denmark. —5Aai-«/)€are, 
"IlaviUL" 


POLONY. 


POMPILIA. 


609 


Polo'ny.  A  vulgar  corruption  of 
Bolo'gna  satuage. 

Polt-foot.  A  club-foot.  Ben  Jon- 
ton  calls  Vulcan,  who  was  lamo,  the 
"pcilt-footed  pliilosopher."  (Swedish, 
hull,  a  club;  bulla,  to  beat ;  our  boll.) 

Poltron.  A  bird  of  prey,  with  the 
talons  of  the  hind-toes  cut  off  to  prevent 
its  flying  at  game.  (Latin,  polflciti-un- 
ca'to,  deprived  of  its  toe  or  thumb.) 

Poltroon'.  A  coward.  Menage 
derives  it  from  the  Italian  poUro,  a  bed, 
because  cowards  feign  themselves  sick 
a-bed  in  times  of  war.  Saumaise  says  it 
means  "maimed  of  the  thumb,"  because 
in  times  of  conscription  those  who  had 
no  stomach  for  the  field  dis<]uaHfieil 
themselves  by  cutting  off  their  right 
thumb.  More  probably  a  poltroon  is  a 
hawk  that  wiU  not  or  cannot  fly  at  game. 
(See  above.) 

Polycle'tus.  A  statuary  of  Sic'yon 
who  deduced  a  canon  of  the  proportions 
of  the  several  parts  of  the  human  body, 
and  made  a  statue  of  a  Persian  body- 
guard, which  was  admitted  by  all  to  bo 
a  mo<lel  of  the  human  form,  and  was 
called  "The  R\ile"  (standard). 

Polycrat'icon,  in  eight  books,  by 
John  of  Salisbury.  This  is  his  chief 
work,  and  is  an  expose  of  the  frivolities 
of  courtiers  and  philosophers.  It  is 
learned,  judicious,  and  very  satirical. 
(He  died  1182.) 

Polyd.  amas.  A  Grecian  athlete  of 
imniensr  sizf-  and  strength,  lie  killed  a 
tierce  lion  without  any  weapon,  stopped 
a  chariot  in  fidl  career,  lifted  a  mad  bull, 
and  ilied  at  last  in  attempting  to  stop  a 
falling  rock.     {Se-t  MiLO.) 

Pol'ydore  (3  syl.).  The  name  as- 
sumed by  Guide'rius,  in  Shakespeare's 
"Cymiieline." 

Polyplie'me  (3  syl.).  One  cf  the 
Cyelojis,  who  lived  in  Sicily.  He  was  an 
enormous  giant,  with  only  one  eye,  and 
that  in  the  niidiile  of  his  forehead.  When 
Ulysses  lauded  on  the  island,  this  mon- 
ster made  him  and  twelve  of  his  crew 
oaj^tives  ;  six  of  them  he  ate,  and  then 
Ulysses  contrived  to  blind  him,  and 
make  good  his  escape  with  the  rest  of 
the  crew.  Polyphome  was  most  passion- 
ately in  lov*  with  Galato'a,  a  sea-nj-mph; 


but  Galate'a  bad  sot  her  heart  on  the 
shepherd  Acis,  whom  Polypheme  in  a  tit 
of  jealousy  crushed  beneath  a  rock. 

Poma'tum.  So  called  because  it  was 
originally  made  by  macerating  over-ripe 
apples  in  grease. — Dr.  John  Quiucu, 
"Lexicon  Phi/sico-Medicmn"  (1723). 

Pommard  (French).  Beer.  This  is 
a  pun  on  the  word  pomme.  The  Nor- 
mans called  cider  pomme  ;  whence  pomat, 
a  sort  of  beer. 

lis  tieniienl  Icurs  chaloupts  —  b  tn  roiirvues  on 
Baruiesd.;  iaiii.de  \in,de  pomnt.  eid:e,o  tred'.iutrt 
tiojMou....  — C'ieinic,  " Lti  Ut  ei  Ci'tUumti  dt  la 
Ut\"  p.  12;. 

Pommel.  The  pommel  of  a  saddle 
is  the  apple  of  it,  called  by  the  French 
pomvieau.  The  Spaniards  use  the  ex- 
l)ression  jwmo  de  espada  (the  pommel 
of  a  sword).  To  "j)oinraol  a  person  "  is 
to  beat  him  with  the  pommel  of  your 
sword.  The  ball  used  as  an  ornament 
on  pointed  roofs  is  termed  a  pomel. 
(Latin,  pomum,  an  apjile.) 

Pomo'na.  Fruit ;  goddess  of  fruits 
and  fruit  trees  —  one  of  the  Roman 
divinities.      (La,tin,  pomum.) 

Baie  the  wide  f»bric  unimpaired  (nistain 
Tumo'iia's  sture,  and  ctiecse    and  golden  t^rain. 
Lluovifitid,  "  farmer' t  Bjy." 

Pom'padour,  as  a  colour,  is  claret 
purple.  The  5oth  Foot  is  called  the 
I'oiiipadouis,  from  the  claret  facings  of 
their  regimental  uniforms.  There  is  an 
old  song  supposed  to  be  an  elegy  on  John 
Broadwood,  a  Quaker,  which  introduces 
the  word  : — 

goroetimes  he  were  an  o'd  bro.vn  oeot, 

Sometimes  a  po*' padoie: 
gomutiines  'tnus  buttoned  up  behind. 
And  fometiniea  duwu  l>efore. 

Pompey's  Pillar,  in  Alexandria. 
A  pillar  erected  by  I'ublius,  prefi  ct  of 
Egypt,  in  honour  of  the  empeior  Dio- 
cletian, to  record  the  conquest  of  Alex- 
andria in  296.  It  has  about  as  much 
right  to  be  called  Pompey's  pillar  as  the 
obelisk  of  Ileliop'olis,  re-erecteil  by 
Ram'oses  II.  at  Alexandria,  has  to  be 
called  Cleopatra's  xVeed/e,  or  Gibraltar 
P.ock  a  pillar  of  Her'cules. 

Pompil'iSU  The  bri.Io  of  Count 
Guido  Fraricesshi'ni,  who  is  brutally 
treated  by  hinu  but  makes  her  esaipe 
nnd'T  the  proteetiuu  of  a  young  priest, 
named  CnpuiisnccliL  She  subsi'quentlv 
gives  birth  to  a  son,  but  is  stubbed  to  death 
by  her  husband.  — AW«r<  Jirownitig,  "  Tht 
HiiKj  and  Ihe  Book.''     {See  KiNOj 


70O 


POK-OYEES. 


POPE. 


Pon-Gyee3  {OreiU  glory).  The  roo- 
oaBtic  fraternity  of  Burinah. 

Pongo.  The  terrible  monster  of 
Sicily.  A  cross  between  a  "land-tif^cr 
and  sea-shark."  Ilodcvoiireil  five  hundred 
Sicilians,  and  left  the  island  for  twenty 
miles  round  without  inhabitant.  This 
amphibious  monster  was  slain  by  tlie 
three  sous  of  St.  Gcor^'e. — "The  Seven 
C/uimpioHS  of  ChrUtendom,"  iii.  2. 

Ponoc'rates  (4  syl.).  Gar^ntua's 
tutor,  in  the  romance  of  "  Pantag'ruel' 
and  Gargantua,"  by  Rabelais. 

Pons  Asinorum.  The  Fifth  Pro- 
position, Book  I.  of  Euclid — the  first 
difficult  theorem,  which  dunces  rarely 
get  over  for  the  tirst  time  without  stum- 
bling. 

Pontefract  Cakes.  Liiiuorice  lo- 
renges  impressed  with  a  castle  ;  so  called 
from  being  made  at  Pontefract. 

Pontiff  means  one  who  has  charge 
of  the  bridges.  Varro  says  it  was  because 
a  priest  buiH  the  Sulpician  bridge  that 
the  lloman  pontiffs  were  so  called. 
(Latin,  ponsfacio.) 

Well  liM  the  name  of  Ponlifcx  h  en  ctven 
Ciilo  the  churcli  s  head,  as  1  he  chief  builder 
Ami  architeci  of  tli"  inviailile  hridge 
That  leads  frum  earth  to  hraveii. 

Lon^Jtlliiw,  ■•  Uol.irn   l.rgnid;'  t. 

Pontius  Pilate's  Body-Guard. 
The  1st  Foot  Regiment.  When  called 
Lo  Regiment  de  Douglas,  and  in  the 
French  service,  they  had  a  diF,;iute  with 
the  Picardy  regiment  about  the  "antiquity 
of  their  respective  corps.  Tiie  Picardy 
officers  declared  they  were  on  duty  on 
the  night  of  the  Crucifixion,  when  the 
colonel  of  the  1st  Foot  rejilied,  "If  we 
had  been  on  guard,  we  should  not  have 
slept  at  our  posts." 

Pony,  Twenty-five  pounds.  A 
sporting  term.     (iJi«Poona.  ) 

pom/ in  Vinrjl-tt-Un.  The  person  on 
the  right-hand  of  the  dealer,  whoso  duty 
it  is  to  collect  the  cards  for  the  dealer. 
So  called  from  the  Latin  po;ie,  "behind," 
being  behind  the  dealer. 

Poona.  A  sovereign.  Lingua 
Franca  for  pound. 

Poor.  Poor  as  Job.  The  allusion  is 
to  Job  who  was  by  Sat<an  deprived  of 
everything  he  possessed. 

Poor  as  Lazarus.  This  is  the  beggar 
Lazarus,  full  of  sores,  who  was  laid  at  the 


rich  man's  gate,  and  desired  to  bo  fed 
from  tiie  crumbs  that  fell  from  Divtis' 
Uble  (Luke  xvi.  V.)-?A). 

Poor  as  a  church  vouse.  The  allusion 
in  this  phrase  is  to  the  absence  in  a 
church  of  any  cupboard  or  pantry,  where 
mice  most  do  congregate. 

There  are  none  poor  but  those  whom  God 
hates.  This  does  not  mean  that  poverty 
is  a  punishment,  but  that  the  only  poverty 
worthy  of  the  name  is  poverty  of  God's 
grace.  In  this  sense  Diviis  may  be 
the  poor  man,  and  l^azarus  the  beggar 
abounding  in  that  "blessing  of  the  Lord 
which  maketh  rich." 

Poor  Man.  The  blade-bone  of  a 
shoulder  of  mutton,  so  called  in  Scothaud. 
In  some  parts  of  England  it  is  termed 
a  "poor  knight  of  Windsor,"  because  it 
holds  the  same  relation  to  Sir  Loin  as  a 
\\indsor  knight  does  to  a  baronet.  Sir 
Walter  Scott  tells  of  a  Scotch  laird  who, 
being  a.sked  by  an  English  landlord  what 
he  would  have  for  dinner,  produced  the 
utmost  consternation  by  saying,  "I  think 
I  couM  relish  a  morsel  of  a  poor  man." 
{^ee  "  Bride  of  Lammernioor,"  ch.  six.) 

Poor  Richard.  The  assumed  name 
of  Benjamin  Franklin  in  a  series  of  al- 
manacks from  1732  to  1757.  These  alma- 
nacks contain  maxims  and  precepts  on 
temperance,  economy,  cleanliness,  chas- 
tity, and  other  homely  virtues,  and  to 
several  of  the  maxims  are  added  the 
words,  "as  poor  Richard  .says."  Nearly 
a  century  before  Robert  Herrick  had 
brought  out  a  series  of  almanacks  under 
the  name  of  "Poor  Robin's  Almanack." 

Pop.  To  pop  the  question.  To  pro- 
pose or  make  an  offer  of  marriage.  As 
this  important  demand  is  supposed  to 
be  unexpected,  the  question  is  said  to  be 
popped.  (Dutch,  poep,  to  dart  suddenly.) 

Pope,    the  translator   of   "Homer," 
lived  at  Twickenham.     063S-1744.) 
For  though  not  sweeter  his  ■  wn  Homer  sinjn. 
Yet  is  Ills  li:e  the  ui<jre  endearing  son^. 

JUinnsvn,  '•  Summer.  * 

Pope.  The  pope  changing  his  narne. 
According  to  Plati  n.a,  Sergius  II.  was  the 
first  pope  who  changed  his  name  on  as- 
cending the  pa|ial  chair.  His  proper  name 
was  Hogsniouth.  Chambers  says  his  name 
was  "Peter  di  Porca,"  and  it  was  the 
name  Peter  he  changed,  out  of  deference 
to  St.  Peter,  thinking  it  to  bt-' fttrogaut 
to  style  himself  Peter  IL     (8U-847.) 


POPE  FTGLAND. 


PORK!   PORK! 


701 


/  knmo  no  more  about  it  thnn  tlie  pope  ■ 
of    Rome — t}i;iii    a    niau    living     as    far 
off  as   the  chum  of  Tartary  or  pope  of  ^ 
Rome. 

The  pope's  slave.  So  canlinal  Cajetan 
calls  the  Church.     (16th  cent.)  I 

Drunk    like  a  pope.       Benedict    XII.  I 
was    an    euornum.s    eater,    and    such    a  , 
wine-drinker   th.ii   he   gave  rise   to   the 
hai'dianaliau   cxinus^iou,    Lihamiui  pn/Ki- 
litt  r. 

Pope-figland.  An  island  inhnhlted 
by  the  Gaillanicis  (French,  i^fii/A/n/,  gay 
people),  rich  and  free,  tid,  being  shown 
one  day  the  pope's  image,  they  ex- 
claimed, "A  fiij  for  the  pope!"  where- 
upon the  whole  i.sland  was  jmt  to  the 
sword.  Its  name  was  then  chnntred  to 
rdpefigland,  and  the  people  were  called 
l'ope.fig.s. 

Pope  Joan.  Said  to  have  s'.iccecded 
Leo  IV.  Gibbon  s.ays,  "  Two  Protestants, 
Blondel  and  liayle,  annihilated  her;" 
but  Moshcim  seems  half  inclined  to  lie- 
licvo  there  was  such  a  person.  The  vul- 
gar tale  is  that  Joan  conceived  a  violent 
passion  for  the  rnoiik  Polda,  and  in  order 
to  get  admission  to  him  assumed  the 
niona.stic  habit.  Heiiig  clever  and  popular, 
she  got  to  be  elected  pope. 

Popish  Plot.  A  plot  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  1 1 .  to  massacre  the  Protestants, 
burn  London,  and  assassinate  the  king. 
Titus  Gates  invented  this  "wise"  scheme, 
and  obtained  great  wealth  by  revealing 
it;  but  ultimately  he  was  pilloried,  whip- 
ped, and  imprisoned. 

Pop'injay.  A  butterfly  man,  a  fop  ; 
80  called  from  the  popinjay  or  figure  of 
a  bird  shot  at  for  practice.  The  jay  was 
decked  with  parli-coloured  feathers  so 
as  to  resemble  a  parrot,  and  being  sus- 
pended on  a  pole,  served  as  a  target. 
He  whose  ball  or  arrow  brought  down 
the  bird  by  cuttiui;  the  string  by  which 
it  was  hur.tr,  rccoived  the  proud  title  of 
"Captain  Popinjay,"  or  "Captain  of  the 
Popinjay,"  for  the  rest  of  the  day,  and 
was  escorted  home  in  triuiuph.  {Su 
"  Old  Mortality,"  oh.  ii.) 

I  llien   nil  uniMtins  with  mjr  w<.i:nd>  helm-  ,-  M. 
1V  \i<-  »u  iiOKUrcd  Willi  a  in.pi-.ijkjr. 
AinwerHil  iifi;li-Ltii.tly   I  Xiiow  uul  what, 

lie  >h.iul.l  ur  >i«  Hi I<l  lot 

i'*u  *<•«;••««,  "l  Htnry  ft  , '  1.  1 

Poplar.  T/ie  icliite  pojilur  was  con- 
BO'^ialed    to    ller'culus,    because    he    de- 


stroyed Ka'kos  in  a  cavem  of  mount 
Aventine,  which  was  covered  with  pop- 
lars. In  the  moment  of  triumph  the 
hero  plucked  a  branch  from  one  of  the 
trees,  and  boimd  it  round  his  head. 
When  he  descended  to  the  infernal 
regions,  the  heat  caused  a  profuse  per- 
si'iratioD  which  blanched  the  under 
surface  of  the  leaves,  while  the  smoke  of 
the  eternal  llames  blackened  the  upper 
si.rface.  Hence  the  Hereu'lean  pofilar 
h.is  its  leaves  black  on  one  side  and  white 
on  the  other. 

Porcelain  (3  syl.),  from  porcelonn, 
"a  little  pig."  t^o  called  by  the  Portu- 
guese traders,  from  its  resemblance  to 
cowrie-shells,  the  shape  of  which  is  not 
unlike  a  pig's  back.  The  Chinese  earthen- 
ware  being  white  and  glossy  like  the 
inside  of  tjie  shells,  suggested  the  appli- 
cation of  the  name.  {S^e  Marryp.tt's 
"  History  of  Pottery  and  Porcelain.") 

Porch  (The).  A  philosophic  sect, 
generally  called  Stoics  (Greek,  stoa,  a 
porch),  because  Zeno,  the  founder,  gave 
ills  lectures  in  the  Athenian  picture  gal- 
lery, called  the  porch  Pce'cile. 

The  succepdiirs  of  Socrates  formed  societiet  w  hioh 
la>te  I  8<  veral  CPiiiuiirs:  li;«  AJaiieiiiy  the  I'urch. 
tlie  'iai  Jen.— "Z'/o/tauor  .-itiletl,  "  Kcct  Hunut." 

Porcupine.    {See  PtTEit.) 

Poreus.  Tlie  Luliiu  call  me  "porcus." 
A  sly  reproof  to  any  one  boasting,  show- 
ing off,  or  trying  to  m;ike  himself  appear 
greater  than  he  is.  Tiie  fable  says  that 
a  wolf  was  going  to  devour  a  pig,  when 
the  pig  observed  that  it  was  Friday, 
and  no  good  Catholic  would  eat  meat  on 
a  Friday.  Going  ou  together,  tiie  wolf 
said  to  the  pig,  "They  seem  to  call  you 
by  many  names."  "  Yes,"  said  the  pig; 
''  1  am  called  swine,  grunter,  hog,  and  I 
know  not  what  Viesides.  The  Latins  call 
me  porcus."  "  Porpus,  do  they  !"  said 
the  wolf,  making  an  intentional  blunder. 
"  Well,  porpoise  is  a  fish,  and  we  may  eat 
fish  on  a  Friday."  So  saying,  he  devoured 
him  without  another  word. 

Porcus  Litera'rum  A  literary 
glutton,  line  who  devours  books  witliout 
regard  to  quality. 

Pork!  I'ork !  Sylvest^ir,  in  Ids 
translation  of  lui  Rarta.s,  gives  this  in- 
stead of  Caw,  ctt7o,  as  the  cry  of  the  raven. 

I'ork.  yir  Thoniaa  Hrownc  says  that 
the  .Jews  abstain  from  pork  not  from 
fear  of  leprosy,  as  Tacitus  alleges,   but 


702 


PORK,   PIO 


PORTLAND    VASR. 


beoaiiRe  ina  f^ine  is  an  emblem  of  im- 
purity.—  "  Vnlijnr  liiTort." 

Pork,  Pig.  The  former  is  Norman- 
F"rcncli,  the  latter  Saxon. 

Pork,  I  tliiiik,  is  good  Normnn-Fr(iic!i  :  au<l  so, 
when  the  l>nite  lives,  and  in  ia  clmrne  of  a  Kaxoii 
ila\c.  she  e<  es  by  liiT  Saxou  uame  :  bul  be-uiiei  a 
Norman,  »:A  is  called  p"i,  wiicn  slie  is  carried  to 
111,- castle-hall.— Sir   W'.'lUr  Sntl,  ••  hniihoe." 

Porridge.  Like  the  madmcui  in  lied- 
lam,  most  of  my  food  taslen  of  oatmeal  por- 
ridge (Sir  Walter  Scott).  The  alliisioa  is 
to  a  madman  in  tlio  Edinburgh  Infirmary 
who  was  fed  on  oatmeal  porridge,  but 
bi-ijeved  ho  bad  every  day  at  dinner  a 
IS]  Icndid  banquet ;  "  yet,"  said  the  man, 
"  somehow  or  other,  everything  that  I 
eat  tastes  of  porridge." 

Port,  meaniuir  larboard  or  left  side,  is 
an  abbreviation  of  Porta  II  timone  (carry 
tlie  helm).  Porting  arms  is  carrying 
them  on  the  left  hand. 

"To  heel  to  port"  is  to  lean  on  the 
left  side  (Saxon,  htjldan,  to  incline).  "  To 
lurch  to  port"  is  to  leap  or  roll  over  oa 
the  loft  side  (Welsh,  Uercian). 

She  gave  n  heel  and  then  a  lurch  to  Dort, 

Aud,  going  duvn  head-foremost,  sunk  in  short. 
Byron,'  Dou  Juan." 

Port.  An  air  of  music.  Hence  Tytler 
says,  "  I  have  never  been  able  to  meet 
with  any  of  the  ports  here  referred  to  " 
("  Di.ssertation  on  Scotch  Music").  The 
word  is  Gaelic. 

Port-royal  Society.  In  1637,  Le 
M.aitre,  a  celebrated  advocate,  resigned 
the  honour  of  being  Conseiller  it Etat,  and 
with  his  brother  De  Sericourt  consecrated 
himself  to  the  service  of  religion.  The 
two  brothers  retired  to  a  small  house 
near  the  Port  Royal  of  Paris,  where  in 
time  they  were  joined  by  their  three 
other  brothers— De  Sacy,  De  St.  Elme, 
and  De  Valmout.  Afterwards,  being 
obliged  to  remove,  thoy  fixed  their  resi- 
dence a  short  distance  from  the  city,  and 
called  it  Port  Royal  des  Champs.  These 
illustrious  recluses  were  subsequently 
joined  by  other  distinguished  persons, 
and  the  community  was  called  the  Society 
of  Port  Royal. 

Port  Wine.  Lord  Pemlrole's  port 
tciiie.  This  renowned  wine  is  thus  made — 


57  f;:J1cDS  of  roHph  cider, 
l^  (iiUlous  oi  Hone  Carlo  «lne 
3  c&llouj  of  Lraiidy. 


(.  To  make 


make  a  hocahead 
'  port. 


Porte    {The)   or    The    SuhUine  Pitrte. 
Tbc  Uttoman  empire.    In  the  Bjzauiiue 


emj)ire,  the  gates  of  the  palace  were  th» 
place  of  a.s6cmbly  for  judicial  and  legal 
administration.  The  word  tnHime  ia 
French  for  "  lofty,"  and  the  term  was 
adopted  naturally,  as  Prenoh  has  long 
been  the  language  of  diplomacy.  The 
Scripture  frequently  speaks  of  the  judi- 
cial office  of  the  gate. 

The  govcromcn'  is  to  blame  for  n'^t  haTing  £uii< 
ah  111  its  i-ower,  like  the  Porte.-  /As  Timi-a. 

Porteus  Riot.  This  notorious  tu- 
mult took  place  at  E<linburgh,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1736.  Porteus  was  captain  of 
the  city  guard.  At  the  examination  of  a 
criminal  named  Wilson,  Captain  Porteus, 
fearing  a  rescue,  ordered  the  guards  to 
lire  on  the  mob,  which  had  become  tu- 
multuous ;  in  this  discharge  six  per- 
sons were  killed,  and  eleven  wounded. 
Porteus  was  tried  for  this  attack  and 
condemned  to  death,  but  reprieved.  The 
mob,  at  his  reprieve,  burst  into  the  jail 
where  he  was  confined,  and  dragging  him 
to  the  Grass  market  (the  usual  place  of 
execution),  hanged  him  by  torchJight  on 
a  dyer's  pole. 

Por'tia.  A  rich  heiress  in  "  The  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,"  in  love  with  Bassa'nio. 
Her  father  had  ordained  that  three 
caskets  should  be  offered  to  all  who 
sought  her  hand — one  of  gold,  one  of 
silver,  aud  one  of  lead — with  tbis  proviso  : 
he  only  who  selected  the  casket  which 
contained  the  portrait  of  the  lady  should 
possess  h-er  hand  and  fortune. — Skake- 
speia-e. 

Portland  Stone.  So  called  from 
the  island  of  Portland,  where  it  is  quar- 
ried. It  hardens  by  exposure  to  the  at- 
mosphere. Saint  Paul's  cathedral  and 
Somerset  House  (Loudon)  are  built  of 
this  stone. 

Portland  Vase.  A  cinerary  urn  of 
transparent  dark-blue  glass,  long  in  pos- 
session of  the  Barberi'ni  family.  In  1770 
it  was  purchased  by  Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton, for  1,0<)0  guineas,  antl  came  after- 
wards into  the  po.ssession  of  the  duchess 
of  Portland.  In  ISIO,  the  duke  of  Port 
land,  one  af  the  trustees  of  the  liritish 
Museuin,  allowel  it  to  be  plnced  in  that 
institution  lor  exhibition.  William  Lloyd, 
in  1815,  da.'=hed  it  to  pieces;  it  has  since 
be.n  carefnlly  repaired,  but  is  not  now 
shown  to  the  pnhlic.  It  is  ton  inches 
high,  aud  six  in  diameter  at  the  broadest 
lail. 


PORTO  BELLO  ARMS. 


POSTERIORI. 


70S 


Porto-bello  Ai^ms.  A  public- 
Oouse  si^.  The  Mirror  saj'S ;  "In 
17.S9,  after  tho  capture  of  Portobello, 
admiral  Vernou's  portrait  dangled  from 
every  sign-post,  and  he  may  figuratively 
be  said  to  have  sold  the  ale,  beer,  porter, 
and  jiurl  of  England  for  six  years."  The 
Portobello  Arms  is  a  niero  substitution 
for  tho  admiral. 

Portsmouth,  according  to  tho  fa- 
mous Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  was  so 
called  from  a  man  named  Port. 

Tier  com  I'ort  on  Bretene.  and  liis  ii  eun»..mid  il 

ec)[um  [slrpsj  [at  a  rlice  cilled)  r6rtes-inutha..*o. 

PortsoTcen  "Ward  (London).  The 
soktii  or  franchise  at  the  j)orl  or  gate.  It 
was  formerly  a  guild  called  tho  "English 
Knighton  Guild,"  because  it  was  given 
by  king  Edgar  to  thirteen  knights  for 
services  done  by  them.  {See  Knighten- 
Gdild.) 

Portugal  is  Portus  Calle,  a  corrup- 
tion of  I'urtus  GallisB. 

Portuguo'se  (3  syl.).  A  native  of 
Poitngal,  the  language  of  Portugal,  per- 
taining to  Portugal,  he.  ;  as  (jamoiius 
was  a  Portuguese,  and  wrote  in  Portu- 
guese. 

Po'ser.  The  bishop's  examining 
chaplain  ;  the  examiner  at  Eton  for  the 
King's  College  fellowship.  (Welsh, 
posiaw,  to  examine;  French,  intser ; 
Latin,  poiio.)     Hence,  n  puzzling  ques- 

llUQ. 

Posse.  A  whole  posse  of  men.  A  large 
number  ;  a  crowd.     {See  below.') 

Posse  Comita'tus.  (Latin,  poorer 
of  (lie  amnly.)  The  whole  force  of  the 
county— that  is,  all  the  male  members  of 
a  county  over  fifteen,  who  may  bo  sum- 
moneil  by  a  shcritf  to  assist  in  preventing 
a  riot,  tho  rescue  of  jirisouers,  or  other 
unlawful  disorders.  Clergyman,  peers, 
and  the  infirm  are  oroinpt. 

Posset  properly  means  a  drink  taken 
before  seeing  to  bed  ;  it  was  milk  curdled 
with  wine.  (liatin,  poscu,  a  drink  made 
with  vinegar  and  water.) 

In    hli    mornitiR't   drniut.t Ii  8   ouncfrvci    or 

CHit'i       and  when    lie    c»;t>i    tJ    Ixdde    hi<    poiMl 
suiuttlciDg  but— "  J7an  iii  (/i«  Moont'  (lOuu). 

Pobt  moans  plactd  (I.iatin,  ponilui) 
J'o4i.     A  pioco  of  timber  placed  in  the 
groiu'i. 


A  military  posl.  A  station  where  « 
man  is  placed,  with  instructions  not  to 
quit  it  without  orders. 

An  official  "post  is  where  a  man  is  placed 
in  office. 

To  post  accounts  is  to  place  thera  under 
certain  heads  in  niothodical  order.— 
Trench. 

Post  haste.  Tr.avolling  by  relays  of 
horses,  or  whero  horses  are  placed  on  the 
roa<l  to  expedite  the  journey. 

Posl  off ce.  An  otlice  where  letters  are 
placed. 

Posl  paper.  So  called  from 
its  watermark,  a  post-horn,  cm- 
ployed  as  early  as  1730. 

To  run  your  head  af/ainst  a  post.  To 
go  to  work  heedlessly  and  stupidly,  or 
as  if  you  had  no  eyes. 

Post  Facto  (Latin).  After  the  act 
has  been  committed.  A  post  facto  law 
is  a  retrospective  one. 

Post  Meridian  (Latin).  After 
noon. 

T»as  pust-meridian  half-past  four, 
IJy  sUcal  1  from  Kaucv  pjiricd 

VilxUn,  •' aea  Son.i ' 

Post  Mortem  (Latin).  After  death  ; 
as  a  post  mortem  examination  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  the  cause  of  doath. 

Post  Obit.  An  agreement  to  pay 
for  a  loan  a  larger  sum  of  money,  to- 
gether with  interest  at  death.  (Latin, 
2)0st  oh'itum,  after  death.) 

Poste  Restante  (French).  To  re- 
main at  the  post  till  called  for.  In  the 
British  post-office  letters  so  addressed 
are  kept  one  mouth,  and  then  returned 
to  tho  writer. 

Posted.  ^Vell  posted  up  in  the  sub- 
ject (American).  Thorouirhly  informed. 
Tho  metaphor  is  to  posting  up  accounts, 
whereby  tho  eye  can  see  at  a  glance  the 
pros  and  cons. 

Posteriori.  An  argument  a  pn$ 
terio'ri  is  one  from  effects  to  cause 
Thus,  to  prove  the  existence  of  God  a 
posterion,  wo  take  tho  works  of  creation 
and  show  how  they  m.auifest  power, 
wisdom,  goodness,  and  so  on,  and  then 
wo  claim  the  inference  tiiat  the  maker 
of  these  things  is  powerful,  wise,  and 
good.  Uobinsou  Crusoe  fountl  the  foot- 
jiritits  of  ft  man  on  the  sand,  and  inferred 
that  there  must  bo  a  man  on  the  island 
boaidca  bim/jelf.     (•S«PKlOia.) 


7M 


P0STHUMU8. 


POTTKR. 


Post'humus  {Le'onn'l'if).  Ifusband 
of  Imoj^'on.  Uniler  tho  erroneous  pcr- 
Riiasiou  of  bis  wife's  infidelity  ho  plots 
licr  death,  but  his  plot  miscariies.— 
SliMkeijitare,  "  C'ymMiiie." 

Posting-Bills.  Before  the  Great 
Fire  the  spare  for  foot-passengers  in 
London  was  dufended  by  rails  and  posts; 
tho  latter  served  for  theatrical  ))laoards 
und  general  aiuioiincomeuts,  whicli  were 
therefore  called  posters  or  posting-bills. 

Posy  properly  nieana  a  oony  r,f  virsos 
prcsenioii  wiilia  liouquot.  it  now  mo  ins 
the  versos  without  the  (lowers,  as  the 
"  posy  of  a  ring,"  or  the  flowers  without 
the  verses,  as  a  "  pretty  posy." 

Pot.  This  word,  like  "  faiher," 
"mother,"  "  dauj;hter,"  &c.,  is  common 
to  the  whole  A'ryan  family.  Greek, 
poier,  a  drink ing-vessel  ;  Latin,  poc-ulum 
— i.e.,  potaculum  ;  Irish  and  Swcdi-k, 
pota;  Spanish,  p(>l>>  ^-  (ierman,  pott  ; 
Danish,  potle ;  Frenoh,  Welsh,  English, 
pot,  Ate. 

Gone  to  pot.  Ruined,  gone  to  tl*o  bad. 
The  allusion  is  to  tho  pot  into  which 
refuse  metal  is  cast  to  be  roineltod,  or  to 
he  discarded  as  waste.  There  is  a  current 
story  about  a  tailor  of  Saniarcand,  who 
lived  noar  the  pfate  of  the  city  on  the 
road  leadiufif  to  the  cemetery.  It  is  said 
that  this  knis^ht  of  the  shears  had  outside 
his  cottage  an  earthen  pot,  into  which  he  j 
dropped  a  pebble  for  every  corpse  that 
passed  by,  and  at  the  end  of  each  moon 
counted  the  npnjber.  At  length  the 
tailor  hiin.'^elf  died,  and  when  a  stranger 
asked  the  neighbours  of  the  ecceulric 
registrar,  they  rcjilied,  "  Poor  fellow,  he 
now  is  gone  to  pot  also." 

Now    mid    then    a    farm    went    to    pot — Dr.    Air-    \ 
\>uthnot.  I 

The  pot  calls  the  kettle  black.  This  is 
said  of  a  person  who  accusrs  another  of 
faults  committed  by  himself.  The  French 
say  The  shonel  mocks  the  poker  (La  pelle  se 
mnque  du  fourgon),  | 

To  httrnij  the  pot  to  the  roses.  To  bc-tray 
the  rose  pot,  that  istliepot  which  coniaius 
the  rose-nobles.  To  •'  h't  the  oat  out  of  the 
bag."    French,  decouvrir  le  pot  aux  roses.      I 

Braztn  and  earthen  pots.     Gentlemen 
and  artisans,  rich  and  poor,  men  of  mark    ! 
and  tliose  unstamped.    From  the  fable  of   I 
the  "  Brazen  and  Earthen  Pots."  I 

BrM.-n  on.i  {Hrtlisn  p.it«  fl'it  lo.-etlier  in  jiixt*-    I 
li'Hiioii  tluwn  tl)»  atr<'»m  nf  [i!e    -fail  Mall  (inMitt      ' 


Pot-LiUCk.  Come  and  tuke  pot  !^ul 
with  me.  Come  and  take  a  family  dinner 
at  my  house.  The  French  pot  au  feu  is 
the  ordinary  dinner  of  those  who  dine  at 
homo.  ^ 

Pdt  Paper.  A  Dutch  paper ;  /"^ 
80  called  from  the  water-mark,  a  r~>» 

Pot-Pourri  {French),  A  mixture  of 
flowers  and  perfumes  preserved  in  a  vase. 
Also  a  hotch  potcli  or  olla  [lodri'da.  In 
mu.sic,  a  medley  of  favourite  tunes  strung 
together.     (See  1'aSTICCIO.) 

Pot  Valiant.     Made  courageous  by 

liquor. 

Pot-de-Biere.     French  slang  for  an 

Englishman. 

Potage  f-Tean).  The  Jack  Pudding 
of  the  French  st;ige  ;  very  like  the  (Jer- 
man  "  Hanswurst,"  the  Dutch  "  Pickel- 
herringe,"  and  the  Italian  "Macaro'ni." 

Pota'to-Talk  (German,  Kartoffel 
gesprach).  That  chit-chat  common  in 
Germany  at  the  five  o'clock  tea-drinkings, 
when  neigh'oours  of  the  "  gentler  se.x  " 
take  their  work  to  the  housti  of  musti  r, 
and  talk  chiefly  of  tho  dainties  of  the 
table,  their  ingredients,  admi-iiture,  and 
the  methods  of  cooking  them. 

Poteen  (pron.  po-cheen).  Whiskey 
that  has  not  paid  duty  (Irish). 

roine  an<l  t.ic^e  s^me  g'»0'i  poteen 
That  hjid  uot  p.xiti  a  rap  to  the  (^ut-en. 

Pother  or  Bother.  Mr.  Garnett  suite* 
this  to  be  a  Celtic  word,  anil  says  it  often 
occurs  in  the  Irish  translations  of  the 
Bible,  in  the  sense  of  to  be  tjriered  or 
troubled  in  mind.  [Greek, pOthco,  to  regret.) 

Pothooks.  The  77th  Foot ;  so  called 
because  the  two  sevens  resemble  two 
pothooks. 

Pot'iphar's  Wife.  According  to 
the  Koran  her  name  was  Zuleika,  but 
si'me  Arabian  writers  call  her  ItaiL 

Potter.  To  go  poking  about,  med- 
dlingand  making, in  a  listless,  purposeless 
m.inner.  I'udder,  podder,  pot/ier,  boihfr, 
and  puddle  are  varieties  of  the  same 
word  To  pudder  is  to  stir  with  a  pud- 
dcring  pole ;  hence,  to  confuse.  Lear 
says  of  the  tempe.st,  "  May  ths  great 
gods  that  keep  this  dj-eadful  jiudder  o'er 
our  heads,"  moaning  confusion.  To 
puddle  iron  is  to  stir  it  about  with  « 
puddering-polo. 


rOTWALLOPERS. 


PRAGMATIC  SANCTION.       705 


Fot wallopers,  before  the  passing 
of  the  liefurm  Bill,  were  those  who 
claimed  a  vote  because  they  had  boiled 
their  own  pot  in  the  parish  for  six 
months.  (Saxon,  I'-mlUtn  to  boil ;  Dutch, 
o/nralkn ;  our  wallop.) 

Poult,  a  young  turkey.  Pullet, 
a  young  chicken.  (Latin,  pullus,  the 
young  of  any  animal  ;  whence  puultry, 
young  domestic  fowls ;  Jilli/,  a  young 
horse  ;  foal ;  French,  poule ;  Italian, 
polio ;  &c.) 

Pounce  (Peter),  in  Fielding's  novel  of 
".Joseph  Andrews." 

Pound.  The  unit  of  weight  (Latin, 
pondnf,  weight) ;  also  cash  to  the  value 
of  twenty  shillings  Bterling,  because  in 
the  Carlovingian  period,  the  Koman 
pound  (twelve  ounces)  of  pure  silver  was 
coined  into  240  silver  pennies.  The  sj'm- 
bols  £  and  lb.  are  for  libra,  the  Latin  for 
a  jiound.    (^Ve  Penny  for  Pound.) 

Pound  of  Flesh.  The  whole  bnr- 
pain,  the  exact  terms  of  the  agreement, 
the  bond  lit'.ratim,  el  verbatim.  The 
allusion  is  to  Shylock,  in  "The  Merchant 
of  Venice,"  who  bargained  with  Antonio 
for  a  "  pound  of  flesh,"  but  was  foiled  in 
his  suit  by  Portia,  who  said  the  bond  was 
expressly  a  pound  of  flesh,  and  therefore 
(1 )  the  Jew  must  cut  the  exact  quantity, 
neither  more  nor  less  than  a  ju.st  pound  ; 
and  (2)  in  so  doing  he  must  not  shed  a 
drop  of  blood. 

Poundtext  (Peter).  An  "  indulged 
pastor"  with  the  Covenanters'  army. — 
Sir  Walter  .Scotl,  "  Old  Mortality." 

Poura'ni.  Meat  cooked  in  a  peculiar 
manner ;  so  called  from  Pouran  Dokht, 
the  daughter  of  Khosru  Parviz,  king  of 
Persia. 

Pourceaugnac,  Monsieur  de  (pron. 
Ponr-soiie-yak).  A  pompous  country 
pfentleman  who  comes  to  Paris  to 
marry  Julie  ;  but  the  lady  has  a  lover 
of  her  own  choice,  and  Monsieur  is  so 
.mystified  and  playtd  upon  b\-  Julie  and 
her  ami  du  coeiir  that  lie  relinc]uishc3 
his  suit  in  despair. — Molicre,  "Puur- 
ct(iii;/iiac." 

Poussin.  T/ir.     British      Pou.i.nn. 

Kii'haid  tlooper,  jiaiutor  and  engraver, 
wt'll  known  for  his  "Views  of  Wind- 
sor."    (  •-ISOC.) 

Gaitpar  Poutfin.  So  Gaspar  Duphet, 
the  French  painter,  is  called.  (1G13-1675.) 


Pouting.  The  pouting  plare  oj 
princes.  Leicester  Sipiaro  is  so  called 
by  Pennant,  because  George  II.,  when 
prince  of  Wales,  having  ijuarrelled  with 
his  father,  retired  to  Leicester  House; 
and  his  sou  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales, 
did  the  same,  for  the  very  same  reason. 

Powder.  PU  powder  your  jaclel  /■■r 
yriu.  A  corruption  of  poudrer,  to  dubt. 
{See  Dr.ST.) 

Lol  in  powdur  rdust]  ye  sclinll  (Iep«, 
I'or  out  of  powitur  fyrst  je  caiiit. 

(Jiioteil  t>u  UMiwM  under  "  I'uudrt." 

Po3rning"s  Law  or  Statute  of  Droy'- 
keda.  An  Act  of  Parliament  made  in 
Ireland  in  1495  (10  Henry  VII.,  c.  2Ji, 
declaring  all  general  statutes  hitherto 
made  in  England  to  be  in  force  in  Ireland 
also.  It  received  its  name  from  Sir 
Edward  Poyning,  Lieutenant  of  Ireland 
at  the  time. 

P.P.  Clerk  of  this  Parish.  The 
name  given  to  a  volume  of  men)o;rs, 
written  by  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  as  a  satire  on 
Bishop  Burnet's  "  Own  Times." 

Praemonstraten'sian      Monks. 

{See  PKEMONSTKATENSIAN.) 

Praemuni're.  A  barbarous  word 
from  the  Latin  prsemon€ri  (to  be  fore- 
warned). The  words  of  the  writ  begin 
"priemunire  facias  A.  B."  —  i.e.,  Cauxe 
A.  B.  to  befoncarned,  toa[>pear  before  tis 
to  answer  the  contempt  wherewith  he 
stands  charged.  If  A.  B.  refu.ses  to  do 
so  he  loses  all  civil  rights,  and  before  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth  might  have  been  slain 
by  any  one  with  impunity. 

Pragmat'ic  Sanction.  Sanctio  in 
Latin  means  a  "decree  or  ordinance  with 
a  penalty  attached,"  or,  in  other  words, 
a  "  penal  statute."  Pray  mat' icus  means 
"  relating  to  state  affairs,"  so  that  Prag- 
matic Sanction  is  a  penal  statute  bearing 
on  some  important  question  of  state. 
The  term  was  first  applied  by  the 
Ilomnns  to  those  statutes  which  related 
to  their  provinces.  Tiie  French  appro- 
priated the  i.hra,se  to  certain  statutes 
which  limited  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
pope  ;  but  generally  it  is  applied  to  an 
ordin.ince  fixing  the  succession  in  a  cer- 
tain line. 

J'rayniatic  Snnction  of  Charla  VII. 
(of  France),  14:j8,  defining  and  limiting 
the  power  of  the  pope  in  France.  By 
this  ordiuanco  the  authority  of  a  goneraJ 


7M 


PRASILDO, 


PRECIOUS.  STONES. 


council  was  declared  superior  to  the 
dictum  of  the  })0|io  ;  the  clerg-y  wero 
fortiiililon  to  appeal  to  Home  on  any 
point  alTecting-  the  secular  condition  of 
ilie  nation ;  and  tlio  Ivoman  pontiff  was 
forbidden  to  appropriate  a  vacant  bene- 
fice, or  to  appoint  either  bishop  or  parish 
priest. 

i'mrjmatic  Sanction  of  St.  Louis  (12GS) 
forba(le  the  co\irt  of  Rome  to  levy  taxes 
or  collect  subscrijitions  in  France  with- 
out the  express  sanction  of  the  king.  It 
also  fjave  plaintills  in  the  ecclesiastical 
courts  the  right  to  appeal  to  the  civil 
courts.  The  "  Constitutions  of  Clarcu- 
don  "  were  to  England  what  the  "Prag- 
matic Sanction  "  was  to  France. 

I'rayiiiatic  Sanction  of  Germany,  1-139, 
whereliy  the  succession  of  the  empire 
was  made  hereditary  in  the  house  of 
Austria.  In  1713  the  emperor  Charles 
VI.  published  another  to  settle  the  suc- 
cession upon  the  daughter  of  Maria 
There'sa. 

Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Naples,  1759, 
whereby  Carlos  II.  of  Spain  ceded 
the  succession  to  his  third  son  in  per- 
j>etuity. 

Prasil'do.  A  nobleman  of  Babylon, 
who  fell  in  love  with  Iroldo's  wife.  The 
husband  quitted  Babylon  for  ever,  and 
resigned  his  wife  to  his  friend. — Bojardo, 
"  Orlando  Inamorato." 

Prating  Sophists.  The  doctors  of 
the  Sorbonue  were  so  called  by  Budajus 
of  Paris.     (14G7-15I0.) 

Praying-wheels.  It  is  said  that 
the  Buddhists  pray  by  machinery  ;  that 
they  put  prayers  int^  wheel,  and  unroll 
them  by  the  length.  This  notion  arises 
from  a  misconception.  Saky'a-muni,  the 
Budiiha,  is  said  to  have  "  turned  the 
wheel  of  the  law  " — i.e.,  to  have  preached 
Buddhism  incessantly— we  should  say  as 
a  horse  in  a  mill. 

Pre-Ad'amites,  Before  Adam  was 
created.  Isaac  do  la  Peyreri  maintained 
that  only  the  Jews  ore  descended  from 
Adam,  and  that  the  Gentiles  are  de- 
scended from  a  race  of  men  existing 
before  Adam ;  as,  however,  the  book  of 
Genesis  is  the  history  of  the  Jews  only, 
it  does  not  concern  itself  with  the  Gentile 
race.     (1655.) 

Pre-Raphaelites.  A  term  intro- 
duced by  llimt  and  his  friends,  who 
wished  to  intimate  that  they  preferred 


the  simplicity  and  truthfulness  of  the 
painters  who  preceded  Raphael.  The 
term  now  signilies  a  very  minute  imita- 
tion of  nature,  brilliant  colouring,  and 
not  much  shadow. 

Preacher  ( The).  Solomon,  being  the 
avthor  of  Ecclesiastes  {fUe  Preacher). 

The  Glorious  Preacher.  Saint  John 
Chrysostom.     (317-407.) 

The  Kino  of  Preachers.  Louis  Bour- 
daloue.     (l'632-1704.) 

The  Little  Preacher.  Samuel  de  Marets, 
Protestant  controversialist.    (15'J9-1CC3.) 

Prebend,  meaning  a  "clergyman 
attached  to  a  prebendal  stall,"  is  a 
vulgarism.  The  prebend  is  the  stipend 
given  out  of  the  revenues  of  the  college 
or  cathedral ;  he  who  enjoys  the  prebend 
is  the  prebendary.  (Latin,  pralieo,  to 
give.) 

Preca'rious  is  what  depends  on  our 
prayers  or  re  jucsts.  A  precarious  tenun 
is  one  that  depends  solely  on  the  will  of 
the  owner  to  concede  to  our  praj'er : 
hence  uncertain,  not  to  be  depended  on. 
(Latin,  precor.) 

Preeep'tor.  The  superior  of  a  pre- 
cep'tory  was  called  by  the  Templars  a 
Kniyhl  Preceptor ;  a  "Grand  Preceptor" 
was  the  head  of  all  the  preceptories, 
or  houses  of  the  Knights  Teniplars,  ia 
an  entire  province,  the  three  of  highest 
rank  being  the  Grand  Preceptors  of  Je- 
rusalem, Tripolis,  and  Antioch.  Houses 
of  these  knights  which  were  not  pro- 
ceptories  were  called  comraanderies. 

PrSeieuses  Eidicnles  (in  Mo- 
liere's  comedy  so  called).  Aminte  and 
Polix^ue,  who  assume  the  airs  of  the 
Hotel  de  Eambouillet,  a  coterie  of  sav- 
ants of  both  sexes  in  tne  seventeenth 
century.  The  members  of  this  society 
were  termed  precieuses — i.o,,  "persons 
of  distinguished  merit" — and  the  "pr^ 
cieuses  ridicules"  means  a  ridiculous 
apeing  of  their  ways  and  manners. 

Precio'sa.  The  heroine  of  Long- 
fellow's '-Spanish  Student,"  threatened 
with  the  vengeance  of  the  Inquisition. 

Precious  Stones.  Each  month, 
according  to  the  Poles,  is  under  the  in- 
fluence of  a  precious  stone : — 

Janu.iry  .  .  Garnet  .  .  CoiutaiKif. 

Feliniarjr  .  .  Amethyrt  .  .  Sincrrilf. 

JiMch  .  .  liloodstone  •  .  Couroi/e. 

■April  Di.-imon<J  .  .  In7i»ctiice. 


PRECOCIOUS. 


PRESTER  JOHN. 


707 


Jiins 

July 

August 

September. 

Octolier     .. 

November. 

De'.emher . 


Emerald 

Agate 

Cornelian 

Sardonyx 

Chri-8olit« 

0;.al 

'J'opai 

Turquoise 


Sureeit  in  Joe*. 
He.iUh  and  long  Kfe. 
ConUtU. 

Conjugal  fdidtii. 
A  ntidoU  to  madness. 
Hupe. 
Fidelitil. 
Prospcrilil. 


(2)    In   relation, 
Zodiac  :— 


Arie« 

Taunis 

Gemini 

Cancer 

1.  0 

Virgo 


Ruby. 

Topat 

Carbuncle. 

limeraliL 

Sappliire. 

Diamond. 


to    ike   signs    of    the 

I    Libra  ..  Jacinth. 

Scorpio         ..  Avjate. 
SngittariuB  ..  ■\inetliyst. 
Caprlcoruus..  I!i.T)-1. 
Aquarius      ..  Uiivx. 
Pisces  ..  tlusper. 


(3)  In  relation  to  the  planets : — 
Saturn  ..    Turquoise       ..    Lead. 


Jupiter 

Mars 

Sun 

Venus 

Jlercury 

MuULL 


Cornelian 
1'.  me  raid 
Diamond 
.Amethyst 

Loadstone 
Crystal 


Tin. 
Iron. 

GM. 
Clipper. 
Qtttcksilifer. 
Silvir. 


Preco'cioua  means  ripened  by  the 
run  before  it  has  attained  its  full  growth ; 
premature ;  a  dovclopment  of  mind  or 
body  beyond  one's  age.  (Latin,  prce 
coquo.) 

Many  precocious  tr'-es,  and  such  as  have  Ibeir 
spring  in  winter,  may  be  founi.—Btown. 

Prel'ate  means  simply  a  man  pre- 
ferred, a  man  promoted  to  an  ecclesias- 
tical office  which  gives  him  jurisdiction 
over  other  clergymen.  Cardinals,  bishops, 
abbots,  and  archdeacons  were  at  onetime 
80  called,  but  the  term  is  restricted  in  the 
Protestant  church  to  bishops.  (Latin, 
prafeno  prcelatus. ) 

Premonstraten'sian  or  Xorhertine 
Order.  Founded  in  the  twelfth  century 
by  St.  Norbert,  who  obtained  permission, 
in  1120,  to  found  a  cloister  in  the  diocese 
of  Laon,  in  Franco.  A  spot  was  pointed 
out  to  him  in  a  vision,  and  he  termed  the 
spot  Pre  Monlre  or  I'ralitm  Monstra'tum, 
(tlie  meadow  pointed  out).  The  order 
might  be  called  the  reformed  Augustine, 
or  the  White  canons  of  the  rule  of  St. 
Augustine. 

Prendre.  Prendre  un  rat  par  la 
que'M.  To  pick  a  pocket.  This  proverb 
18  very  old— it  was  popular  in  the  reirjn 
of  Louis  XIII.  Rata  is  an  old  German 
word  for  a  purse  or  pocket,  similar  to 
the  Italian  retino,  our  reticule. 

Prepense  (2  sj-l.).  Malice  prepense 
is  malice  dcsii,Mied  or  before  deliberated. 
(Latin,  prat  penstcs.') 

Preposterous  means  " the  cart  be- 
fore the  horse."  (Latin,  prit  pos'lirm^ 
the  fiist  last,  and  the  lust  drat.) 


Presbyterian.    {See  Blub.) 

Pres'ents.  Know  all  men  by  these 
presents— i.e.,  by  the  writings  or  docu- 
ments now  present.  (Latin,  per  presentes, 
by  the  [writings]  present.) 

Preserver  (Sotfr).  Ptolemy  I.  of 
Egypt  was  called  Soter  by  the  RhodLans, 
because  he  compelled  Deme'trios  to  raise 
the  siege  of  Rhodes.  (B.C.  367,  323-2S.J.) 

Press-money  and  Press-men  do 
not  mean  money  given  to  impress  men 
into  the  service,  and  men  so  impressed  ; 
but  ready  money,  and  men  ready  for 
service.  When  a  recruit  has  received 
the  raouey,  lie  binds  himself  to  lie  ready 
for  service  whenever  his  attendance  is 
required.  Similarly  a  presf-'janq  is  a 
gang  to  get  ready  men.  (Old  French 
prest,  now 2}y^l ;  Italian,  presto.) 

Pressi'na.  The  French  {6o  married 
to  El'inas,  king  of  Alba'uia,  and  mother 
of  Slelusi'na  (q.v.). 

Prester  John,  according  to  Jlande- 
ville,  a  lineal  descendant  of  Ogier  the 
Dane.  This  Ogier  penetrated  into  the 
north  of  India,  with  fifteen  barons  of  his 
own  country,  among  whom  he  divided 
the  land.  John  was  made  sovereign  of 
Teneduc,  and  was  called  Prester  because 
he  converted  the  natives.  Another  tra- 
dition says  he  had  seventy  kings  for  his 
vassals,  and  was  seen  by  his  subjects 
only  three  times  in  a  year.  In  "  Much 
Ado  About  Nothing,"  Beatrice  says  — 

I  will fetch  you  a  tooth-picker  from  the  far- 
thest inch  of  Asia  ;  bring  tou  the  lougtli  of  I'restcr 
John's  foot ;  fetcli  you  a  hair  of  the  groat  Cliam's 

beard rather  than  hold   tliieo  words'  ooufereucs 

with  this  harpy.— i7iaite«p6('r«. 

Prester  John  (in  "  Orlando  Fu- 
rioso,"  bk.  xvii.),  called  by  his  subjects 
Scna'pus,  king  of  Ethiopia.  He  was 
blind.  Though  the  richest  monarch  of 
the  world,  he  pined  "  in  plenty's  lap  with 
endless  famine,"  for  whenever  his  table 
was  spread  hell-born  ha. pics  flew  ."iway 
with  the  food.  This  was  in  punishment 
of  his  great  pride  and  inii>iety  in  wishing 
to  add  Paradise  to  his  dominion.  'J'he 
plague  w.as  to  ooaso  "when  a  stranger 
came  to  his  kingdom  on  a  winged  horse." 
Astolpho  comes  on  his  flying  griffin,  and 
with  his  magic  born  chases  the  harjiicH 
into  (.'ocy'tus.  The  king  sentls  10(t,000 
Nubians  to  the  aid  of  Charlemagne  ;  tiioy 
are  provided  with  horses  by  Astolphi. 
who   throws  stouca  into   the  air   which 


706 


rUESTIGE. 


PRIDE. 


become  steciB  fully  equipped  (bk.xviii.), 
aud  lire  tran>;|)ortcd  to  Franco  by  Astol- 
plio,  who  tills  his  hands  with  leaves 
which  he  casts  into  the  sea,  aud  they  in- 
stantly become  sUipa  (bk.  xix.).  When 
Agramant  is  dead,  the  Nubians  are 
sent  back  to  their  country,  and  the  shijo 
turn  to  leaves,  and  the  horses  to  stones 
again. 

Prestij^e.  This  word  has  a  stranj^'oly 
mptamorpbqsed  meaning.  The  Latin 
{jnestif/'iie  means  juggling  tricks,  hence 
prestidig'itateur'  (French),  one  who  jug- 
gles wiih  his  fingers.  We  use  the  word 
fur  that  favourable  impression  which 
vesults  from  good  antecedents.  The  his- 
tory of  the  change  is  this  :  Juggling  tricks 
were  once  considered  a  sort  of  enchant- 
ment; to  enchant  is  to  charm,  and  to 
charm  is  to  win  the  heart. 

Presto.  Quick.  A  name  given  by 
Swift  to  the  duchess  of  Shrewsbury,  a 
foreigner,  who  cither  wilfully  or  playfully 
called  the  dean  Presto  {Swift). 

Pretender.  The  Old  Pretender. 
.lames  F.  E.  Stuart,  son  of  James  II. 
(163S-176G.) 

Th«  Young  Pretender.  Charles  Edward 
Stuart,  son  of  the  "  Old  Pretender." 
0720-1788.) 

God  bless  the  king,  I  mean  the  "  faith's  defender  ;  " 
God  Wess— no  harm  in  blussinij— the  Pretender. 
Who  that  Pretender  is,  and  who  is  kin<:— 
God  bleis  us  all  1— that's  quite  another  thing. 

yoh.H  Byrcm. 

Pretenders.  Tanyoxarkes,  in  the  time 
of  Camlty'ses,  king  of  Persia,  pretended 
to  be  Smerdis ;  but  one  of  his  wives  felt 
liis  head  while  he  was  asleep,  and  dis- 
covered that  he  had  no  ears. 

Lambert  Simnel  and  Perkin  Warbeck, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

Otrefief,  a  monk,  pretended  to  be 
Demetrius,  younger  son  of  czar  Ivan 
Basilowitz  II.,  murlered  by  Boris  in 
1598.  In  1605,  Demetrius  "  The  False" 
became  czar,  but  was  killed  at  Moscow 
the  ye;ir  following,  in  an  insurrection. 

Pre'text.  A  pretence.  From  the 
Latin  prxtexta,  a  dress  embroidered  in 
the  front  (prce-texo),  worn  by  the  Roman 
magistrates,  priests,  and  children  of  the 
aristocracy  between  the  age  of  thirteen 
and  seventeen.  The  pralexia'tce  were 
dramas  in  which  actors  personated  those 
who  wore  the  prajtexta ;  kcnce  persons 
who  pretend  to  be  what  they  are  not. 


Prettyman  {Prince),  who  figures 
sometimes  as  a  fisherman's  son,  anil  some- 
times as  a  prince,  to  gain  the  heart  of 
Cloris. — BiLckin'jhu.m,,  "  The  Rehearsal." 

Prevarica'tion.  The  Latin  word 
vanco  is  to  straddle,  and  prarvaricor,  to 
go  zig-zag  or  crooked.  The  verb,  says 
Plin}',  was  first  applied  to  men  who 
jiloughcd  crooked  ridges,  and  afterwards 
to  men  who  gave  crooked  answers  in  the 
law  courts,  or  deviated  from  the  straight 
line  of  truth.     (See  DELIRI0M.) 

Pre-vious  Question.  {See  Ques- 
tion.) 

Priam.  King  of  Troy  when  that 
city  was  sacked  by  the  allied  Greeks. 
His  wife's  name  was  Hec'uba;  she  was 
the  mother  of  nineteen  children,  the 
eldest  of  whom  was  Hector.  When  the 
gates  of  Troy  were  thrown  open  b)-  the 
Greeks  concealed  in  the  Wooden  Horse, 
Pyrrhos,  the  son  of  Achilles,  slew  the 
aged  Priam.  (See  Homer's  "  Iliad  "  and 
Virgil's  "JJne'id.") 

Pri'amond.  Son  of  Ag'ape,  a  fairy 
He  was  very  daring,  and  fought  on  foot 
with  battle-axe  and  spear.  He  was  slain 
by  Cam'balo.  — Spenser,  "Faery  Queen," 
bk.  iv.     {See  Diamond.) 

Pria'pus,  in  classical  mythology,  is 
a  hideous,  sensual,  disgusting  deity,  the 
impersonation  of  the  principle  of  fertility. 
(See  Baal,  Peor,  &.c.) 

Prick  the  Garter.  (See  Fast  and 
Loose. ) 

Pride,  meaning  ostentation,  finery, 
or  that  which  persons  are  proud  oi, 
Spenser  talks  of  "lofty  trees  yclad  in 
summer's  pride  "  (verdure).  Pope,  of  a 
"  sword  whose  ivory  sheath  [was]  in- 
wrought with  envious  pride"  (ornamenta- 
tion) ;  and  in  this  sense  the  word  is 
used  by  Jacques  in  that  celebrated  pa."»- 
sage— 

Why.  who  cries  out  on  pride  [drf,tf] 
That  can  tliereiu  tai  any  private  party. 
AV'liat  woman  in  the  city  do  1  natne 
■\Vlien  that  1  8  ly  "  The  Cit.y  Vioman  bear? 
Ti:e  cost  of  pniices  on  unworthy  shoulders  ?". 
..What  18  he  of  baser  functiun 
That  says  his  bravery  Jinery  is  not  of  my  cost  7 
Sluxktipiart,  "A3  I'uu  Like  11,"  U.  7. 

Fly  pride,  says  the  peacock,  proverbial 
for  pride.  —  Shakespeare,  "  Comedy  qf 
Errors,"  iv.  3. 

Sir  Pride.     First  a  drayman,  then  » 


PRIDE  OF  THE  MORXINO. 


FJUMUM   MOBILE. 


709 


colonel    in    tho  Parliamentary  army. — 
BuiUr,  "  fhaUbrcu."  ''  > 

Pride  of  the  Morning.  That  early 
mist  or  shower  which  promises  a  fine 
day.  The  xMorning  is  too  proud  to  come 
out  in  her  gflory  all  at  once — or  tho  proud 
beauty  beisg  thwarted  weeps  and  pouts 
awhile.  Keble  uses  the  phrase  in  a 
different  sense  when  ho  says  : 

Pride  of  the  deny  Moruiri;, 

The  swain's  experienced  eye 
From  theo  takes  tinn-ly  warning. 

Nor  trusts  the  t'ort-eous  sky. 

AV','«  {:''th  iuiulii/  after  Tnniiv\ 

Pride's  Purge.  The  Long  Parlia- 
ment, not  proving  itself  willinLj  to  con- 
demn Charles  L,  was  pnyc/ed  of  its  unruly 
members  by  colonel  Ptide,  who  entered 
the  house  with  two  regiments  of  soldiers, 
imprisoned  sixty,  drove  one  hundred  and 
gixty  out  into  tho  streets,  and  left  only 
sixty  of  the  most  conuplaisant  to  remain. 

Pridwren.  The  name  of  prince 
Arthur's  shieM. 

He  hfune  an  liis  sweore  [neek]  aene  fceld  deor^, 
ills  noiiie  on  Brutiso  lin  JBrit'sli]  TriUen  ihitea 

[ealltdl  l.aijuiion,  ■'  Brut  "  (r:tb  ce;it.). 

Prid'win.  Samo  as  pridwcn.  Tliis 
shield  had  represented  on  it  a  picture 
of  the  Virpiu. 

The  temi  er  of  his  sword,  t'le  tried  "  Plxoali^-er,"— 
The  biKuess  and  tiie  le:ii!tli  of  "  Kou'.-,'    his  noble 

Sliear, - 
W;ih    "Pridwin,"  bis  ^-reat  shield,  and  what   the 

1  rciof  could  Ixar.  Druyto)x. 

Priest,  Knight.  /  vonld  rather 
vdk  xcilk  Sir  I'n&it  than  Sir  Kni'jhU  I 
prefer  peaco  to  strife. 

Prig.  A  knavish  begpar  in  the 
"  Hej^sjar's  Bush,"  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletclier. 

/  ifj.  To  tilch  or  steal.  Also  a  pick- 
pocket or  thinf.  The  clown  calls  Autol'- 
ycus  a  "  \>\\s.  that  haunts  wakes,  fiiirs, 
HU'I  bear-baiiini^s," — Sluikifpeare,  "  Wiu- 
ler's  Tale,"  iv.  3. 

Piir/.  A  coxcomb,  a  conceited  per- 
son.    (German, /)S'.7(,  a  saucy  person.) 

Prima  Donna  (^Ilufian).  A  tirst- 
ela.ss  lady  ;  applied  to  public  singers. 

Prima  Facie  (Latin,  at  jirst  si;/ht). 
A  prima  facie  c;ise  is  a  case  or  statement 
which,  without  minute  examination  into 
its  merits,  scorns  plausible  and  correct. 

It  would  1>«  easy  lo  make  out  a  strooR  primi 
fact  cave,  but  I  sliould  alfise  Ihc  more  cautiouf 
policy  ut  audi  alteram  purkin. 

Prime  (1  syl.).  The  first  of  the 
"  leuser  hours"  of  the  Roman  breviary. 


It  is  practically  the  public  morning  ser- 
vice of  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 
Milton  terms  sunrise  "that  sweet  hour 
of  prime." — "Paradise  Lost,"  bk.  v.  170, 

Primed.  Full  and  rer.dy  to  deliver 
a  sfiecch.  Wo  say  of  a  man  whose  head 
is  full  of  his  subject,  "  Ho  is  primed  lo 
the  muzzle."  We  also  call  a  man 
"primed "when  he  is  in  a  state  of  in- 
cipient drunkenness,  and  ready  to  "  go 
off."  Of  course  the  allusion  is  to  fire 
arms. 

Prime'ro.    A  game  at  cards. 
I  left  bim  at  primero  with  the  duke  of  Suffolk.— 
SluikeaiJtart,  "Henry  VI II ,"  i.  S. 

Primrose  {George).  Son  of  the  wor- 
thy Vicar  of  Wakefield.  He  went  io 
Amsterdam  to  teach  the  people  English, 
but  forgot  that  he  could  not  do  so  ti".l 
he  knew  something  of   Dutch   himself 

—  GutdtmitU,  "  Vicar  of  Wakefield." 
Moses  Primrose.    Brother  of  the  above, 

noted  for  giving  in  barter  a  good  hor?« 
for  a  gross  of  T^ortiih'ss  green  ppi>c- 
taclcs,  with  copper  rims  and  shMgiet-n 
cases.— Goldsmit/i,  "  Vicar  of  Wai-etietd." 
J\fys.  Dehorali,  Primrose.  Mother  of  the 
above;  noted  for  her  motherly  vanity, 
her  skill  in  housewifery,  and  her  desire 
to  be  genteel.  Her  wedding  goivn  is  a 
standing  simile  for  things  that  "wear 
well."  Her  daughter's  names  are  Olivia 
and  Sophia.  —  Goldsmith,  "  Vicar  oj 
n\'.h  field." 

Tilt  Rev.  Dr.  Primrose.  Husband  of 
Mrs.  Deborah,  and  Vicar  of  Wakefield. 
As  simple  minded  and  unskilled  in  the 
world  its  Goldsmith  himself  ;  unaflfectedly 
pious,  and  beloved  by  all  wlio  knew  him. 

—  Goldsinilk,  '^  Vicar  of  WaLtjieid." 

Pri'mum  MoTDile,  in  the  Ptolema'io 
system  of  astronomy,  was  tlie  tenth  (not 
ninth)  sphere,  supposed  to  revolve  from 
east  to  west  in  twenty-four  hours,  carry- 
ing with  it  all  the  other  spheres.  T!ie 
eleven  spheres  are  :  (1)  Diana  or  the 
Moon,  (2)  Mercury,  (3)  Venus,  (4)  Apollo 
or  the  Sun,  (5)  Mars,  (6)  Jupiter,  (7) 
Satura,  (8)  the  starry  sphere  or  that  of 
the  fixed  stars,  (9)  the  crystalline,  (10  i 
the  primum  mo'liilS,  and  (II)  tho  om- 
pyre'an.  Ptolemy  himself  acknowledge  i 
only  tlio  first  nine  ;  the  two  latter  were 
devised  by  liis  disciples.  The  motion  of 
the  crystalline,  according  to  this  system, 
causes  tho  precession  of  the  e<iuiuoxes, 
its  axis  being  that  of  the  ecliptic.  The 
motion  of  the  primum   mobilo  nrodiicof 


710 


PRIMUS. 


PRINTING. 


the  alternation  of   day  and  night ;  its 
axis  is  that  of  tlie  equator,  and  its  ex- 
tremities the  poles  of  the  heavens. 
They  pa«9  tlie  pliiiets  scTen,  aud  pun  the  "  fixed" 

[ntunt/  tiiheif.  I, 
And    ll.«t    cryslul'lin';   sphere nnd  tliaf  "  V"fr!t- 

JloTcd."  Hilton,  '^ ParwUsi  hnl,"  id. 

Primum  Mobile  is  figuratively  apjilied 
to  that  macliine  which  communicates  mo- 
tion to  several  others  ;  and  also  to  per- 
sons and  ideas  suggestive  of  complicated 
systems.  Socratiis  was  the  primum  mo- 
bile of  the  Dialectic,  Megaric,  Cyrena'ic, 
Bnd  Cynic  systems  of  philosophy. 

Pri'mus.  The  archbishop,  or  rather 
"presiding  bishop,"  of  the  Episcopal 
church  of  Scotland.  He  is  elected  by 
the  other  six  bishops,  and  presides  in 
Convocation,  or  meetings  relative  to 
church  matters. 

Prince.  The  Latin  prin'cipes  formed 
one  of  the  great  divisions  of  the  Roman 
infantry  ;  so  called  because  they  were 
originally  the  first  to  begin  the  fight. 
After  the  Hasta'ti  were  instituted,  this 
privilege  was  transferred  to  the  now 
division. 

Pnnct.     (.S«  Black.) 

Prince  of  Alcheimj.  Rudolph  II.,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  also  called  The 
German  Hermes  Trismogistus. 

Prince  of  Gossips.  Samuel  Repys, 
noted  for  his  gossiping  Diary,  commenc- 
ing January  1st,  1659,  and  continued  for 
nine  years.     {1G:>2-1703.) 

Prince  of  Grammarians.    (Seep.  359.) 

Prince  of  Peace.  The  Messiah  (Isaiah 
is.  6). 

Prince  of  the  Power  of  the  Air.  Satan 
(Eph.  ii.  2). 

Prince  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom.  So 
Linnaius  calls  the  palm-tree. 

Prince  of  Wales  Dragoon  Gvards.  The 
3rd  Dragoon  Guards. 

Prince  Rupert's  Drops.  Drops 
of  molten  glass,  consolidated  by  falling 
into  water.  Their  form  is  that  of  a  tad- 
pole. The  thick  end  may  be  hammered 
pretty  smartly  without  its  breaking,  but 
if  the  smallest  portion  of  the  thin  end 
is  nipped  off,  the  whole  flies  into  fine 
dust  with  explosive  violence.  These  toys, 
if  not  invented  by  prince  Rupert,  were 
introduced  by  him  into  England. 

Princox  or  Princoch.  (Italian,  pin- 
chino,  a  cockered  or  spoilt  child.)  Capu- 
kt  calls  Tybalt  a  jjriucox,  or  wilful  spoilt 
hoy.— S/udespeare,  "Romeo  and  Juliet." 


Prink.  She  was  prinked  in  all  her 
finery.  Adorned.  Prink  and  prank, 
Dutch  pronken,  to  make  a  show ;  Ger- 
man prangen,  Danish  '^jrange,  Swedish 
lirunka. 

Printer's  Ddvil.  The  newest  ap- 
prentice lad  in  the  press-room,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  run  errands,  and  to  help  the 
pressmen.  As  the  sheets  are  given  off 
by  tlie  men,  he  runs  his  eye  over  them 
to  see  if  the  ink  has  failed,  or  a  dirty 
smudge  has  been  made ;  for  the  former 
he  calls  out  monk  iq.v.),  and  for  the  latter 
friar  (q. v.);  in  either  case  he  casts  the 
defective  sheet  aside.  This  boy  is  now 
called  ihcfig  or  the  lly-boy. 

Printing  used  to  be  called  the  Black 
Art,  and  the  boys  who  assisted  the  press- 
men were  called  the  imps.  According 
to  legend,  Aldus  Manutius,  a  printer  of 
Venice,  took  a  little  negro  boy,  left 
V)ehind  by  a  merchant  vessel,  to  assist 
him  in  his  business.  It  soon  got  wind 
that  Aldus  was  assisted  by  a  little  black 
imp,  and  to  dispel  the  rumour  he  showed 
the  boy  to  the  assembled  crowd,  and 
said,  "Be  it  known  in  Venice  that  I, 
Aldus  Manutius,  printer  to  the  Holy 
Church  and  the  doge,  have  this  day  made 
a  public  exposure  of  the  '  printer's 
devil.'  All  who  think  he  is  not  tlesh  and 
blood  may  come  and  pinch  him."  The 
people  were  satisfied,  and  no  longer  mo- 
lested the  little  negro  lad. 

Printers'  Marks. 
?  is  2— that  is,  the  first  and  last  letters 
of  quaatio  (question). 

!  is  [.     lo  in  Latin  is  the   interjection 
of  joy. 
§  is  a  Greek   p  (t),  the   initial  letter 
j    of  paragraph. 

;  *  is  used  by  the  Greek  grammarians  to 
I  arrest  attention  to  something  striking 
i    {asterisk  or  star) . 

j        t  is  used  by  the  Greek  grammarians  to 
{    indicate  something  objectionable  (obelisk 
or  dagger). 

The  asterisk  shows  that  the  line  in- 
dicated shines  like  a  star  ;  the  obelisk 
shows  that  it  should  be  cut  out  with  a 
dagger. 

Printing.    (SeeEn.) 

Father  of  English  printing.  William 
Caxton.     (1412-1491.) 

Printing.  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose 
that  Caxton  was  the  first  printer  in 
England.     A  book  has  been  accidentally 


PRIORI. 


PROBOLE. 


711 


discovered  with  the  date  1463  (Oxford). 
The  Ray.  T.  Wilson  siiys,  "  The  press  at 
Oxford  existed  ten  years  before  there 
was  any  press  in  Europe,  except  those  at 
Haarlem  and  Mentz.  The  person  who 
set  up  the  Oxford  press  was  Corsellis." 

Priori.  An  argument  a  priori  is  one 
from  cause  to  effect.  To  prove  the  exist- 
ence of  God  a  priori,  you  must  show 
that  every  other  hypoth'esis  is  more  un- 
likely, and  therefore  this  hypothesis  is 
the  most  likely.  All  mathematical  proofs 
are  of  this  kin'd.     (See  I'oSTERlORI.) 

Pris'cian's  Head.     To  break  Pris- 
cian'i  head  (in   Latin  "diminuCre  Pris- 
cia'ni  caput").     To  violate  the  rules  of 
grammar.      Priscian  was  a  great  gram- 
marian of  the  fifth  century,  whose  name 
ia  almost  synonymous  with  grammar. 
I'niclau't  head  ii  of;en  braiged  without  remorse. 
F.  ThompsijH- 
Aad  held  no  jin  «o  deeply  red 
As  liiat  of  brtaking  I'liscinn's  hrad. 

liu'.ler,  "  Jluiibraa,"  pt.  ii.  2. 

Prisciirianists.  Followers  of  Pris- 
cillian,  a  Spaniard  ;  an  heretical  sect 
which  sprang  up  in  Spain  in  the  fourth 
century.  They  were  a  branch  of  the 
ManichKans. 

Prisoner  at  the  Bar.  The  pri- 
soner in  the  dock,  who  is  on  his  trial ; 
BO  called  because  anciently  ho  stood  at 
the  bar  which  sejiarated  the  barristers 
from  the  common  pleaders. 

Prisoner  of  Chillon'.  Franoois  do 
Bonnivard,  a  Fienchmau  confined  for  six 
years  in  the  duMgeou  of  the  Chateau  de 
Chillon,  by  Charles  III.  of  Savoy.  Lord 
Byron,  in  his  jioem  so  called,  has  welded 
together  this  iucidei.'t  with  Dante's 
"  Count  Ugoli'no." 

Pri'thti.  The  favourite  hero  of  the 
Indian  PurJinas.  Vena  having  been  slain 
for  his  wickedness,  and  leaving  no  off- 
spring, the  Saints  rubbed  his  right  arm, 
6iid  the  friction  brought  forth  Prithu. 
iJeing  told  that  the  Earth  had  suspended 
for  a  time  its  fertility,  Prithu  went  forth 
to  punish  it,  and  the  Earth,  under  the 
form  of  a  cow,  fled  at  hi.s  approach  ;  but 
being  unable  to  escape,  promised  that  in 
future  "seed-time  and  harvest  should 
uever  fail." 

Priu'Ii.  Senator  of  Venice,  noted 
ffrt'  his  unbending  pride,  and  his  unna- 
tural harshness  to  his  daughter  Belvi- 
dera.  — Of  (ray,  "Venice  Praervtd." 


Privolvans'.  The  antagonists  of 
the  Subvolvans,  in  S.  Butler's  satirical 
poem  called  "The  Elephant  in  the 
Moon." 

These  Billy  ranting  Priyolvanj 
Have  erery  imnTner  their  .uinraigm. 
And  iiiiiii  er  like  the  warlike  Ciiui 
Of  Uawhead  aud  of  liluudytioues. 

T.  ».  tn. 

Privy  Council.  The  council  chosen 
by  the  sovereign  to  administer  public 
affairs.  It  consists  of  the  Roy.'^l 
Family,  the  two  Primates,  the  Bishop 
cf  London,  the  groat  officers  of  State, 
the  Lord  Chancellor  aud  Judges  of 
the  courts  of  Equity,  the  Chief  Justices 
of  the  courts  of  Common  Law,  the  Judge 
Advocate,  some  of  the  Puisne  Judges, 
the  Speaker  of  the  llouse  of  Commons 
the  Ambassadors,  Governors  of  ColonieSj 
Commander-in-Chief,  Master-General  ot 
the  Ordnance,  Fii-st  Lord  of  tho  Admi 
ralty,  Vice-President  of  the  Board  .  f 
Trade,  Paymaster  of  the  Forces,  Presi- 
dent of  tho  Poor-law  Board,  &c.  kc.  \  a 
committee  of  which  forms  the  Cabinet 
or  Jlinistry.  The  number  of  neither  th« 
Privy  Council  nor  Cabinet  is  fixed,  but 
the  latter  generally  includes  afiout  fifteen 
or  sixteen  gentlemen,  specially  qualified 
to  advise  on  different  departments  of 
state  business.  Much  of  the  business  of 
the  Privy  Cotmcil  isjierfornied  by  Boards 
or  sub-divisions,  as  tho  Board  of  Trade, 
the  Board  of  Qnai-auline,  the  Commillet 
of  Council  oil  Education,  kc. 

Privy  Seal.  The  seal  which  the 
sovereign  uses  in  proof  of  assent  to  a 
document.  In  matters  of  minor  imjior- 
tanco  it  is  sufficient  to  pass  the  jirivy 
seal,  but  instruments  of  greater  moment 
must  have  the  great  seal  also. 

Pro  and  Con.  {Latin).  For  and 
against.  "Con."  is  a  contraction  of 
cvhtra. 

Probo.  /  must  probe  that  matter  to  the 
bottom— mwst  narrowly  examine  into  it. 
The  allusion  is  to  a  surgeon  probir.g  a 
PTOund,  or  searching  for  some  extraneous 
Bubstanco  in  tho  body. 

Prob'ole  (3  syl.)  as  applied  to  Jesus 
Christ  is  this  :  that  he  was  divine  only 
because  he  was  divinely  bcirotten  ;  in 
fact  he  was  a  shoot  of  the  divino  stem. 
This  heterodox  notion  was  combated  hy 
Irenoeus,  but  was  subspquently  revived 
by  Monta'nus  and  Tertidlian.  The  word 
is  properly  applied  to  the  proce.ss  of   » 


712 


PROCES-V^ERUAL. 


PllOJECnOK. 


bone — tlmt  is,  a  bone  growinf^  out  of  a 
Dormal  bono.     ^Oreek,  pro-batlC) 

Proces-Verbal.      A    miimte   and 

official  statement  of  some  irict. 

We  (BiivB  the  prociia-vcrljal)  asked  him  what  use  ho 
had  made  of  the  nistol  ii«.,  We,  says  tlie  offioial 
report,  4o.].— 77i«  timet  {Law  Report). 

Proelaim  on  tlio  Housetop.  To 
proclaim  or  make  known  to  c\  cry  one  ;  to 
blab  in  public.  Dr.  Jahii  .s;i}s  that  the 
ancient  Jews  "ascended  their  roofs  to 
announce  anything-  to  the  multitude,  to 
pray  to  God,  and  to  perform  sacrifices" 
(Matt.  X.  27). 

No  secret  can  esc,ipe  being  proclaimed  from  the 
housetol..-/,o;,:io/l  AViiifW. 

Proclivity.  JTis  proclivities  are  all 
evil.  His  tendencies  or  propensities  have 
a  wroni,'  bias.  The  word  means  down-bill 
tendency  (I^atin,  procUvis). 

Procris.  Unerring  as  the  dart  of 
Proa-is.  When  Procris  fled  from  C'eph'a- 
lus  out  of  shame,  Diana  gave  her  a  dog 
that  never  failed  to  secure  its  prej',  and 
a  dart  which  not  only  never  missed  aim, 
but  which  always  returned  of  its  own 
accord  to  the  shooter.     OS'te  Cli'iialus.) 

Procrustes'  Bed.  Procrustes  was 
a  robber  of  Attica,  who  placed  all  who 
fell  into  his  bands  upon  an  iron  bed.  If 
they  were  longer  than  the  bed,  he  cut 
off  the  redvuidant  jiart ;  if  shorter,  he 
stretched  them  till  they  fitted  it.  Any 
attempt  to  reduce  men  to  one  standard, 
one  way  of  thinking,  or  one  way  of 
acting,  is  called  placing  them  on  Pro- 
crustes' bed,  and  the  person  who  makes 
the  attempt  is  called  Procrustes.  {See 
Girdle.) 

Tyrant  rrort  cruel  than  Procrustes  aid, 
Who  to  his  iron-bed  liy  torture  lit? 
Their  nobler  parts,  the  souls  of  suffcrin?  wits. 
Mallet,  "Verbal  Criticism." 

Procrus'tean.  Pertaining  to  Pro- 
crustes, and  bis  mode  of  piocedure.  {See 
above.) 

Prodigal.  Festus  says  the  Romans 
called  victims  wholly  consumed  by  fire 
prod'igce  hostice  (victims  pirodigali.'ied), 
and  adds  that  those  who  waste  their 
substance  are  therefore  called  prodigals. 
This  derivation  can  hardly  be  considered 
correct.  Prodigal  is  pro-ago  or  prod-igo 
(to  drive  forth),  and  persons  who  had 
spent  all  their  patrimony  were  "  driven 
forth "  to  be  sold  as  slaves  to  their 
creditors. 


Prodigal  (The).  Albert  VI.,  duke  of 
Austria.     (1418-1463.) 

Prodigy.  The  Prodigy  of  France- 
Guillaume  Undo  ;  so  called  by  Erasmus. 
(1-1  (17-1540.) 

The  Prodigy  of  Learning.  Samuel 
Hahneniann.  the  Gorman,  was  so  called 
by  J.  Paul  liichter.     (1750-181.3.) 

Profane  means  literally  before  th« 
temple  (Latin,  pro  fauum).  Those  per- 
sons who  came  to  the  temple  and  were 
not  initiated  were  called  profane  by  the 
Romans. 

Profile  (2  syl.)  means  shown  by  a 
thread  (Latin,  prodo,  to  show  ;  filv.m,  a 
thread).  An  outline.  In  sculpture  or 
painting  it  means  to  give  the  contour  or 
side-face. 

Profound  (The).  Richard  Middle- 
ton,  theologian.     (  *  -1304.) 

Tlie  Profound  Loclor.  Thomas  Brad- 
warden,  a  schoolman.     (14th  century.) 

Most  Profound  Doctor,  .lEgidius  da 
Columna,  a  Sicilian  schoolman.  (Died 
1316.) 

Prog.     Food.      Probably  the  Dutch 
prachgin,  to  beg  food.  Burke  says,  "  Yoy 
are  the  lion,  and   I   have   been   endejv. 
vouring  to  prog  (procure  food)  for  you." 
Or  it  may  be  a  corruption  and  contraction 
of  provender.     Lastly,  it  may  be  a  more 
pun  upon  the  word  Progne,  a  swalloio. 
So  saying,  with  a  smilR  she  left  the  rosue 
To  weave  moie  lines  of  d  ath,  and  plan  for  prog. 
Dr.  Wulcut,  "Sri<ier  and  Fly." 

Progne  or  Prok'ne.  The  swallow 
According  to  Grecian  fable,  Prokne  was 
sister  of  Philome'la,  and  wife  of  Tereus. 
Tereus  having  offered  violence  to  Philo- 
mela, cut  out  her  tongue  that  she  might 
not  expose  him,  and  then  told  his  wife 
that  she  was  dead.  The  truth  being  dis- 
covered, Tereus  would  have  slain  both 
the  sisters  ;  but  Philome'la  was  changed 
into  a  nightingale,  and  Prokne  to  a 
swallow. 

As  Progne  or  as  Philonr.eTi  rao'.rns... 

Ttiai  ai  ds  the  nest  by  cruel  tiandsdispoiled;.. 

bo  Bradainant  laments  her  absent  knii^lit. 

"  Orlnndo  fwiuin,-  bk.  Iljii.    . 

Progress.  To  report  progre-^.'!,  in  par- 
liamentary language,  is  to  conclmle  for 
the  night  the  business  of  a  bill,  and  defer 
the  consideration  of  all  subsequent  items 
thereof  till  the  day  nominated  by  thv; 
chief  minister  of  the  crown. 

Projee'tion.  Powder  of  projectiofv, 
or  the  "  Philosophers'  Stone."    A  powder 


PROLETAIRE. 


PROPHETESS. 


713 


eupposed  to  have  the  virtue  of  chansring 
baser  iueta!s  into  gold  or  silver.  A  little 
of  this  powder,  heinj;  cast  into  molten 
metal  of  the  V^aser  sort,  was  to  project 
from  it  pure  gold  or  silver.  Education 
may  be  called  the  true  "  powder  of  pro- 
jection." 

Proletaire  (3  syl.).  One  of  the 
rabble.  I'rolvlaires  in  French  means  the 
lowest  and  poorest  class  iu  the  commu- 
nity. Proletarian,  mean  or  vulgar.  The 
sixth  class  of  Servius  Tullius  consisted 
of  proletarii  aud  the  cajjile  ccnsi — i.e., 
breeders  and  human  heads.  The  prole- 
taries could  not  enter  the  army,  but 
were  useful  as  breeders  of  the  race 
(proles).  The  cap'ite  censi  wore  not  en- 
rolled in  the  census  by  tiie  value  of  their 
estates,  but  simply  by  their  polls. 

Proletariat.      Commonalt\'.      {See 

PliOLETAlHE.) 

Italy  has  a  clerical  aristocracy,  rich,  idle,  and  cor- 
rut;  iiDtl  a  clcr  cal  |  roiCtariat,  nuedy  aud  ^lossly 
lijuofaut.— IV»«  Timeg. 

Prome'tlieus  (3  s>l.)  made  men  of 
clay,  and  stole  fire  from  heaven  to  ani- 
mate them.  For  this  he  was  chained  by 
Zeus  to  mount  Caucasus,  where  an  eagle 
preyed  on  bis  liver  daily.  The  word 
means  Forethought,  and  one  of  his 
brothers  was  Epime'theus  or  Aftor- 
tliought. 

Faster  bound  to  A^roD's  charming  eyc8 
Than  is  Piometlieus  tied  to  Cauoaf  ii^i 

Jihaktspeure,  "  Titua  Anirumcus,'  ii.  1. 

Prorae'thean.  Capable  of  producing 
fire;  pertaining  to  Prome'theus  (q.v.). 

Promethean  Fire.  The  vital 
principle ;  the  fire  with  which  Prome- 
theus quickened  into  life  liis  clay  images. 

(.bVe  PUOMKTIIEUS.) 

1  kuuw  n  t  where  is  that  Promethean  heat 
Tliat  can  thy  lifs  relume. 

J;/lJ^^^p«ar«,  "  OUusllo,"  y.  2. 

Promised  Land  or  Land  of  Pro- 
mise. Caniuin ;  so  called  because  God 
jnomised  Abraham,  Isaac,  aud  Jacob 
that  their  offspring  should  possess  it. 

Prone'sia  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
One  of  Logistilla's  handmaids,  famous 
for  her  wisdom. 

Proof.  A  printed  sheet  to  be  ex- 
amined aud  approved  before  it  is  finally 
taken  off.  The Jirst  proof  is  that  whicli 
oontiiins  all  the  workman's  errors  as  well 
as  those  of  the  author ;  when  these  are 
corrected  the  impression  next  taken  is 
called  a  cUo/U  proof ;  a  third  impression 


is  then  taken  and  submitted  to  the 
reaiier,  who  corrects  it  ad  unguem,  and 
this  is  termed  the  press  proof. 

Proof  Prints.  The  first  impressions 
of  an  enL'raving.  India-proofs  are  those 
taken  otf  on  Indian  paper.  Proufsbefore 
lelkring  are  those  taken  off  before  the 
plate  is  sent  to  the  writing  engraver. 
After  the  proofs  the  orders  of  merit  are 
—(1)  the  prints  which  have  the  letters 
only  in  outline  ;  (2)  those  in  which  the 
letters  are  shaded  with  a  black  line  ;  (3) 
those  in  which  some  slight  ornament  is 
introduced  into  the  letters  ;  and  (4)  those 
in  which  the  letters  are  tilled  up  quite 
black. 

Proof  Spirit.  A  mixture  of  equal 
parts  (by  weight)  of  alcohol  and  water. 
The  proof  oi  spirit  consists  in  little  bub- 
bles or  beads  which  appear  on  the  top  of 
the  liipior  after  agitation.  When  any 
mixture  has  more  alcohol  than  water  it 
is  called  oiw  proof,  and  when  less  it  is 
termed  under  proof. 

Propagan'da.  The  name  given  to 
the  "congregation"  de  propaganda  fide, 
established  at  Kome  by  Gregory  XV.,  in 
1<J2"2,  for  propagating  throughout  the 
world  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  Any 
institution  for  making  religious  or  poli- 
tical proselytes. 

Prophet  (The).  Mahomet  is  so  called. 
{570-6:32.) 

The  Koran  says  there  have  been  200,000 
prophet.s,  only  six  of  whom  have  brought 
new  laws  or  di.spensatious :  Adam,  Noah, 
Abraham,  Moses,  Jesus,  and  Mahomet. 

The  Prophet.  Jo'achim,  abbot  of 
Fio're.     (1130.P202.) 

Prophet  oftlu  Syrians.  EphraemSyrus. 
(4th  century.) 

The  Crcat  Prophets.  Isaiah,  Jeremiah, 
Ezekiel,  and  Daniel  ;  so  called  because 
their  writings  arc  more  exteu.sive  than 
the  prophecies  of  the  other  twelve. 

The  Minor  or  Luser  Prophets.  Hose'a, 
Joel,  Amos,  Ohadiali,  Micah,  Jonah, 
Naluun,  Ilabakkuk,  Zcphaui'ah,  Uaggiii, 
Zechari'ah,  anil  Mal'achi  ;  so  called  be- 
cause their  writings  are  less  extensive 
than  th<wo  of  the  four  Great  Prophets. 

Prophetess  (The").  Ay-e'shah,  the 
second  wife  of  .Mahomet;  so  called,  not 
because  she  had  any  gift  of  prophecy, 
but  simi>ly  because  she  was  the  favourite 
wife  of  the  "  projjhet ;"  she  was  therefore 
emphatically  "  Mrs.  Prophet." 


714 


PROPOSITIONS. 


PllOTEUS. 


Propositions  in  lopic  are  of  four 
kinds,  called  A,  E,  I,  0.  "A"  is  a  uni- 
versal atlirniative,  and  "E"  a  universal 
negative  ;  "  I "  a  particular  afifirmative, 
and  "  0"  a  particular  nef,^ative. 

A^Herlt  A,  negat  K,  verura  poncralitcr  atiibo; 

Ai«erit  I,  iict'al  O,  seJ  particulariter  arabu. 
A  asBerts  and  E  denies  some  ui,ivrrml  protusition ; 
1  »B>erts  and  0  denies,  but  with  particular  precision. 

Proro'gue  (2  S3^1.).  Ike  parliament 
loas  prorogued.  Dismissed  for  the  holi- 
days, or  suspended  for  a  time.  (Latin, 
pro-rogo,  to  prolong.) 

Prosce'nium.  The  front  part  of 
the  stage,  between  the  drop-curtain  and 
orchestra. 

Proscrip'tion.  A  sort  of  btie  and 
cry ;  so  called  because  among  the  ILomana 
the  names  of  the  persons  proscribed  were 
written  out,  and  the  tablets  bearing  their 
names  were  fixed  up  in  the  public  forum, 
sometimes  with  the  offer  of  a  reward  for 
those  who  should  aid  in  bringing  them 
before  the  court.  If  the  proscribed  did 
not  answer  the  summons,  their  goods 
were  confiscated  and  their  persons  out- 
lawed. In  this  case  the  name  was  en- 
graved on  brass  or  marlile,  the  offence 
stated,  and  the  tablet  placed  conspicu- 
ousl}'  in  the  market-place. 

Prose  means  straightforward  speak- 
ing or  writing  (Latin,  ora'lio  pro'sa — i.e., 
proversa),  in  opposition  to  foot-bound 
speaking  or  writing,  oralio  vincla  (fet- 
tered speech — i.e.,  poetr}-). 

Father  of  Greek  Frose,  Herod'otos. 
fB.c.  484-405.) 

Father  of  English  Prose,  Wycliffe  (1324- 
1384);  and  Roger  Ascham  (lol5-1568). 

Father  of  French  Prose.  Villehardouiu 
([iron.  Yeul  hard-whah'n.)     (11G7-1213.) 

Proser'pina  or  Pros'erplm  (3  syl.). 
One  day,  as  she  was  amusing  herself  ia 
the  meadows  of  Sicily,  Pluto  seized  her 
and  carried  her  off  in  his  chariot  to  the 
infernal  regions  for  his  bride.  In  her 
terror  she  dropped  some  of  the  lilies  she 
had  been  gathering,  and  they  turned  to 
daffodils. 

_  O  Proierpiua, 

for  the  (lowers  now  that,  friclited,  thou  let  ed'st  fall 
From  Dis's  wnepon  1  liillo'lils. 
Th  it  c.jme  teiore  tl.e  swallow  dares,  aad  taka 
The  wluds  of  Jlnrcli  wiUi  beauty. 

ahukispeait,  "  Witiier's  TaU"  Iv.  S. 

Prosperity  Robinson.  Viscount 
Goderich  earl  of  Kipon,  Chancellor  of 
the  E.xchequer  in  1823.  In  182.5  he 
boasted  in  the  House  of  the  prosperity 
of  the  nation.,  and  his  boast  was  not  yet 


cold  when  the  great  financial  crisis  oc- 
oirred.  It  was  C'obbett  who  gave  him 
the  name  of  "  Prosperity  Robinson." 

Pros'pero.  Rightful  duke  of  Milan, 
deposed  by  his  brother.  Drifted  on  a 
desert  island,  he  practised  majdc,  and 
raised  a  tempest  in  which  his  brother  wa,* 
shipwrecked.  Ultimate!}'  Prosper©  broke 
his  wand,  and  his  daughter  married  the 
son  of  the  king  of  Haples.—Shakes/teair. 
"Tempest." 

Protag'oras  of  Abde'ra  was  the  first 
who  took  the  name  of  "''Sophist."  (B.C. 
480-411.) 

Prote'an.  Having  the  aptitude  to 
change  its  form  ;  ready  to  assume  dif- 
ferent shapes.    {See  Proteus.) 

Protec'tionist.  One  who  advocates 
the  imposition  of  import  duties,  to  "pro- 
tect" home  produce  or  manufactures. 

Protector.    The  earl  of  Pembroke. 

(1216.) 

Humphrey  duke  of  Gloucester.  (1422- 

1447.) 

Richard  duke  of  Gloucester.    (14S3.) 

The  duke  of  Somerset.     (1548.) 

The  Lord    Protector  of  the    Common 

wealth.     Oliver  Cromwell.     (1653-1658.) 

Prot6sila'os,  in  Fe'nelou's  "  Tele 
maque,"  is  meant  to  represent  Louvois, 
the  French  niiuister  of  state. 

Prot'estant.  One  of  the  party  who 
adhered  to  Luther  at  tlie  Refomiation, 
These  Lutherans  in  1521)  "protested" 
against  the  decree  of  Charles  V.  of  Ger- 
many, and  appealed  from  the  diet  ol 
Sjiires  to  a  general  council.  A  Protestant 
now  means  one  of  the  Reformed  Church. 

Protestant  Pope.     Clement  XIV. 

Proteus  (pron.  Pro'-tuce).  As  many 
shapes  as  Proteus — i.e.,  full  of  shifts, 
aliases,  disguises,  &c.  Proteus  was  Nep- 
tune's herd.«man,  an  old  man  and  a 
prophet.  He  lived  in  a  vast  cave,  and 
his  custom  was  to  tell  over  his  herds  of 
sea-calves  at  noon,  and  then  to  sleep. 
There  was  no  way  of  catching  him  but  by 
stealing  upon  him  during  sleep  and  bind- 
iuii'  him ;  if  not  so  captured  he  would 
elude  any  one  who  came  to  consult  him 
by  changing  his  shape,  for  he  had  the 
power  of  changing  it  in  aa  instant  into 
any  form  he  chose. 

The  chongeful  Proteus,  whose  prorhetic  mjn.i 
The  se^re:  cause  of  Bacchus"  rape  divined. 
Attending,  left  the  docks,  his  scaly  charge. 
To  graze  the  b:tler  weedy  foam  at  large. 

Camotm,  "  Lugiad."  vj. 


PROTHALAMTON. 


PSYCHE. 


71. S 


Prothala'mion.  Marriage-song  by 
Edtnunrl  Spenser,  peculiarly  exquisite — 
probably  the  noblest  ever  sung. 

Pxo'theus.  One  of  the  two  Gen- 
tlemen of  Verona;  his  serving-man  is 
Launce.  Valentino  is  the  other  gentle- 
man, whoso  serving-man  is  Speed. — 
Sludeipeare,  '' Tivo  Gentlemen  of  Verona." 

Protocol.  The  first  rough  draught 
or  original  copy  of  a  despatch,  which  is 
to  form  the  basis  of  a  treaty.  (Greek, 
prolo-kolon,  first  food  —  kolon  meaning 
chopped  or  minced  food  ;  or  proto-kolla, 
first  glue  — the  leaves  of  the  draught 
being  glued  or  pasted  together.) 

Frond  {The).  Otho  IV.,  emperor  of 
Germany.     (1175,  1209-1218.) 

Tarquin  II.  cf  Rome.  Superhus. 
(Ileigned  B.C.  535-510,  died  496.) 

T/i£  Proud  Duke.  Charles  Seymour, 
duke  of  Somerset.  He  would  never 
suffer  his  children  to  sit  in  his  presence, 
and  would  never  speak  to  his  sei-vants 
except  by  signs.     (Died  1748.) 

Proud'fute  (Oliver).  A  boasting 
bonnet-maker  of  Perth.  His  widow  is 
Mairdalen  or  Maudie. — Sir  ]Valier  Scott, 
" Fair  Maid  of  Perth." 

Prout.    (See  Father.) 

Prov'ince  means  a  country  pre- 
viously conquered.     (Latin,  }>ro  viiico.) 

Provin'cial.  Like  or  in  the  manner 
of  those  who  live  in  the  provinces. 

Provincial  of  an  Order.  The  superior 
of  all  the  monastic  houses  of  a  province. 

Prud'homme.  A  ^fons.Pru(V homme. 
A  man  of  experience  and  great  prudence, 
of  estimable  character  and  practical 
good  sense.  Your  ^lons.  Pi-ud'homme  is 
never  a  man  of  genius  and  originality, 
but  what  we  in  Encfland  should  term  a 
"Quaker  of  the  old  school." 

The  council  of  pnid^ kommei.  A  r.ouncil 
of  arbiters  to  settle  disputes  between 
masters  and  workmen. 

Prunello.  Stuff.  Prunello  really 
means  that  woollen  stuff  of  which  com- 
mon ccclcsi.istical  gowns  used  to  bo 
made ;  it  was  also  employed  for  the 
ujipcrs  of  women's  boots  and  shoes.  A 
corrujition  of  Brignolcs. 

Wurtli  makes  the  man,  and  want  of  it  the  felloT ; 
Xhu  retil  ih  all  bui  Icuiljer  and  prunello. 

I'upe,  "Essay  on  J/an,"  It. 

Pru'sio  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
Kingf  of  Aivarecchia,  slain  by  Zerbi'no. 


Prus'sia  moans  near  Russia,  the 
country  bordering  on  Russia.  In  Neo> 
Latin,  Borussia  ;  in  Slavonic,  Ponusia  ; 
po  in  Slavonic  signifying  "  near." 

Prussian  Blue.  So  called  because 
it  was  discovered  by  a  Prussian,  viz., 
Diesbach,  a  colourman  of  j5erlin,  in  1710- 
It  is  sometimes  called  Berlin  blue. 

Prus'sic  Acid  means  tho  acid  of 
Prussian  blue.  It  is  now  termed  in 
science  hydrocyanic  acid,  because  it  is 
a  cyanide  of  iron. 

Psalms.  Seventy-three  Psalms  are 
inscribed  with  David's  name  ;  twelve  with 
that  of  Asaph  the  singer;  eleven  go  under 
the  name  of  the  Sous  of  Korah,  a  family 
of  singers  ;  one  (i.e.  Ps.  xc.)  is  attributed 
to  Moses.  The  whole  compilation  is 
divided  into  five  books  :  bk.  1,  from  i.  to 
xli.  ;  bk.  2,  from  xlii.  to  Ixxii.;  bk.  3, 
from  Ixxiii.  to  Ixxxix.  ;  bk.  4,  from  xc, 
to  cvi. ;  bk.  5,  from  cvii.  to  cl. 

Psalmist.  The  sweet  Psalmist  of 
Israel.  King  David,  who  composed  many 
of  the  Bible  Psalms.  (See  Psalm  Ixxii.  20.) 

Psaphon's  Birds  (Psaph'oni.<i  aves). 
Puffers,  flatterers.  Psaphon,  in  order 
to  attract  the  attention  of  the  world, 
reared  a  multitude  of  birds,  and  having 
taught  them  to  pronounce  his  name,  let 
them  fly. 

To  what  far  region  have  his  songs  not  flown. 
Like  Psapiion'B  birds,  epcakiug  their  ma^tei  s  name  T 
ilooie,  " liiiyme*  on  the  Roid"  iii. 

Psycar'pax  (granary-thief).  Son  of 
Troxartas,  king  of  the  Mice.  Tho  Frog- 
king  offered  to  carry  the  young  prince 
over  a  lake,  but  scarcely  had  he  got  mid- 
way when  a  water-hydra  appeared,  and 
King-frog  to  save'  himself  dived  under 
water.  Tho  mouse  being  thus  left  at 
the  surface  was  drowned,  and  tliis  catas- 
trophe brouirht  about  the  Battle  of  the 
Frogs  and  Jlice. 

The  soul  c  f  great  Psycarpos  lives  in  me. 
Of  great  Troxart.is'  lin  •,  who,-c  sleeky  down 
in  love  compressed  J.ychom'ile  tiie  brown. 
Pamell,  "  HutUe  of  Ww  Frugs  and  Alice,"  1. 

Psy'clie  (Si/'-fre).  A  boautifiil  maiden 
beloved  by  Cupid,  who  visited  her  every 
night,  but  left  her  at  sunrise.  Cupid 
bade  her  never  seek  to  know  who  be  was, 
but  one  niglit  curiosity  overcame  her 
prudence,  and  she  went  to  look  at  him. 
A  drop  of  hot  oil  fell  on  his  shoulder, 
awoko  him,  and  ho  fled.  Psyche  next 
became  the  slave  of  Venus,  who  treated 


ne 


PTERICIITHYS. 


PUBLIC  HOUSE  SIGNS. 


her  most  cruelly ;  but  ultimately  she  was 
married  to  Cupiil,  and  became  immortal. 
Mrs.  Honry  'I'ig-he  has  embodied  iu  six 
cantos  this  exqviisite  allegory  from  Ap- 
[juluios. 

rnlr  Psyche,  knfeling  at  the  ethereal  throne, 
Wiirmed  tli"  foii'l  luisoni  of  unoonqucred  lofe. 
Uarwin,  "  Jicnomn  of  Veuelation,"  W. 

Pteric'hthys  (te-rik'-ilds).  A  fossil 
g-aiioid,  peculiar  to  the  old  red  sand- 
stone.    (Greek,  "  wing-fish.") 

Pterodac'tyl  (Greek,  wing-finger). 
A  fossil  lizard  with  a  bat-wing,  found  in 
the  Oolite. 

Ptolema'ic  System.  The  system 
of  Claudius  Ptolem;cus,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer of  Palu'sium,  iu  Egypt,  of  the 
eleventh  century.  He  taught  that  the 
earth  is  fixed  in  the  centre  of  the  uni- 
verse, and  the  heavens  revolve  round  it 
from  east  to  west,  carrying  with  them 
the  sun,  planets,  and  fixed  stars,  in  their 
respective  spheres.  He  said  that  the 
Moon  was  next  above  the  earth,  then 
Mercury,  then  Venus  ;  the  Sun  he  placed 
between  Venus  and  Mar-s,  and  after 
Mars,  Jupiter  and  Saturn,  beyond  which 
came  the  two  crystalline  spheres. 

Piiblic-house  Signs.  Much  of  a 
nation's  history,  and  more  of  its  manners 
and  feelings,  may  be  gleaned  from  its 
public-house  signs.  A  very  large  number 
of  them  are  selected  out  of  compliment 
to  the  lord  of  the  manor,  eithei'  because 
he  is  the  "groat  man"  of  the  neighbour- 
hood, or  because  the  proprietor  is  some 
servant  whom  "it  delighted  the  lord  to 
honour ; "  thus  we  have  t!ie  Eail  of  March, 
in  compliment  to  the  duke  of  Richmond  ; 
the  Green,  Man  or  gamekeeper,  married 
and  promoted  "to  a  public."  When 
the  name  and  titles  of  the  lord  have 
been  exhausted,  we  get  his  cognizance 
or  his  favourite  pursuit,  as  the  Bear  and 
Ragged  staff,  the  Fox  and  Hounds.  As 
the  object  of  the  sign  is  to  speak  to  the 
feelings  and  attract,  another  fruitful 
source  is  either  some  national  hero  or 
great  battle  ;  thus  we  get  the  Marquis  of 
Orunbi/  and  the  IJuke  of  Weilinglon,  the 
'iVuterloo  and  the  Alma.  The  prover- 
bial loyalty  of  our  nation  has  naturally 
shown  itself  in  our  tavern  signs,  giving 
ti3  tiie  Victoria,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the 
A  ll'ert,  the  Crorcn,  and  so  on.  Some  signs 
indicate  a  speciality  of  the  house,  as  the 
Howling  Green,  the  Si-iltles ;  some  a  po- 
litical bias,  as  the  Jloi/ai  Oak ;  some  are 


an  attempt  at  wit,  as  the  Five  A  lis ;  ana 
some  are  purely  fanciful.  The  following 
list  will  serve  to  exemplify  the  subject : — 

The  Angel.  In  allu.sion  to  the  angel 
that  saluted  the  Virgin  Mary. 

'f/ie  flag  o'^ails.  A  corruption  of  the 
"  Bacchanals." 

The  Hear.  From  the  popular  sport  of 
bear-baiting. 

The  Bear  and  Bacchus,  in  High  Street 
Warwick.  A  corruption  of  Bear  and 
Baccidus — i.e.,  Bear  and  Ragged  Staff, 
the  badge  of  the  earl  of  Warwick. 

The  Bear  and  Ragged  Staff.  The  cog- 
nizance of  the' earl  of  Warwick,  the  earl 
of  Leicester,  &c. 

The  Bell.  In  allusion  to  races,  a  silver 
bell  having  been  the  winner's  prize  up  to 
the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

La  Btlle  Sa^tvage.   {See  Bell  Savage.) 

The  Blue  Boar.  The  cognizance  of 
Richard  III. 

The  Blue  Pig  (Bevis  Marks).  A  cor- 
ruption of  the  "  Blue  Boar "  {See 
ahove. ) 

Tloe  Boar's  Head.  The  cognisance  of 
the  Gordons,  &c. 

The  Bolt-in- Ton.  The  punning  he- 
raldic badge  of  prior  Bolton,  last  of 
the  clerical  rulers  of  Bartholomew's,  pre- 
vious to  the  Reformation. 

Bosom's  Inn.  A  public-house  sign  in 
St.  Lawrence  Lane,  London:  a  corruption 
of  "Blossom's  Inn,"  as  it  is  now  called, 
in  allusion  to  the  hawthorn  blossoms 
surrounding  the  effigy  of  bt.  Lawrence 
on  the  sign. 

The  Bowling  Green.  Signifying  that 
there  are  arrangements  on  the  premises 
for  playing  bowls. 

The  Bull.  The  cognizance  of  Richard 
diikc  of  York.  The  Black  Bull  is  the  cog- 
nizance of  the  house  of  Clare. 

Tlce  BxdTs  Head.  The  cognizance  of 
Henry  VIII. 

Tlie.  Bully  Ruffian.  A  corruption  of 
the  "  Bellerophon"  (a  ship). 

The  Castle.  This  being  the  arms  of 
Spain,  symbolises  that  Spanish  wines 
are  to  bo  obtained  within.  In  some 
cases,  without  doubt,  it  is  a  compli- 
mental  sign  of  the  manor  castle. 

Tli£  Cat  and  Fiddle.  A  corruption  of 
Caton  Fidile — i.e.,  Caton,  the  faithful 
governor  of  Calais.  In  Farringdon 
(Devon)  is  the  sign  of  La  Chatte  Fidile,  in 
commemoration  of  a  faithful  cat.  With- 
out scanning  the  phrase  so  nicely,  it 
may  simply  indicate  that  the  gnme  cf 


PUBLIC-nOUSE  SIGNS. 


PUBLIC-HOUSE   SIGNS.     71? 


cat  (trap-ball)  and  a  fiddle  for  daticing 
are  provMed  for  customers. 

The  Cat  and  M  at  ton,  IJackney,  which 
gives  name  to  the  Cat  and  Mutton  Fields. 
The  Cut  and  W'luel.  A  corruption  of 
St.  (,'atlierine's  Wheel ;"  or  an  announce- 
ment that  cat  and  balance-w/^ei'/s  are 
provided  for  the  amusement  of  cus- 
tomers. 

The  C'/ceqtcers.  (!)  In  honour  of  the 
Stuarts,  whoso  shield  was  "check}',"  like 
a  Scotch  plaid.  (2)  In  commemoration 
of  the  licence  granted  by  the  earls  of 
Arundel  or  lords  Warrenne.  (3)  An  in- 
timation that  a  room  is  set  apart  for 
merchants  and  accountants,  where  they 
can  be  private  and  make  up  their  ac- 
counts, or  use  their  "chequers"  undis- 
turbed.    (^See  Lattice.) 

Tke  Coach  and  I/orses.  This  sign  sig- 
nifies that  it  is  a  posting  house,  a  stage- 
coach house,  or  both. 

The  Cock  anil  Bottle,  A  corruption  of 
the  "  Cork  and  Bottle,"  meaning  that 
wine  is  sold  there  in  bottles.  Probably 
in  some  casts  it  may  indicate  that  the 
house  provides  poultry,  egps,  and  wine. 

The  Cow  and  .SLitlles.  The  cow  is  the 
real  sign,  and  alludes  to  the  dairy  of  the 
hostess,  or  some  noted  dairy  in  tbe 
nei^hbourhooil.  Skittles  is  added  to  in- 
dicate that  there  is  a  skittle  ground  on 
the  premises. 

The  Cross  Keys.  Common  in  the  me- 
dieval a<,'es,  and  in  allusion  to  St.  Peter, 
or  one  of  the  bishops  whose  cognizance 
it  is— probably  the  lord  of  the  manor  or 
the  patron  saint  of  the  [■arish  church. 
The  cross  keys  are  emblems  of  the 
papacy,  St.  Peter,  the  bishop  of  Glouces- 
ter, St.  Servatius,  St.  liip{)or\tus,  St. 
Genevieve,  St.  Petronilla,  St.  Osyth,  St. 
Martha,  and  St.  Germa'nus. 

The  JJevil.  A  public-house  sign  two 
doors  from  Temple  Bar,  Fleet  Street.  The 
sign  re])rescnts  St.  Dvmstan  seizing  the 
devil  by  the  nose.  (See  Cone  to  the  iJcvil.) 

The  Dog  and  Duck.  Tea  gardens  at 
Lambeth  (.suppiessed) ;  to  signify  that 
th'j  sport  so  called  could  be  seen  there. 
A  duck  was  put  into  water,  and  a  dog 
set  to  hunt  it ;  the  fun  was  to  see  the 
duck  diving,  and  the  dog  following  it 
under  water. 

The  Red  Dragon.  The  cognizance  of 
Henry  VII.  or  the  principality  of  Wales. 

The  Spread  Eagle.  The  arms  of  Ger- 
many ;  to  indicate  that  German  wines 
may  be  obtained  within. 


'J'he  Fox  and  Goose.  To  sisrnify  thai 
there  are  arrangement;?  within  for  play- 
ing the  royal  game  of  Fox  and  Goose. 

iSt.  George  and  the  Draf/on.  Tn  com 
pliment  to  the  patron  saint  of  England, 
and  his  combat  with  tlie  dragon.  Tho 
legend  is  still  stamped  upon  our  gold 
coin. 

The  George  and  Cannon.  A  corruption 
of  "(Jeorge  Canning." 

The  Globe.  The  cognizance  of  Al- 
fonso, king  of  Portugal ;  and  intimatinj> 
that  Portuguese  wines  may  be  obtained 
within. 

Tlie  Goat  in  Oolden  Boots.  A  corruption 
of  tho  Dutch  Goed  in  der  Gouden  fioolt 
(the  god  Mercury  in  his  golden  sandals). 

The  Goal  and  Compasses.  A  Puritan 
sign,  a  corrupt  hieroglyphic  reading  of 
"  God  encompasses  us." 

The  Black  Goats.  A  public-house  sign. 
High  Bridge,  Lincoln,  formerly  "  The 
Three  Goats" — i.e.,  three  gowts  (gutters 
or  drains),  by  which  the  water  from  thu 
Swan  Pool  (a  large  lake  that  formerly 
existed  to  the  west  of  the  city)  was  con- 
ducted into  the  bed  of  the  Witham. 
I  The  Golden  Cross.  This  refers  to  the 
I    ensigns  carried  by  the  crusaders. 

The  Grecian  Stairs.  A  corruption  of 
"The  Greesen  or  Stairs"  (Greescn  is 
gree,  a  step,  our  de-gree).  The  allu.sion 
is  to  a  Hight  of  steps  from  the  New 
Road  to  the  Minster  Yard.  In  Wickliffo's 
Bible,  Acts  x.\i.  40  is  rendered — "  Poul 
stood  on  the  greezen." 

Let  me  speak  like  yourself,  and  lay  a  sentence 
Which,  like  a  grize  or  step,  may  help  these  luvcr* 
Inlo  your  lamur.        S>iiikeiiHaie,  "  OtUtlUi,"  i.  3. 

The  Green  Man.  Tho  late  gamekeeper 
of  the  lord  of  the  manor  turned  publican. 
At  one  time  these  servants  were  dressed 
in  green. 

The  Green  Man  and  Still — i.e.,  the 
herbalist  bringinghisherbsto  be  distilled 

The  Hare  and  Hounds.  In  compliment 
to  the  sporting  squire  or  lord  of  tiio 
manor. 

The  Uole-in-the-Wall  {London).  So 
called  because  it  was  approached  by  a 
pa.s«age  or  "hole"  in  the  wall  of  the 
house  standinp-  in  front  of  tho  tavern. 

The  Iron  Ihvil.  A  corruption  of 
"  liii'ondolle"  (the  swallow).  There  are 
numerous  pulilic-house  signs  refcrritiy 
to  birds;  as  —  the  "Blackbird,"  the 
"Thnish,"  the  "Peacock, "the  "Martin," 
tho  "  Bird-in  tho-lland,"  &c.  &c. 

The  Three  l\  ings.     A  public  house  si;n) 


718      PUBLIC-HOUSE  SIGNS. 


PUDDING. 


of  the  mediroval  a),'oa,  in  allusion  to  tho 
three  kinf,'s  of  Colof,'ne,  tho  Magi  who 
presented  oIIoriiiLrs  to  tho  infant  Jesus. 
Very  many  j)ub!ic-house  siyus  of  the 
medicoval  periml  had  a  referenco  to  ec- 
clesiastical matters,  either  because  their 
landlords  were  ecclesiastics,  or  else  from 
a  superstitious  reverence  for  "saints" 
and  "holy  things." 

Tlie  Mail  L'U.Un  with  Misddef.  A 
public-house  sign,  O.xford  Street,  nearly 
opposite  to  Hanway  Yard.  The  sign  is 
said  to  have  been  painted  by  Hogarth, 
and  represents  a  man  carrying  a  woman 
on  his  back, 

Tlie  Marquis  of  Oranby  (London,  etc.). 
In  compliment  to  John  Manners,  eldest 
Bon  of  John,  tliird  duke  of  Kutland— a 
bluCf,  brave  soldier,  generous,  and  greatly 
beloved  by  his  men. 

What  conquest  now  will  Britain  bo&ai, 
Or  wlicre  display  her  banners? 

Alas  I  in  Orauby  slie  lias  lose 
True  courage  aui  good  Manners. 

The  Pack-hone.  To  signify  that  pack- 
horses  could  be  hired  there. 

Tlie  Palgmve's  Head.  A  public-house 
sign  near  Temple  Bar,  in  honour  of 
Frederick,  palgrave  of  the  Rhine. 

The  Pi<)  and  Tinder  Box.  A  corrupt 
rendering  of  The  Eleiiliant  and  Castle; 
the  "  pig"  is  really  an  elephant,  and  the 
"tinder-box"  the  castle  on  its  back. 

The  Plf]  and  Whisfle.     (&e  Pio.) 

The  Plum  and  Feathers.  A  public- 
house  sign  near  Stoken  Church  Hill, 
O.tford.  A  corruption  of  the  "  Plume 
of  Feathers,"  meaning  that  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales. 

The  Queen  of  Bohemia.  In  honour  of 
lady  Elizabeth  Stuart.    {See  Bohemia.) 

The  Queer  Door.  A  corruption  of  Cceur 
Dove  (Golden  Heart.) 

The  Rose.  A  symbol  of  England,  as 
the  Thistle  is  of  Scotland,  and  the  Sham- 
rock of  Ireland. 

The  lied  Pose.  The  badge  of  the 
Lancastrians  in  the  civil  war  of  the 
lioses. 

The  White  Hose.  The  badge  of  the 
Yorkists  in  the  civil  war  of  the  Roses. 

The  Rose  of  the  Quarter  Sessions.  A 
corruption  of  La  Rose  des  Quatre  Saisons. 

The  Salutation  and  Cat.  The  "  Salvi- 
lation "  (which  refers  to  the  angel  sa- 
luting the  Virgin  Mary)  \i  the  sign  of 
the  house,  and  the  "  Cat "  is  added  to 
Rignify  that  arrangements  are  made  for 
playing  cat  or  tipcat 


The  Saracen's  Head.  In  allusion  to 
what  are  preposterously  termed  "The 
Holy  Wars;"  adopted  probably  by  gome 
crusader  after  his  return  home,  or  at  any 
rato  to  flatter  the  natural  sympathy  for 
these  Quixotic  expeditions. 

7'he  Ship,  near  Temple  Bar,  and  oppo- 
site The  Palgrave' s  Head;  in  honour 
of  Sir  Francis  Drake,  the  circumnavi- 
gator. 

The  Ship  and  Shovel.  Referring  to  Sir 
Cloudesley  Shovel,  a  favourite  admiral 
in  Queen  Anne's  reign. 

The  Seven  Stars.  An  astrological  sign 
of  tho  mediseval  ages. 

Tfoe  Three  Suns.  The  cognizance  of 
Edward  IV. 

The  Sun  and  the  Rose.  The  cognizance 
of  the  House  of  York. 

The  Swan  with  Three  Necks.  A  public- 
house  sign  in  Lad  Lane,  &c. ;  a  corrup- 
tion  of  "  three  nicks"  (on  the  bill). 

The  Swan  and  Antelope.  The  cog- 
nizance of  Henry  V. 

The  Talbot  {a  hound).  The  arms  of 
the  Talbot  family. 

The  Turk's  Head.  Alluding  to  tho  Holy 
War.s,  when  tho  Crusaders  fought  against 
the  Turks. 

The  Unicorn.  The  Scottish  supporter 
in  the  royal  arms  of  Great  Britain. 

The'.  White  Hart.  The  cognizance  of 
Richard  II.;  the  White  Lion,  of  Edward 
IV.,  as  earl  of  March ;  the  White  Swan, 
of  Henry  IV.  and  of  Edward  I IL 

Pviblica,ll3  of  the  New  Testament 
were  the  provincial  underlings  of  the 
Magister  or  master  coiJector  who  resided 
at  Rome.  The  taxes  were  farmed  by  a 
contractor  called  the  Manceps ;  this 
Manceps  divided  his  contract  into  dif- 
ferent societies;  each  society  had  a 
Magister,  under  whom  were  a  number  of 
underlings  called  Publica'ni  or  servants 
of  the  state. 

Pucelle  (La).  The  INIaid  of  Orle'ans, 
Jeanne  d'Arc.  (1410-1431.)— ,§<;«  Shake- 
speare's "  1  Henry  VI.,"  v.  4, 

Puck  or  Rolin  Goodfellow.  A  fairj 
and  merry  wanderer  of  the  night,  "rough, 
knurly-limbed,  faun-faced,  and  shock- 
pated,  a  very  Shetlander  among  the  gos- 
samer-winged" fairies  around  him.  (See 
Shakespeare's  "  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,"  ii.  1  ;  iii.  1.) 


Pudding.     (SceJxcs.) 


rUDDIKG-TIME. 


PUMBLE  cnOOK. 


719 


Pudding-time  properl.v  means  just 
a?  dinner  is  aliout  to  be^n,  for  our  foro- 
f.ithers  took  their  pudding  before  their 
ttieat.    It  also  means  in  the  nick  of  time. 

But  M&rs  ... 

In  DU'lding-time  csme  to  his  aii 

HutUr,''JIuatO,ns,"  li. 

Pudens.  A  soldier  in  the  Roman 
army,  mentioned  in  2  Tim.  iv.  21,  in  con- 
nection with  Linus  and  Claudia.  Ac- 
coidinf?  to  tradition,  Claudia,  the  wife 
of  Pudens,  was  a  Uritish  lady ;  Linus, 
otherwise  called  Cyllen,  was  her  brother; 
and  Lucius,  "the  British  king,"  the 
grandson  of  Linus.  Tradition  further 
adds  that  Lucius  wrote  to  Eleutlierus, 
bishop  of  Rome,  to  send  missionaries  to 
Britain  to  convert  the  people. 

Puff.  Exaggerated  praise.  The 
most  popular  etymology  of  this  word  is 
fjoi'ff,  a  coiffure  employed  by  the  lailics 
of  France  in  the  reign  of  the  Grand 
Monanjue  to  announce  events  of  interest, 
or  render  persons  patronised  by  them 
popular.  Tims  Madan)0  d'Egmont,  duke 
of  Richelievi's  daughter,  wore  on  hei 
head  a  little  diamond  fortress,  with 
moving  sentinels,  after  her  father  had 
taken  port  Mahon ;  and  the  duchess  of 
Orleans  wore  a  little  nursery,  with  cradle, 
baby,  and  toys  complete,  after  the  birth 
of  her  son  and  heir.  Tliese  no  doubt 
were  pouffs  and  puffs,  but  lord  Bacon 
usus  the  word  puff  a  century  before  the 
head-gear  was  brouL,dit  into  fashion. 
Two  otlier  etymons  present  tliemselves  : 
the  old  pictures  of  Fame  jiuffiiig  forth 
the  praises  of  some  hero  with  her  trimi- 
pet ;  and  the  p\itling  out  of  slain  beasts 
and  birds  in  order  to  make  them  look 
plumper  and  better  for  food  —  a  plan 
Miiiversally  ado[>ted  in  the  abattoirs  of 
I'aris.     The  French  /)""/  is  our  puff. 

Puf,  in  "  The  Critic,"  by  bheridan. 
An  impudent  literary  ipiack. 

Puff-balL  A  sort  of  fungus.  The 
h'ord  is  a  corruption  of  Puck  or  Pouk 
ball,  anciently  called  Puck-fist.  The 
Irish  name  is  Pooka-foot.  (Saxon,  Pi'Uer- 
fis(,  a  toad-stool.)  Shakespeare  alludo« 
to  this  superstition  when  Pros'pero  sum- 
moDB  amongst  his  elves— 

You  Hliose  rsstinie 
Ii  to  mkk«  m  dniKlit  inuhliroo.i  i. 

Shak€iplnt  e,  "  Xtmpttl,'  ».  1. 

Puffed  Up.  Conceited ;  elated  with 
conceit  or  praise;  filled  with  wind.     A 


puff  is  a  tartlet  with  a  very   light  or 

puffy  crust. 

That  DO  one  of  you  be  puffed  up  one  against  an* 
other.— 1  Cur,  i?.  G. 

Pug  is  the  Saxon  pir/a,  a  "  little  girl," 
and  is  used  to  a  child,  monkey,  dog,  &c., 
as  a  pet  term. 

You  mischievot(s  little  pug.  A  playful 
rejjroof  to  a  favourite. 

Pufj.  A  mischievous  little  goblin  in 
Ben  Jonson's  drama  of  "  The  Devil  is  an 
Ass."  Shakespeare  has  changed  the 
name  to  "  I'uck,"  and  with  it  has  created 
the  character  anew. 

Pugna  Porco'rum  (Batt\e  of  the 
Pit,'s).  The  most  celebrated  poem  of 
ali'terative  verse,  extending  to  several 
hundred  lines,  in  which  every  word  be- 
gins with  p. 

Puisne  Judges  means  the  younger- 
born  judges.  Tlicy  are  the  four  inferior 
judges  of  the  court  of  Queen's  Bench, 
and  the  four  inferior  judges  of  the  court 
of  Common  Pleas.  (French,  puis  ni,  sub- 
sequently bom.) 

Pukwa'na  (N'orth-A  merican  Indian). 
The  curling  smoke  of  the  Peace-pipe  ;  a 
signal  or  beacon. 

Pul'ian  or  Pulia'no  (in  "  Orlando 
Furioso").  Leader  of  the  Nasamo'ni, 
slain  by  Rinaldo. 

PulL  A  long  pull,  a  strong  pull,  and 
a  pull  altogether — i.e.,  a  steady,  energetic, 
and  systematic  co-operation.  The  re- 
ference may  bo  either  to  a  boat,  where 
all  the  oar.^ineu  must  pull  together  with 
a  long  and  strong  pull  at  the  oars  ;  or  it 
may  be  to  the  act  of  hauling  with  a  rope, 
when  a  simultaneous  strong  pull  is  in- 
dispensable. 

Pvilling.  A  jockey  trick,  which  used 
to  bo  called  "  playing  booty  "—i.e.,  ap- 
pearing to  use  every  effort  to  come  in 
first,  but  really  determined  to  lose  the 
race. 

Mr.  Kemble  [in  the  Irtn  Chett'\  f^aye  a  ilight  inuc* 
of  Ihe  kicWey.  ana  "  [jLiycd  booty.  '  lie  koiucJ  l«. 
do  ;uMicc  to  the  ulay.  but  riafy  ruined  iu  Mtcccn  — 
Gto'rge  C»/»«.i »  t"t  y»-  '"i'""- 

Pumble-cliook  (rncle.)  He  bullied 
Pip  wlicu  only  a  pour  boy,  but  when  tlio 
lioy  became  wealltiy  was  his  lick-spittle, 
fawning  on  him  most  servilely  with  his 
"May  I,  Mr.  Pip"  [havo  the  honour  of 
shaking   hands   with   you];    "Mijrht   I, 


t^ 


PUMMEL. 


PUNIC  FAlTIt. 


Mr,  Pip"  [take  the  liberty  of  saluting 
jou].  —  Dickens,  "  Oreal  Expectations." 

Pummel  or  Pommel.  To  beat  black 
and  blue.    (Vronc\\, pommeler,  to  dapple.) 

Pump.  To  sift,  to  extract  informa- 
tion by  indirect  fiuestions.  In  allusion 
to  pumping-  up  water. 

But  pump  Dot  me  for  politics.— OJwny. 

Pumpernickel.  His  Transparency 
of  Pumpernickel.  So  the  Times  satirises 
the  minor  (Jerman  princes,  "whose 
ninety  men  and  ten  drummers  consti- 
tuted their  whole  embattled  host  on  the 
parade-ground  before  their  palace,  and 
whose  revenue  is  supplied  liy  a  per- 
centage on  the  tax  levied  on  strangers  at 
the  Pumpernickel  Kursaal."— 18;/t /u/y, 
iSGG. 

Pun  is  the  Welsh  pun,  equivalent ;  it 
means  a  word  eipially  ap[)licable  to  two 
things.  The  application  should  be  re- 
mote and  odd  in  order  to  give  piquancy 
to  the  play.     (&e  Calembouro.) 

Punch.,  from  the  Indian  word  punj 
(five) ;  so  called  from  its  five  ingredients 
— viz.,  spirit,  water,  lemon,  sugar,  and 
tpice.  It  was  introduced  into  England 
from  Spain,  where  it  is  called  pouche.  It 
is  called  "  Contradiction,"  because  it  is 
composed  of  spirits  to  make  it  strong, 
and  water  to  make  it  weak  ;  of  lemon- 
juice  to  make  it  sour,  and  sitc/ar  to  make 
it  sweet. 

Mr.  Punch.  A  Roman  mime  called 
Maccus  was  the  original  of  Punch.  A 
statuette  of  this  buffoon  was  discovered 
in  1727,  containing  all  the  well-known 
features  of  our  friend — the  long  nose 
and  goggle  eyes,  the  hunch  back  and 
protriiding  breast. 

The  most  popular  derivation  of  Punch 
and  Judy  is  Pontius  cum  Judxis 
(Matt,  xxvii,  19),  an  old  mystery  play 
of  "  Pontius  Pilate  and  the  Jews;"  but 
the  Italian  policineUo  seems  to  be  from 
pollice,  a  thumb  (Tom-thumb  figures), 
and  our  Punch  from  jmunch. 

The  drama  or  story  of  our  Punch  and 
Judy  is  attributed  to  Silvio  Fiorillo,  an 
Italian  comedian  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. The  tale  is  this  :  Punch,  in  a  fit 
of  jealousy,  strangles  his  infant  child, 
when  Judy  flies  to  her  revenge.  Slw 
fetches  a  bludgeon,  with  which  she  be- 
labours her  husband,  till  Punch,  oxaspe- 
fatod,  seixes  another  bludgeon  and  beats 


her  to  death,  then  flings  into  the  street 
the  two  dead  bodies.  The  bodies  attract 
the  notice  of  a  police-officer,  who  enters 
the  house.  Punch  flees  for  his  life  : 
being  arrested  by  an  officer  of  the  In- 
quisition, he  is  shut  up  in  prison,  from 
which  he  cscape.s  by  means  of  a  golden 
key.  The  rest  is  an  allegory,  showing 
how  Punch  triumphs  over  all  the  ills  that 
flesh  is  heir  to.  (1)  En'nui,  in  the  shape 
of  a  dog,  is  overcome;  (2)  Disease,  in 
the  disguise  of  a  doctor,  is  kicked  out ; 
(3)  Death  is  beaten  to  death  ;  and  (4)  the 
Devil  himself  is  outwitted. 

Pune'tual.  No  bigger  than  a  point, 
exact  to  a  point  or  moment.  (Latin,  ad 
punctum.)  Hence  the  angel  describing 
this  earth  to  Adam  calls  it  "This  opa- 
cious  earth,  this  punctual  spot" — i.e.,  a 
spot  no  bigger  than  a  point. — Alilton, 
"  Paradise  Lost,"  viii.  23. 

Punctuation.  The  following  advice 
of  bishop  Orleton  to  Gourney  and  Mal- 
travers  in  1327  is  an  excellent  example 
of  the  importance  of  punctuation  : — 
Edwardurn  ocndere  volite  timere  honum 
est — "  Spare  not  to  kill  king  Edward  i 
right."  If  the  point  is  placed  after  thd 
first  word,  the  sentence  reads  "Not  to 
kill  the  king  is  right ;  "  but  if  after  the 
second  word,  the  direction  becomes, 
"Spare  not;  to  kill  the  king  is  right." 
{See  Oracle.) 

Pundit.  An  East  Indian  scholar, 
skilled  in  Sanskrit,  and  learned  in  law, 
divinity,  and  science.  We  use  the  word 
for  a  porciis  litera'rum,  one  more  stocked 
with  Ijook  lore  than  deep  erudition. 

Pu'nic  Apple.  A  pomegranate  ;  so 
colled  because  it  is  the  ponium  or  "apple" 
belonging  to  the  genus  Pu'nica. 

Pu'nic  Faith.  Treachery,  violation 
of  faith.  "Punic  faith"  is  about  equal 
to  "  Spanish  honesty."  The  Puni  (a  cor- 
ruption of  Poeni)  were  accused  by  the 
Romans  of  breaking  faith  with  them,  a 
most  extraordinary  instance  of  the  "'  pot 
calling  the  kettle  black  ;"  for  whatever 
infidelity  the  Carthaginians  were  guilty 
of,  it  could  scarcely  equal  that  of  their 
accusers. 

The  Roman  Pxiii  is  the  word  Ph<tn\ 
(Phoenicians),  the  Carthaginians  being 
of  Phoenician  descent. 

Our  Pnnic  fiiih 
Is  ::;fi.3j  :ai?.  i'ai  V-randeil  to  a  pro^erh 

Sdditon,  "  Ca'o.'  iL 


PUNJAB. 


PYGMALION. 


riii 


Punjab  (five  tirer.t).  TJipy  are  the 
Jelum,  Chenab,  Kavee,  IJe'as,  and  Sutlej; 
called  by  tlie  Grtaks  pente-potamca. 

Pup  j)roperly  means  a  little  boy  or 
g\r\.  A  little  dog'  is  so  called  because  it 
is  a  pet.  An  insect  in  the  third  stage 
of  existence.  (Latin,  pupiis,  fem.  jmpa  ; 
French,  poiipie,  a  doll  ;  German,  piippe.) 

Purbeek  {Dorsetshire).  Noted  for  a 
marble  used  in  ecclesiastical  orcaments. 
Chichester  cathedral  has  a  row  of  columns 
of  this  limestone.  The  columns  of  the 
Temple  church,  London  ;  the  tomb  of 
Queen  Eleanor,  in  Westminster  Abbey  ; 
ami  the  throne  of  the  Archbishop  in  Can- 
terbury cathedral,  are  other  specimens. 

Plirita'ni  (/).  "The  Puritans." 
Elvi'ra,  daughter  of  lord  Walton,  a  Puri- 
tan, is  affianced  to  lord  Arthur  Talbot, 
a  Cavalier.  On  the  day  of  espousals, 
lord  Arthur  aids  Henrietta,  the  widow 
of  Charles  L,  to  escape ;  and  Elvira, 
thinking  him  faithless,  loses  her  reason. 
On  bis  return  to  England,  lord  Arthur 
explains  the  circumstances,  and  the  two 
lovers  vow  that  nothing  on  earth  shall 
part  them  more.  The  vow  is  scarcely 
uttered,  when  Cromwell's  soldiers  enter 
and  arrest  lord  Talbot  for  treason  ;  but 
as  they  lead  him  forth  to  execution,  a 
herald  announces  the  defeat  of  the 
btuarts,  and  free  pardon  to  all  political 
prisoners.  Whereupon  lord  Arthur  is 
liberated,  and  mniries  EU'ua.  —  l!elli)ii, 
'*  J  ruritani,"  {librelloby  C.  Pepoli). 

Pu'ritans.  Seceders  from  the  Re- 
formed Church  ;  so  called  because  tliey 
rejected  all  human  traditions  and  inter- 
ference in  religion,  acknowledging  the 
solo  authority  of  the  "pure  Word  of 
(iod,"  without  "noto  or  comment." 
Their  motto  was:  "The  Bible,  the  whe'a 
Bible,  and  nothing  but  the  Bible."  The 
English  Puritans  were  sometimes  by 
the  Peforraers  called  Frecisionisls,  from 
their  preciseness  in  matters  called  "  iu- 
dilfercnt."  Andrew  p'uller  gave  them 
the  name  of  N on-con forniists,  because 
they  refused  to  subscribe  to  the  Act  of 
Uniformity. 

Purlieu  (2  syl.).  French,  pouraUi 
lieu  (a  place  free  from  the  forest  laws). 
Henry  II.,  Richard  L,  and  John  made 
certain  lands  forest  lands;  Henry  ill. 
allowed  certain  portions  all  round  to  be 
levered.  These  "  rues"  or  forest  borders 
fare   freed    from    that   servitude  which 


was  laid  on  the  royal  forests.  The  "pr  r- 
ambiilatioD  "  by  which  this  was  effected 
was  technically  called  poicral/ee. 

Inthe  purlieus  of  this  forektstati''* 
A  khecp  foti-  tei:  ea  atii)nt  with  ulive  luc  t- 
aiMlittpMrt,  "At  Yiiu  Like  /<,'  it.  J. 

Purple  (blue  and  red)  indicates  the 
love  of  truth  even  unto  iiuirtyrdum. 

Pursy,  Pursiness.  Broken-winded, 
or  in  a  bloated  state  in  wliich  the  wind 
is  short  and  ditlicult.  (French,  ponssij, 
same  meaning.) 

A  fat  and  purfy  man.  Slialcespcare 
has  "  pursy  Insolence,"  the  insolence  of 
Jesurun,  "who  waxed  fat  and  kicked.'' 
In  "Hamlet"  we  have  "the  fatness  ol 
these  pursy  times  " — i.e.,  wanton  or  self- 
indulgent  times. 

Purura'vas  and  Urva'si.  An 
Indian  myth  similar  to  that  of  "Apollo 
and  Daphne."  Puriiravas  is  a  legendary 
king  who  fell  in  love  with  Urva'si,  a 
heavenly  nymph,  who  consented  to  bo- 
come  his  wife  on  certain  conditions. 
Theso  conditions  being  violated,  Urvasi 
disappeared,  and  Pun'iravas,  inconsol- 
able, wandered  everywhere  to  find  her. 
Ultimately  he  succeeded,  and  thoy  wer« 
indissolubly  united. 

Pu'seyite  (3  syl.).  a  High  Church- 
man  ;  so  called  from  Dr.  Pusey  of  0.x- 
ford,  a  chief  contributor  to  the  Tractt 
for  the  Times.     {See  Tkactarians.) 

Puss  in  Boots  (Le  Chat  Bolti),  from 
the  "Eleventh  Night"  of  Straparola's 
Italian  fairy  tales,  where  Constar.tine's 
cat  procures  his  master  a  fine  castle  and 
the  king's  heiress;  first  translated  into 
French  in  1585.  Our  version  is  taken 
from  that  of  Charles  Perrault.  There  is 
a  similar  one  in  the  Scandinavian  nursery 
tales.  This  clever  cat  secures  a  fortune 
and  a  royal  partner  for  his  master,  who 
passes  otf  as  the  marquis  of  Car'abas,  buc 
is  in  reality  a  young  miller  without  a 
penny  in  the  world. 

Put.  A  clown,  a  silly  shallow-pato,  a 
butt,  one  easily  "  put  upon." 

Queer  country  puts  extol  quc«u  BesVn  rcii-ii 

Jirav.iOti. 

Putney    and     Mortlake    Hace. 

The  annual  eight-o;iied  boat-race  be- 
tween the  two  universities  of  Cambridge 
and  Oxford. 

Pygmalion.  A  statuary  of  Cyjirua, 
who  bale!  women  and  resolved  never  tu 


722 


I'YOMliiS. 


PVtllAOOtlAS. 


mairy,  but  fell  in  lovo  with  his  own  mar- 
ble statue  of  the  godiless  Venus.  At  his 
erniii  SI  luaver  iIih  statuo  was  vivifiefl,  and 
by  uian-ied"it.  (v.  EarllUy  Paradise,  Aug.) 

Few,  like  Pygmalion,  doatou  lifeless  cliarmt. 
Or  care  to  diu'-r  n  statuf  m  tlieir  arinn. 

S.  Jtnynt,  'Vlri  0/  Daticing,"  c»uto  L 

Py.cj'mies  (2  syl.).  A  nation  of 
dwarfs  on  the  banks  of  the  Upper  Nile. 
Every  spring  the  cranes  made  war  upon 
them  and  devoured  them.  They  cut 
down  every  corn-ear  with  an  axe. 
When  Hercules  went  to  the  country  they 
climbed  up  his  goblet  by  ladders  to  drink 
from  it;  and  while  he  was  asleep  two 
whole  armies  of  them  fell  upon  his  right 
hand,  and  two  upon  his  left ;  but  Her- 
cules rolled  them  all  in  his  lion's  skin.  It 
is  easy  to  see  how  Swift  has  availed  him- 
self of  this  Grecian  legend  in  his  "Gulli- 
ver's Travels." 

Pyl'ades  and  Orestes.    Two  model 

friends,  whose  names  have  become  pro- 
verbial for  friendship,  like  those  of  Da- 
mon and  Pythias,  David  and  Jonathan. 

Pyr'amus.  The  lover  of  Thisbe. 
B\ipposing  Thisbe  to  be  torn  to  pieces  by 
a  lion,  he  stabbed  himself,  and  Thisbe 
finding  the  dead  body  stabbed  herself 
also.  Both  fell  dead  under  a  mulberry- 
tree,  which  has  ever  since  borne  blood- 
red  fruit.  Shakespeare  has  a  travestio 
of  this  tale  in  bis  "Midsummer  Night's 
Dream," — Ovid,  "Metamorphoses"  bk.  iv. 

Pyroeles  and  Musido'rus.  He- 
roes whose  exploits,  previous  to  their 
arrival  in  Arcadia,  are  detailed  in  the 
"  Arca'dia"  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

Pyro'des  (3  byI.).  Cli.is  was  so 
calleil,  according  to  Pliny,  because  he  was 
ihe  first  to  strike  fire  from  flint. 

Pyr'rliic  Dance,  tho  most  famous 
wardance  of  antiquity,  received  its  name 
from  Pyrrichos,  a  Dorian.  It  was  danced 
to  the  tiute,  and  its  time  was  very  quick. 
Julius  Ccesar  introduced  it  into  Rome. 
The  Romaika,  still  danced  in  Greece,  is  a 
relic  of  the  ancient  Pyrrhic  dance. 

Pyrrho.  A  sceptic.  Pyrrho  was  the 
founder  of  the  Sceptical  school  of  phi- 
losophy He  was  a  native  of  Elis,  in 
Peloponne'sos.     Pyrrhonism,  infidelity. 

l^U**^  bs  the  <Ut  I  "ecaped  the  wrangling  crew 
i'r«.-n  lyrrhoB  ui&ic  and  Kpicunie'  sty. 

Jie  Uie,"Muxilrd." 


Pythag'oras,  son  of  Mnesarchoa, 
was  called  son  of  Apollo  or  Pythios,  from 
the  first  two  syllables  of  his  name;  but 
he  was  called  Pytlia-goias  because  the 
Pythian  oracle  predicted  his  birth. 

Pylhugoras,  generally  called  Tkt  Long- 
kaired  ^Sa'mian.  A  native  of  Sa'mos, 
noted  for  his  manly  beauty  and  long 
hair.  The  Greeks  applied  the  phrase  to 
any  venerable  man  or  philosopher. 

Pythagoras  maintained  that  ho  dis- 
tinctly recollected  having  occupied  other 
human  forms  before  his  biith  at  Samos  : 

(1)  He  was  ^thal'ides,  son  of  Mercuryi 

(2)  Euphorbos  the  Phrygian,  son  of  Pan'- 
thiios,  in  which  form   he  ran  Patroclos    ' 
through  with  a  lance,  leaving  Hector  to 
dispatch  the  hateful  friend  of  Achilles  ; 

(3)  Hermoti'mos,  the  prophet  of  Clazo- 
me'nae  ;  (4)  a  fisherman  ;  and  (5)  Pytha- 
goras, son  of  Mnesarchos.  To  prove  his 
Phrygian  existence  he  was  taken  to  the 
temple  of  Hera,  in  Argos,  and  asked  to 
point  out  the  shield  of  the  son  of  Pan- 
thoos,  which  he  did  without  hesitation. 
{See  Rat.) 

The  golden  thigh  of  Pythagoras.  This 
thigh  he  showed  to  Ab'aris,  the  Ilyiicr- 
borean  priest,  and  exhibited  in  the 
Olympic  games. 

Abaris,  priest  of  the  Hyperbo'reane, 
gave  him  a  dart,  by  which  he  was  carried 
through  the  air,  over  inaccessible  rivers, 
lakes,  and  mountains ;  expelled  pesti- 
lence ;  lulled  storms ;  and  performed 
other  wonderful  exploits. 

Pythagoras  maintained  that  the  sonl 
has  three  vehicles  :  (1)  the  ethereal,  which 
is  luminous  and  celestial,  in  which  the 
soul  resides  in  a  state  of  bliss  in  the 
stars  ;  (2)  the  luminous,  which  suffers  the 
punishment  of  sin  after  death  ;  and  (3) 
the  terrestrial,  which  is  the  vehicle  it 
occupies  on  this  earth. 

Pythagoras  asserted  he  could  write  on 
the  moon.  His  plan  of  operation  was  to 
write  on  a  looking-glass  in  blood,  and 
place  it  opposite  the  moon,  when  the  in- 
scription would  appear  photographed  or 
reflected  on  its  disc. 

Pythagoras.  Mesmerism  was  prac- 
tised by  Pythagoras,  if  we  may  credit 
lamblichus,  who  tells  us  that  he  tamed 
a  savage  Dauuian  bear  by  "stroking  it 
gently  with  his  hand,"  subdued  an  eagle 
by  the  same  means,  and  held  absolute 
dominion  over  beasts  and  birds  by  "the 
power  of  his  voice,"  or  *'  influence  of  hie 
touch." 


PYinAGOREAN  SYSIEM. 


QtJADRILtE. 


723 


Pythagorean  System.  Pytha'- 
goras  taught  that  the  sun  is  a  movable 
sphere  in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  and 
that  all  the  planets  revolve  around  it. 
This  is  substantially  the  same  as  the 
Copemican  and  Newtonian  systems. 

Pyth'ian  Games.  The  games  held 
by  the  Greeks  at  Pytbo,  in  Phocis,  sub- 
sequently culled  Delphi.  They  took 
place  every  fourth  year,  the  second  of 
each  Olympiad. 

Pythias.    {See  Damon.) 

Python.  The  monster  serpent 
hatched  from  the  mud  of  Deuca'lion's 
deluge,  and  slain  near  Delphi  by  Apollo. 


Q 


Q,  means  tht»  "tail  letter"  (French, 
queue,  a  tail).  This  letter,  which  is  0 
with  a  tail,  was  borrowed  from  the 
French. 

Q  in  a  C07-ner.  Somethiunr  not  seen  at 
first,  but  subsequently  brought  to  notice. 
The  thong  to  which  seals  arc  attached  in 
legal  documents  is  in  French  called  the 
q7ieiie ;  thus  wo  have  Idtres  scellets  sur 
simple  queue  or  sur  double  queue,  accord- 
ing to  whether  they  bear  one  or  two 
seals.  In  documents  where  the  seal  is 
attached  to  the  deed  itself,  the  corner 
where  the  seal  is  placed  is  called  the 
queue,  and  when  the  document  is  sworn 
to  the  finger  is  laid  on  the  queue. 

In,  a  merry  Q  (cue).  Humour,  temper; 
thus  Shakespeare  says,  "My  cue  is  vil- 
lanous  melancholy  ("King  Lear,"  i.  2.). 

Old  Q.  The  fifth  earl  of  March, 
afterwards  duke  of  Queensberry. 

Q,E.D.  Quod  erat  demonstrandum. 
Tlireo  letters  appended  to  the  theorems 
of  Euclid,  meaning:  Thus  have  we 
proved  the  proposition  stated  above,  as 
we  were  required  to  do. 

Q.E.F.  Quod  erat  faciendum.  ThrcD 
letters  appended  to  the  problems  of 
Euclid,  meaning  :  Thus  have  we  done  or 
drawn  the  figure  required  by  the  pro- 
position. 

Q.P,  Quantum  placet.  Two  letters 
used  in  prescriptions,  meaning  the  quan- 
tity may  be  as  little  or  m\ich  as  you  like. 
Thus  in  a  cup  of  tea  we  miglit  say  "  Milk 
fciid  sujjar  q.p." 


Q.S.  Quantum  s^ifjlcil.  Two  letters 
appended  to  prescriptions,  and  meaning 
as  much  as  is  required  to  make  the  pills 
up.  Thus,  after  giving  the  drugs  in 
minute  proportions,  the  apothecary  is 
told  to  "  mix  these  articles  in  hquorice 
q.s." 

Q.V.  (Latin,  quixnium  rU).  As  much 
as  you  like. 

q.v.     (L&lin,  quod  vidS).     Which  see. 

Quack  or  Quack  Doctor;  onco 
called  quack-salver.  A  puffer  of  salves. 
(.Swedish,  qmk-.ial/uare ;  Norwegian, 
qvak-salver ;  German,  quacksalber.) 

Saltimbancoes,  quacksalvers,  and  chaxlatam  de- 
ceive the  vulgar.— .b(r  Thotnas  Browne. 

Quacks.  (4uoon  Anne's  quack  ucuiisti 
wore  William  Head  (tailor),  who  was 
knighted,  and  Dr.  Grant  (a  tinker). 

Quadragesima    Sunday.      The 

Sunday  immediately  preceding  Lent ;  so 
called  because  it  is,  in  round  numbers,  the 
fortieth  day  before  Easter. 

Quadrages'imals.  The  farthings 
or  payments  made  in  commutation  of  a 
personal  visit  to  the  mother-church  on 
JlidLent  Sunday  ;  called  also  Whitsun 
farthings. 

Quadrilat'eraL  The  four  for- 
tresses of  Peschie'ra  and  Mantua  on  the 
Mincio,  and  Vero'na  and  Legna'go  on  the 
Ad'ige. 

Tke  Prussian  Quadrilateral.  The  for- 
tresses of  Luxemburg,  Coblentz,  Sarre- 
louis,  and  Mayence. 

Quadrille  (2  syl.,  French)  means 
a  small  scpiaro ;  a  d.ance  in  which  the 
persons  place  themselves  in  a  square. 
(Latin,  quad'rxda.) 

Le  Fantalon.  So  called  from  the  tune 
to  which  it  used  to  be  danced. 

L'Ete.  From  a  country-dance  called 
Pas  d'£le,  very  fashionable  in  ISOO, 
which  it  resembles. 

La  Poule.  Derived  from  a  country- 
dance  produced  by  Julien  in  1802,  the 
second  part  of  which  began  with  the 
imitation  of  a  cock-crow. 

Trenise.  The  name  of  a  dancing- 
master  who,  in  1800,  invented  the  figiira 

La  Paslourtlle.  So  named  from  its 
melody  and  accompaniment,  which  ar« 
similar  to  tha  Vilanilles  or  p&asmt*' 
dances. 


7-24 


QUADRILOGE. 


QUARREL. 


Qiiad'riloge  (3  Byl.).  Anj'lhing 
written  in  four  parts  or  books,  as 
"  Childe  Harold."  Anything  cotiipiled 
from  four  authors,  as  the  "  Life  of 
Thomas  k  Bocket.'"  Any  history  resting 
on  the  testimony  of  four  independent 
authorities,  as  "The  Gospel  Historj'." 

The  very  rntlioura  of  the  Qundriloae  itscKe  or  «ong 
offo'ire  p»r'fl.  .doe  all  wt:  }i  one  v>en  and  mouth  ac* 
knowlelge  the  ia,me.—Lambarile,'Piiramljulation,'' 
p.  6  S. 

Qiiadriv'iiim.  The  four  higher 
subjects  of  scholastic  philosophy  up  to 
the  twelfth  century.  It  embraced  music, 
arithmetic,  geometry,  and  astronomy. 
The  fjuadrivi-nm  was  the  "  fourfold  way  " 
to  knowledge;  the  tri'vium  {q.v.)  the 
"three-fold  waj' "  to  eloquence;  both 
together  comprehended  the  seven  arts 
or  sciences.  The  seven  arts  are  enu- 
merated in  the  following  hexameter  : — 

Lingua,  Tropus,  Ratio,  Numeral,  T(;nui,  Anguluj' 
Astra. 

And  in  the  two  following:  — 

CtVoi",  loquitur,  D:n.  vera  docet,  Rhet.  verba  coloraf. 
Una  c  .dit,  Ai.  numerat,  Geo.  poaderat,  Ast.  eolit 
85tra, 

Quadroon'.  A  person  with  one- 
fourth  of  black  blood ;  the  offspring  of 
a  mulatto  woman  by  a  white  man.  The 
mulatto  is  half-blooded,  one  parent  being 
white  and  tho  other  black-  (Latin,  qtia- 
tuor,  four.)     [See  Lambj.) 

Quadruple  Alliance  of  1674. 
Germany,  Spain,  Denmark,  and  Holland 
formed  an  alliance  against  France  to 
resist  the  encroachments  of  Louis  XIV., 
who  had  declared  war  against  Holland. 
It  terminated  with  the  Treaty  of  Nime. 
guen  in  1678. 

Qaadrv pie  Alliance  of  1718-1719.  An 
alliance  between  England,  France,  Ger- 
many, and  Holland,  to  guarantee  the 
succession  in  England  to  the  House  of 
Hanover ;  to  secure  the  succession  in 
France  to  the  House  of  Bourbon  ;  and 
to  prohibit  Spain  and  France  from 
uniting  under  one  crown.  Signed  at 
Paris. 

Quadruple  Alliance  of  1834.  The  al- 
liance of  England,  France,  Spain,  and 
Portugal  for  the  puri)ose  of  restoring 
peace  to  the  Peninsula,  by  putting  down 
the  Carlists  or  partisans  of  Don  Carloa. 

Quaint  means  trim,  precise.  A 
quaint  phrase  is  a  phrase  dressed  or 
trimmed,  and  not  expressed  in  the  ordi- 
nary way.  (Latin,  compiut,  combed  and 
tiresseiL) 


Quaker.  It  appears  from  tho  ".Jour- 
nal" of  Georce  Fox,  who  was  imprisoned 
for  nearly  twcivo  months  in  Derby,  that 
the  Quakers  first  ol  ptaineil  the  appellation 
by  which  they  aro  now  generally  known 
in  1G50,  from  the  following  circumstance  : 
— "  Justice  Bonnet,  of  Derby,"  says  Fox, 
"  was  tho  first  to  call  us  Quakers,  because 
I  bade  him  quake  and  tremble  at  the 
v/ord  of  the  Lord."  The  system  of  the 
Quakers  is  laid  down  by  Robert  Barclay 
in  fifteen  theses,  called  "Barclay's 
Apology,"  addressed  to  Charles  11. 

Quakers  (that,  like  lantern?,  bear 
Iheir  lijhi  withm  tliem)  will  not  swear. 

Biillrr,  ••  Hudikrat,'  li.  2. 

Quanda'ry.  A  perplexity  ;  a  doubt. 
(French,  Qu'eri  difai-je,  What  shall  1  say  ?) 

Quanquam  or  Cancan.  A  slang 
manner  of  dancing  quadrilles  permitted 
in  the  public  gardens  of  Paris,  &c.  The 
word  cancan  is  a  corruption  of  the  Latin 
qnamquam,  a  term  applied  to  the  exer- 
cises delivered  by  young  theological  stu- 
dents before  tho  divinity  professors. 
Hence  it  came  to  signify  "  babble,"  "  jar- 
gon," anything  crude,  jejune,  Ac. 

Quantum  Suf.  {sufficU).  As  much 
as  is  required.  Latin  for  "  aa-much-as 
suffices."     Often  written  q.s. 

Quaranti'ne  (3  syl.).  The  fortj 
days  that  a  ship  suspected  of  being  in- 
fected with  some  contagious  disorder  is 
obliged  to  lie  otf  port.  (Italian,  qtiaran.- 
Una,  forty  ;  French,  quarantaine.) 

To  perform  quarantine  is  to  ride  off 
port  during  the  time  of  quarantine.  (-Set 
Forty.) 

Quarll  {Philip).  A  sort  of  Robinson 
Crusoe,  who  had  a  chimpanzee  for  his 
"man  Friday."  The  story  relates  the 
adventures  and  sufferings  of  an  English 
hermit  named  Philip  Quarll. 

Quarrel.  A  short,  stout  arrow  used 
in  the  cross-bow*  (A  corruption  of  car- 
rial-;  Welsh,  cA?mi'e^  ;  French,  carreau. 
So  called  because  the  head  was  originally 
carre  or  four-sided.  Hence  also  a  quarrd 
or  quarry  of  glass,  meaning  a  square  or 
diamond-shaped  pane ;  quarier,  a  square 
wax-candle,  i:c.) 

Quarelles  qwajTitlj-  swaprei  thorowe  knvghtei 
\S  ilh  irjne  bo  wekyrly,  that  wynclie  ihey  never. 
".l/o>(e  d'Ailhurt." 

Quarrel.  To  quan-el  over  the  bishop' c 
cope— over  something  which  cannot  pos- 
sibly do  you  an3'  good  ;  over  goats'  wool. 


QUARRY. 


QUEEN. 


725 


This  is  a  French  expression.  The  newly- 
appoiuted  bishop  of  Bruges  entered  the 
town  in  his  cope,  which  he  gave  to  the 
people  ;  and  the  people,  to  part  it  among 
themselves,  tore  it  to  shreds,  each  taking 
a  piece. 

Quarry.  Prey.  This  is  a  term  in 
falconry.  When  a  hawk  slruvk  the  object 
of  pursuit  and  clung  to  it,  she  was  said 
to  "bind  ;"  but  when  she  flew  off  with  it, 
she  was  said  to  "  carry."  The  "  carry" 
or  "quarry,"  therefore,  means  the  prey 
carried  off  by  the  hawk.  It  is  an  error 
to  derive  this  word  from  the  Latin  qitairo. 
to  seek. 

To  tell  tlic  mann-r  of  il, 
Wer»  on  the  quarry  of  these  raurJere'i  user 
To  ad  J  the  de.ilh  of  yon. 

Shdkcsptnre,  '*  Macbeth*  Iv.  3. 

Quarter.  To graiit  quarter.  To  spare 
the  life  of  an  eueniy  in  your  power.  Dr. 
Tusler  says: — "It  originated  from  an 
agreement  anciently  made  between  the 
Dutch  and  the  Spaniards,  that  the  ran- 
som of  a  soldier  should  be  the  quarter  of 
his  pay."  I'robably  it  means  simply  to 
"grant  conditions."  In  this  sense  quar- 
ter was  commonly  used  at  one  time  ; 
hence  its  meanings  of  kindness,  friend- 
ship, good-will— allied  to  coeur. 

Quarters.  Residence  or  place  of 
abode ;  as  winter  quarters,  the  })lace 
where  an  army  lodges  during  the  winter 
months.  We  say  "  this  quarter  of  the 
town,"  meaning  this  district  or  part ; 
the  French  speak  of  the  Latin  quar- 
tier — i.e.,  the  itistrict  or  part  of  Paris 
where  the  medical  schools,  &c.,  are  lo- 
cated ;  the  Belgians  speak  of  quartiers 
d  louer,  lodgings  to  let :  and  bachelors 
in  England  often  say,  "  Come  to  my 
quarters" — i.e.,  apartments.  All  these 
are  from  the  French  verb  ecarteler,  to 
locate  soldiers  d  I'icart,  in  private  houses. 

There  shall  no  leivned  bread  be  seen  with  thee, 
neitlii^r  bliall  there  be  leaven  eeeu  . .  .  iu  all  thy  (laar- 
tem  (auy  ot  thy  houiesj.— Jixod.  xiiL  7. 

Quarter-Days  iu  England  and  Ire- 
laud:— 

(1)  New  Style:  Lady  day  (25th  March), 
Midsummer  day  (2ith  June),  Michaelmas 
day  (•29th  September),  and  Christmas 
day  (2.')th  December). 

(2)  Old  Style:  Old  Lady  day  (Glh  April), 
Old  Midsummer  day  (Gth  July),  Old 
Michaelmas  day  (11th  October),  and  Old 
Christinas  day  ((3th  January). 

(Juartcr-days  in  Scotland  : — 
Candlemas  day  (2nd  February),  Whit- 


Sunday  (15th  May),  Lammas  day  (Ist 
August),  and  Martinmas  day  (11th  No- 

vemLior). 

Quarter-Master.  The  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  attend  to  the  quarters  of  the 
soldiers.     (See  Quarteus.) 

Quarter  "Waggoner.  A  book  of 
sea-cliarts.  Waggoner,  or  rather  "  Baron 
von  Waggenaer,"  is  a  folio  volume  of  sea- 
charts,  pointing  out  the  coasts,  rocks, 
routes,  &c.  Dalryre.ple's  Charts  are  called 
The  En<ilish  Wagr/oaer,  "  Quarter"  is  a 
corruption  of  quarto. 

Quarto.  A  book  half  the  size  of 
folio— i.e.,  where  each  sheet  is  folded 
into  quarters  or  four  leaves.  (The  con- 
traction is  4to.  (The  Italian  lihro  in 
quarto,  Fi'cnch  in  quarto,  from  the  Latin 
qiiartus.) 

Quarto-De'ciman.3,  who,  after  the 
decision  of  the  Nicene  Council,  main- 
tained that  Easter  ought  to  be  held  on 
the  fourteenth  day  of  the  first  hmar 
month  near  the  vernal  equinox,  whether 
that  day  fell  on  a  Sunday  or  not. 

Quashes.  A  cant  generic  name  of 
a  negro  ;  so  called  from  Quassi  of  Su- 
rinam', who  made  known  to  Rolander 
the  virtues  of  the  qua.ssia  plant. 

Quasi  (Latin).  Something  which  is 
not  the  real  thing,  but  may  be  accepted 
in  its  place :  thus  a — 

Quasi  contract  is  not  a  real  contract, 
but  something  which  may  be  accepted 
as  a  contract,  and  v/hich  has  the  force  of 
one. 

Quasi  tenant.  The  tenant  of  a  house 
sub- let. 

Quasimo'do.  Afoundling, hideously 
deformed  but  of  amazing  strength,  in 
Victor  Hugo's  "  Notre  Dame  de  Paris." 

Quasimodo  Sunday.  Tlio  first 
Sunday  after  Easter;  so  called  because 
the  "  Introit"  of  the  day  l)egins  with 
these  words  : — "  Quasi  iitodo  gen' iti  in- 
fantes" (1  Pet.  ii.  2).  Also  called  "  Low 
Sundaj',"  being  the  first  Simday  after 
the  grand  ceremonies  of  Easter. 

Quas'sia.  An  American  plant,  or 
ratiier  genus  of  plants,  named  after 
Qnnssi,  a  negro  who  brought  them  into 
notice. 

Queen.     Greek,    guiui   (a    woman) ; 

Sanskrit,  goni ;  Swedish,  qvenna  :  Gothic, 


726    QUEEN  ANNE'S  BOUNTY. 


QUERN -BITETL 


qutint ;  Saxon,  cwen.      (See    Sir,  from 
anax,  a  king.) 

Queen,  "woman,"  is  equivalent  to 
"mother."  In  the  translation  of  the 
Bible  by  Ulfilas  (fourth  century),  we 
meet  with  gens  and  ffino  {"  vjifo"  and 
"woman");  and  in  tho  Scandinavian 
ianf4uau'OS  lai-l  and  hme  still  mean 
"man"  and  "  wife."     (See  King.) 

Ho  [Jcsusl  eaith  unto  his  mother,  Woman,  be- 
hold thy  «un  I    (St  Johu  lix.  26.) 

Queen  Anne's  Bounty.  A  fund 
created  out  of  the  tirst-fruits  and  tenths, 
which  were  part  of  the  papal  exactions 
before  the  Reformation.  The  first-fi-uits 
are  the  whole  first  year's  profit  of  a  cleri- 
cal living,  and  the  tenths  are  the  tenth 
part  annually  of  the  profits  of  a  living. 
Henry  VIII.  annexed  both  these  to  the 
crown,  but  queen  Anne  formed  them  into 
a  perpetual  fund  for  the  aut,'mentation 
of  poor  livings.  The  sum  equals  about 
£14,000  a  year,  and  is  now  extended  to 
the  erection  of  parsonages. 

Queen  Dick.  Richard  Cromwell  is 
sometimes  so  called ;  but  when  we  say, 
"  So-and-so  happened  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Dick,"  we  mean  never,  because 
there  never  was  such  a  queen.  (See  Greek 
Calends.) 

Queen  Quintessence.  Sovereign 
of  Ete'leehie  (q.v.)  in  the  romance  of 
"  Gargantua  and  Pantag'ruel',"  by  Rabe- 
lais. 

Queen-Square  Hermit.  Jeremy 
Bentliam,  who  lived  at  No.  1,  Queen 
Square,  London.  He  was  the  father  of  the 
political  economists  called  Utilitarians, 
whose  maxim  is,  "  The  greatest  happi- 
ness of  the  greatest  number."  (1748- 
1832.) 

Queen  of  Hearts.  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  James  I.,  the  unfortunate 
queen  of  Bohemia,  was  so  called  in  the 
Low  Countries,  in  consequence  of  her 
amiable  character  and  engaging  manners, 
even  in  her  lowest  estate.     (1596-1GG2.) 

Queen  of  Heaven,  with  the  ancient 
Phoenicians,  was  Astarte  ;  Greeks,  Hera ; 
Romans,  Juno;  but  with  the  Roman 
Catholics  it  is  the  Virgin  JIary. 

Queen  of  the  Eastern  Archipel'- 
ago.    The  island  of  Java. 

Queen  of  the  North.  Edinburgh. 
{Set  the  proper  name  for  other  queens.) 


Queen's  Bench  or  King's  Bench. 
One  of  the  courts  of  law,  in  which  the 
monarch  used  to  preside  in  person. 

Queen's  College,  Oxford,  founded 
m  i340  by  Robert  de  Eglesfield,  and  so 
called  in  comj)liment  to  queen  Philippa, 
whose  confessor  ho  was. 

Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  founded  in 
1448  by  Margaret  of  Anjou,  consort  of 
llenry  VI.   Refounded  by  Eliz.  Woodville. 

Queen's  Day.  November  17tb,  the 
day  of  the  accession  of  queen  Elizabeth  ; 
first  publicly  celebrate<l  in  1570,  and 
still  kept  as  a  holiday  at  the  Exchequer, 
and  at  the  Westminster  and  Merchant 
Taylor's  schools. 

A  rumor  is  spread  id  the  court,  ani  hath  come  to 
the  eares  of  some  of  the  most  honourable  co'insell. 
how  that  i  on  the  Queen's  day  last  past  did  furh;dd 
iu  our  college  an  oration  to  bee  made  in  pnuse  of  her 
Mnji'Stie's  eovi.rnment,  ko.—Ur,  WhUakcr  to  Lord 
ifiu  <//.;,!,  (May  nth,  1590). 

Queen's  Weather.  A  fine  day 
for  a  fete  ;  so  called  because  Queen  Vic- 
toria is,  for  the  most  part,  fortunate  in 
having  fine  weather  when  she  appears  in 
public. 

Queenhiche  {London).  The  hithe 
or  strand  for  lading  and  unlading  barges 
and  1  ighters  in  the  City.  Called  "queen  " 
from  being  part  of  the  dowry  of  Eleanor, 
queen  of  Henry  II. 

Queenstown  (Ireland),  formerly 
called  the  Cove  of  Cork.  The  name  was 
changed  in  1850,  out  of  compliment  to 
Queen  Victoria,  when  she  visited  Ireland 
with  her  husband,  and  created  her  eldest 
son  earl  of  Dublin. 

Q,ueen  {the  White).  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  because  she  dressed  iu  white  mouru- 
iuc  for  her  husband. 

Queer  Chap  is  the  German  quer- 
kopt,  a  cross-grained  fellow. 

Q,uency.  A  corruption  of  quintefeuil 
(iive-leaved),  the  armorial  device  of  the 
fauiily. 

Q,uerelle  d'Alleman.  A  conten- 
tion about  trifles,  soon  provoked  and 
soon  appeased.  The  Alleman  family 
occupied  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Dau- 
phind  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries.  They  had  frequent  quarrels, 
but  always  settled  their  disputes  amongst 
themselves.     {See  Queue.) 

Quern-Biter.  The  sword  of  Haco 
I,  of  Norway. 

Quembiter  ol  Haeon  the  Good. 
Wherewith  at  a  stroke  he  hewed 
The  mUlstoiie  through  and  through. 

Ltng'elloio 


QUERNO. 


QUICKSET. 


727 


Quer'no.  Camillo  Quorno,  of  Apulia, 
hearing  that  Leo  X.  was  a  great  patron 
of  poets,  went  to  Rome  with  a  harp  in 
bis  hand,  and  sang  his  Alexias,  a  poem 
containing  20,000  verses,  lie  was  intro- 
duced to  the  pope  as  a  buffoon,  but  was 
promoted  to  the  laurel. 

Kome  in  her  Cari'i'l  saw  Querno  «i^, 
Tbruued  oa  geveu  biUa,  the  Abli;:l.ri>t  of  wit. 
'  Vunciad, '  ii. 

Querpo  (2  syl.).  S.'a-iU  Querpo,  in 
Garth's  "  Dispensary,"  is  Dr.  Howe. 

Ill  Querpo.  In  one's  shirt-sleeves  ;  in 
undress.  (Spanish,  en  cuerpo,  without  a 
cloak.) 

Buy,  my  cloak  and  raric;  it  fits  not  a  gentlemaa 
of  my  rauk  to  walk  ilie  st'eels  ia  querpo.— i'liau- 
moiU  anJ  FUtchtr,  "  Louc't  Cure,'  li  L 

Question;  To  move  the  previous 
question,  in  parliamentary  debate,  means 
this :  that  some  question  put  by  an 
opponent  of  a  measure  brought  forward 
should  be  put  to  the  vote  before  the 
question  itself ;  for  example,  A  moves 
that  the  rate  of  postage  should  be  re- 
duced, B  moves  that  the  post-office  be 
allowed  time  to  consider  the  matter  ;  A 
presses  his  motion,  and  C  moves  the  pre- 
vious question— that  is,  that  the  post- 
office  be  consulted  first.  This  is  often 
done  to  burk  a  troublesouio  motion. 

Question.  When  members  of  the  House 
of  Commons  or  other  debaters  call  out 
Qnesdua,  the3'  mean  that  the  person 
speaking  is  wandering  away  from  the 
subject  under  consideration. 

QueulDUS.  The  equinoctial  of  Queu- 
hus.  This  line  has  Utopia  on  one  side 
and  Medam'othi  on  the  other.  It  was 
discovered  on  the  Greek  Kalends  by 
Outis  after  his  escape  from  the  giant's 
cave,  and  is  ninety-one  degrees  from  tho 
poles. 

Thou  want  in  very  graciouj  fooling  last  night, when 
lh<.u  »pokcst  of  I'luroLToiu'ilug,  of  llie  Vnpians  pass- 
Inn  the  (ijuiiiootial  if  yueii'luiii.  'Twas  vciy  good 
1"  iaiih.—t,lMk(fpe(i't,  "  lutUUi  Xiaht,"  ii.  3. 

Queue.  Oare  la  queue  des  Alleman. 
Before  you  quarrel  count  tho  conse- 
quences. A  troublesome  neighbour  en- 
tered into  a  quarrel  with  tho  Alleman 
family,  but  the  whole  clan  combined  in 
a  "(pieue,"  made  war  upon  him,  and  cut 
him  to  pieces.     {Het  QuiiitiiLi.K.) 

QuoilX.  The  seneschal  of  king 
Arthur. 

Qui.  To  give  a  man  the  qui.  When 
ft  trian  iu  the  priutil>g  business  has  had 


notice  to  quit,  his  fellow-workmen  eay 
they  "Lave  given  him  tho  qui."  Here 
qui  is  the  contraction  of  quietus  (dis- 
charge).    {See  Quietus.) 

Quia  Emptores.  A  statut(3  passed 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  and  dirL-cted 
against  th ;  formation  of  now  manors, 
whereby  feudal  lords  were  deprived  of 
their  dues.  It  is  so  called  from  its  first 
two  words. 

Qui-Tam.  A  lawyer ;  so  called  from 
the  first  two  words  in  an  action  on  a  penal 
statute.  Qui  tarn  pro  dnm'ina  lictji'na, 
qnamjiro  se-ipso^scquitur  (Who  sues  on  1  he 
Ciueeu's  account  as  much  as  on  his  own). 

Qui  Vive  ?  {French.)  Wlio  goes 
there  ?     The  challenge  of  a  sentinel. 

To  be  on  the  qui  vice.  On  the  alert;  to 
be  quick  and  shixrp ;  to  bo  on  tho  tip-too  of 
e.xpectation,  like  a  sentinel.    {Sw  above.') 

Quibble  is  the  Welsh  chieibwl,  a  trill, 
and  not  the  Latiu  quid  lihet  (what  you 
please',  as  is  generally  given. 

Quick.  Living  ;  hence  animated, 
lively  ;  hence  fast,  active,  bri.ek  (_Saxon, 
ctcic,  living,  alive).  Our  e.xpression, 
"  Look  alive,"  means  Be  brisk. 

Quick  at  meat,  quick  at  icork.  In 
French,  "Bonne  bete  s'echaufTo  en  man- 
geant,"  or  "Hardi  gagnour,  liardi 
mangour."  The  opposite  would  certainly 
bo  true  :  A  dawdle  in  one  thing  it  a  dawdlt 
in  alt. 

Quickly  ( Dame).  Hostess  of  a  tavern 
in  Eastcheap.  —  .S/ta^fs^war*,  "  Jleiiri) 
IV.,"  parts  i.  and  ii. 

Mistress  Quic/.li/.  Servant  of  all-work 
to  Dr.  Caius.  She  says  :  "  I  wash,  wring, 
brew,  bake,  scour,  dress  meat  and  drink, 
make  tho  lieils,  and  do  all  myself."  She 
is  the  go-between  of  throe  suitors  to 
Anne  Pago,  and  to  prove  her  disin- 
terestedness she  says  :  "  I  would  my  mas- 
ter ha<l  iMistress  Anne,  or  I  would  Master 
Slender  h.ad  her,  or  in  sooth  I  wonhl 
Ma'^ter  Fenton  had  Iter.  I  will  do  what 
I  can  for  them  all  three,  for  so  I  have 
promised ;  and  I'll  bo  as  good  as  my 
word  ;  but  speciously  for  .Master  Fenton." 
—Shakespeare,  "Merry  Wa-es  of  Windsor." 

Quicksand  is  s.and  which  shifts  itg 
place  as  if  it  were  alive.     {See  Quick.) 

Quickset  is  living  whitethorn  set  in 
a  li'il:;e,  instead  of  dead  wood,  hurdles, 
and  palings.     (See  Quick.} 


728 


QUICKSILVER, 


QUINBUS   FLESTRTK. 


Quicksilver  is  argen'tum  vivum 
(liviiifj:  !-ilver),  silver  that  moves  about 
like  a  living  thin^'.     (&«  Quick.) 

Swift  as  quicViilvcr 
It  oour«u»lliroiiKli  the  natural  g»tei 
And  iiUeysof  llie  holy. 

Shiiktipeare,  "liamltt,"  I-  5. 

Quid  of  Tobacco.  A  corruption  of 
cud,  a  morsel.  We  still  say  "chow  the 
cud." 

Quid  pro  Quo  or  A  quid  for  a  quod. 
Tit  for  tat ;  a  turn  g-iven  as  good  as 
that  received  ;  a  Kowla'.id  for  an  Oliver  ; 
an  eiiuivalcnt. 

Quid  Libet.  Qidd-lihets  and  quod- 
libels.  Nice  and  knotty  points,  very 
Bubtile,  but  of  no  value.  Quips  and 
quirks.     {Latin.) 

Quiddity.  The  essence  of  a  thing. 
Schoolmen  say  Quid  est,  what  is  it?  and 
the  reply  is  the  Quid  is  so  and  so,  the 
What  or  the  nature  of  the  thing  is  as 
follows.  The  latter  q^iid  being  formed 
into  a  barbarous  Latin  noun  becomes 
Quiddilas.  Hence  Quid  est,  what  is  it? 
Answer :  Talis  est  quiddilas,  its  essence  is 
as  follows. 

lie  knew 

Wlicr«  entiiy  «!i'i  quidJiry 
(The  ghosts  of  defunct  bodief)  fl7. 

Bulitr  "Hudii/rai,"  I  1. 

Quiddity.  A  crotchet;  a  trifling  dis- 
tinction.    (See  above.) 

Quidnunc.  Apolitical  Paul  Pry  ;  a 
prairmatical  village  politician  ;  apolitical 
botcher  or  jobber.  Quidnunc  is  the  chief 
character  in  Murphy's  farce  of  "  The 
Upholsterer,  or  What  News."  The 
words  are  Latin,  and  mean  "  What 
now?"  "What  has  turned  up?"  The 
original  of  this  political  busybody  was 
the  father  of  Dr.  A  rue  and  his  sister, 
Mrs.  Gibber,  who  lived  in  King  Street, 
Covent  Garden.  (See  The  Taller,  155, 
lac.) 

Familiar  to  a  few  Quidnuncg.— TAe  Times. 

The  Florentine  QuidnuDcs  seem  to  lose  siaht  of  lh« 
ht  that  uoue  uf  iheae  geutlemea  now  hoM  office.— 
Thi  Timet. 

Quidnunlcis.  Monkey  politicians. 
Gay  has  a  fable  called  "  The  Quiduunkis," 
to  show  tliat  the  death  not  even  of  the 
duke  regent  will  cause  any  real  gap  in  na- 
ture. A  monkey  who  had  ventured  higher 
than  his  neighbours  fell  from  his  estate 
mto  the  river  below.  For  a  few  seconds 
the  whole  tribe  stood  panic-struck,  but  as 
soon  as  t!ie   stream   carried  off  Master 


Pug,   the  monkeys  went  on  with  their 
gambols  as  if  nothing  had  occurred. 

Ah,  sir  !  yon  never  saw  the  r,»nge«: 
T.'iere  dwell  the  naiiun  o(  Ouiduuiikii 
(bo  Monomotapa  call*  moukeyv  . 

(/ay,  TaUi." 

Qui'etist.  One  who  believes  that 
the  most  perfect  state  of  man  is  -when 
the  sjiirit  ceases  to  exercise  any  of  its 
functions,  and  is  wholly  passive.  Thii 
sect  has  cropped  up  at  sundry  times  ; 
but  the  last  who  revived  it  was  MiclLael 
Moli'nos,  a  Spanish  priest,  in  the  seven- 
teenth century. 

Quie'tus.  The  writ  of  discharge  for- 
merly granted  to  those  barons  and 
knights  who  personally  attended  the  kin^ 
on  a  foreign  expedition.  At  their  dis- 
charge they  were  exempt  from  the  claim 
of  scutago  or  knight's  fee.  Subsequently 
the  term  was  applied  to  the  acquittance 
which  a  sheriff  receives  on  settling  his 
account  at  the  Exchequer ;  and  later 
still  to  any  discharge  of  an  account: 
thus  Webster  says — 

You  had  the  trick  in  andit-tirae  to  be  rick 
Till  i  Lad  siiued  jour  quietus. 

"  JJidchtas  of  Malfy  "  (16.3). 

Quietus.  A  severe  blow  ;  a  settler ; 
death,  or  discharge  from  life. 

M'ho  would  fardels  bear  .... 
When  he  ImnSKlf  might  hii  quietui  make 
Wi'.h  a  bare  todkiu  ? 

^Shakespeare,  "/7at)t!e{,"iit  1, 

Quillet.  An  evasion.  In  French 
"pleatlings"  each  separate  allegation  in 
the  plaintiff's  charge,  and  every  distinct 
plea  in  the  defendant's  answer^  used  to 
begin  with  qu'il  est;  whence  onr  quillet, 
to  signify  a  false  charge,  or  an  evasive 
answer. 

0,  some  authority  how  to  proceed ; 
Some  tricks.  Bome  quilUts,  how  to  cheat  the  devil  1 
SUakttiieare,  "  Love's  Labour's  Lost,"  iv.  i. 

Quilp.  A  hideous  dwarf,  both  6erce 
and  cunning,  in  "  The  Old  Ciu-iosity 
Shop,"  by  Dickens. 

Quinap'alus.  The  Mrs.  Harris  of 
"authorities  in  citations."  If  any  one 
wishes  to  clench  an  argument  by  soma 
quotation,  let  him  cite  this  ponderous 
collection. 

What  s,iys  Quinsp.ilus :  "  Better  a  witty  fool,  than  i 
foo.ish  Kit."— SluiktSijeare,  "Twul/lh  -Viy/it,"  i.  j. 

Quinbus  Flestrin.  The  man-moun- 
tain— so  the  Lilliputians  called  Gulliver 
(chap.  iL).    Gay  has  an  ode  to  this  giant 

Bards  of  old  Of  him  told, 
When  they  said  Atlas'  head 
Propped  the  skies- 

Gaif.  "H:!ipiitiiit  Odt.' 


QUINCE. 


QUIXOTE. 


729 


Quinee  (Peter).  A  carpenter,  and 
cnanafrer  of  the  jilay  in  "  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream."  lio  is  noted  for  some 
etraTi^e  compounds,  such  as  laughalile 
tragedy,  lamentable  comedy,  tragical 
mirth,  &c. 

Quino'nes  (Sttero  de),  in  the  reign  of 
Juan  II.,  with  nino  other  cavaliers,  held 
the  hridge  of  Orbigo  as^ainst  all  comers 
for  thirty-six  days,  overthrowing  in  that 
time  seventy-eight  kniLrhts  of  Spain  and 
France.  Quiiiones  had  challenged  the 
world,  and  such  was  the  result. 

Quinquages'ima  Sunday  (Latin, 

fiflktlt).  Shrovo-Suiiday,  or  the  first 
day  of  the  week  which  contains  Ash- 
Wednesday.  It  is  so  called  because  in 
ro\md  numbers  it  is  the  fiftieth  day  be- 
fore Easter. 

Quintessence.  The  fifth  essence. 
The  ancient  (i reeks,  like  modern  che- 
mists, said  tliere  are  four  elements  or 
forms  in  which  matter  can  exist:  — Fire, 
or  the  imponderable  form  ;  air,  or  the 
gaseous  form  ;  water,  or  the  lii]uid  form  ; 
and  earth,  or  the  solid  form.  The  Py- 
thagorc'ana  added  a  fifth,  which  they 
called  ether,  more  subtile  and  pure  than 
fire,  and  possessed  of  an  orbicular  mo- 
tion. This  element,  which  flew  upwards 
at  creation,  and  out  of  which  the  stars 
were  made,  was  called  i\\o  fifth  essence; 
quintessence  therefore  means  the  most 
subtile  extract  of  a  })ody  that  can  be 
procured.  It  is  quite  an  error  to  sup- 
p.'/se  that  the  word  means  an  essence  five 
times  distilled,  and  that  the  term  came 
from  the  alchemists.  Horace  speaks  of 
"kisses  which  Veinis  has  imbticd  with 
tlio  quintessence  of  her  own  nectar." 

Swift  to  itieir  revcial  iiunitcrfl  liasied  I  lien 
'I  lie  cuiiihruus  cIcmviitH— canh.  Iloud,  air,  Ere  ; 
But  tliis  ethereal  quint'i  ssenccuf  lieaven 
Kliw  iipwHiil       aijj  turtieJ  tobtam 
Muii.tcrleBfi  aa  thoti  ^e>■il. 

jyil/on,  "  Patadist  Loot.'  lii. 

Quintil'ians.  Disciples  of  Quin- 
til'ia,  held  to  bo  a  [iroplictess.  These 
heretical  Christians  made  the  Eucharist 
of  bread  and  cliccse,  and  allowed  women 
to  become  jiriests  and  bishops. 

Quiri'tes.  Romans.  The  word  means 
"  spcar-lieaiers  "  (Latin,  quirts,  a  s]iear). 
Vur)-o's  etymolcigy  is  qiiito  unworthy  of 
credit ;  ho  derives  the  word  from  Cures, 
and  says  that  the  Quirinal  Hill,  being 
occupied  by  these  Sabines,  received  its 
name  from  them.     This  is  about  as  cor- 


rect as   the   derivation   of    Rome   from 
Romulus,  or  Britain  from  Brutus. 

Quisquil'iae.  Light,  dry  frauments 
of  things  ;  the  small  twigs  and  leaves 
which  fall  from  trees  ;  hence  rubbish, 
refuse.  (Coiwcouliou  means  husks  of 
beans  or  peas ;  Gaelic,  qusgul,  orts,  idle 
words.) — Trench. 

Quit.  Discharged  from  an  obligation, 
"  acipiitted." 

To  John  lowei  great  oMuation; 

Cut  John  unhapH'y  '  liKU^lit  lit 
To  publish  it  to  ail  ihenntiuu— 

Now  I  and  Joua  are  lairly  quit.— Prier. 

Cry  quits.  When  two  boys  quarrel 
and  one  has  had  enough,  he  says,  "Cry 
quits," meaning  "Let  us  leave  off, and  call 
it  a  drawn  game."  So  in  an  unequal 
distribution  he  who  has  the  larger  share 
restores  a  portion  and  "cries  quitn," 
meaning  that  ho  has  made  the  distribu- 
tion equal.  Hero  quit  means  "acquittal " 
or  discharge. 

Dunhle  or  qnils.  In  gambling,  espe- 
cially in  a  small  way,  one  of  the  players 
lays  to  the  other,  "  Double  or  (juits  ? ''  — 
— that  is,  tho  next  stake  shall  bo  <l<juble 
the  present  winnings,  or  the  winniuLTS 
shall  be  returned  to  the  loser,  in  which 
case  both  )ilayers  would  leave  off  as  thoy 
began.  Here  quit  moans  "requital"  or 
repayment. 

Quit  Rent.  A  corruption  of  tha 
Saxon  Jlwit  rent  (white  rent)  as  it  is  called 
in  old  records,  because  it  was  paid  in 
white  or  silver  money,  and  not  in  coin 
like  ordinary  rents.  It  is  an  error  to 
suppose  that  the  name  is  derived  from 
tho  fact  that  a  tenant,  having  paid  it,  is 
quit  of  all  further  rent. 

Quixa'da(C!(/('erre).  Lord  of  Villa- 
garcia.  He  discharged  a  javelin  at  Sire 
do  Haburdin  with  such  force  as  to  pierce 
the  left  shoulder,  overthrow  the  knight, 
and  pin  him  to  the  ground.  Don  Quixote 
calls  himself  a  descendant  of  this  brave 
knight. 

Quixote  (Don)  is  intended  for  the 
duke  of  Lerma,  Rinodim  liro^rm,. 

Don  Quixote.  Tho  romance  so  called 
is  a  merciless  satire  by  Cervantes  on  the 
chivalric  romances  of  the  Middle  Aire-*, 
and  had  tho  excellent  effect  of  putting 
an  end  to  this  sort  of  literature. 

Don  Quixote's  hor.te.  Ros'inante  (Span- 
ish, rocin-ante,  a  jade  previously). 

The  wooden-pin  wiug-horso  on  ■whiob 


730    QUIXOTE  OF  THE  NORTir. 


rt.i.p 


he  and  Sancho  Panza  mounted  to  achieve 
the  liberation  of  Dolori'da  and  lier  cora- 
jiaiiions  was  called  Algie'ro  Clavilo'no 
'wooden-pin  winy-learer). 

Quixote  of  the  North.  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden,  sometimes  called  the 
Madman.    (1'j82,  10^7-1718.) 

Quixotic.  Dreamy,  foolishly  ro- 
mantic, like  Don  Quixote,  a  half-crazy 
reformer  or  knight  of  the  supposed  dis- 
tressed. 

Quiz.  One  who  banters  or  chaffs 
another.  Daly,  nianas^'-cr  of  the  Dul'lin 
theatre,  laid  a  wager  that  he  would  intro- 
duce into  the  language  within  twenty- 
four  hours  a  new  word  of  no  meaning. 
Accordingly  on  everj'  wall,  or  all  places 
accessible,  were  chalked  \ip  the  four 
mystic  letters,  and  all  Dublin  was  in- 
quiring what  they  meant.  The  wager 
was  won,  and  the  word  remains  current 
in  our  language.  It  is  a  corruption  of 
Qrdd  csl  )  (What  is  this  ?) 

Quo  Warranto.  A  writ  against  a 
defendant  (whether  an  individual  or  a 
corporation)  who  lays  claim  to  some- 
thing he  has  no  right  to  ;  so  named 
because  the  offender  is  called  upon  to 
show  quo  warranto  [rem]  usurpa'vit  (by 
what  right  or  authority  he  lays  claim  to 
the  matter  of  dispute). 

Quod.  To  he  in  quod — in  prison.  A 
corrujition  of  quad,  which  is  a  contraction 
of  quadrangle.  The  quadrangle  is  the 
prison  enclosure  in  which  the  prisoners 
are  allowed  to  walk,  and  where  whipiiicgs 
used  to  he  inflicted. 

Floi-'geJ  and  whipped  in  quod. 

J/Hy/i^s,"  lorn  JJrawiis  acliooldn;-!." 

Quodling  {The  Rev.  Mr.).  Chaplain 
to  the  duke  of  Buckingham. — Sir  Walttr 
Scott,  " I'everil  of  the  I'eak." 

"Why,"  6^^d  the  dulie,  "I  had  caused  my  littlo 
(iuodliii.!  t.)  ,?■>  through  his  oration  thus:— "J  Irit 
wiiHtOTt-T  i-vil  reports  liad  pasfed  current  during  the 
liie-iime  of  the  worthy  matron  whom  thiy  bad  re- 
d'orcd  to  ihist  lliat  day,  Malice  herself  could  not 
d'liy  that  she  was  horti  well,  m.<m«'i  well,  (iced  well, 
and  ((ii<'d  well;  siu';'.-  she  was  born  iu  Shndwell, 
married  to  Crosswell,  lived  iu  Carabtrwell,  aud  died 
Is  BriuewcU.'"— "i'swrii  of  the  Peak,"  ch.  shv. 

Quondam  {Latin).  Formerly.  Wo 
say,  lie  is  a  quondam  schoolfelloio — my 
former  schoolfellow ;  My  quondam /rie7id. 
Till  ouondam  candidate,  &c.  ;  also  The 
qmnaam,  chancellor,  &c. 

My  quondam  barber,  but  "hia  worsltip"  now. 


Quo'rum.  Those  persons  essential 
to  make  up  a  committee  or  board.  Com- 
missions of  the  peace  are  addressed  to 
several  persons  by  name — say  five  or 
seven — of  which  (quo'rum)  some  two  or 
three  are  named  as  essential  to  form  the 
board,  and  without  whose  presence  no 
business  can  be  done.  Thus,  sujipose 
the  commission  to  be  named  A,  B,  C,  I), 
E,  kc,  it  would  nm — "  Of  these  I  wish 
A  to  bo  one  "  (quorum  aiiqv.em  vesti'vm 
unum  esse  volumus).  These  honoured 
names  are  called  "  Justices  of  the  Quo- 
rum." Slender  calls  Justice  Shallow 
ju.stice  of  the  peace  and  quorum. — Shale- 
speare,  "Merry  Wives  of  Winds'/r,"  i.  1. 

Quota  (Latin).  The  allotted  portion 
or  share ;  the  rate  assigned  to  each. 
Thus  we  say,  "  Every  man  is  to  pay  his 
quota  towards  the  feast." 

Quotem  (Caleb).  A  parish  clerk  and 
Jack -of -all -trades,  in  "The  Wags  of 
Windsor,"  by  Col  man. 


R 

E,  in  prescriptions.  Tlio  ornamental 
part  of  tills  letter  is  the  symbol  of  Jupiter 
(il),  under  whose  special  protection  all 
medicines  were  placed.  The  letter  itself 
{Recipe,  take)  and  its  flourish  may  be 
thus  paraphrased:  "Under  the  good 
auspices  of  Jove,  the  patron  of  medi- 
cit^es,  take  the  following  drugs  in  tho 
proportions  set  down."  It  has  been 
suggested  that  the  symbol  is  for  Respnn- 
siun  Raphatlis,  from  tho  assertion  of  Dr. 
Napier,  and  other  physicians  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  that  the  angel  Ea- 
phael  imparted  them. 

R  is  called  the  dog-letter,  because  a 
dog  in  snarling  utters  the  letter  r-r-r-r, 
rr,  r-r-r-r-r,  kc. — sometimes  preceded 
hy  a  g. 

Irritata  canig  quod  KR  quam  plurima  dlcat. 

[Rj  that's  the  doa's  nam°.    It  is  for  the  rioi?. 

Shakespcart,  "  Jivmeo  and  Juuet,"  ii.  4. 

The  three  R's.  Sir  William  Curtis  bein^ 
asked  to  give  a  toast  said,  "I  will  g^ve 
you  the  three  li's— writing,  reading,  and 
arithmetic." 

The  Hoi:<:e  is  aware  that  no  payment  is  m.-ultt 
except  on  the  "threu  It's."— .l/r.  Corry.  J/,^.,  AJUi-tU 
to  the  House  ef  Commoru,  Fel*.  iilh,  ISw/- 


R.I.P.     licquiescai  in  puci. 


n.  M.  T. 


RiVCES, 


rsi 


B.  M.  T.  Id  the  roign  of  William  III. 
all  child-stealors  (compraxhios)  appre- 
hended were  branded  with  red-hot  iron  : 
R  (rogue)  ou  the  shoulders  ;  M  (man- 
slayer)  on  the  right  hand  ;  and  T  (thief) 
on  the  left. 

Rab'afi^as.  A  detnag-ojjue  in  th« 
kingdom  of  king  of  Jlonaco.  lie  was 
won  over  to  the  court  party  by  being 
invited  to  dine  at  the  palace.— J/.  Har- 
clou,  "  Rahagas"  (187-). 

V.  abbi  Abron  of  Trent.  A  fictitious 
sago,  and  wonderful  linguist,  "  who  knew 
the  nature  of  all  manner  of  herbs,  beasts, 
and  minerals." — "  Reynard  Ih-e  Fox,"  xli. 

Rabbi  Bar-Cocll'ba,  in  the  reign 
of  the  emperor  Hadrian,  made  the  Jews 
believe  that  he  was  the  Jlessiah,  becatise 
he  had  the  art  of  breathing  fire. — Beck- 
matin,  "  Uislwy  of  Invenlions." 

Rabbit.  A  Welsh  ralbil.  Toasted 
cheese,  or  rather  bread  and  cheese 
toasted  together.  A  corruption  of  "rare- 
bit," meaning  a  tit-bit  or  delicious 
morsel. 

Rab'elaia.  The  English  Rabelais. 
Swift,  Sterne,  and  Thomas  Amory  have 
all  been  so  called.  Voltaire  calls  Swift  so. 

T/ie  modern  Rabelais.  William  llagiuu. 
(171»-i- 18-12.) 

Rabelais'  Dodge.  Rabelais  one  day  was 
at  a  country  inn,  and  finding  he  had  no 
money  to  i)ay  his  score,  got  himself  ar- 
rested as  a  traitor  v;ho  was  forming  a 
project  to  poison  the  princes.  He  was 
immediately  sent  to  Paris  and  bror.ght 
before  the  magisli'ates ;  but  as  no  tittle 
of  evidence  was  fovmd  against  him,  was 
liberated  forthwith.  By  tliis  artifice  he 
not  only  got  out  of  his  difficulty  at  the 
inn,  but  he  also  got  back  to  Paris  free  of 
expense.     Fathered  on  Tarleton  also. 

Rabelaisian  Licence.  The  wild 
grotesque  of  Rabelais,  whether  in  words 
cr  artistic  illustrations. 

Rabiea'no  or  Rahican.  The  name 
of  Astolpho's  horse.  Its  sire  was  Wind, 
and  its  dam  Fire.  It  fed  ou  unearthly 
food. — "  Orlando  Furioso." 

Argalia's  steed  in  '■  Orlando  Inamo- 
rato "  is  called  by  the  same  name- 

Raboin  or  Rahdno  (French;.  The 
devil ;  so  called  from  the  Spanish  ndio,  a 
tail.  lu  the  mediteval  ages  it  was  vul- 
garly asserted  that  the  Jews  were  boru 


with  tails  ;  this  arose  from  a  confusion  of 
the  word  rabbi  or  rabbins  with  raboin  or 
rabuino. 

Kab'sheka,  in  the  satire  of  "Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,"  by  Dryden  and 
Tate,  is  meant  for  Sir  Thomas  Player. 
Rab-shakeh  was  the  oflicer  sent  by  Senna- 
cherib to  summon  the  Jews  to  surrender, 
and  ho  told  them  insolently  that  resist- 
ance was  in  vain  (2  Kings  xviii.). 

Next  him,  let  railing  Kiihsheka  have  placo — 
So  full  of  leal,  he  has  no  need  of  grace.    (It.  IL) 

Raby  [Axu-ora).  The  model  of  this 
exquisite  sketch  was  Miss  Slillbank,  as 
she  appeared  to  lord  Byron  when  he 
first  knew  her.  Miss  Millpond  (a  little 
further  on  in  the  same  canto)  is  the 
same  I-ady  after  marriage.  In  Canto  I., 
Donna  Inez  is  an  enlarged  photograph  of 
the  same  person.  Lord  Byron  dcscril'cs 
himself  in  the  first  instance  under  the 
character  of  Don  Juan,  and  in  the  last  as 
Don  Jose. 

Races.  Gocdicwd  Races.  So  called 
from  Goodwood  Park,  in  which  they  are 
held.  They  begin  the  last  Tuesday  of 
July,  and  continue  four  days,  of  which 
Thursday  (the  "cup-day")  is  the  princi- 
pal. These  races  are  very  select,  and 
admirably  conducted.  Goodwood  Park 
was  purchased  by  Charles,  first  duke  of 
Richmond,  of  the  Comptun  family,  then 
resident  in  East  Lav'ant,  a  village  two 
miles  north  of  Chichester. 

The  seven  annual  race  meetings  at  Neit- 
mnrket.  (1)  The  Craven  ;  (2)  first  sj>ring; 
(?))  second  spring ;  (4)  July  ;  (.5)  first 
October ;  (tj)  second  October ;  (7)  the 
Houghton. 

The  Epsom.  So  called  from  Epsom 
Downs,  where  they  are  held.  They  Last 
four  days. 

The  Derbi).  The  second  day  (Wednes- 
day) of  the  great  ;\[ay  meeting  at  Episoitj, 
in  Surrey  ;  so  called  from  the  earl  of 
Derby,  who  instituted  the  stakes  in  17S0. 

The  Oaks,  The  fourth  day  (Friday)  of 
the  great  Epsom  races  ;  so  called  from 
"  Lambert's  Oaks,"  erected  on  lease  by 
the  "Hunters'  Club."  The  O.aks  estate 
passed  to  the  Derby  family,  and  the 
twelfth  earl  established  the  stake 8  so 
called. 

Si.  Leger,  The  great  Doncaster  raoe ; 
so  called  from  colonel  St.  Leger,  who 
founded  the  stakes  in  177G. 

Aacol,  held  ou  Attcot  lloatbj  in  Derk^. 


732 


RAC11ADEH3. 


RADICAL. 


Raeh'fiders.  The  second  tribe  of 
giants  or  evil  Kcnii,  who  had  frequently 
made  the  earth  siiliject  to  tlicir  kings, 
but  wore  ultimately  punished  by  Shiva 
and  Vishnoo.— I ndiaii  mijtlLolog'j, 

Kache.  A  "  setter,"  or  rather  a  dog 
that  hunts  wild  boasts,  birds,  and  even 
fishes  by  scent.  The  female  is  called  a 
hrache—i.e.,  bitch-rache.  (Saxon,  race', 
French,  hraqve.) 

A  le.v?he  of  ratobes  to  ronne  an  horo.— SAeJton 

**  J/iyrii/i.e.-iM  " 

Hack.  Vapour,  ruiu,  naught.  (Dan- 
ish, r(i[;;  Swedi.sh,  rack;  German,  rauch  ; 
Saxou,  reac.  Thus,  rack  and  ruin,  yjus 
to  rack  ) 

The  cimid-capried  towers,  the  gorjeo;'S  pn.!accs 
Till-  soUmn  ti'mples,  tlie  gre:ii  glo!.o  itseil, 
Yea,  all  whicli  it  iuhenf  j  shall  dissoire  ; 
And    ..  leave  not  a  rack  bohiiiJ 

HhaktsiKure ,  "  Tempest,'  tv.  1. 

Hack.  The  instrument  of  torture  so 
called  was  a  frame  in  which  a  man  was 
fastened,  and  his  arms  and  legs  were 
stretched  till  the  body  was  lifted  by  the 
tension  several  inches  from  the  Hoor. 
Not  unfrequently  the  limbs  were  forced 
tliereliy  out  of  their  sockets.  Coke  says 
that  tlie  rack  was  first  introduced  into 
the  Tower  by  the  duke  of  Exeter,  con- 
stable of  the  Tower  in  1447,  whence 
it  was  called  the  "  duke  of  Exeter's 
daughter."     (See  lUcK-RiiNT. ) 

Hack  and  manger.     Housekeeping. 

To  lag  at  rack  and  manger.  To  live  at 
reckless  expense.  Here  "at"  means 
out,  as  in  the  proverb  "strain  at  a  gnat 
and  swallow  a  camel." 

When  Vir'u''  wns  a  country  Tnaide, 
And  ha  1  no  skUl  to  set  up  fiade. 
She  came  up  with  a  carrier's  jade, 
And  lay  at  rack  and  mauger 

"  Li/e  0/  livbiii  Gooa/Mow."  (182S.> 

Rack-Rent.      The  actual  value  or 
rent  of  a  tenement,  and  not  that  modi- 
fied form  on  which  the  rates  and  taxes  , 
are   usually   levied.     (Saxon,    rwcati     to   ; 
stretch;  Dutch,  ractei.) 

Racket.  Noise  or  confusion,  like  thtt  • 
of  persons  playing  racket  or  tennis.  I 

Racy.    Having  distinctive  piquancy,  | 

as   racg  wine.      It  was  first  applied   to  I 

wine,   and,  according  to  Cowley,  comes  | 

to  us  from  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  I 
ra«  (root),  meaning  having  a  radical  or 

('tetinct  flavo'jr ;    but   probably  it  's  a  ' 


corruption  of  "relisby,"  French  reltcfJ 

(flavorotis). 

Hlch  rai?y  vense,  in  whicn  we  •?« 
The  foil  from  which  ihe;  come,  tiute,  smell,  and  ecc. 

Cowiei/. 

Racg  SigU.  Piquant  eomposition,  the 
very  opposite  of  mawkish. 

RadclifFe  Library  (Orford). 
Founded  by  Dr.  John  liadcliiTo,  of 
V/akefield,  Yorkshire.     (1650-1714.) 

M'hen  kini;  William  [111.)  ronaulted  rKadchffe) 
oil  his  swollen  ancleu  and  thin  holy,  KadclifTc  ea'  I 
"  i  W(ji!ld  Diit  have  your  m  ije'ty'i  two  l-gs  for  your 
three  kingdoms."— Zrfiyh  Hunt,  Tht"  Town,"  c\\.  xi, 

Radegaste.  A  tutelary  god  of  the 
Slavi.  The  bead  was  that  of  a  cow,  the 
breast  was  covered  with  an  ffigis,  the  left 
hand  held  a  spear,  and  a  cock  sur- 
mounted its  helmet. — Slavonic  mytko- 
logy. 

Rad'egund.  Queen  of  the  Ani'.i- 
zons,  "half  like  a  man."  Getting  the 
better  of  Sir  Art'egal  in  a  single  combat, 
slie  compels  him  to  dress  in  "woman's 
weeds,"  with  a  white  apron  before  him, 
and  to  spin  flax.  Crit'omart,  being  in- 
formed of  his  captivity  by  Talus,  goes  to 
the  rescue,  cuts  off  the  Amazon's  head, 
and  liberates  her  knight.  —  Spenser, 
*^  J'hi'rg  Queen,"  bk.  v.  4-7. 

St.  Radegonde  or  Radegund,  wife  of  Clo- 
thaire,  king  of  Prance. 

St.  Radegonde  s  Lifted  Stone.  A  stone 
sixty  feet  in  circuiuference,  placed  ou 
five  supporting  stones,  said  by  the  his- 
torians of  Poilou  to  have  been  so  arranged 
in  1478,  to  commemorate  a  great  fair  held 
on  the  spot  in  the  October  of  that  year. 
The  country  people  insist  lliat  queeu 
Radegonde  brought  the  impost  stone  on 
her  head,  and  the  five  uprights  in  her 
apron,  and  arranged  them  all  with  her 
own  hands  as  they  appear  to  this  day. 

Radevore  (3  syl.),  tapestry,  a  pat- 
tern. 

TIds  woful  lady  ylern'd  hnd  in  youihe 
Bo  that  she  worken  and  embrowden  kouthe. 
And  weven  in  stole  [the  loom]  the  radeTore, 
As  iiyL  of  woniiuen  iiad  be  wove.l  vnre. 

Ctiauetr 

Rad'ieal.  ah  ultra-liberal,  verging 
on  republican  opinions.  The  term  was 
first  applied  as  a  party  name  in  1818  to 
Henry  Hunt,  ilajor  Cartwright,  and 
others  of  the  same  clique,  who  wished  to 
introduce  radical  reform  in  the  repre- 
sentative system,  and  not  merely  to 
disfranchise  and  enfranchise  a  borough 
or  two.  Lord  Bolingbroke,  in  his  "Dis- 
courses   on    Parties,"    says,    "  Such    a 


RAO. 


RAIN. 


remedy  might  have  wrought  a  radical 
cure  of  the  evil  that  threatens  our  con- 
stitution."    (Letter  xviii.) 

Ra-g.  A  tatter,  hence  a  remnant, 
hence  a  vagabond  or  ragamufrin. 

La»h  hoBce  Dice  overweenin?  ro?8  of  Trincf . 
ahaktapeart,  "  Richard  111,"  t.  S. 

Rag.     A  cant  term  for  a  farthing. 

/^nfy  hy  me?    Heart  and  good-will  you  mi^ht. 
But  surely,  majiter.  not  a  rag  of  nnji  ey. 

Slutktipeart.  ' (Jovadti  o/Jinori,"  if.  <. 

Rank  Pride  may  he  seen  peering  Ihrovrjh 
the  rwjt  of  Antis'lhenes'  doublet.  Antis- 
thenes  was  the  founder  of  the  Cynic 
Bchool  in  Athens,  and  affected  the  ut- 
most indifference  to  dress.  He  wore  a 
coarse  r.igged  cloak,  and  carried  a  wallet 
and  staff  like  a  beggar.  It  was  Socrates 
who  said  ho  could  see  Rank  Pride  peering 
through  the  holes  of  Antisthcnes'  rags. 

Rags  and  Jags.  Rags  and  tatters. 
A  jagged  edge  ia  one  that  is  toothed. 
(Cieruian,  zacken,  a  jag.) 

Hirk,  hark  I  the  dogs  do  bark  : 
The  beggars  are  coming  to  town. 

Some  in  ra>;s  and  some  in  jags, 
And  some  in  silken  go-.vn. 

Xursery  rhyme. 

Ragamufna  (French,  nuvoujle).  A 
miij/'  or  mufKn  ia  a  poor  thing  of  a 
creature,  a  "  regular  muflf; "  so  that 
a    ragarnufJin    is    a    sorry    creature    in 

rMars 

I  have  led  my  rammnffini  where  thij  ure  pep- 
pered. -  ^hiikespeare.  "  1  Ihnri/  I  V,"  y.  3. 

Ragged  -  Robin.  A  wild-flower. 
The  word  is  tised  by  Tennyson  to  mean  a 
{iretty  damsel  in  ragged  clothes. 

The  prince 
llaih  picked  »  ra/sed-robin  imm  the  hPd»e. 
Tinnytoi:,  "  Id'jilt  of  the  King  "  {Enid;. 

Raghu.  A  legendary  king  of  Oude, 
belonging  to  the  dyna.sty  of  the  Sun. 
The  poem  called  the  liaghu-vansa,  in 
nineteen  cantos,  gives  the  history  of 
these  mythic  kings. 

Ragi'nis.  Nymjihs  who  preside  over 
music.  —  Jniiian  mijiholtigy. 

Ragman  Roll  originally  meant  the 
roll  of  Itigimund,  a  legate  of  Scotland, 
who  compelled  all  the  clergy  to  give  a 
true  account  of  their  benefices,  that  they 
might  be  taxed  at  Rome  accordingly. 
Bubsoiiuently  it  was  applied  to  the  four 
great  rolls  of  parchment  recording  the 
acts  of  fealty  and  homage  done  by  the 
Bcotcb  uobility  to  Edward  I.  in  121'6; 


thcsd  four  rolls  consisted  of  tbirty-fivo 
pieces  sewn  together.  The  originals 
perished,  but  a  record  of  them  is  pro- 
served  in  the  Rolls  House,  Chancery  La.no. 

Ragnarbk  (iKilijht  of  the  godt).  The 
day  of  doom,  when  the  present  worM 
and  all  its  inhabitants  will  be  annihi- 
lated. Vidar  and  Vali  will  survive  the  con- 
flagration, and  reconstruct  the  universe 
on  an  imperishable  basis. — Sca7idinavian 
mylhologi/. 

And,  Frithlof.  may's*  thou  sleep  a»ay 
TUl  Kagnnnik.  if  such  thy  wilL 

J'l-ithiof-Saga,  "  FriUiiofi  Jet." 

Ragout  is  something  "more-ish," 
something  you  will  be  served  twice  to 
(Latin,  re-giLSlus,  XasXqH  again;  French, 
re-goule). 

Ra'han  (holy  man).  The  Pali  word 
for  a  niouk. 

RallU.  The  demon  that  causes 
eclipses.  One  day  Rahu  stole  into  Val- 
halla to  quaff  some  of  the  nectar  of  im- 
mortality. He  was  discovered  by  the 
Sun  and  Moon,  who  informed  against  him, 
and  Vishnu  cut  off  his  head.  As  he  had 
already  taken  some  of  the  nectar  into 
his  mouth,  the  head  was  immortal,  and 
ever  afterwards  huutel  the  Sun  and 
Moon,  which  caught  occasionally,  causing 
eclijises. — Hindu,  mytlcology. 

Railway  King.  George  Hudson, 
of  Yorkshire,  chairman  of  the  Nortn 
Midland  Company,  and  for  a  time  tho 
Dictator  of  the  Railway  Speculations. 
In  one  day  he  cleared  the  large  sum  of 
£100, OOU.  It  was  the  Rev,  Sydney 
Smith  who  gave  him  this  designatiou 
(1800-1871). 

Rain.  To  rain  cats  and  dogs  In 
Northern  mythology  the  cat  is  supposed 
to  have  great  influence  on  the  weather, 
and  English  sailors  still  say,  "The  cat 
has  a  gale  of  wind  in  her  tail,"  when  she 
is  unusually  frisky.  Witches  that  rode 
upon  the  storms  were  said  to  assume  the 
form  of  cats  ;  and  the  stormy  north- we.st 
wind  is  called  the  cal's-nose  in  the  Harz 
even  at  the  present  day. 

The  dog  is  a  signal  of  wind,  like  the 
wolf,  both  which  animals  were  attendants 
of  Odin,  the  storm-god.  In  old  Gorman 
pictures  the  wind  is  figured  as  tho  "  head 
of  a  dog  or  wolf,"  from  which  blasto 
ii^sue. 

The  cat  tberoforo  symbQligos  the  dowv- 


734 


RAINBOW, 


RAMEE  SAMEE. 


ponrinnf  rain,  nnd  tho  dncj  the  strong 
gusts  of  wiiul  wliich  accompany  a  rain- 
Btonn  ;  and  a  "rain  of  cats  and  dogs"  is 
A  heavy  rain  with  wind.  (Set  Cat  and 
Dog.) 
Rainbow.    {See  Circle  of  Ulloa.) 

Rainy  Day.    Evil  times. 

Lay  by  something  for  a  rainy  day.  Save 
Bomething  ag'ainst  evil  times;  provide 
for  days  of  ill-fortune. 

Raise  the  Wind.  To  obtain  ready 
money  by  hook  or  crook.  A  sea  phrase. 
What  wind  is  to  a  ship,  money  is  to  com- 
merce. 

Rajah.  (Sanskrit  for  king,  cognate 
with  the  Latin  reg'  or  rex.)  Maha-rajah 
means  tho  "Great  rajah." 

Rak'shas.  Evil  spirits  who  guard 
the  treasuresof  Kuveia,  thegodofriches. 
They  haunt  cemeteries,  and  devour  hu- 
man beings  ;  assume  any  shape  at  will, 
and  their  strength  increases  as  the  day 
declines.  Some  are  hideously  uglj',  but 
others,  especially  the  female  spirits,  al- 
lure by  their  beauty. — Hindu  mylhology, 

Raleigh.  Sir  Walter  Scott  intro- 
Quccs  in  "  Kenilworth"  the  tradition  of 
his  laying  down  his  cloak  on  a  miry  spot 
for  the  queen  to  step  on. 

Hark  ye.  Master  Raleigh,  see  thou  fail  not  to 
wear  'liy  itmddy  cloak,  iu  token  of  reniteiice,  till 
our  pleasure  he  further  known.— Sir  Waller  iscoU, 
"  lieiiiluorih."  eh.  xv. 

Rally  is  re-alligo,  to  bind  together 
again.  (French,  re-lier.)  In  Spenser  it 
is  spelt  re-allie — 

Before  thej  could  nen  coaerls  re-allie. 

"  Faerii  yuMn. ' 

Ralph  or  Ralpho.  The  squire  of 
Hudibras.  The  model  was  Isaac  Robin- 
son, a  zealous  butcher  in  Moorfields, 
always  contriving  some  queer  art  of 
church  government.  He  represents  the 
Jnilf|j<Mi(i('ia  party,  and  Hudibras  the 
Presby torian.   Khy uies  with  halj  and  $afe. 

Hi'  WIS  htneelf  under  the  tyranny  nf  scniptei  M 
nnreB»onalle  as  those  of  ....  Kalphc— Ji  iciuiui/.: 

Ralph  Roister  DoUter.  The  title  of  the 
earliest  Englisli  comedy ;  so  called  from 
the  chief  character.  Written  by  Nicholas 
Udall.    (16th  century.) 

Ram.  The  usual  prize  at  wrestling 
matches.  Thus  Chaucer  says  of  his 
Mellere,  "At  wrastlj-nge  he  wolde  here 
away  llie  ram." — "Canterbury  Tales" 
{Prologue,  550). 


Ram  and  Teazle,  a  pnVjlic-house 
sign,  is  in  compliment  to  tho  Clothiers' 
Company.  The  ran,  with  tho  golden 
fleece  is  emblematical  of  wool,  and  the 
teazle  is  used  for  raising  the  nap  of  wool 
spun  and  woven  into  cloth. 

Ram.  Feast.  May  morning  is  so 
called  at  Ilolne,  near  Dartmoor,  because 
on  that  day  a  ram  is  run  down  in  tho 
"  Ploy  Field."  It  is  roasted  whole  with 
its  skin  and  fur,  close  by  a  granite 
pillar.  At  mid-day  a  scramble  takes 
place  for  a  slice,  which  is  supposed  to 
bring  luck  to  those  who  got  it.  This  is 
a  relic  of  Baal-worship  in  England. 

Rama.  There  are  three  Indian 
deities  so  called — all  gods  incarnate  of 
surpassing  beauty  :  one  seems  to  resem- 
ble Bacchus  and  his  exploits  in  India; 
another  may  be  termed  the  Indian  Mars  ; 
and  the  third  is  the  sixth  incarnation  of 
the  god  Vishnu,  whose  wife  was  Sita. 

Rama-YaHa.  The  history  of  Rami, 
the  best  great  epic  poem  of  ancient  India, 
and  worthy  to  be  ranked  with  the  "  Iliad" 
of  Homer. 

Ram'adan.  The  ninth  month  of 
the  Mahometan  year,  and  the  Mussul- 
man's Lent  or  Holy  month. 

November  is  the  tinaioial  Ramadan  of  the  Bub- 
lime  Porte.— The  TiiM>. 

That  is,  when  the  Turkish  government 
promises  all  kinds  of  financial  reforms 
and  curtailments  of  national  expenses. 

Ramasa'ni's  Feast.  The  Turkish 
or  JIahoiiietan  "Lent."  Also  called 
"  Ramazan"  or  "Ramadan"  (q.v.). 

Rambouillet.  IKtel  de  Ramhouillet. 
The  reunion  of  rank  and  literary  genius 
on  terms  of  equality :  a  coterie  where 
sparkling  wit  with  polished  manners  pre- 
vails, Tho  marquise  de  Rambouillet,  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  reformed  the 
French  soirees,  and  purged  them  of  the 
gross  morals  and  licentious  conversation 
which  at  that  time  prevailed.  The  pre- 
sent good  taste,  freedom  withovit  licen- 
tiousness, wit  without  double  entendre, 
equality  without  familiarity,  was  due  to 
this  illustrious  Italian.  The  "Pr^cienses 
Ridicules"  of  Moliere  was  a  satire  on  her 
imitators,  without  her  talent  and  good 
ta.ste.  Catharine  marquise  de  Ram- 
bouillet.   (15SS-1665.) 

Ramee  Samee.  Tho  conjuror  who 
■wallowed  swords,  and  could  twist  hici 


RAMESCIINE. 


RAP. 


736 


Bolf  into  a  knot  as  if    be  had  ucillior 
bones  nor  joints. 

Ramesch'ne  (3  syl.).  A  good 
gfenius  of  the  Parsis,  whoso  charge  was 
to  watch  over  tho  well-being  of  man. — 
Persian  mylhology. 

Eam'eses  (3  syl.).  The  title  of  an 
ancient  Ef/vptiaa  dynasty;  it  means 
Offqyi-ing  of  Ike  ISiui.  This  title  was  first 
assumed  towards  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  dynasty,  and  ran  throutrh 
tho  nineteenth.  Kamescs  III.  is  called 
llhanipsini'tos  by  Ilerod'otos.  Sosostris 
is  sujiposed  to  bo  identical  with  Eameses 
the  Great.     (Eses,  i.e.,  Isis.) 

Ram'iel  (2  syl.).  Ono  of  the  fallen 
angels  cast  out  of  heaven.  Tho  word 
means  One  that  exalts  himself  against  God. 

Raminago'bris.  A  cat;  a  vile  poet. 
La  Fontaine  in  several  of  his  fables  gives 
this  name  to  the  cat.  lialtelais  under 
this  name  satirises  Guillaume  Cretin,  an 
old  French  poet  in  tho  reigns  of  Charles 
VIII.,  Lr.uis  XII.,  and  Fran9ois  J.— 
Rabelais,  "  J^uii/n'/rii/f!"  iii.  21. 

Eampanian.  A  term  of  contempt; 
probably  it  means  a  rampant  or  wanton 
woman ;  hence  in  "A  New  Trick  to  Cheat 
the  Devil "  (1G39)  we  have  this  line : 
"  And  bold  rampalliandike,  svvoar  and 
drink  drunk." 

Awav,  you  Bcullion  !  you  rompallian  I  you  fus'I- 
Iftri.iu  !  I'll  tickle  your  c&ta.itrui,h'<i.—Shukeapeuii, 
"i  lUnry  IV.,"  ii.  1. 

Eamsay  the  Eicli.  Ramsay  used 
to  bo  called  the  Croesus  of  our  English 
abbeys.  It  had  only  sixty  monks  of  tho 
Benedictine  order  to  maintain,  and  its 
revenues  allowed  £1,000  a  year  to  tho 
abbot,  and  £100  a  year  for  each  of  its 
monks. 

David  Ramsay,  Tho  old  watchmaker 
near  Temple  Bar. 

Margaret  liamsay.  His  daughter,  who 
becomes  tho  bride  of  lord  Nigel. — Sir 
Waller  Scott,  "Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Ramsbottom  (Mrs.).  A  vile  speller 
of  the  (.Queen's  Kiigli.sh.  It  was  tho  sig- 
nature of  Tiicodore  Hook  in  his  letters 
puhlishod  in  tho  John  JJull  newspaiier, 
1829. 

Ha'na.  Goddess  of  tho  sea,  and  wife 
of  the  Boa-god  Aeger.  —  Scandinavian 
mglhology. 

"  May  Ran:»  Icaep  them  in  the  dctp. 

Ab  18  her  wont. 
And  uo  one  save  tliem  from  the  Rrarc," 

Criod  llfluelionL 

frUhiof-SasA,"  Tha  BanUhmtnt." 


Randem-Tandem.  A  tandem  o( 
three  hor.ses. —  University  term. 

Random  {Rodtrick).  A  young  Scotch 
sca[iegrace  in  quest  of  fortune  ;  at  ono 
time  basking  in  prosjterity,  at  another  in 
utter  destitution.  He  is  led  into  dif- 
fcrent  countries,  whose  peculiarities  are 
described ;  and  into  all  sorts  of  society, 
as  that  of  wits,  sharpers,  courtiers, 
courtezans,  and  so  on.  Though  occa- 
sionally lavish,  ho  is  inherently  mean; 
and  though  possessing  a  dash  of  humour, 
is  contenijitilily  revengeful.  Ilis  treat- 
ment of  Strap  is  revolting  to  a  generous 
I  mind.  Strap  lends  him  money  in  his 
necessity,  but  the  heartless  Roderick 
'  wastes  the  loan,  treats  Strap  as  a  mere 
•  servant,  fleeces  him  at  dice,  and  cutfs 
him  when  the  game  is  &iX\<iTse.— Smollett, 
"Roderick  Random." 

Ranks.  Risen  from  the  ranks.  From 
mean  origin  ;  a  self-made  man.  A  mili- 
tary term  applied  to  an  officer  who  onoo 
served  as  a  private  soldier. 

Rank  and  File.  Altogether,  every 
one.  The  rank  is  the  depth,  and  the 
file  the  length  of  marching  soldiers. 
The  "rank  men"  stand  shoidder  by 
shoulder,  the  "  file  men"  stand  beliind 
each  other.  Thus  100  men  four  deep 
would  be  twenty-five  files  ranged  four  in 
a  row  (in  four  ranks). 

Ran'tipole  (3  syl.).  A  harum-scarum 
fellow,  a  mad-cap  ^"l)utcl^,  randten,  to  be 
in  a  state  of  idiotcy  or  insanity,  and  pole, 
a  head  or  person.)  The  late  emperor 
(Napoleon  III.)  was  called  liantipole,  for 
liis  escapades  at  Strasbourg  and  15ou- 
logue.  In  1852,  I  myself  saw  a  man 
commanded  by  the  police  to  leave  Paris 
within  twenty-four  hours  for  calling  his 
dog  Rantipole. 

Dick  be  a  little  r.intipolish Colm.in,  "  Ileir-<itLau.' 

Ranz  des  Vaches.  Simple  melo- 
dies i)layed  by  the  Swiss  mouiitaiueora 
on  their  Alp-horn  whmi  they  drive  their 
herds  to  pasture,  or  call  them  honii>  (/our 
ranger  dcs  vaches  to  bring  the  cows  to 
their  place.) 

Rap.  Not  nnrth  a  rap.  The  rap  was 
a  base  halfpenny,  intrinsically  W(irth 
about  half  a  farthing,  issued'  for  the 
nonce  in  Ireland  in  1721,  because  small 
coin  was  so  very  scarce.  Tiiere  was 
also  a  coin  in  Switzerland  called  a  rappt, 
worth  the  seventh  of  a  penny. 


736 


RAPE. 


RVSIiLEIcri   OSBALDISTONE. 


Rapedsyl.).  The  division  of  a  connty. 
Sussex  is  divided  iuto  six  rapes,  eacli  of 
which  has  its  river,  forest,  and  castle. 
Repp  is  Norwef;ian  for  a  parish  district, 
end  rape  in  Doomsday-book  is  used  for 
A  district  under  military  jurisdiction. 
The  Saxon  rdp,  like  the  Greek  tchoinos, 
sifj-nitios  not  oi\ly  a  rope,  but  also  a 
measure  of  land.     (.S'«  Uidinq.  ) 

HApIl'ael.  The  sociable  archanp^'el 
who  travelled  with  Tobi'.as  into  MeV.ia 
and  back  again,  iustructiug  him  on  the 
way  now  to  marry  iSara  and  to  dnvo 
away  the  wicked  s[)irit.  Milton  intro- 
duees  him  as  sent  by  God  to  advertise 
Adam  of  his  danger.  {See  Seven  Spirits.) 

Uapliael,  the  eociable  scirit  thit  lieiened 
To  travel  with  Tul.ias,  and  securel 
llij  marriage  witb  the  ge\eii-i|:ne-wed  led  wifo. 
"  FaradUi  Loit,"  V. 

Raphael,  according  to  Longfellow,  is 
tlie  angel  of  the  Sun,  who  brings  to  man 
tl  e  "gift  of  faith." 

I  am  the  ani?el  of  the  Sun, 

\Vhosi>  fl  imiug  wheels  bpgan  to  run 

Wlien  God  Ahnighty'n  breath 
8aid  10  Hie  d'lrkness  anl  tl>«  eight 
"Let  there  be  li^'lit."aud  there  was  lijht.— 

I  hriiii!  ihe  ?ift  of  fa'th- 
••  Gulden  Leutnd"  (77m  Miruda  Play,  >"•>• 

St.  Raphael,  the  archangel,  is  usually 
distinguished  in  Christian  art  by  a  pil- 
grim's staff,  or  carrying  a  fish,  in  allusion 
to  his  aiding  Tobias  to  capture  the  fish 
which  performed  the  miraculous  cure  of 
his  father's  eye-sight. 

The  French  Raphael.  Eustace  Lesuour. 
(1G17-1655.) 

The  Raphael  of  Cats.  Godefroi  Mind, 
a  Swiss  painter,  noted  for  his  cats.  (1763- 
lSl-1.) 

Kapparee'.  A  wild  Irish  plunderer, 
eo  called  from  his  being  armed  with  a 
rapary  or  half-pike. 

Rappee.  A  coarse  species  of  snuff, 
manufactured  from  dried  tobacco  by  an 
instrument  called  in  French  a  rdpe, 
"instrument  en  metal  perce  deplusieurs 
trous,  dont  on  se  sert  pour  r^duire  les 
corps  en  pulpe  ou  en  fragments.  On  se 
sert  surtout  de  la  rape  dans  les  manages, 
pour  le  sucre,  le  chocolat,  la  poivre ;  et 
dans  les  usines,  pour  le  tabac,  les  bette- 
raves,  les  pommes  de  terre  qu'on  re'duit 
en  fecule,  &c. — BouUlet,  "  Dictionnaire 
cUs  /Sciences." 

Ha'ra  A'vls  (Latin,  a  retre  bird).  A. 
j'benomenop  ;    a  prodigy ;  a  somethiug 


quite  out  of  the  common  course.  Black 
Bwans  are  now  familiar  to  us;  they  are 
natives  of  Australia,  and  have  given  its 
name  to  the  "  Swan  River."  The  black 
swan  is  not  uncommon  in  our  own  island 

Kara  aric  is  terris  uigroqae  gimillima  c^cdo. 
Juitiiai. 

Rare  Ben.  So  Sliakospeare  called 
Ben  Jonson,  the  dramatist.  (1574-1637.) 
Aubrey  says  that  this  inscription  on  his 
tablet  in  the  "Poets'  Corner,"  West- 
minster Abbey,  "was  done  at  the  charge 
of  Jack  Young  (afterwards  knighted), 
who,  walking  there  when  the  grave  was 
covering,  gave  the  fellow  eighteenpence 
to  cut  it."  At  the  late  relaying  of  the 
pavement,  this  stone  was  unhappily  re- 
moved. When  Sir  William  IJavenaut 
was  interred  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
the  inscription  on  his  covering-stone  was, 
"0  rare  Sir  William  Davenant" — showing 
how  nearly  the  sublime  and  the  ridiculous 
often  meet. 

Rascal  (Saxon).  A  lean,  worthless 
deer ;  metaphorically,  a  base  fellow. 
Hence  Shakespeare  says— "Horns!  the 
noblest  deer  hath  them  as  huge  as  the 
rascal."  Hollyband  gives  it  in  his  "  Dic- 
tionarie  "  as  the  translation  of  commune 
(1593).  Palsgrave  calls  a  starveling  ani- 
mal like  the  lean  kine  of  Pharaoh,  "a 
rascall  refus  beest"  (lo30).  Applied 
to  men  it  means  base,  sorry  jade.  The 
French  have  racaiile  (rilf-raff). 

CoiEe  jou  thin  thine;  come, roti  rascal. 

Shcikest'eiirt,  "  i  Henry  I V"  V.  i. 

Rascal  Counters.  Pitiful  or  paltrj 
£  s.  d.  Brutus  calls  money  paltry  com- 
pared with  friendship,  &c. 

When  Marcna  Brutus  grows  «o  coTetoiis 
To  lock  such  rascal  count'  ra  from  his  frioniti. 
Be  rea  iy,  cuds,  with  all  your  tbunder-boltn 
iiib  him  to  Pieces. 

Sh  ikefpeare,"  Jtiliut  Casar'it.  l. 

Rash.er.  A  slice,  as  a  rasher  of  b.icon, 
(Italian,  raschiare;  French,  raser;  Welsh, 
rhasg,  a  slice  or  shave  ;  Latin,  rasura 
lardi;  our  "razor,"  "erasure,"  &c.) 

Rashleigh  Osbaldistone.  An 
I  accomplished  but  deceitful  villain,  called 
"the  Scholar."  Ho  is  the  youngest  of 
the  six  hopeful  sons  of  Sir  Hildebrand 
Osbaldistone.  The  six  brothers  were 
nicknamed  "the  Sot,"  '-the  Bully,' 
"the  Gamekeeper,"  "the  Horse-jockey," 
"  the  Fool,"  and  the  crafty  "  Schr.la4'.' 
—Sir  Walter  Scott,  "Rob  Roy." 


RASIEL. 


RAVEN. 


Ra'Biel.  The  angel  who  was  the 
tator  of  Adam.— Talmud, 

Easkol'nik  (separatists).  So  dis- 
sonters  from  the  Greek  church  are  called 
in  Russia. 

Ilas'selas.  Prince  of  Abyssinia,  iu 
Dr.  Johnson's  romance  so  called. 

"  Kasselaa'  is  a  maiis  of  BSDge,  and  its  moral  prr- 
eepU  are  certaiulj  conveyed  in  btrikiu?  aii'l  liipp; 
language.  Tbemad  aetroiiomcrwhuiD-.aginrdlhat  ha 
posiieficed  the  regulation  of  the  wtratlxr  aud  t!ie  dis- 
irit'Utioii  of  Hie  seiscms.  is  an  ori;;iDil  chara-ter  in 
r<»inaric'; ;  nnd  t)ie  ]i!tppy  valley  in  wl;ich  Ka^iielaj 
reiidca  isaketcheJ  wilh  poetical  retrliu;.— i'o^"i2. 

Rat.  The  Egyptians  and  Phrygians 
deified  rats.  The  people  of  Basso'ra  and 
Canibay  to  the  present  time  forbid  their 
destruction.  In  Eyypt  the  rat  symbolised 
"  utter  destruction  ;"  it  also  symbolised 
"  judgment,"  because  rats  always  choobe 
the  best  bread  for  their  repast. 

Rat.  Pliny  tolls  us  (bk.  viii.,  ch.  57) 
that  the  Romans  drew  presages  from  these 
Buimals,  and  to  see  a  uLile  rat  foreboded 
good-fortune.  The  bucklers  at  LanuVium 
being  gnawed  by  rats  presaged  ill-fortunt;, 
and  the  battle  of  the  Marses,  fought  soon 
after,  confirmed  this  superstition.  Pro- 
serpine's veil  was  embroidered  with  rats. 

/risk  ruts  rltyiiud  to  death.  It  was  ouco 
a  prevalent  opinion  that  rats  in  pastur- 
ages could  be  extirpated  by  anathema- 
tising them  in  rhyming  verse  or  by  me- 
trical charms.  This  notion  is  frequently 
alluded  to  by  ancient  authors  :  thus  Uou 
Jonsou  says — "Rhyme  them  to  death, 
OS  they  do  Irish  rats"  ("Poetaster") ;  Sir 
Philip  Sidney  says — "  Though  I  will  not 
wish  unto  you  ....  to  be  rimed  to 
death,  as  is  said  to  be  done  in  Ireland  " 
("  Defence  of  Poesie");  and  Shakespeare 
makes  Rosalind  say — "  I  was  never  so  be- 
rhymed since  ....  I  was  an  Irish  rat"— 
alluding  to  the  Pythagore'an  doctrine  of 
the  transmigration  of  souls  ("  As  You 
Like  It,"  iii.  2).     {See  Charm.) 

/  smell  a  rat.  I  perceive  there  is  some- 
thing concealed  wiiich  is  mischievous. 
The  allusion  is  to  a  cat  smelling  a  rat. 

To  ral.    To  forsake  a  losing  side  foi 
the  stronger  party.     It  is  said  that  rats 
forsake  sliips  not  weather-proof.     A  rat 
is  one  who  rats  or  deserts  his  party. 
Avtrtini?.... 

The  cup  of  sorrow  from  thtir  llp«. 
And  Hy  like  rats  from  tiukiug  sbipi. 

Sicijl,  "  Hpittlt  (o  Mr.  S'ugtnl." 

Rat-killer.  Apollo  received  this  aris- 
tocratic sobriijuet  from  the  following  in- 
•wdent :—  Crinis,  one  of  bis  priests,  having 


neglected  bis  official  duties,  he  sent 
against  him  a  swarm  of  rats  and  mice; 
but  the  priest,  seeing  the  invaders  com- 
ing, repented  and  obtained  forgiveness 
of  the  god,  who  annihilated  the  swarms 
which  he  had  sent  with  his  far-darting 
arrows.  For  this  redoubtable  exploit 
the  svmeod  received  the  appellation  of 
Apollo  the  Rat-killer. — Class'ic  viylkology. 

Ratafia,  res  rata  JuU  (quo  I'affaire 
soil  couclue),  because  on  the  conclusion 
of  a  bargain  the  parties  take  together  a 
glass  of  liqueur.  A  delicious  etymon, 
equal  to  "golo&h,"  i.e.,  Goliath's  shoes. 

Rat'atosk-  The  squirrel  that  runs 
up  and  down  the  mythological  tree 
Yggd  1  asil'. — Scandinavian  mijihology. 

Ratten.  To  destroy  or  take  away  a 
workman's  tools,  or  otherwise  incapaci- 
tate him  from  doing  work,  for  not  payin<j 
bis  iiatti)  to  a  "benefit"  fund,  or  for 
having  olfended  a  trades  union.  Ratten- 
ing is  the  act  of  doing  this  ill  turn  (pro- 
bably eonnected  with)-a^«,"to  find  fault;" 
Swedish,  rata;  Icelandic,  reita,  to  chide. 
In  the  North,  the  word  rattle  means  to 
"punish,"  "thrash,"  "revile"). 

Rattlin  {Jack).  A  famous  naval 
character  in  Smollett's  "Roderick  Ran- 
dom." Tom  Bowling  is  another  nava' 
character  in  the  same  novel. 

Raul.  Sir  Raul  di  Xangis,  the  Hu- 
guenot, in  love  with  Valenti'ua,  daughter 
of  the  comte  de  St.  Bris,  governor  of  the 
Louvre.  Being  sent  for  by  Marguerite, 
he  is  offered  the  hand  of  Valentina  in 
marriage,  but  rejects  it,  because  ho  fan- 
cies she  is  betrothed  to  the  comte  de- 
Nevers.  Nevers  is  slain  in  the  Bartholo- 
mew massacre,  and  Valentina  confesses 
her  love  for  Raul.  The  two  are  vuiited 
by  Marcello,  an  old  Puritan  servant;  but 
scarcely  is  the  brief  ceremony  ended, 
when  both  are  shot  by  the  musketeers 
under  the  command  of  St.  Biis. — Meyty- 
beer,  ^'O'ti  i'goiiotti"  {an  opera). 

Rava'na,  according  to  Indian  my- 
thology, was  fastened  down  between 
heaven  and  earth  for  10,000  years  by 
Siva's  leg,  for  attempting  to  move  tht 
bill  of  heaven  to  Ceylon.  He  is  described 
as  a  demon-giant  with  ten  faces. — Hindu 
iixytliology. 

.Raven.  A  bird  of  ill  omen.  They 
are  said  to  forebode  death  and  bring  in- 
fecticn.      The  former  notion  arises  from 


7»e 


RAVEN. 


EAVENSWOOD. 


thoir  following  an  army  unrlorthe  expec- 
tation of  fiiidiiif,'  dead  bodies  to  raven 
on  ;  the  latter  notion  is  a  mere  off-boot 
of  the  fonnor,  seeing  pestilouce  kills  as 
fust  as  the  sword. 
Tlie  boilinpr  raven  on  lier  collage  gat, 
Au<i  with  hoarse  croakiiiF^s  nar.K'd  us  of  our  fate. 
(;..!/,  ••  I'aiturall  "  {the  Uirgr), 
J.ikc  the  BRil-prcFaging  raven  that  toU§ 
The  aick  inan't  passport  id  her  hollow  beak, 
And.  iji  the  shadow  of  the  Bileiit  niKht. 
Does  lihakc  contagiun  from  her  enble  wing. 

Jllnrlourt,  "  Jew  c/  Malta  "  (lij33). 

Raven.  Jovianus  Ponta'nus  relates 
two  skirmishes  between  ravens  and  kites 
near  Beneventnra,  which  prognosticated 
a  great  battle.  Nice'tas  speaks  of  a  skir- 
mish between  crows  and  ravens  as  pre- 
sagfing  the  irruption  of  the  Scythians 
into  Thrace.  He  also  tells  us  that  his 
friend  Mr.  Draper,  in  the  flower  of  his 
age  and  robust  health,  knew  he  was  at 
the  point  of  death,  because  two  r.avens 
flew  into  his  chamber.  Cicero  was  fore- 
warned of  his  death  by  the  fluttering  of 
ravens,  and  Macaulay  relates  the  legend 
that  a  raven  entered  the  chamber  of  the 
great  orator  the  very  day  of  his  murder, 
and  pulled  the  clothes  off  his  bed.  Like 
many  other  birds,  ravens  indicate  by 
their  cries  the  aj^proach  of  foul  weather, 
but  "  it  is  ful  unleful  to  beleve  that  God 
sheweth  his  prevy  counsayle  to  crowes, 
as  Isidore  sayth." 

lie  has  the  foresight  of  a  raven.  A  raven 
was  accounted  at  one  time  a  prophetic 
bird.     (See  above.) 

Of  inspired  birds  ravens  were  accounted  the  most 
prophetical.  AccordiQ^ly.  in  the  language  of  that 
dietrict,  "to  have  the  foresight  of  a  raveu"  is  to  thia 
dny  a  piOTerbial  expression.— .l/acniidiy,  "  lIUloij/  o/ 
at.  KtUtn,"  p.  174. 

Ravens  lock  famine.  When  a  flock  of 
ravens  forsake  the  woods  we  may  look 
for  famine  and  mortality,  because  "  ravens 
bear  the  characters  of  Saturn,  the  author 
of  these  calamities,  and  have  a  very 
early  perception  of  the  bad  disposition 
of  that  planet."  See  "Athenian  Oracle" 
(Supplement,  p.  47G). 

As  if  the  great  Kod  Jupiter  had  nothing  elst  to  doe 
lut  to  drjrve  about  jacke  dawci  and  ravcui.— Cor- 
neadet. 

The  ravens  vere  once  as  white  as  the 
swayis,  and  not  inferior  in  size ;  but  ona 
day  a  raven  told  Apollo  that  Coro'ni^,  a 
Thessalian  nymph  whom  he  passionately 
loved,  was  faithless,  and  the  god  shot 
the  nymph   with  Lis  dart;    but,  hating 
the  tell-t^le  bird- 
He  blacked  the  raven  o'er. 
And  lid  him  prate  in  his  whit*  plumts  no  mora 
Ad^uoii,  "  Trantlatioti  a/  OviJ,"  bk.  U. 


Ravens  in  Christian  Art.  Emblems  of 
God's  providence,  in  allusion  to  the  ravens 
which  fed  Elijah.  St.  Oswald  holds  in 
his  hand  a  raven  with  a  ring  in  its  mouth ; 
St.  Benedict  has  a  raven  at  his  feet ;  St. 
Paul  the  Hermit  is  drawn  with  a  raven 
brin;,'-ing  him  a  loaf  of  bread  ;  &c. 

The  "fatal  Raven,"  consecrated  to 
Odin,  the  Danish  war-god,  was  the  em- 
blem on  the  Danish  standard.  Thia 
raven  wa.s  said  to  be  possessed  of  ne- 
cromantic power.  The  standard  was 
termed  Landej/da  (the  desolation  of  the 
country),  and  miraculous  powers  were 
attributed  to  it.  The  fatal  raven  was 
the  device  of  Odin,  god  of  war,  and 
was  said  to  have  been  woven  and  em- 
broidered in  one  noontide  by  the  daugh- 
ters of  Regner  LodVjrok,  son  of  Sigurd, 
that  dauntless  warrior  who  chanted  his 
death-song  (the  Ivrakamal)  while  being 
stung  to  death  in  a  horrible  pit  filled 
with  deadly  serpents.  If  the  Danish 
arms  were  destined  to  defeat,  the  raven 
hung  his  head  and  drooped  his  wings  ; 
if  victory  was  to  attend  them,  he  stood 
erect  and  soaring,  as  if  inviting  the  war- 
riors to  follow. 

The  Danish  "'  Raven,"  lured  by  annual  prey, 
UuLg  o'er  the  land  inces.iant. 

Thomson,  "  Libertv,"  pL  iv. 

The  tico  ravens  that  sit  on  the  shoulders 
of  Odin  are  called  Hugin  and  Munnin 
{Mind  and  Meinury). 

One  raven  loill  not  pluch  another's  f'/et 
out  (German,  "Kcine  krahe  hackt  der 
anderen  die  augen  aus  ").  Friends  -will 
not  "peach"  friends;  you  are  not  to 
take  for  granted  all  that  a  friend  says  of 
a  friend. 

Ravenglass  (Cumberland).  A  cor- 
niption  of  Afon-glass  (Blue  river). 

Ra'venstone.  The  stone  gibbet  of 
Germany ;  so  called  from  the  ravens 
which  are  wont  to  perch  on  it.  (German, 
rabenslein.) 

Po  you  think 
111  honour  yon  so  much  as  save  your  tl)roat 
l-'rom  tlie  ravenstone,  by  choking  jou  misetf  ? 
l:yro,i,  '•  Werner,- u.i. 

Ea'vens'wood  (Allan,  lord  of).  A 
decayed  Scotch  nobleman  of  the  Royalist 
party. 

Master  Edgar  Ravens^cood.  His  son, 
who  falls  in  love  with  Lucy  Ashtou, 
d.atighter  of  Sir  William  Ashton,  lord- 
keopcr  of  Scotland.  The  lovers  plight 
thoir  troth  at  the  Mermaid's  Fountain, 
hut  Lucy  is  compelled  to  marry  Fr.ink 


RAWHEAD. 


REBECCA. 


r59 


Ilayston,  laird  of  Bucklaw.  The  bride, 
in  a  tit  of  insanity,  attempts  to  murder 
the  bridegroom,  and  dies  in  convulsions. 
Bucklaw  recovers,  and  goes  abroad. 
Colonel  Asliton,  seeing  Edgar  at  the 
funeral  of  Lucy,  appoints  a  hostile  meet- 
ing ;  and  E'lgar,  on  his  way  to  the  place 
appointed,  is  lost  in  the  quicksands  of 
Kelpies-flow.— 6'ir  Waller  HcoU,  "Jiride 
of  Latiimeiiiwor." 

In  Donizetti's  opera  of  "  Lucia  di  Lara- 
mermoor,"  Bucklaw  dies  of  the  wound 
inflicted  by  the  bride,  and  Edgar,  heart- 
broken, comes  on  the  stage  and  kills 
himself,  that  "his  marriage  with  Lucy, 
forbidden  on  e£irth,  may  be  consummated 
in  heaven." 

Rawhead  and  Bloody -Bones.  A 
bogie  at  one  time  tb.e  terror  of  children. 

Scrrauts  awe  chi'.Jreo  aai  keep  them  in  euI>- 
ieclioii  by  iilliug  them  of  Kawliead  iiud  Bloody- 
boaefi. — Lockt. 

Ray'mond  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered"). 
Master  of  4,000  infantry,  count  of  Ton- 
louse,  equal  to  Godfrey  in  the  "  wisdom 
of  cool  debate  "(bk.  iii.).  This  Nestor 
of  the  cnisadt-rs  slays  Aladine,  the  king 
of  .Jerusalem,  and  plants  the  Christian 
standard  upon  the  tower  of  David 
(bk.  XX.). 

Rayne  or  Raine  (Essex).  Go  and  say 
your  prayers  al  liauu.  The  old  cburcli 
of  Ilame,  built  in  the  time  of  Henry  II., 
famous  for  its  altar  to  the  Virgin,  and 
much  freijuentcd  at  one  time  by  preg- 
nant women,  who  went  to  implore  the 
Virgin  to  give  them  safe  deliverance. 

Raw.  To  touch  one  or  the  raw.  To 
mention  something  that  makes  a  person 
wince,  like  touching  a  horse  on  a  raw 
place  in  cleaning  him. 

Razee  (razza).  A  ship  of  war  cut 
down  to  a  smaller  size,  as  a  seventy-four 
reduced  to  a  frigate.     {French.) 

Raz'ikah'.  An  idol  worshipped  by 
the  trilie  of  Ad,  in  order  that  food  might 
be  abundant. 

Razor.  Hewina  hlochi  vith  a  razor. 
Livy  relates  how  'lari|uinius  I'riscus,  de- 
fying the  power  cf  Attus  Navlus  the 
Rug-ur,  said  to  him,  "  Tell  me,  if  you  are 
Eo  wise,  whether  I  can  do  what  I  am  now 
thinking  about."  "  Yes,"  said  Naviua. 
•*  lla  !  ha  !  "  cried  the  king  ;  "  1  was 
thinking  whether  1  could  cut  in  tw;un 
Ui&t  whetatooe  with   a   rasor."     "  Cut 


boldly  !"  answered   tlie  augir,  and  the 
king  cleft  it  in  twain  with  a  blow. 

In  short,  twat  his  fate  unemployed  or  In  place.  slT, 
To  eat  muitoa  ccld,  or  cui  I. lacks  with  a  raznr. 
tiMdiMiUi,  y  Iciuuuiinja,"  (saiJol  liurke). 

Razzia.  An  incursion  made  by  the> 
military  into  an  enemy's  country,  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  off  cattle  and  de- 
stroying the  standing  crops.  It  is  an 
Arabic  word  much  eniplo^'ed  in  connoo- 
tion  with  Algerine  atfaira. 

War  is  a  i-azzia  rather  than  on  axtto  the  ....  meroi- 
less  I'tlisjiiei-.— r/K  !itatviariL 

Reach  of  a  river.  The  part  wliich 
lies  between  two  points  or  bonds ;  so 
called  because  it  reac/ces  from  point  to 
point. 

When  he  drew  near  them  he  would  turn  from  eftob, 
Aud  loudly  whistle  till  he  pagied  i  he  "  l!eac!i  " 

Vrnbbt,  "  BorousK." 

Ready  (7Vi€).  An  elliptiad  exprc.^sioi 

for  ready-money.    Goldsmith  says  J'l^  in 

presenti  per/ecUim  format   (rc.ady-money 

makes    a    man    perfect).  — Eton    Latin 

Grammar. 

Lord  Stmt  wta  not  terj  flush  In  the  "  ready."— 
Dr.  ArOuthn't. 

Ready-to- Halt.  A  pilgrim  that 
iourncyed  to  the  Celestial  city  on 
crutches.  He  joined  the  party  under 
the  charge  of  Mr.  Greathcart,  but 
"when  ho  was  sent  for"  ho  throw  away 
his  crutches,  and  lo  !  a  chariot  bore  him 
into  Paradise. — Bunyan,  "Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress," pt.  ii. 

Real  Presence.  The  doctrine  th.at 
Christ  himself  is  really  and  substantially 
present  in  tho  bread  and  wine  of  the 
Eucharist  after  consecration. 

Reason.  The  Goddtss  of  Rea*OH 
Tl'.o  wife  of  Monioro,  tho  printer,  was  set 
up  by  tlio  Commune  of  Paris  to  repre- 
sent this  goddess  in  171)3.  liressoil  in  a 
thin  white  veil,  and  wearing  on  her  head 
the  cap  of  liberty,  she  was  carrio<l  in  a 
chair  by  four  men  to  Notre  Dame  de  Paris, 
and  placed  on  the  altar.  Hymns  were 
then  sung  to  her,  and  processions  formed. 

Rebec'ca.  Daughter  of  Isaac  th? 
.Jew,  in  love  witli  Ivnnhoe.  Kebeccu, 
with  her  father  and  Ivanhoe,  beinir  taken 
prisoners,  are  confined  in  Front  ilo  Uituf  a 
castle.  Reliecca  is  taken  to  the  turret 
chamber  and  left  with  the  old  sibyl  there, 
but  when  Brian  de  Bois  CJuilbort  cornea 
and  oilers  her  insult  slie  spurns  him  witli 
heroic  disdain,  and  rushing  to  the  verge 
of  the  battlements,  throateos  to  throw 


7j& 


rebeccaitEs. 


RED-CROSS  KNIGHT. 


herself  ovor  if  he  touches  her.  Ivanhoe, 
who  was  Bulferiiig  from  wounds  received 
in  a  tournament,  is  nursed  by  Rebecca. 
Being  again  taken  prisoner,  the  Grand 
Master  commands  the  .Jewish  maiden  to 
bo  tried  for  sorcery,  and  slie  demands  a 
trial  by  combat.  The  demand  is  granted, 
when  Ijriau  de  Bois  Guilbert  is  appointed 
as  the  champion  against  her  ;  and  Ivan- 
boe  undertakes  her  defence,  slays  Brian, 
and  Kebecca  is  sot  free.  To  the  general 
disappointment  of  novel-readers,  after  all 
this  excitement  Ivanhoe  tamely  marries 
the  lady  Roweu'a,  a  "  vapid  piece  of  still 
life."  Kebecca  pays  the  nowly-married 
pair  a  wedding  visit,  and  then  goes  abroad 
with  her  father  to  got  out  of  the  way. 
—  iSir  Walter  Scott,  '^Ivanhoe." 

Eebec'caites  {4  syl.).  Certain  Welsh 
rioters  in  1843,  whose  object  was  to  de- 
molish turnpike  gates.  The  name  was 
taken  from  Kobekah,  the  bride  of  Isaac. 
When  she  left  her  father's  house,  Laban 
and  his  family  "  blessed  her,"  and  said, 
"Let  thy  seed  possess  the  gate  of  those 
that  liate  them"  (Gen.  xxiv.  (jO). 

Rebellion  {The).  The  revolts  in  1)6- 
half  of  the  House  of  Stuart  in  1715  and 
1745  :  the  former  in  behalf  of  the  che- 
valier de  St.  George,  son  of  James  II., 
called  the  Old  Pretender,  and  the  latter 
in  favour  of  Charles  Edward,  usually 
termed  the  Young  Pretender. 

The  Great  Rebellion.  The  revolt  of 
the  Long  Parliament  against  Charles  1. 
(1642-1646). 

Rebus  (Latin,  loith  things).  A  hiero- 
glyphic riddle,  "  non  verbis  sed  rebus." 
The  origin  of  the  word  and  custom  is 
this  :  The  basochiens  of  Paris,  during  the 
Carnival,  used  to  satirise  the  current 
follies  of  the  day  in  squibs  called  De 
rebus  quce  ge^-untur  (on  the  current 
events).  That  these  squibs  might  not  be 
accounted  libellous,  they  employed  hiero- 
glyphics either  wholly  or  ia  part.  The 
following  is  an  example  of  a  rebus  : — 

Kose  llUl  I       adore. 

Re'ehabites  (3  syl.).  A  religious 
ecct  founded  by  Jonadab,  sou  of  Kechab, 
who  enjoined  las  family  to  abstain  frum 
wuie,  and  dwell  in  tents. — Jeivish  histor//. 

Reclaim  ("2  syl.).  To  turn  from  evil 
ways  This  is  a  term  in  falconry,  and 
oacacR  to  caU  ImI:  tie  liawk  to  the  \>'rist 


This  was  done  when  it  was  unruly,  that 

it  might  bo  smoothed  and  tamed.  (Latin, 
re-clamo. ) 

Recorded.  Death  recorded  means 
that  tlio  sentence  of  death  is  recor'kd 
or  written  by  the  recorder  against  the 
criminal,  but  not  verbally  pronounced 
by  the  judge.  This  is  done  when  capital 
punishment  is  likely  to  be  remitted.  It 
i.s  the  verbal  sentence  of  the  judge  that 
is  the  only  sufllcient  warrant  of  an  exe- 
cution. The  sovereign  is  not  now  con- 
sulted about  any  capital  punishment. 

Rec'reant  is  one  who  cries  out 
(French,  recrier');  alludingto the  judicial 
combats,  when  the  person  who  wished  to 
give  in  cried  for  mercy,  and  was  held  a 
coward,  and  infamous.     (See  Guaven.) 

Rectoi'.    (-See  Clerical  Titles.) 

Recul'ver.     The  antiquities  of  this 

place  are  fully  described  in  "  Antiquitatcs 

llutupinae,"    by  Dr.  Battely   (1711).     It 

was  a  Roman  fort  in  the  time  of  Claudius. 

Red  Basque  Cap.  The  cognizance 
of  Don  Carlos,  pretender  to  the  Spanish 
throne. 

Red  Book.  The  book  which  gave 
account  of  the  court  expenditure  in 
France  before  the  Revolution  was  so 
called  because  its  covers  wore  red.  We 
have  also  a  "  Red  Book"  in  manuscript, 
containing  the  names  of  all  those  who 
hold  lands  per  haro'niam  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.,  with  other  matters  pertain- 
ing to  the  nation  before  the  Conquest. 
—Ryley,  667. 

Red  Cap  {Mother).  An  old  nurse 
"at  the  liungerford  Stairs."  Dame 
Ursley  or  Ursula,  another  nurse,  says  of 
her  rival  — 

She  may  'o  very  we'I  for  skippers'  wi?ss,  eliao- 
dlers'  dausrhters.  an'l  such  like,   but  nob-'dy  sbill 

wait  on  iretty  Mistress  Margaret excepting  and 

saving  m.vstlf. -i'ii-  WulUr  6i:ott,  "Foitunei  of  Xiget." 

Red  Coin'yn.  Sir  John  Comyn  of 
Badeuoch,  son  of  JIarjory,  sister  of  king 
John  Baliol ;  so  called  from  his  ruddy 
complexion  and  red  hair,  to  distinguish 
him  from  his  kinsman  "  Black  Comyn," 
whose  complexion  was  swarthy,  and  hair 
black.  He  was  stabbed  by  Sir  Robert 
Bruce  in  the  church  of  the  Minorites  at 
Dumfries,  and  afterwards  dispatched  by 
Lindesay  and  Ivirkpatrick. 

Red-cross  Knight,  in  Spenser's 
"  Faery  Queen,"  is  the  impersonation  pf 
holiness,  or  rattjej-  the  spirit  of  Chris- 


RED   FLAG. 


REDAN. 


741 


tianity.  Politically  be  typifies  tLe 
Church  of  Enylatid.  The  knight  is  sent 
forth  by  tlio  queen  to  slay  a  dragon 
which  ravaged  the  kingdom  of  Una's 
fatlier,  llavini;  arhicvfd  this  feat  he 
marries  Una  (qu.).     Book  i. 

Red  Flag.  The  symbol  of  insurrec- 
tion and  terrorism.  The  National  As- 
sembly of  Franco  ordained  that  a  red 
flag  should  be  unfurled  whenever  martial 
law  was  proclaimed. 

Red   Hand   of   Ireland.    In    an 

ancient  exjieditiou  to  Ireland,  it  was 
given  out  that  whoever  first  touched  the 
shore  should  possess  the  territory  which 
he  touched;  O'Neill,  seeing  another  boat 
likely  to  outstrip  his  own,  cut  ofT  his  left 
hand,  and  threw  it  on  the  coart.  From 
this  O'Neill  the  princes  of  Ulster  were 
descended,  and  the  motto  of  the  O'Neills 
is  to  this  day,  Lamh  dearg  Einn  (red 
hand  of  Erin).    [See  Hand,  p.  383,  col,  "..) 

Red-handed.  In  the  very  act ;  with 
red  blood  still  on  his  hand. 

I  had  Borne  trouble  to  fare  him  from  the  fury  of 
t^Kise  whn  h'lil  caiiKht  him  rcd-lianJcd.— J/u!  Times 

'"  Red "ileadB.    (.SVc  Sciitites.) 
Red-laeed  Jacket.    A  flogging. 

1  erivo  liio  fell.jw  a  ruil-lncei  jacket. 
■*  iHlitary  slanv. 

Red-lattice  Phrases.  Pot-house 
talk,  licd-lattico  at  the  doors  and  win- 
dows was  formerly  the  sign  that  an 
ale-house  was  duly  licensed  ;  hcuco  our 
chequers.  In  some  cases  "lattice"  has 
heo.n  converted  into  letUtce,  and  the  colour 
of  the  alternate  checks  changed  to  i/icm; 
.such  a  sign  used  to  be  in  iJrowiilow 
Street,  Holborn.  Sometimes,  without 
doubt,  the  sign  had  another  meaning-, 
and  announced  that  "tables"  were 
played  within  ;  hence  Gayton,  in  his 
"Notes  on  Don  Quixote,"  page  340, 
in  speaking  of  our  jiublic-hou.se  sig-ns, 
refers  to  our  notices  of  "  billiards,  kettle- 
noddy- boards,  tables,  truncks,  shovel- 
boards,  fox-and-geeso,  and  the  like."  It 
is  quite  certain  that  shojis  with  the  sign 
of  the  chequers  were  not  uncommon 
among  the  Romans.  (See  a  view  of  the 
left- hand  street  of  Pompeii,  presented  by 
Sir  William  Hamilton  to  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries.     See  Lattice.) 

I,  I,  I  myielf  snmetlmei,  leavln?  the  fear  of 
heaTCQ  on  thu  left  hand. ...em  fam  to  alMiffle,  to 
hedKe,  and  to  lurch  ;  and  yet  ym,  roRuc,  will  cn- 
».-oiiceyour  rum  —  your  red-latii'c  pliraitce... under 
the  ihilier  of  your  honour*.- i'AttAeipea/-«,"Jferrv 
WivtJi  0/  It'ini/ior."  il.  S. 


Red-letter  Day.  A  lucky  day ;  a 
day  to  be  recalled  with  delight.  In 
almanacks,  saints'  days  and  holidays  are 
printoil  in  red  ink,  other  days  in  black. 

Red  Man.  The  French  say  that  a 
red  man  commands  the  elements,  and 
wrecks  off  the  coast  of  Brittany  those 
whom  he  dooms  to  death.  The  legend 
aflirms  that  he  appeared  to  Napoleon 
and  foretold  his  downfall. 

Red  Men.  W.  Hepworth  Dixon  tells 
us  that  the  Mormons  regard  the  Red 
Indians  as  a  branch  of  the  Hebrew  race, 
who  lost  their  priesthood,  and  with  it 
their  colour,  intelligence,  and  physiogno- 
my, through  disoltedience.  In  time  the 
wild  olive-branch  will  bo  restored,  be- 
cctno  white  in  colour,  and  will  act  as  a 
nation  of  priests. — "Sew  A  merica,"  i.  15. 

Red  Republicans.  Those  extreme 
rfti)ublicans  of  France  who  scruple  net- to 
dye  their  hands  in  blood  in  onler  to  ac- 
complish their  political  object.  They 
tised    to    wear   a    red   cap.     (See   Cau- 

MAGXOLE.) 

Red  Sea.  The  sea  of  the  Red  Man,  te., 
Edum.  Also  called  the  "sedgy  sea," 
because  of  the  sea-weed  which  collecU 
there. 

Red-shanks.  A  Highlander;  so 
called  from  a  buskin  formerly  worn  by 
them  ;  it  was  made  of  undressed  deer's 
bide,  with  the  red  hair  outside. 

Red  Snow  and  Gory  Dew.    Tha 

latter  is  a  slimy  damp  like  blood  which 
appears  on  walls.  Both  are  duo  to  the 
presence  of  the  algaj  called  by  bota- 
nists I'almdla  cruenta  and  Jlcetmto  coccus 
faiir/uiiu'tm,  which  are  of  the  lowest  forms 
of  vegetable  life. 

Red  Tape.  Official  formality,  so  called 
nccause  lawyers  and  government  ofliciais 
tie  their  papers  together  with  red  tape. 
Charles  Dickens  introduced  the  phrase. 

Red  Tincture.  That  preparation 
which  the  .alchemists  thought  would  con- 
vert any  baser  metal  into  gold.  1 1  ia 
sometimes  called  the  Philosopher's  Stone, 
the  Great  Elixir,  and  the  Great  Magis- 
terium.     (.Sc*  WiiiTB  TiKCTiiuE.) 

Redan'.  The  simidestof  fieldworks, 
and  very  quickly  constructed.  It  con- 
sists sitni)ly  of  two  faces  an<i  an  atiglo 
formed  thus  A,  the  angle  being  towards 
the  object  of  attack.  A  corruption  o1 
redens,  a  contraction  of  rfcedem  (LfiX,m\. 


742 


■REDQAUNTLET. 


KEH 


Red^auntlot.  A  novel  told  in  a 
Berios  of  letters  by  Sir  Walter  Scott.  Sir 
Edward  IIukIi  Kedgavvatlet,  a  Jacobite 
conspirator  in  favour  of  the  Young  I'ro- 
<eniler,  Charles  Edward,  is  the  hero. 
When  George  III.  was  crowned  he  per- 
suaded his  niece,  Lilias  Rodgauutlet,  to 
pick  up  the  glovo  thrown  down  by  the 
the  king's  champion.  Tlie  plot  ripened, 
but  when  the  priuco  positively  refused  to 
dismiss  his  mistress,  Miss  Walkinshaw — 
a  sine  qitd  non  with  the  conspirators — 
the  whole  enterprise  was  given  up. 
General  Camjibell  arrived  with  the  mili- 
tary, the  prince  left  Scotland,  Red- 
gauntlet  who  embarked  with  him  became 
A  prior  abroad,  and  Lilias  his  nieco 
married  her  brother's  friend,  Allan  Fair- 
ford,  a  young  advocate. 

Redgauni  let.  Sir  Aherich.  An  ances- 
tor of  the  family  so  called. 

.Sir  Edmivd.  Son  of  Sir  Abeiick, 
killed  by  his  father's  horse. 

Sir  Robert.  An  old  Tory  in  "Wan- 
dering Willie's  Tale."  He  has  a  favourite 
monkey  called  "  Major  Weir." 

Sir  John.  Son  and  successor  of  Sir 
Eobert. 

Sir  Redwald.    Son  of  Sir  John. 

Sir  Henri/  Darsie.  Son  of  Sir  Red- 
wald. 

Lady  Henry  Dartie.  Wife  of  Sir 
Henry  Darsie. 

Sir  Arthur  Darsie  alias  Darsie  Lati- 
mer. Sou  of  Sir  Henry  and  the  above 
lady. 

Miis  Lilias  alias  Oreenmantle.  Sister 
of  Sir  Arthur ;  she  marries  Allan  Fairford. 

.Sir  Edward  Hugh.  A  political  enthu- 
siast and  Jacobite  conspirator,  uncle  of 
Sir  Arthur  Darsie.  He  appears  as  "Laird 
of  the  Lochs,"  "  Mr.  Herries  of  Birreus- 
work,"  and  "  Jlr.  Ingoklsby."  "  When 
ho  frowned,  the  puckers  of  his  brow 
fijrmed  a  horseshoe,  the  special  mark 
of  his  race." — Sir  Waller  Scott,  "Red- 
fauntlet." 

Eedlaw  {Mr.).  The  haunted  man, 
professor  of  chemistry  in  an  aricient  col- 
lege. Being  haunted,  he  bargained  with 
liis  spectre  to  leave  him,  and  the  condition 
imposed  was  that  "  the  gift  '  of  forgotf ill- 
ness' given  by  the  spectre  liedlaw  should 
give  again,  go  where  he  would."  From 
this  nTomcnt  the  chemist  carried  ia  his 
touch  the  infection  of  sullonness,  selfish- 
ness, discontent,  and  ingratitude.  On 
Christmas-day  the  infection  ceased,  and 


all  those  who  had  Buffered  by  it  were 
restore<t  to  love  and  gratitude. — Dickens., 
"  The  Eaun'.ed  Man." 

Redmain.  ^lagnus,  earl  of  Northum- 
berland, was  so  called  not  from  his  red 
or  bloody  hand,  but  on  account  of  his 
long  red  beard  or  mane.  He  was  slain 
in  the  battle  of  Sark  (1449). 

JI«  was  remnrVia'ile  for  his  long  red  btard,  and 
WS18  therefore  called  by  the  Enoliili  Jlaaniis  Re<i- 
b^nni ;  but  tlie  Scotch  id  deriflion  called  him  "Magnua 
with  ihc  Red  Alone."— Oa,luiujt,  loL  178. 

Redmond  O'Neale.  Rokeby's 
page,  who  is  beloved  by  Rokeby's  daugh- 
ter Matilda.  Redmond  turns  out  to  bo 
Mortham's  son  and  hoir,  and  marries 
Matilda.— .Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  Rokeh)/." 

Reduplicated  or  Ricochet  worda, 
of  intuiisifyiug  force.  Chit-chat,  click- 
clack,  clit tor-clatter,  dilly-dally,  ding- 
dong,  drip-drop,  fal-lal,  Aim  flam,  fiddle- 
faddle,  flip-flop,  llifry-fliiff}',  fiippitj'- 
fioppity,  handy-paudy,  harum-scarum, 
helter-skelter,  heyve-keyve  (Halliwell), 
hibbledy-kobbledy,  higgledy  -  pigglcdy, 
hob-nob,  hodge-podge,  hoity-toity,  hurly- 
burly,  mish-mash,  mixy-maxy  (Brockett), 
namby-pamby,  niddy- noddy,  niminy- 
piminj',  nosy-posy,  pell-mell,  pit-pat, 
pitter-patter,  random -tandem,  randy- 
dandy,  ribble-rabble,  riff-raff,  roly-poly, 
rusty-fusty-crusty,  sce-saw,  shilly-shally, 
slip-slop,  slish-slosh,  snick-snack,  spitter- 
spatter,  splitter-splutter,  squish-squash, 
teeny-tiny,  tick-tack,  tilly-valley,  tiny- 
totty,  tip-top,  tittle-tattle,  toe-toes,  wee- 
wee,  wiggle-waggle,  widdy-waddy  (Halli- 
well), widdle  -  waddle,  wibble  -  wobble, 
wish-wash,  wishy-washy ;  besides  a  host 
of  rhyming  synonyms,  as  bawling-squaw- 
ling,  mewling-pewling,  whisky -frisky, 
musty-fusty,  gawky-pawky,  slippy-sloppy, 
rosy-posy,  right  and  tight,  wear  and  tear, 
high  and  mighty,  &.c. ;  and  many  more 
with  the  Anglo-Saxon  lelter-rhyme,  as 
safe  and  jound,  jog-trot,  &c. 

Ree.  Right.  Thus  teamers  say  to 
a  leading  horse,  "Ree!"  when  they 
want  it  to  turn  to  the  right ;  and  "  Hey  ! " 
for  the  contrary  direction.  (Saxon,  reht; 
German,  recht ;  Latin,  rectus;  various 
English  dialects,  reel,  whence  reetle,  "  to 
put  to  rights.") 

Wlio  with  a  hey  and  ree  the  beasts  command- 

'* MicrO'Ct/Hicoii"  (1539)- 

Riddle  me,  riddle  mc  ree.    Expound  mj 

riddle  rightly. 


RfiE?. 


RfiNARt). 


743 


Reef.  Hi  must  take  ui  a  reef  or  :o. 
lie  must  reduce  his  expenses ;  Ho  must 
retrench.  A  reef  is  that  part  of  a  sail 
whicli  is  between  two  rows  of  eyelet-holes. 
The  object  of  these  eyclot-holea  is  to  re- 
duce the  sail  reef  by  reef  as  it  is  required. 

Reeves  Tale.  Thomas  Wright  says 
that  this  tale  occurs  frequently  in  the 
jest  and  story  books  of  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries.  Boccaccio  has 
R-iveu  it  in  the  "Decameron,"  evidently 
from  a  fabliau,  which  has  been  printed 
in  JJarbazan  under  the  title  of  "  De  Gom- 
bert  et  des  Deux  Clors."  Chaucer  took 
the  story  from  another  fabliau,  which 
Wright  has  pfiven  in  his  "Anecdota 
Literaria,"  p.  15. 

Refresh'er.  A  fee  paid  to  a  bar- 
rister daily  in  addition  to  his  retaining' 
fee,  to  remind  him  of  the  case  intrusted 
to  ins  charge. 

Regale  (2  syl.).  To  entertain  like 
a  king.  (Latin,  rega'lis,  like  a  king, 
kingly.) 

Re'gan  and  Qon'eril.    Two  of  the 

daughters  of  King  Lear,  and  types  of 
unfilial  daughters. — Shakespeare,  "King 
Lear." 

Regatta  {Italian).  Originally  ap- 
plied to  the  contests  of  the  gondoliers 
at  Venice.     (Latin,  remujata.) 

Regirae  de  la  Calotte.  Adminis- 
tration cf  government  by  ecclesiastics. 
The  calotte  is  the  small  skull-cap  v/orn 
over  the  tonsure. 

Regiment  de  la  Calotte.  A  so- 
ciety of  witty  and  satirical  men  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  When  anj'  public 
character  made  himself  ridiculous,  a 
calotte  was  sent  to  him  to  "cover  the 
bald  or  brainless  part  of  his  noddle." 
(See  above.) 

Regi'na  (Si.),  the  viri^in  martyr,  Ib 
depicted  with  lighted  torches  held  to  her 
Bides,  as  she  stands  fast  bound  to  the 
cross  on  which  she  suffered  martyrdom. 

Regiomonta'nus.  The  Latin  equi- 
valiMit  iif  Konirpbtriitr.  The  name  adopted 
by  JdlKinn  MiiUur,  the  mathematician. 
(M3(;-1176.) 

Rogium  Do'lium  (Latin).  An  an- 
nual grant  of  public  money  to  the  Pres- 
byterian, Inilependent,  and  Baptist 
rainisters  of  Ireland.  It  boyau  in  1C72 
iiuJ  was  ccmmutcd  iu  ISoS, 


Re'gius  Professor.  One  who  holds 
in  an  English  university  a  professorship 
founded  by  Henry  VIII.  Each  of  the 
five  Regius  Professors  of  Cambridge  re- 
ceives a  royally  endowed  stipend  of  about 
£'10.  In  the  universities  of  Scotland 
they  are  appointed  by  the  crown. 

Reign  of  Terroi*.  The  period  in 
the  French  Revolution  between  tlie  fall 
of  the  Girondists  and  overthrow  of  Robes- 
pierre. It  lasted  420  davs,  from  May 
31st,  1793,  to  July  27th,  17t»4. 

Rel'dresal.  Principal  secretary  for 
private  affairs  in  the  court  of  Lilliput, 
and  great  friend  of  Gulliver.  When  it 
was  proposed  to  put  the  Man-mountain  to 
death  for  high  treason,  Reldresal  moved 
as  an  amendment,  that  the  "  traitor 
should  have  both  his  eyes  put  out,  anc'. 
lie  suffered  to  live  that  ho  might  servo 
the  nation." — Swift,  "Gulliver  s  Travels" 
( Voyage  to  Lilliput). 

RemTslia.     Goddess  of  pleasure. — 

Indian  mythology. 

Remig'ius  (St.).  Re'my,  bishop  and 
confessor,  is  represented  as  cai-rymg  a 
vessel  of  holy  oil,  or  in  the  act  of  anoint- 
ing therewith  Clevis,  who  kneels  before 
him.  When  Clevis  presented  himself  for 
baptism,  Rdmy  said  to  him  :  "  Sigam- 
brian,  henceforward  burn  what  thou  hast 
worshipped,  and  worship  what  thou  hast 
burned."     (438-533.) 

Renaissance  (French).  A  term  ap- 
plied ill  the  arts  to  that  peculiar  style  of 
decoration  revived  by  Rapliael,and  which 
resulted  from  ancient i)aintings  exhumed 
in  the  pontificate  of  Leo  X.  (16th  cen- 
tury). The  French  Renaissance  is  a 
Gothic  skeleton  with  classic  details. 

Renaissant  Period.  That  period 
in  French  history  which  began  witli 
the  Italian  wars  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
Vlll.,and  closed  with  the  reign  of  Henri 
II.  It  was  the  intercourse  with  Italy, 
brought  about  by  the  Italian  war  (1494- 
1557),  which  "regenerated"  the  arts  and 
sciences  in  Franco ;  but  as  everything 
was  Italianised — the  language,  dress, 
architecture,  pootr}',  prose,  food,  maji- 
ners,  &c. — it  was  a  period  of  great  false 
taste  and  national  deformity. 

Renard.  Une  queue  de  rcruird.  A 
mockery.  At  one  time  a  common  prac- 
tical joke  was  to  fasteu  a  fox's  tail  be- 
hind a  person  against  whom  a  lau^rh  wo* 


7M 


RENARDEfl. 


EEVENONS. 


designed.  "  Panurpfe  never  refrained 
from  nttacliinf,'  a  fox's  tail,  or  the  ears 
of  a  levrot,  bebind  a  Master  of  Arts  or 
Doctor  of  Divinity,  whenever  he  encoun- 
tered them." — Rabelais,  ii.  16. 

C'e«t  nne  petite  vipero 

Qui  n'epar«mroit  pne  son  r^re, 

Kt  qui  par  nature  oa  par  art 

t  Cait  coupcr  H  queue  au  renarl. 

li'micaire,  "  L'Embarrus  de  la  fo»r«." 

Renarder  (French).  To  vomit,  espe- 
cially after  too  freely  induluini^  in  in- 
toxicatinpr  drinks.  Our  word/ar  means 
also  to  be  tipsy.  (See  Cat,  p.  147,  col.  2.) 

II  luT  visile  la  mftchojre, 

QimoU  I'auir^  luy  reuarde  aux  yiui, 
1.0  l>aume  quMj  Tenoieul  ile  buiro 
I'oiu'  Be  le  rctiilre  a  qui  mifux  inieux 
Sieur  Ue  St.  Amant,  "  Oiuin'jie  de  De»b  luchc.' 

Rena'ta.  Ilen^e,  daughter  of  Louis 
XII.  and  Anne  of  Bretagne,  married 
Ilercnles,  second  son  of  Lucretia  Borgia 
and  Alphonso. 

Kenaud.  French  form  of  Punaldo 
ig.v.). 

Rendezvous.  The  place  to  which 
you  are  to  repair,  a  meeting,  a  place  of 
muster  or  call.  Also  used  as  a  verb. 
(French,  rendez,  betake;  voiis,  yourself.) 

Ilii  house  is  a  grand  r«iide»Toug  of  the  61ite  of 
Paris. 

Tlie  Imperial  Guard  was  orderti  to  rcndezTou!  i= 
the  Cliauips  de  Jlars. 

RenG  (2  syl.)  Le  Bon  Roi  Rene.  Son 
of  Louis  II..  due  d'Anjou,  comte  de 
Provence,  fatner  of  Margaret  of  Anjou. 
The  last  minstrel  monarch,  just,  joyous, 
and  debonair  ;  a  friend  to  chase  and  tilt, 
but  still  more  so  to  poetry  and  music. 
He  gave  in  largesses  to  knights-errant 
and  minstrels  (so  says  Thiebanlt)  more 
than  he  received  in  revenue.  (1-108-1480.) 

studying  to  promote,  as  far  es  pr«8ible.  the  imme- 
diate mirth  and  )?oo>l-humour  of  Ivh  tutyeots  .  he 
%va»  never  nieritioued  by  iliem  eiceptiBg  aa  /.«  Pnt. 

Hoi  Rcn6.  a  dis'inctioD due  to  liim  ceitaialy  \'j 

tlie  qualities  of  his  heart,  if  not  by  those  i.f  hl»  liea  I. 
—Hir  fl'uUer  Scolt,  "Anne  of  Geie>ste,n,"  ch.  xxix. 

Rene  Leblanc.  Notary-public  of 
Grand  Pr^  (aYovu  Scotia),  the  father  of 
twenty  children  and  169  grand-children. 
— Longfellow,  "Evangeline." 

Rep'artee'  properly  means  a  smart 
return  blow  in  fencing.  (French,  repartir, 
to  return  a  blow.) 

Reprie've  (2  syl.)  meant  originally 
"to  apprehend  again."  French,  >•«- 
prendre,  re-pris,  to  grant  a  respite  ancl 
theu  bring  to  trial  again ;  but  the  pre- 
sent meaning  is  to  respite  or  remit  the 
origmal  sentence. 


Republican  Queen,  fiophie  Char- 
lotto,  wife  of  Frederick  I.  of  Prussia. 

Republicans.    (See  Black.) 

Resolute  {The).  John  Florio,  the 
philologist,  tutor  to  prince  Henry ;  the 
Holoferniis  of  Shakespeare.    (1545-1 G25.) 

The  Resolute  Doctor,  John  Bacon- 
thorp.     (•-1.346.) 

T/ie  Most  Resolute  Doctor.  Guillaume 
Durandus  de  St.  Pour^ain.     (*-1332.) 

Res'tive  (2  syl.)  means  inclined  to 
resist,  resist-ive,  obstinate  or  seif-willed. 
It  has  nothing  to  do  with  rest  (quiet). 

Rostora'tionists.  The  followers  of 
Origen's  opinion  that  all  persons,  after  a. 
purgation  proportioned  to  thoir  demerits, 
will  be  restored  to  Divine  favour  and 
taken  to  paradise.  Mr.  Ballow,  of 
America,  has  introduced  an  extension  of 
the  term,  and  maintains  that  all  retribu- 
tion is  limited  to  this  life,  and  at  the 
resurrection  all  will  be  restored  to  life, 
joy,  and  immortality. 

Resurrection  Pie  is  pio  made  of 
broken  cooked  meat.  Meat  rechauffe  is 
sometimes  called  "  resurrection  meat." 

Retia'rius.  A  gladiator  who  made 
use  of  a  net,  which  he  threw  over  his 
adversary. 

As  m  thronged  emphi theatre  of  oH 
The  wary  Ketir>ruis  :r.-ipn-  d  tils  fvc. 

TlM:iison, "  tasUt  of  Indolence,"  canto  0. 

Reuben  Dixon.  A  village  school- 
master "of  ragged  lads." 

Xlid  noise,  and  dirt,  and  stench,  and  p'ay,  and  pfate, 
lie  calmly  cut*  the  nen  or  riews  the  s'lte. 

Crabbe,  "Borough, '  letter  xii7. 

Reveille  Oe-iay'-ya).  The  beat  of 
dram  at  daybreak  to  ivarn  the  sentries 
that  they  maj'  forbear  from  challenging, 
as  the  troops  are  awake.  (French,  re- 
veil  I  er,  to  awake.) 

Rsv'el.  Mr.  Lye  derives  this  word 
froai  the  Dutch  raretlcn,  to  wander  loosely 
about,  and  refers  iu  proof  to  the  old  term 
a  revel-rout ;  but  it  is  far  more  likely  to 
bo  the  French  rSveillon,  a  feast  given  in 
the  middle  of  the  night,  from  the  verb 
reoeiller,  to  rouse  out  of  sleep. 

Master  of  the  Revels,     (See  Lord  of 

MiSRDLE.) 

Revenons  h.  nos  Moutons  ( Return 
ice  to  our  sheep).  Let  us  come  back  to 
the  matter  in  hand  ;  let  us  resume  our 
discourse.  The  phrase  is  from  an  old 
corned}'  of  the  fifteenth  century,  called 
"  L'Avocat  Patelin,"  by  De  Brueys,  in 


REVEREND. 


RHAPSODY. 


i' 


which  a  clothier  giving  eyidence  against 
a  shepherd  who  had  stolen  some  sheep,  is 
ever  running  from  the  subject  to  talk 
about  some  cloth  which  Patelin  his 
lawyer  had  swindled  him  of.  The  juiige 
perpetually  stops  him  by  saying,  "  But 
about  the  sheep,"  "  Tell  us  about  the 
sheep." 

Reverend.  An  archbishop  is  l/t^ 
Most  ^e(--<;)e/t(/ [Father  in  God] ;  a  bishop, 
ihe  Right  liecereiid ;  a  dean,  the  Vevif 
Reverend;  an  archdeacon,  the  Veiierahle; 
all  the  rest  of  the  clergy,  the  Reve-rend. 

Reviev/.  The  Bi-itish  Review  was 
nicknamed  "My  Grandmother."  In 
"  Don  Juan,"  lord  Byron  says,  "I  bribed 
.1/'/  Grandinama's  Reoiew,  the  British." 
The  editor  took  this  in  dudgeon  and 
gave  Byron  the  lie,  but  the  poet  turned 
the  laugh  against  the  reviewer. 

Am  I  flat.  I  tip  "  My  GrandmotUcr''  a  bitof  proce. 
— "  Aoci«a  Arti'jrusUma." 

Revi'se  (2  syl.).  The  second  proof- 
sheet  submitted  to  an  author  or ' '  reader. ' ' 

I  at  lenath  reached  a  va'iltcd  room  and  beheld, 
leated  bj  a  lamp  a:id  employed  iu  readiiu:  a  blotted 
revise  the  auli^r  of  Waverl.j.— i'cotJ, '  .K^rtuu'-- 
u/  Nigd  "  {liitruitution). 

Revival  of  Letters  in  England, 
dates  from  the  commencomeut  of  the 
11  til  cculiM-y. 

Revival  of  Painting  and  Sculp- 
ture bi'gau  with  Isiccola  I'isauo,  Giuuiii, 
Cimabuo,  and  Giotto  (2  S3'l.). 

Revoke  (2  syl.).  When  a  player  at 
cards  can  follow  suit,  but  plays  some 
other  card,  he  makes  a  revoke,  aiid  by  the 
laws  of  whist  the  adversaries  are  eutitled 
to  score  three  points. 

0<»1  He.'vveii!  Revoke?  Itemember,  U  tbe  set 
lie  losl,  iu  liuuour  you  should  ii:iy  the  debt, 

CruJbe,  "  Borough." 

Revulsion  (in  philosophy).  Part  of  a 
substance  set  olF  and  fornibd  into  a  dis- 
tinct existence  ;  as  when  a  slip  is  cut  from 
a  tree  and  jilauted  to  form  a  distinct 
plant  of  itself.  TertuUiau  the  MoDtaui.st 
Uiught  that  the  second  person  of  the 
Trinity  was  a  rovul.sion  of  the  Father. 
(Latin,  revuliio,  re-vello,  to  pull  back.) 

Rewe.     A  roll  or  slip,  as  Itugman'a 

ItCWt*.      (.See  KAtiMAN.) 

There  i«  a  wliole  world  of  curious  history  contained  in 
Ihr  phrase  "  IU^uihuh  Itewe."  ujeuniii^  u  list.  ndl.  ciita* 
loiTue  .  . .  cliHrUjr.  scroll  o(  uiiy  kind.  Iu  "  I'iers  riow- 
it.an's  Vittlou."  it  ix  oiMxl  loi  the  pope's  bull. — Hdiiilurah 

In  Kesccniuiu  was  first  invented  the  Joylltce  of  myn- 
■tri'lme  and  synfy'it;  "lerrie  s<'nKs  f<ir  ui»kyuK  l.-iUkrlitcr, 
bcnce  cilkd  •  Ic,ccuiii;i  Ijirn.iiiA."  VI hith  I  tnin=late  a 
"  ti-'iKiuau's  Ilewe  or  Uiiiic."—LUall. 

V* 


Reyn'ard  the  Fox.    The  hero  in 

the  beast-epic  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
This  prose  poera  is  a  satire  on  the  state 
of  Germany  in  the  middle  ages.  Reynard 
typifies  the  church  ;  his  uncle,  Isengrin 
the  wolf,  typifies  the  baronial  element ; 
and  Nodel  the  lion,  the  regal.  The  word 
moans  deep  counsel  or  wit.  (Gothic, 
raginohart,  cunning  in  counsel ;  Old 
Norse,  hreinn  and  ard  ;  German,  rein-:te.\ 
Reynard  is  commonly  useu  as  a  synonym 
of  fox.     lltinrich  von,  Aihnaur. 

'n'hera  proirUug  Bernard  trod  his  niRhlly  roimX 
li:oon\jUld,  '•Farmer'i  Hoy." 

Reynard  the  Fox.  Professedly  by 
Ilinreck  van  Alckmer,  tutor  of  the  duke 
of  Lorraine.  This  name  is  generally 
supposed  to  be  a  pseudonym  of  Hermann 
Barkhusen,  town-clerk  and  book-printer 
in  Rostock.     (149S.) 

False  Reynard.  So  Dryden  describes 
the  Unitarians  in  his  "  Hind  and  Pan- 
ther." 

V,'ilh  greater  zuile 

False  Ileyaard  fed  oa  consecrated  spoil ; 

The  graccie58  bi/as'  by  Athaua'sius  first 

W  na  uliiicd  from  Hice,  Iheu  by  Sooiuus  nursed. 
I'art  L 

Reynar'dine  (3  syl.).  The  eldest  son 
of  Reynard  the  Fox,  who  assumed  the 
names  of  Dr.  Pedanto  and  Crabron. — 
"Reynard  the  Fox." 

Reynold  of  Montalbon.    One  of 

Charlemagne's  knights  and  paladins. 

Rhadaman'thos.  One  of  the  three 
judges  of  hell  ;  Minos  and  ^acos  being 
the  other  two. — Greek  mylholo'jy. 

Rhanipsini'tos.  The  Greek  form 
of  Ram'csos  III.,  the  richest  of  the  Egyp- 
tian kings,  who  amassed  seventy-seven 
millions  sterling,  which  he  secured  in  a 
treasttry  of  stone,  but  by  an  artifice  of 
the  builder  he  was  robbed  every  night. 

Rhapsody  means  songs  sowed  to- 
gether. Tne  term  was  originally  applied 
to  the  books  of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey, 
which  at  one  time  were  in  fragments. 
Certain  bards  collected  together  a  num- 
ber of  the  fragments,  enough  to  make  a 
connected  "  ballad,"  and  sang  them  as 
our  min.strels  sang  the  deeils  of  famous 
heroes.  Thoise  bards  who  sang  the  Iliad 
wore  a  red  robe,  and  those  who  sang  the 
Odyssey  a  line  one.  Pisis'tratos  of 
Athens  had  all  these  fragments  care- 
fully compiled  into  their  present  form, 
(Greek,  rapto,  to  sew  or  string  tog-othor.' 
nt/i.',  a  son;,',) 


746 


RHENB. 


RICHARD. 


Ehene  (1  syl).  Tho  Rhine.  (Latin, 
R/ieHus. ) 

To  PIIM 

Ubsne  or  Iho  D»DiT  [Daiiu'e]. 

MtUun,  "Paraditt  Lotl,"  bk.  L 

Rhine  or  Rkimland,    The  country  of 

Gunther,  kinp;  of  Burgiindy,  is  so  called 

in  tho  "  Nibelungen-Liod." 

Not  a  lord  of  K^iiDcland  could  follow  whrr*  he  Haw. 
lMsum'$  "Uihdungeii.-Lied,''  «t.  iio. 

RM'no.   Ready-money.    (See  Nose.) 

Rhod'alind.  A  princess  famous  for 
her  "knightly"  deeds;  she  would  have 
been  the  wife  of  Gon'dibert,  but  ho 
wisely  preferred  Rirtha,  a  country  girl, 
the  daughter  of  the  sage  As'tragon. 

Rho'dian  Law.  The  earliest  system 
of  marine  law  known  to  history ;  com- 
piled by  tho  Rhodiaus  about  900  B.C. 

Rhone.  The  Rhone  of  Christian 
eloquence.  St.  Hil'ary  ;  so  called  from 
the  vehemence  of  his  style.    (300-3'38.) 

Rhopal'ie  Verse  {wedge-verse).  A 
lino  in  which  each  successive  word  has 
more  syllables  than  the  one  preceding 
it.  (Greek,  rhopalon,  a  club,  which  from 
the  handle  to  the  top  grows  bigger). 

Rem    tibi      coi.fecl,       doctlssime,  dulcisonorum. 
Spcs    deuB    Ktt.'rus.-eiit  sUitiuiiis      cuuciiiator. 

Hope  ever     Bolacee        miserable     individuals 
J  »  8  i.  i 

Rh37me.  Xeither  rhyme  nor  reason. 
Fit  neither  for  amusement  nor  instruc- 
tion. An  author  took  his  book  to  Sir 
Thomas  Jloro,  chancellor  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.,  and  asked  his  opinion. 
Sir  Thomas  told  the  author  to  turn  it 
into  rhyme.  He  did  so,  and  submitted 
it  again  to  the  lord  chancellor.  "Ay! 
ay  ! "  said  the  witty  satirist,  "  that  will 
do,  that  will  do.  "lis  rhyme  now,  but 
before  it  was  neither  rhyme  nor  reason." 

Rhyming  to  death.  The  Irish  at  one 
time  believed  that  their  children  and 
cattle  could  be  "eybitten,"  that  is  bo- 
witched  by  an  evil  eye,  and  that  the 
"eybitter"  or  witch  could  "rimo"  them 
to  death.— /J.  Scott,  " Discovei-y  of  Witch- 
craft."   (^eeRATS.) 

Rhymer.  Thomas  tJie  Rhymer. 
Thomas  Learmount,  of  Ercildoune,  who 
lived  in  the  thirteenth  century.  This 
was  quite  a  different  person  to  Thomas 
Rvmer,  the  historiographer  royal  to 
William  III.  (Flourished  12S3.)  (See 
Tkui?  Tiioxi.\8.) 


Ribaldry  is  the  langur/^e  of  »  ribald. 
(French,  ilh'aud  ;  Old  French,  riiaut/<<, • 
Italian, '-/''a/cZeria,  the  language  of  a 
vagabond  or  rogue.) 

Ribbonism.  A  Catholic  association 
organised  in  Ireland  about  1803.  Its  two 
mam  objects  are  (1)  to  secure  "fixity  of 
tenure,"  called  the  tenant-right ;  and  (2) 
to  deter  any  one  from  taking  land  from 
which  a  tenant  has  been  ejected.  The 
name  arises  from  a  ribbon  worn  as  a 
badge  in  tho  button-hole  of  the  mem. 
bera. 

Ribston  Pippin.  So  called  from 
Rlbston,  in  Yorkshire,  where  Sir  Henry 
Goodricke  planted  three  pips  sent  to 
him  from  Rouen,  in  Normandy.  Two 
of  the  pips  died,  but  the  third  became 
the  parent  of  the  Ribston  apple-trees  in 
England. 

Ricardo,  in  the  opSra  of  "I  Puri- 
ta'ni,"  is  Sir  Richard  Forth,  a  Pui-itan, 
commander  of  Plymouth  fortress.  Lord 
Walton  promised  to  give  him  his  daugh- 
ter Elvi'ra  in  marriage,  but  Elvira  had 
engaged  her  affections  to  lord  Arthur 
Talbot,  a  Cavalier,  to  whom  ultimately 
she  was  married. 

Riceiardet'to.  Son  of  Agmon  and 
brother  of  Bradamante. — Ariosto,  "Or- 
laado  Furioso." 

Rice  thrown  after  a  bride.  A  relic  of 
the  "panis  farreus,"  in  the  most  honour- 
able form  of  Roman  marriage,  called 
"  Confarrea'tio." 

Rich  as  a  Jew.  This  expression 
arose  in  the  middle  ages,  when  Jews 
were  almost  the  only  merchants,  and 
were  certainly  the  most  wealthy  of  tho 
people.  There  are  still  tho  Rothschilds 
among  them,  and  others  of  groat  wealth. 

Richard   Coeur   de  Lion.    (-S** 

Bogie.) 

His  treraoni^ous  name  waa  employed  by  the  Syrian 
mothers  to  silence  their  infants ;  and  if  a  Uorsi  s  id- 
deoly  started  from  the  way,  his  rider  was  wont  to 
exclaim, "  Dost  thou  thiui  kint;  Riohard  is  iu  the 
bash?"— OU>i>on,"Di:iiiie  and  Pall,'  &c.,  ri.  IW. 

Richard    II.'s    Horse.        Roan 

Barbary. 

O,  hoir  it  yearned  my  heart,  w'lea  I  behalJ 
In  London  streets  thi"^  coronation  day 
When  Bolinsbroke  rode  on  Roan  Barbary— 
That  hoi-33  that  thou  so  often  hast  l.e»  rid- 
That  horse  thit  I  so  carefully  have  dressed. 


RICHARD. 


RIDOL?IIU«. 


747 


Richard  III.'s  Horse.  WLit« 
Sunoy. 

Ekdd!*  White  Surrey  for  the  field  tomorrow. 
6>uiktsptate,  "  litchard  111.,"  V.  3. 

Ricliard'a  Himself  Again. 
These  words  aro  not  in  Shakes]  joare's 
"  llichard  III.,"  but  were  interpolated 
from  C'olley  Cihber  by  John  Kemblo. 

Richard  of  Cirencester.  Somo- 
timcs  cal  led  "  Tlie  monk  of  Westminster," 
ail  early  luigiish  chrouiclor.  Hischronicle 
"On  the  Ancient  Slate  of  Britain"  was 
first  brought  to  light  by  Dr.  Charles 
Julius  Bertram,  profe.ssior  of  English  at 
Copenhagen  in  1717,  but  the  original  (like 
the  original  of  Macphcrsou's  "  Ossian  "' 
and  of  Joe  Smith's  "  Book  of  Jlormon") 
does  not  exist,  and  grave  suspicion  pre- 
vails that  all  three  are  alike  forgeries. 
(See  Sancuuniatuo.) 

Richard  Roe.  A  mere  nominal 
defendant  in  actions  of  ejcctmont.  'J'lio 
name  u.-ed  formerly  to  bo  coupled  with 
Jo/iri  Doe. 

Richar'da,  wife  of  Nicholas  d'Este. 
A  widow  who,  with  her  son  Hercules,  was 
dispossessed  of  her  inheritance  by  I,io- 
nello  and  Borso.  Both  were  obliged  to 
go  into  exile,  but  finally  Ilerculos  reco- 
vered his  lordship. 

Richborough,  Richehoro',  or  Rutes- 
huryli  (a  iionian  fort  in  tho  time  of 
Claudius),  called  by  Alfred  of  Beverley, 
Richbergo  ;  by  the  Saxons  (according  to 
Bedo)  licptacester,  and  by  others  Uupti- 
muth  ;  by  Orosius,  tho  port  ar.d  city  of 
Rhutubus ;  by  Amfnianu.s,  Khutupiie 
Btatio  ;  by  Antoninus,  Rhitupis  Portiis  ; 
by  Tucilns,  Portus  Tnitnlonsis  for 
Uhutupensis;  by  I'tolemy,  Khiitupia'.— 
Cumdcn. 

Rickety  Stock.  Stock  bought  or 
sold  for  a  niau  of  straw.  If  the  client 
cannot  pay,  tho  broker  must. 

Ricochet  (ri/dosha;/).  Anything 
ropealod  over  and  over  again.  Tho 
fabulous  bird  that  had  only  one  note  was 
called  the  Ricncli<-'t;  and  th'<  rebound 
oil  water  tcrnu'd  dncLi  and  </r((/iV,t  has  tho 
same  name.  Marshal  Vuiiban  (1(;33-1707) 
invented  a  battery  of  rebound  called  the 
Ricorficl  liatt'Ti/,  tho  application  of  which 
was  Kicoohet  iiriug.    (See  p.  742,  col.  2.) 

Riddle.  .Tospphus  relates  how  Hiram, 
king  of   Tyro,  and  SoK-mou  had  ouw  a 


contest  in  rid'llos,  when  Solomon  won  a 
largo  sum  of  inouey  ;  but  he  sultsequently 
lost  it  to  Abdomon,  ono  of  Hiram's 
subjects. 

liiddlt.  Plutarch  states  that  Homer 
died  of  chagrin,  because  he  could  not 
solve  a  certain  riddle.     (See  Spuinx.  ) 

Father  oj  Riddles.  So  tho  abb<j  Cotin 
dubbed  liimsolf,  but  posterity  ha.s  not 
confirmed  his  right  to  the  title.  (16u4- 
1G3J.) 

Ride.  To  ride  ahmad  ivilh  St.  Oeorqe, 
but  at  home  xoilh  St.  Michael;  said  of  a  hen- 
pecked braggart.  St.  George  is  repre- 
sented as  riding  on  a  war  charger  whither 
ho  listed ;  St.  Michael,  on  a  dragon. 
Abroad  a  m.an  rides  like  St.  George  on 
a  horse  which  ho  can  control  and  govern; 
but  at  home  he  h.as  "a  dragon"  tc 
manage  like  St.  -Michael.   {French.) 

To  ride  up  Ilolborn  Bill.  To  go  to  tho 
gallows. 

I  shall  iivo  to  «co  you  ridf  up  UoIUnrn  Hill. 

C'on<]rni«,  "  Loi-e/or  L'-n<^" 

Rider.  An  addition  to  a  manuscript, 
like  a  codicil  to  a  will ;  an  additional 
clause  tacked  to  a  bill  in  parliament;  so 
called  because  it  over-rides  iho  preceding 
matter  when  tho  two  come  into  collision. 

Perhaps  Mr.  Konnoth  will  allow  nio  to  add  tl.a 
foUowiiii;^  n.s  a  rider  to  hii  Bug^e^liua — Suu  and 
Queries,  "  J/.  A.*' 

Eiderhood  (Rogue).  Tho  villain  in 
Dickens's  novel  entitled  "  Our  Mutual 
friend." 

Ridicule  (Father  oJ).  Fiau.^is 
Rabelais,     (lllij-loja.) 

Riding  of  Yorkshire.  Same  as 
trithinif'm  Lincoln.shiro  ;  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  third  part  of  a  county,  under  tiie 
government  of  a  reeve  (fherijl').  The 
v/ord  diiifj  or  lUinc/  is  Scandinavian,  and 
means  a  legislative  assembly  ;  lionce  th'> 
great  national  diet  of  Norway  is  still 
called  a  stor-thing  (great  legislative 
assembly),  and  its  two  chambers  are  the 
laq-lhinij  (law  assembly)  and  the  odJs- 
iliiiiq  (ffceholdens  assembly).  Kent  w.o-s 
divided  into  laths,  Sussex  into  rapes, 
Lincoln  into  parts.  The  person  who  pre- 
sided over  a  trithing  was  called  the 
trithing-man;  he  who  presided  in  the 
lath  was  called  a  laUi-griwe. 

Ridol'phua  (in  "Jenis.alem  Deli- 
vered " ).  Ono  of  tho  band  of  adventurers 
that  joined  tho  Crusaders.  He  ^\.■I3 
slain  by  Argautes  (bk.  vii.). 


718 


RIDOTTO 


RIGLET. 


Ridot'to  {Italian).  An  assembly 
where  the  comiiauy  is  first  enteituinod 
with  niUBic,  and  tlien  joins  in  dancing 

Eien'zi  (Nicold  Gah-i'ni).  The  Ro- 
foi-iiier  at  Rome.  (1313-1364.)  liulwer 
Lyttoti  (Lord  Lytton)  has  a  novel  called 
"  liienzi,"  and  \\'a!^uer  au  opora. 

VAf  or  llljle  (French).  Avoir  rijle  el 
ruile.  To  have  everything.  Also,  tho 
neL-'ativo  n'avoir  7ii  rif  id  raf;  to  have 
nothing. 

1161,18 !  j'ai  gouts  inisei.iiirne, 

J'ai  rilie  e'  rntie,  et  loi^ue  el  taitme. 

■■  Les  iliiacle)  de  Uti.  (JinivUvc." 

RifF-rafT.  The  oflscourinij of  society, 
or  rather  "  refuse  and  sweepings."  Rie/ 
is  Anylo-Saxon,  and  means  a  rag ;  Ro,!)'' 
is  also  Anglo-Saxon,  and  means  sweep- 
ings. (Danish,  rips-raps.)  The  French 
have  the  exj>ression  avoir  ritle  et  rajle, 
meaning  to  have  everything ;  whence  i 
radoux,  one  who  has  everything,  and  tho 
phrase  il  n'a  laifse  ni  rif  ni  raf,  he 
has  left  nothing  behind  him. 

I  have  tieitlier  rylT  nor  ruff  [rug  lo  cover  me  nor 
roof  over  my  head].  — Sharp,  "CoveMry  Mt/et.," 
p.  m. 

Ilka  nnan  agajne  his  gud  lie  gaife 
That  lie  Imii  r<,ui'  with  ryfe  and  laffe 
Qvotfd  il/  JJalUwtU  ill  his  "  Archak  Victionari/.' 

Eifie  is  from  the  German  reifein,  to 
hollow  into  tubes.  In  1851,  the  French 
iuinie  rifle  was  partially  supplied  to  the 
liritish  army.  Tn  1853  it  was  superseded 
by  the  Enfiekl  rifle,  which  has  three 
grooves.  Sir  William  Armstrong's  gun, 
which  has  numerous  small  sharp  grooves, 
was  adopted  by  the  government  in  1859. 
'I'he  Whitworth  gun,  which  has  a  polj-- 
gonal  bore,  with  a  twist  towards  the 
niurzle,  will  jirobably  supersede  the 
A  rmstrong. 

Eig.  A  piece  of  frolic  or  fun.  The 
Scotch  say  of  a  man  who  indulges  in 
intoxication,  "  He  goes  the  ri;/.'"  Tho 
same  word  is  applied  in  Scotland  to  a 
certain  portion  or  division  of  a  field. 
Thus,  such  expressions  as  the  "lea-rig" 
and  the  "rigs  o'  barley"  occur  in  the 
songs  of  Burns.  A  wanton  used  to  bo 
culled  a  rig.  (French,  se  rigoler,  to  mako 
n^crry.) 

He  little  thought  when  he  set  out 
Ot  luiiuiug  Buch  a  rig. 

Cowpcr,  'Vok«  Gilpiju" 

Rig.  To  dress  ;  whence  rigged  exit,  tc 
»ty  oneself  I  to  j-i^  a  slop,  trdl-rigged,  &c. 


(Saxon,  wrigan,  to  drew  ;  hragl,    «  gix- 
ment. 

Jack  wai  ri^i-ged  out  in  hia  gold  and  eiWer  Iftoe. 
with  a  feather  in  b.g  cat.—L'Jiiilrange. 

Eig-Maria.  Base  coin.  The  word 
oiiginateil  from  one  of  the  billon  coins 
struck  in  the  reign  of  queen  M<ary,  which 
bore  the  words  lieg.  Maria  as  part  of 
the  legend. 

Eigadoon.  A  French  figure-dance 
invented  by  Isaac  Rig'adon. 

A'.id  fanac's  Hgiadoon  shall  live  as  loni; 
Ai   lliph  t-iV  |..i!u  ill'.-,  iir  as  VirKil's  song. 

J-:iil/ns,  "Art  of  Darning,"  cii.lo  IL 

Eig'dum  Fun'nidos,  in  Carey's 
burlesque  of  "  Chrononhotouthologos." 

JiinduiH  Funnidos.  A  sobriquet  given 
by  sir  Walter  Scott  to  .John  Ballantyne, 
bis  publisher.  So  called  bccauBe  he  was 
full  of  fun.     (177tJ-lS21.) 

A  quick,  »ct've,  intnpd  little  fellow. ...full  of 
fun  and  merriment.... all  over  quainin'-j-B  and  hu- 
morous  mimicry a    keen    and  skilful  cevotee 

of  all  manner  of  fielil-tports,  from   fox-hunting  to 
badger-liaitmg  icclusive. — Lockhart. 

Eight.  Rigid  as  (he  trivet.  The  trivet 
is  a  metallic  plate-stand  with  three  legs. 
Some  fastcPj.to  the  fender,  and  are  do- 
signed,  to  hold  the  plate  of  hot  toast. 
(Saxon,  Ihry/ot  three-foot,  tiipod.) 

DedaralujiL  of  Riglils.  An  instrument 
submitted  to  William  and  Mary  on  their 
being  called  to  the  throne,  setting  forth 
the  fundamental  principles  of  the  con- 
stitut-on.  The  chief  items  are  these : 
Tho  crown  cannot  levy  taxes,  nor  keep  a 
standing  army  in  times  of  peace  ;  the 
members  of  parliament  are  free  to  utter 
their  thoughts,  and  a  parliament  is  to  be 
convened  every  year  ;  elections  are  to  be 
free,  trial  by  jury  is  to  be  inviolate,  and 
the  right  of  petition  is  not  to  be  inter- 
fered with. 

Eiglit  Foot  Foremost.  In  Rome 
a  boy  was  always  stationed  at  the  door 
of  a  mansion  to  caution  the  visitors  not  to 
cross  the  threshold  with  tlieir  left  foot, 
which  would  have  been  an  ill-omen. 

Right  Hand.  The  right-hand  side 
of  the  Speaker,  meaning  the  ministerial 
benches.  In  the  French  Legislative 
.\ssembly,  the  right  meant  the  Monarchy- 
men.  In  the  National  Convention,  the 
Girondists  were  called  the  rir/'U  hand, 
because  they  occupied  the  Ministorial 
benches. 

Eiglet.  A  thin  piece  of  wood  used 
for  stretching  the  canvas  of  pictuies; 
and  in  printing,  to  re^njjato  the  margiu, 


RlGOL. 


RING. 


T4a 


fee.    (French,  rei/let,  a  rule  or  regulator ; 
Latin,  re(/ula,  a  rule.) 

Eig'ol.  A  circle  or  diadem.  The 
word  seems  to  be  a  corruption  of  rinf/le 
(a  little  ring). 

[Sleep]  Th»t  from  this  golden  rigol  hath  divorced 
80  many  Gnglisli  kiaea. 

Shaken>tarr,  "i  Henry  IV,'  iv.  4. 

Rigolette  (3  syl.).  A  grisctte,  a 
courtezan  ;  so  called  from  Rigolette  in 
Eugene  Sue's  "  Mysteries  of  Paris." 

RigolettO.  An  opera  describing  the 
agony  of  a  father  obliged  to  witness  tlie 
prostitution  of  bis  own  child.  The  li- 
bretto is  borrowed  from  the  drama  called 
"Le  Roi  s' Amuse,"  by  Victor  Hugo;  the 
music  is  by  Giuseppe  Verdi. 

Rile.  Don't  rile  the  *caler.  Do  not 
stir  up  the  water  and  make  it  muddy. 
T/ie  water  w  riled— nwld^  and  unfit  to 
drink.  Common  Norfolk  expressions; 
also,  a  boy  is  riled  (out  of  temper).  I'si/, 
'.ogtther,  Joe  Smith  teas  rtgidarly  riled,  is 
quite  Norfolk.  The  American  roil  has 
the  same  meaning.  (French,  brouiller; 
c  ur  broil.) 

Rime  of  Sir  Thopas.  A  trayestie 
of  the  ancient  rhyming  romances  intro- 
duced by  Chaucer  into  his  "  Canterbury 
Tales."  Harry  Bailly  intcrru[)ts  mine 
host  with  th3  most  energetic  expressions 
of  contempt. 

Rimer.  Chief  god  of  Damascu<» ; 
BO  called  from  the  word  rime,  a  "  pome- 
granate," becaiiso  he  held  a  pomegranate 
in  his  right  hand.  The  people  bore  a 
pomein"auate  in  their  coat  armour.  The 
Romans  called  this  god  Jupiter  Cassius, 
from  mount  Cassius,  near  Damascus. 

Rimfaxi  (Frost  mane).  The  horse 
of  Night,  the  foam  of  whose  bit  causes 
dew.  —,'Scandinj.vian  mythology. 

Rimmon.  A  Syrian  god,  whose  scat 
was  Damnscu.s, 

Him  follnwi'd  Klmmon,  whnae  delig'>tfiil  ee^t 
Was  fair  liamocus.  on  thu  fertile  imnk 
ur  A'u'baiia  and  riinrplmr,  lucid  stiemrs. 

.Vxltvn," Paradltt  Lvsl."  bt  L 

Rimthur'sar,  Brother  of  Y'mer. 
They  were  called  the  "Evil  Ones." — 
Scaudindvian  mylhoUigy 

Rlnal'do  (in  "Jcnisalem  Delivered"). 
The  .Achilles  of  the  Cliristian  army.  "  Ho 
despises  trolil  and  power,  but  crsivcs  n  - 
Down"  (bk.  i.).  Ho  was  the  son  of  I'.tT- 
Mdo  and  Sophia,  and  nephew  of  Guclpho, 


but  was  brought  up  by  Matilda.  At  the 
age  of  fifteen  he  ran  away  and  joined  i!ie 
Criisaders,  where  ho  was  enrolled  in  t  he 
ailvcnturers'  squadron.  Having  slain 
Gernando,  he  was  summoned  by  Godfrey 
to  public  trial,  but  went  into  voluntary 
exile.  The  pedigree  of  Rinaldo,  of  the 
noble  house  of  Este,  is  traced  from  Actius 
on  the  male  side,  and  Augustus  on  the 
female  to  Actius  VI.     (Uk.  xi-ii.) 

Rinaldo  (in  "  Orlando  Furioso  ").  Son 
of  the  fourth  mar(]uis  d'Ette,  cousin  o^ 
Orlando,  lord  of  Mount  Auban  or  Albano, 
eldest  son  of  Anion  or  Aymon,  nephew 
of  Charlemagne,  and  Bradainant's  brother 
(see  Alba'no).  He  was  the  rival  of  hia 
cousin  Orlando,  but  Angelica  detested 
him.  He  was  called  "  Ciarmont's  leader," 
and  brought  an  auxiliary  force  of  English 
and  Scotch  to  Charlemagne,  which  "  Si- 
lence" conducted  safely  into  Paris. 

Jlinaldo  or  Renaud,  one  of  the  paladina 
of  Charlemagne,  is  always  painted  with 
thecharacteristicsof  a  borderer— valiant, 
alert,  ingenious,  rapacious,  and  unscru- 
pulous. 

Ring.  The  Ring  and  the  Book.  An 
idyllic  epic  by  Robert  Browning,  foiindcii 
on  a  cause  celehre  of  Italian  history  (Itil'S). 
Guido  Franceschi'ni,  a  Florentine  noble- 
man of  shattered  fortune,  by  the  advice 
of  his  brother,  cardinal  Paulo,  marries 
Pompilia,  an  heiress,  to  repair  his  state. 
Now  Pompilia  was  only  a  supposititiou* 
child  of  Pietro,  supplied  by  Violante  fc.r 
tiio  sake  of  preventing  certain  property 
from  going  to  an  heir  not  his  own.  When 
the  bride  discovered  the  motive  of  the 
bridegroom,  she  revealed  to  him  this 
fact,  and  the  first  trial  occurs  to  settle 
the  said  property.  The  count  treats  hi-t 
bride  so  Ijrutaily  that  she  quits  his  roof 
under  the  protection  of  Capons-icchi,  a 
young  priest,  and  takes  refuge  in  Rome. 
Guide  follows  the  fugitives  and  arrests 
them  at  an  inn  ;  a  trial  ensues,  and  a 
separation  is  permitted.  Pompilia  plcaiis 
for  a  divorce,  but,  pending  the  suit,  gives 
birth  to  a  son  at  the  house  of  her  puUi- 
tive  parents.  The  count,  hearing  there 
of,  murders  Pietro,  Violante,  and  Pom- 
pilia ,  but,  being  taken  red-handed,  ii 
executed. 

Ring.  If  a  lady  or  gentleman  is  willin? 
to  marry,  but  not  en£ra;red,  a  ring  should 
be  worn  on  the  index  finger  of  the  left 
hand  ;  if  engaged,  on  tho  second  finger  ; 
if  married,  on  tho  third  finger ;    but  it 


ISO 


RISO. 


KtiiG  DOWt*. 


either  has  no  dosire  to  marry,  on  the 
little  finger.— Tl/cw/uinc  C  iJe  la  Tour, 

A  rinq  worn  on  the  forofinpfcr  indicates 
a  haughty,  bold,  and  overbearin;j:  spirit 
on  the  long  finger,  prudence,  dignity, 
and  discretion ;  on  the  marriage  linger, 
love  and  affection ;  on  tho  little  finger,  a 
masterful  spirit. 

Rinfj.  It  is  said  that  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor was  once  asked  for  alms  by  an  old 
man,  and  gave  him  his  ring.  In  time 
some  English  pilgrims  went  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  happened  to  meet  tho  same 
old  man,  who  told  them  he  was  John  tho 
Evangelist,  and  gave  them  the  identical 
ring  to  take  to  "  Saint"  Edward.  This 
ring  was  preserved  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Ring  given  in  maiTiage,  because  it  was 
anciently  used  as  a  seal,  by  which  orders 
were  signed  (Gen.  xxxviii.  18;  Esther  iii. 
1012)  ;  and  the  delivery  of  a  ring  was  a 
sign  that  the  giver  endowed  tho  person 
who  received  »t  with  all  the  power  he 
nimself  possessed  (Gen.  xli.  42).  The 
woman  vvho  had  the  ring  could  issue 
commands  as  her  husband,  and  was  in 
every  respect  his  representative. 

In  llie  Roman  (spoiisals,  the  man  gave  the  woman 
B  rim?  hy  way  of  pledge,  and  the  woman  put  it  ou 
the  third  finger  of  her  left  hand,  because  it  was  be- 
lieveil  that  a  uer\e  ran  from  that  finger  to  the  heart. 
—ilacroOiut,  Sal.  vlL  16. 

Rinff  posy  or  motto  ; 

(1)  A  E  I  (Greek  for  "Always^. 

C.)  For  ever  and  for  8je 

(:Ji  In  thee,  my  choice,  I  do  rejoice. 

(1)  Let  love  increase. 

i'l)  May  (iod  above  Incre.Tse  otirlove. 

(0)  Not  two  but  one,  Till  life  is  gone. 

(7)  My  heart  and  I,  Until  I  di<-, 

(8)  When  this  you  see.  Then  think  of  m«. 
((')  Love  is  beat  en,  and  heaven  is  lore. 
lu)  Wedlock,  'lis  said,  la  heaven  is  made. 

Rigid  to  wear  a  gold  ring.  Amongst 
the  Romans,  only  sen.ators,  chief  magis- 
trates, and  in  later  times  knights,  en- 
joyed the  "  jus  annuli  aurei."  The 
t'luperors  conferred  the  right  upon  whom 
they  pleased,  and  Justinian  extended  the 
privilege  to  all  Roman  citizens. 

Ring.  The  doge  of  Venice,  on  Ascen- 
eion  day,  used  to  throw  a  ring  into  the 
sea  from  the  ship  Bucentaur,  to  denote 
that  the  Adriatic  was  subject  to  the  re- 

Eublic  of  Venice  as  a  wife  is  subject  to 
er  husband. 

Pobjc'raCes'  ring  was  flung  into  the  sea 
to  propitiate  Nem'esis,  and  was  found 
again  by  the  owner  inside  a  fish.  (See 
Glasgow  Arms). 


Pope  Innocent's  Rings.  On  Jlay  29th, 
120,'),  popo  Innocent  lit,  sent  John,  king 
of  England,  four  gold  rings  set  with  pre- 
cious stones,  and  in  his  letter  s,ays  the 
gift  is  emblematical.  Ho  thus  explains 
the  matter  : — The  rotundity  signifies  eter- 
nitij,  remember  wo  are  passing  through 
time  into  eternity.  Tho  number  signifies 
the  four  virtues  which  make  up  constancy 
of  mind — viz.,  "justice,  fortitude,  pni- 
dence,  and  temperance."  Tho  material 
sigiiifiea  "wisdom  from  on  high,"  which 
is  as  gold  purified  in  the  fire.  The  green 
emerald  is  emblem  of  "faith,"  tho  blue 
sapphire  of  "hope,"  the  red  garnet  of 
"  charity,"  and  the  bright  topaz  of 
'■"good  works," — Rijmer,  " Fvedei-a,"  vol. 
i.  139. 

The  Enchanted  Ring  (in  "  Orlando 
Furioso")  was  given  by  king  Agramant 
to  the  dwarf  Brunello,  from  whom  it  was 
stolen  by  Brad'amant  and  given  to  Me- 
lissa. It  passed  successively  into  the 
hands  of  Roge'ro  and  Angelica  (who  car- 
ried it  in  her  mouth). — Bk.  v. 

Solomon's  ring,  among  other  wonderful 
things,  sealed  up  the  refractory  Jins  in 
jars,  and  cast  them  into  the  Reil  Sea.. 

R.e>inard's  Konderfnl  ring.  This  ring, 
whicia  existed  only  in  the  brain  of  Rey- 
nard, had  a  stone  of  three  colours — red, 
white,  and  green.  The  red  made  the 
night  as  clear  as  the  day  ;  the  white  cured 
all  manner  of  diseases ;  and  the  g^-een 
rendered  tho  wearer  of  the  ring  invin- 
cible.—"7ue?/)irtrrf  the  Fox,"  ch.  xii. 

Ring  of  I/ivisibiliti/  vfh'ich.  belonged  to 
Otnit,  king  of  Lomiiardy,  given  to  him 
by  tho  queen-mother  when  he  went  to 
gain  in  marriage  the  soldan's  daughter. 
The  stone  of  the  ring  had  the  virtue  of 
directing  the  wearer  tho  right  road  to 
take  in  travelling. — The  Heldenhuck. 

Gyges'  ring  (q.v.)  rendered  tho  wearei 
invisible  when  its  stone  was  turned  in- 
wards. 

It  has  the  tnie  7-ing—hsis  intrinsic  merit ; 
bears  the  mark  of  real  talent.  A  meta- 
phor taken  from  the  custom  of  judging 
genuine  money  by  its  "  ring  "  or  sound. 

The  ring.  The  space  set  apart  for 
prize-fighters,  horse-racing,  &c. ;  so  called 
because  the  spectators  stand  round  in  a 
ring. 

Ring  Down.  Conclude,  end  at  once. 
A  theatrical  phrase,  alluding  to  the  cus- 
tom of  ringing  a  bell  to  give  notice  for 
the  fall  of  the  cui-t7!n.     Charles  Dickens 


RING  FINQfiR. 


EIQUET. 


751 


sftys,  "It  is  timo  to  ring  down  on  these 
remarks." — Speech  oU  (he  Dramatic  Fete. 

Ring  Finger.  Priests  \ised  to  wear 
their  ring  on  the  fore-fini,'er  (which  re- 
presents the  Holy  Ghost)  in  token  of  their 
spiritual  office.     {See  Wedding  Fingek. ) 

The  ri7ig  finger  represents  the  humanily 
of  Christ,  and  is  used  in  matrimony, 
which  has  only  to  do  with  humanity. 
(.b'«  Finger  Benediction.) 

liinfj  Finger.  Aulus  Gellius  tells  r.s 
that  Appia'nus  asserts  in  his  Egyptian 
books  that  a  verj'  delicate  nerve  runs 
from  the  fourth  finger  of  the  left  hand  to 
the  heart,  on  which  account  tliis  finger  is 
used  for  the  man-iage  ring. — "Nodes," 
X.  10. 

The  fact  has  nothing  to  do  with  the 
question  :  that  the  ancients  believed  it  is 
all  we  require  to  know.  In  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic church,  the  thumb  and  first  two  fin- 
gers represent  the  Trinity :  thus  the  bride- 
groom says,  "in  the  name  of  the  Father," 
and  touches  the  thumb  ;  "  in  the  name 
of  the  Son,"  and  touches  the  first  finger; 
and  "  in  the  name  of  the  Holy  Ghost" 
he  touches  the  long  or  second  finger. 
The  next  finger  is  the  husband's,  to 
whom  the  woman  owes  allegiance  next 
to  God.  Tho  left  hand  is  chosen  to  show 
that  the  woman  is  to  be  subject  to  the 
man.  In  tho  Ilorcford,  York,  and  Salis- 
bury missals,  the  ring  is  directed  to  be 
put  first  on  the  thumb,  then  on  the  first 
finger,  then  on  the  long  finger,  and  lastly 
on  the  ring-finger,  (juia  in  illo  dig'ilo  est 
quadam  vena  proce'detis  usque  ad  cor. 

Ringing  Changes.  Bantering  each 
other  ;  turning  the  tables  on  a  jester. 
The  allusion  is  to  bells.     (See  Peal.) 

Ring'ing  Island.  The  church  of 
Rome.  It  is  an  island  because  it  is 
isolated  or  cut  off  from  the  world.  It  is  a 
ringing  island  because  bells  are  inces- 
santly ringing  :  at  matin  and  vespers,  at 
mass  and  at  sermon-time,  at  noon,  vigils, 
eves,  and  so  on.  It  is  entered  only  after 
four  days'  fastinfr,  without  which  none  in 
the  Romish  church  eater  holy  orders. 

Ringlet  of  Grass.  Whoever  lives 
in  a  house  built  over  a  "  fairy  ring  " 
shall  wondrously  crosper. --.,4t/i'/.mn 
OiacU;  i.  397. 

Ringleader.  The  person  who  opens 
a  ball  or  leads  off  a  dance  (see  "  Ilully- 
band's  Dictionary,"  1593).  The  danco 
referred  to  was  conamcDced  by  tho  parly 


taking  hands  round  in  a  ring,  instead  of 
in  two  lines  as  in  tho  country  dance. 
The  leader  in  both  cases  has  to  set  the 
figures. 

Riot.  To  run  Hot.  To  act  in  a  very 
disorderly  way.  Riot  means  debauchery 
or  wild  merriment. 

See,  Kiot  her  luzuriouB  howl  prepares. 

"TutAtau  of  CebtS." 

Rip.  To  rip  up  old  grievances  or  soret 
To  bring  them  again  to  recollection,  to 
recall  them.  The  allusion  is  to  breaking 
up  a  place  in  search  of  something  hidden 
and  out  of  sight.     (Saxon.) 

They  ripped  up  all  that  had  been  done  from  th! 
beginning  of  the  rebellion.— Ciarendon. 

Rip  van  WinklS;  slept  20  years  in 
the  Kiiatskill  mouuiaius.     (See  Winklk.) 

Ripaille.  /  am  living  at  Ripaille 
—'iu  idleness  and  pleasure.  (French, 
faiire  Eipedllc.)  Amadeiis  VIII.,  duke  of 
Savoy,  retired  to  Kipaille,  near  Geneva, 
where  he  threw  off  all  the  cares  of  state, 
and  lived  among  boon  companions  in  the 
indulgence  of  unrestrained  pleasure.  (See 
Stbaritk.) 

Riph'ean  or  Rhiphae'an  Rocks. 

Any  cold  mountains  in  a  north  country. 

The  fabled  Rhiphasaa  mountains  were  in 

Scythia. 

Cold  Riphean  rocks,  which  the  wild  Rubs 
Believes  the  stony  girdle  "f  the  world. 

Thomacn,  "  A\duma. " 

The  poet  here  speaks  of  the  Welikl 
Camenypoys  (jjreat  stone  girdle)  supposed 
by  the  early  Russians  to  have  girded  the 
whole  earth. 

Rip'on.  True  as  Ripon  steel.  Ripon 
used  to  bo  famous  for  its  steel  spurs, 
which  were  tho  best  in  the  world.  The 
spikes  of  a  Ripon  spar  would  strike 
thro\iKh  a  shilling-piece  without  tuming 
tho  point. 

Riq  aet  with  a  Tuft,  from  the  French 
"  Riquct  h,  la  Houppe,"  by  Charles  Per- 
r.ault ;  borrowed  from  "  The  Nitrhts  of 
Straparola,"  and  imitated  by  Madame 
Villeneuve  in  her  "  Beauty  and  the 
Beast.'*  Riquet  is  the  beau-ideal  of 
ugliness,  but  had  the  power  of  endowing 
tho  person  he  loved  best  with  wit  and 
intelligence.  lie  falls  in  love  with  it 
beautiful  woman  as  stupid  as  Riquet  is 
ugly,  but  possessing  the  power  of  en- 
dowing the  person  she  loves  best  with 
beauty.  Tho  two  marry  and  exchange 
gifts. 


75'i 


RISE. 


ROB  Kor. 


Iliso.  To  take  a  rise  out  of  one.  Hot- 
ton  s.i)'s  this  is  a  metaplior  from  fly- 
tisliiiiff ;  tlio  fish  rise  to  tho  (ly,  and 
aro  caught. 

Rising  In  tlio  Air.  In  tho  mi<l(l!o 
ages,  persons  believed  that  saints  were 
sometimes  elevated  from  tho  ground  by 
religious  ecstacy.  St.  Philip  of  Ncii 
was  sometimes  raised  to  tho  heiglit  of 
Hoveral  yards,  occasionally  to  tho  ceiling 
i)f  tho  room.  Ignatius  Loyola  was  some- 
limes  raised  up  two  or  three  feet,  and 
his  body  becaino  luminous.  St.  Robert 
de  Palentin  was  elevated  in  his  ecstacies 
eighteen  or  twenty  inches.  St.  Dunstan, 
a  little  before  his  death,  was  observed  to 
rise  from  the  ground.  And  Girolamo 
hiavonarola,  just  prior  to  execution,  knelt 
in  jirayer,  and  was  lifted  from  the  floor 
of  his  cell  into  mid-air,  where  ho  re- 
mained suspended  for  a  considerable 
time. — "Acta  Sanctonim." 

Rivals  ("Persons  dwelling  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  a  river").  Forsyth  derives 
these  words  from  the  Latin  riva'lis,  a 
riverman.  CiTjlius  says  there  was  no 
more  fruitful  source  of  contention  than 
river-right,  both  with  beasts  and  men, 
not  only  for  the  benefit  of  its  waters,  but 
also  because  rivers  are  natural  boun- 
daries. Hence  Ariosto  compares  Orlando 
and  Ag'rican  to  "  two  hinds  quarrelling 
for  tho  river  right"  (.xxiii.  83). 

River  of  Paradise.  St.  Bernard, 
.nbbot  of  Clairvaux,  "tho  Last  of  the 
r.athers,"  was  so  called.    (1091-1153.) 

River  Denion  or  River  Horse  was 
the  Kelpie  of  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland. 

Roach.  Sound  as  a  roach  (French, 
mill  comma  niie  roche).    Sound  as  a  rock. 

Road  or  RoaJstea'i,  as  "  Tarmouth 
Roads,"  a  place  wliere  ships  can  ride  at 
anchor.  (French,  rader,  to  anchor  in  a 
rade ;  Saxon,  rad,  a  road  or  place  for 
rilling.) 

Kinj  of  Roads  [Rhodes].  John  Loudon 
Macadam.     (1756-1836.) 

The  law  of  the  road — 

The  law  of  tho  road  is  a  parsxioi  quite. 

In  riding  or  diiving  along: 
If  you  goto  tho  left  you  are  sure  to  go  right 

jf  you  go  to  the  right  you  go  wrong. 

Road-agent.  A  highwayman  in  the 
mountain  districts  of  North  America. 

Road-ft(tent  Is  the  name  applied  in  the  mount-ilns 
Ic  a  tuUJaii  wlr>  has  given  up  bcnest  wcrk  In  the 


atore,  in  the  tninp,  in  thn  ranch,  for  the  perils  and 
profits  of  tho  hi-'.hway.— IF.  llepworth  Dixon,  "Met! 
Amencu,"  I.  U. 

Roan.  A  reddish-brown.  Tliis  is 
tho  Greek  eruthroa  or  eruthraon  ;  whence 
the  Latin  rufum.  (Tho Welsh  haverhtuld; 
Uerrnan,  roth;  Saxon,  rud;  our  rudd/;.) 

Roan  Barbary.  The  famous 
charier  of  Richard  iT.,  that  ate  from  his 
royal  hand.     (See  Ricuaud  II.) 

Roarer.  A  broken-winded  horse  la 
so   called  from  tho  noise   it   makes   in 

breathing. 

Roaring.  //«  drives  a  roaring  trade. 
IIo  does  a  great  business  ;  his  employes 
are  driven  till  all  their  wind  is  gone  ; 
hencQ  Jast,  quick.     {See  above.) 

Roaring-boys  or  Roarers.  Tho 
riotous  l)lades  of  Ben  Jonson's  time, 
whose  delight  it  was  to  annoy  quiet  folk. 
At  one  time  their  pranks  in  London  were 
carried  to  an  alarming  extent. 

And  bid  them  think  on  Jones  amid't  this  gles, 
In  hope  to  get  such  roaring  boys  as  he. 

"Ligendof  Captain  Jones"  (16/J). 

Roast.  To  ride  the  roast.  To  have 
the  chief  direction  ;  to  bo  paramount. 
It  is  a  corruption  of  raacLst,  meaning 
"the  council."     (Gerpian,  ra.h.) 

.rohii,  dulie  of  Bur^ovi^,  ruled  the  roet,  and 
Roverned  both  kyng  Charles ....  and  bis  who!* 
realnie.— ifaii, "  Union"  (lolS). 

To  roast  one  or  give  him  a  roasting.  To 
banter  him,  to  expose  him  to  the  purg.a- 
tory  of  sharp  words.  Shakespeare,  in 
"  Hamlet,"  speaks  of  roasting  "  in  wrath 
and  fire."  The  allusion  is  to  fire  of 
purgatory,  not  to  the  culinary  art. 

Rob.  A  sort  of  jam.  It  is  a  Spanish 
word,  taken  from  the  Arabic  roob  (the 
juice  of  fruit). 

Faire  un  rob  (in  whist).  To  win  the 
rubber ;  that  is,  either  two  successive 
games,  or  two  out  of  three.  Borrowed 
from  the  game  of  bowls. 

Rob  Roy  {Rohe)-t  the  Red).  A  nick- 
name given  to  Robert  M'Gregor,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Campbell  when  tho 
clan  M'Gregor  was  outlawed  by  the 
Scotch  parliament  in  1662.  He  may  be 
termed  the  Robin  Hood  of  Scotland. 

Rather  beneath  the  middle  size  thnn  ahoTe  it, 
his  limbs  were  formed  upon  tlie  Tery  stron^eHt 
niodi'l  ihal  IB  consistent  wiih  agility  .  Twu  po'n'S 
in   his    person   interfered  with  the  rules  of  »•.  ra- 

met  ry  :  his  shoulders  were  so  broad as   to  giye 

him  the  air  of  being  too  square  in  resnect  to  hi 
stature ;  and  his  arjns,  tlioui;h  round,  sinewy,  and 
etrong,weie  so  very  Ions  as  \6  he  rathera  deformiiT. 
—  .•:ir  V'alUr  Hcott,  "  R/>')  Ron  M'Ortaor,"  xxiii. 


ROBBLR. 


ROBIN  AND  MAKYNE.      753 


Robber.  The  robber  who  told  Alex- 
ander tliat  ho  was  Ihe  i^eator  roljber  of 
the  two  was  named  Dion'iiiiJs.  The  tale 
is  i^iven  in  "  Eveninirs  at  Home,"  unrier 
t,ho  title  of  "Alexander and  the  1  Jobber." 

liobliir.  Edward  IV.  of  Enjjland 
was   called  by   the    8coti-h    lulicanl  ihe 

Robbing  Peter  to  pay  Paul. 

Ou  the  17ih  of  December,  1540,  the  abbey 
cliurcii  of  St.  Piter,  We.stmiiister,  »v)i.s 
Rilvauced  to  the  dignity  of  a  cathedral 
by  letters  patent;  but  ton  years  later  it 
was  joined  to  the  diocese  of  London 
ayain,  and  many  of  its  estates  appro- 
priated to  the  repairs  of  St.  Paul's 
cathedral. —  Wiiilde,  "  Cfilkcdrals. 

TiiiHinani  sitiuia  crucifigeret  raulum  ut  redimcret 
r»liuiu(l-Jtli  cent.). 


Vigliiu,  "  Com.  Dec.  Denarii,"  1.  9  (I5G9)- 

Robert  of  Brunne,  that  i.«,  of  Bourne, 
in  r>incolnshire.  Ills  name  was  Robert 
Mannino;,  author  of  an  old  Plnglish 
"Chronicle,"  written  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  It  consists  of  two  parts, 
the  first  of  which  is  in  octo-syllabic 
rhymes,  and  is  a  translation  of  Wace'a 
"15rut;"  the  second  part  is  in  Alexan- 
drine verse,  and  is  a  translation  of  the 
French  chronicle  of  Piers  de  Langtoft 
of  Yorkshire. 

O'  nninne  I  am,  if  ary  mo  )ilime, 

liobert  Mttiiuyun  is  my  name 

Iq  tli«  tliii'l  K'JWardes  tvnie  wn  I 

Wlifn  1  wrote  alio  ths  »ti>ry. 

frefuct  to  "Chroniele." 

Kiiif)  lidheit  Of  SkUy.  A  metrical 
romance  of  thoTrouveur,  taken  from  the 
"  Story  of  the  Emperor  Jovinian"  in  the 
"  Gesta  Ilomano'rum,"  and  borrowed 
from  the  Talmud.  It  finds  a  place  in 
the  "  Arab i, an  Nigtits,"  the  Turkish 
"Tutinameh,"  the  Sanskrit  "  Pantscha- 
tantra,"  and  has  been  recently  rec/iaujfe 
by  Longfellow  under  the  same  name. 

Jloticrl,  Rubin.  A  highwayman.  Pro- 
bably the  word  is  simply  rubber.  "  Ro- 
berdes  knaves,"  roblier  knaves;  Robert's 
or  Roberdes  men,  banditti  ;  Robin  Good- 
fellow,  the  fairy  or  elfin  robber.  The 
wild  geranium  is  called  herb  Robert  by  a 
figure  of  speech,  robbers  being  "wild 
wanderers,"  and  not  household  plants. 
(Persian,  rohodan;  Spanish,  rohar,  con- 
nected with  the  Latin  rapio,  and  French 
iXLvir.  Whence  Robin  Hood — ».«.,  the 
Robber  o'  th«  Wood.) 


Robert  the  Devil.  Robert,  finl 
diiie  of  Xormamhj ;  so  called  for  his 
daring  and  cruelty.  The  Norman  tradi- 
tion is  that  his  wandering  ghost  will  not 
be  allowed  to  rest  till  the  J>ay  of  Judg- 
ment. He  is  also  called  Robert  ihe  Maj- 
nifirmt.     (Ift28-iny.5.) 

Ro'io't  Francois  Damitns,  who  at- 
tempted to  assassinate  Louis  XV.  (1714- 
1757.) 

Robert   le   Diable.     The   son    of 

Bertha  and  Bertramo.  The  former  was 
daughter  of  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy, 
and  the  latter  was  a  fiend  in  the  guise  of 
a  knight.  The  opera  shows  the  struggle 
in  Robert  between  the  virtue  inherited 
from  his  mother,  and  the  vice  imparted 
by  his  father.  He  is  introduced  as  a 
libertine ;  but  Alice,  his  foster-sister, 
places  in  his  hand  the  will  of  his  mother, 
"  which  he  is  not  to  read  till  he  is  wor- 
thy." Bertramo  induces  him  to  gamble 
till  be  loses  everything,  and  finally 
claims  his  soul ;  but  Alice  counterplots 
the  fiend,  and  finally  triumphs  by  read- 
ing to  Robert  the  will  of  his  mother. 
— Meyerbeer,  "Roberto  il  Diavolo"  {an 
opera). 

Robert  Macaire.  Ile't  a  Robert 
Macaire — a  bluff,  free-living,  unblush- 
ing libertine,  who  commits  the  most 
horrible  crimes  without  stint  or  com- 
punction. It  is  a  character  in  M.  L>au- 
mier's  drama  of  "L'Auberge  des  Adrcts." 
His  accomplice  is  Bertrand,  a  simpleton 
and  villain,     (^ee  Macaire.) 

Robert  Street  {Addphi,  London). 
So  called  from  Robert  Adams,  the 
builder. 

Robespierre's    Weavei'S.      The 

fishwomen  and  other  female  rowdies  who 
joined  the  Parisian  Guard,  and  helped  to 
line  the  avenues  to  the  National  Assem- 
bly in  1793,  and  clamour  "Down  wiI/l  the 
Girondists  I " 

Robin  and  Ma'kyne  (2syl.).  An 
ancient  Scottish  pastoral.  Robin  is  a 
shepherd  for  whom  Makyne  sighs.  She 
goes  to  him  and  tells  her  love,  but  Robin 
turns  a  deaf  oar,  and  the  damsel  goes 
home  to  weep.  After  a  time  the  tables 
are  turned,  and  Robin  goes  to  Makyne 
to  plead  for  her  heart  and  hand  ;  but  the 
damsel  replies— 

The  man  that  will  not  when  he  may 
[•all  h»To  iiochl  when  he  walil. 

'^trcn,  "JiclKiwt.'  40.  (series  U,\ 


fSi        ROBIN   GOODFELLOW, 


ROBIN  REDBREAST. 


Bobin  Goodfellow.  A  "drudging 
fiend,"  and  merry  domestic  fairy,  famous 
for  mischicvovis  pranks  and  practical 
jokes.  At  nit,dit-time  ho  will  sometimes 
do  little  services  for  the  family  over 
which  he  presides.  The  Scotch  call  this 
domestic  f-jiirit  a  hrownie ;  the  Germans, 
kohold  or  Kuccld  Ruprecht.  The  Scandi- 
navians called  it  A'isse  <Jod-(h-eng.  Puck, 
the  jester  of  Fairy-court,  is  the  samo. 

Either  I  mistalie  your  shipe  anl  miking  q'lite, 
Or  else  you  are  tlmt  s^lirewd  niid  Lu  ivisli  Sijr.to 
Called  Kobin  Goodfellow  .   . 
Tliose  th:it  Mob -Dublin  call  yon,  and  BiTPct  Pi-ck, 
You  do  tlii;ir  work,  and  they  .-hi'l  have  ?ood  luck. 
ahaktspeart,  "  Milmimmer  AijIU's  Dream"  iL  1. 

Eobin  Gray  {Auhl}.  Words  by  lady 
Anne  Lindsay,  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Balcarres,  and  afterwards  lady  Barnard, 
iu  1772, -written  to  an  old  Scotch  tune 
called  "The  bridegroom  grat  when  the 
sun  gaed  down."  Auld  Robin  Gray  was 
the  herdsman  of  her  father.  V/hen  lady 
Anne  had  written  a  part,  she  called  her 
younger  sister  for  advice.  She  said,  "  I 
am  writing  a  ballad  of  virtuous  distress 
in  humble  life.  I  have  oppressed  my 
heroine  with  sundry  troubles  :  for  ex- 
ample, I  have  sent  her  Jamie  to  sea, 
broken  her  father's  arm,  made  her  mother 
sick,  given  her  Auld  Robin  Gray  for  a 
lover,  and  want  a  fifth  sorrow ;  can  you 
help  me  to  one?"  "Steal  the  cow, 
sister  Anne,"  said  the  little  Elizabeth  ; 
80  the  cow  was  stolen  awa',  and  the  song 
completed. 

Robin  Hood  is  first  mentioned  by 
the  Scottish  historian  Fordun,  who  died 
in  13S6.  According  to  Stow  he  was  an 
outlaw  in  the  reign  of  Richard  I.  (12th 
century).  He  entertained  one  hundred 
tall  men,  all  good  archers,  with  the  spoil 
he  took,  but  "  he  suffered  no  woman  to 
be  oppressed,  violated,  or  otherwise 
molested  ;  poore  men's  goods  he  spared, 
ahundantiie  relieving  them  with  that 
which  by  theft  he  got  from  abbeys  and 
houses  of  rich  carles."  He  was  an  im- 
mense favourite  with  the  common  people, 
who  have  dubbed  him  an  earl.  Stukeley 
Bavs  he  was  Robert  Fitz-ooth,  earl  of 
Huntingdon.    {See  Robert.) 

Hear,  underneath  this  \atU  steaa, 
I^ii  Robert  earl  of  Huntinc^oc  j 
Nea  arcir  ver  az  hie  sa  geud, 
Aa  pipl  kauld  him  Robin  Hcud. 
Bich  utljLz  az  he  an  iz  mea 
Vil  England  nivr  si  agen. 

Efitaf'k  c/  Robin  Hood 
(t^l  -n,  Kaltnd,  Diiembru  1147) 


According  to  one  tradition,  Robin 
Hood  and  Little  John  were  two  heroes 
defeated  with  Simon  de  Montfort  at  tho 
battle  of  Evesham,  in  1265.  Fuller,  in 
his  "  Worthies,"  considers  bim  an  his- 
torical character,  but  Thierry  says  he 
simply  represents  a  class,  viz.,  the  rem- 
nant of  the  old  Saxon  race,  which  lived 
in  pcrjietual  defiance  of  the  Norm.aa 
oppressors  from  the  time  of  Hereward. 
Other  examples  of  similar  combina- 
tions are  the  Gumberland  bandits,  headed 
by  Adam  Bell,  Clym  of  the  Clough,  and 
William  of  Cioudesley. 

Robin  Hood's  death.  He  was  bled  to 
death  treacherously  by  a  nun,  instigated 
to  tlie  foul  deed  by  his  kinsman,  the  prior 
of  Kirkless,  Notts.  Introduced  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  in  "  Ivaiikoe." 

Robin  Jlood.  In  the  accounts  of  king 
Edward  II. 's  household  is  an  item  which 
states  that  "Robin  Hood  received  his 
wages  as  king's  valet,  and  a  gratuity  on 
leaving  the  service."  One  of  the  bal- 
lads relates  how  Robin  Hood  took  service 
under  this  king. 

Many  talk  of  Robin  Eood  toko  never 
ikot  in  his  how.  Many  brag  of  deeds  iu 
which  they  took  no  part,  ilany  talk  of 
Robin  Hood,  and  wish  their  hearers  to 
suppose  they  took  part  in  his  adventures, 
but  they  never  put  a  shaft  to  one  of  his 
bows  ;  nor  could  they  have  bent  it  even 
if  they  had  tried. 

To  sell  Robin  Hood's  pennyworth  is  to 
sell  things  at  half  their  value.  As  Robin 
Hood  stole  his  wares,  he  sold  them  under 
their  intrinsic  value,  for  just  what  he 
could  get  on  the  nonce. 

Robin  Hood  and  Qv.y  of  Gishorne. 
Robin  Hood  and  Little  John,  having  had 
a  little  tiff,  part  company,  when  Little 
John  falls  into  the  hands  of  the  sheriff  of 
Nottingham,  who  binds  him  to  a  tree. 
Meanwhile  Robin  Hood  meets  with  Guy 
of  Gisbome,  sworn  to  slay  the  "bold 
forrester."  The  two  bowmen  struggle 
together,  but  Guy  is  slain,  and  Robin 
Hood  rides  till  he  comes  to  the  tree 
whore  Little  John  is  bound.  The  sherill 
mistakes  him  for  Guy  of  Gisbome,  and 
gives  him  charge  of  the  prisoner.  RoMn 
cuts  the  cord,  hands  Guy's  bow  to  Little 
John,  and  the  two  soon  put  to  flight  the 
sheiiiF  and  his  men. — Percy,  "Reliquei," 
isc,  (series  i.). 

Robin  Redbreast.  Tho  tradition 
Ib  that  while  our  lord  was  on  bis  way  to 


iJolilNSON  CliU.SUl::. 


ROCOCO  JEWELLERY. 


756 


Calvarjr,  a  luoin  pecked  a  thorn  out  of 
his  crown,  and  the  blood  which  issued 
from  the  wound  falling  on  the  bird  dyed 
its  breast  with  rod. 

Robinson  Crusoe.  Alexander  Sel- 
kirk was  fuiind  in  the  desert  island  of 
Juan  Fernandez,  where  he  had  been  left 
by  captain  Stradling.  lie  remained  on 
the  island  four  years  and  four  months, 
when  he  was  rescued  bj'  captain  Rogers, 
and  brought  to  England.  The  embryo  of 
De  Foe's  novel  may  be  seen  in  captain 
Burney's  interesting  narrative. 

Hoc.  A  fabulous  white  bird  of  enor- 
mous size,  and  such  strength  that  it  can 
"  truss  elepliants  in  its  talons,"  and  carry 
them  to  its  mountain  nest,  where  it 
devours  thera. — "Arabian  Nighls"  (Tlce 
Third  Calender,  and  Sinbad  Ihe  Sailor). 

*,*  The  "  I'ukh  of  iMadagascar  "  lays 
an  egg  equal  to  US  hens'  ecrL-s. — "  Complet 
Rf.itdus,"  <tc.,  xxsii.,  p.  101.  (1851.) 

Roche  (St.).  Patron  of  those  af- 
flicted with  the  plague,  becauso  ha 
devoted  his  life  to  their  service,  and  is 
said  to  intercede  for  them  in  his  exalta- 
tion. He  is  depicted  in  a  pilgi-im's 
habit,  lifting  his  dress  to  display  a 
plague-spot  on  his  thigh,  which  an  angel 
is  touching  that  he  may  euro  it.  Some- 
times he  is  accompanied  by  a  dog  bring- 
ing bread  in  his  mouth,  in  allusion  to 
the  legend  that  a  hound  brought  him 
bread  daily  while  ho  was  perishing  in  a 
forest  of  pestilence. 

St.  Rodin's  Dajf  (August  16th),  for- 
merly celebrated  in  England  a.s  a  general 
harvest-home,  and  styled  "tlio  great 
August  festival."  The  Saxon  name  of  it 
was  harfeKt  (herb-feast),  the  word  herb 
meaning  autumn  (German  hei-hU),  and 
having  no  relation  to  what  we  call  herbs. 

Sir  Bo'/h  liocMi  bird.  Sir  Boyle 
Roche,  quoting  from  Jevon's  play  {^The 
Devil  of  a  U'l/e),  said  on  one  occasion 
in  the  House,  "Mr.  Speaker,  it  is  im- 
possible I  could  have  been  in  two  places 
at  once,  unless  I  were  a  bird." 

I'Temimini;  ibat  the  dapl.oato  onrd  In  the  knave  of 
he«rla,  yo'i  may  make  &  remark  on  the  ul>i<|uitoiis 
nature  of  oerl*  a  cird*,  wliicli,  like  Sir  Boyle  Roche's 
hinl,  arc  In  two  plaoei  at  ta^it.—" Draving-ro'jni, 
Uiigie." 

Men  of  la  vieille  roche.  Old-fashioned 
men  ;  men  of  fossilised  ideas  ;  non  pro- 
gressive men.     A  geological  expression. 

I'erhapi  it  rriRy  be  ju?tly  attributed  to  i»  claw  of 
rri>diirer»,  men  of  la  vieUU  ro(kf.  th  it  they  have 
Mea  8o»!oiv  to  ajii'ieh'.nl  the  chanss*  which  oro 


dnilyprMentin?  themselves  ia  the  requirements  ot 
trade.— r/i*  Timu. 

Rochelle  Salt.  So  called  because 
it  was  discovered  by  an  apothecary  of 
Rochelle,  named  Seignette,  in  1672. 

Roches  (Cal/uirine  des)  had  a  collec- 
tion of  poems  written  on  her,  termed 
"La  Puce  do  Grands-jours  de  Poitiers." 

Rochester,  according  to  Bode,  de- 
rives its  namo  from  "  Urof,"  a  Saxon 
chieftain,      [llrofs-ceatter,  Hrofs  castle.) 

Rock.  A  quack  ;  so  called  from  one 
Rock,  who  was  the  "  Holloway"  of  queen 
Anne's  reign. 

Oh,  when  his  ucrres  had  once  received  a  shock, 
Bir  Isaac  Ncwt'U  might  have  eone  to  Itnck. 

CraOOe,  "BorovoK' 

The  Ladies'  Rock.  A  crag  in  Scotland 
under  the  castle-rock  of  Stirling,  where 
ladies  used  to  witness  tournaments. 

In  the  castle-h;ll  is  a  hollow  caMed  T/ie  V^Ufy, 
about  a  square  acre  in  extent,  iis-jd  for  ju»tini.'« 
and  touriia;r.en'B.  Un  thn  eoutn  side  of  the,  valley 
:^  a  8  ;.all  rocky  pyiamid'oil  mount  callel  The 
Latiis'  Hill  or  Bxk.  whcie  the  ladies  s it  to  witness 
tlie  sieciacle.— ..Vimmo,  'Bittori/  o/  Slirliiigshin," 
p.  iSi. 

People  of  the  Rock.  The  inhabitants  of 
Hejaz  or  Arabia  Petriea. 

Captain  Rock.  A  fictitious  name  as- 
sumed by  the  leader  of  the  Irish  insur- 
gents in  1822. 

Rock-cork.  A  variety  of  Asbestos, 
resembling  cork.  It  is  soft,  easily  cut, 
and  very  light. 

Rock-crystal.  The  specimens  which 
enclose  hair-like  substances  are  called 
Thetiss  Ilair-slone,  Veims's  llair-stoae, 
Veniis's  Pencils,  Ct'.picCf  Net,  Cupid'i 
A7-roics,  &c. 

Rock-leather.  A  Tariety  of  As- 
bestos. 

Rock-wood.  A  variety  of  Asbestos. 

Rococo.  Cest  dit,  rococo.  It  is  mere 
twaddle ;  Brumm.agon  finery ;  make- 
beiievo.    (Italian,  ruco,  uncouth.) 

Roco'co  Architectxire.  A  debased 
Btyle,  which  succeeded  the  revival  o( 
Italian  architecture,  and  very  prevalent 
in  Germany.  The  ornamention  is  with- 
out princijile  or  taste,  and  may  bo  desig- 
nated ornamental  design  run  mad. 

Roco'co  Jewellery,  strictly  speak- 
inir,  means  showy  jewellery  made  up  of 
several  different  stones.  Moorish  decora- 
tion and  Watteau's  paintings  are  rococo. 
The  term  is  now  generally  used  depcw- 


766 


r.OD. 


KODOMONTADE. 


ciatinply  for  flasliy,  paiuly.  Louis  XIV. 
furniture,  with  K'l'linp:  and  ormolu,  is 
Boiuetiines  termed  rococo. 

Rod.  A  rod  in  pidh.  A  scolding 
in  storo.  The  rod  is  laid  in  pickle  to 
keoi)  it  ready  for  use. 

Rod'erick,  the  thirty-fourth  and 
last  of  the  Visigothic  kinps,  was  tho 
son  of  Thood'ofreil.and  c'raiidsoa  of  kins^ 
Chindasuin'tho.  Witi'za,  the  usurper,  put 
out  the  eyes  of  Theod'ofred,  and  mur- 
dered Favil'a,  a  yoimf^cr  brother  of 
Roderick  ;  but  Roderick,  having  reco- 
vered his  father's  throne,  put  out  the 
eyes  of  the  usurper.  The  sons  of  Witi'za 
joining  with  count  Julian,  invited  the 
aid  of  Muza  ibo  Nozeir,  the  Arab  chief, 
who  sent  Tarik  'nto  Spain  with  a  large 
army.  Roderick  was  routed  at  the  battle 
of  Guadalo'te,  near  Xeres  dela  Fronte'ra 
(July  17ih,  711).  Southey  has  taken  this 
story  for  an  epic  poem  in  twenty- five 
books— blank  verse.     (.See  IIodrigo.) 

Rod'erick  Random.  A  child  of 
impulse,  with  an  occasional  dash  of  gene- 
rosity and  good-humour ;  but  for  the 
most  part  a  selfish  libertine,  more  prone 
to  revenge  than  gratitude.  His  treat- 
ment of  Strap  is  revolting  for  its  heart- 
lessness  and  injustice. — Smollett,  "Rode- 
rick Random." 

RoderigO.  A  "Venetian  gentleman 
in  Shakespeare's  "  Othello."  He  was  in 
love  with  Desdemona,  and  when  the  lady 
eloped  with  Othello,  hated  the  "noble 
Moor."  lago  took  advantage  of  this 
temper  for  his  own  ends,  told  his  dupe 
the  Moor  will  change,  therefore  "put 
money  in  thy  purse ;"  Desdemo'na  will 
also  change  her  present  mood,  therefore 
"  put  money  in  thy  purse."  The  burden 
of  his  advice  was  always  the  same— 
"  Put  money  in  thy  purse." 

This  word  is  sometimes  pronounced 
Rod'ri-go:  g.e.  "  It  is  as  sure  as  you  are 
RoderigO  ;"  and  sometimes  Rode-ri'go  : 
g.e.  "  On,  good  Roderigo  ;  I'll  deserve 
your  pains." — Act  i.,  s.  1. 

Rodhaver.  The  lady-love  of  Zal,  a 
Persian  hero.  Zal  wanted  to  scale  her 
bower,  and  Rodhaver  let  down  her  long 
tresses  to  assist  him  ;  but  the  lover  man- 
aged to  climb  to  his  mistress  by  fixing 
his  crook  into  a  projecting  beam. — Cham- 
pion, "Fei'dofi." 

Rodilar'dua.      A  huge   cat   which 


scared  Panurge,  and  which  he  declared 
to  bo  a  puny  devil. — Rahdain,  "  O'ar- 
gantua  and  I'antagruel,"  iv.  G7. 

Rodorfo  (Count).  The  count,  re- 
tuniiug  from  his  travels,  puts  up  for  the 
night  at  an  inn  near  his  castle.  While 
in  bed,  a  lady  enters  his  chamber,  and 
speaks  to  him  of  her  devoted  love.  It  is 
Ami'na,  the  somnambulist,  who  has  wan- 
dered thither  in  her  sleep.  Rodolpho 
perceives  the  state  of  the  case,  and  quits 
the  apartment.  The  villagers,  next 
moniing,  come  to  congratulate  their  lord 
on  his  return,  and  find  his  bed  occupied 
by  a  lady.  The  tongue  of  scandal  is  loud 
against  her,  but  the  count  explains  to 
them  the  mysterj',  and  his  tale  is  con- 
firmed by  their  own  eyes,  which  see 
Ami'na  at  the  moment  getting  out  of 
the  window  of  a  mill,  and  walking  in  her 
sleep  along  the  edge  of  a  roof  under 
which  the  wheel  of  the  mill  is  rolling  with 
velocity.  She  crosses  the  crazy  bridge 
securely,  au'i  every  one  is  convinced  of 
her  mnocence.  —  Ik/ lini,  "La  Sonyuiin- 
bula"  (his  hett  opera). 

Rod'omont  (in  "Orlando  Inamora- 
to" and  "Orlando  Furioso  ")  king  of  Sarza 
or  Algiers,  Ulien's  son,  and  called  the 
"Mars  of  Africa."  He  was  commander 
both  of  horse  and  foot  in  the  Saracen 
army  sent  against  Charlemagne,  and  may 
be  termed  the  Achilles  of  the  host.  His 
lady-love  was  Dor'alis,  princess  of  Gra- 
na'da,  who  ran  off  with  Mandricardo, 
king  of  Tartary.  At  Roge'ro's  wedding- 
feast  Rodomont  rode  up  to  the  king  of 
France  in  full  armour,  and  accused  Ro- 
ge'ro,  who  had  tunied  Christian,  of  being 
a  traitor  to  king  Agramaut,  his  master, 
and  a  renegade  ;  whereupon  Roge'ro  met 
him  in  single  combat,  and  slew  him. 
{See  RoGEMO-) 

Who  n'orn  brtve  than  Kodomoat  l-Cerva-nla, 
•"  Don  Quixute." 

Rod'omont.  The  surname  of  Luigi 
Gonza'ga,  son  of  Ludovi'co  Gonzaga,  and 
called  Gazalo,  from  a  castle  which  he 
held. 

Rodomontade  (4  i=yl.).  From  Ro- 
domont, a  brave  but  braggart  knight  in 
Bojardo's  "  Orlando  Inamorato."  He  is 
introduced  into  the  continuation  of  the 
story  by  Ariosto  ("Orlando  Furioso"), 
but  the  "braggart  part  of  his  character  is 
greatly  toned  down.  Neither  Rodomont 
nor    Hector   deserves    the    opprobrium 


RODIIIGO. 


ROLAND. 


767 


ffliich  bas  been  attached  to  thoir  names. 
{Ste  RoDOMoM.) 

Rodrigo  (Rod-reef-go)  or  Roderick, 
king  of  Spain,  conquered  by  the  Arabs,  j 
lie  saved  lii.s  life  by  Hight,  and  wandered  i 
to  Guadalet'e,  where  he  saw  a  shepherd, 
and  a-sked  food.  la  return  he  gave  the 
shepherd  his  royal  chain  and  ring.  He 
passed  the  night  in  the  cell  of  a  hermit, 
wlio  told  him  that  by  way  of  penance  he 
must  pass  certain  days  in  a  tomb  full  of 
snakes,  toads,  and  lizards.  After  three 
days  the  hermit  went  to  see  him,  and  he 
was  unhurt,  "  because  the  Lord  kept  his 
itnger  against  him."  The  hermit  went 
home,  passed  the  night  in  prayer,  and 
went  again  to  the  tomb,  when  Rodrigo 
s:iid,  "  They  eat  me  now,  they  eat  me 
now,  I  feel  the  adders'  bite."  So  bis  sin 
was  atoned  for,  and  he  died. 

Rogation  Days.  The  Monday, 
Tuesday,  and  Wednesday  before  Ascen- 
sion-day. Rogation  is  the  Latin  equiva- 
lent of  the  Greek  word  "Litany,"  and  on 
the  three  Rogation  days  "the  Litany  of 
the  Saints"  is  appointed  to  be  suiig  \>y 
the  clergy  and  people  in  public  pro- 
ces.iion.  ("  Litany,"  Greek  litatieia,  sup- 
plication. "  Rogation,"  Latin  rogaiio, 
same  meaning.) 

Rogation  Week  used  to  be  called 
Gan;i  Hefr/fc,  from  the  custom  of  ganging 
round  the  country  parishes  to  mark 
their  bounds.  Similarly,  the  weed  Milk- 
wort is  still  called  Rogation  or  Gang- 
Howor,  from  the  custom  of  decorating 
the  pole  (carried  on  such  occasions  by 
the  charity  children)  with  these  flowers. 

Rogel  of  Greece.  A  knight,  whoso 
exploits  and  adventures  form  a  supple- 
mental part  of  the  Spanish  romance  en- 
titled "Aiii'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Feliciauo  de  Silva. 

Roger.  The  cook  in  Chaucer's  "  Can- 
terbury Tales."  "  He  cowde  roste, 
scthe,  broille,  and  frie.  Make  mortreux, 
Rn<l  wel  bake  a  pye ;"  but  Kerry  Bailif, 
the  host,  said  to  him — 

>ow  lelli'  on.  Ko:rir.  and  loVe  it  be  (rooj ; 
Furmany  a  J&kk  of  liuver  hntcow  boM, 
Tbat  hath  b«  twjuii  hoot  auil  iwyis  coiJ. 

VcriM:«tS. 

Roger  liouUmps.     {See  Bontemps.) 
7/1 «  Julli/  Roger.     The  black  flag,  tho 
favourite  ensign  of  pirates. 

Ret  all  uil.  clear  the  deck,  stand  to  quirten,  up 
•  ith  the  Jolly  Uoiitr;-iir  Wu/dr  4w((,  ••  J'a« 
firu'c'  ch.  ml. 


Roger  of  Bruges.  Roger  van  der 
Weyde,  painter.     (1455-15li9.) 

liixier  de  Cocerley.  A  dance  inventeA 
by  the  great-grandfather  of  Roger  de 
Coverley,  or  Roger  of  Cowley,  near 
Oxford. 

Roger  of  Hoveden  or  Howden,  in  York- 
shire, continued  Bede's  History  from 
732  to  1202.  Tho  reigns  of  Henry  IL 
and  Richard  L  are  very  fully  given. 
The  most  matter-of-fact  of  all  our  old 
chroniclers ;  he  indulges  in  no  epithets 
or  reflections. 

Roge'ro,  Ruggiero,  or  Rizieri  of  Risa 
(in  "Orlando  Furioso"),  was  brother  of 
Marphi'sa,  son  of  Rogero  and  Galacella. 
Ho  married  Brad'amant,  Charlemagne's 
niece,  but  had  no  children.  Galacella 
being  slain  by  Ag'olant  and  his  sons, 
Rogero  was  nursed  by  a  lioness.  Rogero 
deserted  fi'om  the  Moorish  army  to  the 
Christian  Charles,  and  was  baptised. 
His  marriage  with  Bradaraant  and  elec- 
tion to  the  crown  of  Bulgaria  conclude 
tlie  poem. 

Rogero  was  brought  up  by  Atlantes,  a 

magician,  who  gave  him  a  shield  of  such 

dazzling  splendour  that  every  one  quailed 

who  set  eyes  on  it.     Rogero,  thinking  it 

unknightly  to  carry  a   charraeii  shield, 

threw  it  into  a  well. 

Who  more  coiirleous  than  llcgtrj  ?— CerwiHiei 
"Dan  QuUoU." 

Rogero  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered"), 
brother  of  Bcemond,  and  son  of  Roberto 
Guiscardo  of  the  Norman  race,  was  one 
of  the  band  of  adventurers  in  the  cru- 
sading army.  Slain  liv  Tisapherues. — 
Bk.  XX. 

Roi  Panade  (JCmg  of  Sloju). 
Louis  XVI II.  was  so  nickuamod  (1755, 
181-1-1824). 

Roland,  count  of  Mans  and  knight 
of  Blaives,  was  sou  of  duke  Milo  of  Aig- 
lant,  his  mother  being  Bertha,  tho  sister 
of  Charlemagne.  His  sword  was  called 
Durandal,  and  his  horse  Veillantif.  He 
was  eight  feet  high,  and  had  an  open 
countenance,  which  invited  conlidence, 
but  inspired  respect.  In  Italian  roiuanco 
ho  is  called  Orlando,  his  sword  JJuraii- 
du'na,  and  his  hoi-se  Veglianii'iio.  (Sec 
Hong  of  Roland.) 

1  know  of  no  one  to  compue  him  to  but  th«  Aroh- 

anijd  .Mifliael.— •'  C'io<;iirmi;.iiiir,"  lii. 

Roland     or     Rolando    COriatido     'iH 


786 


ROLAND. 


KOLANDSECK  TOWER. 


Italian).  One  of  Charleraa^e'fi  palatlins 
and  noplicws.  Tie  is  reproscnted  as 
bravo,  lo3-al,  ami  siiiiplo-iuii'.dod.  On 
tlie  return  of  Cbarlematrno  from  Spain, 
Roland,  who  commanded  tho  rear  guard, 
fell  into  an  ambuscade  at  Roncesvalliis 
in  the  Pyrenees,  and  perished  with  all 
the  flower  of  I'Vench  chivalry  (778).  He 
is  tho  hero  of  Theroulde's  "  Chanson  de 
Roland;"  tho  romance  called  "Chroniq 
de  Turpin;"  Beiardo's  epic,  "Orlando 
in  Love"  {Italian) ;  and  Ariosto's  epic  of 
"  Orlando  Mad"  {Italian). 

lioland,  after  slaying  Angoulaffre,  the 
Saracen  giant,  in  single  combat  at 
Fronsac,  asked  for  his  reward  the  hand 
of  Aude,  drtULditer  of  Sir  Gerard  and  lady 
Guibourg;  but  the  marriage  never  took 
place,  as  Roland  fell  at  Eoncesvalles,  and 
Aude  died  of  a  broken  heart. — "  Croque- 
mitaine,"  xi. 

A  Rolayid  for  an  Oliver.  A  blow  for 
a  blow,  tit  for  tat.  Roland  and  Oliver 
were  two  of  the  paladins  of  Charlemagne, 
whose  exploits  are  so  similar  that  it  is 
very  difficult  to  keep  them  distinct. 
What  Roland  did  Oliver  did,  and  what 
Oliver  did  Roland  did.  At  length  the 
two  mot  in  single  combat,  and  fought 
for  five  consecutive  days  on  an  island  in 
the  Rhine,  but  neither  gained  the  least 
advantage.  {See  in  "  La  Legends  des 
Siecles,"  by  Victor  Hugo,  the  poem  en- 
titled "  Le  JIariage  do  Roland.") 

Tho  etymologies  connecting  the  pro- 
verb witii  Charles  IL,  General  Monk, 
and  Oliver  Cromwell  are  wholly  un- 
worthy of  credit,  for  even  Sliakespeare 
alludes  to  it :  "  England  all  Olivers  and 
Rolands  bred"  ("1  Henry  VL,"  i.  2); 
and  Edward  Hall,  the  historian,  almost 
a  century  before  Shakespeare,  writes — 

But  to  have  a  Rilaud  to  resist  an  Oliver,  he  sent 
iolenipne  ambasfailors  to  tlie  kjni!  of  Kuiiaiido. 
I  fferjcit  hym  hys  doughler  in  luariage.—" iiuny 
TI-"    {Set  Oliver  ;  Bkechk.) 

Faire  le  Roland.    To  swagger. 

To  die  like  Roland.  To  die  of  starvation 
or  thirst.  It  is  said  that  Roland  the  great 
paladin,  set  upon  in  the  defile  of  Ronces- 
valles,  escaped  the  general  slaughter, 
and  died  of  hunger  and  thirst  in  seeking 
to  cross  the  Pyi-enees. 

Post  tnsentem  Hispano'rura  credptn  prope  PjreDssi 
ixlf.'t jiTa....siti  miserrimeexliDctura.  Imieiio^tri 
iiitolera'bili  siti  et  immi'ti  voleiiie^  siu'iiifica'ie  ee 
tor<|ii<3ri.  face're  aiuut,  Kulaudi  morte  te  pevire.— 
Ji>\n  lit  t<:  Bruiere  CItampie,  "  He  t'liiir'iii,''  xvi.  5. 

Like  the  blast  of  Roland^ s  horn.  When 
Roland  was  set  upon  by  the  Gascons  at 


Ronoesvalles,  he  sounded  his  horn  to  give 
Cliarlemagno  notice  of  his  danger.  At 
the  third  blast  it  cracked  in  tv.'o,  but  so 
loud  was  the  blast  that  birds  fell  dead 
and  the  whole  Saracen  army  was  pauic- 
Btruck.  Charlemagne  heard  the  sound 
at  St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port,  and  rushed  to 
the  rescue,  but  arrived  too  late. 

Oh  for  oce  blant  of  that  drend  Lorn 
On  FoutEriibiaD  echoes  borne, 
That  to  kini;  Oh:irle8  did  come. 

All  HalUr  Hcott,  "J/ar)iiio;i,"vi.  83. 

Sonp  of  Roland.  Part  of  the  "  Chan- 
sons de  Geste,"  which  treat  of  tlie 
achievements  of  Charlemagne  and  his 
paladins.  William  of  Normandy  had  it 
sung  at  the  head  of  his  troops,  when  he 
came  to  invade  England. 

Song  of  Roland.  When  Charleraa!?ne 
had  been  six  years  in  Spain,  by  the 
advice  of  Roland,  his  nephew,  he  sent 
Ganelon  on  an  embassy  to  Marsillus,  tho 
pagan  king  of  Saragossa.  Ganelon,  out 
of  jealousy,  betrayed  to  Marsillus  tho 
route  which  the  Christian  army  de- 
signed to  take  on  its  way  home,  and  the 
pagan  king  arrived  at  Roncesvalles  just 
as  Roland  was  conducting  through  the 
pass  a  rear-g\iard  of  20,000  men.  Roland 
fought  till  1U0,000  Saracens  lay  slain,  and 
only  fifty  of  his  own  men  survived.  At 
this  juncture  another  army,  consisting  of 
50,000  men,  poured  from  the  mountains. 
Roland  now  blew  his  enchanted  horn, 
and  blew  so  lovully  that  the  veins  of  his 
neck  started.  Charlemagne  heard  tho 
blast,  but  Ganelon  persuaded  him  that 
it  was  only  his  nephew  hunting  the  deer. 
Roland  died  of  his  wounds,  but  in  dying 
threw  his  trusty  sword  Durandal  into  a 
poisoned  stream,  where  it  still  remains. 

Roland  de  Vans  (Sir).  Baron  of 
Triermain,  who  wakes  Gyneth  from  her 
long  sleep  of  500  years  and  marries  her. 
—Sir  Waller  Scott,  "Bridal  of  THer- 
main." 

Kolandseek  Tower,  opposite  the 
Drachenfels,  The  legend  is  that  when 
Eoland  went  to  the  wars,  a  false  report 
of  his  death  was  brought  to  his  betrothed, 
who  retired  to  a  convent  in  tho  isle  of 
Nonnewerth.  When  Roland  returned 
home  flushed  with  glory  and  found  that 
his  lady-love  had  taken  the  veil,  he  built 
the  castle  which  bears  his  name,  and 
overlooks  the  nunnery,  that  he  might  at 
least  see  his  heart-treasure,  lost  to  hio» 
for  ever. 


ROLLS. 


ROMANESQUE. 


760 


Rolls  (^Chancery  Lane,  London).  So 
called  from  the  records  kept  there  in 
rolls  of  parchment.  The  house  was  ori- 
fjinaUy  built  by  Henry  III.  for  converted 
Jews,  and  was  called  "  Domus  Conver- 
Bo  mm."  It  was  Edward  III.  who  appro- 
priated  the  place  to  the  conservation  of 
records. 

Glover's  Roll.  A  copy  of  the  lost "  Roll 
of  Arms"; made  by  Glover,  Somerset 
herald.  It  is  a  roll  of  the  arms  boriio 
by  Henry  III.,  his  princes  of  the  blood, 
barons,  and  knights,  between  121G  and 
1272. 

Tkt  Roll  of  CaerlaverocJc.  An  heraldic 
poem  in  Norman-French,  reciting  the 
names  and  arras  of  the  knights  present 
at  the  siege  of  Caerlaverock,  in  IciOO, 

Rollrich  or  Rowldrich  Stones, 

near  Chipping  Norton  {Oxfordshire).  A 
number  of  large  stones  in  a  circle,  which 
tradition  says  are  men  turned  to  stone. 
The  highest  of  them  is  called  the  King, 
who  "  would  have  been  king  of  England, 
if  he  could  have  caught  sight  of  Long 
Comptou,  v/hich  may  be  seen  a  few  steps 
further  on ;  five  other  large  stones  are 
called  the  knights,  and  the  rest  common 
soldiers. 

RoUy-polly  (pron.  roul-y  poul-y). 
A  crust  with  jam  rolled  np  into  a  pud- 
ding ;  a  littlo  fat  child.  Eolly  is  a  thing 
rolled  with  tho  diminutive  added.  Polly 
is  fine  flour,  or  flour  bolted,  whence 
our  pollen  (Latin,  pollis,  dust).  The 
whole  word  means  "a  little  fine  flour 
rolled  into  a  littlo  pudding."  In  some 
parts  of  Scotland  the  game  of  nine-pins 
is  called  rouly-jwulj. 

Romaic.  Modern  or  Romanised 
Greek. 

Roman  (The). 

Jean  Dumont,  the  French  painter,  le 
lomain.     (1700-1761.) 

Stephen  I'icart,  the  French  engraver, 
le  Romain.     (1 631-1 7:il.) 

Giulio  Pippi,  Oiulio  Romano.  (1492- 
If.Ki.) 

Adrian  van  Roomcn,  the  mathema- 
tician, Adria'nus  Roma'nus.     (15G1-1G15.) 

^fost  learned  of  the  Romans.  JIarcus 
Torontius  Varro.     (B.C.  llG-28.) 

Last  of  the  Romans.  Rieuzi.  (1310- 
13:.l.) 

Last  of  the  Romans.  Charles  James 
Fo.x.     (17'iy-18ti6.)    (See  Sid.\i:y.) 

UUimxis  Romunorun.  Horace  Wal- 
po!e.    (1717-17'J7,)    (6'ee  Last.) 


Ron 


Roman  Birds.  Eagles;  bo  called 
because  tho  ensign  of  tho  Roman  legion 
was  an  eagle. 

Roma'nu  aves  propria  legio'Datn  nu'ininn. 

Ttuilut. 

Roman  Remains  in  England.  Tho 
most  remarkable  are  the  following  : — 

The  phai-os,  church,  and  trenches  in 
Dover. 

Chilham  Castle,  Riuhborough,  and  Re- 
culver  Forts. 

Silchester  (Berkshire),  Dorchester,  and 
Caerleon,  ampliitheatros. 

Hadrian's  wall,  fromTyneto  Boulness. 

The  wall,  baths,  and  Newport  Gate  of 
Lincoln. 

Verulam,  near  St.  Albans. 

York  (El)oracum),  where  Severus  and 
Constantius  Chlorus  died,  and  Constan- 
tino the  Great  was  born. 

Bath,  kc. 

Roman  dos  Romans.  A  French 
version  of  "  Am'adis  of  Gaul,"  greatly 
extended,  by  Gilbert  Saunier  and  Sieur 
de  Duverdier. 

Roman  de  Chevalier  do  Lyon, 
by  Maitre  Wace,  canon  of  Caon  in  Nor- 
mandy, and  author  of  "  Le  Brut."  The 
romance  referred  to  is  the  same  as  that 
entitled  "  Ywain  and  Gawain." 

Roman  de  la  Rose,  (^^ee  Ilmd, 
the  French.) 

Romance.  A  tale  in  prose  or  verse 
the  incidents  of  which  are  hung  upon 
what  is  marvellous  and  fictitious. 

Those  tales  were  originally  written  in 
the  Romance  language  (q.v.),  and  the 
o.':prcssion,  "  In  Romance  we  read," 
came  in  time  to  refer  to  the  tale,  and  not 
to  the  language  in  which  it  was  told. 

Romance  of  Chicalnj  may  be  divided 
into  throe  groups  :— (1)  That  relating  to 
Arthur  and  his  Round  Table;  (2)  tiiat 
relating  to  Charlemagne  and  his  paladins  ; 
(3)  that  relating  to  Am'adis  and  Pal'- 
merin.  In  the  first  are  but  few  fairies  ; 
in  the  second  they  are  shown  in  all  their 
glory ;  in  the  third  (which  beloncrs  to 
Spanish  literature)  wo  have  no  fairies, 
but  tho  enchantress  Urgauda  la  Des- 
coueci'da. 

Romanos'quo  O-syl.). 

In  painiinr/.  Fanciful  and  roraautio, 
rather  than  true  to  nature. 

In  architecture.  Byzantine,  Lombard, 
Saxon,  and  indeed  all  tho  debased  Roman 


T60     ROMANIC  LANGUAGES. 


ROMEO  AND  JULIET. 


■tylos,  betwGon  the  time  of  Constantine 
(350)  and  Cliarlomajriie  (800). 

Ill  literalure.  The  dialect  of  Langue- 
doc,  which  smacks  of  the  Koiuance. 

Roman'ic  or  Romance  Languages. 
Those  modern  languag-es  which  are  the 
immediate  o{rsi)ring  of  Latiu,  as  tlio 
Italian,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  and  French. 
Early  French  is  emphatically  so  called  ; 
hence  lioviillet  says:  "  Le  roman  e'tait 
luiiversellement  parl^  eu  Gaule  an  dix- 
idmo  sifjcle." 

Fraiikis  speech  is  called  Ko-nonoe, 
Bu  taya  clerke  aud  meu  of  France. 

liuUit  lie  Lruun. 

Eo'manisni.  Popery,  or  what  re- 
Bemhles  popery,  the  religion  of  modern 
Rome. 

Romantic  means  like  Rome,  in  the 
Roman  style,  because  European  fiction 
was  first  written  in  the  Romance  lan- 
guages, or  the  languages  based  on  the 
Latin.     (See  Romance.) 

Roman'tic  School.  The  name 
assumed,  at  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century,  by  a  number  of  young  poets 
and  critics  in  Germany,  who  wished  to 
redeem  poetry  and  art  from  the  tram- 
mels of  Frenoh  pedantry. 

Rmtiatitlc  School  of  France.  A  similar 
movement  made  in  France  about  thirty 
years  later.  Lamartine  and  Victor  Hugo 
are  its  best  exponents. 

Roma'nus  (St.),  a  Norman  bishop  of 
the  seventh  century,  is  depicted  fighting 
with  a  dragon,  in  allusion  to  the  tale  that 
he  miraculously  conquered  a  dragon 
which  infested  Normandy. 

Roma'ny.  Gipsy  language,  the 
epeech  of  the  Roma  or  Zinca'li. 

Rome.  The  etymology  of  this  word 
from  Jioma,  the  mother  of  Romulus  and 
liemus,  or  from  Rom'idus  the  legendary 
founder,  or  from  raina  (a  dug)  in  allusion 
to  the  fable  of  the  wolf  suckling  rhe  out- 
cast infants,  is  wholly  worthless.  Nie- 
buhr  derives  it  from  the  Greek  word 
rhoma  (strength),  a  suggestion  confirmed 
by  its  other  name  Vatentia,  from  valetis 
(strong).  JNliehelet  prefers  Riimo,  the 
ancient  name  of  the  river  Tiber. 

Rome  tvas  not  built  in  a  dai/.  Acliievo- 
meuts  of  great  pith  and  moment  are  not 
ncconiplished  without  patient  perseve- 
rance and  a  considerable  interval  of 
time.  The  French  say  Grand  Inen  ne 
vieat  piis  en  ihu  (Thsures,  but  the  Enjjlish 


pro  verb  is  to  be  found  in  the  French 
also  :  Rome  n'a  pas  ete  faite  en  un  jour. 
(1015.) 

Founder  oj  Rome.  (1)  Romulus,  the 
Lagondary  founder,  B.C.  752  ;  (2)  Camil- 
lus  was  termed  the  Second  Romulus,  for 
saving  Rome  from  the  Gauls,  B.C.  365  ; 
(3)  Cains  Ma'rius  was  called  the  'Ihird 
Romulus,  for  savin*;  Rome  from  the  Teu- 
to'nes  and  Cimbri,  B.C.  101. 

From  Rome  to  May.  A  bantering  ex- 
pression equivalent  to  the  following  : — 
'•From  April  to  the  foot  of  Westminster 
biidgo;"  "Inter  pascha  Rennesque  feror 
("  Reinardus,"  ii.  690);  "  Inter  Clunia- 
ciira  et  Sancti  festa  Johannis  obit" 
("Reinardus,"  iv.  972);  "  Cela  s'est 
passe  entre  Maubeuge  et  la  Pentecote." 

Ok  that  all  Rome  had  hut  one  hewl,  that 
I  rdiijld  strike  it  off  at  a  blow  I  Caligula, 
the  Roman  emperor,  is  said  to  have 
uttered  this  amiable  sentiment. 

When  you  go  to  Rome,  do  as  Rome  does — 
i.  e. ,  Conform  to  the  manners  and  customs 
of  those  among  whom  you  live,  and  don't 
wear  a  brown  hat  in  Friesland.  St. 
Mon'ica  and  her  son  St.  Augustine  bishop 
of  Hippo,  being  at  Milan,  asked  St. 
Ambrose  his  advice  on  the  following 
point :  At  Rome  they  fast  on  Saturday, 
but  not  so  at  Milan  ;  which  practic* 
ought  to  be  observed  ?  To  this  the  Milac 
E:iint  replied,  "When  1  am  at  Milan,  I 
dine,  as  they  do  at  Milan  ;  but  when  I 
go  to  Rome,  I  do  as  Rome  does."— 
Epistle  xxxvi. 

Rome's  best  wealth  is  patiiotism.  So 
said  Mettius  Curtius,  when  he  jumped 
into  the  chasm  which  the  sootUsayerg 
gave  out  would  never  close  till  Rome 
throw  therein  "  its  best  wealth." 

Rook  of  Rome.  Books  of  romance.  (Set 
Romance.) 

Yf  ys  in  the  Boke  of  Rome, 
Tlier  was  no  kuyght  of  KyrstcDdoine 
Th:it  joruey  durat  crave. 

"ToiriMl  of  Portuffol,"  p.  6. 

Romeo  and  Jiiliet  {Shakespeare). 
Tuc  story  is  taken  from  a  poetical  version 
by  Arthur  Brooke  of  Boisteau's  novel 
culled  "Rhomeo  and  Julietta."  Boisteau 
borrowed  the  main  incidents  from  a  story 
by  Luigi  da  Porto,  of  Vicenza  (1535), 
entitled  "La  Giulictta."  Id  many  re- 
spects it  resembles  the  "  Ephesi'aca"  (in 
ten  books)  of  Ephe'siusXenophou,  whose 
novel  recounts  the  loves  sf  Habrocomas 
and  Anthia. 

AYi./ito.      A  dcTotod  lo\-er;    a    lady's 


ROMULUS. 


EOPE-DANC'EKS 


VGl 


man ;    from    Romeo    in    Shakespeare's 
tra;;efly.     (5e«  ROMEO  and  JtuiiT.) 

James  in  an  evil  hour  wrnt  for;  h  t  >  who 
Young  Juliet  U:ut,  aud  was  her  Koueo. 

Crabbe, "  limoutjh." 

Uom'ulus.  We  need  no  Hamulus  to 
account  fur  Home.  We  require  no  hypo- 
thetical person  to  account  for  a  plain 
fact.  This  is  said  of  characters  invented 
to  make  out  an  etyniolotry,  as  Hurloigb 
Burleigh,  to  account  for  our  word  "  Hur- 
ly-burly" iq.v.). 

Ron.    The  Urtme  of  prince  Arthur's 

spear,  made  of  ebony. 

IJis  epere  he  nom  [took]  an  honde,  tha  Ron  wes 
ihaten  [cilletlj.        Lui/amon,  •' llrul"  (li'th  cent.). 

Ronald.  Lord  Ronald  gave  lady 
Clare  a  lily-white  doe  as  a  love-token, 
ind  the  cousins  were  to  be  married  on 
(he  following  day.  Lady  Clare  opened 
her  heart  to  Alice  the  nurse,  and  was 
then  informed  that  she  was  not  lady  Clare 
at  all,  but  the  nurse's  child,  and  that 
lord  Ronald  was  rightful  heir  to  the 
estate.  "Lady"  Clare  dressed  herself 
as  a  peasant,  and  went  to  reveal  the 
mystery  to  her  lord.  Ron.ald  replied, 
"  If  you  are  not  the  heiress  born,  we  will 
he  married  to-morrow,  and  you  shall  still 
be  lady  Clare. — Tennyson. 

Roncesvalles  (4  syl.).  A  defile  in 
the  Pyrenees,  famo'is  for  the  di.sastor 
which  here  befell  the  rear  of  Charle- 
magne's army,  in  the  return  march  from 
Saragossa.  Oanelon  bttrayod  Roland, 
out  of  jealousy,  to  Mar.sillus,  king  of  the 
Saracens,  and  an  ambuscailo  attacking 
the  Franks  killed  every  man  of  them. 
Amongst  the  slain  were  Roland,  01i7er, 
Tiirpin,  and  Mitaine  the  emperor's  god- 
child. An  account  of  this  alUick  is  given 
in  the  Epilogue  of  "  Croqucmitaino  ; " 
but  the  historical  narrative  is  derived 
from  E.ginhard. 

Rondib'ilis.  The  physician  con- 
sulted by  I'anurge  in  "  Gargaiitvia  and 
Pantag'ruel,"  by  Rabelais. 

Rondo.  Father  of  the  Rondo.  Jean 
Baptislo  Davaux  ;  but  Gluck  was  the 
first  to  introduce  the  musical  rondo  into 
France,  in  the  opera  of  '.'  Orpheus." 

Eon'yon  or  Ronton.  A  term  of 
contempt  to  a  woman.  It  is  the  French 
rognetix,  scabby,  mangy. 

You    ras  I    you   baKK^K' '    you    poulcat  I    you  ronyou  I 
out  I  out  I 

Shaketpearf,  •'  Merry  ^Y^V€i  of  Windsor ^  It.  3. 

"Aroiut  tliue,  witch  I"  the  ruiniife*!  ninyun  criM. 

ahakaiicare.  "  MacOttJi,"  I.  3. 


Rood  Lane  (London).  So  called 
from  a  rood  or  "Je.su.i  on  the  cross" 
placed  there,  and  in  Roman  Catholic 
times  held  in  great  veneration. 

Rook's    Hill,    Lavant,   Clichester, 

celebr.ated  for  the  local  tradition  that 
the  golden  calf  of  Aaron  is  buried  there. 

Rook'ery  (3  syl.).  Any  low  neigh- 
bourhood frequented  by  thieves  and 
vagabonds.  A  person  fleeced  or  liable  to 
be  ticoced  is  a  pigeon,  but  those  who 
prey  upon  these  "gulls"  are  called  rooks. 

I  Rooky  Wood.  Not  the  wood  where 
rooks  do  congregate,  but  the  misty  or 
dark  wood.  The  verb  reek  (to  emit  va- 
pour) had  the  preterite  roke,  ronk,  or 
rook;  hence  Hamilton,  in  his  "  Wallace," 
speaks  of  the  "rooky  mist." 
I  I  ight  thickens,  and  ihe  crow 

I  .MaUeo  wins!  to  the  roaky  wooil. 

»"/iuA-e»/  eare,  "  ilaclMtk  "  Jli.  1. 

Room-      yoiirriKiin  is  Oitltr  t/iiin  i/o'tr 
companii,  occurs  in  Green's  "  Quip  for  an 
Upstiirt  Courtier." 
Roost.     Gone  to  rorntt — gone  to  bed. 
'  The  chou,'h  and  crow  to  roost  are  gone. 

1  Ot  (rroi.ij  /<!/  Joiniiia  llailtir,  musu  by  Jlithop). 

Rope.  Vou  cai~ry  a  rope  in  your 
pocket  {French).  Saiil  of  a  person  very 
lucky  at  cards,  from  the  superstition 
that  a  bit  of  rope  with  which  a  man  has 
been  hanged,  carried  in  the  pocket,  se- 
cures luck  at  cards. 

"  You  have  no  oocupatiin?"  said  the  B-nch,  In- 
qu  rin.ly,  \o  a  vaBab.jiiJ  »•  the  liar.  "  Ho<  jour 
worship's  pariiou,"  wpb  ihe  rejoinder;  "I  cle.il  in 
hits  of  liaUfr  for  tho  use  cif  gentlcmtn  as  Jilays."— 
TItt  TiM'i  {Ftrnch  corrrsiiondeitt). 

She  is  on  her  hi(jh  roprs.  In  a  distant  and 
haughty  temper.  The  allusion  is  to  a  rope- 
dancer,  who  looks  down  on  the  spectators, 
The  French  say,  Etrcnonte  sursesgrandt 
chirinix:  "To  bo  en  your  high  horse." 

Rope-dancer  ('J'ht).  Yvo  do  Gront- 
mesnil,  the  crusader,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  Roliert,  duke  of  Normandy's  party 
against  Henry  I.  of  England. 

Ivo  wasoneof  thnte  who  cftcapod  friim  Antloch  whon 
it  was  beslepod.  He  was  lei  down  hy  a  ropo  over  Iho 
wall,  and  hence  called  "  The  Ifopo  Dancer.*' 

Qcntleman'$  ytayaiii\e. 

Rope-dancers,  Jacub  ll.all,  in  the 
reign  L'f  Charles  11.,  greatly  admired  by 
the  Duchess  of  Cleveland. 

Richer,  the  celebrated  rope-dancer  at 
Sa.il.T's  Wells  (1G..8). 

Signora  Violaute,  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Anno. 

The  Turk  who  astonished  every  ono 
that  saw  him,  in  the  reign  of  George  IL 


782 


ROPR-WAl.K. 


ROSALINDS. 


Froisr-art  (rol.  iv.,  ch.  33,  fol.  47)  tells 
us  of  "  a  mayster  from  Gcane,"  who 
either  slid  or  walked  down  a  ropo  sus- 
pended to  tho  highest  iiouse  on  St. 
Michael's  Bridge  aiid  tho  tower  of  Our 
Lady's  Church,  when  Isabel  of  Bavaria 
made  her  public  entry  into  Paris.  Some 
Bay  he  descended  dancing,  placed  a  crown 
ou  Isabel's  head,  and  then  re-ascendcd. 

A  similar  performance  was  exhibited 
in  Lonilon,  February  19th,  lf>4G,  before 
Edward  VI.  The  rope  was  slung  from 
the  battlements  of  St.  Paul's  steeple. 
Tho  performer  of  this  feat  was  a  man 
from  Aragon. 

Tho  same  trick  was  repeated  when 
Felipe  of  Spain  came  to  marry  queen 
Mary.  {Sa  Holiushed,  "  Chronicle,"  iii., 
p.  1121.) 

Eope-walk  {harrifters'  slang).  Old 
Biiley  practice.  Thus  "gone  into  the 
rope-walk"  means,  he  has  taken  up 
practice  in  tho  Old  Bailey. 

Roper.    Margaret  lloper  was  buried 

with  the  head  of  her  father,  Sir  Thotras 

More,  in  her  arms. 

ner,  who  c'aspel  in  her  last  trance 

ilermuideiea  faihtt's  hQHi.— Tennyson. 

Mistress  Roper.  A  cant  name  given 
to  the  Mannes  by  Britii=h  sailors.  The 
wit,  of  course,  lies  in  the  awkward  way 
that  marines  handle  the  ship's  ropes. 

To  marry  Mistress  Roper  is  to  enlist  in 
the  Marines. 

Roque  (1  syl.).  A  blunt,  feeling  old 
man  in  the  service  of  Donna  Floranthe. 
—George  Colmaii,  "  T'le  Momiiainecrs.'' 

Saint  Roque.  Patrou  saint  of  those 
who  suffer  from  plague  or  pestilence ; 
this  is  because  "ho  worked  miracles  on 
the  plague-stricken,  while  he  was  himself 
smitten  with  the  same  judgment." 

Roque  Guinart.  A  famous  robber, 
whoso  tru-o  name  was  Pedro  Rocha 
Guinarda,  leader  of  los  Kicei-ros,  which, 
with  the  los  Caddies,  levied  heavy  con- 
tributions on  all  the  mountain  districts 
of  Catalo'nia  in  the  sevcuteeuth  century. 
He  was  a  Spanish  Rob  Roy,  and  was  ex- 
ecuted in  1616. — Pe'ilicfr. 

Roquelaixre.  A  cloak ;  so  called  from 
the  duke  de  Roquelaure  (George  II.). 

"  Your  honour's  roquelaure,"  replied  the  corporal, 
"basnet  once  bi-eii  lial  on  sicca  tho  night  before 
your  honour  received  jeur  wound.  "—S(er«f,"rrii(ra»» 
sViuKiy  "  {Slory  cj  Lc  i'cvr:). 

Ros-crana.     Daughter  of    Cormac 


king  of  Moi-lena,  wife  of  Fingal.— OsKan, 
"  Temora,"  iv. 

Ro'sa  {Salva'tor).  An  Italian  painter, 
noted  for  his  scenes  of  savage  nature, 
gloomy  grandeur,  and  awe-creating  mag- 
nificence. (161.5-1G73.) 
Whateer  Lorrain  H^ht  touched  wiOi  eoftened  bof 
Or  eavage  KuBa  dashed,  or  Icaincd  Pousain  drew. 
Thomsou,  •■  CasUe  «/  [it'lultncr."  cautO  i. 

Rosalia  or  .S^  Rosalie.     A  native  of 
Palermo,  who  was  carried  by  angels  to 
an  inaccessible  mountain,  where  she  lived 
for  many  years  in  the  cleft  of  a  rock^ 
a  part  of  which  she  wore  away  with  Lor 
knees  in  her  devotions.  If  any  one  doubts 
it,  let  him  know  that  a  rock  with  a  hole 
in    it  may  still  be  seei',  and  folks  less 
sceptical  have  built  a  cht<pel  there,  with  a 
marble  statue,  to  commemorate  the  event. 
That  grot  where  olivea  nod, 
■Where,  darling  of  each  he  irl  and  eye. 
From  all  the  youths  of  t-icily 
St.  Kosalie  retired  to  <;oi. 

;  \:r  H'aUcr  Scott,  " llarmion,"  i.  S5. 

St.  Rosalia,  in  Christian  art,  is  depicted 
in  a  cave  with  a  cross  and  skull,  or  else 
in  the  act  of  receiving  a  rosary  or  chap- 
let  of  roses  from  the  Virgin. 

Eos'alind.  Dani^litf-r  of  the  banished 
duke,  but  brorght  up  with  Celia  in  tho 
court  of  Frederick,  the  duke's  brother, 
and  usurper  of  his  dominions.  "When 
Eosaliud  fell  in  love  with  Orlando,  duke 
Frederick  said  she  must  leave  his  houee 
and  join  her  father  in  the  forest  of  Arden. 
Celia  resolved  to  go  with  her,  and  the 
two  ladies  started  on  their  journey.  For 
better  sccuritj'  tliey  changed  their  names 
and  assumed  disguises :  Celia  dressed 
herself  as  a  peasant-girl,  and  took  tor 
the  nonce  the  name  of  Aliena;  Rosalind 
dressed  as  her  brother,  and  called  herself 
Gan'imed.  They  took  up  their  quarters 
in  a  peasant's  cottage,  where  they  soon 
encountered  Orlando,  and  (to  make  a 
long  tale  short)  Celia  fell  in  love  with 
Oliver,  and  Rosalind  obtained  her 
father's  consent  to  marry  Orlando. — 
Shakespeare,  "As  Yo^t,  Like  It." 

Ros'alind,  in  tho  "  Shepherds'  Calen- 
dar," is  the  maiden  vainly  beloved  by 
Colin  Clout,  as  her  choice  was  fixed  on  a 
shepherd  named  Menalcas.     {See  below. ) 

Ros'alinde  (3  syl.).  The  anagram 
of  "Rose  Danil"  or  "Rose  Daniel,"  with 
whom  Spenser  was  in  love,  but  the  young 
lady  married  John  Florio,  lexicographer. 
In  the  "Shepherds'  Calendar"  Rose  ia 
called  "  Rosailinde,"   and    Spenser   callg 


ROSALINE. 


ROSE. 


7CS 


himself  "Colin  Clout."  Sliakespoar* 
introduces  John  Florio  in  "  Love's  La- 
bour's Lost"  under  the  imperfect  ana- 
gram of  Holofernes  {'Jl/ies  Florto) 

Ros'aline  (3  syl.).  A  negress  of 
sparkling  wit  and  groat  beauty,  attend- 
ing on  the  princess  of  France,  and  loved 
by  Lord  Biron',  a  nobleman  in  the  suite 
of  Ferdinand  king  of  Navarro. — Shake- 
ipeare,  "  Love's  Labour's  Lost." 

Ros'amond  {Fair).  Higdcn,  monk 
of  Chester,  says — "  Sh.e  was  the  fayre 
daughter  of  Walter  lord  ClilTord,  concu- 
bine of  Henry  II.,  and  poisoned  by  queen 
Klianor  a.d.  1177.  Henry  made  for  her 
a  house  of  wonderfull  working,  so  that  no 
man  or  woman  might  come  to  her.  This 
house  was  named  Labyriuthus,  and  was 
wrought  like  unto  a  knot  in  a  garden 
called  a  maze.  But  the  queen  came  to 
her  by  a  clue  of  thredde,  and  so  dealt 
with  her  that  she  lived  not  long  after. 
She  was  buried  at  Godstow,  in  an  house 
of  nunnes,  with  these  v«rses  upon  her 
tombe : — 

"  Hio  jacetio  tumba  Kosi  mundi.  uon  Horn  muada ; 

Non  redolei,  sed  o'.et,  qnoe  redole're  solei." 
Here  Itose  tho  gi  acod.  nr-t  Rose  the  cliaste.  reposes; 
'li.«  snu-Il  tb;it  lisea  i.i  no  ^mcU  of  rosea — E.  C.  B. 

•„•  Rosamond  Clifford  is   introduced 

by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  two  of  his  novels 

— "  The  Talisman  "  and  "  Woodstock." 

J»ne  (JlilTord  was  her  n»me.  as  books  iver; 

Fair  llos:iiiioad  was  but  her  nom  Ur  «ii.  rrc, 

DnjiUii,  Jipilogtte  to  "  llfiirij  11," 

Rosa'na.  Daughter  of  the  q'iceu  of 
Armenia.  She  aided  the  three  sons  of 
St.  George  to  quench  the  seven  lamps  of 
the  Knight  of  the  Black  Cattle.— 'T/ifi 
Seve7i  Champions  of  Christendom,"  ii,  8-9. 
(See  L.\MPS. ) 

Ro'sary  {ike  rose  article).  A  name 
given  to  the  bead-roll  employed  by 
Roman  Catholics  for  keeping  count  of 
their  repetitions  of  certain  prayers.  It 
consists  of  three  parts,  each  of  which 
cont;uns  five  mysteries  connected  with 
Christ  or  his  virgin  mother.  The  entire 
roll  consists  of  150  Ave  Marias,  15  Pater 
Xosiers,  and  15  doxologies.  The  word 
U  said  by  some  to  b»  derived  from  tho 
chaplet  of  l)eads,  perfumed  with  roses, 
piven  by  the  \irgin  to  St.  Dominic; 
Others  say  the  first  chaplet  of  tho  kind 
was  made  of  rosewood  ;  others,  again, 
maintain  that  it  takes  its  name  from  St. 
Ro'salie ;  and  some  think  it  is  natiiod 
from  tlie  "Mystical  Rose,"  one  of  tho 
titles  of  tho  Virgin.     The  sot  is  somo- 


timos  called  "  fifteens,"  from  its  con- 
taining fifteen  '•'doxologies,"  fifteen 
"  Our  Fathers,"  and  10  times  15  or  150 
"  Hail  Maries." 

Ros'eiad.  A  satire  prblished  by 
Charles  Churchill  in  1761 ;  it  canvasses 
the  faults  and  merits  of  tho  metropolitan 
actors. 

Ros'cius.  A  first-rate  actoi  ;  «jo 
called  from  tho  Roman  Rosoitis,  un- 
rivalled for  his  grace  of  action,  melody 
of  voice,  conception  of  character,  and 
delivery.  Ho  was  paid  thirty  pounds  a 
day  for  acting  ;  Pliny  says  four  thousand 
a  year,  and  Cicero  says  five  tl-.ousand. 

What  sceoe  of  death  hath  Uoscius  now  to  act  7 
Shakcxpeare^'^i   Henry   )'/.,"  V.  6. 

Another  Eoscius.  So  Camden  terms 
Richard  Burbage.     (loCG-ltJiy.) 

The  British  Roscius.  Thomas  Better- 
ton,  of  whom  Cibber  says,  "  Ho  alone 
was  bom  to  speak  what  only  Shakespeare 
knew  to  write."     (1635-1710.) 

David  Garrick.     (1716-177^) 

The  Roscius  of  France.  Michel  Boyron, 
generally  called  Baron.    {1G53-1729.) 

The  Young  Rosciics.  William  Henry 
AVcst  Bettv,  who  in  fifty-six  nights  real- 
ised £31,010.     (Died  lyt4,  aged  «4.) 

Rose.  Sir  John  Jlandevillc  says  — 
A  Jewish  maid  of  Bethlehem  (whom 
Southey  names  Zillah)  was  beloved  by 
one  Ham'uel,  a  bruti-h  sot.  Zillah  re- 
jected his  suit,  and  Hamuol  vowed  ven- 
geance. Ho  gave  out  that  Zillah  was  a 
demoniac,  and  she  was  condemned  to  be 
b\irnt ;  but  God  averted  tho  flames,  the 
stake  budded,  and  tho  maid  stood  un- 
harmed under  a  rose-tree  full  of  white 
and  red  roses,  then  "  first  seen  on  earth 
since  Paradise  was  lost." 

Rose.  An  emblem  of  England.  It  is 
also  the  cognizance  of  the  Richmonds, 
hence  the  rose  in  tlie  mouth  of  one  of  the 
foxes  which  support  the  shield  in  the 
piiblic-house  called  tho  "  Holland  Arms," 
Kensington.  Tho  daughter  of  the  duke 
of  Richmond  (lady  Caroline  Lennox)  ran 
away  with  Mr.  Henry  Fox,  afterwards 
baron  Iloliand  of  Foxley.  So  the  Fox 
stole  the  Ro^c  and  ran  off  with  it. 

Rose,  for  Rt)sc-noble.  A  coin  struck  in 
1311,  under  Edward  III, ;  so  called  be- 
cause  it  had  a  rose,  the  badge  of  the 
Lancastrians  and  Yorkists. 

De  la  pistulc, 
Dolaptiiin'c.ct  k-  r.bile. 
l)u  luuib  d'or,  du  ducatou, 
l)<!  la  To3e,«t  du  patatjuu. 


704 


ROSE. 


ROSEMARY. 


The  Rose  Al.'ei/  anihuamde.  The  attack 
on  Drydcn  by  lured  niflians  in  the  em- 
ploy of  Kochcster  and  the  duchess  of 
Portsmouth,  December  18,  1679.  This 
scandalous  outrat,''o  was  in  revenge  of  a 
satire  by  Mul;,'rave,  erroneously  attri- 
buted to  Dryden. 

Attacks  of  this  kind  were  not  uncom- 
mon in  "the  age  of  chivalry;"  witness 
the  case  of  Sir  John  Coventry,  who  was 
waylaid  and  had  his  nose  slit  by  some 
young  men  of  rank  for  a  reflection  on  the 
king's  theatrical  amours.  This  attack 
gave  rise  to  the  "  Coventry  Act"  against 
maiming  and  wounding.  Of  a  similar 
nature  was  the  cowardly  assassination  of 
Mr.  Mountford,  in  Norfolk  Street.  Strand, 
by  lord  Jlohun  and  captain  Hill,  for  the 
hypothetical  ofTonce  of  his  admiration 
for  Mrs.  Bracegirdle. 

Tilt  Hose  Coffee-kouit,  formerly  called 
"  The  Red  Cow,"  and  subsequently 
"  Will's,"  at  the  western  comer  of  Bow 
Street,  where  John  Dryden  presided  over 
the  literature  of  the  town.  "  Here," 
sa^-s  Malcolm,  "appeal  was  made  to  him 
upon  every  literary  dispute." — Spence, 
"Anecdotes,"  p.  263. 

This  cofifeo-house  is  referred  to  as 
"Russell  Street Cotfee-house,"  and  "The 
Wits'  Cotfee-house." 

WUrs  continueit  to  he  the  rfsort  of  the  wits  at 
leit  till  iriH.  Probably  A'iaisoo  establi>hcil  his 
teivant  [Butionl  in  «  uew  liuuae  »bout  17.2  — 
Spence,  "  AnecdoUi,"  p.  iOi. 

This  Button  had  been  a  servant  of 
the  countess  of  Warwick,  whom  Addison 
married  ;  and  Button's  became  the  head- 
quarters of  the  Whig  liUrati,  as  Will's 
had  been  of  the  Tory. 

Tla  lied  Rose,  says  Sir  John  Mande- 
ville,  sprang  from  the  extinguished 
brands  heaped  around  a  virgin  martyr 
at  Bethlehem. 

The  lied  Hose,  as  a  public-house  sign. 
Camden  says  the  red  rose  was  the  ac- 
cepted badge  of  Edmund,  first  earl  of 
Lancaster.  It  was  also  the  cognizance 
of  Edmund  Crouchbacke,  second  son  of 
Henry  III.  ;  and  of  John  of  Gaunt,  fifth 
duke  of  Lancaster,  in  virtue  of  his  wife, 
who  was  godchild  of  Edmund  Crouch- 
backe, and  his  sole  heir.     (See  above.) 

The  White  Rose,  says  Sir  John  Mande- 
ville,  sprang  from  the  unkindled  brands 
heajied  around  the  virgin  martyr  at 
Bethlehem.     (5e«RosE.) 

The  White  Rose,  as  a  public-house  sign, 
was  nc»<  first  adopted   by  the  Yorkists 


during  the  contest  for  the  crown,  as 
Shakespeare  says ;  it  was  an  hercihtary 
cognizance  of  the  House  of  York,  and 
had  been  homo  by  them  ever  since  th« 
title  was  first  created.  It  was  adopted 
by  the  Jacobins  as  an  emblem  of  the 
Pretender,  because  his  adherents  were 
obliged  to  abet  him  sidj  rasa  (in  secret). 

Rose  in  Christian  art.  The  attribute 
of  St.  Dorothe'a,  who  carries  roses  in  a 
ba.'^ket ;  of  St.  Casilda,  St.  Elizabeth  of 
Portugal,  and  St.  Rose  of  Vitcrbo,  who 
carry  roses  either  in  their  hands  or  caps. 
St.  Rosalia,  St.  An'gelus,  St.  Rose  of 
Lima,  St.  Ascylus,  St.  Victoria,  &c.,  wear 
crowns  of  roses. 

r.o?e.  file  a  vco  ce  que  Tivcnt  les  roses 
L'cp.u-e  d"un  luHtin. 
MlnJTierbe,  *'  A  Mad.  du  Perricr,  tur  ta  mart  de  taJVle.' 
Like  other  rosea,  tby  eweet  nise  survived 
Wliile  Bhuue  the  morning  buu,  tbeu  drooped  «nd  died. 
K.  C.  B. 

T/ie  Wars  of  the  Roses.  A  civil  con- 
test that  lasted  thirty  years,  in  which 
eighty  princes  of  the  blood,  a  larger 
portion  of  the  English  nobility,  and  some 
100,000  comnicu  soldiers  were  slain.  It 
was  a  contest  between  the  Lancastrians 
and  Yorkists,  whose  supporters  wore  in 
their  caps  as  badges  a  red  or  white  rose  ; 
the  cognizance  of  the  House  of  Lancaster 
buiijg  The  rose  fjules,  and  of  tlie  House  of 
York  The  rose  argent.     (1455-1485.) 

Under  the  rose  ("sub  rosa").  In  strict 
confidence.  Cupid  gave  Harpoc'rates  (the 
god  of  silence)  a  rose,  to  bribe  him  not 
to  betray  the  amours  of  Venus.  Hence 
the  flower  became  the  emblem  of  silence. 
It  was  for  this  rea.son  sculptured  on  the 
ceilings  of  banquet-rooms,  to  remind  the 
guests  that  what  was  spoken  sub  vino 
was  not  to  be  uttered  sub  divo.  In  1526 
it  was  placed  over  confessionals.  The 
banquet-room  ceiling  at  Haddon  Hall  is 
decorated  with  roses. 

Rose  of  Jericho.  AL-^o  called  Rosa 
Malice  or  Jiose  of  the  Vinjin. 

Eose-noble.  An  ancient  gold  coin, 
■worth  6s.  8d.,  struck  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.,  and  stamped  with  the  figure  of 
a  rose  (1334).     {See  Rose,  p.  763,  col.  2.) 

Eosc- wood."  So  called  because  when 
cut  it  yields  a  perfume  like  that  of  roses. 

Ro'seraary  is  Ros-mar\!nus(se&.-6.Q'w), 
and  is  said  to  be  "  useful  in  love-making." 
The  reason  is  this  :  Both  Venus  the  love- 
goddess,  and  Rosemary  or  sea-dew,  were 
offspring  of  the   Sea ;   and  a»   Love   ia 


RObEMAPwY  LANE. 


ROTA. 


IK 


Beauty's  son,  Rosomary  is  his  nearest 
telativo. 

The  sc»  liis  motlier  Venus  came  on  ; 
And  heoce  some  reverend  men  ipprovt 
Ofroicmar;  in  makini;  love. 

HiUUr, "tiwlArat"  pt  it. 0. 1. 

Rosemary,  an  emUcin  of  re  lue  nib  ranee. 
Tims  Ophelia  says,  "There's  rosemary, 
that's  for  remembrance. "  According  to 
ancient  tradition  this  herb  strenj^thcns 
tlio  memory.  As  Hungary  water  it  was 
once  very  extensively  taken  to  quiet  the 
nerves.  It  was  much  used  in  weddings, 
and  to  wear  rosemary  in  ancient  times 
was  as  significant  of  a  wedding  a.s  to 
wear  a  white  favour.  When  the  Nurso 
in  "  Komeo  ami  Juliet"  asks,  "Doth 
not  rosemary  and  Romeo  begin  both  with 
a  [i.e.,  one]  letter?"  she  refers  to  these 
emblematical  characteristics  of  the  herb. 
Ill  tho  language  of  flowers  it  means 
"  Fidelity  in  love." 

Rosemary  Lane  (London),  now 
called  Royal  Mint  Street. 

Ro'sencrantz  &  Quild'enstern 

Time-serving  courtiers,  willing  to  betray 
any  one,  and  do  any  "genteel"  dirty 
work  to  please  a  king. — SIial:esj)eure, 
"  J/amlel." 

Roset'ta  (^Africa).  The  orchards  of 
Rosetta  are  filled  with  turtle-doves. 

Now  liani;s  listening  to  tlie  doves 
in  Harm  tlobecta. 

T.  iljoit,  •■  Farouliit  on-i  llic  I'en." 

TIce  RoxeUa  Stone.  A  stone  found  in 
1799  by  M.  Bou.ssard,  a  French  oiHcor 
of  Engineers,  in  an  excavation  made  at 
Fort  St.  Julion,  near  jlosetta.  It  has  an 
inscription  in  three  different  languages  — 
the  hieroglyphic,  tho  demotic,  and  the 
Greek.  It  was  erected  u.c.  195,  in 
honour  of  Ptolemy  Epiph'anes,  because 
he  remitted  the  dues  of  the  sacerdotal 
body.  The  great  value  of  this  stone  is 
that  it  furnished  the  key  whereby  the 
Egyptian  hieroglyphics  have  been  do- 
ciphered. 

Rosicru'cians  not  rosa  crux,  rose 
cross  ;  but  ros  crux,  dew  cross.  Dew  was 
considered  by  the  ancient  chemists  as  the 
most  powerful  solvent  of  gold  ;  and  cro-ts 
in  alchemy  is  tho  synonym  of  light,  bo- 
cause  any  figiu-e  of  a  cross  contains  the 
three  letters  L  V  X  (light).  "  Lux  "  is 
iho  menstruum  of  tho  red  dragon  (i.e., 
corjioreal  light),  an<l  this  gross  light  pro- 
perly digested  produces  gold,  and  dew  is 
Uie  di^a^tnr.     ilonce  the   Rosicpicians 


are  those  who  use  dew  for  digesting  lui 
or  light,  for  the  purpose  of  coming  at  the 

philosophers'  stone. 

As  for  the  Ko'ycross  philosopher-!. 
'■Vhoin  you  will  liijve  to  be  but  «noertr». 
What  they  pn-teud  to  i«  no  looic 
Than  Tri^inci;is!u3  did  before, 
Pylhagora<,  olj  Zoroaglcr, 
And  ApoUouiiiB  their  mas'T. 

JjuUer, "  Hudibrat,"  pi.  li.  S. 

Ross  {Celtic).  A  headland  ;  as  Roslin, 
Culross,  Ro-ssberg,  Montrose,  Roxburgh, 
Ardrossan,  he. 

Ross,  from  the  Welsh  7-hos,  "  a  moor ;" 
found  in  Welsh  and  Cornish  names,  as. 
Rossall,  Rusholtne,  kc. 

The  Man  of  Rons.  A  name  given  to 
John  Kyrle,  a  native  of  Whitehouse,  in 
Gloucestershire.  He  resided  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  in  the  village  of  Ross, 
Herefordshire,  and  died  17- 1. 

Who  tannht  that  heaven-directed  spire  to  rise  7 
"The  Man  of  KoeS,"  each  lisping  balie  r<>plie» 
i^ope,  ■■  HoraX  Euat/t." 

Rosse  (2  syl.):  A  famous  sword  which 
the  dwarf  Elberich  gave  to  Otwit,  king 
of  Lombardy.  It  struck  so  fine  a  cut 
that  it  left  no  "  gap."  It  shone  like 
glass,  and  was  adorned  with  gold.     (Set 

D.VL.MUXG.) 

This  Bword  to  tliee  I  uive :  it  is  .ill  hrieht  of  hue  ; 
Whatever  it  ir.ay  cleave,  no  gap  will  thci  e  ensue, 
Froai  Al'miri  1  brought  it.  and  liosse  h  its  uame  ; 
Wherever  sworJd  ar^  dmwu, 'iwili  put  them  u  1  t^ 
Bliame.  "  The  lieldtnb^iciu" 

Ross'el.  One  of  Reynard's  sous. 
The  word  means  "  reddi^•.h."—"/tey/ia(li 
thA  Fox." 

Rossignol( French).  Ro.'Sir/noliTAr- 
cadie.  A  donkey ;  so  called  because  its 
bray  is  quite  as  remarkable  as  the 
nightingale's  song,  and  Arcadia  is  called 
tho  land  of  asses  and  fools.     (See  Fkx- 

NlGIlTINOALE.) 

Ros'trum.  A  pulpit ;  properly  the 
beak  of  a  ship.  In  Rome,  the  pulpit 
from  which  orators  addressed  the  public 
was  ornamented  with  the  rostra  or  ship- 
prows  taken  from  the  Carthaginians. 

Rota  or  Rola-men.  A  political  club 
that  met  at  the  "Turk's  Head,"  in  New 
Palace  Yard,  Westminster,  where  they 
discussed  anii  drew  up  a  popular  form  of 
commonwealth,  the  elements  of  which 
will  be  found  in  Harrington's  "Oco'ana." 
It  was  called  Rota  because  a  third  part 
of  the  members  were  ruled  out  by  ballqt 
overy  year,  and  were  not  eli<^inlc  for 
rn-o!oction  for  tbroo  years. 


706 


ROTE. 


ROUGE  I/RA.'.Gj;. 


Rota  Aiislole'lica  (Aristotle's  Wheel). 
A  problem  in  mocliaiiics  founflod  on  the 
motion  of  a  whcol  about  its  axis.  It  was 
first  noticed  by  Aristotlo. 

Rote.  To  learn,  hy  rote  \a  to  learn  by 
turninfj  words  round  and  round  in  the 
memory  as  a  wheel.  To  "  learn  by 
heart"  is  to  learn  thoroughly  (French, 
apprendre  par  acur).  Shakespoaro  speaks 
of  the  "  heart  of  loss,"  meaning'  entire 
toss,  and  to  love  with  "  all  our  heart"  is  to 
bve  thoroughly.    (Latin,  rota,  a  wheel.) 

Eothschild  C^ed  Shield).  Mnyer 
Anischf],  in  J7C3,  made  liis  appearance 
in  Hanover  barefoot,  with  a  tack  ou  his 
shoulders  and  a  bundle  of  rags  ou  his 
back.  Successful  in  trade,  ho  returned 
to  Frankfort  and  set  up  a  small  shop, 
over  which  hung  the  signboard  of  a  red 
g/deld.  As  a  dealer  in  old  coins  he  be- 
came known  to  William  I.,  elector  of 
ilesse-Cassel,  who  appointed  hiui  confi- 
deutial  agent.  The  serene  elector  being 
compelleil  to  fly  his  country,  Jlayer  Anis- 
chel  took  charge  of  his  cath,  amounting 
to  £25fVJ(jO.  When  Napoleon  was  ban- 
ished to  Elba,  and  the  elector  returned, 
Anischel  was  dead,  but  his  son  Anselm 
restored  the  money— an  act  of  noble 
honesty  which  the  elector  mentioned  at 
the  Congress  of  Vienna.  Hence  arose  the 
greatness  of  the  house  which  assumed  the 
name  of  the  lii  d  Shield.  In  18(J3  Charles 
received  six  millions  sterling  as  his  per- 
sonal share  and  retiring  pension  from  the 
firm  of  the  five  bi others. 

Rotten  Row.  Muster  row.  Cam- 
den derives  the  word  from  rotleran  (to 
muster) ;  hence  rot,  a  file  of  six  soldiers. 
Another  derivation  is  the  Norman  Rat- 
ten Row  (roundabout  way),  being  the  way 
corpses  were  carried  to  avoid  the  public 
thoroughfares.  Others  suggest  lioute  uu 
roi;  or  that  it  is  so  called  from  the  soft 
material  with  which  the  road  is  covered. 

Roue.  The  profligate  duke  of  Or- 
Ic'ans,  regent  of  Frauce,  first  used  this 
word  in  its  modern  sense.  It  was  his 
ambition  to  collect  round  him  companions 
as  worthless  as  himself,  and  he  used  face- 
tiously to  boast  that  there  was  not  oue  of 
them  who  did  not  deserve  to  be  broken 
on  the  wheel—  that  being  the  most  ordi- 
nary punishment  for  malefactors  at  the 
time  ;  hence  these  profligates  went  by 
the  name  of  Orleans'  roues  or  wheels. 
Tho  mo«t  notorious  roue's  were  the  dukes 


of  Richelieu,  Broglio,  Biron,  and  Srancaa, 
together  with  Canillac  and  Noc^.  lu 
England,  the  dukos  of  Rochester  and 
Buckingham. 

A  notorioui  roiu.  A  libertine.  (.SV< 
Roue.) 

Rouen.  Aller  d  Rouen.  To  go  t) 
ruin.  Tlio  French  are  full  of  those  i)um, 
and  our  merry  forefathers  indulged  in 
them  also. 

(1)  It  a  fait  son  cours  d  Asniires.  Ha 
knows  nothing;  he  graduated  at  Duuse 
college. 

(2)  Alter  d  C'achan.  To  give  leg-bail, 
or  "secacher"  [de  ses  creanciers]  ;  to  go 
to  Hyde  Park. 

(3)  Aller  d  Doardan.  To  go  to  be 
wljipped  {douder,  etre  battu) ;  to  be  od 
the  road  to  Flogny. 

(-1)  Vous  ites  de  l.'i'jny,  vous  n'arez  par 
hate.  I  see  you  are  a  iiiau  of  Laggou. 
Dun't  hurry  yourself,  Jlr.  Slowcoacli. 

(5)  II  est  de  Lv.nel,  It  a  une  chanibre  d 
Luiiel,  It  est  des  Luniers  d' Orleans,  or  // 
est  Lo<je  d  la  Liuie.     He  is  a  lunatic. 

(6)  Envoyer  d  Mortaigne.  To  be  slain, 
or  sent  to  Deadhara. 

(7)  Aller  d  fatras.  To  die  ;  to  be 
gathered  to  one's  fathers  (ad  patres). 

(S)  Aller  d  Versailles.  To  be  going  to 
tho  bad.  Here  the  pun  is  between  Ver- 
4fl-illes  and  renverser.  This  wretched  pun 
is  about  equal  to  such  a  phrase  as  Going 
to  Downham. 

The  Bloody  Feast  of  Rouen  (ISofJ). 
Charles  the  Douphin  gave  a  banquet  to 
his  private  friends  at  Rouen,  to  which 
his  brother-in-law  Charles  the  Bad  was 
invited.  While  the  guests  were  at  table 
king  Jean  entered  tho  room  with  a  nume- 
rous escort,  exclaiming,  "  Traitor,  thou 
art  not  worthy  to  sit  at  table  with  my 
son!"  Then  turning  to  his  guards,  he 
added,  "  Take  him  hence !  By  holy 
Paul  I  will  neither  eat  nor  drink  till  his 
head  be  brought  me  ! "  Then  seizing  an 
iron  mace  from  one  of  the  men-at-arm?, 
ho  struck  another  of  the  guests  between 
the  shoulders,  exclaiming,  "  Out,  proud 
traitor!  by  the  soul  of  my  father  thou 
shalt  not  live ! "  Four  of  the  guests  w  ere 
beheaded  on  the  spot. 

Rouge  Croix.     One  of  the  pursm- 

vants  of  the  heraldic  establishment;  so 
called  from  the  red  cross  of  St.  George, 
the  patron  saint  of  England. 

Rouaje  Dragon.  The  pursuivant 
founded   by   Henry  VII.  ;    it    was   tho 


ROUGE  ET  NOIR. 


ROUND  TABLE. 


767 


ensign  of  Cadwaladyr,  the  last  king  of 
the  Britons,  an  ancestor  of  Henry  Tudor. 

Kouge  et  Noir  (French,  red  and 
black).  A  game  of  chance;  so  called 
because  of  the  rod  and  black  diamond 
marked  on  the  board.  The  dealer  deals 
out  to  noir  first  till  the  sum  of  tho  pips 
exceeds  thirty,  tiicn  to  rouge  in  the 
same  manner.  That  packet  which  comes 
nearest  to  thirty-one  is  the  winner  of  the 
stakes. 

Rough.  To  rough  at  cards  is  to 
trump  a  suit.  Ruff  moans  a  trump  or 
court  card  (Dutch,  Iroef). 

TIte  Routjhs.  The  coarse,  iU-bohaved 
rabble,  without  any  of  the  polish  of 
good-breeding. 

Eougli  and  Ready.  So  General 
Zachary  Taylor,  twelfth  president  of  the 
United  States,  was  called.    (1786-1850.) 

Rough-hewn.  Shaped  in  the  rough, 
nut   tinishod,   unpolished,  ill-mannereil, 
raw;   as  a  "rough-hewn  seaman"  (Ba- 
con); a  "rough-hewn  discourse"  (flowel). 
There  is  &  rtivinity  th«t  shspce  our  ends, 
lliju.;li-hcw  them  how  we  will. 

Hhaketi^tare,'' Hamlet." r.  2. 

Rough-shod.  Riding  rough-shod 
over  one.  Treating  one  without  the  least 
conpideration.  Tlio  allusion  is  to  riding 
a  horse  rough-shod. 

Rou'mans  (2  syl.).  The  people  of 
Roumaiiia. 

Round.  A  watchman's  beat  IIo 
stalls  irom  one  point,  and  comes  round 
again  to  tho  same  place. 

Jivund  about  way. 
GoiuK  liH  rouud  the  world  to  get  to  WAmiini>ter. 

M'itltJiire  j>roeerb. 

liouud.  To  whi.-^por.  (Saxon, f«ritci/i;  Ger- 
man, raunen,  to  wiiisper).    (.SeeliOUXUKi).) 
Thai  lesson  which  I  will  round  yon  »» 
Ui-e  eo)"— which   I   will   whisper  in   your 
ear.  —  Bunyan,  "Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Kraiice.... rounded  ia  tl>e  ear  with  [by]. ...com- 
muJity  ((elr  iutirest]  hath  resolved  to[oM|  a  most 
base ....  peace.— iViaitipeu  rt, "  King  John"  ii  1. 
And  ner  the  tcc\ti  he  drouch  aa  oougbt  ne  were. 
1-ul  privciJy,  and  roui.cl  in  h^s  cere, 
'*  Ilerkc.ir.y  I  r  .tlicr.  herke.  ly  ihl  f«lth  ..  . 

C'Aaueer, '  Ctinterburt  TaZ<*."/l>.^ 

Pound  men  in  the  sqnare  holes,  and 
pquare  men  in  tke  round  holes.  Tlie 
wrong  men  in  tho  wrong  place;  especially 
apjiliod  to  govcrnmout  officials.  The  ex- 
pression was  first  used  in  1Sj5,  by  Mr. 
Layard,  speaking  of  the  "Administra- 
tion Reform  Association."  The  allusion 
i.s  to  such  game?  as  cribhago,  German 
tactics,  &c. 


A  good  round  sum.  A  largo  sum  of 
money.  Shakespeare  says  the  Justice 
has  a  "  big  round  belly,  with  good  capon 
linoi;"  and  the  notion  of  puffed  o<it  or 
bloated  is  evidently  the  idea  of  Shylock 
when  ho  sayo  to  Bassa'nio,  "'Tis  a  good 
round  sum." 

In,  round  numbers.  In  whole  numbers, 
without  regarding  the  fractions.  Thus 
we  say  the  poi>ulation  of  the  British  Isles 
is  thirty  millions  in  round  numbers,  and 
that  of  London  three  millions.  The  idea 
is  that  what  is  round  is  whole  or  per- 
fect, and  of  course  fractions,  being  broken 
numbers,  cannot  belong  thereto. 

To  walk  Oie  Round.  Tho  lawyers  used 
frequently  to  give  interviews  to  their 
clients  in  the  Round  Church;  and  "walk- 
ing the  Round"  meant  loitering  about 
tho  Rouud  Church,  under  the  hope  of 
being  hired  for  a  witness. 

Round  Dealing.  Honest  straight- 
forward dealing,  without  branching  olf 
into  underhandi  tricks,  or  deviating  from 
the  straight  path  into  the  bye-ways  of 
finesse. 

Round  dealing  is  the  honour  of  min'i  nat'^re.— 
Bicoii. 

Roimd  Robin.  A  petition  or  pro- 
test signed  in  such  a  way  that  no  name 
heads  the  list.  Of  course,  the  signatures 
are  placed  in  a  circular  form.  The  de- 
vice is  French,  and  the  term  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  rond  (round)  ruhan  (a  ribbon). 
It  was  first  adopted  by  the  officers  of 
government  as  a  means  of  making  known 
their  grievances. 

Round  Table.  Made  by  '.Meilin  at 
Car<!uei  for  Utor  I'endrago!!.  Uterguve 
it  to  king  Leodcgraunce,  of  Camclyard, 
and  king  Lcodfgrannce  gave  it  to  Arthur 
■when  the  latter  Hiuriied  Guiucver,  his 
daughter.  It  seated  150  knights,  and  a 
place  was  left  in  it  for  tho  San  GraaU 

What  is  usually  meant  by  Arthur'* 
Round  Table  is  a  smaller  one  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  twelve  favourite  knights. 
Henry  VIII.  showed  Francois  I.  the 
table  at  Winches-tcr,  which  he  said  was 
the  one  used  by  tho  British  kiivir. 

The  Round  Table,  says  Dr.  Percy,  w.as 
not  peculiar  to  tho  reign  of  king  Arthur, 
but  was  common  in  all  the  agis  of  chi- 
valry. Thus  tho  king  of  Ireland,  father 
of  the  fair  Christabolle,  says  in  the 
ballad - 

Ii  there  neTOr  a  knl.:l.le  of  my  round  tabli* 
Thlj  matter  »U1  nnderfor       " S\t  Uaulxn*.' 


768 


ROUND  TABLE, 


ROUSING. 


Round  Tahle.  In  the  eighth  year  of 
Eilwiird  I.,  Roger  de  Mortimer  estab- 
lished a  Rouud  Table  at  Kenilworth 
for  "the  encouragement  of  military  pas- 
times." At  this  foundation  100  knights 
and  as  many  ladies  were  entertained  at 
the  founder's  expense.  About  seventy 
years  later,  Edward  III.  erected  a  splen- 
did table  at  Windsor.  It  was  200  feet 
in  diameter,  and  the  expense  of  enter- 
taining the  knights  thereof  amounled  to 
£100  a  week. 

A  Jiound  Tahle.  A  tournament.  "  So 
called  by  reason  that  the  place  wlierein 
they  practised  those  feats  was  environed 
with  a  strong  wall  made  in  a  round  form" 
(Dugdalo).     We  still  talk  of  iahle-land. 

Holding  a  Round  Tahle.  Proclaiming 
or  holding  a  grand  tournament.  Matthew 
of  Paris  frequently  calls  justs  and  tour- 
naments JIastiliidia  Mensit  Rotunda 
(lance-games  of  the  Round  Table). 

Kni;ihts  of  the  Round  Table.  There 
were  150  knights  who  had  "sieges"  at 
the  table.  King  Leodegraunce  brought 
over  100  when,  at  the  wedding  of  his 
daughter  Guiuever,  he  gave  the  table  to 
king  Arthur ;  Merlin  filled  up  twenty- 
eight  of  the  vacant  seats,  and  the  king 
elected  Gawaine  and  Tor  ;  the  remaining 
twenty  were  left  for  those  who  might 
prove  worthy. — "  Hislm-y  of  Prince  Ar- 
thur" 45,  40. 

Knights  of  the  Round  Tahle.  The 
most  celebrated  are  Sirs  Acolon,'  Ag'- 
ravain,  Am'oral  of  Wales,  Ball'amore,' 
lianier,  Beaumans,*  Beleo'bus,*  Beviderc, 
Belvour,*  Bersuut,*  Bliom'beris,  Borr:3  -sy 
Bors*  (Arthur's  natural  son),  Brandilcs, 
Brunor,  Caradoc  the  Chaste  (the  only 
knight  who  could  quafif  the  golden 
<up),  Col'grevance,  Din'adam,  Driam, 
Dodynas  the  Savage,  Eric,  Floll,*  Gala- 
liad  01-  Galaad  the  Modest,*  Gareth,* 
Gaheris,*  Galohalt,*  Gawain  or  Gauwin 
the  Gentle*  (Arthur's  nejtew),  Grislet,* 
Hector  of  j\Iares  (1  syl. )  or  Ector  of 
Marj's,*  Iwein  or  Ewain*  (also  written 
Yvain),  Kay,*  Ladynas,  Lamareck  or 
Lamerock*,  Lancelot  or  Launcelot  du 
Lac*  (the  seducer  of  Arthur's  wife), 
Lanval  of  the  Fairy  Lance,  Lavain, 
Lionel!,*  Lucan,  Marhaus,*  Melia'dus, 
Mordred  the  Traitor  (Arthur's  nephew), 
Morolt  or  Morhault  of  the  Iron  Mace, 
Pag'inet,*  Palamede  or  Palame'des,* 
Phar'amond,  Pell'eas,*  Pell'inore,  Per- 
saunt  of  Inde  (meaning  of  the  indifjo 
or  blue  armour),  Per'civall,*   Peredur, 


Ryenco,  Sag'ramour  lo  Desirus,  Sa'gris,* 
Super'bilis,*  Tor  or  Torres*  (rojjutcd  bon 
of  Aries  the  cowherd),  Tristram  or 
Tristran  the  Love-lorn,*  Tur'quine,* 
Wig'alois,  Wig'amor,  Ywain  {see  Iwein). 
*^*  The  thirty  marked  with  a  star  (*) 
are  seated  with  prince  Arthur  at  the 
Round  Table,  in  the  frontispiece  of  the 
' '  Famous  H  istory  of  the  Renowned  Pri  nee 
Arthur." 

Tliere  Oalaad  sat  with  manly  mil. 
Set  maiileo  m^eknesfl  in  his  face. 
There  Morolt  of  the  iron  n.ace. 

And  love-lorn  Tristrem  tliere; 
And  Dinaiam  with  lively  plance, 
And  Laiival  with  the  fairy  lance. 
And  Mordred  with  his  looks  askance. 

liriiuor  and  Bevidcre 
Why  should  1  tell  of  numbers  more? 
Kir  t'ny.  Sir  Hauler,  and  tjir  Uore, 

Sir  Caradoc  the  keen, 
The  gentle  IJawain's  courteous  lore. 
Hector  de  Mares,  and  I'cll  uore. 
And  Lanrelut,  that  evtnnore 

Looked  Btol'n-Bise  on  the  queen. 
Sir  WalUr  Hcoll,  "  £riUul  oj  Trier.umn,'  a  IS. 

Knights  of  the  Round  Table.  Their 
chief  exploits  occurred  in  quest  of  the 
San  Graal  or  Holy  Cup,  brought  to 
Britain  by  Joseph  of  Arim.athe'a. 

Rounded  in  the  Ear.  Whispered 
in  the  ear.  The  old  word  rown,  rowned 
(to  whisper,  to  talk  in  private).  Polonius 
says  to  the  King  in  "Hamlet" — "Let  his 
queen-mother  all  alone  entreat  him  to 
show  his  grief,— let  her  be  rowned  with 
him;"  not  blunt  and  loud,  but  in  private 
converse.    {See  Round.) 

Roundheads.  Puritans  ;  so  called 
because  they  wore  their  hair  short,  while 
the  Royalists  wore  long  hair  covering 
their  shoulders. 

And  ere  their  butter  'ran  to  coddle, 

A  bullet  churud  i'  th'  Koundheid's  nod<Me. 

"  Men  Mil  aces,"  p.  43  (ICM). 

Roundle,  in  heraldry,  is  a  charge  of 
a  round  or  lircidar  form.  They  are  of 
eight  sorts,  distinguished  by  their  tinc- 
tures:  (1)  a  Bezant,  tincture  "or;"  (2) 
a  Plate,  Tincture  "  argent ;"  (3)  a  Tor- 
teatt,  tincture  "  gules ;"  (4)  a  Hurt, 
tincture  "  azure  ;"  (5)  an  Ofjress  or  Pellet, 
tincture  "sable;"  (6)  a  Golpe,  tincture 
"purpure;"  (7)  a  Guze,  tincture  "san- 
guine ; "  (S)  an  Orange,  tincture  "  tenney." 

Eounfl..  So  the  Britons  called  ogres, 
and  the  servants  or  attendants  of  the 
ogres  they  called  Greicnds. 

Rou'sing.  A  rousing  good  fire. 
Rousing  means  large,  great ;  hence  a 
rousing  falsehood  (mendacium  inagnif- 
icara) ;  rm$,  boaiUug ;  to  romt,  to  driuk 


ROUTIERS. 


ROYAL  TITLES, 


7(» 


deep.  "The  king's  rouse  the  heaven 
shall  bruit"  ("  Hamlet,"  i.  2).  (Dutch, 
!■.>«,  a  bumper ;  German,  roiwcA,  Jrunken- 
nsss. ) 

Rou'tiers.  Adventurers  who  made 
war  a  trade,  and  let  themselves  out  to 
eny  one  who  would  pay  them.  So  called 
l>ecau.se  they  were  always  on  the^  route, 
or  moving  from  place  to  place.  (  Twulltb 
century.) 

Hove  (1  syl.).  To  shoot  with  roving 
arrows— i.e.,  arrows  shot  out  of  the  hori- 
zontal. 

To  iliool  at  rovers.  To  shoot  at  certain 
marks  of  the  target  so  called  ;  to  shoot 
at  ntudoin  without  any  distinct  aim. 

Uobelievcrs  are  said  by  Clobery  lo  "shool  at 
roT«r«."— "i*«'^"'<  ii'im;ji«i,"  p.  ■»  (icios). 

liunning  at  rovers.  Running  wild; 
being  without  restraint. 

Row  (rhyme  with  7i,ow).  A  tumult. 
It  usb<l  to  be  written  roue,  and  refeno  1 
to  the  night  encounters  of  the  rovie's  or 
prortigat«  bon-vivauts  whose  glory  it  was 
to  attack  the  "Charleys"  and  disturb 
the  peace.     (.See  Rovk.) 

How  (rhyme  with  low).    TIte  Row  means 
"  Paternoster  Row,"  famous  for  publish-   ^ 
iug  firms  and  wholesale  bo'^ksellors.  j 

Row'dy  (rhyme  with  cloxuly).  A 
ruffian  brawler,  a  "  rough,"  a  riotous  or 
turbulent  fellow,  whose  delight  is  to 
make  a  row  or  disturbance.— A  m«rican. 

Rowe'na.      A  Saxon   princess,  and 
bride    of    Ivanhoe.  —  i'tV    WalUr    ScoU,   j 
"  Jvaiihoe." 
Rowland.     (5e<  Roland.)  j 

C'/dhle  Rowland.  Youngest  brother 
of  the  "fair  burd  Helen."  Guided  by 
Merlin  he  uttdertook  to  bring  back  his 
sister  from  Elf-land,  whither  the  fairies 
had  carried  her,  and  succeeded  in  his 
perilous  exploit.  —  An  ancU'U  Scolck 
ballad. 

Childe  Kowland  to  Ilie  ■Urn  to««rc«in  ■: 
II »  w.)riJ  wM  ttill  '•  Fie   fi-h.  nrid  fum. 
1  iUicll  tlie  l.lood  of  a  l)riti-iiin,n  ' 

:ihiiittl>oirt.  ■•  JfiiHT  Uir,    lU.  4. 

Rowley  ( Tluinuu).  The  fictitious 
.;rifst  of  ISristol,  said  by  Chattertou  to 
liavo  been  the  author  of  certain  poems 
which  he  (Chattertou)  published. 

Roxa'na,  in  the  "  Rival  Queens,"  bj 
Nathaiuel  Loo. 

RoxburRhe  Club  for  printing  rare 
works  or  MSS.,  the  copi««  being  ri^ji.ll/ 


c 


confined  to  members  of  the  club.  It 
wp-s  called  after  .John  duke  of  Rox- 
burglio,  a  celebrated  cnUeetor  of  ancient 
literat\tre,  wlio  died  1512.  Since  the 
establishment  of  this  club  others  of  a 
similar  character  have  sprung  up,  as 
(1)  the  Camdon,  Cheetliaiu,  Percy, 
Shakespeare,  Surtees,  and  Wharton,  in 
England  ;  ('Jllhe  Abbotsford,  Banuatyne, 
Maitland,  and  Spalding,  in  Scotland ; 
and  (3)  the  Celtic  Society  of  Ireland. 

Royal  Arms  worn  by  a  subject. 
(See  Lank.) 

Royal  Merchant.  In  the  thirteenth 
century  the  Venetians  were  masters  of 
the  sea,  and  some  of  their  wealthy  mer- 
chants—as the  Saim'do.s,  the  .Justmia  ni, 
the  Grimal'di,  and  others — eroctojii  prin- 
cipalities in  divers  jilaces  of  the  Archi- 
pelago, which  their  do:;cendauts  enjoyed 
for  many  centuries.  These  self-created 
princes  were  called  "  royal  merchants." 
—  Warhurloii. 

Ulaiiciiiz  >iu  eve  ufpity  un  lui  l«ibe«. 
Tliai  >m>'e  uf  lat«  au  budJIeJ  ou  lua  baok, 
tuuugii  to  pre^i  a  royal  n.ercliaui  Jo«u- 
iVuU-M/   ar«, '•  iUi-eliaiU  »/  l'e.ii.«."  iv.  1. 

Royal  Road  to  Learning.  Euclid 
having  opened  a  school  of  muihoiuatics 
at  Alexamlria,  was  asked  by  king 
Ptolemy  whether  he  could  not  explain 
his  art  to  him  in  a  more  compendious 
manner.  "  Sire,"  said  the  geometrician, 
"  there  is  no  royal  road  to  learning." 

Royal  Titles.  (1)  Of  England. - 
Henry  IV.  was  styled  /7w  Grace;  Henry 
VI.,  Ilis  Excellent  Grace;  E<iward  IV., 
Hi'jh  and  Mighty  Prince;  Henry  VII., 
J/U  Grace  And  J/ is  .)f,ijes<!/;  Henry  VIII., 
J/U  Hhiktuss,  tlien  11 U  .Ua)csh/.  Sub- 
se'^uently  kings  wore  styled  //<>  .Sa^-red 
Majesti/.  Our  present  style  is  Her  Most 
Gracidus  Maj''ity. 

(2)  /i:<)«(iniV/M,  their  meaning:  Abimo- 
lech  (Faik-:r  Kimj).  Autocrat  (self -poten- 
tate, i.e.,  aJiiolute).  CiBsar(i>i  compliment 
lo  Julius  Ccesar).  Oalif  (succt^sor).  Cham 
{chie/lain).  Czar  {aaloa-at,  a  contraction 
of  "  Sainodersheta").  Darius  {/loldtr  o/ 
the  empire).  Duke  (Uiuler).  Empero.- 
(cominamler).  WoayoiXa-T  (Slavonic,  ma*ter 
\  oftkeUoiise).  Kaiser (C<«a().  Khan(p)X)- 
!  rlwial  chirf).  King  (Jallur).  Land- 
grave (/(//i"(/  reri'f).  Margrave  (liordtr 
reeve).  Nfjus  (^lurd  }>roteclor).  Nizam 
1  \rulrr).  Pharaoh  {I'kjIU  of  tlie  KoriJ). 
'Queeu  (viot/ii.r\  Shah  or  Padi,-il.ah  (/>ro- 
Ucior,  scr/itrrd  prutcctor).  Shcik  (elder). 
Sultan  (ruUr). 


770 


ROY3T0N. 


RUDDOCK. 


Royston  [HerU)  moans  king's  town; 
BO  called  in  honour  of  king  Stephen,  who 
erectol  a  cross  there.     (French,  roi/.) 

A  ItoysUm  horse  and  Cambridge  Master 
of  A  rts  will  give  way  to  no  one.  A  Cam- 
bridgeshire proverb.  Ro3-ston  was  a 
village  famous  for  malt,  wLieh  was  sent 
to  London  ou  horseback.  These  he.avy- 
laden  beasts  never  moved  out  of  the 
way.  The  Masters  of  Arts,  being  the 
great  dons  of  Cambridge,  had  tho  wall 
conceded  to  thom  by  the  inbahitants  out 
of  courte.=;y. 

Roainante  (4  syl.).  A  wretched  jade 
of  a  riding-horse.  Don  Quixote's  horse 
was  so  called.  (Spanish,  rocin-ante,  a 
hack  before.) 

It  is  the  only  time  he  will  sit  behind  the  wretched 
Ro&inaijte.ana  it  would  Ik;  Quixuf.o  of  him  to  ex- 
\:tcl aiieii—Luiuion  Heciew. 

Ruach.  The  Isle  of  Winds,  visited 
by  Pantag'ruel  and  his  Heet  on  their 
way  to  the  Oracle  of  the  Holy  Bottle,  is 
the  isle  of  windy  hopes  and  unmeaning 
flattery.  The  people  of  this  island  live 
on  nothing  but  wind,  eat  nothing  but 
wind,  and  drink  nothing  but  wind.  They 
have  no  other  houses  t)ut  weathercocks, 
seeing  every  one  is  obliged  to  shift  his 
way  of  life  to  the  ever-changing  caprice 
of  court-fashion  ;  and  they  sow  no  other 
seeils  but  the  wind-flowers  of  promise 
and  flattery.  The  common  people  get 
only  a  fan-pu£f  of  food  very  occasionally, 
but  the  richer  sort  banquet  daily  on  huge 
mill-draughts  of  the  same  unsubstantial 
Bind. —  Rabelais,  "Pantag'ruel,"  iv.  43. 

Rub.  An  impediment.  The  ex- 
pression is  taken  from  bowls,  where 
"rub"  means  that  something  hinders 
the  free  movement  of  your  bowl. 

\Yithcut  rub  orinteiniption.— Sici/l. 
Like  a  bowle  that  runneth  in  a  smooth  allie,  with- 
out ouie  rub.— i(<m';/iarj(,  p.  lu. 

Rubens'  Women.  Tte  portrait  of 
Helena  Forni.tn  or  Fourment,  his  second 
wife,  married  at  the  age  of  16,  introduced 
in  several  of  his  hi.storical  paintings;  but 
the  woman  in  Rubens  and  Ids  Il't/e, 
in  the  Munich  gallery,  is  meant  for 
Isabella  Brandt  of  Antwerp,  his  fii-st 
wife. 

RuTsi.  One  of  the  Cherubim  or 
"  Spirits  of  Knowledge,"  who  was  pre- 
.^eut  wi»i'n  Eve  walked  in  Paradise.  lie 
felt  the  most  intense  interest  iu  her, 
and  lot:i:ed,  sw  the  race  increased,  to  find 


one  of  her  daughters  whom  he  could 
love.  He  fixed  upon  Lir'is,  young  and 
proud,  who  thirsted  for  knowledge,  and 
cared  not  what  price  she  paid  to  obtain 
it.  After  some  months  had  elapsed, 
Liris  a.skod  her  angel-lover  to  let  her  see 
him  in  his  full  glory ;  so  Rubi  showed 
himself  to  her  in  all  his  splendour,  and 
she  embraced  him.  In.stantly  Liris  was 
burat  to  ashes  by  tho  radiant  light,  and 
the  kiss  she  gave  on  the  angel's  forehead 
became  a  brand,  which  shot  agony  into  his 
brain.  That  V^rand  was  "  left  for  ever 
on  his  brow,"  and  that  agony  knew  no 
abatement.  —  Tho'nas  Moore,  "Loves  o/ 
the  Angels,"  story  li. 

RuTjicon.  To  pass  the  Rubicon.  To 
adopt  some  measiire  from  which  it  is 
not  possible  to  recede.  Thus,  when  the 
Austrians  in  1859  passed  the  'Fici'uo,  the 
act  was  a  declaration  of  war  against 
Sardinia  ;  and,  in  18G6,  when  the  Italians 
passed  the  Adige,  it  was  a  declaration  of 
war  against  Austria.  The  Rubicon  was 
a  small  river  separating  ancient  Italy 
from  Cisalpine  Gaul  (the  province  allotted 
to  Julius  Ctesar).  When  Csesar  crossed 
this  stream  he  passed  beyond  the  limits 
of  his  own  province,  and  became  an  in- 
vader of  Italy. 

Rubo'nax.  Sir  Philip  Sidney  says, 
"Ho  was  driven  by  a  poet's  versos  to 
hang  himself." — "  Defence  of  Poesie." 

RuTDric  (Latin,  ruirica,  red  ochre). 
So  called  because  the  directions  were 
originally  printed  in  red  ochre. 

The  same  in  ehcps  milfee  with  rubrioke  and  s-oft 
pitch  drunke  every  day,  or  eaten  to  your  meate, 
helpeth  the  ptisicke.— TopwU,  "  litatU,"  p.  Ii3 
(i6.J7). 

RuTay.  The  king  of  Ceylon  has  the 
finest  ruby  ever  seen.  "  It  is  a  span 
long,  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm,  and  with- 
out a  flaw."  Kuhlai-Khan  offered  the 
value  of  a  city  for  it,  but  the  king 
answered  that  he  would  not  part  with  it 
if  all  the  treasures  of  the  world  were  kid 
at  his  feet. — Marco  Polo, 

Ruch.'iel.  Cod  of  the  air.  (Hebrew, 
ruch,  air;  el,  god.) — Jewish  mythology. 

Rudder.  H'Ao  won't  he  ruled  by  Ou 
rudder  vuist  be  ruled  by  the  rock.  Who 
won't  listen  to  reason  must  bear  thd 
consequences,  like  a  ship  that  runs  upon 

a  rook  if  it  will  not  a:.- .-.  ^  r  to  the  helm. 

Ruddock.  The  I udbreast,  "sacred 
to  the  household  goda."  TJ^.e  legend  i»y» 


RUDDY-MANE. 


RULE, 


771 


if  a  redbreast  finds  a  dead  body  in  the 
woods  it  will  "  cover  it  with  moss."  Dray- 
ton alludes  to  this  tradition— 

CnveriQ*  with  mott  the  dea  I'f  nndosiid  eye. 
The  little  feibreaat  teiobcsl  clisrit^e. 

•'TU  Ovl." 

Shakespeare  makes  Arvir'agus  say  over 

Imogen — 

Thou  Bhi't  not  luck 
The  flower  thafi  li^e  thj  face,  pa'e  ;  rinirow  ;  nor 
The  »zure.i  hsrctiell....lhe  riMlnck  wo  ild 
With  cliiritablt  bill  bring  Uiee  all  these. 

"  Ci/nthtlini." 

So  also  in  the  talo  of  "  The  Babes  in  the 
W  ood  "— 

The  Hobing  n  red 
Fresh  strawberTj-Ieaves  did  onr  thorn  ii'tei-.d. 

Ruddy-mane  (lloodj-hand).  The 
infant  son  of  Sir  Mordant ;  so  calleil  be- 
cause his  hand  was  red  with  his  mother's 
blood.  She  had  stabbed  herself  because 
her  husband  had  been  paralysed  by  a 
d-raught.  from  an  enchanted  stream.— 
Spensi  r,  •'  Fallrij  Quern"  blc.  ii.  1,  3. 

Rudge  (Barnaby).  A  half-witted 
lad,  who  had  for  his  companion  a  raven. 
—  DickeM,  "Barn-oby  Rudge." 

Ru'diger  (3  syl.).  Marg-rave  of 
Dechelar'en,  a  wealthy  Hun,  liegeman  of 
king  Etzel.  In  the  "  Nibelun^'en-Lied" 
he  is  represented  as  a  most  noble  charac- 
ter. He  was  sent  to  Burpfuudy  by  king 
Etzel,  to  conduct  Kriemhild  to  Hungary  if 
she  would  consent  to  marry  the  Hunnish 
king.  When  Guntherand  his  suite  wont 
t<i  pay  a  visit  to  Kriemhild,  he  enter- 
tained them  all  most  hospitably,  and 
gave  his  daughter  in  marriag-e  to  Kriem- 
hild's  yoiinirest  brother,  Gis'elher  ;  and 
when  the  broil  broke  out  in  the  dining- 
hall  of  king  Etzel,  and  Rudiger  was 
compelled  to  tiiko  part  against  the  Bur- 
gundians,  he  fought  with  Kriemhild's 
second  brother,  Gemot.  Kudiger  struck 
Gcruot  "through  his  helmet,"  and  the 
prince  stnick  the  margrave  "  throuv:h 
shield  and  morion,"  and  "  down  dead 
dropped  both  together,  each  by  the  other 
slain." — "  Nibdimgen-  Lied." 

Riidolstadt  (I^i  ComietH  de),  or 
"Consuolo,"  who  manic-s  the  count  of 
Rudolstadt. — Romances  hy  Georje  Sand 
{.Mailamt  DiuUvant).    (.S'«  CuNsuelo.) 

Rildra.  Father  of  the  tempest-gods. 
Tlio  wonl  means  "  run  a'nout  crying," 
and  the  legend  says  that  the  boy  ran 
about  weeping  because  ho  had  no  name, 
Arlier'-^upoa  Brahm.'x  said,  "  l/et  thv  name 


be  Rud-dra."    (Sanskrit,  rad,  weep  ;  dru, 

run.) —  Vedic  myt/iolo;/y. 

Rue,  to  grieve  for  something  done, 
to  repent,  is  the  Saxon  reoir,  contrition  ; 
German,  rem. 

Rue,  called  "herb  of  grace,"  because 
it  was  employed  for  sprinkling  holy 
water.  Without  doubt  it  was  so  used 
symbolicallj',  because  to  rue  means  to 
be  sorry,  and  penitence  brings  the  water 
of  grace  with  it.  (.Ve«  Dutfebence.) 
Ophelia  says  — 

There's niP  for  yoti,  and  here**  sorae  for  me;  w« 
may  ca'l  it  'lu-rh  of  giace"  o'  Suud.iys.— MitArr- 
tpiiire,  'ILimltt,"  if.  '>. 

Riu.  A  slip  of  land  (free  of  all  mano- 
rial charges  and  claims)  encompassing  or 
bounding  manorial  land.  It  certainly  is 
not  derived  from  the  French  rut,  a  street, 
nor  is  it  a  corn7ption  of  roir. 

"  Reire"  is  a  roll  or  slip,  hence  Ilag- 
man's  re  we  or  roll  (q.v.). 

There  is  a  *h.->!e  world  of  curious  history  contained 
m  the  phrase  Ka);nian'5  rewe,  meaning  a  roll.  In 
"Piers  Flowiiiaiis  Vision"  the  pope's  bull  is  called  a 
rcwe. — "  Edinburgh  Rcvient,'^  J^iy.  1870. 

RufiFo.  A  game  at  cards,  now  called 
damm. 

A  swagcerer  Is  one  that  pl.Tjrs  at  ruffe,  from  whence 
l.e  took  the  denomination  of  ruffya. — J.  H.  (Cent.\, 
"  Satyrical  Efigramt"  1619. 

Ruffian  Hall.  That  part  of  West 
Smithtield  which  is  now  the  horse- 
market,  where  "tryals  of  skill  were  plaid 
by  ordinary  ruffianly  people  with  sword 
and  buckler." — Blouiit,  p.  i56'2. 

Rufus  {T/u  Red).  William  II.  of  Eng- 
land.    (lu5t:,  1037-1100.) 

Otho  II.  of  Germany;  also  called  T/it 
Bloody.     (955,  973-98:J.) 

Gilbert  de  Clare,  earl  of  Gloucester, 
son- in-law  of  Edward  I.    (Slain  1313.) 

Ruggie'ro.    (See  Rooeuo.) 

Rukenaw  CDame).  The  ape's  wife 
in  the  tale  of  "  Reynard  the  Fox."  The 
word  means  noisy  insolence. 

Rule  (Si.)  or  St.  Ref/'uhis,  a  monk 
of  Fatno  in  Achaia,  is  the  real  saint  of 
Scotland,  He  was  the  first  to  colonise 
its  mtitropolitan  see,  and  to  convert  the 
inhabitants  (370).  Tho  name  Killrule 
(Crlla  Rei/vli)  perpottiates  this  fact.  St. 
Andrew  superseded  the  Achwan. 

But  I  have  solemn  tows  to  rV-.. 

To  far  St.  Au  .icw  i  brunJ. 
Withu  liio  V,  a:. -cave  to  pray 
Wiiere  good  8t.  Kule  liii  holy  lay 

Suog  to  the  hillowi'  »ound. 

Sir  WitiUT  Seott,  "ifarmion,"  f.  ?J- 


772 


RULE,    BlilTANNIA. 


KUNE8. 


Rule,  Britannia.  Words  by  Thom- 
son, author  of  "The  Seasons;"  music  by 
Dr.  Arne.  It  first  ajipeared  in  a  masque 
entitled  "Alfred,"  in  which  the  name  of 
David  Mallett  is  associated  witli  that  of 
James  Thomson,  and  some  tliiuk  he  was 
the  real  author  of  this  "  political  hymn." 
(August  h  1740.) 

Rule  Nisi.  A  "rule"  is  an  order 
from  one  of  ihe  superior  courts,  aud  a 
"rule  nisi"  is  sucli  au  order  "  to  show 
cause."  That  is,  the  rule  is  to  he  held 
absolute  unless  the  party  to  whom  it 
applies  cau  "  sliow  cause"  why  it  should 
not  be  so. 

Rum.  Queer,  quaint,  old-fashioned. 
This  word  was  first  applied  to  Roman 
Catholic  priests,  aud  subsei^ucutly  to 
other  clergymen.  Thus  Swift  speaks  of 
"a  rabble  of  tenants  and  rusty  dull 
n\ms"  (country  parsons).  As  these 
"rusty  dull  rums"  were  old-fashioned 
!iud  quaint,  a  "rum  fellow"  came  to 
tiiguity  one  as  odd  as  a  "rusty  dull 
rum."     (Saxor,  rom,  a  catholic  priest.) 

Ru'minate  (3  syl.).    To  thin.k,  to 
modit:ite  iii>on  some  subject;  properly, 
"  to  chew  the  cud  "  (Latin,  ru'initw). 
To  chew  the  cud  of  sweet  aud  b^tier  iajxc^.—Miltvit, 
On  II  flowery  bauk  he  cbe«8  the  cud.— l»rj/d«t. 

Rixmolt.     Gunther's  chief  cook. 
Sore  toiled  the  chief  cook,  Kumolt ;    ah  '.  how  his 

orders  ran 
AiiiouR  bis  uuderstrappeia  I   bow  man)    a  put  and 

pau. 
How  many  a  miglity  cauldron   rattled  an  i    rang 

aguiu : 
Tljey  dressed   a  world  of  dishes  for  the    expected 

train. 

Lettsoni^s^ yibelungm-Lted,**  etan:^  800. 

Rump  Parliament.  Oliver  Crom- 
well (164 S)  sent  two  regiments  to  the 
House  of  Commons  to  coerce  the  mem- 
bers to  condemn  Charles  I.  Fortj'-one 
were  seized  and  imprisoned  in  a  lower 
room  of  the  House,  IGO  were  ordered  to 
go  home,  .and  the  sixty  favourable  to 
Cromwell  were  allowed  to  remain.  These 
sixty  were  merely  the  fag-end  or  ruvip  of 
the  whole  House.    (See  Pkide's  Puhge.) 

The  name  was  revived  again  in  the 
protectorate  of  Richard  Cromwell.  Sub- 
sequently the  former  was  called  Tin 
Bloody  Rump,  and  the  latter  Tke  Ramp 
of  a  Rump. 

The  few, 
fii'cajs*  1  hey're  wislcd  to  the  slumps. 
Are  ropi'C8cut«d  best  bv  <unipg. 

Butler,  "JCiiibrja."  pt.  iii-  '^ 

.  Rumpelstilzchen  ^RumpIe-stUts- 
ikin).       A     passionate     little    deformed 


dwarf.  A  miller's  daughter  was  enjoined 
by  a  king  to  spin  sti-aw  into  gold,  and 
the  dwarf  diil  it  for  her,  on  condition 
that  she  would  give  him  her  first  child. 
The  maiden  married  the  king,  and 
grieved  so  liitterly  when  her  first  child 
was  born,  that  the  dwarf  promised  to 
relent  if  within  three  days  she  could  find 
out  his  name.  Two  days  were  spent  in 
vain  guesses,  but  the  third  day  one  of 
the  queen's  servants  heard  a  strango 
voice  singing — 

Little  dreams  my  dair.ty  dsme 
UumpcUtilzolien  ia  my  iiume. 

The  queen  being  told  thereof,  saved  her 
child,  and  the  dwarf  killed  himself  from 
rage. — German  Popular  Stories. 

Rum  ping  Dozen.  A  corruption 
of  Ramp  and  Ijoztii,  meaning  a  rump  of 
beef  and  a  dozen  of  claret. 

Rumtun'shid.     A  Corsican  deity. 

Run.  The  tub  runs — leaks,  or  lets  out 
water.  In  this  aud  all  siniilar  phrases 
the  verb  run  means  to  "  be  in  a  running 
state."  Thus  we  ha".-  "t'ne  ulcer  runs," 
"the  cup  runs  over,"  "  the  rivers  run 
blood,"  "the  field  runs  with  blood," 

Togo  with  a  run.  A  seaman's  phrase. 
A  rope  gofs  with  a  run  when  it  is  let  to 
go  entirely,  instead  of  being  slackened 
gradually. 

To  run  a  man  down.  To  abuso,  de- 
preciate.    A  hunting  term. 

To  run  thin.  To  start  from  a  bargain. 
When  liquor  runs  thin  it  indicates  that 
the  cask  is  nearly  empty. 

To  run  riot.  To  run  wild.  A  hunting 
term,  meaning  to  run  at  at  whole  herd. 

In  the  long  run.  In  the  tiual  result. 
This  allusion  is  to  race-running :  one 
may  get  the  start  for  a  time,  but  in  the 
long  run,  or  entire  race,  the  result  may 
be  ditt'ereut.  The  hare  got  the  start, 
but  in  the  long  run  the  patient  perse- 
verance of  the  tortoise  won  the  race. 

Run  Amuck.    (5eeAiiucK.) 

It  was  like  a  Malay  rnuniiis  amuck,  only  nlUi  :> 
iticre  deadly  «  eapou.— T/k  rimes. 
Froiitless  and  eaiire-prot>f  he  scours  the  streets, 
Aud  runs  an  Indiaa-Tiiuck  at  hU  lie  meets. 

Vrijdtu,  •■  rkt  livid  and  tli4  VaiUhtr." 

Runes.  The  earliest  alphabet  in  use 
among  the  Gothic  tinbes  of  Northern 
Europe.  The  characters  were  employed 
either  for  purposes  of  secrecy  or  for 
divination.  Ran  is  Teutonic  for  "  mys- 
tery," aad/Mr/rii;i  for  "  divinatiou." 


RUNIC  RHYMES. 


RUSKINESE. 


773 


Runic  "Rhymes.  RhymoR  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Eilda  or  book  of  Ilmiic  mytbo- 
lofry ;  nulo,  old-fashioned  jioetry  of  a 
Runic  stamp. 

Runic  Wands.  Willow  wands  with 
mystic  characters  inscribed  on  them, 
useii  by  the  Scandinavians  for  magic 
ceremonies. 

Running  Footman.  The  last  of 
these  menials  died  out  with  the  infamous 
duke  of  Q'.ieensbcrry.  In  the  early  part 
of  the  eighteenth  century  no  great  houso 
was  complete  withoiit;  some  half-dozen 
of  them.  Their  duty  was  to  nm  l)efore 
and  alongside  the  fat  Flemish  mares  of 
tlie  peiiod,  and  advise  the  innkeeiicr  of 
the  coiniiifT  guests.  'I'ho  pole  which 
they  carried  was  to  help  the  cumbrous 
coach  of  their  roaster  out  of  the  nu- 
iiiciiiu.'J  sloughs  on  the  northern  and 
western  high-roads.     (See  Estafette.) 

Running  Leather.    His  shoes  are 
mii'le  of  ruaiiini/  leather.     He  is  given  to 
roving.      Probably  the   pun   is  between   i 
roun  and  run.  | 

Rvinning  Thursday.    Tn  th.i  be-  ' 
ginning  of  the  rciirn  of  William   III.   a  i 
rumour  ran  that  the   French  and   Irish   I 
Papists    had    landeii  ;    a   terrible   panic  i 
ensued,   and   the   people   betook   them- 
selves to  the  country,  running  for  their 
lives.     Joseph    I'erry  says,  "  I  was  dis- 
mally affriglited  the  day  called  Running 
Tliursday.     It  was  that  day  the  report 
rcaiihed  our  town,  and  I  expected  to  be 
killed"  (his  "  Life").     The  day  in  ques- 
tion was  Thursday,  December  13,  1(JS8. 

Running  Water.  No  onchant- 
moiit  can  subsist  in  a  lii-ing  stream  ;  if, 
therofore,  a  person  can  interpose  a  brook 
betwixt  himself  and  the  witches,  sprites, 
or  iroblins  chasing  him,  ho  is  in  perfect 
safety.  Burns's  tale  of  "  Tam  o'  Shauter" 
turns  upon  this  superstition. 

Running  the  Hood.  It  is  said  that 
an  old  lady  was  pai^sing  over  Ilaxey  Hill, 
when  the  wind  blew  away  her  hood, 
.'^•iino  boys  began  tossing  it  from  one  to 
the  other,  and  the  old  lady  so  enjoyed 
tho  fun  that  she  bequeathed  thirteen 
acres  of  laiKi,  that  thirteen  candidates 
niiglit  be  induced  to  renew  the  sport  on 
tho  Gth  of  every  January. 

Runnymede.  I'hc  iif>m  <le  plume  of 
Disia.'li  ill  111.-  Tlinrs.      fl80j-lS8I.) 


Rupee.  An  Indian  coin  of  tho  value 
of  '28.  English.  A  corruption  of  tho 
Sanskrit  r&pya,  from  rApa,  a  shape, 
meaning  tho  shape  of  a  man — i.e.,  a  coin 
with  a  human  figure  impressed  on  it. — 
I'dnini. 

Rupert  of  Debate.  Edwaid  Geof- 
frey, fourteenth  earl  of  Derby.  It  was 
when  he  was  .Mr.  Stanley,  and  tho  oppo- 
nent of  tho  great  O  {i.e.,  O'Coiiiiein,  that 
lord  Lytton  so  describes  him.  (ITyy- 
1809.) 

llio  lirilli.'viit  cliicf,  irrei^Krly  CToat. 
Fniiik,  li.iuglily,  lx>ld— tho  Kuih-tI  i.f  Polate- 

•'Afw  r.moii." 

Rupert's  Balls,  or  Prince  Ruperft 
Drops.  Gla,ss  bubbles  first  brought  to 
PiUgland  by  i>rince  Ku))ert.  Each  bubble 
has  a  tail,  and  if  the  smallest  part 
of  the  tail  is  broken  olf,  the  bubble  ex- 
plodes. The  French  term  is  larrne  Bala- 
vique,  because  these  toys  were  invented 
in  Holland. 

The  first   rroduotion  of  nn  author it  iigoRlly 

es'ceme'l  as  anon  of  prince  Ru|ifrl'»  drop,  whloii  ii 
destroyed  rnurely  if  a  per^^ou  make  on  il  but  a  siug.e 
■cratch.— 7/oi«(/ioW  IKoiJi. 

Rush.  Notworlh  ai-ush.  Worthless. 
The  allusion  is  to  tho  practice  of  strewing 
floors  with  rushes  before  carpets  were 
invented.  Distinguished  guests  had 
clean  fresh  riishes,  but  those  of  inferior 
gvade  hail  either  the  rushes  which  had 
been  already  used  by  their  superiors,  or 
none  at  all.  The  more  modern  expres- 
sion is  "  Not  worth  a  straw." 

Striin.'ers  have  i;reen  ru^ihes,  wheu  daily  guotEore 
notwurili  a  rush.— /.idy,  "Snpho  and  I'liiio." 

Friar  Rush.  Will-o'-the-Wisp ;  a 
strolling  demon,  who  once  on  a  time  got 
admittance  into  a  monastery  as  a  scullion, 
and  played  the  monks  divers  pranks, 
{See  Fruu's  Lantiieun.) 

Rush  Bearing.  The  day  of  a 
church's  dedication  ;  so  called  from  tho 
ancient  custom  of  carrying  rushes  on  tho 
day  to  adorn  tho  church.  —  Vorkthire. 

RushVan.  The  angel  who  opens 
and  shuts  tho  gates  of  Paradise  or  Al 
Janat.  — 7"A«  Koran. 

Ruskine'se  (3  syl.).  Words  and 
phrases  introduced  by  iluskin,  or  coined 
a  la  Kuskin.  The  word  is  used  in  th» 
7'u/i«.'— 

Such  wrl'crs  a*   Hiiski-a  and  Car'y't  hirs  madr 

for  thHn:«p|rM  tea'  ni^^al  tfrint,  wi'Mo.  and  i.hm».<.iij 

■omeofwli  oh  will  be  incorporatnl  lu  o  ihe  laiiKu.'M* 

Willie  a: htni  may  '  emain  cmlileinsof  RiuklueM 

and  Cirlrlimn.— (Juue  11,  IMU.I 


<t4 


ECS3, 


8.S. 


Hubs;  The  Russian  lan^ago ;  a 
Russian. 

Rub'soI.  a  common  namo  given  to 
R  fox,  from  its  nissot  colour, 

Taun  Hnsiid,  the  fox,  alert  up  nt  oones, 
Ani  bj  tlie  garget  lienle  ClMUutodcre, 
AdJ  oil  Ilia  liak  toward  the  wood  liim  bcre. 

Clt(i<u-cr,  •■  riif  Nonne  I'reitt,  TaU." 

Rus'sian.  Tba  nickname  of  a  Rus- 
sian is  "  A  Boar,"  or  the  "  Northern 
Boar." 

Rus'tam.  TheDeev-bendand  Persian 
Her'cules,  famous  for  bis  victory  over 
ttio  white  dragon  named  Asdecv'.  He 
was  the  son  of  Zal,  priuco  of  Sedjistau. 
The  exploits  attributed  to  him  must  have 
been  the  ag^egateof  exploits  performed 
by  numerous  persons  of  the  same  name. 
His  combat  for  two  days  with  prince 
Isfendiar  is  a  favourite  subject  with  the 
Persian  poets.  The  name  of  his  horse 
was  Reksh.  Matthew  Arnold's  poem, 
*'  Sflhrab  and  Rustam,"  gives  an  account 
of  Rustam  fighting  with  and  killing  his 
son  Sohrab. 

EuB'ty.  He  turns  rust  if.  Like  a  rusty 
bolt,  he  sticks  and  will  not  move. 

Kuaty -Fusty.  Tluil  odour  and  filu, 
which  accumulates  on  things  and  in 
places  not  used. 

Then  from  the  butchers  we  bought  lamb  and  sheev'e, 
Beer  from  tlie  alehouse,  anil  a  brooint  to  bw;.cpo 
Our  cottage,  that  for  want  of  use  was  musty. 
And  most  extremely  rusty-fusty  dusty. 

Tayloy,  "  U'orkes,"  il.  2^  (i«jc). 

Ruyde'ra.  The  duenna  of  Belerma. 
She  had  seven  daughters,  who  wept 
so  bitterly  at  the  death  of  Durandarte, 
that  Merlin,  out  of  pity,  turned  them 
into  lakes  or  estuaries. — ^' Don  Quixote," 
pt.  ii.  bk.  it.  ch.  6. 

Sy.  A  Stock-Exchange  expression 
for  any  sharp  or  dishonest  practice.  It 
originated  in  an  old  stock-jobber,  who 
had  practised  upon  a  j'oung  man,  and 
being  compelled  to  refund,  wrote  on  the 
cheque,  "  Please  to  pay  to  R.  Y.,"  &c., 
in  order  to  avoid  direct  evidence  of  the 
transaction. 

Eye-house  Plot.  A  conspiracy  to 
assassinate  Charles  II.  and  his  brother 
James  on  their  way  from  Newmarket. 
As  the  house  in  which  the  king  was 
lodging  accidentally  caught  fire,  the 
royal  party  left  eight  days  sooner  than 
they  had  intended,  and  the  plot  mis- 
carried. It  was  called  the  Rye-House  Plot 
because  the  conspirators  mot  at  the  Rye- 
Uouse  Farm,  in  Hertfordshire  (1683). 


Eykell  (John).  A  celebrated  trege- 
tour  in  the  reign  of  Henry  Y.  (S'.e 
Treoetour.) 

Ma'ster  John  Rykell  Bometimo  tregitoar 

or  noble  llcury,  kiiipij  of  Kn^lande, 
And  of  t'TMiicc  the  mighty  conqjerour. 

John  Lidgale,  "  Daunce  of  ilneabrt  ' 

Eykelot.  A  magpie  (?)  ;  a  little  rook. 
The  Gorman  roc/ie,  Anglo-.Saxon  hroc, 
seem  to  be  cognate  words.  The  ot  is  a 
diminutive. 

Rymar  (Mr.  Robert).  Poet  at  the  Spa. 
— Sir  Walter  Scott,  "St.  lionan'i  Well." 

Ey'mer.  A  giant,  the  enemy  of  the 
celestials.  At  the  end  of  the  world  this 
giant  is  to  be  the  pilot  of  the  ship  "Nagle- 
fare." — Scandinavian  mythology 

Ryot.  A  tenant  in  India  who  pays  a 
usufruct  for  his  occupation.  The  Scrip- 
ti?re  parable  of  the  husbandmen  refers 
to  such  a  tenure ;  the  lord  sent  for  his 
rent,  which  was  not  money  but  fruits, 
and  the  husbandmen  stoned  those  who 
were  sent,  refusing  to  pay  their  "lord." 
Ryots  have  an  hereditary  and  perpetual 
right  of  occupanc}'  so  long  as  they  pay 
the  usufruct,  but,  if  they  refuse  orneglect 
payment,  may  bo  turned  away. 

Kyparog'rapher  [Greek).  So  Pliny 
calls  I'i-ri'cus  the  painter,  because  he 
confiued  himself  to  the  drawing  of  ridi- 
culous and  gross  pictures,  in  which 
he  greatly  excelled.  Rabelais  was  the 
ryparographer  of  wits.  (Greek,  rupdros, 
foul,  nasty.) 

I       Rython.    A  giant  of  Bretagno,  slain 
I  by  king  Arthur. 

Rython,  the  mighty  giant,  slain 
By  his  good  brand,  ri-Iieved  Brotatjne, 
air  Waller  Scott,  •'  Bridal  of  Trifrmain.'' ii.  U. 


S.  Von  have  crossed  your  s  (French), 
You  liave  cheated  me  in  your  account; 
you  have  charged  mo  pounds  where  you 
ought  to  have  charged  shillings,  or  shil- 
lings where  you  otight  to  have  charged 
pence.  In  the  old  French  accounts,  f(=s) 
stood  for  sous  or  pence,  and /for  francs. 
To  cross  your/  meant  therefoie  to  turn 
it  fraudulently  into/. 

S.3.  collar ;  worn  by  the  lords  chief 
justices,  the  lord  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, the  lord  mayor  of  London,  the 
heralds,  and  the  serjeants-at-arms.     The 


s.s.s. 


SAELONNIERE. 


775 


collar,  consists  of  a  sorics  of  the  letter  S 
in  gold,  either  liukod  togotLer  or  set 
iu  close  order,  on  a  blue  and  white 
ribbon. 

Oq  tlie  WeJue.-il.iy  preceding  Easter,  14C5,  as  Sir 
Antliony  wm  i)i>(:iikiii„-  to  his  royal  Bister,  on  hia  kneea, 
Ml  tlie  l.-uliu3  uf  the  cuiirt  gathered  nniiid  him,  and 
\xiuuil  U)  his  left  knee  a  IkiiiJ  of  goM.  julorned  with 
■tunea  fashiuuud  into  the  leltiTS  S  S-  {'ouvcnance,  or  re- 
iiienibraiR-e).  and  to  this  baud  waa  Buspcnded  an  ena- 
melled '•  Forget-me-not." 

lord  LyllOH,  "  La4t  0/  lite  B'troiu  "  bk.  iy.  4. 


S.S.S.  (Latin,  »(ra'lu7<i  sii;>er  slru'tum). 
Layer  over  layer. 

S.T.P.  stands  for  Sanctc^  Theologice 
Professor.  Professor  is  the  Latin  for 
Doctor.  D. D. — i.e.,  Diviniti/  Doctor  or 
Doctor  of  Divinity — is  the  English  equiva- 
lent of  the  Latin  S.T.P. 

Saadia  {A  C).  A  cuirass  of  silver 
which  belonged  to  king  Saul,  and  was 
lent  to  David  when  ho  was  armed  for  the 
encounter  with  Goliath.  This  cuirass  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Mahomet,  being  part 
of  the  property  confiscated  from  the  Jews 
on  their  expulsion  from  Medina. 

Sabbath-Day's  Journey  (Exodus 
xvi.  29  ;  Acts  i.  12),  with  the  Jews,  was 
not  to  exceed  the  distance  between  the 
ark  and  the  extreme  end  of  the  camp. 
This  wivs  2,000  cubits  or  3,G48  feet  be- 
yond the  city  wall— in  round  numbers 
equal  to  an  English  mile. 

Up  to  the  hill  by  Hebron,  seat  of  giants  oM, 
rio  journey  of  a  S:ilb-.tli-:loy,  and  loa'b  d  fo. 

il'al  in,  •'  :(tmsoii  AffonustCt,^ 

Sabbath'ians.  The  di.sciples  of 
Sabbathais  Zwi,  the  most  remarkable 
"  Messiah"  of  modern  times.  At  the  age 
of  fifteen  he  had  mastered  the  Talmud, 
and  at  eighteen  the  Cabbala.  (]6il- 
1G77.) 

Sabbatical  Year.  One  year  in 
seven,  when  all  lands  with  the  ancient 
Jews  was  to  lie  fallow  for  twelve  months. 
This  law  was  founded  on  Kxorhis  xxiii. 
10,  &c.  ;  Leviticus  xxv.  2-7  ;  Deutero- 
nomy XV.  1-11. 

Sabe'ans.  An  ancient  religious  sect; 
60  called  from  Sabi,  son  of  Seth,  who, 
with  his  father  and  brother  Enoch,  lies 
buried  in  the  Pyramids.  The  Saboans 
worsh!i>ped  one  God,  but  approached 
him  inilireotly  through  some  created 
representative,  sucn  as  the  s\m,  moon, 
stars,   he.     Their   system   is  called  <Sa- 


beanism,  or  the  Sahean  faith.  The  Arabs 
were  chiefly  Sabeans  before  their  ocn- 
vision. 

Sabe'anism.  The  worship  of  tho 
Biin,  moon,  and  host  of  heaven.  (Chaldee, 
tzahri^  a  host.) 

SaTDeism.  means  baplism—  that  is,  the 
"religion  of  many  baptisms;"  founded 
by  Boudasp  or  IJodhisattva,  a  wise  Chal- 
dean. This  sect  was  the  root  of  the 
party  called  "  Christians  of  St.  John," 
and  by  tho  Arabs  £1  Mogtasila. 

Sabellians.  A  religious  sect;  so 
called  from  Sabellius,  a  Libyan  priest  of 
the  third  century.  They  believed  in  the 
unity  of  God,  and  said  that  the  Trinity 
merely  expressed  three  relations  or  states 
of  one  and  the  same  God. 

Sal^iens  is  the  Aramean  equivalent 
of  tho  word  "Baptists."'     (See  hi:low.) 

The  scctBof  Tlemero^nptistd,  T?npM8's.  «nd  Sahieni 
(tl.e  Mogta>iln  of  the.\rahian  writers)  in  Iheetcoud 
con  urv  fill  J  Syria,  Palestine,  and  Ba.'ylona.— 
liiium,  "  Life,  u/  Jesus,"  ch.  xii. 

Sable  denotes— of  the  ages  of  ma-n, 
the  last ;  of  altriliufcs,  wisdom,  prudence, 
integrity,  singleness  of  mind  ;  of  birds, 
the  raven  or  crow ;  of  elements,  the 
earth ;  of  metals,  iron  or  lead ;  of 
planets,  Saturn ;  of  precious  stones,  the 
diamond  ;  of  trees,  the  olive. 

A  suit  of  sables.  A  rich  courtly  dress. 
By  tho  statute  of  apparel,  '21  Henry 
VIII.,  c.  13,  it  is  ordained  tliat  none  under 
the  degree  of  an  earl  sluall  use  sables. 
Bishop  tolls  us  that  a  thou.sand  liucats 
wore  sometimes  given  for  a  "  f.ace  of 
sables"  ("Blossoms,"  1577).  Ben  Jon- 
son  says,  "  Would  you  not  laugh  to  meet 
a  great  counsellor  of  state  iu  a  flat  cap, 
with  trunk-hose  .  .  .  and  j-ond  haber- 
dasher in  a  velvet  gown  trimmed  with 
sables?"  ("Discoveries"). 

So  Ions  t  Nay,  then,  let  the  devil  wear  black,  for 
I'll  have  a  suit  of  sables.— i'AoAegpfare,  "  llamM," 
iii.  2. 

Sablonniere  [La).  The  s.md-pits. 
So  the  Tuileries  were  called  to  tho  four- 
teenth century.  Towards  the  end  of 
that  century  tiles  were  made  there,  but 
tho  sand-pits  were  6rst  called  the  Tile- 
works  or  Tuileries  in  1416.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
Nicolas  de  Nouville  built  a  house  in  the 
vicinity,  which  he  called  tho  "  Hotel  des 
Tuileries."  This  property  was  purchased 
in  1518  by  Francois  1.  for  his  mother. 


776 


SABttA, 


SACRAMENT. 


Babra.  D.infrhtor  of  Ptolomy,  king 
of  K^'vpt,  resciioil  by  St.  (icor<^e  from  the 
fftntr-s'of  tlio  f^iii'it,  a'l'l  ultiiiiatcly  mar- 
riod  to  her  doliverer.  She  is  rei>reaentcd 
as  |)vire  in  mind,  saintly  in  character,  a 
perfect  citizen,  daii<,'!iter,  and  wife.  Her 
tliree  sons,  born  at  a  liirth,  wore  named 
(Juy,  Alexander,  nml  David.  She  died 
from  the  "  pricks  of  a  thorny  brake." 

Sabreur.  Le  beau  Sahrenr  (the  hand- 
some or  famous  swordsman).  Joaclam 
Mnrat  (1767-1815). 

Sabri'na  {Latin).  The  Severn.  In 
'Milton's  "Coinns"  we  are  told  she  is  the 
da\iL;hter  of  Locrino  "  that  had  the 
sceptre  from  his  father  Br\ito,"  and  was 
living  in  concubinage  with  Estrildia. 
His  queen,  Giiendolen,  vowed  vengeance 
against  Estrildis  and  her  daughter,  ga- 
thered an  army  together,  and  overthrew 
Locrine  by  the  river  Sturo.  Sabrina  Hed 
and  jiunped  into  the  river.  Nereus  took 
pity  on  licr,  and  made  her  "  Godde.ss  of 
the  Severn,"  which  is  poetically  called 
Sabri'na. 

Saccharissa.    (S«<SAcnARisRA.) 

Sacco  Benedetto  orSACO  Bk.ndi  to 
(the  lj!esstid  sack  tw  cloak).  A  yellow  gar- 
ment with  two  crosses  on  it,  and  painted 
over  with  flames  and  devils.  In  thi.s 
linen  rolie  persons  cojidcnmed  by  the 
Spani.sh  inquisition  were  arrayed  when 
tbey  went  to  the  stake.  The  word  .sack 
was  used  for  any  loose  upper  garment 
banging  down  the  back  from  the  shoul- 
ders ;  hence  "sac-friars"  or  fraires 
sacca'ti. 

Sacharis'sa  (Miss  Su^ar).  A  name 
bestowed  by  Waller  on  lady  Dorothea 
Siilney,  eldest  datighter  of  the  earl  of 
Leicester,  for  whose  hand  he  was  an  un- 
successful suitor,  for  she  married  the  earl 
of  Simderland. 

The  carl  of  I  ei<-ester,  father  of  Alg'Tnon  ?yiiney 
llip  patnot,  ami  of  Waller's  "  ^achiiriKsa,'  Im  h  f>ir 
himself  a  eta'  cly  house  a  the  north  comer  of  a  sinare 
plot  if  ■' 1  .i:i-.ii  as  land"  beloiu'iui!  to  llie  varBli 
of  -t.  Marl  ill's,  which  plothemeforth  liecame  kucirn 
to  I.oiiiloiiers  nv  "  I.,eti'enter  I'lelita"— C'uj'ti'ir*  Unga- 
tim,  "Lcnion  LtgtwL-,"  ii. 

Sadiarifta  twruto  Joan,  (Fenton,  "The 
Platonic  Spell")  The  gloss  of  novelty 
being  gone,  that  which  was  once  thought 
mij).ir!lieled  proves  only  ordinary.  Fen- 
ton says  before  marriage  many  a  woman 
eeenis  a  Sacharissa,  fatiltless  in  make  and 
wit,  but  scarcely  is  "  half  Hymen's  taper 
s'asted"  when  the  "  ^pell  is  dissolved," 
and  "  Sacharissa  tiims  to  .loan." 


Sachentoge  (3  syl.).  An  instru- 
ment of  torture  used  in  Stephen's  reign, 
and  thus  descriiied  in  the  Anglo-Saxon 
(Jiironicle  :  "  It  was  fastened  to  a  beam, 
having  a  sharp  iron  to  go  round  the 
throat  and  neck,  so  that  the  person  tor- 
tured  could  in  no  wise  sit,  lie,  nor  sieofi, 
but  that  he  must  at  all  times  l)ear  alj 
the  iron." 

Sack.  Any  dry  wine,  as  sherry  sack, 
Madeira  sack,  Canaiy  sack,  and  Palm 
sack.  (A  corruption  of  the  French  sec, 
dry.) 

Sack.  A  bag.  According  to  tradition 
it  was  the  last  word  uttered  before  the 
tongues  were  confounded  at  Haliel, 
(Saxon,  ««c/  Gennan,  tnck ;  Welsli,  sach; 
Irish,  tac ;  French,  .uic ;  Latin,  sacrus; 
Italian,  surco ;  Spanish,  s&co ;  Greek, 
sakkos ;  Hebrew,  sak ;  Swedish,  $&ck, 
ka.  kc.) 

To  gel  llie  sack,  or  give  one  the  sack.  To 
get  disciiai-gei  by  one's  employer.  Tlie 
sultan  puts  into  a  sack,  and  throws  into 
t!ie  Husphorus,  any  one  of  liis  harem  ho 
wishes  out  of  tiie  way.  See  the  tradition 
nientiijnediust  abovn. 

There  are  many  co.ri;ale  phrases,  as 
to  gice  one  th->.  lag,  and  get  the  bog,  which 
is  merelj'  siibstitutional.  To  receive  I'le 
canvas  is  a  very  old  expression,  referring 
to  the  substance  of  which  the  .sack  or  li.ag 
was  made.  The  French  tmus.'ier  vos 
qui/lcs  (pack  up  your  ninepins  or  toys) 
is  another  idea,  similar  to  "pack  up 
your  tatters  and  follow  the  dnim."  (Set 
Cashiki!.) 

Sackbut-  A  corruption  of  ta-ubuca. 
(Spanish,  sacahiche ;  Portuguese,  saque- 
biixo ;  French,  saquiunlc ;  I-iauu,  sacra 
buccina,  sacred  trumpet.) 

Sack'erson.  The  famous  bear  kept  at 
"Paris  Garden"  in  Shakespeare's  timo. 
(See  Paris  Garden.) 

Pacrament.    Literally  "a  reilitarr 

oath"  taken  by  the  Roman  soldiers  not 
to  desert  their  standard,  turn  thoir 
back  on  the  enemy,  or  abandon  thet- 
general.  ^'^o  also,  in  the  sacrament 
of  baptism,  take  a  military  oath  "to 
figbt  manf'illj-  under  the  banner  of 
Christ."  The  early  Christians  used  the 
word  to  signify  "a  sacred  mystery,"  and 
hence  its  application  to  the  eucharist, 
and  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  to 
marriage,  confirmation.  &o. 


SACRAMENTARIANS. 


SADI. 


777 


Sacramenta'rians.  Those  who 
believe  that  no  change  takes  place  m 
the  eucharistic  elements  after  consecra- 
tion, but  that  the  bread  and  wine  are 
simply  eriiblems  of  the  body  and  blood 
of  Christ.  They  were  a  party  aniouj^  the 
Kefonuers  who  soparated  from  Luther. 

Sacred  Anchors,  in  Greek  vessels, 
were  never  let  ^jo  till  the  ship  wa-s  in 
the  extremity  of  danger. 

Sacred  City.     (See  IIuly  City.) 

Sacred  Heart.  The  "  Feast  of  the 
Sacred  Heart,  uf  Jesus"  owes  its  origin 
to  a  French  nun,  nami-d  Mary  Margaret 
Alacoque,  of  Burgur.d}',  who  practised 
devotion  to  the  Saviour's  heart  in  con- 
sec]r4ence  of  a  vision.  The  devotion  was 
sanctioned  by  pope  Clement  XII.  in  1732. 

Sacred  Isle,  or  IIoli/  Is/and.  Ireland 
was  so  called  because  of  its  many  saints, 
and  Guernsey  for  its  many  monks.  Tlie 
island  referred  to  by  Thomas  Moore  in 
his  "  Iri.sh  .Melodies,"  No.  II.,  is  Soattery, 
to  which  St.  Soua'tus  retired,  and  vowed 
that  no  woman  should  set  foot  thcreou. 
oh,  )<&sie  auJ  le&ve  lliin  sncreil  isle, 
Unlioly  bark,  ere  muruiuK  muilu. 

"iit.  HetuUtu  and  thi  Lady  " 

Enhallow  (from  the  Norse  J'Ji^i.nh(i/;/a, 
Holy  Isle)  is  the  name  of  a  small  island 
In  the  Orkney  group,  where  cells  of  the 
Irish  anchorite  fathers  are  said  still  to 
exist. 

Sacred  War. 

(ll  A  war  imdertaken  by  the  Am- 
phictyon'ic  leat'iie  against  the  CirrhieanS; 
in  defence  of  Delphi.     (B.C.  594-587.) 

(2)  A  war  waged  by  the  Athenians  for 
the  restoration  of  l)eli)hi  to  the  Pho'cians, 
fro'u  whom  it  had  been  taken,  (u.c.  448- 
447.) 

(3)  A  war  in  which  the  Phocians,  who 
had  seized  Delphi,  were  conquered  by 
Philip  of  Macedon.     (B.C.  34(5.) 

Sacrifice.  Never  sacrifice  a  white  cocJi:, 
was  one  of  the  doctrines  of  Pythagoras, 
because  it  was  sacred  to  the  moon.  'J'he 
Greeks  went  further,  and  saiii,  "  Nourish 
a  cock,  but  sacritice  it  not,"  for  all  cock- 
rols  were  sacred  either  to  the  sun  or 
Dioon,  as  they  announced  the  hours.  The 
cock  was  sacred  also  to  the  goddess 
of  wi.sdom,  and  to  Escula'pios  the  god 
of  health  ;  it  therefore  reprosenled 
lime,  wimIoiii,  and  heull/t,  none  of  which 
»ro  ever  to  bo  sacriliced.  (8ee  lam- 
blichus,  "  Protroptios,"  Symbol  zviii.) 
Z  * 


Sacrifice  to  the  Graces  is  to  render 
onest-lf  agreeable  by  courteous  conduct, 
suavity  of  manners,  and  fa.stidiousuei^s  ol 
dress.  The  allusion  is  to  the  three 
Graces  of  classic  mythology, 

Sa'cring  Bell.  The  little  bell  nnfj 
to  give  notice  that  tho  "  Ilo.-.t"  is  ap- 
pro.-iching.  Now  called  s?.iictus-bell,  from 
the  words  "  Sanctus,  sanctus,  sauctus, 
dominus,  Deus  Sabaoih."  proiiouuci-d  by 
the  priest.  (French,  sacrcr,  UlJ  English 
verb  sncre,  to  consecrate.) 

lie  heard  a  little  lacrinii  liell  tin;  to  tl^e  el'TB- 
tion  of  a  ' o  moiT.  w  iiiaHii.— y<.j/iiiaii  S.i.M.  "  i>u- 
cuvtrv  of  Wtcher  /l  "  (ll^^) 

The  eacriu^  of  the  Kiu^i  uf  t' raacc— Ttm/Jt. 

Sa'cripant.  A  braggart,  a  Doisy 
hectorer.  lie  is  introduced  by  Alexa.ider 
Passoiii  in  a  mock-heroic  poem  called 
"  The  Ilapo  of  the  liiicket." 

Ha'cripaiU  (in  "Orlamlo  Furioso"). 
Kuig  of  Circassia,  and  a  Saracea. 

Sad  Bread  (Latin,  panis  gruvis). 
Heavy  bread,  illmado  bre.id.  Shake- 
speare calls  it  "  distressful  bread"— not 
t'..e  bread  of  distress,  but  the  "  paiiis 
gravis  "  or  ill-made  bread  oaten  by  the 
po  T. 

Sadah.  The  sixteenth  night  of  the 
Qonth  i.'ayaman.     \,J'i:is.  Mi/iU.) 

Sadaroubay.  The  eve  of  Indian 
m}  thology. 

Sadder.  One  of  the  sacred  books 
of  the  Guebres  or  Parsis. 

Saddle.  Set  ll<e  sailUle  on  Uie  »-iV/A< 
horse.  Lay  the  blame  on  those  who  de- 
serve it. 

Saddletree  (Mr-  B'lrto'iite).  The 
learned  saddler.— iVir  Walter  i>colt,  "  The 
tiearl  of  Mid- Lothian." 

Sad'ducees.  A  Jewish  party  which 
denieil  the  existence  of  spirits  and  angels, 
and,  of  course,  disbelieved  in  the  res\ir- 
roctiou  of  the  dead  ;  .--o  called  from 
Sadoc  (riyhleout  man),  tlio'ight  to  be  the 
name  of  a  priest  or  rabbi  some  three 
oentun'HS  b-^foro  tho  birth  of  Christ. 

Sucli  or  Saat/i.  A  Persian  poet  st)  led 
the  "  nightingale  of  thousami  songs," 
and  "one  of  tho  four  monarchs  of  elo- 
quence." His  ]>ocms  are  the  '"  (Julistan" 
or  Garden  of  llosos,  tho  "  Bustau "  or 
Garden  of  Fruits,  and  the  "  I'end- 
N^met."  a  moral  poem.  He  is  admired 
(or  hiPHCntontioug  uiarch.     (1184-1203.) 


778 


SAPLER'S    WELLS. 


BAr^T. 


Sadler's  Wells  {London).     Tliero  | 
was  a  woll  at  tliis  place  called  Holy-  Well, 
nnco  noted  for  "its  extraordinary  cures." 
The  priests  of  Clerkeuwell  priory  used  to 
boast  of  its  virtues.    At  the  Ilcformation 
it  was  sto]  ped   up,  aiid  was  wholly  for-  j 
gotten  till   1GJ;3,  when  a  Mr.    Sadler,  in  I 
difXf^ing  gravel   lor   his  garden,  accirlen- 
tiiUy    discovered   it  again.      Ilence  the 
oanig.     In  1765,  Mr.  Rosotnan  converted 
Sadler's  garden  into  a  theatre. 

Sadlorian  Lectures.  Lectures  on 
Algebra  doliveied  in  the  Uuiversity  of 
Caiiiliritlgo,  and  founded  in  1710  by  lady 
Sa.Uer. 

Srchrininir  {Sta-rim'-ner}.  The  boar 
served    to    the    gods    of    Valhalla   daily. 
Every  day  the  p.irt  eaten  is  mira'u'ously 
restored, — Scain/iuarian  mijt/iolog>/. 

Safa,  in  Arabia,  according  to  Arabian 
legend,  is  the  liill  on  which  Adam  and 
Eve  came  together,  after  having  been 
parted  for  two  hundred  years,  during 
which  time  thoy  wandered  homeless  over 
the  face  of  the  earth. 

Satiron  VeiL  The  Gk.  and  Lat. 
brides  wore  a  Jlainmevm  or  yellow  veil, 
which  wholly  enveloped  them. 

Sagas.  The  Northern  mythological 
aii'l  historical  traditions,  chiefly  com- 
piled in  the  twelfth  and  three  following 
centuries.  The  most  remarkable  are 
those  of  Lodbvok,  Hervara,  Vilkina, 
Viilgnnga,  Blomsiuivalla,  Ynglingn,  Olaf 
Try i/gra- Sonar,  with  those  of  Jomsvi- 
iiiiyia  and  of  Knyllinga  (which  contain 
the  legendary  history  of  Norway  and 
Denmark),  those  of  Sturlinga  and  Evyr- 
biggia  (which  contain  the  legendary 
history  of  Iceland),  the  Ileims-Kringla 
and  Nno  Eddxi,  due  to  Snorri  Sturluson. 

All  these  legends  are  short,  abrupt, 
concise,  full  of  bold  metaphor  and 
graphic  descriptions. 

Sa'gan  of  Jerusalem,  in  Dryden's 

"Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  is  designed 
for  Dr.  Compton,  bishop  of  London  ;  he 
was  son  of  the  earl  of  Northampton, 
who  fell  in  the  royal  cause  at  the  battle 
of  Hopton  Heath.  The  Jewish  s.agan 
tvas  the  vicar  of  the  sovereign  pontitf . 
According  to  tradition,  Moses  was 
Aaron's  sagaa. 

Sagitta'rius,  the  archer,  represents 
the  Centaur  Chircn,  who  at  death  was 
converted  into  the  constellation  eg  called. 
{See  next  article.) 


Sag'ittary.  A  terrible  archer,  half 
beast  and  half  man,  whose  eyes  sparkled 
like  fire,  and  stnick  dead  like  lightning. 
Ho  is  introduced  into  the  Trojan  armies 
by  Guide  da  Colonna. 

Tlie  dreadful  Sagitt&rj 
Aprals  our  imrnbrr«. 
ShukcejifAtit,  "Troilui  and  Crtttiia'  T.  6. 

SHg'ramour  le  De'sirus.  A  knight 
of  tlie  Ilound  Ta>>le,  introduced  in 
the  "  Morte  d'Arthur,"  "Lancelot  da 
Lac,"  &c. 

Sahib  (in  Bengalee,  Sahel).  Equal  to 
our  Mr.,  or  rather  to  such  gentlemen 
as  we  term  "  Esquires."  Sahiba  is  the 
lady.     (Arabic  for  lord,  master.) 

Sail,     i'ou  may  hoist  sail.     Cut  your 
stick,   be    off.     Maria    saucily    says    to 
Vii.'la,  dressed  in  man's  apparel — 
Will  you  hoiet  ssil,  sir?   Ilore  1-cs  your  way. 
Shi:ktspKare,  ■'Tuii/lh  A'iglU,"  i.  8. 

StriUsail.     (.S>«  SmiKE.) 

Sailing  under  false  colours.  Pretending 
to  be  what  you  are  not.  The  allusion  is 
to  pirate  vessels,  which  hoist  any  colours 
to  elude  detection. 

Siti'ing  within  the  wind.  Going  to  the 
very  verge  of  propriety,  or  acting  so  as 
just  to  escape  the  letter  of  the  law.  The 
phrase,  of  course,  is  nautical. 

Sailor  King.  William  IV.  of  Eng- 
land, who  entered  the  navy  as  midsliip- 
man  in  1779,  and  was  made  Lord  High 
Admiral  in  1827.     (1765,  1830-1837.) 

Saint.  Kings  and  princes  so  called^ 
Edward  the  Martyr.     (9G1,  975-978.) 
Edward  the   Confessor.     (1004,   lOlli 

1066.) 

Eric  IX.  of  Sweden.     {  *,  1155-llGl.) 
Ethelred  L,  king  of  Wessex.  (  •  ,  866. 

871.) 
Eugenius  L,  pope.     (•,654-057.) 
Felix  I.,  pope.     (*,  269-274.) 
Ferdinand    HI.  of   Castile  and   Leon. 

G20'0,  1217-r252.) 
Julius  I.,  pope.     (  * ,  337-352.) 
Kang-he,    second    of     the     Manchoo 

dyna.sty  of  China,  who  assumed  the  name 

of  Chin-tsou-jin.     (1661-1722.) 

Lawrence    Justinia'ni,     patriarch     of 

Venice.     (13S0,  1451-1465.) 

Leo  IX.,  pope.     (1002,  1049-1054.) 
Louis    IX.    of    France,    (1215,   1226- 

1270.) 

Olaus    II.    of     Norway,     brother     of 

Harald  III.,  called  "St.  Olaf  the  Double 

Beard."    (934,  1026-1030.) 


ST.   BEES'. 


8AIVAS. 


773 


Stephen  I.  of  ilungary.  (979,  997- 
1033.) 

Dom  Fernando,  Bon  of  king  John  of 
Portujral,  was,  with  his  brother  Henry, 
taken  prisoner  by  tho  Moors  at  tho  sieye 
of  Tari^'icr.  The  rortuguese  general 
promised  to  give  C6uta  for  their  ransom, 
and  left  Fernando  in  prison  as  their 
surety.  The  Portuguese  government 
refused  to  ratify  the  condition,  and  For- 
nando  was  left  in  the  hands  of  tho  Moors 
till  he  died.  For  this  patriotic  act  he  ia 
recardod  as  a  saint,  and  his  day  is  June 
5th.  His  brother  Edward  was  king  at 
the  time.    (140'21443.) 

St.Bees'  College.  So  called  bec.nuse 
its  site  is  in  the  villago  (f.'umberland), 
«itii.'iti(l  on  the  bay  formed  by  St.  Dee*' 
Ihad,  founded  by  Dr.  Law,  bishop  of 
Chester  in  181t).  St.  Boos'  was  so  called 
from  a  nunnery  founded  hce  in  650,  and 
deilicated  to  the  Iri>h  saint  named  Bega. 

St.  Cecilia,  bom  of  noble  Roman 
parents,  and  fostered  from  her  cradle  in 
(he  Christian  faith,  married  Valirlan 
One  day  she  told  liiin  that  an  angel, 
•'whether  she  was  awake  or  asleep,  was 
ever  beside  her."  Valirian  requested  to 
joe  this  angel,  and  she  said  ho  must  be 
baptised  llrst.  Valirian  was  baptised  and 
Builored  martyrdom.  When  Cecilia  was 
brought  before  tho  prefect  Ahna'chius, 
and  refused  to  worship  the  Roman 
deities,  she  was  "  shut  fast  in  a  bath 
kept  hot  both  night  and  day  with  great 
fires,"  but  "  felt  of  it  no  woe."  Alma- 
chius  then  sent  an  e.tecutioucr  to  cut  off 
her  head,  "  but  for  no  manner  of  chance 
cotild  he  smite  her  fair  neck  in  two." 
Three  days  she  lii^gered  with  her  neck 
bleeding,  preaching  Christ  and  him 
crucified  all  the  while;  then  she  died, 
and  pope  Urban  buried  the  body.  "  Her 
house,  the  church  of  St.  Cecily  is  hight" 
unto  this  day. — C/utucer,  "Secoiuide 
iVonnes  TuU." 

St.  Cuthbert's  Duck.    The  Eider 

luck. 

St.  Elmo,  cilled  by  tho  French  St. 
FJinf.  The  electric  light  bccd  playing 
about  tho  masts  of  ships  in  stormy 
weather.    (Set  Castor  and  Pollux.) 

AdJ  EUiIden  bre&kin?  on  their  ropturcd  si:;Ut 
Api'Ctrei  tlie  spleuJour  o(  ^L  Klu.o'a  Imlit 

HojU'i  "Furiulo,"  bt  Ix. 

St.  John  Xiong.  An  illiterate 
quack,  who  profossod  to  have  discovered 


a  liniment  which  had  the  power  of  dii 
tinguishiug  between  disease  and  lieaith. 
Th»  body  was  rubbed  with  it,  and  it 
irritation  appeared  it  announced  secret 
disease,  which  the  quack  undertook  to 
cure.  Ue  was  twice  tried  for  man- 
slaughter:  once  in  1830,  when  he  was 
fined  for  his  treatment  of  Mi.ss  Cashan, 
who  died  ;  au<l  next  in  1831,  for  the 
death  of  Mrs.  Lloyd  ;  being  acquitted, 
he  was  driven  in  triumph  from  tho  Old 
I'-ailey  in  a  nobleman's  carriage,  amid  the 
ocngratulations  of  the  aristocracy. 

*»*  St.  Jolin  is  pronounced  Sin'jin,  afl 
in  that  verse  of  Pope's — 

/.  '.rake,  m]  St  John  1  leave  all  meaner  thinsi 
To  Ijw  im^ition  and  the  priJ..'  of  kiui;-.. 

"Eitai/  0)1  Uan,"  L 

St.  Leger  Sweepstakes.  Tiie  St. 
Leger  race  was  instituted  in  1776  by 
Colonel  St.  Leger,  of  Park  Hill,  near 
Doncaster,  but  was  not  called  the  "St. 
Leger"  till  two  years  afterwards,  wlien 
the  marquis  of  Rockingham's  horse 
"  Allabaculia"  won  the  race. 

St.  Leon  became  possessed  of  the 
elixir  of  life,  and  the  power  of  trans- 
muting the  baser  metals  into  gold,  but 
these  acquisitions  only  brought  him  in- 
creased misery. — William  Goodwin,  "St. 
Leon." 

St.  Michael's  Chair.  The  project- 
ing stone  lantern  of  a  tower  erected  on 
St.  Michael's  .Mount,  Cornwall.  It  is  said 
that  the  rock  received  its  name  from  a 
religious  house  built  to  commemorate 
the  apparition  of  St.  Michael  on  one  of 
its  craggy  heights. 

fit.  Monday.  A  holiday  observed 
by  idle  workmen  and  many  ruerch.ants. 

St.  Si'nionism.  Tlie  social  and  po- 
litical .system  of  St.  Simon.  He  proposed 
tho  institution  of  a  Kuropean  parliament, 
to  arbitrate  in  all  mattei-s  affecting 
Europe,  and  the  establishment  of  asocial 
hierarchy  b.osed  on  capacity  and  labour. 
He  was  led  to  his  "social  system"  by 
the  apparition  of  Charlemagne,  which 
appeared  to  him  one  night  in  theLu.xom- 
bourg,  where  he  was  suffering  a  tem- 
porary imprisonment,     (17G0-1825.) 

♦,♦  For  other  saints,  $ee  tho  proper 
names. 

Sa'ivas.  Worshippers  of  Siva,  ono 
of  the  throe  great  Indian  sects;  they  are 
at  present  divided  into— 

(1)  Dandins  or  staff  bearers,  the  Hindu 


780 


SAKEB. 


SALAMANDER. 


mendicants  ;  so  called  because  th^  carry 
a  danda  or  small  staff,  with  a  piece  of 
red  cloth  fixed  on  it.  lu  this  piece  of 
cloth  the  Brahmanical  cord  is  enshrined. 

(2)  Yoi/ins.  Followers  of  Yopja,  who 
practise  the  most  diffioilt  austerities. 

(3)  L'mgavats,  who  woar  the  Linga 
emblem  on  some  part  of  their  dress. 

(4)  ParamahavMis,  ascetics  who  go 
naked,  and  never  express  any  want  or 
wish. 

(5)  Aghorins,  who  eat  and  drink  what- 
ever is  given  them,  even  ordure  and 
carrion. 

(6)  Urdhaha'hus,  who  extend  one  or 
both  arms  over  their  head  till  they  bo- 
come  rig-idly  fixed  in  this  position. 

(7)  Akas'viukldns,  who  hold  up  their 
faces  to  the  sky  till  the  muscles  of  the 
neck  become  contracted. 

Sa'ker.  A  piece  of  light  artillery. 
The  word  is  borrowed  from  the  saker 
hawk.     (See  Falcon.) 

Theoaiuion,  blunderbuss,  nii'i  saksr, 
lie  was  Ihe  iiiveutor  of  and  mu^cr. 

MutUr,  "  Iludibriis,"  I  i. 

Saklirat  [Sak-rah'~\.    A  sacred  stone,  | 
one  grain  of  which  endows  the  possessor  i 
with    miraculous    powers.      It   is    of   au  I 
emerald  colour,  aud   its   reflection  gives 
the  sky  its  blue  tint. — Mahom.  mytholnrjij. 

Sak'tas.  One  of  the  great  divisions  I 
of  Hindu  sects.  It  is  divided  into  two 
branches,  the  Dakshiu'acha'rins  and  the 
Vam'acha'rins  (the  followers  of  the  right- 
hand  and  left-hand  ritual).  The  latter 
practise  the  grossest  impurities.  (San- 
skrit, sakti,  power,  energy.) 

Sak'unta'la.  Daughter  of  saint 
Vis'wa'mita,  and  Menaki  a  water-nymph. 
Abandoned  by  her  parents,  she  was 
brought  up  by  a  hermit.  One  day  king 
Dushyanta  came  to  the  hermitage  dur- 
ing a  hvint,  and  persuaded  Sakuntala  to 
marry  him,  and  in  due  time  a  son  was 
born.  When  the  boy  was  six  years  old, 
she  took  it  to  its  father,  and  the  king 
recognised  his  wife  by  a  ring  which  ha 
had  given  her.  She  was  now  publicly 
proclaimed  his  queen,  and  Bharata,  Ins 
son  and  heir,  became  the  founder  of  the 
glorious  race  of  the  Bharatas.  This  story 
forms  the  plot  of  the  celebrated  drama 
of  Kilida'sa,  called  "Sakuntala,"  made 
known  to  us  by  Sir  W.  Jones. 

Sak'ya-MunL  Sakya,  the  hermit, 
founder  of  Buddhisio, 


Salacaea1)ia  or  Salaavdahy  of  Apri- 
cius.  An  uneatable  soup  of  great  pre- 
tensions. King,  in  his  "  Art  of  Cookery," 
gives  the  recipe  of  this  soup :  "  Bruise 
in  a  mortar  par.sley-seed,  dried  peneryal, 
dried  mint,  ginger,  green  coriander, 
stoned  raisins,  honey,  vinegar,  oil,  and 
wine.  Put  them  into  a  cacah'uLum, 
three  crusts  of  Pycentine  bread,  the 
flesh  of  a  pullet,  vestine  cheese,  pine- 
kornels,  cucumbers,  dried  onions,minced 
small  ;  pour  soup  over  the  whole,  gar- 
nish with  snow,  and  serve  up  iu  the 
cacab'ulum." 

At  each  end  there  are  dishes  of  the  galacacabU 
of  the  Komans :  one  is  made  of  i  araley,  pennyroyal, 
cheese,  piuetops,  honey,  yineRnr,  brine,  eggs,  cucum- 
bers, onions,  and  heu-livers  ;  the  oU  er  is  much  the 
same  as  soup  maigre.— 6i/io>7i;((,  "  l'rrrg<iitc  n.kle." 

Sal'ace  (3  syl.).  The  sea,  or  rather 
the  salt  or  Iriny  deep  ;  the  wife  of  Nep- 
tune. 

Triton,  who  loaets  his  hiKh  Neptunian  race, 
Spruui;  from  the  god  by  Salace's  embrace. 

Camogus,  "  L>iiuui,"  bk.  vj. 

Salad  Days.    Days  of  iuexperience, 

when  persons  are  very  green. 

Mv  Ballad  days. 
When  I  was  green  in  jud,;nient. 
Shakespeai  «,  **Anlhuny  and   iJUupaLra"  i.  &. 

A  peri'ortk  of  salad  oil.  A  strapping ; 
a  castigation.  It  is  a  joke  on  All  Fools* 
Day  to  send  one  to  the  saddler's  for  a 
"  pen'orth  of  salad  oil."  The  pun  is  be- 
tween "  salad  oil,"  as  above,  and  the 
French  avoir  de  la  salade,  "  to  be 
flogged."  The  French  salader  and  salade 
are  derived  from  the  salle  or  saddle  on 
which  schoolboys  were  at  one  time 
birched.  A  block  for  the  purpose  is  still 
kept  in  some  of  our  public  schools. 
Oudin  translates  the  phrase,  Donner  la 
salle  d  uii  escolier  by  "  scopar  un  scolari 
innanzi  a  tutti  gli  altri."—  "  Recherches 
Ilaliennes  el  Francoises,"  pt.  ii.  503. 

Salamander,  in  Egyptian  hierogly- 
phics, is  a  human  form  pinched  to  death 
with  the  cold.     (.S'««  U>'di.nf,s.) 

Salamander  oi  Middle-Age  superstition 
was  a  creature  in  tbe  shape  of  a  man 
which  lived  in  fire.  (Greek,  salamhl 
aner,  chimney  man,  meaning  a  man  that 
lives  in  a  chimney  or  fire.) 

Sahmuindir.  A  sort  of  lizard,  which 
seeks  the  hottest  fire  to  breed  in,  but 
quenches  it  with  the  extreme  frigidity  of 
its  body.  Pliny  tells  us  he  tried  the  ex- 
periment once,  but  the  creature  was  soon 
burnt  to  a  powder, — Nat,  Bistory,  i.  67; 
xxis.  4. 


SALAMANDER'S  WOOL. 


SALMON  EU3. 


781 


Salamander.  Francois  I.  of  France 
adopted  as  his  badg-o  "  a  lizard  in  the 
midst  of  flames,"  with  the  let^end  JVub'isco 
et  extini/uo — "I  nourish  find  extiug-uish." 
The  Italian  motto  from  which  this  lepfend 
was  borrowed  was,  Nudrisco  il  buono  e 
spcngo  il  rco^"  I  nourish  the  good  and 
extinsjuish  the  had."  Fire  purifies  good 
metal,  but  consumes  rubbish.    {See  ante.) 

Salamander.  Anything  of  a  fiery-red 
colour.  Falstalf  calls  Bardolph's  nose  "a 
burning  l.imp,"  "a salamander,"  and  the 
drink  that  made  such  "a  fiery  meteor" 
he  calls  "  fire.'' 

I  have  msintaincd  that  aalamanrter  of  you'S 
with  lire  unv  (iiiie  tiiis  two-and-thirty  ye irs.— .S'/idAt- 
';'""«,  "1  lliiiry  If.,''  iv.  3. 

Salamander's  WooL  Asbestos, 
a  fibrous  mineral,  affirmed  'oy  the  Tartars 
to  be  made  "of  the  root  of  a  tree."  Jt 
is  sometimes  called  "mountain  flax," 
and  is  not  combustiljle. 

Sal'ary.  The  salt  rations.  The  Romans 
served  out  rations  of  salt  and  other  neces- 
saries to  their  soldiers  and  civil  servants. 
Tlie  rations  altogether  were  called  by 
the  general  name  of  salt,  and  when 
money  was  sul)stituted  for  the  rations 
the  stipend  went  by  the  same  name. 
(Litliii,  mla'riitm,  from  sal,  salt.) 

Salcllichon.  A  huge  Italian  snu.sage. 
Thomas,  duke  of  Genoa,  a  boy  of  Harrow 
school,  was  so  called,  when  he  was  thrust 
forward  by  general  Prim  as  an  "  inflated 
candidate"  for  the  Spanish  throne. 

Sale  by  the  Candle.  A  species  of 
ftucti'U.  An  inch  of  caudle  being  lighted, 
lie  who  made  the  bid  as  the  candle  gave 
its  expiring  wink  was  declared  the  buyer. 

Sa'lem  is  .lireh- Salem,  or  Jeiu.-ialem. 
Miiclii8ciiec,  kins  of  Salem..  .  beioR  by  iDterpr*- 
tatioQ....Kiug  of  ^eace.— if«».  Tii.  1,  i. 

Salic  Law.  The  law  so  called '  is 
one  uliapter  of  the  Saliau  code  regarding 
succession  to  salic  lands,  which  was 
limited  to  heirs  male,  to  the  exclusion  of 
females,  chiefly  because  certain  military 
duties  were  connected  with  the  holding 
of  those  lands.  In  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury females  were  excludetl  from  the 
throne  of  France  by  the  application  of 
the  Salic  law  to  the  succession  of  the 
•f'^wn. 

Wlilch  SaMiuf.  ai  I  Bait.'twlit  r;ibc  »nJ  3n!6. 

II  at  tbia  ilay  iu  Oerinaiiy  called  .Memi'ii 

Shfikespfitre.*'  Henry  /'.,"  \.  2. 

Salisbury  Cathedral.  Begun  in 
1220,   and    finished    in    125S;  noted   for 


having  the  loftiest  apire  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  It  is  400  feet  high,  or  thirty 
feet  higher  than  the  dome  of  St.  PauTs. 

Salisbtiry  Court  {London)  origi- 
nated in  a  palace  of  the  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, which  he  parted  with  to  the  Sack- 

villes. 

Salisbury  Craigs.  Rocks  near 
E'iinburgh;  so  called  from  the  e.irl  of 
Salisbury,  who  accompanied  Edward  III. 
on  an  expedition  against  the  Scots. 

Sallust  of  France.  Ce'sar  Vichard, 
abbe  de  St.  Ke'al ;  so  called  by  Voltaire. 
(1639-161)2.) 

Sally.  Saddle.  (Latin,  sella  ;  French, 
selle.) 

The  horB9....Btoppe1  his  course  by  degrees,  and 
went  with  I  is  rider  ...into  a  pond  to  drink;  and 
tliftrc  tat  bis  lordaliip  upon  the  sally. — "  Livet  ofih» 

North...- 

Vaulting  ambition —  o'erleaps  its  ull. 
And  falls  o'  the  other.... 

SUiikespenre^  ^Macbeth,"  i.  7, 

Sally  liunn.  A  tea-cake;  so  called 
from  Sally  Lunt,  the  pastrycook  of  Bath, 
who  used  to  cry  them  about  in  a  basket 
at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
Dalmer,  the  baker,  bought  her  receipt, 
and  made  a  song  about  the  buns. 

Sally-port.  The  postern  in  fortifi- 
cations. It  is  a  small  door  or  port  whence 
troojjs  may  issue  unseen  to  make  sallies, 
ko.     (Latin,  salio,  to  leap.) 

Sal'magundi.  A  mixture  of  mincod 
veal,  chicken  or  turkey,  anchovies  or 
pickled  herrings,  and  onions,  all  chopped 
together,  and  served  with  lemon-juice 
and  oil ;  so  called  from  Salmagondi,  one  of 
the  ladies  attached  to  the  suite  of  Mary 
de  Medicis,  wife  of  Henri  IV.  of  France. 
She  either  invented  the  dish  or  was  so 
fond  of  it  that  it  went  by  her  name. 
More  probably  the  word  is  a  corruption 
of  the  Latin  sali/amum  (meat  and  salad 
powdered  together). 

Sal'macis,  softness,  eflfeminacy.  It 
w;is  a  fountain  of  Caria,  near  Halicar- 
nassos,  which  rendered  soft  and  eQemi- 
nate  all  who  bathed  therein. 

Thy  moist  limbs  melted  into  S.ilniacis. 

Sififtburn.  *'  Hemtafihyodihis" 

Salmon  is  the  Latin  salvw  (the  leap- 
intr  fish).  Some  of  them  will  leap  to  a 
height  of  fifteen  or  even  twenty  feet, 

Salmo'neu3  (."'  «yl.).  A  king  of 
fjlis,  noted  for  his  arrogance  and  impiety. 
Ue  not  only  ordered  sacrifice  to  bo  offered 


782 


SALSABIL. 


SALT  PRUNELLA, 


to  himself,  but  h«  attomptod  to  imitate 
the  thunder  and  hfi^htning  of  Jove,  for 
wliich  impiety  the  king  of  gods  aud  men 
hurled  a  thunderbolt  at  him  aud  sent 
hill  to  the  infernal  regions. 

Sal'sabil.  A  fountain  in  Paradise. 
t^  A I  Koran,  xxvi, 

Mahomet  was  taking  his  afternoon  nsp  In  his 
ParailUe.  A  liouri  had  rolled  a  cloiiJ  unJer  liis 
bend,  and  lie  was  suoviiii;  serenely  near  the  fuiiut^iiii 
of  fialsabil. — 31.  J.'£pine^  **  t'yoquttmtaine,"  ii.  8. 

Salt.  Flavour  ;  smack.  The  salt  of 
youth  is  tliat  vigour  and  strong  passion 
which  then  predominates.  Shakespeare 
uses  the  term  on  several  occasions  for 
strong  amorous  passion.  Thus  lago  re- 
fers to  it  as  "  hot  as  monkeys,  salt  as 
wolves  in  pride"  ("Othello,"  iii.  3).  The 
Duke  calls  Angelo's  base  passion  his 
"  salt  imagination,"  because  he  supposed 
his  victim  to  be  Isabella,  and  not  his  be- 
trothed wife  whom  he  was  forced  by  the 
Duke  to  marry. — "  J/castire  for  Measure," 
V.  1. 

Though  we  are  justict.  and  doctors,  and  church- 
men, Master  Page,  we  liave  some  salt  of  our  youth 
ta  us.—"Merri/  U'ivci  of  ll'iudior,"  ii.  3. 

Salt  in  a  coffin.  It  is  still  not  uncom- 
mon to  put  salt  into  a  coffin,  and  Moresin 
tells  us  the  reason :  Satan  bates  salt, 
because  it  is  the  symbol  of  incorruption 
and  immortality. —  "A(/J(i?i«,"  p.  154. 

Spilliiiff  sail  was  hold  to  be  an  unlucky 
omen  by  the  Romans,  and  the  superstition 
has  descended  to  ourselves.  In  Leonardo 
da  Vinci's  famous  picture  of  the  Lord'8 
Supper,  Judas  Iscariot  is  known  by  the 
salt-cellar  knocked  over  accidentally  by 
his  arm.  Salt  was  used  in  sacrifice  by 
the  Jews,  as  well  as  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  ;  and  it  is  still  used  in  baptism  by 
the  Roman  Catholic  clergj'.  It  was  an 
emblem  of  purity  and  the  sanctifying  in- 
fluence of  a  holy  life  ou  other.s.  Hence 
cur  Lord  tolls  his  disciples  they  are  "  the 
salt  of  the  earlih."  Spilling  the  salt  after 
it  was  placed  on  the  head  of  the  victim 
was  a  bad  omen,  and  hence  the  super- 
stition. 

Cum  grano  sa'lis.  With  great  limita- 
tion. As  salt  is  sparingly  used  for  a  con- 
diment, BO  truth  is  sparingly  scattered 
in  ai  exaggerated  report. 

To  dt  iiltove  the  sa't—m  a  place  of  dis- 
tinction. Formerly  the  family  saler  (salt- 
cellar) w;i8  of  massive  silver,  and  placed 
In  the  middle  of  the  table.  Persons  of 
distinction  sat  u.love  the  "saler" — i.e., 
between  it  and  the  Lead  of  the  table. 


Dependents  and  other  inferior  gliosis  sat 
below  it. 

He  won't  earn  salt  for  hit  porrulge.  lie 
will  never  earn  a  penny. 

To  tall  an  invoice  is  to  put  the  extreme 
value  upon  each  article,  and  even  some- 
thing more,  to  give  it  piquancy  and  rai.se 
its  market  value,  according  to  the  maxim, 
sal  sapil  omnia.  The  French  have  the 
same  expression  ;  as  Veadre  hien  sa'e, 
"  To  sell  very  dear  ;"  II  vie  I'a  hien  sale, 
"  He  charged  mo  an  exorbitant  price  ;" 
and  generally  saler  is  to  pigeon  one. 

Salt  in  Beer.  In  Scotland  it  was 
customary  to  throw  a  handful  of  salt  on 
the  top  of  the  mash  to  keep  the  witches 
from  it.  Salt  really  has  the  effet;t  of 
moderating  the  fermentation  and  fining 
the  liquor. 

Salt-h.ill  (Eton).  At  the  Eioa  31  ontem 
the  captain  of  the  school  used  to  collect 
money  from  the  visitors  on  Montera 
day.  Standing  on  a  mound  at  Slough, 
he  waved  a  flag,  and  persons  appointed 
for  the  purpose  collected  the  donations. 
The  mound  is  still  called  ^Sail-hill,  and 
the  money  given  was  called  salt.  The 
word  salt  is  similar  to  the  Latin  sala'rlnm 
('t-alary),  the  pay  given  to  Roman  soldiers 
and  civil  o'fEcers.     (.See  SalaI'.y.) 

Salt  Junk.  Salt  beef  on  board  ship. 
Jinik  is  the  bulrush  of  which  ropes  used 
to  be  made,  and  salt  junk  means  beef 
that  is  hard,  ropy,  and  salt. 

Salt  Lake.  It  has  been  stated  that 
three  buckets  of  this  water  will  yield  one 
of  solid  salt.  This  cannot  be  true,  as 
water  win  not  hold  in  solution  more  than 
twent\'-five  per  cent,  of  saline  matter. 
The  Mormons  engaged  in  procuring  it 
state  that  they  obuxin  one  bucket  of  salt 
for  every  five  buckets  of  water. — Quebec 
Morning  Chronicle. 

Salt  Prunella.  A  mixture  of  re> 
fined  nitre  aud  soda  for  sore  throats. 
Prunella  is  a  corruption  of  linmelle, 
in  French  set  de  Iriinelle,  from  the  Ger- 
man hreune  (a  sore  throat),  braane  (the 
quinsy). 

Fyuiiclla  is  the  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants  very  astringent,  and  used  in  medi- 
cine for  sore  throats.  This  word  also 
is  a  corruption  of  Brunelle.    (See  above.) 

Pruntllo,  a  species  of  plum,  is  quite 
another  word,  being  from  the  French 
pru)ulU  (a  Uttle  plum). 


SALT  RIVER. 


SAMARITAN. 


7Sfl 


Prunello,  the  stuff  of  which  clerical 
gowns  are  made,  is  a  corruption  of  Brig- 
noles,  where  it  was  origiually  manufac- 
tured. 

Salt  River.  To  rmv  up  Sail  River. 
A  defeated  political  party  is  said  to  be 
rowed  up  Salt  River,  and  those  who 
attempt  to  uphold  the  party  have  the 
task  of  rowing  up  this  ungracious  stream. 
J.  Inman  says  the  allusion  is  to  a  small 
stream  in  Kentucky,  the  passage  of  which 
is  rendered  both  d"ifficult  and  dangerous 
by  shallows,  bars,  and  an  extremely  tor- 
tvious  channel. 

Saltpetre  (French,  salpeire),  sel  de 
[)icrre,  parcequ'  il  forme  dcs  efTlores- 
cencea  salines  sur  lea  mnrs.—Buiiitkt, 
"  Jjict.  des  Sciences." 

Salu'te  (2  syl.).  According  to  tradi- 
tion, on  the  triumphant  return  of  Maxi- 
milian to  Germany,  after  his  second  cam- 
paign, the  town  of  Augsburg  ordered 
100  rounds  of  cannon  to  be  discharged. 
The  offic;cr  on  service,  fearing  to  have 
fallen  short  of  the  number,  caused  an 
extra  round  to  be  added.  The  town 
of  Nuremburg  ordered  a  like  salute, 
and  the  custom  became  established. 

SahUe  in  the  British  navy,  between 
two  ships  of  eqvial  rank,  is  made  by  firing 
an  equal  number  of  guns.  If  the  vessels 
are  of  unecjual  rank,  the  suporior  fires 
the  fewer  rounds. 

Hoi/al  SaluU  in  the  Briti.sh  navy  con- 
sists "(1)  in  firing  twenty-one  great  guns, 
(2)  in  the  officers  lowering  their  sword- 
points,  and  (3j  in  dipping  the  colours. 

Salutations. 

Shaking  hands.  A  relic  of  the  ancient 
custom  of  adversaries,  in  treating  of  a 
truce,  taking  hold  of  the  weapon-hand  to 
ensure  against  treachery. 

Lady's  curtsey.  A  relic  of  the  ancient 
custom  of  women  going  ou  the  knee  to 
men  of  rank  and  power,  originally  to  beg 
mercy,  afterwards  to  acknowledge  su- 
periority. 

Tak-inrj  off  the  hat.  A  relic  of  the 
ancient  custom  of  taking  off  the  helmet 
when  no  danger  is  nigh.  A  man  takes 
o(T  his  bat  to  show  that  he  dares  stand 
unarmed  in  your  presence. 

Diichaiyijitj  guiis  cm  a  salute.  To  show 
that  no  fear  exists,  and  therefore  no 
guns  will  bo  rc(|uirod.  This  is  like 
"  burying  tlie  hatchet"  (g.v.). 

rrvtnliiuj  anus -i.e.,  'ATtinnj^  to  give 
(ihem  up,  from  a  full  [>Ar<tuaaion  of  the 


peaceful  and  friendly  disposition  of  tho 
person  so  honoured. 

Lowering  sjcords.  To  express  a  willing- 
ness to  put  your.-elf  unarmed  in  the 
power  of  the  person  saluted,  from  a  full 
persuasion  of  his  friendly  feeling. 

Salve  (1  syl.)  is  the  Latin  sal'iia 
{sage),  one  of  the  most  efficient  of  ma- 
diajval  remedies. 

To  other  wcumies,  and  to  broken  Rnnes, 
Some  haddS  galvi.'.  anJ  tome  liaddB  charroes. 
Chaucer,  "  CaiiierOuri/  TuUt,"  line  i,:\i. 

Salve.  To  flatter,  to  wheedle.  The 
allusion  is  to  salving  a  wound. 

Sam.  Uncle  Sam.  Tho  United  States 
government.  Mr.  Frost  tells  us  that  the 
inspectors  of  Elbert  Anderson's  store  on 
the  Hudson  were  Ebenczcr  Wilson  and 
his  uncle  Samuel  Wilson,  the  latter  of 
whom  superintended  in  person  the  work- 
men, and  went  by  the  name  of  "  Uncle 
Sam."  The  stores  were  marked  E.A.— 
U.S.  {Elbert  Anderson,  United  States), 
and  one  of  the  employers  being  asked 
the  meaning,  said  U.S.  stood  for  "Uncle 
Sam."  The  joke  took,  and  in  the  War 
of  Independence  the  men  carried  it  with 
them,  and  it  became  stereotyped. 

To  stand  Sam.  To  be  made  to  pay  the 
reckoning.  This  is  an  Americanism,  and 
arose  from  the  letters  U.S.  on  the  knap- 
sacks of  the  soldiers.  The  government 
of  Uncle  Sam  has  to  pay  or  "  stand 
Sam  "  for  all.     {See  above.) 

Sam  Weller.  Servant  of  Mr.  Pick- 
wick,  famous  for  his  metaphors.  He  is 
meant  to  imj'ersonate  the  wit,  shrewd- 
ness, quaint  humour,  and  best  qualities 
of  London  low  life.— Char  Us  Dickeiu, 
"  Pickwick." 

Sa'mael.  The  prince  of  demons, 
who,  in  the  guise  of  a  serpent,  tempted 
Eve;  also  called  the  angel  of  death.—- 
Jewish  demonology. 

Sam'anides  (3  syl.).  A  dynasty  of 
ten  kings  in  Westeru  Persia  (902-100'J), 
founded  by  Ismail  al  Sam'ani. 

Sama'ria,  according  to  1  Kings  xvi. 
24,  moans  tho  hill  of  Shemer.  Oniri 
"  bought  the  hill  Samaria  of  Shemer  for 
two  talents  of  silver,  and  built  on  the  hill, 
and  called  the  name  of  [his]  city  .... 
affor  the  name  of  Shemer  ....  <Saria- 
ria."     (D.O.  9"25.) 

Samaritan.  A  good  Samaritan .  A 
pbilautbropist,  one    who   attends  ' u^uu 


784 


SAMBO. 


SANCnO  PANZA. 


the   poor   to   aid   thcin  and   give   them 
relief.    (Luke  x.  cO-37.) 

Sanibo.  A  pet  narno  given  to  any 
one  of  tlio  negro  race.  The  term  is  pro- 
perly api^Iiecl  to  one  V)om  of  a  negro 
and  a  nnulatto,  called  a  zambo. 

Sara'edi  (2  syl.).  Fronch  for  Satnr. 
(iny,  Uie.luwish  S;il)lj;itl),  is  a  CDntmction 
ol' Sabbatl  di  (Sabl.atli-'lay),  as  iMardi  is 
Marli-ili,  Vendredi  is  Veiuri-di,  Ac.  (the 
day  dedicated  to  Mara,  Vcnux,  &c  ) 

Sa'mian.  The  Savilan  poet.  Simon'- 
Ides  the  satirist,  born  at  Samos. 

The  Samian  sar;''..  Pythag'oras,  bom 
at  Samos;  sometimes  called  "the  Sa- 
mian."    (6th  century  B.C.) 

'Ti"  enonch. 
In  this  lute  age.  (iiiTentiirous  tn  liavs  louched 
hiljhl  oi>  tlie  uumbera  of  tlie  Suiniau  snuie. 

TIte  Samian,  letlei:     The  letter  Y,  u.sed 
by   Pythag'oras  as   an    emblem   of   the 
straight  narrow  path  of  virtue  which  is 
one,  but  if  once  deviated  from,  the  fur-   ^ 
ther  the  lines  are  extended  the    wider  1 
becomes  the  breach.  ! 

When  reason  doubtful,  like  the  ^^amian  letter,         i 
Poiuts  him  two  wnys,  the  narrower  the  better. 

'•  JJimcad."  if.        ; 

I 

Samia'sa.    A  seraph,  who  fell  in  love 
«ith   Aholiba'mah,  a  graud-daughter  of   \ 
Cain,  and  when  the  flood  came,  carried 
her  under  his  wing  to  some  other  planet. 
—  Byro)i,  "  Heaven  and  Earth." 

Sa'miel,  the  Black  Huntsman  of  the 
Wolf's  Glen.  A  satanic  spirit,  who  gave 
to  a  marksman  who  entered  into  com- 
pact with  him  seven  halls,  six  of  which 
were  to  hit  infallibly  whatever  was  aimed 
at,  but  the  seventh  was  to  deceive.  The 
person  who  made  this  compact  was 
termed  Der  Frei'schidz. —  Weber,  ^' Der 
Frcisc/mtz  "  (^libretto  by  Kind). 

Sa'Tniel-wind,  or  Simoom'.  A  hot 
diitfocating  wind,  th.at  blows  occasionally 
in  Africa  and  Arabia.  (Arabic,  samma, 
Butfocatingly  hot.) 

Burmnc  an'l  1  en-llong  M  the  Samiel  wind. 
Jhoma,  iloorc,  "  Luiia  Uvokh,"  \,\..l 

Sainoor.  The  south  wind  of  Persia, 
which  so  softens  the  strings  of  lutes,  that 
they  can  never  be  tuned  while  it  lasts.— 
Stephen,  "  Persia." 

U*-*    the    wiiul  of  the  eoutli  o'er  a  euuimer   lut« 
bIo\>  in2, 
HoAbeU  all  Its  mu«ic,  and  withered  U«  frsme 
Thi^nat  Moort.  "  Thf  ttrt  H'uratitpperi 


Samp'son.  A  dominie  Sampson.  A 
humble  'ledantic  scholar,  awkward, 
ira.scib!e,  and  very  old-fashioned.  The 
ch.iracter  occurs  in  Sir  Walter  Scott'f 
"  Guy  Mannering." 

Samosa'tian Philosopher.  Lucian 

of  Samos'ata.     (Properly,  Samos' a-lian.) 

Samson.       Any    man     of     unusual 

strength  ;     so  called  from  the  judge  of 

Israel. 

The  Brilish  Samson.  Thomas  Topham, 
son  of  a  London  carpenter.  He  lifted 
three  hogsheads  of  water,  weighing  l,8:i6 
poimds,  in  the  presence  of  thousands  of 
spectators  assembled  in  Bath  Street, 
Cold  Bath  Fields,  May  28th,  1 741.  Ber'ng 
pl.agued  by  a  faithless  woman,  he  put  an 
end  to  his  life  in  the  flower  of  his  age. 
(1710-17r'3?) 

Samson  Carrasco.—  "  Don  Quixote,"  pt. 
ii.  bk.  i.  ch.  4. 

San  Chris'tobal.  A  mountain  in 
Grana'da,  seen  by  ships  arriving  from  the 
African  coast ;  so  called  because  colossal 
images  of  St.  Christopher  were  erected  in 
places  of  danger,  from  the  superstitious 
notion  that  whoever  cast  his  eye  on  the 
gigantic  saint  would  be  free  from  peril 
for  the  whole  day. 

San  Suen'a.     Zaragoza,. 
Sance-bell.      Same    as    "  Sanctus- 
bell."     (See  Sacring-bell.) 

San'cha.  Daughter  of  Garcias,  king 
of  Navarre,  and  wife  of  Feman  Gonsalea 
of  Castiie.  She  twice  saved  the  life  of 
the  count  her  husband— once  on  hie 
road  to  Navarre,  being  waylaid  by  per- 
sonal enemies  and  ca.st  into  a  dungeon, 
she  liberated  him  by  brii)iiig  the  gaoler. 
The  next  time  was  when  Feman  was 
waylaid  and  held  prisoner  at  Leon.  On 
this  occasion  she  effected  his  escape 
by  changing  clothes  with  him.  The 
tale  resembles  that  of  the  countess  of 
Nithsdale,  who  effected  the  escape  of 
her  husband  from  the  Tower  on  the 
23rd  of  February,  1715  ;  and  that  of  the 
countess  de  Lavalette,  who,  in  1815, 
liberated  the  count  her  husband  from 
prison  by  changing  clothes  with  him. 

Sancho  Panza,  the  squire  of  Don 
Quixote,  was  governor  of  Barata'ria,  ac- 
cording to  Cervantes.  He  is  described 
ae  a  short,  potbellied  nistic,  full  of  com- 
mon sense,  but  without  a  grain  of  "  spi- 
rituality." He  rode  upon  au  ass,  Dappw, 
and  was  famous  for  his  proverbs. 


SANOHONIATHO. 


SAND-BLIND. 


785 


A  Sancko  Pama.  A  justice  of  the 
poace.  In  French  a  "  jnge  de  paix." 
In  allusion  to  the  wise  jiKlsrnionts  of  the 
Bquire  in  the  isle  of  Barata'ria. 

iSctndio  I'anzas  wife,  called  Teresa,  pt. 
ii.  i.  6;  Maria,  pt.  ii.  iv.  7;  J  nana,  pt.  i. 
i.  7;  and  Joan,  pt.  i   iv.  21. 

Snucho.  Tho  model  paintinjrof  this  squire 
is  Leslit^'a  "Sauclio  and  the  Duchess." 

Sanchoni'atho.  A  forepry  of  the 
nine  Ixnilis  of  this  "author"  was  iirintcd 
at  Bremen  in  1837.  Tlie  "  ori<rinal "  was 
said  to  have  heen  discovered  in  the  con- 
vent of  St.  Maria  de  Meriiihao  by  colonel 
I'eroira,  a  Portiitjiiese  ;  but  it  was  soon 
discovered  (1;  that  no  such  convent  ex- 
isted, (2)  that  there  was  no  colcnel  in 
the  Porturruese  service  of  the  nnnie,  and 
(15)  that  the  paper  of  the  MS.  displayed 
the  water-mark  of  an  Osnabriiuk  paper- 
mill.     (.Vee  KicHAUD  of  Cike.^cestkr.) 

Sanctum  Sancto'rum.  .\  private 
room  into  which  no  one  uninvited  enters, 
riie  reference  is  to  the  Holy  of  Holies 
in  the  Jewish  Temple,  a  small  chamber 
into  which  none  but  the  high  priest  might 
enter,  and  that  only  on  the  great  day  of 
atonement.  A  man's  private  house  is 
his  sanctiiary  ;  his  own  special  private 
room  in  that  house  is  the  sanctuary  of 
tliB  sanctuary,  or  the  sanctum  mncldriint. 

Sancy'  Diamond.  So  cdled  from 
Nicliolas  do  llarlay,  sieur  de  Sancy,  who 
bought  it  for  7U,Ot)0  francs  (£2,8U0)  of 
don  Antonio,  prince  of  Crato  and  king 
of  Portugal  ill  partibnx.  It  belonged  at 
one  time  to  Charles  tlie  Bold  of  Burgundy, 
who  wore  it  with  other  diamonds  at  the 
battle  of  Granson,  in  147');  nnd  after  his 
defeat  it  was  picked  up  liy  a  Swiss  sol. 
dier,  who  sold  it  for  a  gulden  to  a  ciertry- 
man.  The  clergyman  sold  it  sixtoea 
years  afterwards  [WJ'l)  to  a  merchant 
of  Lucerne  for  5,000  ducats  (.£l,r2;5). 
It  was  next  purchased  (140."')  by  Em- 
manuel the  Fortunate  of  Portugal,  and 
remained  in  the  house  of  Aviz  till  the 
kingdom  was  annexed  to  Spain  (15S0), 
when  don  Antonio  soUl  it  to  siour  de 
Sancy,  in  whose  family  it  remained  more 
than  a  century.  On  one  occasion  the  sieur, 
being  desirous  of  aiding  Henri  iV.  in 
bis  struggle  for  the  crown,  pledged  the 
iliamond  to  Uie  Jews  at  Met/..  The 
servant  entrusted  with  it,  being  attacked 
by  robbers,  swallowed  the  diamond,  and 
was  murdered,  but  Nicholas  de  Harlay 
tubsoqueotly  recovered  the  dianmnd  out 


of  the  dead  body  of  his  unfortunate  mey 
senger.  We  next  find  it  in  the  posses- 
sion of  James  II.,  who  purchased  it  for 
the  crown  of  England.  .James  carried 
it  with  him  in  his  flight  to  France 
in  1()8S,  when  it  was  .sold  to  Louis 
XIV.  for  £2.'),000.  Louis  XV.  wore  it 
at  his  coronation,  but  during  the  Revo- 
lution it  was  again  sold.  Napoleon  in 
his  high  and  palmy  days  bought  it,  but 
it  was  sold  in  1835  to  prince  Paul 
Dcmidoff  for  £80,000.  The  prince  sold 
it  in  1830  to  M.  Levrat,  administrator  of 
thv.  Mining  Society,  who  was  to  pay  for  it 
in  four  instalments  ;  but  his  failing  to 
fulfil  his  engagement  became,  in  1832, 
the  subject  of  a  lawsuit,  which  was  given 
in  favour  of  the  prince.  We  next  hear 
of  it  in  Bombay;  aiicl  in  18G7  it  was  trans- 
mitted to  England  by  the  firm  of  Forbog 
end  Co.     It  n')vv  belongs  to  the  czar. 

Sand,  lyjy  sand  of  life  is  almost  run 
The  allusion  is  to  the  hour-glass. 

Alas!  dreail  lord,  you  ses  tlie  ca?ia  wherein  I  stmil, 
an'l  how  htt  e  eaui  is  left  to  run  in  my  poor  glase.— 
'•  Jlri/utird  (he  iuz,"  \1 

To  number  sands.  To  undertake  an 
endless  or  impossible  task. 

Ali»!  rior  duke,  the  task  he  uo'lortako 
I*  !ju:nlii:riu:<  «3D'ls  auj  driukui.;  oc-ans  dry. 
Shakt!lii:(iif,^'  lUchurd  II.,'  ii.  3. 

Footprints  in  the  sands  of  Time  (Long- 
fellow, "Psalm  of  Life").  This  beau- 
tiful expression  was  probably  suggested 
hy  a  letter  of  the  First  Napoleon  to  his 
.Minister  of  the  Interior  respecting  the 
poor  laws: — "It  is  melancholy  [ho  says] 
to  see  time  passing  away  without  being 
put  to  its  full  value.  Surely  in  a  matter 
of  this  kind  we  should  endeavour  to  do 
something,  that  we  may  say  that  we 
have  lived,  that  we  have  not  lived  in 
vain,  that  we  may  leave  some  impress  of 
our  lives  on  the  sands  of  Time." 

Sand  {Georf/e).  The  nomdeplnme 
of  Madame  Dudevant,  a  French  n  nthoress. 
Assmufd  out  of  attachment  to  Jnles  Sand 
nr  Sandoau,  a  young  student,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  whom  she  published  her  first 
novel.  Hose  et  Btarirhfy  under  the  name 
of  "Jules  Sand."    (.l^iU  1-1«7(;.) 

Sand-banks.  WjTiants,  a  Dutch 
artist,  is  famous  for  his  homal)'  pictures, 
where  sand-banks  form  a  woA  striking 
feature. 

Sand-blind,  virtually  blind,  but 
not  wholly  bo  ;  wh  it  the  French  call  ber- 
iue;  onr  pur -blind.    (Old  Eng.  suffix,  *u(o» 


760 


SAND  A  BAR. 


8ANGREAL. 


half;  or  Old  Ilifih  German,  sand,  vir- 
tually.) It  is  only  fit  for  a  Liiuncolot 
Gobbo  to  derive  it  from  sand,  a  sort  of 
earth. 

ThiB  (■  my  lruc-be(rotten  fatlier.  who,  beinof  more 
Iban  caulbliud,  hiuh-Kiarel  bliii<l,  knows  me  uot. 
—Shiikisprare,  "Merchant  of  Vtnice,"  ii.  2. 

San'dabar.  An  Arabian  writer,  cele- 
brated for  his  "  Parables."  He  lived 
about  a  coutury  before  the  Christian  era. 

Sandal.  A  vian  without  sandals.  A 
prodigal ;  so  called  by  the  ancient  Jews, 
because  the  stller  gave  his  sandals  to  the 
buyer  as  a  ratification  of  his  bargain. 
(Uuthiv.  7.) 

Sandal-wood.  A  corruption  of 
Santal-wood,  a  plant  of  the  genus  San'- 
talum  and  natural  order  Santala'cece. 

Sandal'plion.  One  of  the  three 
angels  who  receive  the  prayers  of  the 
Israelites,  and  weave  crowns  I'orthem, — 
LongfeUow. 

Sand'en  (sandy-den).  The  great 
palace  of  king  Lion,  in  the  tale  of 
"  lleynard  the  Fox." 

Sandford  and  Merton.  Thomas 
Day's  tale  so  called. 

Sandjar.  One  of  the  Seljuke  Sultans 
of  Persia  ;  so  called  from  the  place  of  his 
birth,  and  generally  considered  the  Per- 
rian  Alexander,     (1117-1158.) 

Sandschaki  or  Sandschaki-sherif 
(the  standard  of  green  silk).  The  sacred 
banner  of  the  Mussulmans.  It  is  now 
enveloped  in  four  coverings  of  green 
taffeta,  enclosed  in  a  case  of  green  cloth. 
The  standard  is  twelve  feet  high,  and  the 
golden  ornament  (a  closed  hand)  which 
surmounts  it  holds  a  copy  of  the  Koran 
written  by  the  calif  Osman  III.  In  times 
of  peace  this  banner  is  guarded  in  the 
hall  of  the  "noble  vestment,"  as  the 
dress  worn  bj-  "the  prophet"  is  styled. 
In  the  same  hall  arc  preserved  the  sacred 
teeth,  the  holy  beard,  tlie  sacred  stirrup, 
the  sabre,  and  the  bow  of  Mahomet. 

Sandwich.  A  piece  of  meat  be- 
tween two  slices  of  bread ;  so  called 
from  the  carl  of  Sandwich  (the  noted 
"  Jemmy  Twiteher  "V  who  passed  whole 
days  in  gambling  bidding  the  waiter 
bring  liim  for  refreshment  a  piece  of  meat 
between  two  pieces  of  bread,  which  he 
ato  witliout  stopping  from  play.  Thia 
oontrivauca  was  uot  6'-st  hit  upon  by  the 


earl  in  the  reign  of  Georgo  III.,  ac  the 
Romans  were  very  fond  of  "  sandwiches," 
called  by  them  qffula. 

A  Sandivich.  A  perambulating  ad- 
vertisement displayer ;  so  called  be- 
cause he  has  a  placarded  board  before 
and  behind,  between  which  ho  is  en- 
closed like  meat  in  a  sandwich. 

The  earl  of  Shafttsbury  desired  to  lay  a  word  en 
belial  f  of  a  very  rtsficctjble  body  ol  men,  ordiuari  .7 
cailed  "(andwuhsi."  —  77ie  Tiniaa,  March  V'Ah,  Ibti?. 

Sang  Bleu.  Of  high  aristocratic 
descent.  The  words  are  French,  and 
mean  blue  blood,  but  the  notion  is 
Spanish.  The  old  families  of  Spain  who 
trace  their  pedigree  beyond  the  time  of 
the  Moorish  conquest  say  that  their 
venous  blood  is  blue,  but  that  of  com- 
mon people  is  black. 

Sangaree.'  A  West  Irdian  drink 
consisting  of  Madeira  wine,  syrup,  water, 
and  nutmeg. 

San'glamore  (3  syl).  Braggado 
chio's  sword. — Spenser,  "FaMry  Qtuen." 

San'glier  (^Sir).  Jleant  for  Shan 
O'Neil,  lead&r  of  the  Irish  insurgents 
in  1567. — Spenser,  "Faery  Queen,"  v. 

Sanglier  des  Ardennes.  Guillaume 
de  la  Marck,  driven  from  Li^ge  for  the 
murder  of  the  bishop  of  Libge,  and  be- 
headed by  the  archduke  Maximilian. 
(1446-14S5.) 

Sangra'do  (Dr.),  in  the  romance  of 
"Gil  Bias,"  prescribes  warm  water  and 
bleeding  for  every  ailment.  The  ciiarac- 
ter  is  a  satire  on  Hulvetius.     Bk,  ii.  2. 

If  the  San,?ra'do8  were  i;iiornnt,  there  nasal  any 
rate  more  lo  spare  in  the  veins  then  ihau  Ihsre  it 
cow  —Vaiti/  Telei/iaph. 

Sangreal.  The  vessel  from  which 
our  Saviour  drank  at  the  Last  Supper, 
and  which  (as  it  is  said)  was  afterwards 
filled  by  Joseph  of  Arimathe'a  with  the 
blood  that  flowed  from  his  wounds.  This 
blood  was  reported  to  have  the  power  of 
prolonging  life  and  preserving  chastity. 
The  quest  of  this  cup  forms  the  most 
fertile  source  of  adventures  to  the  knights 
of  the  Round  Table.  The  story  of  the 
Sangreal  or  Sangraal  was  first  written 
in  verse  by  Chrestien  de  Troyes  (end  of 
the  tenth  century),  thence  Latinised 
(thirteenth  century),  and  finally  turned 
into  French  prose  by  Gautier  Map,  by 
"order  of  lord  Henry"  (Henry  III.) 
It  commences  with  the  genealogy  of  our 
Saviour,   aad  details  the  whole   Gospel 


SANJAR-SrtERlF. 


8ANSL0Y. 


787 


hictory;  but  the  prose  romance  begins 
with  Joseph  of  Arirnathe'a.  Its  quast 
is  continued  in  "Percival,"  a  romance 
t/f  the  fifteenth  century,  which  gives 
the  adventures  of  a  youuf;  Welshman, 
raw  and  inexperienced,  I'Ut  admitted 
to  knighthood.  At  his  death  the  san- 
greal,  the  sacred  lauce,  and  the  silver 
trencher  were  carried  up  to  heaven  in 
the  presence  of  attendants,  and  have 
never  since  been  seen  on  earth. 

Tennyson  has  a  poem  entitled  "The 
Holy  Grail." 

Sanjak-sherif.  The  flag  of  the 
projihot.      (Turkish,  ganjal;  a  standard.) 

San'hedrira.  The  great  council  of 
seventy  elders  among  the  Jews,  which 
heard  appeals  from  the  inferior  courts. 
(Greek,  sunedrion,  a  sitting  together.) 

Sanlu'dnm,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  "Ab- 
salom and  Achitopliel,"  stands  for  the 
British  Parliament.  Tho  Jewish  San- 
hedrim probably  took  its  form  from  the 
70  elders  appointed  to  assist  Moses  in  the 
government;  after  the  captivity  it  seems 
to  have  been  a  permanent  consistory 
court.  The  president  was  called  "  Ila- 
Nasi,"  the  prince,  and  the  vice-president 
"Ai>ba"  (Father).  The  seventy  sat  in 
a  semi-circle,  thirty-five  on  each  fide  of 
the  president;  the  "father"  being  on 
his  right  hand,  and  the  "  hacan,"  or 
Bub-deputy,  on  his  left. 

Th«  Biiiiliedrvn  Iniisr  rjme  :,j  chief  ho  ruled, 
'J'lieir  reason  guided,  ai.d  iheir  paesioj  oouled. 

Sans  Culottes  (French,  witliotU 
Ironstrs).  A  name  given  by  the  aristo- 
cratic section  during  the  French  llovolu- 
tion  to  the  popular  party,  the  favourite 
leader  of  which  was  Ucnriot.     (1793.) 

Sans  Culottides.  The  five  com- 
plementary days  added  to  the  twelve 
months  of  the  Revolutionary  Calendar. 
Each  month  being  made  to  consist  of 
thirty  days,  the  rifl-raflf  days  which 
would  not  conform  to  the  law  were  named 
in  honour  of  the  saiis  cuhUet,  and  made 
idle  days  or  holidays. 

SaiiS-culottism.     lIoJ  ropublicainsin. 

Sans  Peur  et  Sans  Reproche. 
I'ierre  du  Terraii,  chuvalier  do  Bayard, 
was  called  "  Le  chevalier  sans  peur  et 
iuns  re|)roclie.''     (1476-1524.) 

Sans  Souci  {French).  i'reo  and 
easy,  void  of  carp.  There  is  a  place  bo 
called  near  Totsduni,  where  Frederick  11. 
The  Great,  built  a  royal  palace. 


Enfant  Sam  Souci.  The  Tradesmen's 
company  of  actors,  as  opposed  to  the  Law- 
yer's, called  "  BasQchians"  (q.v.).  This 
company  was  organised  in  France  in  the 
reignofCharlesVlll.,forthe  performance 
of  short  comedies,  in  which  public  charac- 
ters and  the  manners  of  the  day  were 
turned  into  ridicule.  The  manager  of 
the  "  Care-for-nothings"  (smu  souci)  was 
called  "The  Prince  of  Fools."  One  of 
their  dramatic  pieces,  entitled  "  Master 
Pierre  PatLelin,"  was  an  immense  fa- 
vourite with  the  Parisians. 

Sansca'ra.  The  ten  essential  rites 
of  Hindus  of  the  first  three  castes:  (1) 
At  the  conceptk>D  of  a  child;  (2)  at  the 
quickening;  (3)  at  birth;  (4)  at  naming; 
(5)  carrying  the  child  out  to  see  the 
moon;  (6)  giving  him  food  to  oat;  (7) 
the  ceremony  of  tonsure  ;  (8)  investiture 
with  the  string;  (9)  the  close  of  his 
studios;  (10)  the  ceremony  of  "  mar- 
Tkxgo,"  when  he  is  qualified  to  perform 
tho  s.acrifices  ordained. 

Sa.nst'oY{fnfulelit)/).  A  Saracen  "  who 
cared  for  neitiier  God  nor  man,"  en- 
countered by  St.  George  and  slain  — 
Spenser,  "  Faery  Queen,"  bk.  i.  ;\ 

Sansjoy  {WiUw^u  the  peace  of  God) 
Brother  of  Sansfoy  (IiiddcUdj)  and  Sans 
loy  {Wilkonl  Ike  law  of  God).  He  is  a 
paynim  knight,  who  fights  with  St. 
George  in  tho  palace  grounds  of  Pride, 
and  would  have  been  slain  if  Duessa  had 
not  rescued  him.  He  is  carrie<l  in  the 
car  of  Night  to  the  Infernal  regions, 
where  he  is  healed  of  his  wounds  by 
Esculapius.—  Spenser,  "  Faery  Queen," 
bk.  i.  4,  f). 

Sansloy  [Irreligion),  brother  of  Sans- 
foy iq.v.).  Having  torn  oH  the  disguise  of 
Arehima'go  and  wounded  the  lion,  be 
carries  off  Una  into  tho  wilderness.  Her 
shi-ioks  arouse  the  fauns  and  satyrs, 
who  come  to  her  rescue,  and  Sansloy 
flees.  Una  is  Truth,  and  being  without 
Holiness  (tho  Ked-cross  Knight),  is  de- 
ceived by  Hypocrisy.  As  soon  a.s  Truth 
joins  Uyi)ocrisy,  instead  of  Holiness, 
Irreligion  breaks  in  and  carries  her  away. 
Tho  reference  is  to  tho  reign  of  quoen 
Mary,  when  the  Reformation  was  carried 
caplivo,  and  the  lion  was  wounded  to 
tho  heart  by  tho  "  False-law  of  God."— 
Spenser,  "Faery  Queen"  bk.  i.  '2 

Iti  l>k.  ii.,  Sansloy  appears  again  us  the 
cavalier  of  Porisuaor  I'rodijrality. 


788 


SANSONETTO. 


SARDONYX. 


Sansonetto  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
A  (liii.stian  rcfjcnt  of  Mecca,  vicegerent 
of  (/harlemagne. 

SanlaCasa  {ftalian,  the  holy  house). 
The  rcjiutcd  house  in  which  the  Virgin 
Mary  lived  at  Nazareth,  miraculously 
translated  to  Fiume,  in  Dalniatia,  in 
l"2'.n,  and  thence  to  Rccana'ti  in  1294, 
and  tiually  to  Macera'ta,  in  Italy,  to  a 
piece  of  land  belonging  to  the  lady 
Laureta. 

Santa  Klaus  (1  syl.).  The  Dutch 
Dame  of  St.  Nicholas.  Just  before 
Christmas  the  children  of  Flanders,  Hol- 
land, find  several  parts  of  Germany,  put 
out  their  shoe  or  stocking  for  Santa 
Klaus  or  Knecht  Globes  to  put  a  j^ift 
therein  before  morning,  as  a  prize  of 
good  conduct. 

Sappho  of  Tovilouse.  Clemence 
Isaure  (2  syl.),  a  wealthy  lady  of  Tou- 
louse, who  instituted  in  1490  the  "  Jeux 
Floraux,"  and  left  fu»ds  to  defray  their 
annual  expenses.  She  composed  a  beau- 
tiful "Ode  to  Spring."     (14'J3-]513.) 

Sar'acens.  Ducange  derives  this 
word  from  i''/7-aA  (Abraham's  wife);  Hot- 
tinger  from  the  Arabic  saraca  (to  steal)  ; 
Forster  from  sahra  (a  desert) ;  but  pro- 
bably it  is  the  Arabic  sharakyoiin  or 
skarkeyn  (the  eastern  people),  as  opposed 
to  MagTiaribe  (the  western  people — i.e., 
of  Morocco).  Any  unbaptised  person  ■was 
called  a  Saracen  iu  medieval  romance. 

Saracen-wheat  (French,  Ble-Sar- 
rasin].  Buck-wheat ;  so  called  because  it 
was  brought  into  Spain  by  the  Moors  or 
Saracens.     (&e  Buckwheat.) 

Saragoz'a.  Tlie  Maid  of  Saragoza. 
Augustina,  who  was  only  twenty -two  years 
of  age  when,  her  lover  being  shot,  she 
mounted  the  batterj-  in  his  place.  The 
French,  after  besieging  the  town  for  two 
months,  were  obliged  to  retreat,  August 
15th,  1S08. 

Sar'aswa'ti.  Wife  of  Brahma,  and 
fifoddess  cf  the  fine  arts. — Hindu,  mytho- 
logy. 

Sar'casm.  A  flaying  or  plucking  off 
of  the  skin ;  a  cutting  taunt.  (Greek, 
tarkazo,  to  tlay,  &c.) 

Sarce'net  (2  syl.).  A  corruption  of 
Sararennet,  from  its  Saracenic  or  Oriental 
origin. 


Sarcoph'agus.  A  stone,  according 
to  Pliny,  which  consumed  the  Hesh,  and 
was  therefore  chosen  by  the  ancients  for 
coffins.  It  is  called  sometimes  lapis 
Asfiui,  because  it  was  found  at  Assos  of 
Lycia. 

Sardanapalus.  King  of  Nineveh 
and  Assyria,  noted  for  his  luxury  and 
voluptuousness.  His  effeminacy  induced 
Arba'ciis,  the  Mede,  to  conspire  against 
him.  Myrra,  an  Ionian  slave  and  kis 
favourite  concubine,  roused  him  from  his 
lethargy,  and  induced  him  to  appear  at 
the  head  of  his  armies.  He  won  three 
successive  battles,  but  being  then  de- 
feated, he  was  induced  by  Myrra  to 
place  himself  on  a  funeral  pile,  which 
she  herself  set  fire  to,  and  then  jumping 
into  the  flames,  perished  with  her  be- 
loved master.  (Died  B.C.  817.)  — Byron, 
"Sardanapalus." 

A  Sardanapalv^.  Any  luxurious,  ex- 
travagant, self-willed  tyrant.   (See  above.) 

Sardanapaltis  of  China.  Cheo-tsin, 
who  shut  himself  and  his  queen  in  his 
palace,  and  set  fire  to  the  building,  that 
he  might  not  faU  into  the  hands  of  Woo- 
wong,  who  founded  the  dvnasty  of 
Tchow  (B.C.  1154-1122).  It  was'Cheo-tsin 
who  invented  the  chopsticks. 

Sardin'ian  Laugh.  Laughing  on 
the  wrong  side  of  one's  mouth.  The  Edin- 
burgh Review  says:  "The  ancient  Sar- 
dinians used  to  get  rid  of  their  old  rela- 
tions bj'  throwing  them  into  deep  pits, 
and  the  sufferers  were  expected  to  feel 
delighted  at  this  attention  to  their  well- 
being."— ^w/y,  1849. 

Sardonic  Smile,  Grin  or  Laugh- 
ter. A  smile  of  contempt ;  so  used  by 
Homer. 

The  Herha  Sardon'ia  (so  called  from 
Sardis,  in  Asia  Minor)  is  so  acrid  that  it 
produces  a  convulsive  movement  cf  the 
nerves  of  the  face,  resembling  a  painful 
grin.  Byron  says  of  the  Corsair,  There 
was  a  laughing  devil  in  his  sneer. 

Tis  Envy's  (afest,  surest  rule 

To  liidc  Uer  raie  in  naicule; 

The  vulgar  eye  the  be«t  bcguilea 

u  hf  n  Mi  her  snakes  arc  decke^i  vrlth  gmiles, 

Sanonic  smiles  by  rancour  raised. 

Sicifi,  "  Fhcnsaut  and  iatk." 

Sar'donyx.  An  orange-brown  cor- 
nelian. Phny  says  it  is  called  sard  from 
Sardis,  in  Asia  Minor,  where  it  is  found, 
and  onyx,  the  nail,  because  its  colour  re- 
sembles that  of  the  skin  under  the  nail 
(xixvii.  6), 


SARPEDON. 


SATURNINE. 


789 


Sarpe'don.  A  favourite  of  the  gods, 
who  assisted  Priam  when  Troy  was 
bes!ei,'ed  by  the  allied  Greeks.  When 
Achilles  refused  to  fight,  Sarpe'don  made 
erreat  havoc  in  battle,  but  was  slain  by 
Patroclos.— //omec,  "  Iliad." 

Sars'en  Stones.  The  "  Druidical " 
eandstones  of  Wiltsnire  and  Berkshire 
are  so  called.  The  early  Christian 
Saxons  used  the  word  Saresyn  as  a  syno- 
nym of  pagan  or  heathen,  and  as  thcr-e 
stones  were  popularly  associated  with 
Dniid  worship,  they  were  called  Saresyn 
or  heathen  stones.  Robert  Ricart  says 
of  duke  Rollo,  "  Ho  was  a  Sarasyu  come 
out  of  Denmark  into  France."  Another 
derivation  is  the  Phoenician  sar.ien  (a 
rock),  applied  to  any  huge  mass  drawn 
from  the  quarry  in  its  rude  state. 

*,•  These  boulders  are  no  more  con- 
nected with  the  Druids  than  Stonehenge 

is  (q.V.). 

Sash  is  tied  on  the  7-t;/hl  side  by  the 
British  cavalry,  and  on  the  left  by  the 
infantry. 

Sash  Window  is  sluice  window  ;  s 
window  that  moves  up  and  down  like  a 
sluice.     (Dutch,  sics,  a  sasso  or  bluico  ) 

Sassan'ides  (4  syl.).  The  first  Per- 
sian dynasty  of  the  historic  period,  or 
seventh  including  the  mythic  period  ;  so 
named  because  Ard'eshir,  the  founder, 
was  son  of  Sassan,  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Xerxes. 

Sa'tan  in  Hebrew  means  enemy. 

To  whom  the  Arch-enemy, 
And  hence  iu  heaven  calli-d  Satm. 

ilUton.  "Paradise  Lost,"  bk.  L 

Satanic.  The  Satanic  School.  So 
Southoy  called  lord  Byron  and  his 
imitators,  who  set  at  defiance  the  gene- 
rally received  notions  of  religion.  Of 
pj.glish  writers,  Byron,  Shelley,  Moore, 
and  IJulwer  are  the  most  prominent ;  of 
French  writers,  Roiisseau,  Victor  Hugo, 
Paul  de  Kock,  and  George  Sand. 

Sat'ire  (2  syl.).  Scaliger's  derivation 
of  tiiis  word  from  sati/r  is  untenable.  It 
is  from  sal'ura  (full  of  variety),  sai'ura 
Unix,  a  hotchpotch  or  oUa  podrida.  As 
max'umus,  op'iumus,  kc,  became  maxi- 
viii.t,  Dpliiiiun,  so  "satiira"  became  tat'ira. 
(See  Dryden's  Dedication  prefixed  to  his 
"  Satires.") 

f\ither  of  Satire.  Archil'ochoo  of 
Paros.     (ji.C.  seventh  century.) 


Father  of  French  Satire.  Mathurln 
Regnier.     (1573-1013.) 

Father  of  Roman  Satire.  Luoiliue. 
(B.C.  148103.) 

Lucilius  Wiis  (he  man  who,  bravely  boll. 
Ti)  Uoinan  Tice«  di.l  the  mirror  hold  ; 
Protected  liumhle  L'vndiiChS  from  repmach  ; 
bhows  I  wonU  on  fiut,  and  rascals  in  a  losch. 
Orjilen.  "A>-t  oj  Putt!)/,"  c.  ii. 

Saturday.    (Ae  Black.) 

Saturn  or  Kbo.nos  ( rtme)  deToured 
all  his  children  except  Jupiter,  Neptune, 
and  Pluto.  Jupiter  means  air,  Neptune 
water,  and  Pluto  the  grave.  These  Time 
cannot  consume. 

Saturn  is  a  veiy  evil  planet  to  he  born 
under.  "  The  children  of  the  sayd 
Saturne  shall  be  great  jangeleres  and 
chyders  .  .  .  and  they  will  never  forgyve 
tyll  they  be  revenged  of  theyr  quarell." 
—  "  Compost  of  Ptholomeus." 

Saturna'lia.  A  time  of  licensed 
disorder  an.l  misrule.  With  the  Romans 
it  was  the  festival  of  Saturn,  and  was 
celebrated  the  17th,  18th,  and  19th  of 
December.  During  its  continuance  no 
public  business  could  be  transacted,  the 
law-courts  were  closed,  the  schools  kept 
holiday,  no  war  could  be  commenced, 
and  no  malefactor  punished.  Under  the 
empire,  th.5  festival  was  extended  to 
seven  daj's. 

Satur'nian  Days.  Days  of  dulness, 
when  everything  is  venal.  They  are 
lead  to  indicate  dulness,  and  gold  to 
indicate  venality. 

Then  roae  the  seed  of  Chaos  and  of  N'ght 
To  llol  out  order  and  eiliiiguibh  Ight, 
Of  dull  and  Tcual  a  tiew  world  to  mould. 
And  bring  Saiuruiau  aays  uf  lead  and  i;old, 
■'DuiictaJ,"  W. 

Satur'nian  Verses.  Old-fashioned. 
A  rude  composition  employed  in  satire 
among  the  ancient  Romans.  Also  a 
peculiar  metre,  consisting  of  three  iam- 
bics and  a  syllable  over,  joined  to  three 
trochees,  according  to  the  following  nur- 
sery metro :  — 

The  qaeSn  was  In  the  rftr-Iour, 
Eai  In;;  bread  and  hou^y. 

The  Keseemiine  and  S.iturnian  were  the  «.iriie  ;  for 
as  they  were  called  .-^^ttiiruiaii  'rnm  their  niici'nt- 
neos,  whin  Saturn  roiitned  in  Italy,  they  wire  onllel 
heBCCiiiiiii'  from  Fesii'iiuina  l»ic  ,  where  tiny  were 
firit  prai  tiseiL -y.)r^di.?s,  lJidualiuno/"JuvenaL" 

Sat'urnine  (3  syl.).  A  grave,  phlcg^. 
malic  disposition,  dull  and  heavy.  As- 
trologers atlirm  that  such  is  the  dispo- 
sition of  those  who  are  born  under  the 
iutluence  of  the  planet  Saturn. 


790 


SATYR. 


SAVOY. 


Sat'yr.  The  moat  famous  represen- 
tation of  these  goat-men  is  that  of  Prax- 
iteles, asculiilorof  Athens  iu  the  fourth 
century  B.C. 

Fat'yrane  (3  syl.).  A  blunt  but 
nohio  knight  who  delivered  Una  from  the 
f.iMns  and  satyrs.  'I'iie  meaning  is  this  : 
'I'ruth  being  driven  from  the  towns  and 
ciUes  took  refuge  in  caves  and  dens, 
whore  for  a  time  it  lay  concealed.  At 
length  Sir  Satyrane  (Luther)  rescues 
Uu.i  from  bondage,  but  no  sooner  is  this 
the  case  than  she  falls  in  with  Archima'go, 
to  show  lio'.v  very  diflicult  it  was  at  the 
Ueformation  to  separate  Truth  from 
Krror.— .'Spenser,  "Faery  Queen,"  bk.  i. 

Sauce  means"salted  food,"  for  giving 
a  relish  to  meat,  as  pickled  roots,  herbs, 
and  so  on.     (Latin,  saUiis.) 

The  sauce  was  belter  than  the  fish.  The 
accessories  were  bettor  than  the  main 
part.  This  may  be  said  of  a  book  iu 
which  the  plates  and  getting  up  are 
better  than  the  matter  it  contains. 

To  serve  the  same  sauce.  To  retaliate  ; 
to  give  as  good  as  you  take  ;  to  serve  in 
tlie  same  manner. 

After  him  another  came  unto  her,  and  served  her 
witli  the  same  s.\iioe  ;  then  a  third....— "JtVici/'unirt 
iht  .Mwn,"  Xc.  (10  9). 

To  sauce.     To  iptermix. 

Tl:eaihe  fell  to  sauce  her  desire*  with  thre»'eiiinga 
aidnei/. 
Folly  saupcdwith  disf^ret'on. 

Unakespeare,  " Troilus  a»d  Vresaidj,"  I.  2. 

What's  sauce  to  Ike  yoose  is  sauce  to  Ike 
gander.     (6V«  Gandek.) 

Saucy.  Rakish  ;  irresistible  ;  or  ra- 
ther that  care-for-nobody,  jaunty,  daring 
behaviour  which  has  won  for  many  of 
our  regiments  the  term  as  a  compliment. 
It  is  also  applied  metaphoricall}'  to  some 
inanimate  things,  as  "saucy  waves" 
which  dare  attack  the  very  moon  ;  the 
"saucy  world"  which  dares  defy  the 
7ory  gods;"  the  "saucy  mountains," 
"  winds,"  and  so  on. 

Saul,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  "  Absalom 
and  Acliitophel,"  is  meant  for  Oliver 
Cromwell.  As  Saul  persecuted  David 
and  drove  him  from  Jerusalam,  so 
Cromwell  persecuted  Charles  II.  and 
drove  him  from  England. 

rhey  who,  when  Saul  was  dead,  without  n  tlow 
Made   foolish   Ishbesheth    [linhnrd  CromHtU\  the 
crown  forego. 

Said  among  the  prophets  f  The  Jews 
said  of  our  Lord — "  How  knoweth  this 
man    letters,    having    never    learned?" 


(John  vii.  15.)  Similarly  at  the  conver- 
sion of  Saul,  afterwards  called  Paul, 
the  .Jews  said  in  substance,  "  Is  it 
possible  that  Saul  can  bo  a  convert?" 
(Acts  ix.  21.)  The  proverb  applies 
to  a  person  who  unexpectedly  shines 
in  a  department  not  his  own.  Thus  it 
might  be  said  of  Ilichardson,  tho  quiet 
bookseller,  never  known  to  be  a  man  of 
genius  till  he  was  fifty,  "  Is  he  also  among 
the  jirophots— has  he  also  become  noted 
as  a  man  of  letters  ?  (1  Sam.  x.  12.) 

Saunter.  A  corruption  of  the  Latin 
words  Sancta  Terra  (tho  Holy  Land). 
Wheu  pilgrimages  and  crusades  were  in 
vogue,  idle  persons  u.sed  to  loiter  about, 
and  wander  lazily  from  place  to  place, 
under  pretence  that  they  were  going  to 
take  the  cross  or  start  for  the  Holy  Land. 
Hence  sancta-lerra-iwj  or  sancle-lerre-inq. 

Sav'age  (2  syl).  One  who  lives  in  a 
wood  (Greek,  hule,  a  forest;  \&t\ii,  silva; 
Spanish,  saUaije ;  Italian,  seh-dgyio , 
French,  sauvaye). 

Save  the  Mark.  In  archery  when 
an  archer  shot  well  it  was  customary  i.. 
cry  out  "  God  save  the  mark!  " — i.e.,  pro- 
vent  any  ona  coming  after  to  hit  the 
same  mark  and  displace  my  arrow. 
Ironically  it  is  said  to  a  novice  whose 
arrow  is  nowhere.  , 

God  save  the  mark/  ("  1  Henry  IV.," 
i.  3).  Hotspur,  apologising  to  the  king 
for  not  sending  the  prisoners  according 
to  command,  says  the  messenger  was 
a  "popirjay,"  who  made  him  ma^l 
with  his  unmanly  ways,  and  who  talked 
"  like  a  waiting  gentlewoman  of  guns, 
drums,  and  wounds  (God  save  the  mark  1 )" 
— meaning  that  he  himself  had  been  in 
the  brunt  of  battle,  ami  it  would  be  sad 
iudeed  if  "his  mark"  was  displaced  by 
this  court  butterfly.  The  whole  scope 
of  the  speech  is  lost  sight  of  by  the  or- 
dinary interpretation — "  Jlay  the  scars 
of  my  wounds  never  be  effaced"  (God 
save  my  scars). 

Savoy  {The).  A  precinct  of  the 
Strand,  London,  noted  for  the  palace  of 
Savoy,  originally  the  seat  of  Peter,  earl 
of  Savoy,  who  came  to  England  to  visit 
his  niece  Eleanor,  wife  of  Henry  III.  At 
the  death  of  the  earl,  the  house  became 
the  property  of  the  queen,  who  gave  it 
to  her  second  son,  Edmund  (earl  of  Lan' 
caster),  and  from  this  period  it  was  at- 
tached to  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  When 
the  Black  Prince  brought  Jean  le  Bon, 


SAW 


SAXON  SHORE. 


791 


king  of  France,  captive  to  London  (1356), 
ho  lodged  him  in  the  Savoy  Palace,  where 
he  remained  till  13c>'J,  when  he  was  re- 
moved to  Somcrton  Castlo,  in  Lincoln- 
shire. In  1360  he  was  lodt,'-ed  in  the 
Tower;  but,  two  months  afterwards,  was 
allowod  to  return  to  France  on  certain 
conditions.  These  conditions  being  vio- 
lated liy  the  ro3ul  hostages,  Jean  volun- 
tarily returned  to  London,  and  bad  hie 
old  quarters  again  assigned  to  him,  and 
died  in  1364.  The  reliels  under  Wat 
Tyler  burnt  down  the  old  jialace  in  13S1 ; 
hilt  it  was  rebuilt  in  1505  by  Henry 
VIL,  and  converted  into  a  hospital  for 
the  poor,  under  the  name  of  St  John's 
Hospital.  Charles  II.  used  it  for  wounded 
soldiers  and  sailors.  St.  Mary  le  Savoy  or 
the  Chapel  of  St,  John  still  stands  in  the 
precinct,  and  has  recently  been  restored. 
N.h).  — Here,  in  15.^2,  was  established 
tlie  first  P.int-glass  manufactory. 

Saw.  In  Christian  art  an  attribute 
if  St.  Simon  and  St.  James  the  Loss,  in 
illusion  to  the  traditi^'n  of  their  being 
sawn  to  death  in  martyrdom. 

Sawny  or  Saudi/.  A  Scotchman  ;  a 
coiiirufiiiiu  of  '"Alexander." 

Saxafrage.  So  called  because  its 
tendi'r  rootlets  will  [louetrato  the  hardest 
rock,  and  break  it  up. 

Saxon  Castles. 

A'nwick  castle,  given  to  Ivo  de  Voscy 
by  the  Conqueror. 

Hambnrough  castle  (Northumberland), 
the  palace  of  the  kings  of  Nortli.iinber- 
land,  and  built  by  kin;;  Id;i,  who  began 
to  reigu559;  now  converted  into  charity- 
schools  and  signal-stations. 

C.irisbrook  castle,  enlarged  by  Fitz- 
Oeborne,  five  centuries  later. 

Conisborough  castle  (York). 

Ooodrich  castle  (Herefordshire). 

Konilworth  castle,  built  by  Kenelra, 
king  of  Mercia.  Konil-woi'th  moans 
Kotihelm'a  dwelling. 

Kichmond  castlo  (York),  belonging  to 
the  Saxon  earl  Edwin,  given  by  the  Con- 
queror to  his  nephew  Alan,  earl  of  i-ire- 
tiigne  ;  a  ruin  for  throe  centuries.  The 
keep  remains. 

Uocliester  castle,  given  to  Odo,  natural 
brother  of  the  Conqueror. 

S.txon  Characteristics  (architec- 
tural), 
tl)  The  quoininy  consists   of   a   lonjf 


stone  set  at  the  corner,  and  a  short 
one  lying  on  it  and  bounding  into  the 
wall. 

(2)  The  use  of  large  heavy  blocks  of 
stone  in  some  parts,  while  the  rest  is 
built  of  Roman  bricks. 

(3)  An  arch  with  .-traigbt  sides  to  the 
upper  I'art  instead  of  curves. 

(1)  'i'he  absence  of  buttresses. 

(fj)  The  use  in  windows  of  rude  ba- 
lusters. 

(G)  A  rude  round  staircase  west  of  tlie 
towfr,  for  the  purpose  of  access  to  th» 
ujjper  floors. 

{7)  Rude  carvings  in  imitaticQ  of 
Rom.au  work.  —  Ricl-inati. 

Saxon  Duke  (in"  Iludibras").  John 
Frederick,  duke  of  Saxony,  a  very  cor- 
pulent man.  When  taken  prisoner, 
Charles  V.  said,  "  I  have  gone  hunting 
many  a  time,  but  never  saw  I  such  a 
swine  before." 

Saxon  Relics. 

The  church  of  Earl's  Barton  (North- 
amptonshire). The  tower  and  west 
doorway. 

The  church  of  St.  Michael's  (St. 
Albans),  erected  by  the  abbot  of  St 
AUiaus  in  94S. 

The  tower  cf  Bosham  church  (Sussex). 

The  east  side  of  the  dark  and  principal 
cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey,  from 
the  college  dormitory  on  the  south  to 
the  chapter-house  on  the  north.  Edward 
the  confessor's  chapel  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  now  used  as  the  Pi.\  otlice. 

The  church  of  Daront  (Kent)  con- 
tains some  windows  of  manifest  Saxon 
architecture. 

With  many  others,  some  of  which  are 
rather  doubtful. 

Saxon  Shore.  The  coast  of  Nor- 
folk, Suffolk,  Essex,  Kent,  Sussex,  and 
Hampshire,  where  wore  castles  and 
garrisons,  under  the  charge  of  a  count 
or  military  oiKcer,  c.alleil  Comes  Liltoiit 
Saxonici  per  /Jrilanauim. 

Uu  the  Norliilk  cooiit  wai  'oit  Uranodunum  (nmy 
ca^!fr^ 
,  OarinunoDum 

(II  t;;!)). 

0lll.I>3     (ltll\DC).(i 
Ul) 

'  Kr;MiIl,lom      (R«c„v. 

»  <•  r).    R  o  f  II  |,  1  ■ 
(Hi'  hboruuvli), 
iJiiliri.       ihirerl 

l'Ulll«||l,(j.'y„„„l 

iii.litl.li,   illi.nnji 
or  Irvtuu-i). 

-rl.i,     Ailuml 
iW'jrthlijjtl 


.suHjik 

Kent 


792 


SAY. 


SCAPE-GOAT. 


Say.  To  take  the  *ay.  To  taste  meat 
or  winu  before  it  is  presented,  m  order  to 
prove  that  it  is  not  poisoned.  The  plirase 
was  common  in  the  rei^n  of  queen  Eliza- 
betli. 

Nor  deem  It  noRel  that  you  io  him  convey 
The  proffered  IdwI.  unless  you  laste  i  he  >aT. 

lioie,  "  Orlando  furwuo,"  xxi.  «1. 

Shirri  (Italian).  A  police-fiirco  wliich 

Ciistod  in  tlio   ['ope"s  dominions.     They 

were  domiciled  in  private  houses. 

Ho  poiats  tbtui\  out  to  bis  ibirri  and  armed  ruf- 
Oan»L  -  Thfi  Dailv  'UUgraph. 

Scse  VOla  (left-handed).  So  Caius  Mu- 
cins was  called,  because,  when  he  en- 
tered the  camp  of  Porsenna  as  a  spy, 
and  was  taken  before  the  king,  he  deli- 
berately held  his  hand  over  a  lamp  till 
it  was  burnt  off,  to  show  the  Etruscan 
that  he  would  not  shrink  from  torture. 

Scagliola.  Imitation  marble,  like 
the  pillars  of  the  Pantheon,  London. 
The  word  is  from  the  Italian  scuijUa, 
the  dust  and  chips  of  marble  ;  it  is  so 
called  i)ecause  the  substance  (which  is 
jfvpsum  and  Flanders  glue)  is  studded 
with  chips  and  dust  of  marble. 

Scales.  The  Koran  says,  at  the  judsr- 
ment  day  every  one  will  be  weighed  in 
the  scales  of  the  archangel  Gabriel. 
His  good  deeds  will  be  put  in  the  scale 
called  "  Light,"  and  his  evil  ones  in  the 
scale  called  "Darkness;"  after  which 
they  will  have  to  cross  the  bridge  Al 
SoriJt,  not  wider  than  the  edge  of  a 
sciuietar.  The  faithful  will  pass  over  in 
safety,  but  the  rest  will  fjill  into  the 
dreary  realms  of  Jehennam. 

Scallop  Shell.  Emblem  of  St. 
James  of  Compostella,  adopted,  says 
Erasmus,  because  the  shore  of  the  ad- 
jacent sea  abounds  in  them.  Pilgrims 
used  them  for  cup,  spoon,  and  dish, 
hence  the  punning  crest  of  the  Disingtou 
family  is  a  scallop  shell.  On  returning 
home,  the  pilgrim  plac-ed  his  scallop 
shell  in  his  hat  to  command  admiration, 
and  adopted  it  in  his  coatariiiour. 

I  will  giTe  thee  a  palmer's  staff  of  irory  au.i  a 
iciillnp  shell  of  beaten  gold.—"  The  Old  !»iifj  liile." 

Scalloped  {scollopl).  Having  an  edge 
like  that  of  a  scallop  shell. 

Seammoz'zi's  Rule.  The  jointed 
two-foot  rule  used  by  builders,  and  in- 
vented by  Vincent  Scammozzi,  the  fa- 
mous Italian  architect.    (1540-1609.) 


Scamp  (qui  exit  ex  campo).  A  de- 
serter from  the  field  ;  one  who  decampt 
without  paying  his  debts.  S  privative 
and  camp.     (See  Snob.) 

Scandal  means  properly  a  pitfall  or 
snare  laid  for  an  enemy  ;  hence  a  stum- 
bling-block, and  morally  an  aspersion. 
(Greek,  skaii'dolon.) 

We  prpach  Ohrist  cruclfie  I,  unto  the  Jews  a 
[goaiidalj.-l  Cor.  i.  23. 

The  Hill  of  Scandal.  So  Milton  calls 
the  Mount  of  Olives,  because  Solomon 
built  thereon  "  an  high  place  for  Cho- 
mosh,  the  abomination  of  Jloab;  and  for 
Moloch,  the  abomination  of  the  children 
of  Aminou  "  (i  Kings  xi.  7). 

Scan'dalum  Magna'tum  (scandal 
of  the  magnates).  Words  in  derogation 
of  peers,  judges,  and  other  great  otficei-a 
of  the  realm.  What  St.  Paul  calls  "talk- 
ing evil  of  dignities.' 

Seanderbeg's  S-word  must  have 
Scanderbeg's  Arm— »'.«.,  None  but 
Ulysses  can  draw  Ulysses'  bow.  Scan- 
derbag  is  a  corruption  of  Iskander-beg 
(Alexander  the  Greai),  not  the  Macedo- 
nian, but  George  Castriota,  prince  of  Al- 
bania, so  called  by  the  Turks.  Mahomet 
wanted  to  see  his  scimitar,  but  when 
presented  no  one  could  draw  it  ;  where- 
upon the  Turkish  emperor  sent  it  back 
as  an  imposition  ;  but  Iskander-beg  re- 
plied, he  had  only  sent  his  majesty  the 
sword,  without  sending  the  arm  that 
drew  it.     (5e«  Robin  Hood.) 

Scanderbeg.  A  came  given  by  the 
Turks  to  George  Castriota,  the  patriot 
chief  of  Epi'rus.  The  word  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  Islander  beg,  prince  Alexander. 
(llU-1467.)     (See  above) 

Scandinavia.  Norway,  Sweden, 
and  Denmark.  Pliny  speaks  of  Scandia 
as  an  island. 

Scantling,  a  small  quantity,  is  the 
French  echanti/ Ion,  a.  speeimeu  or  pattern. 
A  scantling  of  wit.— i>'i,Jf». 

Scape-Goat.  The  Biajiis  or  abori- 
giniis  of  Borneo  observe  a  custom  bear- 
ing a  considerable  resemblance  to  that 
of  the  Scapegoat.  They  annually  launch 
a  small  bark,  la<lea  with  all  the  sins  and 
misfortunes  of  the  natioa,  which,  says 
Dr.  Ley  den,  "they  imagine  will  fall  on 
the  unhappy  crew  that  first  meets  with 
it." 


BC  API!  ISM. 


SCENE-PAINTERS. 


793 


The  scctf-e-goal  of  the  fa  irnly.  Ono  mn.lo 
to  bear  the  blame  of  tlie  rest  of  the 
f  imily  ;  ono  always  chided  and  found 
faiilt  with,  let  who  may  be  in  fault. 
The  allusion  is  to  a  Jewish  custom  :  Two 
poats  being  brought  to  the  altar  of  the 
tabernacle  on  the  day  of  atonement, 
trie  high  priest  cast  lots;  one  wasfiy  the 
Lord,  and  the  other  for  Azaz'el.  The 
poat  on  which  the  first  lot  fell  was  sacri- 
ficed, the  other  was  the  scape-goat;  and 
the  high  priest  having,  by  confession, 
transferred  his  own  sins  and  the  sins  of 
the  people  to  it,  the  goat  was  taken  to 
the  wilderness  and  sufl'crcd  to  escape. 

Scaph'ism.  Locking  up  a  criminal 
in  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  bored  throut,rh  so 
as  just  to  admit  the  body.  Five  holes 
were  made— one  for  the  head,  and  the 
others  for  the  hamls  and  logs.  These 
[■arts  were  anointc<l  wi'h  honey  to  invito 
liic  wasps.  In  this  situation  tho  crinii- 
oul  would  linger  in  the  burning  sun  for 
several  days. 

Scapin.  A  "  barber  of  Seville  ;"  a 
kiiavisli  valet  who  inakcs  liin  master  his 
loo\. —.Uo/lere,  '' Les  Fuurberlcs  de  Saipin.'^ 

Scar'amouch-  A  braggart  and  fool, 
very  valiant  in  words,  but  a  poltroon. 
According  to  Dyclio,  the  word  is  the 
name  of  an  Italian  pf)sture- master,  Ti- 
bi  lio  Finolli,  suruaiiicd  Scaramouch 
Fiiielli,  who  came  to  England  in  li>73, 
and  astonished  John  Bull  with  feats  of 
agility. 

Stimt.  Scir»roouch»  irith  ru«h-lMic«  rode  In, 
Aiiil  i'a:<  H  tilt  with  c.^iit:uiro  Arli-riiiin 

liriiltn.  -Tht^Ueiit  IKo»)i«a "  (Epllogwe). 

Rcarboroueh  Warning.  Blow 
fii'st,  thru  waiiiiiig.  In  .Scarlim  ongh  rob- 
l)crK  used  to  he  liealt  with  in  a  very  sum- 
mary manner,  by  a  sort  of  Halifax  gibbet- 
law.  Lynch  law,  or  an  a  In  laiUerne. 
Another  origin  is  given  of  this  phrase: 
It.is  said  tiiat  Thomas  Stafford,  in  the 
reign  of  queen  Mary,  si'ii'.cd  tlio  castle  of 
Scaiboroii^'h,  not  only  wiihoui  warning, 
but  oven  before  tho  townsfolk  knew  he 
was  afoot  (1657).     (See  Go.ne  IP.) 

Thii  term  .s,„r>;„  ro-'-  ,<„/.,, r„.  trrw,  r.oirr  ray. 

l!j  liasly  liaiimng  for  rank  ri'lih  rj  ;h  re. 
\Vh'.  thai  »*s  met,  hut  «iie'|'(Ci  in  th  ■!  wy, 

Kiraght  lie  w  u  trnet  up,  wlmtevcr  he  w.-i«. 

J.  Jlri^uood. 

Scarlet  ( H'lfl).  One  of  the  com- 
panions of  Kobin  Hood. 

Tkoiujli  yiiur  s:ni  lie  a*  tcarlet,  they  shall 
M  CM  while  as  tnoic   fltsa.    i.   18).      The 


allusion  is  to  the  scarlet  fillet  tied  round 
the  head  of  the  scape-goat.  Thmigh 
your  sins  be  as  scarlet  as  tho  fillet  on 
the  head  of  tho  goat  to  which  the  high 
priest  has  transferred  the  sins  of  the 
whole  nation,  yet  shall  they  be  forgiven 
and  wiped  out. 

Scarlet  "Woman.  Some  rroto.<u 
tants  ajiply  tho  words  to  the  Church  of 
Kome,  and  some  Uomanists,  with  equal 
"  good  taste,"  apply  them  to  Lonciou. 
The  Book  of  Revelation  says,  "  It  is 
that  great  city  which  reigneth  over  the 
kings  of  the  earth,"  and  terms  the  city 
"Babylon"  (ch.  xvii.). 

Scavenger's  Daughter.  An  in- 
strument of  torture  invented  by  Sir 
William  Skevington,  lieutenant  of  tho 
Tower  in  the  rcig-n  of  Henry  VIII.  As 
SkcvinL'ton  was  the  father  of  tho  instru- 
ment, the  instrument  was  his  daugkter. 

Sceatta.  Anglo-Saxon  for  "money,* 
or  a  little  silver  com. 

Scene-Painters.  The  most  cele 
brated  are — 

Inigo  Jones,  who  introduced  the  first 
approjiriate  flecorations  for  masques. 

D'Avenant,  who  produced  perspective 
scenes  in  l(i5(3,  for  "The  Siege  of 
Ivliodcs." 

Bctterton  was  the  first  to  improve  tho 
scenic  effects  in  "Dorset  Gardens;"  Lis 
artist  was  Stieatcr. 

John  Rich  may  bo  called  the  great  re- 
former of  stage  scenery  in  "  Covent 
Garden." 

Richards,  secretary  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy ;  especially  successful  in  "  The 
Maid  of  the  J\hll."  His  son  w.as  one 
of  the  most  celubr.ated  of  our  scent 
painters. 

Philip  James  de  Louthorbourg  was  the 
greatest  scene-artist  up  to  Garrick's  time. 
He  produced  tho  scenes  for  "The  Win- 
ter's Tale,"  at  tho  request  of  that  groat 
actor. 

John  Kemble  engaged  William  Capon, 
a  pupil  of  Novositilski,  to  furnish  him 
with  scenery  for  Shakespeare's  historic 
plays. 

Patrick  Na.smyth,  in  tbo  North,  pro- 
duced several  unrivalled  scenes. 

Staufield  is  well  known  for  his  sceois 
of  "  Acis  and  Galatea." 

W  illiam  IJrverley  is  tho  greatest  sccno- 
painter  of  moiiern  times. 

Frank   Hay  man,  Thomas   Dall.  John 


WCENT. 


SCnOOLuMEN. 


Ijifnierre,  William  Ilofrarth,  Robei-t 
DiKliton,  Charles  Dibdin,  David  Roberts, 
Grieve,  and  I'hillips  have  all  aided  in 
improving  scene-paintinyr. 

Scent.  T'e  are  nol  yet  on  the  righl 
tfe.nt.  We  have  not  yet  g^ot  the  riglit 
elue.  The  allusion  is  to  dogs  following 
game  by  their  scent. 

Sceptic  (Gi\(l-)  means  one  who 
thinks  for  himself,  and  does  not  receive 
on  another's  testimony.  I'yrrho  founded 
the  philosophic  sect  called  "Sceptics," 
and  Epicte'tus  combated  their  dogmas. 
In  theology  wo  apply  the  word  to  those 
who  will  not  accept  Revelation. 

Scheherazade  (Ske-h^-ra-zay'-de). 
Daughter  of  the  grand  vizier  of  the 
Indies.  The  sultan  Scbahriah,  having 
discovered  the  infidelity  of  his  sultana, 
icsolved  to  marr3'  a  fresh  wife  every  night 
and  have  her  strangled  at  daybreak. 
Scheherazade  entreated  to  become  his 
wife,  and  so  amused  him  with  tales  for  a 
thousand  and  one  nights,  that  lie  revoked 
his  cruel  decree,  bestowed  his  affec- 
tion on  his  amiable  and  talented  wife, 
and  called  her  "  the  liberator  of  the 
sex." — "Arabian  Nighis." 

Schel'trum.  An  army  drawn  up  in 
a  circle  instead  of  in  a  square. 

Scheme  is  something  entertained. 
Scheme  is  a  Greek  word  meaning  what  is 
had  or  held  (sche'o),  and  entertain  is  the 
Latin  leyieo,  to  have  or  hold,  also. 

Schiites  (2  ^yl.).  Those  Mahoms- 
tans  who  do  not  consider  the  Sunna  or 
oral  law  of  any  authority,  but  look  upon 
it  as  apocryphal.  They  wear  red  tur- 
bans, and  are  called  "  Red  Heads."    {See 

SUNNITES.) 

Schlem'ihl  (Peter).  The  name  of  a 
man  who  sold  his  shadow  to  the  devil,  in 
Chamisso's  tale  so  called.  It  is  a  syno- 
nym for  any  person  who  makes  a  des- 
perate and  silly  bargain. 

Scholastic.  Anselm  of  Laou,  Doc- 
tor Srholasliait.      (1050-1117.) 

Epipha'nius  tlu  Scholastic,  An  Italian 
tcholar.     {6th  century.) 

Scholastic  Divinity.  Divinity 
subjected  to  the  test  of  reason  and  ar- 
gTiiuent,  or  at  least  "darkened  by  the 
counsel  of  words."  The  Athanasian 
creed  is  a   tavour&ble   epocimen  of  this 


attempt  to  reduce  the  mysteiles  of  reli- 
gion to  "right  reason  ;"  ano  the  laieinpts 
to  reconcile  the  Mosaic  coHniog<i!iy  wiih 
modem  geology  smack  of  the  same 
school. 

Schoolmaster  Abroad  (T/te).  Lord 
Brougham  said,  "  Let  the  soldier  be  a- 
broad,  if  he  will ;  he  can  do  nothing  in  this 
age.  There  is  another  personage  abroad 
.  .  .  the  schoolmaster  is  abroad ;  and  I 
trust  to  him,  armed  with  his  primer, 
against  the  soldier  in  full  array." 

Schoolmen.  Certain  theologians  of 
the  middle  ages ;  so  called  because  they 
lectured  in  the  cloisters  or  eatliedral 
schools  founded  by  Charlemagne  and  his 
immediate  successors.  They  followed 
the  fathers,  from  whom  they  differed  in 
reducing  ever}'  suV)ject  to  a  system,  and 
may  be  grouped  uuuer  three  periods — 

1.  Pmoci.— PLATONiST8(from  ninth  to 
twelfth  century). 

(1)  Pierre  Abelard.     (1079-1142.) 

(2)  Flacius  Albinus  Alcuin.    (735'804.) 

(3)  Anselm.  Doctor  Sc/wlastictts.  (1050- 
1117.) 

(4)  Berenga'rius of  Tours.   (1000-1088.) 

(5)  Gerbert  of  Aurillac,  afterwards 
pope  Sylvester  II.     (930-1003.) 

(6)  John  of  Salisbury.     (1110-1180.) 

(7)  Lanfranc,  archbishop  oi  Cauterbuiy. 
(1005-1089.) 

(8)  Pierre  LomViard.  Master  of  the 
Sentences,  sometimes  called  the  founder 
of  school  divinity.     (1100-1164.) 

(9)  John  Roscelinus.  (Eleventh  cen- 
tur)^) 

(10)  John  Scotus.  Erig'ena.  (Xiuth 
century.) 

//.  Period,  or  Golden  Arje  of  Scholas- 
ftcwm.— Aristotelians  (thirteenth  and 
fourteenth  centuries). 

(1)  Alain  de  Lille.  Universal  Doctor. 
(1111-1203.) 

(2)  Albertus  Moc/nuf,  of  Padua.  (1193- 
1280  ) 

\6)  Thomas  Aquinas.  T/ie  Angelic 
Doctor.     (1224-1274.) 

(4)  Augustin  Tiiumphans,  archbishop 
of  Aix.     The  Elo'juent  Doctor. 

(5)  John  Fidanza  Bonaventuro.  The 
Sei-apJiic  Doctor.     (1221-1274.) 

(6)  Alexander  of  Hales.  hrefrangihU 
Doctor.     (Died  1245.) 

(7)  John  Duns  Scotus.  Tf^  Sulik 
Doctor.    (1265-1308.) 


SCnOOLMISTRESS. 


SCLAVONIC. 


rs6 


III.  Pmorf.  — Nominalism  Revived. 
(To  the  seventeenth  century.) 

(1)  Thomas  de  Bradwardine.  The 
Profound  Doctor.    (1290-1348.) 

(2)  John  Buridan.     (129o-i:360.) 

(3)  Wilham  Durandus  de  Pourt^ain. 
The  Most  liesolving  or  RisoliiU  Doctor. 
(Died  1332.) 

(4)  Giles,  archbishop  of  Bourges.  The 
Doclwioilk  Good  Foundalion. 

(5)  Gregory  of  Rini'ini.  The  Autluntk 
Doctor.    (Died  13.57.) 

(6)  Robert  Holkot.  An  English  di- 
vine. 

(7)  Raymond  LiiUy.  The  I Lluminaled 
Doctor.     (1234-1315.) 

(8)  Francis  Mairon,  of  Digne,  in  Pro- 
reuce. 

(9)  William  Ocham.  The  Singular  or 
Invincible  Doctor.     (Died  1347.) 

(10)  Francois  Suarez,  the  last  of  the 
Bchoolmon.     (15 18- IG 17.) 

Schoolmistress  (The),  by  Shen- 
Btone,  is  designed  for  a  "  portrait  of 
Sarah  Lloyd,"  the  dame  who  first  tancrht 
the  poet  himself.  She  lived  in  a  thatched 
house  before  which  grew  a  birch-tree. 

Scian.    (See  Cs.\s .") 

Science.  The  Gay  Science  or  "  Gay 
Sailer."  The  poetry  of  the  Troubadours, 
.•iDci  in  its  extended  meaning  poetry 
generally. 

Bcience  Persecuted. 

(1)  Aiiaxagoras  of  Cla7.on>'cna3  lield  opi- 
nions in  natural  science  so  far  in  advance 
of  liis  ago  that  he  was  accused  of  iniiiiety, 
thrown  into  prison,  and  condcmneil  to 
death.  Pericles,  with  great  difficulty, 
got  his  sentence  commuted  to  fine  and 
banishment. 

(2)  Virgilius,  bishop  of  Saltzbiirg,  do- 
nonnced  as  a  heretic  by  St.  Boniface,  for 
assorting  the  existence  of  antipodes. 
(Died  784.) 

(3)  Galileo  was  Imprisoned  by  the  In- 
quisition for  maintaining  that  the  earth 
moved.  In  order  to  get  his  liberty  ha 
"abjured  the  heresy,"  but  as  he  went 
his  way  whispered  half  audibly,  E  pur  ti 
nuore  (hut  nevertheless  it  does  move). 
(15(34-1642.) 

(4)  Gerbert,  who  Introduced  algebra 
Into  Christendom,  was  accused  of  dealing 
in  the  black  arts,  and  shunned  as  a  magi- 
cian. 

(5)  Friar  Bacon  was  excommunicatod 
and  imprisoned  for  diabolical  knowledge, 


chiefly  on  account  of  his  chemical  re- 
searches.    (1214-1294.) 

(6)  Dr.  Faust,  the  German  philosopher, 
suffered  in  a  similar  way  in  the  sixteenth 
centHry  ;  and  according  totra<lition  John 
Faust  was  imprisoned  in  Paris  for  magic, 
on  account  of  his  knowledge  of  the  art  o' 
printing. 

(7)  John  Dee.     (See  Dee.) 

(S)  Robert  Grosseteste.  (.<f«GR08TBD.) 

(9)  Averrois,  tho  Arabian  philosopher, 
who  flourished  in  the  twelfth  century,  was 
denounced  as  a  heretic  and  degraded 
solely  on  account  of  his  groat  eminence 
in  natural  philosophy  and  medicine.  (He 
died  1226.) 

(10)  Andrew  Crosse,  electrician,  who 
asserted  that  he  had  seen  certain  ani- 
mals of  the  genus  A  carus,  which  had 
been  developed  by  him  out  of  inorganic 
elements.  Crosse  was  accused  of  im- 
I>iety,  and  was  shunned  as  a  "  profane 
man,"  who  wanted  to  arrogate  to  him- 
self the  creative  power  of  God.  (1734- 
1855.) 

(11)  The  sciences  of  geology  and  theo- 
logical exegesis  are  to  the  preso  .t  hour 
under  a  cloud,  and  it  is  only  public  opinion 
which  holds  back  the  hand  of  persecution. 

Scien'ter  Nes'ciens  et  .sapion  ei 
indoctus,  was  how  Gregory  tho  Great 
described  St.  Benedict. 

Scio's  Blind  Old  Bard.    Homer. 
Scic  is  the  modern  name  of  Chios,  in  the 
•  JEixo'ari  Sea. 

Erayrna.  Chios,  Colophon', Sabrii is',  KhCdOs,  Ar^cj, 

.•illlg'DX, 
Your  just  right  to  o»ll  Uomcr  your  ecu  you  must 

Beetle  tetween-ye. 

Scipio  "dismissed  the  Iberian  raaid" 
("Paradise  Regained,"  ii.).  Referring 
to  the  tale  that  the  conqueror  of  Spain 
not  only  refused  to  see  a  beautiful  prin- 
cess who  had  fallen  into  his  power  after 
the  capture  of  New  Carthage,  but  that 
he  restored  her  to  her  parents,  and  ac- 
tually gave  her  groat  presents  that  she 
might  marry  the  nian  to  whom  -she  had 
been  betrothed.     (Ste  Costikelvce.) 

Tl(e  l.HiUih  Sci}iio.     Nuuio. 

Tl.e  liiis.an  S-ii-io  well  in:(y  n.rak  \,h  fM-i^, 
Uut  noolcr  Nun'o  elnn  e  a  grcaer  d  lu.f, 
Uu  earth's  green  bosom,  or  oi  oce'ic  <rcy, 
A  greater  never  shall  the  sun  survey. 

C''motnt,"Luii^<i,''  bk.  Tilt 

Sclavonic.  The  language  spoki n 
by  the  Russians,  Servians,  I'oles,  Bohe- 
mians, &c. ;  anything  belonging  to  the 
SclavL 


790 


SCOBELLUM. 


SCOTLAND. 


Scobel'lum.  A  very  fruitful  land,  but 
tho  iiihal>itai]is  "exccuiled  tlio  caniiilials 
for  crut;lty,  tho  Pcrsiaiis  for  firidc,  tho 
Egyptians  for  luxury,  the  Cretans  for 
lyinj:,  tlio  Germans  for  (Iruukonness,  and 
all  nations  tof<-ether  for  a  generality  of 
vices."  In  vengeance  the  gods  changed 
all  the  people  into  beasts  :  drunkards 
into  swine,  the  lecherous  into  goats,  the 
proud  into  [)cacocks,  scolds  into  mag- 
pies, gamblers  into  asses,  musicians  into 
song-birds,  tho  envious  into  dogs,  idle 
women  into  milch-cows,  jesters  into 
monkeys,  dancers  into  squirrels,  and 
misers  into  moles.  Four  of  the  Oham- 
(lions  of  ("hristcndoni  restored  them  to 
their  normal  forms  by  quenching  the  fire 
of  the  GoKlcn  Cave. — "The  Seven  C/iain- 
pions  oj  Ckristeiidom,"  iii.  10. 

Scogan  (John).  A  favourite  fool  in 
the  court  of  Edward  IV. 

Scone  (pi'on.  Skona).  Edward  T.  re- 
moved to  Loudon,  ami  placed  in  Wostmiu- 
sttT  AbViey,  the  great  stone  upon  which 
the  kings  of  Scotland  were  wont  to  be 
crowned.  This  stone  is  still  preserved, 
and  forms  the  support  of  Edward  the 
Confessor's  chair,  which  the  British 
raonarchs  occupy  at  their  coronation. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  brought  from 
Ireland  by  Fergus,  son  of  Eric,  who  led 
tlio  Dalri:iiis  to  the  shores  of  Argyll- 
shire.    (Ste  Tanist-stose.) 

Nl  fallat  fatum,  "^  ntl,  quocur.que  locatum 
Invenient  lapidcio.  regnare  tenentur  ibulem. 

Lardlter,  i.,  p.  67. 
Unless  the  fates  are  faithless  found 

And  prophets'  voice  be  vain. 
Where'er  is  placed  this  stone,  e'en  there 
The  Scottish  race  shall  reiirn. 

(■^ei  Tanist-stone.) 

Score.  A  reckoning;  to  make  a  reckon- 
ing ;  so  called  from  the  custom  of  mark- 
ing off  "runs"  or  "lengths,"  in  games 
by  tho  score  feet.     [See  NuuR  ;  brtLL.) 

Scorn  is  to  "  dishorn,"  through  the 
Italian  scornu're.  In  the  east  the  horn 
was  worn  as  an  ornament  on  the  fore- 
head ;  and  to  lower  the  liorn  was  emble- 
matical of  sorrow,  but  to  take  it  away 
was  a  disgrace  and  dishonour. 

Seor'pion.  It  is  said  that  scorpions 
have  an  oil  which  is  a  remedy  against 
their  stings.  The  toad  also  is  said  to 
have  an  antidote  to  its  venom. 

Ti8  true,  A  icorpion's  oil  :»  snid 
Te  cure  ilie  wouiidt-  the  veDom  made. 
And  we 'iKiiisdres  e<i  with  6.ilvcs  restore, 
And  heal  the  hurts  thev  gave  bffore. 

Uutitr,  ••  Jlwiibrai."  iii.  S. 


Scot.  Tbo  same  as  Scythian  in  ety- 
mology ;  tho  root  of  both  is  Set.  Tho 
Greeks  had  no  c,  and  would  change  ( 
into  Ih,  making  tho  root  s/dh,  and  by 
adding  a  phonetic  vowel  we  get  Skulh-ai 
(Scythians),  and  Skoth-ni  (Scoths).  The 
Welsh  disliked  s  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word,  and  would  change  it  to  ys ;  they 
would  also  change  c  or  k  to  g,  and  th  to 
d ;  whence  the  Welsh  root  would  be 
Y.sgd,  and  Skutli  or  Skoth  would  become 
ijHjod.  Once  more,  tho  Saxons  would 
cut  off  tho  Welsh  y,  and  change  the 
g  back  again  to  c,  and  the  d  to  I,  con- 
ve.rting  Ysgod  to  Scot. 

N.B. — Hefore  the  third  century  Scot- 
land was  called  Caledonia  or  Alban. 

Scot  and  Lot.  A  contribution  upon 
all  subjects  according  to  their  ability. 
Scot  moans  tribute  or  tax,  and  lot  means 
allotment  or  portion  allotted.  To  pay 
scot  and  lot,  therefore,  is  to  pay  the 
ordinary  triliutes  and  also  the  personal 
tax  allotted  to  you. 

Scot-free.  Tax-freo,  without  pay- 
ment,    'y See  above.) 

Scots  Greys.  The  2nd  Dragoons, 
the  ookiur  of  whose  horses  is  urey. 
(Heavy  armed  ) 

Scots  wha  hae,  words  by  Robert 
Burns,  to  the  music  of  an  olii  Scotch 
tune  called  "  Hey  tuttie  taittie."  "  The 
Land  o'  the  Leal  "  is  to  the  same  tune. 

Scotch-Mist.  A  thick  fog  with 
drizzling  rain,  common  in  Scotland. 

A  Sooch-fog  will  wet  an  Englishman  through. 

Sco'tia.     Now   applied  poetically  to 
Scotland,  but  at  one  time  Ireland  was  bo 
called.     Hence  Claud ian  says  — 
When  Scots  came  thundering  from  the  Irish  ehoroo, 
.-Vnd  ocean  tiembled.  struck  with  hostile  oars. 

Scotists.  Followers  of  Duns  Scotus, 
who  maintained  the  doctrine  of  the  im- 
maculate conception  in  opposition  to 
Thomas  Aqui'nas. 

Scotists  and  Thomists  now  in  peace  remain. 

i'D/JC,  ■•£3S.'y  on  Cndri.-m.* 

Scotland.  St.  Andrew  is  the  patron 
saint  of  this  country,  and  tradition  saya 
that  the  remains  of  the  apostle  were 
brought  by  Reg'ulus,  a  Greek  monk,  to 
the  eastern  coast  of  Fife,  in  36S.  (Sm 
Rule,  Si.) 

Scotland  a  fief  of  England.  Edward 
I.  founded  his  claim  to  the  lordship  of 
Scotland  on  these  four  grounds:— (1) 
The  ancient  chroniclers,  who  state  thai 


SCOTLAND  Y\nD. 


SCRAPE. 


797 


Scotch  kingfs  had  occasionally  paid  ho- 
mag-e  to  the  Enf,''li.sh  sovoieig'us  from 
tiiue  immemorial.  Extracts  are  given 
frorn  St.  Alban,  Marianus  Scotus,  Ualph 
of  Dizeto,  Roger  of  Hovcden,  and  Wil- 
liam of  Malmesbury.  (2)  From  charters 
of  Scotch  kings  :  as  tho>-o  of  Edgar  son  of 
Malcolm,  William,  and  his  son  Alexander 
II.  (3)  From  papal  rescripts:  as  those 
of  Honorius  111.,  Gregory  IX.,  and 
Clement  IV.  (4)  By  an  extract  from 
"The  Life  and  Miracles  of  St.  John  of 
Beverley."  The  tenor  of  this  extract  is 
quite  suited  to  tiiis  "Dictionary  of  Fa- 
ble :"— In  the  reign  of  Adelstiin,  the  Scots 
invaded  England  and  committed  great 
devastation.  Adelstan  went  to  drive 
them  back,  and,  on  reaching  the  Tyne, 
found  that  the  Scotch  had  retreated. 
At  midnight  St.  John  of  Beverley  ap- 
peared to  him,  and  bade  him  cross  the 
river  at  daybreak,  for  he  "  should  dis- 
comfit the  foe."  Adelstan  obeyed  the 
vision,  and  reduced  the  whole  kingdom 
to  subjection.  On  reaching  Dunbar  on 
his  return  march,  ho  prayed  that  some 
sign  might  bo  vouchsafed  to  him  to  satisfy 
all  ages  that  "God,  by  the  intercession 
of  St.  John,  had  given  him  the  kingdom 
of  Scotland."  Then  struck  he  with  his 
sword  the  basaltic  rocks  near  the  coast, 
and  the  blade  sank  into  the  solid  flint  "  as 
if  it  had  been  butter,"  cleaving  it  asunder 
for  ''  an  ell  or  more  ;"  and  the  cleft  re- 
mains oven  to  the  present  hour.  Without 
douiit  there  is  a  hssure  in  the  basalt,  and 
how  could  it  have  come  there  excej^t  in 
the  way  recorded  above  ?  And  how  could 
a  sword  cut  three  feet  deep  into  a  hard 
rock  without  miraculous  aid  ?  And  what 
could  such  a  miracle  have  been  vouch- 
safed for  except  to  show  that  Adjlstan 
was  rightful  lord  of  Scotland  ?  And  if 
A<lclstan  was  lord,  of  course  Edward 
should  be  so  likewise— Q.  E.  D.—Jli/mer, 
"  Fmdera,"  vol.  i.,  part  2,  p.  771. 

Scotland  Yard  (London).  So  called 
from  a  })alace  built  there  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  kings  of  Scotland  when  they 
visited  England.  Pennant  tolls  us  it  was 
originally  given  by  king  Edgar  to  Kon- 
uetii  of  Scotland,  when  he  camo  to 
JjOndon  to  i>ay  homage. 

•Scotland  i'ard.  The  head-cjuarters  of 
the  police,  whence  all  public  orders  to 
the  force  proceed. 

Mr.  \Val|.j!e  ha.-  luljr  to  ►r«»*i  the  wiril  In  8cot- 
iKiiJ  V&nl,  lui'l  the  |<aik(  wLl  be  ul»redL— i'oJI 
Muil  liautu. 


Scott.  T/u  Walt^  Scott  of  B-/fftum. 
Ilendrick  Conscience.    (Bom  1812.) 

TU  Soulhern  Scott.  Lord  Byron  calls 
Ariosto  the  Sir  Walter  Scott  of  Italy. — 
"  VliUde  Harold,"  iv.  40. 

Scourge  of  Christians.  Noured- 
din-MahmCd  of  Damascus.    (llltj-117J.) 

Scourge  of  God.  (1)  Attila,  king 
of  the  Iluns.  A.  P.  Stanley  says  the 
term  was  first  applied  to  Attila  in  the 
Huntrarian  Chronicles.  In  Isidore's 
Clirouiclc  tlio  iluns  are  called  Vlrija  Dei. 
(%    4;54-lo3.) 

(2)  Guu'seric,  king  of  the  Vandals, 
who  went  about  like  a  destroying  angel 
"against  all  those  who  had  (in  his  opi- 
nion) incurred  the  wrath  of  God."  Pro- 
bably the  word  Godcgosal  (Oolh-;/esai, 
God-given)  has  been  purposely  twi.^^ted 
into  O'ud-i/esil  (God's-scourge),  by  those 
who  hated  him,  because  he  wius  an  Arian. 
God-gesal  {or  JJeoda'lui)  v/a.s,  the  common 
Citlo  of  the  contemporary  kings,  like  our 
Dei  yratia.    (♦    429-477.) 

Scourge  of  Princes.  ,  Pietro  Are- 

ti'no  was  so  called  tor  his  satires.     (14112- 
lof'G.) 

Scouring.  /  'scaped  a  scotiHitg—9k 
disease.  Scouring  is  a  sort  of  flux  in 
horses  and  caltle.  (Laliii.  .\/(i/iumpneleT- 
vehi ;  French,  Leckapptr  btllt.') 

Scowerers.  A  set  of  rakes  m  the 
eighteenth  century,  who,  with  the  Nio'- 
kers  and  Mohocks,  committe<l  great  nn- 
noyauces  in  London  and  other  large 
towns. 

Who  liao  nut  hearil  the  Scowerers'  niiiiiii).'lit  fatiit  1 
U  ho  line  i.ot  IrriiihU.l  ai  t..-  Mohocks    name? 
\V'HBthi  rea  wat<-hit>aD  took  hift  hourlv  rouit<lB 
Sale  fruu  their  blows  auil  uew-iuveiite^l  wouuils? 
y<iy,  "iiina,"  ill. 

Scrag  End  {of  mutton).  A  coi-nip- 
tion  of  era;),  the  neck.  (Saxon,  liracca, 
the  neck  ;  Scotch,  craiy  ;  (ireek,  rudtis; 
Icelandic,  nuxa,  hinges,  joints;  Old  Eng- 
lish, racl,  the  neck.) 

Scrape.  I've  yot  into  a  sad  scrape  -  a 
groat  ditlicultj'.  We  use  rub,  scpieero, 
l)inch,  and  scrajio  to  express  the  same 
idea.  Thus  Shake.-^iieare  says,  "  Ay, 
there's  the  rub"  (dithculty);  "I  have 
got  into  tribulation"  (a  squeeze,  from 
the  Latin  trib'vlo,  to  squeeze)  ;  "  1  am 
come  to  a  pinch  "  (a  dithculty).  Some 
think  the  word  a  corrupt  contraction  "f 
tsc'ip^uU,  but  Robert  Chambers  thinks  it 


TVS 


SCUAI'E-ALL. 


8URIPT0RES  TKK3. 


la  borrowed  from  a  term  in  golf.  A  rab- 
bit's burrow  in  Scotlami,  he  says,  is  called 
a  "  scrape,"  and  if  the  ball  gate  into  such 
a  hole  it  can  hardly  bo  jilayed.  Tho 
ndes  of  tlio  fr^mo  allow  something  to  the 
[ilaycr  who  "gets  into ascrape." — "Book 
of  hays." 

lit  scraped  an  acquaintance  with  me. 
We  became  acquainted  by  returning 
civilities.  The  reference  is  to  scraping 
the  foot  behind  in  bowing.  This  was 
always  dono  in  the  formal  days  of  Louis 
XIV. 

The  Oetdlenian's  MafjaziiH  says  that 
Hadrian  weut  one  day  to  the  public 
baths,  and  saw  an  old  soldier,  well  known 
to  him,  scraping  himself  with  a  potsherd 
for  want  of  a  Hash-brush.  The  emperor 
spnt  him  a  sum  of  money.  Next  day 
pladrian  found  the  bath  crowded  with 
soldiers  scraping  themselves  with  pot- 
sherds, and  said — "  Scrape  on,  gentle- 
men, but  you'll  not  scrape  acquaintance 
with  mo." — JV.  S.  xxxix.  230. 

Scrape-all.  A  hypocritical,  psalm- 
singing  rascal,  who  joins  Cheatly  (q.v.), 
and  helps  to  supply  young  heirs  with 
money.  He  is  a  type  of  the  "godly 
knave." — Shadicell,  "Squire  of  Alsatia." 

Scratch.  Old  Sa-aUh.  Scrat,  the 
house-demon  of  the  North.  A  corro-  ' 
spondent  in  Notes  and  Queries  thinks  the 
word  relates  to  the  uncleanness  of  the 
goat,  and  that  Pan,  the  satyr— half  goat, 
half  man — is  the  origin  of  the  term.  (See 
Deuce,  Nick,  kc.) 

Coming  up  to  the  scratch — up  to  the 
mark  ;  about  to  do  what  we  want  him 
to  do.  In  prize-fighting  a  line  is  scratched 
on  the  ground,  and  the  toe  of  the  fighter 
must  como  up  to  the  scratch. 

Scratched.  A  horse  is  said  to  be 
scratched  when  its  name  is  scratched 
out  of  the  list  of  runners.  "  Tomboy 
was  scratched  for  the  Derby  at  ten  a.m. 
on  Wednesday ;"  and  no  bet  on  that  horse 
made  subsequently  would  bo  valid. 

Scratch  Cradle.  A  game  played 
with  a  piece  of  string  stretched  across  the 
two  hands.  Tho  art  is  so  to  cross  the 
thread  as  to  produce  a  resemblance  to 
something,  and  for  another  so  to  trans- 
fer it  to  his  own  hands  as  to  change  the 
former  figure  into  somo  other  resem- 
blance. A  corruption  of  "  cratch  cnwlle" 
(tho   mangt^r  crcdle^,  because   tho   first 


figure  represents  a  cradle,  supposed  to 
be  tho  cradlo  of  tho  infant  Jesus. 

Screw.  An  old  tcreie.  One  wko 
keeps  his  money  tight,  and  doles  it  out 
in  screws  or  small <piantitie8.    (Seelelow.) 

A  saeip  of  any  thing  is  a  small  quantity, 
such  as  may  be  put  into  a  sorow  of  paper. 

A  screw  loose.  Something  amiss.  Thft 
allusion  is  to  joinery  kept  together  by 
screws. 

To  piU  on  the  screw.  To  press  for  pay- 
ment, as  a  screw  presses  by  gradually- 
increasing  pressure. 

Screwed.  Intoxicated.  A  playful 
sj'nonym  of  tight,  which  agaio  is  a  play- 
ful synonym  of  blown  out. 

ScriTaere  in  Aqua.     To  forget. — 

Calullus,  70,  4. 

Men's  evil  manners  iive  in  brass, 
Their  virtues  we  wrte  in  water. 

.bA-jt&speare,  " Jlenrj/  Vlll."  if.  1. 

Scrible'ras  [Marti'nus).  A  merciless 
satire  on  the  false  taste  in  literature  cur- 
rent in  the  time  of  Popo.  Cornelius 
Scrible'rus,  the  father  of  Martin,  was  a 
pedant,  who  entertained  all  sorts  of  ab- 
surdities about  the  education  of  his  son. 
Martin  grew  up  a  man  of  capacity  ;  but 
though  he  had  read  everything,  Lis  judg- 
ment was  vile  and  taste  atrocious. 

Scrim'raage.  A  tnssle ;  a  slight 
battle.  From  the  obsolete  scnmer,  a 
fencer :  French,  escrimeur ;  same  root 
as  escarmouch,  our  skirmish. 

Prince  Ouffur  at  this  skrymage,  for  all  his  pryde, 

Fled  full  fadt,  and  sought  no  zyiie. 

MS.  LiUuJoietu  J(»,t  10 

Scripto'res  Decern.  A  collection 
of  ten  ancient  chronicles  on  English  his- 
tory, edited  by  Roger  Twysden  and  John 
Selden.  The  ten  chroniclers  are  Simeon 
of  Durham,  John  of  Hexham,  Richard 
of  Hexham,  Ailred  of  Rieval,  Ralph  do 
Dicoto  (archdeacon  of  London),  John 
Brompton  of  Jorval,  Gervase  of  Canter- 
bury, Thomas  Stubbs,  William  Thorn 
of  Canterbury,  and  Henry  Knighton 
of  Leicester. 

Scripto'res  Quinque.  A  collection 
of  five  chronicles  on  the  early  hbtory  of 
England,  edited  by  Thomas  GiUe. 

Scripto'res  Tres  {i.u  three  writers). 
Meaning  Ricb&rd  of  Cirencester,  Gi'.das 
Badoa'icus,  auc"  Kennius  of  Bangor. 
Julius  Bertram,  professor  of  English  at 
Copenhagen,  prof  eased  to  have  discovered 


SCRIPTORIUM. 


8EA, 


T99 


the  first  of  these  treatises  in  1747,  in  the 
royal  library  of  that  city.  Its  subject  is 
"  De  Situ  Britonniio,"  and  in  1757  he 
published  it  alonf!:  with  the  two  other 
treatises,  calling  the  whole  "The  Three 
Writers  on  the  Ancient  History  of  the 
British  Nations."  Bertram's  forgery  has 
been  coinplctoly  exiioscd  by  J.  K.  Mayor, 
in  his  preface  to  "  Ricardi  de  Cirences- 
tria  Speculum   Historiale."     (6'ee   San- 

CHONIATUO.) 

Scripto'rium.  An  apartment  in 
every  abbey  where  writers  transcriliod 
service-books  for  the  choir  and  books 
for  the  lil)rary. —  W'arton. 

Scripture.  "  -Mrs.  Adams  answered 
Mr.  Adams,  that  it  was  blasphemous  to 
talk  Scripture  out  of  church." — Fielding, 
"Joseph  Andrews." 

Scrupulous  means  literally  having 
a  stone  iu  one's  shoe.  Those  who  have 
a  stone  in  tlioir  shoe  /ulU,  and  those  who 
doubt  "  halt  between  two  opinions." 
(Latin,  sciKpnlus,  gravel,  a  small  stone.) 

Scu'damore  i^ir).  The  lover  of 
Ain'oret,  wliom  he  finally  marries. — 
Sptusir,  '•  luwry  Queen,"  bk.  iii.,  iv. 

Scullery-maid  is  one  who  washes 
up  ii-olls  or  scnlU-i.e.,  plates,  cups,  and 
dishes.    (6V«  Skull.) 

Sculpture.   Fathen  of  French  Sculp- 
Ure. 
Je.an  Goujon.     (1510-1572.) 
Gerra.ain  Pilon.     (1515-15')0.) 
Scutch.      The   8crapin',rs    of    hides. 
(Kn;,'lisli,  scotch,  to  cut;  Saxon,  sceadaii.) 
We   have   the   word  in  the   expression, 
"  You    have    scotched    the    snake,   not 
killed  it." 

About  half  &  mile  from  the  Boulhem  ouifill  ere 
two  nin-.'uiaoiorien,  where  tU>'  refuse  from  the  Lcn- 
don  tAuncr^cs  kuuwii  U8  acutub  is  operated  upon.— 
77m  Times. 

Scuttle.  To  scttUle  a  ship  is  to  bore 
a  hole  in  it  in  order  to  make  it  sink. 
ll^itlier  stran>,'oly  this  word  is  from  the 
same  root  as  our  wonXthntoT  bolt  (Saxon, 
Kifittl,  a  lock,  bolt,  or  bar).  It  was 
first  applii'<l  to  a  iiole  in  a  roof  with  a 
door  or  lid,  then  to  a  liritchway  in  the 
deck  of  A  ship  with  a  lid,  ttion  to  a  hole 
iu  the  bottom  of  a  ship  phitr^'ed  up  ;  then 
comes  the  verb  to  pull  out  the  phif^,  and 
leave  the  hole  for  the  admission  of  water. 

Scylla.  i:l;uicu8,  a  fisliorman,  was 
In  lovo  with  Scylla;  but  Circe,  out  of 
iealonsy,   changed   her    into   ft  hideous 


monster,  and  set  dogs  and  woItob  to  bark 
round  her  incessantly.  On  this  Scylla 
threw  herself  into  the  sea  and  became  a 
rock.  It  is  said  that  the  rock  Scylla 
somewhat  resembles  a  woman  at  a  ilis- 
tance,  and  the  noise  of  the  waves  dashing 
against  it  is  not  unlike  the  barking  of 
dogs  and  wolves. 

OInucTU,  lost  to  Joy, 
Curft  i!i  h'«  loyp  by  vriijcful  Ciri  en  !-,&'«, 
AttcU'Jing  wept  his  Si'>lla'8  hapless  lat'?. 

C 'moots,"  Lwiad,"  bk.  vL 

Scylla,  d.iughter  of  Nisus,  promised 
to  deliver  Mcg'ara  into  the  hands  of 
Minos.  To  redeem  this  promise  she  had 
to  cut  off  a  golden  hair  on  her  father's 
head,  which  she  effected  while  he  was 
asleep.  Minos,  her  lover,  despised  her 
for  this  treachery,  and  Scylla  threw  her- 
self from  a  rock  into  the  sea.  At  death 
she  was  changed  into  a  lark,  and  Nisus 
into  a  hawk.  Scylla  turned  into  a  rock 
by  Circij,  "  had  no  connection"  with  the 
daughter  of  Nisus. 

Think  of  Sc.vlla's  fate. 
rharL;e'!  lo  a  bird,  and  Kent  to  llv  m  air. 
She  dearly  pays  for  Nisus"  injure!  i  iilr. 

F'ipe,  "  liaije  0/  tht  Lock,"  iii. 

Avoiding  Scylla  h4  ftll  into  Chtiryhdis. 
Trj-ing  to  avoid  one  error  he  fell  into 
another;  or,  trying  to  avoid  one  danger, 
he  foil  into  another  equally  fatal.  Scylla 
and  Charybilis  are  two  i-.x;ks  between 
Italy  and  Sicily.  In  one  was  a  cave 
where  "  Scylla  dwelt,"  and  on  the  other 
Charybdis  dwelt  under  a  fig-ttee.  Ships 
wliich  tried  to  avoid  one  were  often 
wrecked  on  the  other  rock.  It  was  (,'irce 
who  changed  Scylla  into  a  frightful  sea- 
monster,  and  Jtipitor  who  changed  Cha- 
rybdis into  a  whirlpool. 

Wht-n  I  shun  Scylla  your  father,  I  fall  into  Cha- 
rybdis your  \uu\.hiii.—iiKake»i-tart,  "  MircIianX  q/ 
V  emcc,"  ill.  5. 

Between  So/lla  and  Charyhdis.  Be- 
tween two  difficulties.  To  Jail  from 
Scylla  into  Charybdis— out  of  the  frying- 
pan  into  the  fire. 

Sea  means  simply  a  basin;  hence  the 
expression,  "molten  sea,"  meaning  the 
great  brazen  vessel  which  stoocl  in  Solo- 
mon's temple  ('2  Chron.  iv.  5,  and  1  Kings 
vii.  '2tj).  The  world  of  water  is  properly 
called  the  ocean.    (Saxon,  sai',  a  b.asin.) 

"  The  Sea,  the  Sea."  Worils  by  Proctor 
(Barry  Cornwall),  music  by  Netikomm. 

The  Old  Man  of  the  Sea  ("  Arabiao 
Ni^'hts").  A  cretiture  encomitorcd  by 
Sindliad  the  Sailor  in  his  fiflli  voyage. 
This  terrible  Old  Man  contrived  to  get  on 


800 


SEA-BOARD. 


SEDAN  ciiAina. 


the  back  of  Sindbad,  and  would  nciUier 
diatnount  a^^ain,  nor  coald  ho  bo  shiiken 
off.  At  hist  Sindbad  {,'avc  liira  soiiio  wine 
to  drink,  which  so  intoxicated  liiiu  that 
he  relaxed  his  grip,  and  Sindbad  made 
his  escape. 

Oul  al  sea.  Wide  of  the  mark  ;  quite 
wron;; ;  like  a  person  in  the  open  ocean 
without  compass  or  chart. 

Sea-board.  That  part  of  a  country 
which  hitrdei'S  on  the  sta  ;  tho  coast-line, 
it  should  be  sea-liord.  (French,  bonl, 
the  edge.) 

Sea-girt  Isle.  England ;  so  called 
because  it  is  girded  round  by  the  ocean, 
or,  as  Shakes|)eare  has  it,  " hedj^cd  in 
with  the  main,  that  water-wallijd  bul- 
wark" ("  King  John,"  ii.  1). 

Tlii<  precious  htoue  set  in  Ihe  silver  se», 
Wliicli  aerv(>8  ii  m  llie  ofli.'e  of  a  wall. 
Or  a8  a  iii'  at  dcftusive  to  a  tiouBe, 
AgaJust  tlK'  ciivy  uf  le^s  Imi'pier  lands. 

Shiikes/ieure.  " ICinu  liuhard  ]I.,"ti.  1. 

Sea-nettles.  Gelatinous  animal 
8ea-i)lants,  some  of  which  stiug  like 
nettles. 

Sea-serpent.  Pontoppidan,  in  his 
"  Natural  History  of  Norway,"  speaks 
of  sea-serpents  600  feet  long.  The  great 
sea-ser[>ent  was  said  to  have  been  seen 
off  the  coast  of  Norway  in  1819,  1622, 
1S37.  Hans  Egede  atlirms  that  it  was 
seen  on  the  coast  of  Greenland  in  1734. 
In  1815,  1817,  1819,  1833,  and  in  1869,  it 
made  its  appearance  near  Boston.  In 
1848  it  wa^  "seen"  by  tho  crew  of  her 
Majestv's  frigate  l):fliiJu.t,  in  the  South 
Atlantic  Ocean.  In  1875  it  was  seen  by  the 
crew  of  the  barque  rauline.     Girth  9ft. 

Sealed  Fountain.  An  exclusive 
privilege.  Solomon  says— "My  spouse 
IS  a  foimtain  sealed"  (Cant.  iv.  12).  In 
the  vicinity  of  Bethlehem  travellers  are 
ihown  tho  springs  which  Solomon  shut 
lip  and  sealed  with  his  signet,  to  keep 
tl  em  for  his  own  private  use.  —  Alauu- 
(Irell,  ''Travels." 

Seba'ra'im  (4  syl.).  Itabbis  who 
lived  after  the  Talmud  was  linisb.ed,  and 
gave  their  judgments  on  traditionary 
diUiculties  (Al  dtn-ck  sebaroth,  "  by  way 
of  opiniou"). — Baxiorf. 

Sebastian  (S<.).  Patron  saint  of 
ftrchers,  because  he  was  bound  to  a  tree 
and  shot  at  with  arrows.  As  the  arrows 
stuck  in  his  body  as  thick  as  pins  in  & 
pin-cushion^  he   was   also   made   patron 


Baint  of  pin-makers.     And  a«  be  was  a 

coulurion,  lie  is  patron  saint  of  soldiers. 

Sebastianis'tas.  Persons  who  be- 
lieve that  (lorn  Sebastian,  who  fell  in  the 
Vjattle  of  Alcazari|uebir  in  1578,  will  re- 
turn to  earth,  when  Brazil  will  become 
the  chief  kingdom  of  the  earth. 

Sebilo  (2  syl.).  La  Dame  du  Lac,  in 
the  romance  entitled  "Perceforcst." 
Her  castle  was  surro\indcd  by  a  river, 
on  which  rested  so  thick  a  fog  that  no 
one  could  .see  across  it.  Alexander  the 
Great  aVjode  with  her  a  fortnight  to  be 
cured  of  his  wounds,  and  king  .\rlhur 
was  the  result  of  their  amour  (vol.  i.  42). 

Second.    (Se.e  Two.) 

Second  Sight.  Tho  power  of  seeing 
things  invisible  to  others  ;  the  power  of 
foreseeing  future  events  by  means  of 
shadows  thrown  before  them.  Many 
Highlanders  claim  this  power,  which 
the  ancient  Gaels  called  shadow-sight 
(iaisduUirauyk). 

Nor  less  availed  his  uptic  ilcinht, 
Aud  SculLisU  gift  of  secou'i  eight. 

rrumbull. 

Second  lliovghls  are  best  because  thoy 
arise  after  due  retlection. 

■'  Il'ild.  sir.  for  second  thoughts  are  best," 
Tlte  Imsbanil  cried  ;  '"  'tis  iii>  reijU'St 
With  pleasure  to  prolong  my  life." 

>.  ntun,  "Ala  Mode." 

Sec'ular  Games.  Those  held  by  the 
Romans  only  once  in  a  century.  While 
the  kings  reigned  they  were  held  in  the 
Campus  Martins,  in  honour  of  Pluto  and 
Proserpine,  and  were  instituted  in  ol)e- 
dience  to  the  Sibyline  verse.=!,  with  the 
promise  that  "  the  empire  should  remain 
in  safety  so  long  as  this  admonition  was 
observed." 

Date,  quae  precamur 
Tern  .'ore  sioro 
G'io  Sibylliui  mouue'ie  veraua. 
Boracc,    '  Carmen  Stiuttr,:.    A.U  C,  737. 

Sedan-Chairs.  So  called  from 
*('(/('.<  (Lat.),  "a  seat."  Their  iutroduc- 
tiou  into  England  is  erroneously  attri- 
buted to  the  duke  of  liuckinghain,  who, 
it  is  said,  gave  great  ollence  by  employ- 
ing men  as  beasts  of  burden.  Sir  S. 
Duncombe  used  one  in  1634,  when 
Buckingham  was  a  boy,  and  we  find 
it  spoken  of  as  far  hack  as  1581.  It 
was  introduced  into  France  (in  1617) 
by  M.  de  Moutbrun,  aud  called  chaitt  a 
porteur*. 


SEDGWICK. 


SELL. 


801 


Sedgwick.  (See  Doomsday  Sedg- 
ricK. ) 

Sedley  {Amelia).  An  impersonaiion 
of  virtue  without  intellect  in  TJiackeray's 
"  Vanity  Fair."     (.STe^SHAKP.) 

Ssdrat.  The  lotus-tree  which  stands 
on  the  rigiit-haml  si.le  of  the  invisible 
throne  of  Allah.  Its  branches  extend 
wilier  th:in  the  distance  between  heaven 
and  earth.  Its  loaves  resemble  tlie  ears 
of  the  elephant.  I^ach  seed  of  its  fruit 
encloses  a  houri ;  and  two  rivers  isRue 
from  its  roots.  Numberless  birds  sin>; 
amonsf  its  branches,  and  numberless 
ant,'els  re.st  beneath  its  shade. 

See'dy.  Wearj',  worn  out,  out  o! 
Borts.  (Sa-xon,  Sit:d>e,  weary,  sated,  sick.) 
A  hat  or  coat  is  termed  seedy  when  it 
has  become  shabby.  A  man  is  seecl_\ 
!'fter  a  debauch,  when  he  looks  and  feel.- 
oiit  of  sorts. 

SeeL     To  close  the  eyelids  of  a  hawk 
by  running    a  thread  through  them;  to 
hoodwink.  (French,  ei7/tj-,«7.  tin*  eye  lash.) 
Bhe  thatso  roung  could  give  nnt  8u>-li  a  %tsminff, 
Ti.  soel  tier  f.itlier'8  cy<:§  u|i,  cIu.m;  as  nnk. 

SKakuifuTt, "  UlliMo,"  ili.  3. 

See'niUi  gh.  Th-i  wonderful  bird  that 
could  speak  all  the  languages  of  the 
world,  and  whose  knowledge  embraced 
past,  present,  and  future  events. — /'«•- 
iian  myt/uilogy. 

Segonti'ari.  Inhabitants  of  parts 
of  Hampshire  and  Berkshire,  referred  to 
by  C;i.s;ir  in  his  "Commentaries." 

Seik.8  (pron.  Seeh).  A  religious  sect 
in  IJiiidu.stan,  founded  in  1500.  They 
profess  the  purest  Deism,  and  are  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Hindus  by  worship- 
ping one  invisible  gud.  The  word  means 
lion,  and  was  appHed  to  them  on  ac- 
count of  their  heroic  resistance  to  the 
Moslem.  Ultiniatoly  they  subdued  La- 
hore, and  established  themselves  in  the 
Punjab,  &c. 

Sela'ma  or  Sele'meh.  The  headland 
of  tho  I'ersian  Gulf  commonly  called 
Cape  iMiissohloti?.  The  Indians  throw 
cocoa-nuts,  fruits,  and  flowers  into  the 
sea  when  they  pa.«s  lliis  capo,  to  secure 
a,  propitious  voyage.— J/oner. 

Itrreui  from  the  lii'lian  Ma 
B;ow  rouuil  Srlama'B  sniutid  cap- 

iltiure,  "  yirt  II  ur»Ai|.|«ri." 

Selene.  The  moon-goddess;  soiiic- 
tinies  but  improperly  called  Diana,  aa 
Diana  is  always  ca!lcd  the  cHrvit«  hunt- 

2   A 


re.^8  ;  but  Selene  had  fifty  daughters  by 
Eiidymion,  and  several  by  Zeus,  one  of 
wliom  was  caJled  "The  Dew"  {Erie}. 
Di.iiia  is  represented  with  bow  and  arrow 
running  after  the  stig  ;  but  Selene  is 
represented  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  two 
white  horses ;  she  has  wings  on  her 
shoulders  and  a  sceptre  in  her  liands. 

Seleu'cidae.  The  dyna.sty  of  Seleu- 
cus.  .Seleucus  succeeded  to  a  part  of 
Alexander's  va-st  emjiire.  The  monarchy 
consisted  of  Sj  ria,  a  part  of  Asia  Minor, 
and  all  the  eastern  provinces. 

Selim.  Son  of  Abdallah  and  cousin 
of  Zuleika  (3  syl.).  When  Giallir  (2  syl.) 
murdered  Abdallah,  he  took  Selim  and 
brought  him  up  as  his  own  son.  The 
young  man  fell  in  love  with  Zuloika,  who 
thought  he  was  her  brother  ;  but  when 
she  discovered  he  was  .VlKlallah's  son. 
she  promised  to  be  his  bride,  and  eloped 
with  him.  As  soon  as  Giallir  discovered 
this  he  went  after  tho  fugitives,  and 
shot  Selim.  Zuleika  killed  herself,  and 
the  old  pacha  was  left  childless.  The 
character  of  Selim  is  bold,  enterprising, 
and  truthful.—  Dyroii," Bride  of  A  hijdos.'' 

iSe'lim  (son  of  Acbar).  The  name  of 
Jehanguiro,  before  his  accession  to  the 
throne.  He  married  Nourmahal'  (tho 
Light  of  the  Haram).  A  coolness  arose 
between  the  young  married  couple,  but 
Nourmahal  contrived  to  enter  the  sultan's 
banquet-room  as  a  lute-piayer,  and  so 
charmed  young  8elim  that  he  exclaimed 
"  If  Nourmahal  had  so  svmg,  I  could 
have  forgiven  her  everything;"  where- 
upon Nourmahal  threw  off  her  disguise, 
and  became  reconciled  to  her  husband. 
—  T.  Moore,  "  The  Liijkt  of  the  JJaram." 

Sel'juks.  A  Perso-Turkish  dynasty 
which  gave  eleven  kings  and  lasted  13d 
years  (105(3-1191).  It  was  founded  by 
TogriU  Beg,  a  descendant  of  Seljuk, 
chief  of  a  small  tribe  which  gained 
possession  of  Buka'ra. 

Sell.  A  saddle.  "Vaulting  ambition 
.  .  .  o'erleaps  its  .sell"  ("  Macbeth,"  i.  7). 
Latin,  tella  ;  Freuch,  lelU.  Window  rill 
ia  tho  Saxou  s^jl,  a  basement. 

He  lefle  kit  l.^fue  Mcrd  with  tol.tm  stU. 

ifti^er,  "  Fa  try  ijtutn'  i.  ». 

RiU,  told,  "hiado  a  (.nptire,  as  a  pur- 
chased slave.  St.  PaU  says  be  waa 
"bo1<1  under  sin"  (Rom.  vii.  14). 

A  sell.  A  "  do,"  a  decoy  tion,  a  "  tak'*- 
Ui,"    tjlrwt  voudofB   who  tuke   in  the 


80J 


SELTZRR  V/ATEIl. 


SERAGLIO. 


unwary  witli  citch-ponnioa,  chuckle  like 
henB  wlicii  they  have  laid  an  cpf,',  "  Sold 
again,  and  got  the  money !" 

Selt'zer  Water.  A  corruption  of 
Setters  Water;  so  callod  from  the  Lower 
Seltere,  near  liirabnrg  (Nassau). 

Selvag'gio.    Father  of  Sir  Industry, 
and  hero  of  'i  liomson's  "  Castle  of  Indo- 
lence." 
In  fairy-land  there  Hvod  a  knight  of  old. 

Of  feature  fltcrn,  Selva^;^io  well  y-clept. 
A  ronuli,  uii|i(ilislied  mflu,  rolnisl  and  liold. 

JiiUwoiiilr'.ud  pour.    Ho  ucitliersuwtd  norrcaroJ, 

Nc  storcB  in  Kiiiiimi-r  for  ould  winter  lieaped. 
In  huntint;all  liis  dayp  iiwuy  lie  wore: 

NoHBCorcliedliy  June,  now  in  Novemter  sleeted, 
Now  pinched  by  bitiuK  January  sore, 
Jle  still  in  woods  pursued  tlie  libbard  and  the  boar. 
Canto  ii.  5. 

Semir'amis.  Semiramis  of  the  North. 
]\lai-garet  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Nor- 
way.    (1353-1412.) 

Catiiiu-ine  II.  of  Russia.    (1729-1796.) 

Sena'nus  {St.)  fled  to  the  island  of 
Scattery,  and  resolved  that  no  female 
form  should  ever  step  upon  it.  An  angel 
led  St.  Can'ara  to  the  island,  but  the 
recluse  refused  to  admit  her.  Tom 
Moore  has  a  poem  on  this  legend,  "St. 
Senanus  and  the  Lady." — "Irish  Melo- 
dies," No.  1.     (See  Kevin.) 

Sen'daL  A  thin  silk.  (IttUian,  zen- 
dado;  Spanish,  cendal.) 

Sen'eca.  The  Christian  Sen' eca.  Bishop 
Hall  of  Norwich.     (1571-1656.) 

Senior  Op'time.  A  Cambridge 
Univensity  expression,  meaning  a  second- 
class  man  in  mathematical  honours.  The 
first  class  consists  of  Wranglers. 

Senior  Soph.  A  man  of  the  third 
year's  standing  is  so  called  in  theunivcr- 
'sity  of  Cambridge. 

Sennac'herib,  whose  army  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Angel  of  Death,  is  by 
the  Orientals  called  King  Moussal. — 
J/IJeibelot  {notes  to  the  Koran). 

Se'nnight.  A  week ;  seven  nights. 
Fort'ni(jhl,  fourteen  niglits.  These  words 
are  relics  of  the  ancient  Celtic  custom  of 
beginning  the  day  at  sunset,  a  custom 
observed  by  the  ancient  Greeks,  Baby- 
lonians, Persians,  Syrians,  and  Jews, 
and  by  the  modern  representatives  of 
these  people.  In  Cen.  i.  we  always  find 
the  evening  precedes  the  morning ;  as, 
"  The  evening  and  the  morning  were  the 
first  day,"  &c. 


Sen'tences  (3  syl.).  The  four  bookt 
of  Sentences,  by  Pierre  Lombard,  the 
foundation  of  H'-.holastic  theology  of  the 
middle  period.     ,See  Schoolmen.) 

Master  of  the  Sentences.  Pierre  Lom- 
bard, schoolman.     (Died  116  L) 

Sen  tinel.  Archd.  Smith  says  "  it  it 
one  sot  to  watch  the  sent'ma  (Lat.)  or  hold 
of  a  ship,"  but  the  Fr.  sentier,  a  path  oi 
*'  boat,"  is  far  more  probable. 

Sentindle  jterdw..  One  placed  at  a  post 
where  he  is  aimost  certain  to  be  killed 
by  the  enemy. 

Sepoy.  The  Indian  soldier  is  bo 
called,  .says  bishop  Hober,  from  tip,  a 
bow,  their  princijial  weapon  in  olden 
times. 

Sept.  A  clan  (Latin,  septum,  a  fold ) ; 
all  the  cattle,  or  all  the  voters,  in  a  giv  en 
enclosure. 

September  Massacres.  An  in 
di.scriminate  slaughter  of  Loyalists  co  n- 
fined  at  the  time  in  tlie  Abbaye  an  d 
Otner  i''rench  prisons.  Danton  g;i vo  ordi-r 
for  this  onslaught  after  the  capture  of 
Verdun  by  the  allied  Prussian  army.  It 
lasted  the  2nd,  3rd,  and  4th  of  Septem- 
ber, 179-2.  As  many  as  8,000  persons 
fell  in  this  massacre,  among  whom  Wiis 
the  princess  de  Lamballe. 

Septembri'zers  or  Septembriseura 
(the  September  men).  The  men  who 
planned    and   executed    the   September 

JIassacres  {q.v.). 

Septuages'ima  Sunday.  In  round 

numbers,   seventy    daj's   before   Easter. 
The  third  Sunday  before  Lent. 

Sep'tuagint.  A  Greek  version  of 
the  Old  Testament,  so  called  because  it 
was  made  ^iu  round  numbers)  by  seventy 
Jews ;  more  correctly  speaking,  by 
seventy-two.  Dr.  Campbell  disapproves 
of  this  derivation^  and  says  it  was  so 
called  because  it  was  sanctioned  and 
authorised  by  the  Jewish  San'hedrim  or 
great  council,  which  consisted  of  70  or  71 
members  besides  the  High  priest.  This 
derivation  falls  in  better  with  the  modern 
notion  that  the  version  was  made  at 
different  times  by  different  translators. 
(Latin,  septuayinla,  seventy.) 

Seraglio.  The  palace  of  the  Turkish 
sultan,  situate.!  in  the  Golden  Horn,  and 
enclosed  by  walls  seven  miles  and  a  liAlf 
in  oircuit.      The    chief    entrance    in  the 


SERAl'UIG  DOCTOH. 


SERPENT. 


803 


Suhlime  Oate;  aud  ilie  ohiof  of  tho  larf,'6 
edifices  is  the  Harem,  or  "  sacred  spot," 
which  contains  numerous  houses,  one  for 
each  of  the  saltan's  wives,  and  others 
for  his  concubines.  The  black  eunuchs 
form  tho  inner  jjuard,  and  the  white 
eunuchs  the  second  t,'uard.  Tlie  Seraj^'lio 
may  be  visited  by  stianyerH  ;  not  so  the 
Harem. 

Seraphic  Doctor  (Doctor  Seraph'- 
ieits).  St.  Bonavoiitu'ra,  a  schoolman, 
was  so  calleil  for  his  seraphic  fervour 
and  eloquence.     (1221-1274.) 

Seraphic  Saint.  St.  Francis 
d'Assisi,  founder  of  tho  Franciscan  order. 
(1182-1226.) 

Ser'aphim.  An  order  of  angels 
distinguisiied  for  fervent  zeal  and  ro- 
lif^ioiis  ardour.  The  word  moans  "to 
bum."     (*«  Isaiah  vi.  2.) 

Thou«anJ  eeleBtiil  nr  lo   ra  laenjjhi)  where  he  stood 
Veiled  with  liis  gor.'^ous  '.vin-'S.  <i,>  spriuging  lijht. 
Fiew  through  the  midst  of  lieave  i. 

ilUUiii,,  •'  I'aiaditt  Loit"  v. 

Serapis.  The  Ptolemaic  form  of  the 
Egyptian  Osi'ris.  Tlio  word  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  n.ior-apis  (dead  apis,  or  rather 
"  osirihed-apis"),  a  deity  which  had  so 
many  thiuirs  in  common  with  Osi'ris 
tliat  it  is  not  at  all  easy  to  distinguish 
them. 

Serapis.  Symbol  of  tho  Nile  and  of 
fertility. 

Serat  {A  I).  The  ordeal  brid^'e  over 
which  every  ono  will  have  to  pass  at  tho 
resurrection.  It  is  not  wider  than  the 
eilge  of  a  scimetar,  and  is  thrown  across 
the  gulf  of  Hell.  Tlio  faithful,  says 
the  Kor.an,  will  p;iss  over  in  safety,  but 
sinners  will  fall  headlong  into  the  dreary 
realm  beneath. 

Serbo'nian  Bog  or  Serho'nu.  A 
mess  from  which  there  is  no  way  of  ex- 
tricating oneself.  The  Sorbonian  bog 
was  between  Kgypt  and  Palestine. 
Strabo  calls  it  a  lake,  and  says  it  was 
200  stadia  lon^r  and  50  broad ;  Pliny 
makes  it  ISO  miles  in  length.  Hume 
says  that  wliolo  armies  have  been  lost 
therein.  TyLhon  lay  at  tho  bottom  of 
tills  bog,  wlilc.h  was  therefore  called 
Tiiphon's  Brealiunf]  Ilote.  It  received  its 
name  from  Scbaket-Bardoil,  a  king  of 
Jerusalem,  who  died  there  on  his  return 
from  an  oxpeilition  into  E.ypt. 

Kuv.tlr,  I  mutt  tsty  1  lu>o«  of  no  SerbouUin  bog 


dMpcr  than  a  £5  riiliaj;  woiiM  prove  to  he.-/!.  Di»- 
vueli  (fVuirit  o/lht  EjccIi),  Timea,  .Maroh  19,  1837. 

A  tTiir  profound  as  that  Sertxjninn  twi? 

Betwixt  Damiiita  and  Mount  Ca.Hi.iiM  old. 

Where  ariuiss  wlixle  have  sunk. 

ilUtun,  "J'uru'JiM  Loit,"  il. 

Sereme'nes  (4  syl.).  lirother-in-law 
of  king  Sarilanai)alu.s,  to  whom  he  en- 
trusts his  signet  ring  to  put  down  a 
rebellion  headed  by  Arba'ces  the  Mede 
and  Bel'csiH  the  Chaldean  soothsayer. 
lie  is  slain  in  a  battle  with  the  insur- 
gents.— liip-on,  "  Sardanapahis." 

Serena'de  (3  syl.).  Music  performed 
in  the  serene — i.e.,  in  the  open  air  at 
even-tide  (Latin,  sert'num).  Ade  is  tho 
Greek  citido,  1  sin^',  which  appears  in 
siifh  words  as  JV^nQoh  \.\\»\ad,  Duncifjt/, 
Fr;:nei(i(/,  i'hilipp(t/«,  lleuriat^,  &c. 

Or  aevcno'le  which  th';  st  irved  lover  Pin-'l 

To  his  proud  (air.        ifi<^Jlu  "  PuradiM  Loti." 

Sere'ne  (2  syl).  A  title  given  tc 
certain  German  princes.  Those  princes 
who  used  to  holii  under  the  empire  wcr« 
entitled  Sereiie  or  .Mas'.  Serene  Itiijhne.ises. 

It's  all  sereM.  All  right  (Spanish,  «e>-e'«o, 
"all  right" — the  sentinel's  countersign). 

Serif  and  Sanserif.  The  former  is 
a  letter  in  typography  with  the  "  wings" 
or  finishing  strokes  (as  T) ;  the  latter  is 
a  letter  without  tlie  Knishing  strokes  (aa 
T).  French,  serre-fde  (the  last  man  of  a 
file,  that  which  completes  a  file ;  the 
finishing  stroke). 

Serjeants-at-Law.  French, /rirw- 
sirjcits,  a  corruption  of  fr aires- servieiUa 
of  the  Templars. 

Sermon  Lane,  Doctors  Commons, 
London.  A  corruption  of  S/iere-moniert 
Lane  (the  lane  of  the  money  shearers  or 
clippers,  whose  ofTico  it  was  to  cut  and 
round  the  metal  to  bo  stamped  into 
money).  The  Mint  was  in  the  street  now 
called  Old  ChAngc.  —  Maidand,  "Lon- 
don," ii.  8S0, 

Serpent.  An  attribute  of  St.  Cecilia, 
St.  Euphe'mia,  and  many  other  saints, 
either  because  they  trampled  on  Satan  or 
because  they  miraculously  cleared  some 
country  of  such  reptiles.     (.See  Dacon.) 

Serpenl,  in  C/iru<!lian  art,  figures  in 
Paradise  as  tho  tempter. 

The  br.azen  serpent  gave  newness  of 
life  to  those  who  were  bitten  by  the  fiery 
dragons,  and  raised  their  eyea  to  this 
eymbol  (Numb.  xxi.  8). 

It  is  not  unfrequcntly  aCIkckI  to  the 
crou. 


804 


SEKPENT. 


SERPENTINE  VERSES. 


It  is  generally  placed  under  the  feet  of 
the  Virf,'!!),  in  alhision  to  the  promise 
Diade  to  Kve  after  ttio  Fall  (Ocn.  iii.  15). 

Satan  is  called  the  gioat  seriieut,  he- 
cau.so  umler  the  form  of  a  serpent  he 
tempted  Eve  {Rev.  xii.  9). 

Serpent  metamorp/ioses.  Cadmos  and 
Lis  wife  Ilarmo'uia  were  by  Zeu.s  con- 
verted into  seqients,  and  removed  to 
Elysium.  Esculu'pios,  god  of  Eindau'- 
ros,  assumed  the  form  of  a  serpent  when 
he  appeared  at  Rome  durinfj  a  [)c.sti- 
lence.  Therefore  is  it  that  the  !,'-oildcss 
of  Health  hears  in  her  hand  a  serpent. 

O  wave,  Ilygeia.  I'or  Britannia's  throne 
Thy  seipi  lit  wiiud,  "nd  mark  ii  f.ir  ihine  own 
Jjarwiti,  "  Kcunoniy  of  Vegntatwn,"  iv. 

Jupiter  Amnion  appeared  to  Olym'pias 
iu  the  form  of  a  serpent,  and  became 
the  father  of  Alexantler  the  Great. 

When  r1  des  a  siWiT  serpent,  treacherom  giiect  I 
And  fail  olyu  i  ia  fulds  liini  to  lier  Ircaat. 

I'urwUi,  ^Ecunum'j  of  Vciitdixiion,"  i.  i. 

Jupiter  Capitoli'nus  in  a  similar  form 
became  the  father  of  Scipio  Africanus. 

The  Serpent  is  einllematical — 

(1)  Of  wisdom. — "Be  ye  therefore  wise 
as  serpents,  and  harmless  as  doves " 
(Matt.  X.  16). 

(2)  Of  subtilty. — "  Now  the  serpent  was 
more  subtil  than  any  beast  of  the  deld  " 
(Gen.  iii.  1). 

It  is  said  that  the  cerastes  hides  in 
sand  that  it  may  bite  the  horse's  foot, 
and  tcet  the  rider  thrown.  In  allusion 
to  this  belief,  .Jacob  says,  "  Dan  shall  be 
...  an  adder  in  the  path,  that  biteth  the 
horse  heels,  so  that  his  rider  shall  fall 
backward  "  (Gen.  slix.  17). 

It  is  said  Ihdt  eerpents  when  attacked 
swallow  their  young,  and  eject  them 
again  on  reaching  a  place  of  safety. 

Thomas  Lodge  says  tliat  peoj)lo  called 
Sauveurs  have  St.  (.'atheriue's  wheel  iu 
the  palate  of  their  nioulbs,  and  there- 
fore can  heal  the  stiui,'-  of  serpents. 

When  a  serpent  drinks  it  is  said  that 
It  first  vomits  up  all  its  venom,  for  fear 
of  poisonin:,-  itself  by  swallowing  it. 

The  Bible  also  tells  us  that  it  stops 
up  its  oars  that  it  may  not  be  charmed 
by  the  charmer  (Ps.  Iviii.  4). 

T/ie  terpent  is  symlio/ical — 

(1)  Of  deity,  because,  says  Plutarch, 
"it  feeds  upon  its  own  body  ;  even  so  all 
things  spring  from  God,  and  will  be  re- 
scdved  into  deity  again. — "  De  /side  et 
OsirtcU,"  i.  2.,  p.  5 ;  and  " Philo  Byhliui." 


(2)  Of  eternity,  as  a  corollary  of  tlic 
former.  It  is  represente<l  as  forming  a 
circle  and  holding  its  tail  in  its  mouth. 

('.j)  Of  renovation.  It  is  said  that  the 
serpent,  when  it  is  old,  ha.s  the  power  of 
growing  young  again  "like  the  eagle," 
by  casting  its  slough,  which  is  done  by 
e<iueezing  itself  between  two  rocks. 

(4)  Of  guardian  spirits.  It  was  thus 
employed  by  the  ancient  Greeks  and 
Iwouians,  and  not  unfrequently  the  figure 
of  a  serpent  was  depicted  on  tlicir  altars. 

In  the  temple  of  Athe'na,  at  Athen.i,  a 
ser))ent  was  kept  iu  a  cage,  and  called 
"The  Guardian  Spirit  of  the  Temj»le." 
This  serpent  was  suppo.sed  to  be  ani- 
mated by  the  soul  of  Erictho'nius. 

To  cheruth  a  serpent  in  i/onr  bosom.  To 
show  kindness  to  one  who  proves  un- 
grateful. The  Greeks  say  that  a  iius- 
bandman  found  a  serpent's  egg,  which  he 
put  into  his  bosom.  The  egg  was  hatched 
by  the  wairath,  and  the  young  serpent 
stung  its  benefactor. 

Their  ears  have  been  serpent-licked.  They 
have  the  gift  of  foreseeing  events,  the 
power  of  seeing  into  futurity.  This  is  a 
Greek  superstition.  It  is  said  that  Cas- 
sandra and  Hel'enus  were  gifted  with  the 
power  of  prophecy,  because  serpents 
licked  their  ears  while  sleeping  in  the 
temple  of  Apollo. 

The  seed  of  the  woman  shall  bruise  the 
serpent's  head.  And  to  the  serpent  God 
said,  the  seed  of  the  woman  "shall  bruise 
thy  head."  The  heart  of  the  serpent 
being  close  to  the  head,  renders  a  severe 
"  bruise "  there  fatal.  The  serpent 
bruised  the  heel  of  man  — i.e.,  bein^  a 
cause  of  stumbling,  it  hurt  the  foot  which 
tripjied  against  it.     (Gen.  iii.  15.) 

Serpent's  Ffod.  Fennel  is  said  to  be 
the  favourite  food  of  serpents,  with  the 
juice  of  which  it  restores  its  sight  wbp.n 
dim. 

Seipents.  Brazilian  wood  is  a  panacea 
against  the  bites  of  serpent."?.  The  coun- 
tess of  Salisbury,  in  the  reign  of  Jaiuesi 
I.,  had  a  bedstead  made  of  this  wood, 
and  on  it  is  the  legend  of  Hoiii  soil  qui 
vial  y  pense. 

Serpentine  Verses.  Such  as  end 
with  the  same  word  a.s  they  begin  with. 
The  following  are  examples  :  — 

Crescit  amor  nummi.  quauttini  ipsa  pei^unia  cre.^^Si:. 
Greater  grows  tUe  love  of  i^elf,  as  pelf  lUelf  grows 
greater. 

Ambo  florentes  statibus,  Arcades  are  be 
Both  ID  Cue  >p:iui  ri  life,  Arcailiaiisbucit 


8ERPEKTIX0. 


8EVEN   BODIES. 


805 


Serpen ti'no (in  "  Orlando  Fnrioso"). 
One  of  the  leaders  of  the  allied  Moorish 
army. 

Serrapurda.  High  screens  of  rep 
cloth,  stilfeiied  with  cane,  used  to  en- 
close a  considerable  space  round  the 
royal  tent  of  the  I'ersian  army. 

Servant  (Faithfal).    (5e«ADAM.) 

Serve.  I'll  serve  hiin  oxii—f^\&  him 
a  quid  i)ro  quo.  This  is  the  French  des- 
server,  to  do  an  ill  turn  to  one. 

To  nerve  a  rope.  To  roll  something: 
upon  it  to  ])revent  it  from  being  fretted. 
The  "  service"  or  material  employed  is 
spun  yard,  small  lines,  sennit,  ropes,  old 
leather,  or  canvas. 

Servua  Servo'rum  {Latin).  The 
slave  of  slaves,  the  drud.'C  of  a  servant. 
The  style  arlopted  by  the  Roman  pontiffs 
ever  since  the  time  of  CIrcgory  the  Great 
is  ^erviis  Sei-romm  Dei. 

Alexander  epi^copm,  servua  Berronim  Dei,  Ktiris- 
liiuo  tilio  Wubiliiio  siAuein.  —  Ri/mer,'' haiJUra,' 
L.  p.  1 

Sos'ame  (3  syl.).  Oily  grain  of  the 
natural  order  Pedal  ia'ceie,  originally 
from  India.  In  higypt  they  oat  sesauie 
Cakes,  and  the  Jews  frequently  add  the 
seed  to  their  cakes.  The  cakes  made  of 
sesame  oil,  mixo.l  with  honey  and  pre- 
served citron,  are  considered  an  Oriental 
luxury  ;  sesame  is  excellent  also  for  pud- 
dings.    (See  Oi'E.N  Sesame.) 

Ainnnft  the  numerous  object*  —  wis  *  lilEck  horse 

un  one  siJe  of  it«  itiaii^'er  (here  was  clean  liarle; 

ind  i"f«.i'ne.  iind  the  other  w»"  til  el  with  roi-e-witer 
—•■.Irxbiin  A'ii)/.t«  "  1  ""'■■'  CiitiiJer  . 

Se'sha.  King  of  the  serpent  race,  on 
whii;lj  Vishnu  reclines  on  the  priiiieval 
waters.  It  has  a  thousand  heads,  on  one 
of  which  the  world  rests.  The  coiled-up 
sesha  is  the  emblem  of  eternity.  — //(«(<('. 
mylholo'/ij. 

Sesos'tris  (in  Fdnelon's  "  TcHd- 
maiiue").  The  lay  figure  of  this  charac- 
ter was  Louis  XIV. 

Set  Off.  A  commercial  expression. 
The  cri'ilits  are  set  oti  the  debits,  and 
the  balance  struck. 

S,'i  n(f  to  advantafje.  A  term  used  by 
jewellers,  who  set  olT  precious  stones  by 
appropriate  "settings." 

Set-to.  A  boxing  mntch,  a  pug-!!istic 
fight,  a  scolding.  In  putrilism  the  com- 
batants are  by  their  seconds  "sot  to  the 
scratch"  or  lino  marked  on  the  ground, 
and  this  "set-to"  is  in  fact  the  com- 
OKiDcement  of  the  encon titer. 


Set'ebos.    A    deity  of   tb©   Patago- 

nians,  introduced  by  Shakesjieare  into 
his  "  Tempest." 

Ills  art  is  of  rich  power 
It  wouM  control  my  'l.tm  s  gu.i,  .^elehcs, 
Ani  njake  a  vassal  of  him.      "TtmpiM,"  i.  t. 

Seth'ites  (2  syl.).  A  sect  of  thf 
Bocotid  century,  who  maintained  that 
the  Me.ssiah  was  Seth,  son  of  A<l.am. 

Setting  the  Thames  on  Fire.    A 

pun  on  the  word  tew.H  (a  sieve  for  cleans- 
ing meal).  An  active  workman  would 
often  set  the  rim  of  the  temse  on  fire  by 
friction,  as  he  moved  it  rapidly  over  the 
mouth  of  the  I'arrel  into  which  the  meal 
was  sifted.  The  French  have  tiie  bainu 
pun:  "Setting  the  Seine  on  lire;"'  for 
seint  is  a  largo  fish-net.  A  lazy  man  will 
"  nerer  set  the  temse  [Thames]  on  Sre." 

Seven  (Greek,  /wpta;  Latin,  sepfem; 
German,  «tcit;«  /  iin.\on,  senfun;  our.tei'c/i, 
kc).  A  holy  number.  There  are  .seven 
days  in  creation,  seven  spirits  before  the 
throne  of  God,  seven  days  in  the  week, 
seven  graces,  seven  divisions  in  the  Lord's 
Prayer,  seven  ages  in  the  life  of  man,  and 
the  just  fall  "seven  times  a  d.ay."  There 
are  seven  phases  of  the  moon,  every 
seventh  year  was  sabbatical,  and  seven 
times  Seven  yeai-s  was  the  jubilee.  The 
three  great  Jewish  feasts  la-ted  seven 
days,  and  between  the  first  and  second 
of  these  feasts  were  seven  weeks.  Levit- 
ical  purifications  lasted  seven  days.  We 
have  seven  churches  of  Asia,  seven  can- 
dlesticks, sev-jn  stars,  seven  trumpets, 
seven  spirits  before  the  throne  of  God, 
seven  horns,  the  Laml)  has  seven  eyo, 
ten  times  seven  Israelites  go  to  Egypt, 
the  exile  lasts  the  saino  number  of  years, 
and  there  were  ten  times  seven  elders. 
Pharaoh  in  his  dream  saw  seven  kiue 
and  seven  ears  of  corn,  kc. 

It  is  frequently  used  indefinitely  to 
signify  a  long  time,  or  a  great  many  : 
thus  in  the  "  Interlude  of  the  Four  Ele- 
ments," the  dance  of  Apetyte  is  called 
llie  best  **tliat  I  liave  seen  this  seven 
jere."  Shuke.'^pcare  ti\lks  of  n  man  beint' 
"a  vilo  tliicf  ttiis  seven  year." 

Seven  Bodies  in  Alchemy.  Sun 
is  gold,  moon  silver,  .Mars  iron.  Mercury 
quicksilver,  Saturn  lead,  Jupitor  tin, 
and  Venus  copper. 

The  IxKliet  MTrn,  rrk,  to  hem  he«r  annon: 
H..I  K"l<l  l>.  alKl   L,ill>;t  fOlrrr  we  tlirF|<«; 
Jliim  ynn.  Mertiirii-  ciivk«ilv.T  w«  clepe; 
jUtiiniti>  l>'r.l,alicl  Jubitnr  m  ivii. 
And   \»int-  rwixT,  l»y  (tiy  failer  kyn. 
Chaucer.  I'rol.9/  th*  "  Chanoun94  J*«m'in«f  ToX** 


806       SKVEN   CIIAMPI0N8. 


BEVEN  SLEEPERS, 


Seven  Champions  of  Christen- 
dom is  by  Uicliard  Johnson,  who  lived 
iu  the  roif,nis  of  Elizahctli  and  James  I. 

(1)  St.  Goorg-e  of  Eiitrland  was  sovon 
years  iraiirisoncd  by  the  Almi'dor,  the 
bl;u;k  king  of  Morocco. 

(2)  St.  Denys  of  Franco  lived  seven 
years  in  the  form  of  a  hart, 

(;!)  St.  James  of  Spain  was  seven  years 
diuub  ovit  of  love  to  a  fair  Jewess. 

(4)  St.  Anthony  of  Italy,  with  the  other 
champions,  was  enchanted  into  a  deep 
sleep  in  the  Black  Castle,  and  was  re- 
leased by  St.  George's  three  sous,  who 
quenched  the  seven  lamps  by  water  from 
the  enchanted  fountain. 

(5)  St.  Andrew  of  Scotland,  who  was 
guided  throuL'h  the  Vale  of  Walking 
Spirits  by  the  Walking  Fire,  and  de- 
livered six  ladies  who  had  lived  seven 
years  under  the  form  of  milk-white  swans, 

((J)  St.  Patrick  of  Ireland  was  immured 
in  a  cell  where  he  scratched  his  gnave 
with  his  own  nails. 

(7)  St.  David  of  Wales  slept  seven 
years  in  the  enchanted  garden  of  Orraaa- 
diuo,  but  was  redeemed  by  St.  George. 

Seven  Churches  of  Asia. 

(1)  Ephcsos,  founded  by  St.  Paul,  57, 
in  a  ruinous  state  iu  the  time  of  Justinian 
(527). 

(2)  Smyrna,  still  an  important  seaport. 
Polycarp  was  its  first  bishop,  and  died 
175. 

(3)  Per'gamos,  renowned  for  its  library. 

(4)  Thyati'ra,  now  called  Ak-bissar 
(the  While  Castle). 

\5)  Sardis,  now  a  small  vill.ago  called 
Sart. 

(Q)  Philadelphia,  now  called  Allah 
Shehr  (City  of  God),  a  miserable  town. 

(J)  i.ai'dice'a,  now  a  deserted  place 
calli-a  Eski-hiss.Ti-  (Mm  Old  Cosll<\ 

Seven  Days'  War.  The  great 
conflict  for  German  supremacy  between 
Prussia  and  Italy  on  one  side  and  Aus- 
tria on  the  other,  in  the  spring  of  ISGd. 
Austria,  having  confessed  hcr.self  beaten, 
^ave  up  the  Quadrilateral  to  Franco,  and 
France  gave  it  to  Italy,  by  which  means 
all  Italy,  except  a  small  part  secured  to 
Ihe  pope,  became  one  kingdom. 

The  Franco-Prussian  conflict  was  a 
<;ix  months'  war.  The  emperor  left 
St.  Cloud  July  28,  1870,  and  Paris  ca- 
pitulated January  28,  1871. 

Seven  Dials  (London).  A  column, 
railed  in,  formerly  stood  at  the  ancieut 


limits  of  St.  Giles,  and  seven  dials  were 
affixed  to  it,  facing  the  seven  streets 
which  radi.ited  from  that  centre. 

Wliere  fairieJ  .""t.  Giles's  ancient  liinilg  spread 
An  in  raileil  colurnu  rcftr-"  its  lofty  liea'l 
Here  to  sevtu  6tiectti  8<  ven  dials  count  the  da7, 
Ani  from  each  other  catch  tiie  circling  ray. 

ljiii/,"TrcvM,"  ii. 

Seven  Joys  of  the  Virgiu.  (.See 
Maut.) 

Seven  Sages  or  Wise  Men  of 
Greece. 

(1)  Solon  of  Athens,  whose  motto  was, 
"  Know  thyself." 

(2)  Chile  of  Sparta — "Consider  the 
end." 

(3)  Thales  of  Miletos— "Who  hateth 
suretyship  is  sure." 

(4)  Bias  of  Prie'ne— "Most  men  are 
bad." 

(o)  Cleobulos  of  Lindos—" The  golden 
mean,"  or  "Avoid  extremes." 

(6)  PittacosofMityls'ne—"  Seize  Time 
by  the  forelock." 

(7)  Periandor  of  Corinth—"  Nothing 
is  impossible  to  industry." 

Fin*t  Snton,v\io  made  the  Athenian  laws; 
Vliile  C/iilo,  in  Sijarta,  was  faued  (or  liia  sawa; 
In  MileWs  did  Thaicf  iustrunuiiiy  teacii ; 
Bins  used  in  I'rie'ue  his  morals  to  pre.-ich; 
C  eobu/os.  of  Lindos.  wjts  liandsonie  and  wise; 
ilitvle  ne  'cainst  tliraldoui  saw  t'.tf.n-o8  rise; 
I'er'iunder  is  said  to  have  gained  ti.r.'n'.'li  his  cnnrt 
The  title  tl:at  Myion,  tiie  Oncuiau.  uughu      KCli, 

Seven  Senses,  Scared  out  of  my 
seven  x)is£s.  According  to  very  ancieut 
teaching,  the  soul  of  man,  or  his  "inward 
holy  body,"  is  compounded  of  the  .seven 
properties  which  are  under  the  influence 
of  the  seven  planets.  Fire  animates, 
earth  gives  the  sense  of  feeling,  water 
gives  speech,  air  gives  taste,  mist  gives 
sight,  flowers  give  hearing,  the  sotith 
wind  gives  smelling.  Hence  the  seven 
senses  are  animation,  feelinir,  speech, 
taste,  sight,  hearing,  and  smelling.  (Stt 
Common  Si-nse.)      See  Ecclesias.  xvii.  5. 

Ssven  Sisters.  Seven  culverins  eo 
called,  cast  by  one  Corthwicl:. 

And  these  were  Kortliwick's"  Sisters  SeveiL" 
And  culTerins  wliicli  France  had  civeu; 
Ill-omened  giitl    The  guns  remain 
The  conqaeior'B  sp^iil  on  FloJden  pUin. 

Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  J/n>mion,"  iT. 

Seven  Sleepers.  Seven  noble 
youths  of  Ephesos,  who  lied  in  the  Decian 
persecution  to  a  cave  in  mount  Celion 
After  230  years  they  awoke,  but  soon 
died,  and  iheir  bodies  were  ti\ken  to 
Marseilles  in  a  large  stone  coffin,  still 
shown  m  Victor's  Church.     Their  names 


SEVEN   SORROWS. 


SPORZA. 


807 


are  Constantine,  Dionysius,  JoLn,  Max- 
imiau,  Malcluis,  JIartin'ian,  and  Serap'- 
ion.  This  fable  took  its  rise  from  a  mis- 
apprehension of  the  words,  "  They  fell 
asleep  in  tho  Lord"— i.e.,  died.  — (?/•«- 
yory  of  Touri,  "  De  Gloria  Marlyrum," 
i.  'J.  (See  Koran  xviii.;  Golden  Legend,  Ac.) 

Seven  Sorrows.    C»S'ce  Maky.) 

Seven  Spirits  stand  before  the 
Throne  of  God  :— Michael,  Gabiiel,  La- 
mael,  Raphiicl,  Z;ich:iriel,  Anael,  and 
Oriphiel. —  GuMavini. 

Seven  Weeks'  War.  That  in 
18GG  betwueu  Prussia  and  Austria  (June 
17  to  Aug.  2.3.) 

Seven  Wise  Mastei'S.  Lucien,  son 
of  Dolopithus,  received  improper  ad- 
vances from  his  stepmother,  and,  being 
repelled,  she  accused  him  to  the  king:  of 
offering  her  violence.  ]5y  consulting  the 
stars  the  prince  found  out  that  his  life  was 
in  d.anper,  but  that  the  crisis  would  bo 
passed  witliout  injury  if  ho  remained  si- 
lent for  seven  days.  The  wise  masters 
now  take  up  the  matter  ;  each  one  in 
turn  tells  the  kinp;  a  talo  to  illustrate 
the  evils  of  inconsiderate  punishment.^, 
and  as  the  tale  ends  the  king  resolves  to 
relent ;  but  the  queen  at  night  prevails 
on  him  to  carry  out  his  sentence.  The 
seven  days  being  passed,  the  prince  also 
tells  a  tale  which  embodies  the  whole 
truth,  whereupon  the  king  sentences  the 
queen  to  lose  her  life.  This  collection 
of  tales,  called  "  Sandabar's  Parables," 
is  very  ancient,  and  has  been  translated 
from  the  Arabic  into  almost  all  the  lan- 
guages of  the  civilised  world.  John 
Holland,  of  Dalkeith,  turned  it  into 
Scotch  metre. 

Seven  Wonders  (I.)  of  AnUqniii). 

(1)  The  Pyramids  of  Kgypt;  (2)  the 
Hanging  Gardens  of  Habylon;  (3)  the 
Tomb  of  Mauso'los ;  (4)  the  Temple  of 
Di:ina  at  Ephesns  ;  (.''))  the  Colossus  of 
Kliodes  ;  (G)  the  Statue  of  Zeus  (.Jupiter) 
by  Phidias  ;  (7)  the  I'haros  of  Kgypt,  or 
else  the  Palace  of  Gyrus  cemented  with 
g.'ld. 

Th«  jyjramilt  lirit,  wliioh  in  V.vyxA  w«rcl«id  ; 
Next  ttnhiflon*^  i/ur  /en,  for  ,\ni'yi  lu  tnatle  : 
Then  .l/un«iiJo«'»  tunu'i  uf  ancction  miii  guilt: 
Fourth,  tile  Temple  of  Dian.  in  Kpliciius  hiillt ; 
The  Ciiliiimot  o/  Hlwdes.e&Bl  iu  liinss,  to  the  BUD; 
Sixth,  JuiiiUr'i  ttatut,  by  I'hiJiiK  duno ; 
The  riiartu  or  E'ljijit,  liivt  wondi-r  of  old. 
Or  Hie  palact  a/  i'l/prut.  ceineQti'd  with  gold,— B.C-B- 

{II.)   0/t/ie  Middle  Aijcs. 

(1)  The  Colisn'um    of  Homo ;  (2)  the 


Catacombs  of  Alexandra ;  (3)  tho  Great 
Wall  of  China;  (4)  Stonchcnge;  (5)  the 
Leaning  Tower  of  Pisa;  (G)  the  Porcelain 
Tower  of  Nankin  ;  (7)  tho  ]\Iosque  of  St. 
Sophia  at  Constantinople. 

Seven  Years'  Lease.  Leases  run 
by  seven  years  and  its  multiples,  from 
the  ancient  notion  of  what  was  termed 
"climacteric  years,"  in  which  life  wns 
suj>posed  to  bo  in  special  peril. — LeviMU 
Lemu'us.     (-S'ee  Ci.imactkuic  Years.) 

Seven  Years'  War.  Tho  conflict 
maintained  by  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia 
against  Austria,  Russia,  and  B'ranco. 
(175G-176,1) 

Severn.    (5e«  Sabkina.) 

Seve'rus  (St.).  Patron  saint  of 
fullers,  being  himself  of  tlie  same  craft. 

7Vtti  ]\'p.(l  of  iieoertis.  A  stone  ram- 
part, built  iu  208  by  the  emperor  Seve'rus, 
between  the  Tyne  and  the  Solway.  It 
is  to  the  north  of  Hadrian's  wall,  which 
was  constructed  in  120. 

Sewred-up.  Intoxicated;  done  up. 
(Dutch,  seemvl,  sick.) 

Sexages'ima  Sunday.  The  second 
Sunday  boforo  Lent ;  so  called  because 
in  round  numbers  it  is  sixty  days  before 
Easter. 

Sex'tile  (2  syl.).  Tho  aspect  of  two 
jilanets  when  distant  from  each  other 
sixty  degrees  or  two  signs.  This  position 
is  marked  thus  ^  As  there  are  twelve 
signs,  two  signs  are  .a  .■sixths 

in  sexlile,  sqinre,  and  trine,  ana  opposiln 
Of  uoxioun  cUicacy. 

iCiHon,  "Fayudise  Lost,"  x.  6")9. 

N.B.  Thp  signs  opposite  or  distant 
ono-half  the  circle  are  noxious,  because 
their  action  and  influence  are  in  the  con- 
trary direction. 

Sex'ton.  A  corruption  of  Sa'cristau, 
an  olhcial  who  has  charge  of  tho  sacia  or 
things  attached  to  a  specific  church,  such 
as  vestments,  cushions,  books,  boxes, 
tools,  vessels,  and  so  on, 

Seyd  {Seed).  Pacha  of  the  Moro'a, 
assassinated  by  Gulnaro,  his  favourite 
concubine. — Byron,  "The  Corsair." 

Sforza,  the  founder  of  the  illus- 
trious house  which  was  so  conspicuous 
in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries, 
was  the  son  of  a  day-labourer.  His  name 
was  Gi.aconiuzzo  Altondolo,  and  was 
cLanirod   to    Sforza  from   ine  following 


808 


SHACK. 


SHAFALUS. 


Inciflent : — Beinp  desirous  of  gniiip  to  the 
wars,  ho  consullod  bis  hatchot  tlms  :  ho 
flung  it  atfainst  a  tree,  sayinji:  "  If  it  sticks 
fast,  I  will  pfo."  It  (lid  stick  fast,  and  he 
enlisted.  It  was  because  ho  throw  it 
with  such  amaziuf?  force  that  ho  was 
called  Sforza,  the  Italian  for  force. 

iSfor:a  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered")  of 
Loniliardy.  He,  with  liis  two  brothers 
Achilles  and  ^alanle'dL■s^,  were  in  the 
Riiuadron  of  advcntiirers  in  the  allied 
Christian  army. 

Shack.  A  scamp.  To  shack  or 
ehackle  is  to  tie  a  log  to  a  horse,  and 
send  it  out  to  feed  on  Ihe  stubble  after 
harvest,  A  shack  is  cither  a  beast  so 
shackled,  the  risiht  of  sending  a  beast  to 
the  stubble,  or  the  stubble  itself.  Ap- 
plied to  men,  a  shack  is  a  jade,  a  stubble- 
fec<ler,  one  bearing  the  same  ratio  to  a 
well-to-do  man  as  a  jade  sent  tograxe  on 
a  common  bears  to  a  well-stalled  horse. 
(Saxon,  sceacv.l ;  Arabic,  sluikal,  to  tie 
the  feet  of  a  beast.) 

Shad-U-Kam  (Pleasure  and  Delight). 
The  luxuriant  province  of  the  Peri- 
realms,  the  capital  of  which  is  Juder- 
abad'  {Jeirel  city). 

Shaddock.  A  large  kind  of  orange, 
80  called  from  Captain  Shaddock,  who 
first  transplanted  one  in  the  West  Indies. 
It  is  a  native  of  China  and  Japan . 

Shades.  Wine  vaults.  Tho  Brigh- 
ton Old  Bank,  in  1819,  was  turned  by  Mr. 
Savage  into  a  smoking-room  and  giu- 
shop.  There  was  an  entrance  to  it  by 
the  Pavilion  Shades,  and  Savage  took 
down  the  word  hanl-,  and  inserted  instead 
the  word  shadea.  This  term  was  not 
inappropriate,  as  the  room  was  in  reality 
shaded  by  the  opposite  house,  occupied 
by  Mrs.  Fitzherbcrt. 

Shadolf.  A  contrivance  in  Eirypt 
for  watering  lands  for  tlie  summer  crops. 
It  consists  chietly  of  long  rods  so  sus- 
pended as  to  act  as  levers. 

Shadow.  A  ghost.  INIacbeth  says  to 
the  ghost  of  Banquo  — 

Hence,  horrible  sliaf'ow  !  unrea'  mmkeij  hence! 
aiwkcspaire,  "M<ict'eth,"ii\.  4. 

lie  KOuld  quarrel  with  his  omi  shadaa. 
He  is  so  irritable  that  he  would  lose  his  tem- 
per on  the  merest  tiifle.    (v.  Sculkmihl.) 

Go7te  to  the  bad/or  the  shadoto  of  an  ass. 
Demosthenes  says  a  young  Athenian 
once  hired  au  ass  to  Meg'ara.     The  heat 


was  so  great  and  the  road  so  expoped, 
that  he  alighted  at  midday  to  take  shel- 
ter from  the  sun  under  the  shadow  of 
the  poor  Vjeast.  Scarcely  was  he  seated 
when  the  owner  passcil  l)y,  and  laid 
claim  to  the  shallow,  saying  he  let  the 
ass  to  the  traveller,  but  not  the  ass's 
shadow.  After  fighting  for  a  time,  they 
agreed  to  settle  the  matter  in  the  law 
courts,  and  the  suit  lasted  so  long  that 
both  were  ruined.  "  If  you  must  quar- 
rel, let  it  be  for  something  better  than 
the  shadow  of  an  ass." 

iJ/c?/  your  shadow  never  he  less.  When 
students  have  made  certain  progress  in 
the  black  arts,  they  are  compelled  to  nia 
through  a  .subterranean  hall,  with  the 
devil  after  them.  If  they  run  so  fast 
tb.at  tho  devil  can  only  catch  their  sha- 
dow or  part  of  it,  they  become  tirst-rate 
magicians,  but  lose  either  all  or  part  of 
their  shadow.  Therefore  the  exjiression 
referred  to  above  means,  Hay  you  escape 
wholly  and  entirely  from  the  clutches  of 
the  foul  fiend. 

A  servant  earnestly  desircth  Vie  shwlote 
(Job  vii.  2)— the  time  of  leaving  off  work. 
The  people  of  the  East  measure  time  by 
the  length  of  their  shadow,  and  if  you 
ask  a  man  what  o'clock  it  i.s,  he  wll  go 
into  the  sun,  stand  erect,  and  fixing  his 
ej'e  where  his  shadow  terminates,  will 
measure  its  length  with  his  feet  ;  havingr 
done  so  he  will  tell  you  the  hour  cor- 
rectly. A  workman  earnestlj'  desires  his 
shadow,  which  indicates  the  time  of 
leaving  off  work.  A  person  wanting  to 
leave  the  field-work  says,  "How  long 
my  shadow  is  coming!"  A  wife  will  say 
to  her  husband,  "Why  did  you  not  come 
sooner,"  and  the  man  will  answer,  "  I 
was  obliged  to  wait  for  my  shadow." 

Shady.  On  the  shady  side  of  forty — 
the  wrong  side,  meaning  more  than  forty. 
As  evening  approaches  the  shadows 
lengthen,  and  as  man  advances  towards 
the  evening  of  life  he  approaches  the 
shady  side  thereof.  As  the  beauty  of 
the  day  is  gone  when  the  sun  declines, 
tho  word  shady  means  inferior,  bad,  &c. ; 
as,  a  shady  character,  one  that  will  not 
t'car  the  light ;  a  shady  transaction,  &c. 

Shaf  alus.  So  Bottom  the  "Weaver, 
and  Francis  Flute  the  Bellows-mender, 
call  Ceph'alus,  the  husband  of  Procris, 
Cephalus  was  very  fond  of  hunting,  and 
being  greatly  heated  used  to  throw  him 
self   on    the   ground  and   call    for  Aura 


SIIAFITES. 


SHAKESPEARS. 


80tf 


(wind).  Procris,  being  iufornieil  of  this, 
thought  Aura  was  some  rival  mistress, 
and  out  of  jealousy  stole  through  the 
woods  to  catch  her  "  faithless  spouse " 
in  the  very  act  of  infidelity.  Cephalus 
heard  a  rustling,  and  thinking  it  to  be 
occasioned  by  some  wild  boar  about  to 
Bpring  on  him,  discharged  a  dart,  and 
killed  his  jealous  wife. 

PvRAMus.    Not  Sh&fal'is  to  ProcruB  was  so  liue. 
Thishe.     As  SI'.i'hIiis  t.i  I'rocrus.  1  to  ynu. 
afkilcttijtare,  "Muituminer  .\'ii/hl'i  Dream,"  v.  1. 

Sha'fites  (2  syl.).  One  of  the  four 
sects  of  the  Sunnites  or  orthodox  Mos- 
lems; so  called  from  AlShafoi,  a  descen- 
dant of  Mahomet. 

Shaft.  /  will  make  either  a  shaft  or 
holt  of  it.  I  will  apply  it  to  one  use  or 
another.  The  bolt  was  the  cross-bow 
arrow,  the  shaft  was  the  arrow  of  tho 
long-bow. 

Shafton  (Sir  Piercie).  lu  this  char- 
acter Sir  Walter  Scott  has  made  familiar 
to  us  the  euphuisms  of  queen  Elizabeth's 
age.  Tho  fashionable  cavalier  or  pedantic 
fop,  who  assumes  the  high- flown  style 
rendered  fashionable  by  Lyly,  was  grand- 
son of  old  Overstitch  the  tailor.— 6'tV 
Walter  iScott,  "Monastery." 

Shag.  Wet  as  a  shag.  A  shag  is  a 
cormorant  or  sea-raveu  {L'orvus  mari'uus). 

Shah-pour,  the  Great  (SapoKIL). 
Suruamed  Zn-kctaf  (shoulder-breaker), 
because  he  dislocated  the  shoulders  of 
all  tho  Arabs  taken  in  war.  The  Romans 
called  him  I'osi' humus,  because  he  was 
bom  after  the  death  of  his  father  Ilor- 
muz  II.  Ho  was  crowned  in  the  womb 
by  the  Magi  placing  the  royal  insignia 
on  the  body  of  his  mother. 

Shakes.  Xo  great  sluikes.  Nothing  e.^c- 
Iraordinary  ;  no  such  mighty  privilege, 
or  bargain.  Tho  shake  is  the  common 
or  stubble,  which  poor  men  were  by  law 
empowered  to  use  for  their  hogs,  sheep, 
or  cattle,  between  narvest  and  seed 
time ;  hence  a  privilege.  It  is  quite  a 
mistake  to  derive  the  word  from  the 
Krench  chaqut,  or  Persian  shuck  (a 
thine). 

I'll  dn  it  ilia  brace  of  shakes— insiaiiUy, 
as  soon  as  you  can  shake  twice  the  dice- 
box. 

Shake-down.  Come  and  lake  a 
ihake-dotcn  at  mi/  house  — a,  bed.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  time  wiicn  men  ftlept 
upon  litter  or  clean  straw. 

2    A    • 


Shakers.  Certain  agamists  founded 
in  North  America  by  Ann  Lee,  called 
"  Mother  Ann,"  dauf^hter  of  a  poor 
blacksmith,  bom  in  Toad  Lane  (Todd 
Street),  Manchester.  She  married  a 
smith  named  Stanley,  and  had  four 
children  who  died  in  infancy,  after 
which  she  joined  the  sect  of  Jane  Ward- 
law,  a  tailoress,  but  was  thrown  into 
prison  as  a  brawler.  While  there  she 
said  that  Jesus  Christ  stood  before  her, 
and  became  one  with  her  in  form  and 
spirit ;  and  when  she  came  out  and  told 
her  story,  six  or  seven  persons  joined 
her,  and  called  her  "the  Lamb's  bride." 
Soon  after  this  she  went  to  America  and 
settled  at  Water  Vliet,  in  New  York. 
Other  settlements  were  established  in 
Hancock  and  Mount  Lebanon. 

The  shakers  never  marrj,  form  no  earthly  lieM, 
believe  in  nu  future  resurrection.  — W.  JltpworVi 
Dixon.  "Ntw  An«/ uu,"  viL  ;i. 

Shakespeare,  usually  called  "  Gen- 
tle Will." 

Hie  wife  was  Anne  Hathaway,  of  Sliot- 
tery,  about  eight  years  older  than  him- 
self. 

He  liad  one  son  named  Hamuet,  who 
died  in  his  twelfth  year,  and  two  daughters. 

Ben  Jonson  said  of  him  —  "  And 
though  thou  hadst  small  Latin  and  less 
Greek     .     .     ." 

Milton  calls  him  "Sweetest  Shake- 
speare, fancy's  child,"  and  says  ho  will 
go  to  the  well-trod  stage  to  Lear  him 
"  warble  his  native  wood-notes  wild." — 
"L  Allegro,"  133. 

Akenside  says  he  is  "Alike  tho  m;is. 
ter  of  our  smiles  and  tears." — Ode  i. 

Dryden  says  of  him  —  "  He  was  a  man 
who  of  all  moilern,  and  perliai>s  ancieiit 
poets,  had  the  largest  and  most  com- 
prehensive sold." 

Young  says — "He  wrote  tho  pl.iy  the 
Altuighty  made." — Epistle  to  Lord  Latis- 
doinie. 

Mallettsays — "  Great  above  rule.  .  .  . 
Nature  was  his  own." — "  Verbal  C'rifi- 
cism." 

Collins  says  he  "joined  Tuscan  fancy 
to  Athenian  force." — IjpislletoSir  Thouiat 
JIa  inner. 

Pope  .'<ays — 

Hhakespfarc  (whom  rou  an>l  ctery  play-house  llll 
8'yle  •■  til'  divine,"" the  maiohless, '  what  )ou  wi;l| 
Fur  ttaia,  not  iflory,  wiiik>'i1  Iiih  ruviiin  ll<f(lit, 
Aii'i  grew  immorlal  iu  his  own  despinLt. 

"  ImiUtiiunt  0/  Horac*,"  Ki>.  I. 

Th<  dedicdlion  of  Hhakcspearc  $  Sonnets 


810 


SHAKY, 


SITANDEAN  EXACTNESS. 


has  provoked  much  controvorsy.  It  is 
as  follows : — 

TO   THE  ONLIE  BKOETTKR   OF 

TUESE  INSUING  SONNETS 

MR.    W.  n.    ALL   HAPPINESSK 

AND  TUAT  ETEHN'ITIE 

PUOMISED 

BY 

OUR  EVER-LlVIXa   POET 

WISHETU 

—that  is,  Mr.  William  Herbert  [after- 
wards lord  Pembroke]  wisheth  to  [the 
earl  of  Southampton]  the  only  bef^etter 
or  instig-vtor  of  these  sonnets,  that  happi- 
ness and  eternal  life  which  [Shakespeare] 
the  ever-living  poet  speaks  of.  The 
rider  is — 

THE   WELL-WISHINQ 
ADVENTURER  IN 
SETTING 
FORTH  T.    T. 

That  is,  Thomas  Thorpe  is  the  adven- 
turer who  speculates  in  their  publica- 
tion.    {See  Athemeum,  Jan.  25,  1862.) 

Skakespeare.  There  are  six  accredited 
signatures  of  this  poet,  five  of  which  are 
attached  to  business  documents,  and  one 
is  entered  in  a  book  called  "  Floreo,"  a 
h-finslation  of  Montaigiio,  published  in 
1603.  A  passage  in  act  ii.,  s.  2,  of  "The 
Tempest "  is  traced  directly  to  this  tran- 
slation, proving  that  the  "  Floreo  "  was 
possessed  by  Shakespeare  before  he  wrote 
that  play. 

The  Ukahespeare  of  Divines.  Jeremy 
Taylor.     (1613-1667.) 

TIte  Shakespeare  of  Eloquence.  So  Bar- 
nave  happily  characterised  the  comte  de 
Mirabeau.     (1749-1791.) 

Shaky.  Not  steady ;  not  in  good 
health ;  not  strictly  upriglit ;  not  well 
prepared  for  examination.  The  allusion 
is  to  a  table  or  chair  out  cf  order,  and 
shaky. 

Shalloon  is  the  French  rn."  dc  Chalons 
(the  short-napped  cloth  manufactured  at 
Chalons). 

Shallow.  A  weak-miuded  country 
justice,  intended  as  a  caricature  of  Sir 
Thomas  Lucy,  of  Charlecote.  He  is 
described  as  one  who  has  been  a  mad- 
cap in  his  youth,  and  still  dotes  on  his 
wild  tricks  ;  he  is  withal  a  liar,  a  block- 
head, and  a  rogue. — Sliakapeare,  "Meriy 
Wives  of  WimUor,"  and  "  2  Henry  I V."^ 

Shallum,  tho  lover  of  Hilpa,  is  de- 
scribed by  Addis  on  to  be  "  of  a  gentle  dis- 


position, beloved  both  by  God  and  man.' 
He  was  lord  of  a  manor  consisting  of  a 
long  cliain  of  rocks  and  mountains  called 
Tu-7.nh.—Spcct(i(or,v\u.^M-b.  (See  Htlpa.) 

Shalott  (Lady  of).  A  poem  by 
Tennyson,  the  tale  of  which  is  similar 
to  that  of  Elaine  the  "  fair  maid  of 
Astolat"  <q.v.).  Part  I.  describes  the 
island  of  Shalott,  and  tells  us  that  the 
lady  passed  her  life  so  secluded  there 
that  only  the  farm-labourers  knew  her. 
Part  11.  tells  us  that  the  lady  passed  her 
time  in  weaving  a  magic  web,  and  that 
a  curse  would  light  on  her  if  she  looked 
down  the  river  towards  Canielot.  Part 
III.  describes  how  Sir  Lancelot,  in  all  his 
bravery,  rode  to  Camelot,  and  the  lady 
looked  at  him  as  he  rode  along.  Part  IV. 
says  that  tho  lady  entered  a  boat,  hav- 
ing first  written  her  name  on  the  prow, 
and  floated  down  the  river  to  Camelot, 
but  died  on  tho  way.  When  the  boat 
reached  Camelot,  Sir  Lancelot,  with  all 
the  inmates  of  the  palace,  came  to  look 
at  it.  They  read  the  name  on  the  prow, 
and  Sir  Lancelot  exclaimed,  "  She  has  a 
lovely  face,  and  may  God  have  mercy  on 
the  lady  of  Shalott !" 

Shambles  means  tenches  (Saxon, 
scanul;  Latin,  scainnum)\  the  benches  on 
which  meat  is  exposed  for  sale.  Bank 
moans  precisely  the  same  thing  as  sham- 
bles.    (See  Bank.) 

Whatsoever  is  sold  in  the  shambles,  that  eat, 
askiag  qo  questiua.— 1  Cor.  x.  25. 

Sham'roek,  the  symbol  of  Ireland, 
because  it  was  selected  by  St.  Patrick 
to  prove  to  the  Irish  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity.     (Irish  and  Gaelic,  seam-rag.) 

Shamrock.  According  to  the  elder 
Pliny,  no  serpent  will  touch  this  plant. 

Shan-dra-dan.  An  Irish  car;  a 
corruption  of  the  French  char-en-dedans 
(an  inside  car— i.e.,  a  car  where  the  tra- 
vellers sit  vis-d-vis). 

Shande'an  Exactnass.  Sir  "Wal- 
ter Scott  -says,  "  The  author  proceeds 
with  the  most  unfeeling  prolixity  to  give 
a  minute  detail  of  civil  and  common  law, 
of  the  feudal  institutions,  of  the  archi- 
tecture of  churches  and  castles,  of 
sculpture  and  painting,  of  minstrels, 
players,  and  parish  clerks.  .  .  Tristram 
can  hardly  be  said  to  be  fairly  bom, 
though  his  lip  has  already  attained  the 
size  of  half  a  volume."    {Sit  next  page.) 


SHANDY 


SHAVING. 


811 


TTith  a  Shaniein  einctness.  .  .  .  Lidy  Anno 
bo(pns  her  memoirt  of  hent-lf  nine  months  before 
her  nativity,  for  the  lalce  of  iairoiluoing  s  beauti- 
ful quotation  fruai  the  Paslma— "Tyio?.  Horeulii," 
p.  36U. 

Shandy.  Captain  Shandy  is  called 
Uncle  Toby.  He  was  wounded  at  the 
piege  of  Namur,  and  had  retired  from  the 
service.  He  is  benevolent  and  generous, 
simple  as  a  child,  brave  as  a  lion,  and 
£f;illaiit  as  a  courtier.  His  modesty  with 
Willow  Wailman  and  his  military  tastes 
are  admirable.  He  is  said  to  be  drawn 
for  Sterne's  father. — "  Tristram  Shandy." 

.)/c5.  Elizahdh  Shandy,  mother  of 
Tristram.  The  beau-ideal  of  nonentity. 
Sir  Walter  Scott  describes  her  as  a 
"  g-ood  lady  of  the  poco-cnrante  school." 
—  Slerrie,  "  Tristram  Shandy." 

Tristram  Shandy.  The  hero  of  Sterne's 
novel  so  called. 

Walter  Shandy,  Tristram's  father.  He 
is  a  metaphysical  Don  Quixote  in  his  way, 
full  of  superstitious  and  idle  conceits. 
He  believes  in  long  noses  and  propitious 
names,  but  his  son's  nose  is  crushed,  and 
his  name  is  Tristram  instead  of  Tris- 
megistus. — Sicrne,  "Tristram  Shandy." 

Shanks'  Nag.  To  ride  Shani^  nag 
is  to  go  on  foot,  the  shanks  being  the 
legs.  A  similar  phrase  is  "  Going  by  the 
marrow-bone  stage." 

Shanty.  A  log-hut;  from  the  French 
r/i •(/.''>;»■,  a  yard  where  logs  of  wood  are 
piled  for  sale. 

Shark.  A  swindler,  a  pilferer  ;  one 
who  snaps  up  things  like  a  shark,  which 
c.it.s  almost  anything,  and  ^eems  to  care 
litllo  whether  its  food  is  alive  or  dead, 
fish,  tlesh,  or  human  bo'lies. 

TlicFc  ilreves  dee  rob  UB  with  onr  owne  cod  will. 
An  I  I'Svc  ds-pe  Nature's  warriitit  Tor  it  s'ill; 
Boiiicii  •  et   these   sharks   doe  w .rke   each   other's 

\via.,k. 
The  raieuiu^  bcllj  often  robs  llie  backs. 

Tai/lor't  •'Workti"  U,  117. 

The  shari  flies  the  featlier.  This  is  a 
Bailor's  proverb  founded  on  observation. 
TliDUgh  a  shark  is  so  voracious  that  it 
will  swallow  without  distinction  every- 
thing that  tlrops  from  a  nhip  into  the 
sea,  such  as  cordage,  cloth,  pitch,  wood, 
anil  even  knives,  yet  it  will  never  touch 
a  pilot-fish  (q.v.)  or  a  fowl,  either  alive 
or  dead.  It  avoids  sea-gulls,  sea-niew8, 
petrels,  and  eviry  feathered  thing. — 
St.  Pierre,  "  Studies,"  i. 

Sharp   tBeckt/).    The  imporsoDation 


of  intellect  without  virtue  in  Thackeray's 
"  Vanity  Fair."     (.Se«  Sedlev.) 

Becky  Sharp,  with  a  baronet  for  a  bro'her-in- 
law  and  an  earl's  daui:hter  fur  a  friend,  I'elt  the 
bollowneSB  of  human  grandour,  and  thought  she 
Wis  lia|)p  er  with  the  Bohemiiin  artists  in  Suho.— 
Tkt  Exi  reta. 

Sha)-p's  the  rcord.  Look  out,  keep  your 
eyes  open  and  your  wits  about  you. 
When  a  shopman  suspects  a  customer, 
he  will  ask  aloud  of  a  brother  shopman 
if  "Mr.  SharjD  is  come  in  ;"  and  if  his 
suspicion  is  confirmsd  will  receive  for 
answer,  "No,  but  he  is  expected  back 
immediately." — Hotten. 

&' harp-beak.  The  Crow's  wife  in 
the  tale  of  "  Reynard  the  Fox." 

Sharp-set.     Hungry. 

I'  anl-  were  so  s!iarpe-set  as  to  eat  fried  flict,  but- 
terd  bees,  stii  d  suailes,  either  on  KricJaie  c.r  Sun- 
da. e,  he  could  not  be  therefore  iudi  ttd  of  ]iault« 
treason.- i(jniAiir««,  "Ireland,"  p.  19.    (issu.) 

Shaugeda'ya  {Xorlh- American  In- 
dian).    A  coward. 

Shave.  To  shave  a  customer.  Hotten 
says,  when  a  master-draper  sees  any  one 
capable  of  being  imposed  upon  enter  his 
shop,  he  strokes  his  chin,  to  signify  to 
his  assistant  that  the  customer  may  be 
shaved. 

/  shaved  through;  lie  vas  mlhin  a 
shave  of  a  pluck.  I  just  got  through  [my 
examination]  ;  He  was  nearly  rejected  aa 
not  up  to  the  mark.  The  allusion  is  to 
carpentry. 

Shaveling.  A  lad,  a  young  man. 
In  the  year  l;j43,  the  clergy  died  so  fast 
of  the  Black  Death,  that  youths  were  ad- 
mitted to  holy  onlers  by  being  shaven. 
"  William  Bateman,  bishop  of  Norwich, 
dispensed  with  sixty  shavelings  to  hold 
rectories  and  other  livings,  that  divine 
service  might  not  cease  in  the  parishes 
over  which  they  were  appointed.*' — Blom- 
fiehl,  "I/iftory  of  Sorfvlk,"  vol.  iii. 

Shaveling.  A  friar,  a  priest ;  so  called 
because  priests  were  ''  all  shaven  and 
shorn,"  and  are  still  in  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic Church. 

Becket  p'oclnimed  to  his  shaTelires  immunitie  of 
condiiftie  p:mi3hii:ent  even  in  a  cv'-e  of  most  wicked 
murthering.  —  iximiarJ«'s  /"erom/iulurioii,  p.  «as. 
(13J0.) 

Shaving.  Bondmen  were  com- 
manded  by  the  ancient  Gauls  to  shcvo  ia 
token  of  servitude. 

In  the  Turkish  seraglio,  the  slaves  aro 
obliged  to  shave  their  chins  in  token  of 
their  Ecrvitudo. 


812 


SlIAWONDASER. 


SHEET  ANCHOR. 


Shawonda'see  (yorlh-A  merican In- 
dian). Son  of  Mudjekoo'vvis,  and  king  of 
the  South-wind.  He  sends  the  wood- 
nirds  an<l  robin,  the  swallow  and  wild- 
^ooso,  the  melon  and  tobacco,  the  grape 
aad  the  maize.  Ho  is  described  as  fat 
and  lazy,  listless  and  easy.  Ho  loved  a 
prairie  mai<ien,  but  was  too  lazy  to  woo 
iior.  The  maiden  proved  to  be  the  dan- 
delion, and  wlicn  winter  came  her  head 
was  covered  with  snow,  and  sho  was  lost 
til  the  lazy  Shawonda'see. — Longfellow, 
"  11  uaoallui." 

She  Stoops  to  Conquer.  This 
comedy  owes  its  existence  to  an  incident 
which  actually  occurred  to  the  autlior. 
When  Goldsmith  was  sixteen  years  of  age, 
a  wag  residing  at  Ardagh  directed  him, 
when  passing  through  that  village,  to 
squire  Fetherstone's  house  as  the  villags 
inn.  The  mistake  was  not  discovered  for 
some  time,  and  then  no  one  enjoyed  it 
more  heartily  than  Oliver  himself. 

Shear  Steel  is  steel  fit  for  clothiers' 
$hears.  Scythes,  penknives,  razors,  and 
other  sharp  cutting  instruments  are 
made  of  this  steel. 

Sheb-seze.  The  great  fire  festival  of 
the  I'ersians,  when  they  used  to  set  fire 
to  large  bunches  of  dry  combustibles,  fas- 
tened round  wild  beasts  and  birds,  which 
being  then  let  loose,  the  air  and  earth 
appeared  one  great  illumination.  The 
terrified  creatures  naturally  Hed  to  the 
woods  for  shelter,  and  it  is  easy  to  con- 
ceive the  contlagration  they  produced. — 
Richardson,  "Vissertalion." 

She'ba  {Queen  of).  Maqueda,  but 
called  Balkis  iu  the  Koran. 

Hheb'diz.  The  Persian  liucephalos 
iq-v.),  the  favourite  charger  of  Khosru 
Parviz,  generally  called  Chosroes  II.  of 
Per.^ia.     (51)0-628.) 

Shechi'nah  (shachan,  to  reside).  The 
glory  of  the  Divine  presence  in  the  shape 
of  a  cloud  of  fire,  which  rested  on  the 
mercy-scat  (Lev.  xvi.  2). 

Shedad  made  the  delicious  gardens 
of  h-im,  iu  imitation  of  Paradise,  and 
was  destroyed  by  lightning  the  first 
time  he  attempted  to  enter  tLiem. 

Sheep.  Ram  or  tup,  the  sire ;  ewe, 
the  dam  ;  lamh,  the  new-born  sheep  till 
it  is  weaned,  when  it  is  called  a  hag/jet; 
the  t'jp-lamb  being  a  "  tup-hogget,"  and 
the  owe-lamb  a  "owe-hogget ;"    if  tbe 


tup  is  castrated  it  is  called  a   wether* 

hogget. 

After  the  removal  of  the  f-rsl  fleece, 
the  tup-hogget  becomes  a  shearling,  the 
ewe-hogget  a  grimmer,  and  the  wether- 
hogget  a  dinmont  (hence  the  name 
"Dandy  Dinmont"). 

After  the  removal  of  the  second  fleece, 
the  shearling  becomes  a  two-shear  iup, 
the  grimmer  a  ewe,  and  the  dinmont  a 
xcether. 

After  tlie  removal  of  the  third  fleece, 
the  ewe  is  called  a  iwinier-ewe ;  and  when 
it  ceases  to  breed,  a  draft-ewe. 

Sheep.  Don  Quixote  saw  the  dust  ol 
two  flocks  of  sheep  coming  in  opposite 
directions  towards  him,  and  told  Sancho 
they  were  two  armies— one  commanded 
by  the  emperor  Alifanfaron,  bovereign  of 
the  island  of  Trap'oban  ;  and  the  other 
by  the  king  of  the  Garaman'teaus,  named 
"  Pentap'olin  with  the  naked  arm."  Ali- 
fanfaron was  in  love  with  Pentapolin's 
daughter,  but  the  royal  father  refused  to 
sanction  the  alliance  unless  the  emperor 
renounced  his  faith  in  Mahomet,  and  thus 
caused  a  deadly  feud  between  them.  The 
mad  knight  rushed  on  the  flock  "  led  by 
Alifanfaron,"  killing  seven  of  the  sheep, 
but  was  stunned  by  stones  thrown  at  him 
by  the  shepherds.  When  Sancho  told 
his  master  that  the  two  armies  were  two 
flocks  of  sheep,  the  knight  replied  that 
the  enchanter  Freston  had  metamor- 
phosed "the  two  grand  armies"  in  order 
to  show  his  malice. —  Cervantes,  "  Don 
Quixote,"  bk.  iii.,  ch.  5. 

The  Black  Sheep  (K&r4-koin-loo).  A 
tribe  which  established  a  principality  in 
Armenia,  that  lasted  108  years  (13(30- 
1468);  so  called  from  the  device  of  their 
standard. 

The  White  Slieep  (Ak-koin-loo).  A  tribe 
which  established  a  principality  in  Ar- 
menia, &c.,  on  the  ruin  of  the  Bia^^k 
Sheep  (1468-1 503) ;  so  called  from  the 
device  of  their  standard. 

To  cast  a  sheep's  eye  at  one  is  to  look 
askance  like  a  sheep  at  a  person  to  whom 
you  feel  lovingly  inclined  (transversa 
tuentibus  hircis. —  Virgil). 

But  he,  the  beast,  was  castinz  sheeo's  eyes  a*  tier. 
Culinan.  "Broad  tirtru.' 

Sheets,  Shoots  or  Shots.  A  Ken 
tish  word  for  pigs  between  the  age  o( 
six  and  ten  mouths. 

Sheet  Anchor.  That  is  my  sheet 
anchor—  my  chief  sta^',  my  chief  depeii< 


FHEIK. 


8HEWRI-WHILE. 


dence.  The  sheet  anchor  is  the  largest 
and  heaviest  of  all.  The  word  is  a 
corrui>tion  of  Shote-anchor,  the  anchor 
shot  or  thrown  o\it  in  stress  of  weather. 

The  fuTKeun  no  loncer  bleeds.  If  you  Mk  him 
"  why  tliia  ufnlrci  of  what  was  once  corn  deieil  the 
s/wet  anchor  of  practice  ID  cenaiii  dieearn  s,  '  be 
will  .  .  .  .—  The  Timet. 

Sheik  (Arabic,  e^der).  A  title  of  re- 
spect equal  to  the  Italian  signo're,  the 
French  sieur,  Spanish  seilor,  &c. 

Sheldo'nian  Theatre.  The  "  Se- 
nate House"  of  Oxfonl ;  so  called  from 
Gilbert  Sheldon,  archbi.shop  of  Canter- 
bury, who  built  it.     (1593-1699.) 

Shelf.  Laid  on  the  shelf  or  ihelved. 
A  government  officer  no  lonsrer  actively 
employed;  an  actor  no  longer  assigned 
a  part;  a  ynng  lady  past  the  ordinary 
age  of  marriage ;  a  pawn  at  the  broker's; 
a  question  started  and  set  aside.  All 
mean  laid  \\\>  and  put  away. 

Shell  out.  Out  with  your  shells  or 
money  ;  in  allusion  to  the  Cyprcva 
mone'ia  or  cowries  (univalve  shells),  used 
in  Southern  Asia  and  on  the  coast  of 
Ouinoa  in  Africa.  In  the  Philippine 
Islands  other  shells  are  also  used  for 
coins. 

Shemit'ic.  Pertainincr  to  Shem,  des- 
cendant of  Shem,  derived  from  Shem. 

The  Shemidc  Lanr/unrjes  are  Chaldee, 
Syriac,  Arabic,  Hebrew,  Samaritan, 
Ethiopic,  and  old  Phtenician. 

^VwjOTiftc  xVations  or  Shemiles  (2  syl.). 
The  Assyrians,  Chaldceans  or  Babylo- 
nians, Syrians,  Phoenicians,  Hebrews, 
Arabs,  and  Ethiopians. 

Sheppard  [Jnch).  Son  of  a  carpenter 
in  Siiiiihlifld,  noted  for  his  two  escapes 
from  Newgate  in  1724.  He  was  hanged 
at  Tyburn  the  same  year.     (1701-1724.) 

The  i>hs/t'itrd.  Moses  who  fed  the  flocks 

<'f  Jethro,  his  father-in-law. 

PiDK.  heaTcDly  muKe.  Ihat  on  the  secret  top 
Of  Oreh  or  or  S  uxi  d  dst  insp  re 
That  shepherd,  who  fitet  rtiu-ht  the  ohosen  seed 
In  the  beginniuK  huw  the  beikrens  and  earth 
Ko«e  out  of  cliaijs. 

Milton,  "PnTffliM  hotl"  bk.  1. 

N.B.  — Oreb  or  Ilorcl)  and  Sinai  ara 
two  heights  of  one  mountain. 

The  ,'ihfpherd  Kin//s  or  llyksns.  Some 
2,000  years  D.c,  a  tribe  of  Arabian  shep- 
henls  established  themselves  in  Lower 
Egypt,  and  were  governed  by  their  own 
chiefs.  Mau'clho  says  "They  reigned 
51 1  years ; "  Eratos'thenes  says  470  yeru-s ; 


Africa'nus,  284  years;  Eusebius,  10?.  yoar*. 
Some  say  they  extended  over  five  dyna-s- 
ties,  some  over  three,  some  limit  their 
sway  to  one;  some  give  the  name  of  only 
one  monarch,  some  of  fotir,  and  otliers 
of  six,  Bunscn  (ilacea  them  B.C.  1639; 
Lepsius,  B.C.  1842;  others,  1900  or  2000. 
If  there  over  were  stich  kinirs,  thoy  were 
driven  into  Syria  by  the  rulers  of  Ufiper 
Egvpt.     (Hyk,  rtiler;  skn/:,  shephenl. ) 

The  S'leplierd  Lord.  Henry,  the  tenth 
lord  Clifford,  sent  by  his  mother  to  be 
brought  up  by  a  shepherd,  in  order  to 
save  him  from  the  fury  of  the  Yorkists. 
At  the  accession  of  Henry  VII.  he  was 
restored  to  all  his  rights  and  seigniories. 
(Died  1523.) 

The  Shfj-iherrPs  Sun-dial.  The  scarlet 
piaij)crnel,  which  opens  at  a  little  past 
seven  in  the  morning,  and  closes  at  a  little 
past  two.  When  rain  is  ac  hand,  or  the 
weather  is  unfavourable,  it  does  not 
open  at  all. 

The  Shepkei'd  of  Banlnry,  The  ostens- 
ible author  of  a  Weather  Guide.  He 
styles  himself  John  Claridge,  Shepherd, 
but  the  real  author  is  said  to  be  Dr. 
.John  CampbeU.  (First  published  in 
1744.) 

Tlie  Sliejilierd  of  Salisbury  Plain.  Said 
to  be  David  Saunders,  noted  for  his 
homely  wisdom  and  practical  piety.  Mrs. 
Hannah  More  wrote  the  religious  tract 
so  entitled,  and  m:ikes  the  hero  a  Chris- 
tian Arcadian. 

Shepherd  of  the  Ocean.  So  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  is  called  by  Spenser,  in  his 
poem  entitled  "  Colin  Clout's  come 
Home  again."     (15.52-1018.) 

She'va,  in  the  satire  of  "  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,"  by  Dry  don  and  Tate, 
is  designed  for  Sir  Roger  Lostrange. 

Sheva.  The  benevolent  Jew  in  Cum- 
berland's comedy  of  "  The  Jew."  This 
drama  was  written  to  disabuse  the  public 
mind  of  unjust  prejtidices  against  a  peo- 
ple who  have  been  so  long  "scattered and 
peeled,"  and  a  very  handsome  purse  was 
collected  by  the  Jews  of  England,  and 
presented  to  the  dramatist  as  an  acknow- 
ledgment of  his  clnmpionship.  Shova, 
however,  can  never  hold  its  own  against 
the  Shylock  of  Will  Shakespeare. 

Shewri-while.  A  spirit-woman  that 
haunts  Mynydd  Llanhilleth  mountain 
in  Monmouthshire,  to  mislead  those  who 
attempt  to  cross  it 


814 


SHIBBOLETH. 


SHIRE. 


Shib'boleth.  The  pass-word  of  a 
Bccrot  society ;  the  pocrot  by  which  thoso 
of  ft  party  know  each  other.  Tlie 
Ephraiiiiitos  quarrelled  with  Jophthuh, 
and  JoplitUah  gathered  together  the  mou 
of  Giload  and  fought  with  Ephraim. 
There  wore  many  fugitivoa,  and  when 
they  tried  to  pass  the  Jordan  the  guard 
told  them  to  say  Shibboleth,  which  the 
Ephraimites  pronounced  Sibboloth,  and 
by  this  test  it  %vas  ascertained  whether 
the  person  wishing  to  cross  the  river  was 
a  friend  or  foe  (Judges  xii,  1-G). 

Their  foes  a  deadly  Sliibboletli  devise, 

Drydtii,  "  Hind  and  Panlhcr,"  pt.  iii. 

Shield-  "  Cttirbar  rises  in  his  arms, 
The  duiKj  oj  shields  is  heard,"  When  a 
chief  doomed  a  man  to  death,  he  struck 
his  shield  with  the  blunt  end  of  his 
8j)ear,  by  way  of  notice  to  the  royal 
bard  to  begin  the  death-song. — Ossian, 
"  Temora,"  i.     (See  iE'Gis.) 

The  Gold  and  Silver  Shield.  Two  knights 
coming  from  different  directions  stopped 
iu  sight  of  a  trophy  shield,  one  side  of 
which  was  gold  and  the  other  silver. 
Like  the  disputants  about  the  colour  of 
the  eameleou,  the  knights  disputed  about 
the  metal  of  the  shield,  and  from  words 
they  proceeded  to  blows.  Luckily  a  third 
knight  came  up  at  this  juncture,  to  whom 
the  point  of  di.'^pute  was  referred,  and  the 
disputants  were  informed  that  the  shield 
was  silver  on  one  side  and  gold  on  the 
Other.  This  story  is  from  Beaumont's 
Moraliiies.  It  was  reprinted  in  a  collec- 
tion of  Useful  and  Entertaining  Passages  in 
Prose,  lb26. 

Sbield-of-Arms.  Same  as  Coat  oJ 
Anns;  so  called  because  persons  iu  the 
middle  ages  bore  their  heraldic  devices 
on  their  shields. 

Shiites  (Arabic,  shiah,  a  sectj.  A 
Persian  sect  formed  iu  opposition  to  the 
iSM!i)ijVe«,  or  orthodox  Moslems  (a.u.  G14). 

Shilling.  Said  to  bo  derived  from 
St.  Kiiiun,  whose  image  was  stamped  on 
the  "shillings"  of  Wiirzburg.  Of  course 
this  etymology  is  of  no  philological  value. 

Shilly  Shally.  A  corruption  of 
"  Will  1,  shall  1,"  or  "  Shall  1,  shall  1." 

There's  no  dehiy  they  iie're  sUud  sliall  I.  ahall  I, 
Horiuo^'uims  with  Oal'hla  doth  dally. 

Tiit/ior'i  "  H'ort'M,"  iii.  i-    (li>3*) 

Shim'ei  (2  syl.),  in  Dryden's  satire  of 
"Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  is  designed 
for  SliDjiKby  13ethol,  the  lord  mayor. 


Hhiinei.  whoie  youth  did  early  promJM  bring, 
01  iPal  to  Ond  and  liatre<I  to  his  kiiin ; 
Did  wisely  Jrnin  expcnnive  niii.i  refram. 
And  uever  bix  le  the  Balibath  but  lor  gain- 

Shi'nar.  The  land  of  the  Cbaldees, 
Babylo'nia. 

Shine  or  Shindy.  A  row,  a  distur- 
bance. Probably  from  the  game  of 
shindy  or  shiuney,  much  the  same  as 
bandy,  hockey,  or  knurspoll,  all  of  which 
are  played  with  a  knobbed  stick,  and  a 
knur  or  wooden  b.all. 

Shin'gebis,  in  North-American  In- 
dian myiholngy,  is  a  diver  who  dared 
the  North- ^^'ind  to  single  combat.  The 
Indian  Boreas  rated  him  for  staying  in 
his  dominions  after  he  had  routed  away 
the  flowers,  and  ilriven  oil  the  sea-gulls 
and  herons.  Shin'gebis  Liughod  at  him, 
and  the  North-Wind  went  at  night  and 
tried  to  blow  down  his  hut  and  put  out 
his  fire.  As  he  could  not  do  this,  he 
defied  the  diver  to  come  forth  and 
wrestle  with  him.  Shin'gebis  obeyed  tho 
summons,  and  sent  the  blusterer  h  wling 
to  his  homo. — Longjellow,  "  Uintuatka." 
(See  Kabiuonokka.) 

Ship,  as  the  device  of  Paris.  Sauval 
says,  "  L'lle  de  la  cite  est  faite  coinme 
un  grand  navire  eufoncd  dans  la  vase,  et 
dchoud  au  ill  de  I'eau  vers  le  milieu  do  la 
Seine."  This  form  of  a  ship  struck  the 
heraldic  scribes,  who,  iu  the  latter  half 
of  the  middle  ages,  emblazoned  it  iu  the 
shield  of  the  city.     ("S'^e  Vengeuk.) 

Ship  of  the  Desert.     The  camel. 

Ships  of  the  Line.  Men  of-war 
large  enough  to  have  a  place  in  a  line  of 
battle.  They  must  not  have  less  than  two 
decks,  or  two  complete  tiers  of  guns. 

Ship-shape.  As  methodically  ar- 
ranged as  things  in  a  ship,  in  good  order. 
When  a  vessel  is  sent  out  tempora;ily 
rigged,  it  is  termed  "jury-rigged"  (t.e, 
jour-g.  meaning  pro  tern.,  for  the  day  or 
time  being),  ller  rigging  is  completed 
while  at  sea,  and  when  the  jury-rigging 
has  been  duly  changed  for  ship-rigging, 
the  vessel  is  in  "  ship  sh  ipe,"  i.e.  due 
or  regular  order, 

Shipton.     {See  Mothkk.) 

Shire  and  County.  When  the 
Saxon  kings  created  an  earl,  they  gave 
him  a  shiro  or  division  of  land  to  govern. 
At  Iho  Norman  conquest  tho  word  count 


SHIRT. 


SHOE. 


816 


Bupei'seded  the  title  of  earl,  and  the 
earldom  was  called  a  county.  Even  to 
the  present  hour  wo  call  the  wife  of  an 
earl  a  countess.  (Saxon,  scire,  from 
tciran,  to  divide.) 

He  comes  from  (he  shires  ;  has  a  seat  in 
the  shires ;  &c.— in  those  Entrlish  coun- 
ties which  terminate  in  "  shire  :"  a  belt 
running  from  Devonshire  and  Hampshire 
in  a  north-east  direction.  In  a  general 
way  it  moans  the  midland  counties. 

*#*  AnglcKoy  in  Wales,  and  twelve 
counties  of  England,  do  not  terminate  in 
**  shire." 

Shirt.    {See  NESsns.) 

Shirt  for  ensian.  When  Sultan  Saladin 
died,  he  commanded  that  no  ceremony 
should  be  used  but  this  :  A  priest  was 
to  carry  his  shirt  on  a  lance,  and  say 
"Saladin,  the  conqueror  of  the  East, 
carries  nothing  with  him  of  all  his  wealth 
and  greatness,  save  a  shirt  for  his  shroud 
and  ensign. — Knolles,  "  Turkish  History." 

Close  sits  my  shirt,  but  closer  my  si:i)i — 
i.e.,  My  property  is  dear  to  me,  but 
dearer  my  life  ;  my  belongings  sit  close 
to  my  heart,  but  '^  ego  proximus  mihi." 

Shivering  Mountain.  Mam  Tor, 
a  hill  on  the  peak  of  Derbyshire ;  so 
called  from  the  waste  of  its  mass  by 
"shivering" — that  is,  breaking  away  in 
"  shivers"  or  small  pieces.  This  shiver- 
ing has  boon  going  on  for  ages,  as  the 
hill  consists  of  alternate  layers  of  shale 
and  gritstone.  The  former,  being  soft, 
is  easily  reduced  to  powder,  and  as  it 
crumbles  away  small  "shivers"  of  tho 
gritstone  break  away  from  want  of  sup- 
port. 

Shoddy  projicrly  means  the  flue  and 
flulf  thrown  off  from  cloth  in  the  pro- 
cuss  of  weaving.  This  flue  being  mixed 
with  new  wool  is  woven  into  a  cloth 
called  shoddy — i.e.,  cloth  made  of  tlie 
flue  "shod"  or  thrown  off.  Shoddy  is 
also  made  of  old  garments  torn  up  and 
re-spun.  Tho  term  is  used  for  any  loose 
sleazy  cloth,  and  metaphorically  for  lite- 
rature of  an  inferior  charactor  compiled 
from  other  works,  {.^hed,  provincial  prot. 
"  shod  ;  "  slwot,  obsolete  pret.  shotten.) 

iShoddy  characters.  I'ersons  of  tar- 
nished reputation,  like  cloth  made  of 
shoddy  or  refuse  wool. 

Shoe.    (<S«CnoprNE.) 
Shoe.     It  is  thought  unlucky  to  put  on 
tho  loft  shoe  beforu  tho  rijjht,  or  to  put 


either  shoe  on  the  wrong  foot.  It  is 
said  that  Augustus  Cwsar  was  nearly 
assassinated  by  a  mutiny  one  day  when 
he  put  on  his  left  shoe  first. 

Aucust«,  <xt  empereur  qui  gouvema  avec  tanf  d6 
Bagea'e.  ct  dont  le  r^ne  fut  gi  fiorissant,  rcttoit 
ill  mobile  el  consternS  lorsiuil  hii  arrivoit  par 
in4«arJe  de  mettre  le  Soulier  droit  au  pied  gaache, 
et  le  Soulier  sauohe  au  pied  droit.— .it.  t'uix. 

Put  on  t/te  right  shoe  first.  One  of 
the  auditions  of  Pythagoras  was  this : 
"  When  stretching  forth  your  feet  to 
have  your  sandals  put  on,  first  extend 
your  right  foot ;  but  when  about  to  stop 
into  a  bath,  lot  your  left  foot  entei 
first."  Jamblichus  says  the  hidden 
meaning  is  that  worthy  actions  should 
be  done  heartily,  but  base  ones  should 
bo  avoided  ! — "Protreplics"  (^symbol  xii.). 

A  man  without  shoes.  An  imnatural 
kinsman,  a  selfish  prmdigal  (Ilehrew).  If 
a  man  refused  to  marry  his  brother's 
widow  the  woman  pulled  off  his  shoe 
iu  the  presence  of  the  elders,  spat  in  his 
face,  and  called  him  "shoe-loosed" 
(Deut.  xxv.  9). 

Loose  thy  shoe  from  off  thy  fool,  for  the 
l>Uice  whereon  thou  slandest  is  holy  (Josh. 
V.  15).  Loosing  the  shoe  is  a  mark  of  re- 
spect in  the  East,  among  Moslems  and 
Hindus,  to  the  present  hour.  The  Mus- 
sulman leaves  his  slippers  at  the  door  of 
the  mosque.  The  Mahometan  moonshoo 
comes  bare-footed  into  the  presence  of 
his  superiors.  The  governor  of  a  town, 
iti  making  a  visit  of  ceremony  to  a 
European  visitor,  leaves  his  slippers  at 
the  tent-entrance,  as  a  mark  of  respect. 
There  are  two  reasons  for  this  custom : 
(1)  It  is  a  mark  of  humility,  the  shoe 
being  a  sign  of  dignity  and  tlie  shoeless 
foot  a  mark  of  servitude.  (2)  Leather, 
being  held  to  bo  an  unclean  thing,  woidd 
contaminate  the  sacred  floor  and  offend 
the  insulted  idol.     (See  Sandal.) 

Plucking  off  the  shoe  among  the  Jews, 
smoking  a  pipe  together  among  the  In- 
dians, thumb-licking  among  the  Scotch, 
breaking  a  straw  together  among  the 
Teutons,  and  shaking  hands  among  the 
English,  are  all  ceremonies  to  confirm  a 
bargain,  now  done  by  "  earnest  money." 

No  one  knows  w/iere  the  shoe  pinches  like 
the  wearer.  This  was  said  by  a  Roman 
sago  who  wa,<i  blamed  for  divorcing  his 
wife,  with  whom  ho  soeraod  to  liro  hap- 
pily. 

For.  QoJ  it  not.  li«  gat  tnl  itill  and  noog, 
Wli«u  tbat  hiv  acbo  ful  bItttrLr  him  wroiir. 
C'ViiMvr,  ■'  CuHijrtury  TaUl."  8.07*. 


810 


SHOE. 


SHOOTING   STARS 


Ovtr  shoes,over  boots.  In  for  a  penny,  in 
for  a  pound. 

Where  true  conra(?e  roots, 
Tlw  proverb  says,  "odor  over  ihoes,  o'er  boots." 
Taylor's  "Market,"  it  1*5  WM). 

To  shoe  the  cobbler.  To  give  a  quick 
peculiar  movement  with  the  front  foot  in 
eliding. 

To  shoe  the  horse  (French,  fe^-rer  la 
mnle)  moans  to  cheat  one's  employer  out 
of  a  small  sum  of  money.  The  expres- 
Rion  is  derived  from  the  ancient  practice 
of  grooms,  who  charged  their  masters 
for  "  shoeing,"  but  pocketed  the  money 
themselves. 

To  stand  in  another  man's  shoei.  To 
occupy  the  place  or  lay  claim  to  the 
honours  of  another.  Among  the  ancient 
Northmen,  when  a  man  adopted  a  son, 
the  person  adopted  put  on  the  shoes  of 
the  adopter. — Bvayley,  "  Graphic  Illus- 
trator."    (1834.) 

In  the  tale  of ' '  Reynard  the  Fox  "  (1-tth 
century).  Master  Reynard  having  turned 
the  tables  on  Sir  Bruin  the  Bear,  asked 
the  queen  to  let  him  have  the  shoes  of 
the  disgraced  minister  ;  so  Bruin's  shoes 
were  torn  off  and  put  upon  Reynard,  the 
new  favourite. 

Looking  for  dead  men's  sJioes.  Counting 
on  some  advantage  to  which  you  will 
succeed  when  the  present  possessor  is 
dead. 

Waiting  for  my  shoes.  Hoping  for  my 
death.  Among.st  the  ancient  Jews  the 
transfer  of  an  inheritance  was  made  by 
the  new  party  pulling  off  the  shoe  of 
the  possessor.    (_See  Ruth  iv.  7.) 

Throwing  the  wedding-shoe.  It  has 
long  been  a  custom  in  England,  Scot- 
land, and  elsewhere,  to  throw  an  old 
shoe,  or  several  shoes,  at  the  bride  and 
bridegroom  when  they  quit  the  bride's 
home,  after  the  wedding  breakfast,  or 
when  they  go  to  church  to  get  married. 
Some  think  this  represents  an  assault, 
and  refers  to  the  ancient  notion  that  the 
hridegroom  carried  off  the  bride  with 
fore  e  and  violence.  Others  look  upon  it 
as  a  relJo  of  the  ancient  law  of  exchange, 
implying  that  the  parents  of  the  bride 
give  up  lienceforth  all  right  of  dominion 
to  their  daughter.  This  was  a  Jewish 
custom  ;  thus  in  Deut.  xxv.  5-10,  we 
read  that  the  widow  refused  by  the 
surviving  brother  asserted  her  indepen- 
dence by  "loosing  his  shoe;"  and  in 
the  story  of  Ruth  we  are  told  "that  it 
was  the  custom"  in  exchange  to  delirer 


a  shoe  in  token  of  renunciation.  When 
Boaz,,  therefore,  became  possessed  of  his 
lot,  the  kinsman's  kinsman  indicated  liia 
assent  by  giving  Boaz  his  shoe.  When 
the  emperor  Wladimir  proposed  mar- 
riage to  the  daughter  of  Ragnald,  she 
rejected  him  saying,  "  1  will  not  take 
off  my  shoe  to  the  son  of  a  slave." 
Luther  being  at  a  wedding,  told  the 
bridegroom  that  he  had  placed  the  hus- 
band's shoe  on  the  head  of  the  bed, 
"afin  qu'il  prit  ainsi  la  domination  et  le 
gouvernement." — Michel,  "Life  of  L'.o- 
tlier." 

In  A  nglo-Saxon  ma'iTiages  the  tathex 
delivered  the  bride's  shoe  to  the  bride- 
groom, who  touched  her  with  it  on  the 
head,  to  show  his  authority. 

In  Turkey  the  bridegroom,  after  mar- 
riage, is  chased  by  the  guests,  who  either 
administer  blows  by  way  of  adieux  or 
pelt  him  with  sUppers. — Thirty  Years  i» 
l/ie  Harem,  p.  330. 

Whose  shoes  I  am  not  wrrlhy  to  hear 
(Matt.  iii.  11).  This  means  "  I  am  not 
worthy  to  be  his  humblest  dlave."  It 
was  the  business  of  a  slave  recently  pur> 
chased  to  loose  and  carry  his  ma.ster'a 
sandals. — Jahn,  " Archaologica  Biblica.'' 

Shoeing  the  wild  colt.  Exacting  a  fine 
called  "footing"  from  a  new-comer, 
who  is  called  the  "colt."  Of  course, 
the  play  is  between  the  words  "  shoeing 
and  "  footing"  (q.v.).  Colt  is  a  common 
synonym  for  a  green-horn,  or  a  youth 
not  broken  in.  Thus  Shakespeare  says — 
"Ay,  that's  a  colt  indeed,  for  he  doth 
nothing  but  talk  of  his  horse." — "Aler- 
chant  of  Venice,"  i.  2. 

Shoemakers.  The  patron  saints  of 
shoemakers  are  St.  Crispin  and  his  bro- 
ther Crispian,  who  supported  themselves 
by  making  shoes  while  they  preached 
to  the  people  of  Gaul  and  Britain.  In 
compliment  to  these  saints  the  trade 
of  shoemaking  is  called  "  the  gentle 
craft." 

Shoo -king.  The  history  of  the 
Chinese  monarchs,  by  Confu'cius.  It 
begins  with  Yoo,  B.C.  2205. 

Shooting  Stars,  called  in  ancient 
legends  the  "fiery  tears  of  St.  Law- 
rence," because  one  of  the  periodic 
swarms  of  these  meteors  is  between  the 
9th  and  14th  of  August,  about  the  time 
of  St.  Lawrence's  festival,  which  it  on 
the  10th. 


SHOP. 


SHRIMP. 


617 


SSooting  Stars  are  said  by  the  Arabs 
to  be  firebrands  hurleii  by  the  angels 
apainst  the  iiKjuisitive  Ginns  or  Genii, 
who  are  for  ever  clambering  up  on  the 
constellations  to  peep  into  heaven. 

Shop.  To  talk  shop.  To  talk  about 
one's  affairs  or  business,  to  illustrate  by 
one's  business,  as  when  011i]>ofl  the 
apothecary  talks  of  a  uniform  with  rhu- 
barb-coloured facings. 

Hhop-lifting  is  stealing  from  shops. 
Dekker  speaks  of  tht  lifting-law — i.e., 
the  law  ag:\inst  theft.  (Gothic,  hlifan, 
to  steal  ;  hliftus,  a  thief;  Latin,  levo,  to 
disburden.) 

Shore  (.fane).  Sir  Thomas  More  says, 
"She  was  well-born,  honestly  brought 
up,  and  married  somewhat  too  soon  to 
a  wealth)'  yeoman."  The  tragedy  of 
"Jane  Shore"  is  by  Nicholas  Howe. 

Shoreditch,  according  to  tradition, 
is  so  called  from  Jane  Shore,  who,  it  is 
eaid,  died  there  in  a  ditch.     This  tale 
comes    from   a    ballad   in     Pepys'    col- 
lection ;  but  the  truth  is,  it  receives  its 
name  from  Sir  John  do  Soerdich,  lord  of 
the  manor  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
1  C''uld  not  get  i<at  hit  of  brral 
Wliernhy  my  hunger  mi>;ht  b>!  tei.... 
Soivenrvot  my  life,  hi  length 
1  yiiliied  up  my  vital  strength 

Wit  liin  a  ditr;h which  -mce  that  ^bj 

Is  Shoreditch  called,  as  wrileiBsay. 

Duke  of  Shoreditch.  The  most  success- 
ful of  the  London  archers  received  this 
playful  title. 

Good  king,  make  not  good  lord  of  Idncolnduke  of 
Fh"rcditih  1  — "  TA*  Poors  Man't  t'tticion  to  Utt 
Kufjf.."    (I0'I3.) 

.Sliorne  {Sir  John.)  or  Afmler  John 
Shor/ie,  well  known  for  his  feat  of  con- 
juring the  devk  into  a  boot.  He  was 
one  of  the  uncanoniscd  saints,  and  was 
prayed  to  in  cases  of  ague.  It  seems 
that  he  was  a  devout  man,  and  rector  of 
North  Marston,  in  Buckinghamshire,  at 
the  close  of  the  thirteenth  century.  He 
blessed  a  well  which  became  the  resort 
of  multitudes,  and  brought  in  a  yearly 
roventie  of  some  £."500. 
To  Maliter  Juhn  Shorne,  that  blessed  man  hoTne, 

Kor  the  awue  to  him  we  apply.  (rule 

Which  juii.:lith  with  ii  boti-  ;  I  hcaclirewc  hit  lierie 

That  will  trust  bim,  and  it  be  1. 

"Fanlaitit  of  Idolatrit." 

Shot.  Hand  out  your  shot  or  Down 
with  your  shot— yonr  reckoning  or  quota, 
your  money.  (Saxon,  sceat ;  Dutch, 
tchol. )  See  SCOT  and  Lot. 
Ao  the  fund  of  our  piMiure,  lot  us  each  pny  hie 
•'""•  fl.H  Jo.iton 


lie  shot  wide  of  the  mart.  He  ■wbs  al- 
together in  error.  The  allusion  is  to 
shooting  at  the  mark  or  biili's-eye  in 
archery,  but  will  now  apply  to  our 
modern  rifle  practice. 

Shot-over  (Oxfordshire).  A  corrup- 
tion of  c/ultcdu  vert  (the  verdant  coun- 
try-house). 

Shotten-herring.  A  lean  spiritless 
crc?ture,  a  Jack-o'-Lent,  like  a  herring 
that  has  shot  or  ejected  its  spawn.  Her- 
rings guttetl  and  dried  are  so  called  also. 

Thouph  they  like  sho' ten  beiriiins  ate  to  S'  e, 
Yi't  such  l.nli  Boulclies  of  their  teeth  they  be 
1  hat  two  of  thei.i,  like  greedy  corMioraiits, 
IJevour  more  then  sixe  honest  pro'e^tau's. 

"Tat/lor  »  Wurkea,''  iii,  5. 

Should  he  Upbraid.  A  song, 
words  ailapted  from  Shakespeare's 
"Taming  of  the  Shrew,"  act  ii.,  sc.  1 
(Pelruckio),  music  by  Bishop. 

Shoulder.  Shou-ing  the  cold  shoulder. 
Receiving  r^ithout  cordiality  some  one 
who  was  once  on  better  terms  with  you. 
(See  Cold.) 

The  government  shall  le  upon  his  shoul- 
ders (Isaiah  is.  6).  The  allusion  is  to  the 
key  slung  on  the  shoulder  of  Jewish 
etc  wards  on  public  occasions,  and  as  a 
key  is  emblematic  of  government  and 
power,  the  metaphor  is  very  striking. 

Show-Bread.  Food  for  show  only, 
and  not  intended  to  be  eaten  except  by 
certain  privileged  persons.  The  term  ia 
Jewish,  and  refers  to  the  twelve  loaves 
which  the  priest  "showed"  or  exhibited 
to  Jehovah,  by  placing  them  week  by 
week  on  the  sanctuary  table.  At  the 
cntl  of  the  week,  the  priest  who  had  been 
in  office  was  allowed  to  take  them  home 
for  his  own  eating  ;  but  no  one  else  was 
allowed  to  partake  of  them. 

Shrew-Mouse.  The  field  mouse. 
It  was  supposed  to  have  the  power  of 
bewitching  ;  and  to  provide  a  remedy 
our  forefathers  used  to  plunge  the  crea- 
ture into  a  hole  made  in  an  ash-tree,  any 
branch  of  which  would  cure  the  mis- 
chief done  by  the  mouse.  (Teutonic, 
heschreyen,  to  bewitch.) 

Shrimp.  A  child,  a  puny  little  fellow, 
in  the  same  ratio  to  a  man  as  a  shrimp 
to  a  lobster.  Fry  is  also  used  for  chil- 
dren. (Danish,  skrumpe,  to  shrink  ; 
Dutch,  krimpen;  German,  tchrump/'vn.) 

It  canuot  he  this  weak  and  writhled  shrimp 
W«\ild  ilrike  sucli  t«rrur  to  bis  enemi«. 

H/Mketiitart,  "1  Utnry  Vt..'  ii  ^ 


818 


SHROPSHIRE. 


81B"VL!5. 


Shropshire.  A  contraction  of 
Bhrowesbiiry-shire,  tho  Sa.xon  Scrohhes- 
btiik  (Bhrub-borough),  corrujited  by  the 
Normans  into  Sloppes-bzirie,  whence  our 
Salop. 

Shvifflebottom  (Abel).  A  nom  do 
phime  of  Robert  Southey.     (1774-1S43.) 

Shuh-shuh-gah  {Norlh-A  merican, 
Indian).    The  bluo  heron. 

Shunamites'  House  {The).  An 
inn  kept  for  the  entertainment  of  tlie 
proHchers  at  Paul's  Cross.  Thoso  preach- 
ers wore  invited  by  the  bishop,  and  were 
entertained  by  the  corporation  of  Lon- 
don from  Thursday  before  the  day  of 
preaching,  to  tho  following  Thursday 
moTmnQ.—  MalUand,  "London,"  ii.,  p. 
9J9. 

Shunt.  A  contraction  of  shim  ii ;  a 
railway  term. 

Shy.  To  have  a  shy  at  anything.  To 
fling  at  it,  to  try  and  shoot  it.  (Saxon, 
sci\  a  contraction  of  scitan,  to  shoot ; 
German,  schiessen,  &c.) 

Shylock.  The  grasping  Jew,  who 
"  would  kill  the  thing  he  hates." — 
Shalrefpeare,  "  Merchant  of  Venice." 

"  Paul  Secchi,  a  merchant  of  Venice, 
heard,  by  a  private  letter,  that  Drake 
had  taken  and  plundered  St.  Domir.go, 
and  sent  to  inform  Sampson  Cencda,  a 
Jew  usurer.  The  Jew  discredited  the 
rumour,  and  bet  a  pound  of  flesh  it  was 
false.  Secchi  wagered  1,000  crowns  it 
was  true.  The  news  was  confirmed,  and 
the  Pope  told  Secchi  he  was  at  liberty 
to  claim  his  bet,  but  that  he  must  take 
neither  more  nor  less  than  a  pound  on 
pain  of  i)eing  hanged." — Gregory  Lett, 
"  Life  of  Sexliis  V." 

*jj*  Shakespeare  reverses  the  order, 
and  makes  tho  Jew  usurer  demand  the 
pound  of  flesh  from  tho  merchant. 

Si  Quis.  A  notice  to  all  whom  it 
may  concern,  given  in  the  parish  church 
before  ordination,  that  a  resident  means 
to  offer  himself  as  a  candidate  for  holy 
orders;  and  Si  Qtris — i.e.,  ij  any  one 
knows  any  just  cause  or  impediment 
thereto,  he  is  to  declare  the  same  to  the 
bishop. 

Si'amese  Twins.  Yoke-fellows,  in- 
separables; so  called  from  two  youths 
(Eng  and  Chang),  bom  of  Cbinesa 
parents  at  Bang  MeklonR.     Their  bodies 


are  united  by  a  band  of  flesh,  stretching 
from  broast-bone  to  brcast-boue.  They 
married  two  Bisters,  and  had  offspring. 
(1825-1872.) 

Siamese  2'wins.  The  Biddenden  Maids, 
born  1100,  had  distinct  bodies,  but  were 
joined  by  the  hips  and  shoulders.  They 
lived  to  be  thirty-four  years  of  age. 

SibTjeridge  (3  syl.).  Banns  of  mar- 
riage, (Saxon  sihhe,  alliance  ;  whence  the 
old  English  word  sibrede,  relationship, 
kindred.)     See  Gossir. 

For  every  mnn  it  sotiulde  drcde 
Aud  nanieliche  in  li  a  sihreie. 

Gower,  *'  Cuit/cssio  Amantii.** 

Sibyls.  Martian  Cape! la  says  there 
were  but  two,  the  Erylhnean  and  tho 
I'lirygian  ;  tho  former  being  the  famous 
"  Cumsean  Sibyl."  Jackson  in  his  "  Chro- 
nologic Antiquities,"  maintains,  on  the 
authority  of  Lilian,  that  there  were  four 
— the  Erythrwan,  the  Saniian,  the  Egyp- 
tian, and  the  Sardiaa.  The  usual  num- 
ber given  is  ten,  and  their  places  of 
abode — Libya,  Samos,  Cumse  in  Italy, 
Cumse  in  Asia  ]\Iinor,  Erythrpea,  Persia, 
Tiburtis,  Delphi,  Ancy'ra  in  Pbrygia, 
and  Marpessa. 

IIow  know  we  but  thit  she  may  he  an  eleyenth 
Fityloratccund  Cnssa/idra?— /{aiisJais,  "Oarffantuti 
and  Fitiitagi-uel,"  iii.  IG. 

Sibyls.  The  Mediaeval  monks  reckoned 
twelve  Sibyls,  and  gave  to  each  a  sepa- 
rate prophecy  and  distinct  emblem  ; — 

(1)  The  Lib't/an  Sibyl:  "The  day 
shall  come  when  men  shall  seo  the  King 
of  all  living  things."  —  E mblem,  a  lighted 
taper. 

(2)  The  5aWa«,  Sibyl:  "The  Rich  One 
shall  be  born  of  a  pure  virgin."— Ein- 
blern,  a  rose. 

(3)  Sibylla  Cuma'na :  "Jesus  Christ 
shall  come  fi-om  heaven,  and  live  and 
reign  in  poverty  on  earth." — Emblem,  a 
crown. 

(4)  Sibylla  Cu'mce:  "  God  shall  be  bom 
of  a  pure  virgin,  and  bold  converse  with 
sinners." — Emblem,  a  ci'adle. 

(5)  Sibylla  Eri/thraa  :  "  Jesus  Christ, 
Son  of  God,  the  Saviour." — Emblem,  a 
bom. 

(6)  The  Persian  Sibyl:  "Satan  shall 
be  overcome  by  a  true  Prophet." — Em- 
blem, a  dragon  under  the  Sibyl's  feet,  and 
a  lantern. 

(7)  The  Tiburtine  Sibyl  :  "  The  High- 
est shall  descend  from  heaven,  and  a 
virgin  be  shown  in  the  valleys  of  the 
desui-ts." — Emblem,  a  dove. 


SIBYLLINE  BOOKS. 


SIDNEY. 


819 


(8)  The  Delphic  Sihyl:  "The  Prophet 
Lorn  of  the  yirgin  shall  be  crowned  with 
thorus." — Emblem,  a  crown  of  thorns. 

(9)  The  Phrygian  Sibyl:  "Our  Lord 
fihall  rise  &Qaiu.." — Emblem,  a  banner  and 
a  cross. 

(10)  The  European  Sibyl:  "A  vir^jin 
and  her  Son  shall  flee  into  Egypt." — 
Emblem,  a  sword. 

(11)  ^\hy\\:\.  Agrippi'iia  :  "Jesus  Christ 
shall  be  outraged  and  ecourgod." — Em- 
Hem,  a  whip. 

(12)  The  Ilellespontlc  Sibyl:  "Jesus 
Christ  shall  suffer  shame  upon  the  cross." 
— Emblem,  a  T  cross. 

This  list  of  prophecies  is  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  and  is  manifestly  a 
clumsy  forgery  or  mere  monkish  legend. 
(See  below,  Sibyllink  Verses.) 

The  most  famous  of  the  ten  Silnjls  was 
Amalthiua,  of  Cum?o  in  .^o'lia,  who 
offered  her  nine  books  to  Tarquin  the 
Proud.  The  offer  being  rejected,  sho 
burnt  three  of  them  ;  and  after  the 
la{ise  of  twelve  mouthsj  offered  the  re- 
maining six  at  the  same  price.  Again 
being  refused  she  burnt  three  more,  and 
after  a  similar  interval  asked  the  same 
price  for  the  remaining  three.  The  sum 
demnnded  was  now  given,  and  Amalthaea 
never  made  her  appearance  again. -Zi'yy. 

Sihyl.  The  Cumasan  sibyl  was  the  con- 
ductor of  Virgil  to  the  infernal  region3— 
"  yEiieid,"  vi. 

Sibyl.    A  fortune-teller. 

How  Ihey  will  fare  it  needs  a  Eibyl  to  Bay.— The 
Timet- 

Sibylline  Books.  The  three  sur- 
v.ving  books  of  the  Sibyl  Amalthiea 
were  preserved  in  a  stone  cliest  under- 
ground in  the  temi)le  of  Jupiter  Cs-pi- 
toli'nus,  and  committed  to  the  charge  of 
custodians  chosen  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  high  priests.  The  n\unber  of 
custodians  was  at  first  two,  then  ten. 
and  ultimately  fifteen.  The  books  were 
destroyed  by  fire  when  the  Capitol  war. 
burnt  (A.D.  ()70). 

SibyUineJiooks.  A  collection  of  poetical 
utterances  in  Greek,  made  of  Jewish, 
Pagan,  and  Christian  sibyllists,  and  com- 
piled in  the  second  contvu-y  (13S-1G7). 
It  is  in  eight  books,  relates  to  Jesus 
Christ,  and  is  entitled  "  Orac'ula  Sibyl- 
Una." 

Sibylline  Verses.  When  the  Sibyl- 
line books  wore  doctroyod  (see  above),  all 
the  floating  veraes  of  the  soyeral  Sibvls 


were  carefully  collected  and  deposited  in 
the  new  temple  of  Jupiter.  Augustus 
had  some  2,0U0  of  these  verses  destroyed 
as  spurious,  and  placed  the  rest  in  two 
gilt  cases,  under  the  haae  of  the  statue 
of  Apollo,  in  the  temple  on  the  Palatine 
bill ;  but  the  whole  perished  when  the 
city  was  burnt  in  the  reign  of  Nero.  .See 
Sibyh  (of  the  Mediajval  monks). 

Sibylline  leaves.  The  Sibylline 
prophecies  were  written  in  Greek,  u{>ou 
palm-leaves. —  Varro. 

Sice  (1  syl.).  A  sizing,  an  allowance 
of  bread  and  butter.  "  lio'll  print  for  a 
sice."  In  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
the  men  call  the  pound  loaf,  two  inches 
of  butter,  and  pot  of  milk  allowed  for 
breakfast,  their  "  sizings ;"  and  when 
one  student  breakfasts  with  another  in 
the  same  college,  the  bed-maker  carries 
his  sizings  to  the  rooms  of  the  enter- 
tainer.    (See  Sizings.) 

Sicil'ian  Vespers.  The  massacre 
of  the  French  in  Sicily,  which  began  at 
the  hour  of  vespers,  on  Easter  Monday 
in  1282.  ' 

Sick  Man  {The).  So  Nicholas  ef 
Russia  called  the  Ottoman  empire,  which 
has  been  declining  ever  since  i58G. 

1  repeat  to  you  that  the  sick  man  ia  dying;  and 
«'e  must  never  allow  luch  an  event  to  take  U3  by 
•urpriso — Animal  Ilei/isur,  lioi. 

N.B.  Don  John,  governor-general  of  tiie 
Netherlands,  writiug,  in  1679,  to  Philip  II 
of  Spain,  calls  the  prince  of  Orange  "  the 
sick  iLian,"  because  he  was  in  the  way, 
and  he  ivautcd  him  "finished." 

Money  (lie  says  iu  hi«  letter)  ia  the  tTiiel  with  whiuh 
we  must  cure  this  eick  mau  [for  spiea  and  as^aa.-ius  are 
expeu^ive  drujfs]. 

Hotlcti,  ••  Dutch  Ilepublic."  bk.  t.  2. 

Siddons  (Mrs.).  Sydney  Srailli  says  it 
was  never  without  a\vo  that  ho  saw  this 
tragedy  queen  slab  the  potatoes ;  and  Sir 
Walter  Soott  tells  us,  while  she  was  din- 
ing at  Ashobticl,  he  hi'ard  her  declaim  to 
the  footman,  "  You've  brought  me  water, 
buy  1   1  asked  for  beer." 

Sidney  ( .-i  lyemoti),  called  by  Thorn- 
Sou  "  The  British  Cassius." 

Sidney  (Sir  Philip).  The  academy 
figure  of  prince  Arthur,  in  Spenser's 
"  Faiiry  Queen,"  and  the  poet's  type  of 
magnanimity. 

Sir  Philip  Sidney,  called  by  Sir  Walter 
R&leigb    Thf   En^li^\  Pararch,   was  tlw 


820 


SIDNEY-SUSSEX. 


SIGHT. 


autlior  of  "Arca'dia."  Qnecn  Elizabeth 
calloil  liiin  The  jKivel  of  her  domiuioiis  ; 
and  Thomson,  in  his  "  Sunimer,"  The 
phune  of  war.  The  poet  refers  to  the 
oattlo  of  Ziitphcn,  wliere  Sir  i'hilip  re- 
ceived his  death-wonnd.  Beiiij^  thirsty, 
a  soldier  brought  him  some  water;  but 
as  ho  was  about  to  drink,  he  observed  a 
wounded  man  eye  the  bottle  with  loiinfinLj 
looks.  Sir  Philip  fjave  the  water  to  tlio 
wounded  man,  saying-,  "Poor  fellow,  thy 
necessity  is  greater  than  mine."  Spenser 
laments  his  loss  in  the  poem  called  "  As- 
trophel"  iq.v.). 

,'Si(/nei/'s  sister,  PrnnhroJc^s  mother. 
Mary  Herbert  (nee  Sidney),  countess  of 
Pembroke,  poetess,  Ac.  (Died  1621.) 
'I'he  line  is  by  Wm.  Browne  (Ifibs). 

Sidney-Sussex  College,  Cam- 
bridt^e,  founded  by  lady  Frances  Sidney, 
countess  of  Sussex,  in  i:'D8. 

Sidropliel  meant  for  Sir  Paul  Neal, 
member  of  the  Royal  Society,  who 
proved  to  his  own  satisfaction  that 
Samuel  Butler  was  not  the  author  of 
"  Hudibras."  Butler  satirises  him  in  his 
"  Heroical  Epistle  of  Hudibras  to  Sid- 
rophel." 

N.B.  In  the  poem  "Hudibras,"  Wil- 
liam Lilly,  "  the  cunninp;  man  that  dealt 
In  destiny's  dark  counsel,"  is  called  Sid- 
rophel.     (See  pt.  ii.  3.) 

Sieg'fried  (2  syl.).  Hero  of  the  first 
part  of  the  "  Nibelungen-Lied."  He  was 
the  youngest  son  of  Siegmund  and  Sieg- 
lind,  king  and  queen  of  the  Nether- 
laixl.s,  and  was  born  in  Rhinecastle  called 
Xanton.  He  married  Kriemhild,  prin- 
cess of  Burgundy,  and  sister  of  Giinther. 
Giinther  craved  his  assistance  in  carry- 
ing off  Brunhild  from  Issland,  and 
Siegfried  succeeded  by  taking  away  her 
talisman  by  main  force.  This  excited  the 
jealousy  of  Giinther,  who  induced  Hfigan, 
the  Dane,  to  murder  Sieg'fried.  Hagan 
stnick  him  with  a  sword  in  the  only 
vulnerable  part  (between  the  shoulder- 
blades),  while  he  stooped  to  quench  his 
thirst  at  a  fountain.  —  " Nih(lungeii-Lied." 

Uorny  Sie;ifried,  So  called  because 
when  he  slew  the  dragon  he  bathed  in 
Its  blood,  and  became  covered  all  over 
with  a  horny  hide  which  was  invulner- 
able, except  in  one  spot  between  the 
shoulders,  where  a  linden-leaf  stuck.— 
"Nibelungen-Lied,"  st.  100. 

•Siegfried's  cloak  of  invisibility,  called 
"  tfcrukappe  "  (tamtn,  to  conceal ;  kappe. 


a  clo.ik).  It  not  only  made  the  wearei 
invisible,  but  also  gave  him  the  strength 
of  twelve  men.     (Tarnkappe,  '.I  syl.) 

Tlie  iniirMty  dwarf  successless  strove  with  tlie  miKhtici 

man  ; 
Like   to    wild   mountain    lions  to    the    hi)!lo'»  hill 

the}'  r.in ; 
lie  ravishiil  Ihere  the   tarnkappe  from   gtrug.?liii|' 

AllincV  hold. 
And  tiH-n  hecaiue  the  muter  of  the  hoarded  (jerrj 

and  cold. 
LMsnm't  "  PM  of  Ihe  ^'ih■lungerl,"  Lied  iil. 

Sieg'lind  (2  syl.).  Mother  of  Sieg- 
fri'.d,  and  queen  of  the  Netherlauders. — 
"  The  N iliel luigen-Lied." 

Sien'na  (3  syl.).  The  paint  so  called 
is  made  of  terra  di  Sienna. 

Sier'ra  (3  syl.,  Spanish,  a  saw).  A 
mountain  whose  top  is  indented  like  a 
saw,  a  range  of  mountains  whose  tops 
form  a  sawdike  appearance,  a  line  of 
craggy  rocks  ;  as  Sierra  More'na  (where 
many  of  the  incidents  in  "  Don  Qiiixote" 
are  laid).  Sierra  Neva'da  (the  snowy 
range).  Sierra  Leo'ne  (in  West  Africa, 
where  lions  abound),  &c. 

Sies'ta  (3  syl.)  means  "the  sixth 
hour," — i.e.,  noon.  (Latin,  sezta  hora.) 
It  is  applied  to  the  short  sleep  tcken  in 
Spain  during  the  mid-day  heat. 

Sif.  Wife  of  Thor,  famous  for  the 
beauty  of  her  hair.  Loki,  having  cut  it 
off  while  she  was  asleep,  obtained  from 
the  dwarfs  a  new  fell  of  golden  hair 
equal  to  that  which  he  had  taken. 

Sige'ro  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered"), 
called  (lie  Good.  Argantes  hurled  a  si^ear 
at  Godfrey  ;  it  missed  its  aim,  but  killed 
Sige'ro,  who  "  rejoiced  to  suffer  for  his 
sovereign." — Bk.  xi. 

Sight  for  "multitude"  is  not  an 
Americanism,  but  good  old  English. 
Thus  in  "  Morte  d'Arthur"  the  word  is 
not  unfrequently  so  employed  ;  and  the 
high-born  dame  Juliana  Berners,  lady 
prioress  in  the  fifteenth  century  of  Sop- 
well  nunner}%  speaks  of  a  bomynahle  syghX 
of  nionkcs  (a  large  number  of  friars).  A 
citrruption  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  sunt  or  sic'dJi, 
a  large  quantity;  adverb,.??a/:/<e,very  much. 

•■  ?  ',7'^*   ''■  'i'-  ^'"^*    *    'Te^^   of    moiiy,  —  Falsgraii, 

Sight  (Far).  Zarga,  the  Arabian  hero- 
ine, of  the,  tribe  Jadis,  could  see  at  the  dis- 
tance of  three  days'  journey.  Being  asked 
by  Has-aa  the  secret  of  her  long  sight, 
she  said  it  was  due  to  the  ore  of  antimony 
which  she  reduced  to  powder,  and  applied 
to  her  eyes  as  a  collyrium  erery  night 


SIGNS. 


SILENU8. 


821 


Si^ns  instead  of  words.  John,  a 
monk,  gives  in  his  Life  of  St.  Odo  a 
number  of  sif^^s  for  bread,  tart,  beans, 
eg-gs,  fish,  cheese,  honey,  milk,  cherries, 
onions,  and  soon.  (See  "  Sussex  Aichieo- 
logical  CoUettion,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  190.) 

Significa'vit.  A  writ  of  Chancery 
given  by  the  ordinary  to  keep  an  e.\com- 
municate  in  prison  till  he  submitted  to 
the  authority  of  the  Church.  The  writ, 
which  is  now  obsolete,  used  to  begin  with 
"  Significavit  nobis  vencrabilis  pater," 
kc.     Chaucer  says  of  his  Sompnour — 

Aud  »l9o  wnre  him  of  a"9iBnifi''avit. " 

'•  UatUerhuri/  Tule»  "  U'lOhgue).  631. 

Sign  your  Name.  It  is  not  cor- 
rect to  say  that  tlie  expression  "  signing 
one's  name"  points  to  the  time  when 
persons  could  not  write.  No  doubt  per- 
sons who  could  not  write  made  their 
mark  in  olden  times  as  they  do  now,  but 
we  find  over  and  over  again  in  ancient 
documents  these  words  :  "  This  [grant]  is 
signed  with  the  sign  of  the  cross  for  its 
greater  assurance  (or)  greater  inviola- 
bility," and  after  the  sign  follows  the 
n.inie  of  the  donor.  (&e  Itymer's 
"Fuedera,"  vol.  i.,  pt.  1.) 

Bigun'a.  Wife  of  Loki.  She  nurses 
him  in  his  cavern,  but  sometimes,  as  she 
carries  olf  the  poison  which  tiie  serpents 
gorge,  a  portion  drops  on  the  god,  and 
his  writhiugs  cause  earthquakes. — :Scaii- 
diiiavian  yiiijlkulixjy. 

Si'gurd.  The  Norse  Siegfried  {'/.v.). 
Ho  falls  in  love  with  Brynhild,  but  un- 
der the  inlluenco  of  a  love-potion  marries 
(Jndrun,  a  union  which  brings  about  a 
volume  of  iniscliief. 

Si'ijurd  Ike  Homy.  A  German  romance 
bii>od  on  a  legend  in  the  Sagas.  An 
analysis  of  this  legend  is  published  by 
Wolitr  in  his  "  Illustrations  of  Northern 
Anliijuities."     .S.'efi  Siegfkikd  {Iwi-ny). 

Siian'kos.  The  sea-horn,  common 
in  India,  Africa,  and  the  Mediterraaean, 
for  giving  alarm. — Pennant. 

Ui):li  ID  view 
A  pouil.'i'niiK  M'a-liorii  liuni;. 

T.  .\Iuure,  "  Firt  Wonhxpiiors." 

Sikes  {Bill).  A  rulliau  housebreaker 
</f  the  lowest  grade,  in  "  Oliver  Twist," 
by  Charles  Dickens. 

Sikll.  A  corruption  of  the  Sanskrit 
lis/iya  (disciple).  The  Sikhs  were  origi- 
nally a  religious  body  like  the  .Mahome- 
tftBK,  but  in  17(34  they  formally  assumed 


national  independence.  Since  1846  the 
Sikhs  have  been  ruled  by  the  English. 

Silbviry,  near  Marlborough.  An 
artificial  mound,  130  feet  high,  and 
covering  seven  acres  of  ground.  Some 
say  it  is  whore  "  King  Sel  "  was  buried  ; 
others  that  it  is  a  corruj)tion  of  Solii-hury 
(mound  of  the  sun)  ;  others  that  it  is 
Sel-barrow  (great  tumulus),  in  honour  of 
some  ancient  prince  of  iJritain.  The 
Rev.  A.  C.  Smith  is  of  opinion  that  it 
was  erected  by  the  Celts  about  B.C.  liiOO. 
There  is  a  natural  hill  in  the  same 
vicinity,  called  St.  Martin's  Sell  or  Sill, 
in  which  case  sill  or  sell  means  seat  or 
throiio.  These  etymologies  of  Siibury 
must  rest  on  the  authority  of  those  who 
have  suggested  them. 

Sil'chester  (Berh)  is  Silicis  castrum 
(flint  camp),  a  Saxon-Latin  form  of  the 
liomau  Calleva  or  Galleva.  Galleva  is  tlie 
Roman  form  of  the  liritish  G'tcal  Vawr 
(great  wall),  so  called  from  its  wall,  the 
ruins  of  which  are  still  striking.  Leland 
8a3's,  "  On  that  wall  grow  some  oaks  of 
ten  cart-loail  the  pieut."  According  to 
tradition,  king  Arthur  was  crowned  here  ; 
and  Ninnius  asserts  that  the  city  was 
built  by  Constantius,  fattier  of  Coustau- 
tine  the  Great. 

Silence  gives  Constnt.  Latin,  Qui 
fdcet  conseati're  vide  lur  ;  Greek,  Auto  dt 
til  siij'in:  h  .inolu(jouiitoi  c,s7t  .■>•(«*  (Kuri;)ides); 
lleucli,  Assez  cuiiseiU  f/ui  ne  dit  mot; 
Italian,  C/u  la.  ce  cuu/essa. 

But  that  y  <ii  9h'>ll  uot  sa;  I  yield,  hcicy;  silcQt, 
1  uoiUd  uut  apt'iik 

^liak:i.^peare,  "Cj/mtidiiie,"  ii,  3 

Silent  (T/ii').  William  I.,  prince  of 
Orange.     (ir):3;i-l584.) 

Silent  Woman  (The).  A  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson.  The  chief  character  is^ 
iiorose,  a  miserly  old  fellow  who  hates  to 
hear  any  voice  but  his  own.  Ili.s  young 
nephew.  Sir  Dauphine,  wants  to  wring 
from  his  hard  hands  one  third  of  his  in- 
come, with  the  promise  of  the  rest  at 
death.  The  way  he  gains  his  end  is  this  : 
A  lad  protends  to  be  a  silent  lady,  with 
whom  Morose  falls  in  love,  and  marries 
in  "a  stage  fashion."  When  married  the 
V)oy-lady  turns  out  to  be  a  virago  of  the 
liist  water,  and  Morose  signs  away  the 
third  of  his  income  to  his  nejihew  to  get 
rid  of  his  bride.  The  plut  is  revealed, 
and  Morose  retires  to  privacy,  leaving 
Sir  Dauj)hino  master  of  tlie  situation. 

Sile'nus.   The    foster-father  of  Bao- 


822 


SIMTOUETTE. 


SILVEB. 


chiis,  fond  of  nmsic,  and  a  prophet ;  but 
inilornitably  lazy,  wanton,  and  given  to 
deiiaiiuh.  He  is  described  as  a  jovial  old 
man,  with  bald  head,  pug  nose,  and  face 
like  Jiardolph's. 

Sil'houet'te  (3  syl).  A  black  pro- 
file, so  called  from  Etienno  do  Silhouette, 
Controleiir  dos  Finances,  1757,  who  made 
great  savings  in  the  public  expenditure 
of  France.  Some  say  the  black  portraits 
were  called  Silhouettes  in  ridicule  ;  others 
assert  that  Silhouette  devised  this  wa-f 
of  taking  likouosses  to  save  expense. 

Silk.  Received  silk,  applied  to  a  bar 
ristcr,  means  that  he  has  obtained  li- 
cence to  wear  a  silk  gown  in  the  law 
coiu-ts,  having  obtained  the  degree  or 
title  of  Serjeant. 

Silk  Gown.  A  queen's  counsel ;  so 
called  because  his  canonical  robe  is  a 
black  silk  gown.  That  of  an  ordinary 
barrister  is  made  of  stuff  or  prunello. 

Silken  Thread.  In  the  kingdom  of 
Lilliput  the  three  great  prizes  of  honour 
are  "  tine  silk  threads  six  inches  long, 
one  blue,  another  red,  and  a  third  green." 
The  emperor  holds  a  stick  in  his  hands, 
and  the  candidates  "  jump  over  it  or 
creep  under  it,  backwards  or  forwards, 
as  the  stick  indicates,"  and  he  who  does 
so  with  the  greatest  agility  is  rewarded 
with  the  blue  ribbon,  the  second  best 
with  the  red  cordon,  and  the  third  with 
the  green.  The  thread  is  girt  about 
their  loins,  and  no  ribbon  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  or  Knight  of  the  Garter,  is  won 
more  worthily  or  worn  more  proudly. 
— "  OuUicer's  Travels." 

Silken  "Words.  The  mother  of 
Artaxerxes  said,  "Those  that  address 
Lings  must  use  silken  words." 

Silly  is  the  German  selig  (blessed), 
whence  the  infant  Jesus  is  termed  "  the 
harmless  silly  babe,"  and  sheep  are 
called  "  silly,"  meaning  harmless  or  inno- 
cent. As  the  "holy"  are  easily  taken 
in  by  worldly  cunning,  the  word  came 
to  signify  "gullable,"  "foolish."     (See 

SiMI'LICITT.) 

Silly  Cheat.  A  pickpocket.  Silly 
means  "  silver,"  or  money  called  siller. 
—"  Winter's  Tale,"  iv.  2. 

Silly  Sheep  means  "blessed  sheep," 
not  foolish  sheep,     (See  above.) 


Sil'tim  (Pertian mythology).  A  demon 
in  human  form  supposed  to  haunt  forests 
and  vroods.—  liic/iardson. 

T'j  kiep  him  from  'he  Siltim's  harm. 

Moore,  "Light  of  IM  Haram." 

Silu'ria — that  is,  Hereford,  Mon- 
mouth, Radnor,  Brecon,  and  Glamorgan. 
The  "sparkling  vrines  of  the  Silurian 
vats"  are  cider  and  perry. 

From  Silurinn  vats,  hi'^li-3-  arkli&g  wioea 
I'oam  iu  traiisrareut  tJooils. 

I  hontson,"AulurAn.." 

Silurian  Rocks.  A  name  given 
by  Sir  U.  Murchison  to  what  miners  call 
yruy-Kach,  and  Werner  termed  Iraadlion 
rocks.  Sir  Roderick  called  them  Silu- 
rian because  it  was  in  the  region  of  the 
ancieut  Siluresthat  he  investigated  them. 

Silva  (Doa  Riiy  Gomez  de).  An  old 
Spanish  grandee  to  whom  Elvi'ra  is  be- 
trothed ;  but  she  detests  him,  and  loves 
Ern'a'ni  the  bandit-captain.  Charles  V, 
tries  to  seduce  Elvira  from  the  old  lord, 
and  when  Silva  discovers  this  he  joins 
the  league  of  Ernani  against  the  king. 
The  conspirators  meet  in  the  catacombs 
of  Aquisgra'na,  where  Charles  overhears 
their  plans,  and  at  a  given  signal  the 
royal  guards  arrest  them.  At  the  inter- 
cession of  Elvira,  the  king  grants  them 
a  free  pardon,  and  the  wedding  of  Elvira 
and  Ernani  is  arranged.  On  the  day  of 
solemnisation,  Silva  sounds  a  horn  given 
him  by  Ernani  when  he  joined  the  league, 
with  a  [iromise  "When  the  horn  sounded 
he  would  die."  Silva  insists  on  the  fulfil- 
ment  of  this  promise,  and  Ernani  stabs 
himself. —  Verdi,  "Ernani"  (an,  opera). 

Silva'na.  A  maga  or  fata  in  Tasso's 
"  Amadi'gi,  where  she  is  made  the 
guardian  spirit  of  Alido'ro. 

Silvanella.  A  beautiful  maga  or 
fata  in  Bojardo,  who  raised  a  tomb  over 
Narcissus,  and  then  dissolved  into  a 
fountain. — Lib.  ii.,  xvii.  56,  &c. 

Silver.  The  Frenchman  employs  the 
word  silver  to  designate  money,  tVie 
v.'ealthy  Englishman  uses  the  word  gold, 
and  the  poorer  old  Roman  brass  (as). 

Silver  and  gold  articles  are  marked 
with  five  marks :  the  maker's  private 
mark,  the  standard  or  assay  mark,  the 
hall  mark,  the  duty  mark,  and  the  date 
mark.  The  standard  mark  states  the 
proportion  of  silver,  to  which  figure  is 
added,  a  lion  passant  for  England,  a  harp 
crowned   for  Ireland,  a  thistle  for  Edin- 


SILVER  FORK   SCHOOL. 


SIMPLICITY. 


828 


Imrgh,  and  a  lion  rampant  for  Glasgow. 
(For  the  other  marks,  see  Mark.) 

The  Silver  Star  of  Love.     When  Gama 
was  tempests  tossed  through  the  machi- 
nations of  Bacchus,  the  "Silver  Star  of 
Love"  appeared  to  him,  calmed  the  sea, 
ai:d  restored  the  elements  to  harmony 
acain. 
Th*  Bky  and  ocean  blemiin?.  each  on  fire, 
Si-rmcrl  as  all  Nature  struijgled  to  expire; 
Wlicn  DOW  the  Silver  Stir  (.f  I.^ve  apfieared, 
liii^ht  in  the  eaut  her  rndiant  front  she  reari^d. 
Canuyens,  "Lutiad,"  bk.  yl 

Silver  Fork  f-"chool.  Those  no- 
velists who  are  sticklers  for  etiquette 
and  the  graces  of  society,  such  as  Theo- 
dore Hook,  lady  BlcssiDgton,  Mrs. 
Trollope,  and  Sir  Edward  Bulwer 
I.ytton  [lord  LyttonJ. 

Silver  Lining.  The  prospect  of 
better  days,  the  promise  of  happier 
times.  The  allusion  is  to  Milton's 
"  Comus,"  where  the  lady  lost  in  'the 
wood  resolves  to  hope  on,  and  sees  a 
•'sable  cloud  turn  forth  its  silver  lining 
to  the  night." 

Silver  of  Guthrum  or  of  Guthram'i 
Lane.  Fine  silver  ;  so  called  because  in 
the  thirteouth  and  fourteenth  centuries 
the  principal  gold  and  silver  smiths 
resided  there. 

Silv^er-Tongued.  William  Bates, 
the  Puritan  divine.    (1G25-1U'J9.) 

Anthony  Hammond,  the  poet,  called 
Slli-a-longue.    (16G81733.) 

Henry  Smith,  preacher.    (1550-1600.) 

Joshua  Sylvester,  translator  of  Du 
Bartas.     (1503-1618.) 

Silver  Weapon.  WUh  silver  wea- 
pons yon  may  conauer  the  world,  is  what 
the  Delphic  oracle  said  to  Philip  of 
Maccdoii  when  he  went  to  consult  it. 
Philip,  acting  on  this  advice,  sat  down 
before  a  fortress  which  his  staff  pro- 
Ddunced  to  be  improfrnable.  "You 
shall  see,"  said  the  king,  "how  an  ass 
laden  with  gold  will  find  an  entrance.'' 

Silver  "Wedding.  Thetwenty-fifth 
anniversary,  when,  in  Germany,  the 
woman  has  a  silver  wreath  presented  her. 
On  the  fiftieth  anniversary,  or  GoLD£!4 
W'kddino,  the  wreath  is  of  gold. 

Sil'ves  do  la  Selva.  A  knight  wliose 
blvonluros  and  ex[>loit3  form  a  sup))lo- 
niental  part  of  the  Spanish  romance 
entitled  .Am'adis  of  Gatd.  This  part 
W8£  added  by  Felicla'no  do  Silva. 


Sim'eon  (St.)  is  nsually  depicted  aa 
bearing  in  his  arms  the  infant  Jesus,  or 
receiving  him  in  the  temple. 

Simnel  Cakes.  Rich  cakes  eaten 
in  Lancashire  in  Mid-Lent.  Simnel  is 
the  German  semmel,  a  manchet  or  roll ; 
Danish  and  Norwegian,  simle;  Swedish, 
Simla.  In  Somersetshire  a  tea-cake  is 
called  a  simlin.  A  simnel  cake  is  a  caie 
manchet,  or  rich  semmel.  The  eating 
of  these  cakes  in  Mid-Lent  is  in  com- 
memoration of  the  banquet  given  by  Jo- 
seph to  his  t)rethren,  which  forms  the 
first  lesson  of  Mid-Lent  Sunday,  and  the 
f'jeding  of  five  thousand,  which  forms 
the  gospel  of  the  day.    (See  Mid-Lent.) 

Simon  (Si.)  is  represented  with  a 
saw  in  his  hand,  in  allusion  to  the  instru- 
ment of  his  martyrdom.  He  sometimes 
bears  fish  in  the  other  hand,  in  allusion 
to  his  occupation  as  a  fishmonger. 

Simon  Pure.  The  real  man.  In 
Mrs. Cent! ivre's" Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife," 
a  colonel  Feignwell  passes  himself  off  for 
Simon  Pure,  and  wins  the  heart  of  Miss 
Lovely.  No  sooner  does  he  get  the 
assent  of  her  gii:irdlan.  than  the  veritable 
Quaker  shows  himself,  and  proves,  be 
yond  a  doubt,  he  is  the  real  Simon  Pure. 
Every  play  or  novel  reader  can  gnesi 
how  such  a  matter  will  conclude. 

Simony.  Buying  and  selling  church 
livings;  any  unlawful  tratfic  in  holy 
things.  So  called  from  Simon  Mas'us, 
who  wanted  to  purchase  the  "gift  of 
the  Holy  Gho.st,"  that  he  might  have 
the  power  of  working  miracles.  (Acta 
viii.  9-2.3.) 

Simony.  The  friar  in  the  t^le  of 
"  Reynard  the  Fox ;"  so  called  from 
Simon  Magus. 

Simoorgh'.  A  sort  of  griffin  or 
hippogriff,  which  took  some  of  its  breast 
feathers  for  Tahmuras'  helmet.  This 
creature  forms  a  very  striking  figure  in 
the  ejiic  poems  of  S.iaiH  and  Ferdusi, 
the  Persian  poets.     (See  Tahmuuas.) 

Simple  ( T/u).  Charles  III.  of  France. 
(879,  Sy3-92y.) 

Simple  Simon.  A  simpleton.  The 
character  is  introdticed  in  the  well- 
known  nursery  tale,  the  author  of  which 
is  unknown. 

Simplicity  is  tine  plica,  without  a 
fold ;  as  duplicity  is  duplex  plica,  a 
double  fold.  Conduct  "  without  a  fold  " 
i«  slraujht-foi-xcard,  but  thought  without 


S24 


SIMPLON    IIOAD. 


SINOINO-ArPLE. 


a  fold  is  mere  childislinoss.  It  is  "  tor- 
tuity  of  thought"  that  constitutes  philo- 
gophic  wisdom,  and  "  simplicity  of 
tuoug-ht"  that  prepares  tlio  miud  for 
faith. 

The  flat  slraplicilj  of  ttiat  reply  was  adinirnMe.— 
Pantimgh  iind  Gibber,  ''The  Provoked  lliuti-md,"  i. 

Simplon  Road.  Conimoiicod  in 
1800  by  Napoleon,  and  finished  in  180(5. 
It  leads  over  a  shoulder  of  what  is  called 
//te  Pass  of  the  itimplon  (Swiizerland). 

Sin,  according  to  Milton,  is  twin- 
keeper  with  Death  of  the  gates  of  Hell. 
She  sprang  full-grown  from  the  head  of 
Satan. 

Womnn  to  the  waist,  and  Tiir, 
But  enciing  foul  lu  many  a  Bcaly  fold 
V'luminouB  and  vast,  a  serpi  lit  armed 
With  mortal!  siiug.         "Faraduie  Lott,"  !L 

Original  sin.     {See  Adam.) 

Sin-eaters.  Persons  hired  at  fune- 
rals in  ancient  times,  to  take  upon  them- 
selves the  sins  of  the  deceased,  that  the 
soul  might  be  delivered  from  purgatory. 

Notice  was  eivon  to  an  old  S're  liefore  lh«  door  of 
llie  tiouse.  when  gome  of  the  family  cime  out  and 
furaislied  him  with  a  cricket  [Uiw  stoulu  on  which 
he  sal.  down  faciniz  the  door;  iheu  liiey  tcave  h  m  a 
gruat  which  he  put  m  his  pockef,  a  crust  of  bread 
which  he  eat,  ami  a  bowl  of  ale  wh'ch  he  drank  off 
at  a  drausht.  Afn  r  this  he  (;<.t  up  from  the  cricket 
aui  prouounci'd  tUe  ease  ami  rest  of  the  soul 
JtlMiiU'l,  fur  which  he  would  jt'iwn  hU  own  siiul  — 
Biigfuid'i  letter  on  "  Lclmnd'e  C olUcUmea,"  i.  "6. 

Sin'adone.  The  lady  of  Sinadoae. 
This  was  a  lady  who  had  been  metamor- 
phosed by  enchantment  into  a  serpent. 
Sir  Lybius,  one  of  Arthur's  knights, 
undertook  to  rescue  her ;  and  having 
slain  the  enchantress,  the  ladj',  in  the 
guise  of  a  horrible  serpent,  coils  round 
his  neck  and  kisses  him  The  spell  is 
now  broken,  and  the  serjient  becomes  a 
lovely  young  princess,  who  marries  her 
deliverer.  —  "Ziieaitx"  (a  romance). 

Sinee're  (2  syl,)  properly  means 
without  wax  (siae  cera).  The  allusion  is 
♦  o  the  Roman  practice  of  concealing 
flaws  in  pottery  with  wax  or  to  lioiiey 
from  which  the  wax  is  extracted. 

Sin'dhu'.  The  ancient  name  of  the 
river  Indus.     (Sanskrit,  syand,  to  flow.) 

Sin'don.  A  thin  manufacture  of  the 
middle  ages  used  for  dresses  and  hang- 
ings ;  also  a  little  round  piece  of  linen 
or  lint,  for  dressing  the  wound  left  by 
trepanning.  (Du  Cange  gives  its  etymo- 
logy Cyssus  tenuis;  but  the  Greek  sindon 
means  "fine  Indian  cloth."  India  is 
Siiid.  acd  China  Sina.') 


Sin§  die  (Latin).  No  time  being 
fixed ;  indefinitely  in  regard  to  time. 
When  a  proposal  is  deferred  sine  die, 
it  is  deferred  without  fixing  a  day  for  its 
reconsideration,  which  is  virtually  "  for 
ever." 

Sine  qua  non.  An  indispensable 
condition.  Latin,  Sine  qud  non  poie.it 
es'se  or  Jieri  (that  without  which  [the 
thing]  cannot  be,  or  be  done). 

Si'neeure  {si'-ne-kure).  An  enjoy- 
ment of  the  money  attached  to  a  bene- 
fice, without  having  the  trouble  of  the 
"cure";  also  applied  to  any  office  to 
which  a  salary  is  attached  without  any 
duties  to  perform  (Latin,  sine  cura,  with- 
out cure,  or  care). 

Sinews  of  War.  Money,  which 
buys  the  sinews,  and  makes  them  act 
rigorously.  Men  will  not  fight  withovit 
wages,  and  the  materials  of  war  must  be 
paid  for. 

Sing.  Si?ig  old  rose  and  burn  tht 
bellows.  Probably  tliis  is  a  perversion 
of  "Singe  old  rose  and  burn  liViellos," 
old  rose  being  a  school-boy's  nick-name 
for  the  master's  "  full-liottomed  wig" 
or  cabbage-rose  ;  and  lihellos,  our  books. 

Sing  mi/  music  and  not  yours,  said 
Giiglielmi  to  those  who  introduced  their 
own  ornaments  into  his  operas,  so  emi- 
nently distinguished  for  their  simplicity 
and  purity.  (1727-1804.)  Shakespeare 
gave  the  same  instruction  to  the  players; 

Let  those  that  play  your  chiwns  speak  no  moro 
than  is  set  down  for  tiiem,  &o.— "  llaniiel,"  iii.  S. 

Sing-su-hay.  A  lake  of  Thibet, 
famous  for  its  gold  sands. 

Bright  are  the  waters  of  Sing-su-hay 
And  the  k'lldcu  Hoods  ih»t  ihitheranrd  stray 
Thoi:'ii  M^urr,  "  rui,idise  uitd  tht  i"f,i." 

Singing- Apple  was  a  ruby  apple 
on  a  stem  of  amber  ;  it  had  the  power  of 
persuading  any  one  to  any  thing  merely 
by  its  odour,  and  enabled  the  possessor 
to  write  verses,  make  people  laugh  or 
cry,  and  itself  sang  so  as  to  ravish  the 
ear.  The  apple  was  in  the  desert  of 
Libya,  and  was  guarded  by  a  dragon 
with  three  heads  and  twelve  feet.  Prince 
Chery  put  on  an  armour  of  glass,  and 
the  dragon,  when  it  saw  its  thousand  re- 
Hectious  in  the  armour  and  thought  u 
thousand  dragons  were  about  to  attack 
it,  became  so  alarmed  that  it  ran  into  its 
cave,  and  the  prince  closed  up  the  mouth 
of  the  cave. — Countess  (T.-iunoy  "  Chery 
and  Fairsinr."     (See  tJlNGiNQ-TiicE.) 


SINGING-BREAD. 


SIRENS. 


825 


Singing-Bread,  consocrated  by  the 
priest  singing.  (Frencli,  puin  d  chanter.) 
The  reformers  directed  that  the  sacra- 
mental bread  ehould  be  einiilar  in  fine- 
ness and  fashion,  as  the  round  bread- 
and-water  sinyiug-cakes  used  in  private 
masses. 

Singing-Tree.  A  tree  whose  leaves 
were  so  musical  that  every  lo.if  sang  in 
concert. — "Arahiun.  Nights"  {Slor//  ofl/ie 
His/ers  xvho  Envied  their  Younger  ^Sister). 
{iSef  HiNorNCJ-Ai'i'LE.) 

Singing  in  Tribulation.  Con- 
fessing when  put  to  the  torture.  Such  a 
person  is  termed  in  gaol  slang  a  "canary- 
bird." 

"Ttiis  mnn.  sir.  ii  condemneil  to  tlie  (nl:ey8  for 
beiiii!  H  caimry-l'irl."  "  .\  caiiary-bir.l  !"  exc  aimed 
Ihe  liiiiclil.  "Yi'S,  fir,"  n(i'l''ii  tlie  arch  Uiief;"I 
mi'an  that  he  ib  very  faiiiuus  for  his  siur-'inu" 
•'  VV  i.al  !•■  mt'i  I'oii  Quixote  ;  'nre  i  eople  to  lie  8^  nt 
to  theLialUys  for  8ln^m-,■?"  "  Marry,  I  hat  Ihcy  aic," 
»iisweied  the  Bhive :  'for  there  is  uothiii^  more 
BAUKvrous  thtn  en  cinn  '"  Ui\'u\at\ou."-  CervarUm, 
'•Von  Quixote,"  iii.  8. 

Single-Speech  Hamilton.  The 
Right  lion.  W.  G.  Hamilton,  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchc(iuer  in  Ireland,  spoke  one 
speech,  but  that  was  a  masterly  torrent 
of  oloijucnce  which  astounded  every  one. 
(November  13,  1755.) 

No  one  likes  a  reputation  amlngous  to  tlia!  of 
**6.;uKle-spceclt  llaTiuifoii.'*— ?/!.■  Tttms. 

Or  i8  it  he,  the  wordy  youth, 
Si)  early  tiaini;d  lor  8t:ii''8inan'»  part, 

\VliQ  liiki  of  lionour.  fauh.  .^nd  truth, 
As  thi-m>-B  that  he  !!».■<  i:ut  hv  lie.-irt, 

■\Vliose  >-lhu:s  ChcsL-rli-id  can  ti'aih, 

Wh'iKC  loHic  18  trmn  .-lule-sp"' oil  ? 

i'lr  M'lUter  Scntl,"J>niJ^ilti/  Triei-main' i\.  i. 

Singular  Doctor.  William  Oc- 
ciun,  a  schooiniau.     (127G-lol7.) 

Sin'ister  (Latin,  on  the  left  hand). 
/According  to  au'gury,  birds,  &c.,  appear- 
ing on  the  left-hand  side  forebode  ill- 
luck  ;  but  on  the  ritcht-hand  side,  good 
hick.  Thus  corva  situslra  (a  crovr  on  the 
left  hand)  is  a  sign  of  ill-luck  which 
belongs  to  English  supcrstititins  as  much 
as  to  the  ancient  Roman  or  Etruscan. 
—  Virgil,  " Eclogues,"  i.  18. 

Th-it  raven  on  ym  left-h-ind  oak 

(I'uKe  on  hia  ill-het  diug  cronki 

Bodes  me  no  good.  iJiiy,t'i:bU  xxxvli. 

Sinning  my  Mercies.  Being  un- 
grateful for  the  gifts  of  Providence. 

I  kno'.T  yi'ur  ?ood  fither  would  term  thin  "  einnlng 
my  merUes."— i'ir  I)'.  .Scutt,  "  /iedi/.iiitUirf." 

Ei'non.  A  crafty  (Jreck  who  induced 
the  Trojans  to  drag  the  Wooden  Horse 
within  the  city  (Virgil,  "iEneid,"  ii.). 


Any  one  who  deceives  to  betray  is  called 
"  a  Sinon." 

And  now  securely  tniatin;  to  destroy. 
As  ersl  False  Smou  snarei  the  sous  of  Troy. 
Camoint,  "  Liuiud,"  bk.  I, 

Sintram.  The  Greek  hero  of  the 
(Jerman  romance,  "  Sintram  and  his 
Companions,"  by  baron  Lamottc  Fonqnc. 

Sintrain's  famon.i  su-onl  was  called 
"  Welsung."  The  same  name  was  given 
to  Dietlieb's  sword. 

Sir.  Greek,  atiax  (a  king)  ;  Latin, 
senex  (a  patriarch);  Spanish,  senor ; 
Italian,  signor  ;  French,  sicur  ;  Norman, 
sire;  English,  sir ;  Chaldee,  zar  (a prince). 
Clergymen  used  to  have  this  title  instead 
of  Hevereud  ;  thus  m  the  "  Merry  Wives  of 
Wind.sor  "  we  have  Sir  Hugh  Evans,  and 
air  John  is  a  common  name  for  a  priest 
(See  QoKEN.) 

Sir  Oracle.    {See  Oracle.) 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley.  An  ima 
ginary  character  by  Addison  ;  typo  of  a 
benevolent  country  gentleman  of  the  Last 
century.  Probably  the  model  was  WilliaEn 
Boevey,  lord  of  the  manor  of  Flaxley. 

Si'ren.  A  woman  of  dangerous  Id.an- 
dishments.  The  allusion  is  to  the  fabu- 
lous sirens  said  by  the  Greek  and  Latin 
poets  to  entice  seamen  by  the  sweetness 
of  their  song  to  such  a  degree,  th.at  the 
listeners  forgot  everything  and  died  of 
hunger  (Greek,  sirt'nes,  entanglors).  In 
Homeric  mythology  there  were  but  two 
.'iirens  ;  later  writers  name  three,  viz. — 
Parthen'ope,  Lig'ea,  and  Leucos'ia  ;  but 
the  number  was  still  further  augmented 
by  those  who  loved  "lords  many  and 
gods  many." 

There  were  leveral  sirens  up  and  down  the  coast: 
one  lit  I'anornus,  another  at  Naples,  others  at  Siir- 
rent'im.  hnt  the  Brea'est  numb  r  lired  ui  the  de  ik'ht- 
ful  Caprex,  wheriee  tlity  paiseJ  oTer  to  the  r^uke 
iS'reuu'»;el  which  bear  their  name —'• /iv/iiiry  into 
Ihi  Lift  of  /lomer." 

Sirens.  Plato  says  there  are  throe 
kinds  of  Sirens — the  celestial,  the  gentira- 
tioe  and  the  cathartic.  The  first  are 
under  the  t,'-overnmeut  of  Jui)iter,  the 
second  under  the  government  of  Nep- 
tune, and  the  third  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Pluto.  When  the  soul  is  in 
heaven  the  Sirens  seek,  by  harmonic 
motion,  to  unite  it  to  the  divine  life  of 
the  celestial  host ;  and  when  in  Hadiis, 
to  conform  them  to  the  infernal  regimen  ; 
V)ut  on  earth  they  produce  generation  of 
which  the  sea  is  emblematic. — Proclus^ 
"  On  the  Theology  of  Plato,"  bk.  vi. 


82d 


5IRIU3. 


BKAINS-MATE. 


SJrius.  Tlie  Dog-star,  so  called  by 
tho  Greeks  from  tho  adjective  leirios, 
liot  and  scorchiiifj.  The  llomans  callod 
it  cntiic'ula  ;  and  tho  Egyptians,  sotJiis. 

Sirloin.  It  is  generally  said  that 
James  1.  or  Chailos  11.  knighted  tho  loin 
of  boof,  but  Henry  VIII.  had  done  so 
already. 

Uininc  with  the  sbliot  of  Reailing,  he  |  Henry  VIII.. 
ate  no  lii-artilv  of  a  luin  of  Ix-cf  tliat  the  abhot  sniil  he 
wi.iiM  i;\ve  10(M  marks  for  such  a  Rtoinach,  ■'iMiicI' 
Baul  thli  king,  and  ki-pt  tho  abliut  a  prisoner  iu  the 
Tower,  won  his  1000  marks,  anil  kniehted  tlie  beef. 

Hee  fuller,  "Church  Uistvry,    vi.  2.  p,  299  (1655). 

Sis'yphus  [Latin;  Sisuphos,  Greek) 
A  frundulcnt  avaricious  king  of  Corinth, 
whose  task  iu  the  world  of  shades  is  tc 
roll  a  huge  stone  to  the  top  of  a  hill,  and 
fix  it  there.  It  so  falls  out  that  the  stone 
no  sooner  reaches  tho  hill-tox)  than  it 
bo'iudsjdov/n  again. 

Sita.  Wife  of  Rama  or  Vishnu  in- 
carnate, carried  off  by  the  giant  Ravana. 
She  was  not  born,  but  arose  from  a 
furrow  when  her  father  Jau'aka,  king  of 
Mith'ila,  was  ploughing.  The  word 
means  "furrow." 

Sitting  in  Banco.  The  judges  of 
the  courts  of  law  at  Westminster  are 
said  to  be  "  sitting  in  banco"  so  long  as 
they  sit  together  on  the  benches  of  their 
respective  courts— that  is,  all  term  time. 
Banco  is  the  Italian  for  "bench." 

Siva  {Indian).  The  destroyer,  who, 
with  Brahma  and  Vishnu,  forms  the 
divine  head  of  the  Brahmins.  He  has 
five  heads,  and  is  the  emblem  of  fire.  His 
wife  is  Parbutta  (Sanskrit,  au-fpicioiis). 

Six  (pron.  cea$e).  Six  thrice  or  three 
dice.  Everything  or  nothing.  "  C:csar 
aut  uuUus."  The  Greeks  and  Romans 
used  to  play  with  three  dice.  The 
highest  throw  was  three  sixes,  and  the 
lowest  three  aces.  The  aces  were  left 
blank,  and  throe  aces  were  called  "throe 
dice."     {See  CiKSAR.) 

Six  Articles  or  the  Bloodj/  Statute, 
33  Uenry  VIII.,  enjoins  the  belief  in  (1) 
the  real  presence  of  Christ  in  the  Eu- 
charist ;  (2)  the  sufficiency  of  communion 
in  one  kind ;  (3)  the  celibacy  of  tbo 
priests  ;  (4)  the  obligation  of  vows  of 
chastity;  (5)  the  expediency  of  private 
masses  ;  and  (6)  the  necessity  of  auri- 
cular confession. 

Six  Chronicles.  A  cotDpilatioQ 
publishodby  H.  G.Bohn,  of  LondoDj  cod- 


taining  b\x  chronicles  pertaining  to  the 
history  of  this  country  before  the  Con- 
quest. I'hey  are  Ethel  word's  "Chro- 
nicle," A.sser's  "Life  of  Alfred,"  "The 
History  of  the  Britons,"  by  Nonniiis, 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth's  "  Briti.sh  His- 
tory," the  Works  of  Gildas  the  Wise, 
and  Richard  of  Cirencester  on  the  "  An- 
cient ytaio  of  Britain." 

Six  Slembers.  The  six  raembers 
that  Charles  I.  went  into  tho  House  of 
Commons  to  arrest  were  Lord  Kimbol- 
ton,  Pym,  Holli.s,  Hampden,  Sir  Arthur 
Hiiselrig,  and  Stroud.  Being  warned  in 
time,  they  make  good  their  etcape. 

Six  Months.  /  sugrjest  that  it  be 
read  again  this  day  six  montln.  A  polite 
way  of  saying,  "  1  suggest  that  the  ques- 
tion be  burked,"  as  the  House  would  not 
be  sitting  so  long. 

Six  Months'  "War.  The  Franco- 
Prussian  (July2.i,  1870-Jan.  24,  1871). 

Sixteen-string  Jack.  John  Rann, 
a  highwayman,  noted  for  his  foppery.  He 
wore  sixteen  tags,  eight  at  each  knee. 
(Hanged  in  1774.) 

Dr.  Johnson  said  that  Gray's  poetry  towered  ahovo 
the  ordinary  run  of  verse  as  Siiteeu-titring  J&.;k  above 
the  ordinary  foot-pad — lioiwell,  "  L\fe  of  Johnson." 

Si'zer.  A  poor  scholar  whose  assii;o 
of  food  is  given  him.  Sizera  used  to 
have  what  was  left  at  the  Fellows'  table, 
because  it  was  their  duty  at  one  time  to 
wait  on  the  fellows  at  dinner.  Each  fellow 
had  his  sizer. — Cambridge   University. 

Sizings.  The  quota  of  food  allowed 
at  breakfast,  and  also  food  "sized  for" 
at  dinner.  At  Cambridge,  the  students 
are  allowed  meat  for  dinner,  but  tart, 
jelly,  ale,  &c.,  are  obtained  only  by  pay- 
iiig  extra.  These  articles  are  called 
sizings,  and  those  who  demand  them  size 
for  them.  The  word  is  a  contraction  of 
assise,  a  statute  to  regulate  tho  size  or 
weight  of  articles  sold.     (See  Sice.) 

A  size  18 !»  portion  of  hreal  or  drinke  :  it  is  a  lai^ 
fliiriA  which  ec'iollcrs  in  Cambrilgs  ImvB  at  tho 
l)uttery.  It  is  noted  wit'i  the  letter  S  — i/iiuAcn, 
(:>ee  aUo  EUi3.  "L'terary  Setters,"  p.  17S.) 

Skains-niate  i-Q  Skeins-mate.  A 
dagger-comrade ;  a  fencing-school  com- 
panion ;  a  fellow  cut-throat.  Skain  is 
an  Irish  knife,  similar  to  the  American 
bowie-knife.  Swift,  describing  an  Irish 
feast,  says — "A  cubit  at  least  the  length 


SKALD. 


8K1MM1NGT0N. 


827 


of  their  skains."  Groen,  in  his  "  Quip 
for  an  Upstart  Courtier,"  speaks  of  "  an 
ill-fa votircfl  knave,  who  wore  by  his  side 
a  skane,  like  a  brewer's  bunsr-kuife." 

SouTTj  knave! I  am  none  of  liii!  sUains-malea 

aiiakesprare,  "Romeo  and  Juliet,"  ii.  1. 

Skald.  An  oM  Norse  poet,  whoso 
aim  was  to  celebrnto  living  warriors  or 
theirancestors,  hence  were  tKey  attached 
to  courts.  Few  complete  Sk.aldic  poems 
have  survived,  but  a  multitude  of  fi'ag- 
ments  exist. 

Skedad'dlo.  To  run  awaj',  to  be 
scattered  in  ro\it.  The  Scotch  apply  the 
word  to  the  milk  spilt  over  the  pail  in 
carrying  it.  During  the  late  American 
war,  the  New  York  papers  said  the 
Southern  forces  were  "  skedaddled"  by 
the  Federals.  (Saxon,  scedan,  to  pour 
out ;  Chaldee,  sckeda  ;  Greek,  skedu'o, 
to  scatter.) 

SkeggS.  Afis3  Carolina  Wilkelmi'na 
Amdia  Cikegtjf.  A  pretender  to  gen- 
tility who  boasts  of  her  aristocratic  con- 
nections, but  is  atrociously  vulgar,  and 
comiilaius  of  bi'ing  "all  of  a  muck  ul 
swf'ut,"  —  GolJimit/i,  "  Vicur  of  M'a/cc- 
/iti'i. 

Skel'eton.  There  is  a  skeleton  in 
tverif  house.  Something  to  annoy  and  to 
be  kept  out  of  sight. 

Thai  is  m>/  sUleton— my  trouble,  the 
"  crook  of  my  lot." 

A  woman  ha<l  an  only  son  who  obtained 
an  appointment  in  India,  but  his  health 
failed,  and  ids  mother  longed  for  his  re- 
turn. One  day  he  wrote  a  letter  to  his 
mother  with  this  strange  re(|uest:  "Pray, 
mother,  get  some  one  who  has  no  cares 
and  troubles  to  make  me  six  shirts."  The 
widow  hunted  in  vain  for  such  a  person, 
and  at  length  called  upon  a  lady  who  told 
her  to  go  with  her  to  her  bed-room.  Being 
there  slio  opened  a  closet  which  con- 
tained a  human  skeleton.  "  Madam," 
said  the  la<ly,  "  1  try  to  keep  my  sorrows 
to  myself,  but  every  night  my  husbaml 
compels  me  to  kiss  that  skeleton."  She 
thon  explained  that  the  skeleton  was 
once  her  husband's  rival,  killed  in  a  duel. 
"Think  you  I  am  happy?"  The  mother 
wrote  to  her  son,  and  the  son  wrote 
homo  ;  "  I  knew  when  I  gave  the  com- 
mission that  every  one  liad  his  caros, 
and  you,  mother,  must  have  yours.  Know 
thon  that  I  am  condemned  to  death,  and 
can  never  return  to  England.    Mother, 


mother!    there    is  a    skeleton   in   erory 
house." 

Skevington's  Daughter,  cor- 
rupted into  Scaceni/er's  Daiojhter,  was  an 
instrument  of  torture  invented  bj'  Sko- 
vington,  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  under 
Henry  VIII.  It  consisted  of  a  broad 
hoop  of  iron  in  two  parts,  fastened  toge- 
ther by  a  hinge.  The  victim  was  made 
to  kneel  while  the  hoop  wiis  passed  under 
his  legs;  he  was  then  squeezed  gradu- 
ally till  the  hoop  could  be  got  over  his 
back,  where  it  was  fastened. 

Skid  of  a  wheel.  Aug.- Sax.  scid,  a 
splinter. 

Skidblad'nir.  A  ship  ma<Ki  by  the 
dwarfs,  large  enough  to  hold  all  the  gods, 
but  which  could  bo  folded  together  like 
a  sheet  of  paper,  and  put  into  a  purse 
when  not  required  for  use.  This  ship 
always  commanded  a  prosperous  gale. — • 
Scandiwivian  mylhuloyy,  (i'ee  Caupet, 
BAY.\iii),  kc.) 

Skiddaw.  Whenever  Skiildaio  hath  a 
cap,  Scrujjdl  wots  full  well  of  thai.  When 
my  neighl)0ur's  house  is  on  fire  mine  ia 
threatened  ;  When  you  aro  in  misfortune 
I  also  am  a  sulVerer;  When  you  mourn 
I  have  cause  also  to  lameut.  Skiddaw 
and  Scnifl'ell  aro  two  neighbouring  hills, 
one  in  Cumberlan<l,  and  the  other  in 
Annandale,  in  Scotland.  When  Skirl- 
daw  is  capped  with  clouds,  it  will  be 
sure  to  rain  ere  long  at  ScrulToll. — Fuller, 
"  Wuilh'cs." 

fekillygolee.  Slip-slop,  wish-wash, 
twaddle,  talk  about  gruel.  "Skilly"  is 
prison-gruel,  or  more  strictly  speaking, 
the  water  in  which  meat  has  been  boiled 
thickened  with  oatmeal.  Broth  served 
on  board  the  hulks  to  convicts  is  called 
skilly.     Goleo  is  jaw,  talk. 

It  ifi  the  policy  of  Otirsitor  Stroef  md  Sldllygolct. 
—  The  Ittitli/  Tdevraph. 

Skimble  skamble.  Rambling, 
worthless.  "Skamble"  is  merely  a  va- 
riety of  scramble,  hence  "  scambliug 
days,"  those  days  in  Lent  when  no  regu- 
lar meals  are  provided,  but  oach  "  scram- 
bles" or  shifts  for  him.solf.  "  Skimblo  " 
is  added  to  give  force.  (See  Rkdupu- 
CATKD  Words.) 

AdiI  9uc>>  Ik  dral  of  Bklmb'e-ekamble  itiifT 
As  puis  me  fMin  my  fait'i 

i7i.iii's;«ir<,  "  I   Henri/  J  V.,'  lU.  1. 
With  mich  Bi-.:imlilc-«cemhl ',  «Fi:t'>r  Si  ftltcr, 
A*  I'Uta  me  cl-Hiie  ticnijes  I  lie  looucj-iualter. 
Tai/lor'i  '■  Wvrktt,"  IL  S».     (liJ-W.) 

Skim'mington.     To  ridi  Un  skuii' 


328 


SKIMPOLE. 


SKY  BLUK. 


minrjton,  or  Riilinrj  the  itartg.  To  1>e 
hon-iiccl<e(l.  (Jroso  tells  us  that  tlio 
man  rodo  heliind  tlio  woman,  with  bis 
face  to  tlio  horse's  tail.  The  man  iielii  a 
distaff,  and  the  woman  tjcat  him  about 
the  jowls  with  a  hxdle.  A>^  tlio  iiroccssion  \ 
passed  a  house  whore  the  woman  was 
paramount,  each  pave  the  threshold  a 
sweoi).  Tlie  "stanp:"  was  a  polo  sup- 
ported by  two  stout  lads,  across  which 
tlie  rider  was  ma<le  to  stri<le.  Mr.  Donee 
derives  "  skimtniiifrton  "  from  the  slm- 
»n'/'//-ladle  with  which  the  rider  was 
bullcted. 

This  custom  was  not  peculiar  to  Scot- 
land and  EiiLrlaml ;  it  prevailed  in  Scandi- 
navia ;  anfl  lioefnnicel,  in  his  "Views  in 
Seville"'  (1591),  shows  tliat  it  existed  in 
Spain  also.  The  j)rocession  is  described 
at  length  in  "  Iludibras,"  pt.  ii.,  c.  2. 

•'  Ilarh  ye,  dame  llrstey  Su'ici!d;l!or,''saH  Jenkin, 
6'MiJim  up.  Iiiq  e)c?  ti  islnup  witli  an.  er  ;  "*  r»n  em- 
ber, 1  am  uuue  of  jour  liuis^aiiii.  and  if  I  were 
ynu  wuuld  do  well  noi  to  forget  whose  tlncsliold 
was  swept  wlien  they  la'^t  rode  the  skimmmitoQ 
upon  eiich  auuther  sC')l<!iug  jade  as  joureelf."— 
Scott,  "Furtunit  o/  Nigel." 

Skimp ole  (IJarola).  A  soft  sponger 
on      liis      friends.  —  Bickcns,      "  Bltak 

L/07I.1C.'' 

Skin.  To  sell  the  sHn  before  you  hare 
cavijht  the  hear.  To  count  of  your  chickens 
before  they  are  hatched.  In  the  South- 
Sea  mania  (17'J0),  dealing  in  bear-skins 
was  a  great  stock-jobbing  item,  and 
thousands  of  skins  were  t-old  as  mere 
time  bargains.  ShaLespeare  alludes  to 
a  similar  practice  ; — 

The  man  that  once  did  seU  the  lion's  «kin 
While  the  beast  lived,  wai  killed  with  hunting  him. 
••  Ifcn.  >'.,"  Act  iv.  3. 

To  shn  a  jlbiL  To  be  very  exacting 
in  making  a  bargain.  The  French  say, 
*'Tondre  sur  un  oeuf."  The  Latin  lana 
Capri na  (goat's  wool)  means  something 
as  wortliless  as  the  skin  of  a  flint,  or 
3ecce  of  an  cgtrshell. 

^i-in  of  his  Teeth.  I  am  escaped  with  the 
skill,  of  mi/  teeth  (Job  six.  20).  Just  es- 
caped, and  that  is  all — having  lost  every- 
thing. 

Skinflint.  A  pinch-farthing ;  a  nig- 
gard. In  the  French  "  pince-mai'.ie." 
Maille  is  an  old  copper  coin. 

Skirt.  To  sit  vpon  one's  shiH.  To 
insult,  or  seek  occasion  of  quarrel.  Tarl- 
ton,  the  clown,  told  his  audience  tho 
reason  why  he  wore  a  jacket  was  that 


"no    one    mis'ht   sit   upon    his    skirt." 

Sitting  on  one's  skirt  is  like  stamping  on 
one's  coat  in  Ireland,  a  fruitful  source  of 
quarrels,  often  i»rovoked.  In  Paris,  tliis 
very  year  [IStJO),  a  gentleman  was  chal- 
lenged to  a  duel  for  stamping  accidentally 
on  a  lady's  train  as  he  was  coming  out 
of  the  opera.  To  sit  or  stamp  on  a  skirt 
is  to  olfer  a  meditated  insult. 

Cro«-e  me  not,  l.i7,a.  o"flier  be  «o  pert*. 

t'oi  if  thou  d'St  III  Pit  upoTj  thv  ekirte. 

•*  The  Ahnrtiv-'  n/nn  htlt  Hnwrt  '  {1«20). 
(Quoted  l>y  Ililliwell, '■  Arch:.ic  Words.'T 

Bkogan  (J/eny/).  A  poet  in  tlio 
reign  of  Henry  IV.  Justice  Shallow 
says  he  saw  Sir  John  Falstaff,  when  he 
was  a  boy,  "  break  SkoQ-an's  bead  at  the 
court  gate,  when  he  [Sir  John]  was  a 
crack  [child]  not  thus  high."—  "  z  Henry 
I  v.,"  iii.  2. 

Scofran  ?    W 1  at  was  h  e  T 
O.  a  fine  senlleman  nnd  a  master  of  art« 
l)f  !!•  nry  the  fuurtli's  ti  >  es.  Hiar  made  rii=pnise« 
For  tlie  king's  sous,  and  writ  in  ballad  royal 
Daintily  well. 

Bm  Jonson.  "  The  FoTtun'itt  lAn  "  (!0M). 

John  Slvfjan,  who  took  his  degree  at 
Oxford,  "  being,"  as  Mr.  Warton  says, 
"an  excel'sct  rnimick,  and  of  great  plea- 
santry in  conversation,  became  the  fa- 
vourite buffoon  of  the  court  of  king  Eil- 
ward  IV."  "Scogin's  Jests"  were  pub- 
lislied  by  Andrew  Ijorde,  a  physician,  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII, 

Skulda  {tlie  future).  A  maiden  who 
dwells  with  her  two  sisters,  Urda  and 
Verdandi,  near  the  well  Noma.  —  Scan- 
dinavian mythology. 

Skull.  You  shall  quo ff  leer  out  of  the 
skulls  of  your  enemies.  This  promise  of 
our  Scandinavian  forefathers  is  not  un- 
frequently  misunderstood.  Skull  means 
a  cup  or  dish ;  hence  a  person  who  washes 
up  cups  and  dishes  is  called  a  scullery- 
maid.  (Scotch,  skull,  a  bowl  ;  French, 
ecuf.lle;  Danish,  skaal,  a  drinking-vessel; 
German,  schale;  our  sicell.) 

Sky.  To  elevate,  ennoble,  raise.  It  is 
a  term  in  ballooning  ;  when  the  ropes  are 
cut,  the  balloon  mounts  upward  to  the 
clouds. 

We  found  the  same  distinsui^hed  perRona?e  doing 
h  8  best  to  8ky  some  dozen  oi  his  best  fi lends  ir  - 
f  rring  to  the  peers  maae  by  Gladstone  J.—  The  /'itno, 
Key.  16, 1*;9. 

Jf  the  sky  falls  ire  .ikall  catch  larks.  A 
bantering  repl}-  to  those  who  suggest 
some  very  improbable  or  wild  scheme. 

Sky  -  blue.  ililk  and  water,  tJw' 
colour  of  the  skies. 


SKY 


SLEDGE-nAMMER. 


829 


Ut  ita'Tc  derliion  ftO'l  reproach  purcae, 
▲udDtrKUgtro  tell  u(  tliree  hmei  gVimmrd  ekv-Mne. 
BloomfirM.  '  Finner'i  Bnu' 

Skye  (Isle  of)  means  the  isle  of  ^'aps 
or  indentations  (Celtic,  sk-yh,  a  pip). 
Hence  also  the  SkibViereen  of  Cork, 
which  is  Sk-iib-hohreen,  the  byway  gap,  a 
pass  ill  a  mount^iin  to  the  sea. 

Skyresh  Bol'golam..  Galbet  or 
high  ailiniral  of  tlie  realm  of  Lilliput. — 
Hwijl,  "  Gullive)''s  Traeds,"  cb.  iii. 

Slander,  OfiFence.  Slander  is  a 
Btumbling-block  or  somethinir  which  trips 
a  person  vip  ((Jreek,  sLaii'ilalmi,  throut;li 
the  French  esclandre).  Oll'eiiue  is  the 
striking  of  our  foot  against  a  stone  (Latin, 
oh-feiido,  as  scnpulum  ojf'endit  navis,  the 
ship  struck  against  a  rock). 

Slang.  Slangs  are  the  greaves  with 
which  the  legs  of  convicts  are  fettered  ; 
heuce  convicts  theruselves;  and  slang  is 
the  language  of  conviots.  The  Italian 
tUngiiu.  ie.,  s  ncg.  li.iyita  language,  not 
accepted  language  (French  esciaiidrj]  may 
bo  suggested;  but  for  fable  the  frllowing 
ie  best:  Slang  from  Slangenberg.  a  Dutch 
general  fond  of  "slanging  his  soldiers." 

Slap-bang,  in  sport,  means  that  the 
giiu  was  discharged  incessantly  ;  it  went 
slap  here  and  l>ang  there.  As  a  term  of 
laudation  it  means  "  very  dashing,"  both 
words  being  playful  synonyms  of  "dash- 
ing," the  repetition  being  employed  to 
give  intensity.  Hlnp-bauy,  htre  tvt  are 
aijain,  means,  we  have  '"popped"  iu 
again  without  ceremony.  Fop,  slap, 
bang,  and  dash  are  interchangeable. 

Slap-dash.  In  an  ofTuaiid  maimer. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  method  of  colouring 
rooms  liy  sla|i|iini,'  and  dashing  the  walls, 
■o  as  to  imitate  paper.  At  one  tiujo 
slap-dash  walls  were  very  common. 

Slap-up.  Prime  slap-up  or  slap-hung- 
up. Very  cxcpiisite  or  dashing.  Here 
tLip  is  a  playful  .synonym  of  daskiHg,  and 
"up"  is  the  Latin  super  as  in  "super- 
fine." The  dress  of  a  dandy  or  the  cnuiji- 
age  of  an  ox<|uisite  is  "slap-up,"  "prime 
tlap-up,"  or  "  slap-bang-up." 

Slate,  lie  has  a  slate  or  tile  loose. 
Ho  is  a  little  cracked ;  his  head  or  roof 
is  not  quite  sound. 

Slave  (1  syl.).  This  is  an  example 
of  the  strange  changes  which  come  over 
Bome  wonls.  The  Slavi  were  a  tribe 
which  once  dwelt  on  tb«  banlcs  of  the 


Dnieper,  and  were  so  called  from  slat 
(noble,  illustrious) ;  but  as,  in  the  lower 
ages  of  the  Roman  empire,  vast  naiiti- 
tiidos  of  them  were  spread  over  Europa 
in  the  condition  of  captive  servaats,  th« 
word  came  to  signify  a  slave. 

Similarly,  Gotks  means  the  good  or 
godlike  men,  but  since  the  invasion  of 
the  Goths  the  word  has  become  synony- 
mous with  barbarous,  bad,  ungodlike. 

Distruclion  is  simply  "dis-traho,"  aa 
direr.iu/H  is  "di-vc-to."  The  French 
still  eniploy  the  word  for  recreation  or 
amusement,  but  when  we  talk  of  being 
distracted  we  mean  anything  but  amused 
or  entertained. 

Slawkenber'gius  {Hafen).  An 
h3'pothetical  author  on  the  subject  of 
noses,  famous  himself  for  a  nose  of  or- 
thodox dimensions. —  .SieJTif,  "  Triilram 
aiuuidi/."    (See  NosK,  p.  623.) 

Slay-good.  A  giant  in  the  "King's" 
highway,  master  of  a  gang  of  thieves. 
Mr.  Greatheart  slew  him  and  rescued 
Feelile-mind  from  his  grasp. — Buiiyan., 
^'J'iljrims  I'roijress,"  pt.  ii. 

Siea»7e.  Tlu  ravelled  sleare  of  can 
(Shakespeare,  "  Macbeth  ").  The  sleave 
is  the  knotted  or  entangled  part  of  thread 
or  silk,  the  raw  edge  of  woven  articles. 
Chaucer  has  "sleeveless  words"  (words 
like  ravellings,  not  knit  together  to 
any  wise  purpose);  bishop  Hall  has 
"  sleaveless  rhymes"  (random  rhymes); 
Milton  speaks  of  "sleeveless  reason" 
(reasoning  which  proves  nothing)  ;  Tay- 
lor the  water-poet  has  "  sleeveless  mes- 
sage "  (a  simple  mes.sage  ;  it  now  means  a 
proiilless  otit).  The  weaver's  a7(u>  is  still 
used.  (Saxon,  sice,  a  weaver's  reed  ; 
sltan,  to  strike,  hence  slcy-hammer ; 
Icelandic,  tlej'a.) 

If  all  these  faile,  &  letruar-woman  may 
A  bwcet  l.ivektier  to  her  liua  is  convay. 
Ur  a  iimt  laiuiurca-e  or  :i  licarli-w  f.-  can 
Cirry  aalecTcI.  8-.<r  m-^fSiKe  now  aiul  tl.an. 

Tui/Uir't   llortec,  ii,  III  (■63<)(. 

Sleek-stone.  The  ebon  stone  used 
by  goldsmiths  t-o  sleeken  ({)olish)  their 
gold  with.  Curriers  use  a  similar  stone 
for  smoothing  out  creases  of  leather;  the 
sleeker  is  made  also  of  glass,  steel,  i:c. 
(Our  word  sleek.) 

Sledgo-Hammer.  A  sli<lye-liammer 
arr/Hiiieat.  A  clincher ;  an  argument 
which  annihilates  opiiosition  at  a  blow 
The  sledge-hammer  is  the  largest  sort  at 
bauimur  ui>oJ  by  smiths,  aud  is  wielded 


830 


tSLEKl' 


SLIP. 


hj  both  hari'Is.     Tho  word  elodge  is  the 
Siiiou  i'/cq/e),  a  H\o'igo. 

Sleep  lilie  a  Top.  When  pej,'  tops 
mid  hiiiiiniiiJt,'-tofi9  are  at  the  acme  of 
their  fr>'riitioii,  tliey  hecomo  so  steady  and 
fpiict  tliiit  thoy  do  not  seem  to  move. 
In  tins  st.ate  they  are  said  to  sleep.  Soon 
they  begin  to  totter,  and  the  tipsy  niovo- 
nient  increases  till  they  fall.  Tlic  French 
«ay  Dorinir  commeun  sahol,  and  Mon  sabot 
dort. 

Another  derivation,  less  likely,  is  that 
top  is  the  French  taupe  (dormonse)  ; 
Italian,  topo;  and  that  our  expression  is 
ilii-  iraii.--laiio!i  ami  perversion  of  Etdonne 
come  un  topo,  or  7/  dort  comme  «?»  taupe. 

iS/i:ip.  Crablio'e  etymology  of  doze 
under  this  word  is  exquisite  : — 

Doze,  a  vanalion  from  the  French  dors  and  the 
Liitin  ili'nnio  (to  sleep),  which  was  aucieutly  liennia, 
ami  comes  from  the  i.reeli  d.nna  (a  tkiu),  because 
people  lay  on  skxns  when  Ihey  slept  I — "  Si/nunyms." 

Sleeper  (The).  Kpime'nides,  the 
Greek  poet,  is  said  to  have  fallen  asleep 
in  a  cave  when  a  boy,  and  not  to  have 
waked  for  fifty-seven  years,  when  he 
found  himself  possessed  of  all  wisdom. 
Uip  van  Winkle,  in  Washington  Irving's 
tale,  is  supposed  to  sleep  for  twenty 
years,  and  wake  up  an  old  man,  un- 
knowing and  uuknown.    (See  Klaus.  ) 

iSleepeis.  Timbers  laid  asleep  or  resting 
on  something,  as  the  sleepers  of  a  rail- 
way. 

t/ce  Seven  S!eepe)-t.    (See  Seven.) 

Sleeping  Beauty.  From  the 
French  "  La  Belle  an  Bois  Dormant,"  by 
Charles  Perrault  ("Contes  du  Temps"  ). 
8he  is  shut  up  by  enchantment  in  a  castle, 
where  she  sleeps  a  hundred  years,  during 
which  time  an  inipeueti-able  wood  springs 
up  arouniL  Ultimately  she  is  disen- 
chanted by  a  young  prince,  who  marries 
her.  Epimen'idiis,  the  Cretan  poet,  went 
to  fetch  a  sheep,  and  after  sleeping  fifty- 
seven  years  continued  his  search,  and 
was  svirprised  to  find  when  he  got  home 
that  his  younger  brother  was  grown 
grey,    (^^ee  Rip  van  WiNiiLE.) 

Sleeve  of  Care.  (.See  Sleave.) 
I'o  hare  in  one's  sleeve  is  to  olFcr  a 
person's  name  for  a  vacant  situation. 
Dean  Swift,  when  he  waited  on  Harley, 
had  always  some  name  in  his  sleeve.  The 
phrase  arose  from  the  custom  of  placing 
pockole  in  sleeves.  These  sleeve-pockets 
were  thiofly  used  for  memoiiiuja,  and 
other  small  articles. 


To  laufjh  in  <me't  sleeve.  To  ridicule 
a  person  not  openly  but  in  secret ;  to 
conceal  a  laugh  by  hiding  your  face  in 
the  large  sleeves  at  one  time  worn  hy 
men. 

Sleeveless  Errand.  A  fruitless 
errand.  It  shouM  bo  written  shaveless, 
as  it  comes  from  sleave,  ravelled  thread, 
or  the  raw-edL''e  of  silk.  In  "  Troilus 
and  Cressida,"  Thersi'tg.s  the  railer  calls 
Patroclus  an  "  idle  immaterial  skein  of 
sleive  silk  "  (v.  1). 

Sleight  of  Hand  is  artifice  by  the 
hand  (German,  «c/t/tcA,  cunning  or  trick). 

And  still  the  less  they  understand. 
The  more  they  admire  his  sleighi  of  hand- 
BvUer.  *'  llwlH-ras,"  pt.  iL  c  & 

Sleip'nir  (2  syl.).  Odin's  grey  horse, 
which  had  eight  legs,  and  could  carry 
his  master  over  sea  as  well  as  land. 
— Scandinavian  mythology. 

Slender.  A  country  lout,  a  booby 
in  love  with  Anne  Page,  but  of  too  faint 
a  heart  to  win  so  fair  a  lady. — Shuke- 
speare,  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor," 

Sleutli-Hound.  A  blood-hound 
which  follows  the  sleuth  or  track  of  an 
animal.  (Slot,  the  track  of  a  deer,  is 
the  Saxon  slating  ;  Icelandic,  slodr  j 
Dutch,  slHot.) 

There  is  a  la^v  also  amon?  the  Borderers  in  time  of 
peace,  that  whoso  denieth  em  ranee  or  sute  of  a 
sleuth-hound  in  pursuit  made  aiterfellon^and  stolen 
goods,  shall  be  holden  as  accessarie  unto  the  theft.  — 
UvUiiiktil,  "  DeicrtiJtwn  0/ ScuHaiid,'  p.  !■*. 

Slewed.  Intoxicated.  When  a 
vessel  changes  her  tack,  she  staggers 
and  gradually  heels  over.  A  drunken 
man  moves  like  a  ship  changing  its 
angle  of  sailing. 

Slick  (Sam).  A  Yankee  clock-maker 
and  pedlar,  wonderfully  'cute,  a  keen 
observer,  aijd  with  plenty  of  "  soft 
sawder."  Judge  Hal i burton  wrote  the 
two  series  called  "Sam  Slick,  or  the 
Clock-maker." 

Sliding  Scale.  A  scale  of  govern- 
ment duty  which  slides  up  and  down  as 
the  article  to  which  it  refers  becomes 
dearer  or  cheaper. 

Slip,  .^fany  a  slip  'twixt  the  etip  and 
the  lip.  Everything  is  uncertain  till  you 
possess  it.  Ancreos,  a  king  of  the 
Lel'egiis  in  S;uuos,  planted  a  \'iiie3-ard, 
and  was  warded  by  one  of  his  slaves  that 
he  would  never   Bve  to  taste  the  wine 


SLIP-SLOP. 


SLY. 


831 


thereof.  Wine  was  made  frorn  its  grapes, 
and  tbo  king  sent  for  his  slave,  asking 
him  what  he  thought  of  his  jiropliecy 
now.  Tlio  slave  made  answer,  "  There's 
many  a  slip  'twixt  the  cup  and  the  lip," 
and  the  words  were  yet  scarce  spoken 
when  news  was  brought  that  a  bear  had 
burst  into  the  vineyard  and  was  laying 
waste  the  vines.  Up  starled  the  king  in 
a  fury,  seized  Ills  spear,  and  wout_ forth 
to  attack  the  bear,  but  was  killed  in  the 
cupouuter. — rdiisuiiiu.i. 

Multa  cat.lu:it  iiitoi*  calit;t'in  ftuproni.iquo  Libra. 

Unrace. 

To //ire  one  the  slip.  To  steal  off  un- 
pprceived  ;  to  elude  pursuit.  A  sea- 
phrcife.  In  fastening  a  cahle  to  a  buoy, 
tiio  home  end  is  slipped  through  the 
hawse  pipe.  To  give  the  slip  is  to  cut 
away  the  cable,  so  as  to  avoid  the  noise 
of  weighing  anchor. 

Slip-slop.  A  ricochet  Word  meaning 
wi.-iliy-wiisliy,  Ang.-Sax.  sliip-aii,  to  melt. 

Slippers.  The  Turks  wear  yelloio 
slippers;  the  Arme'nians,  red;  and  the 
Jews,  hlut. 

Slipshod,  applied  to  litomture, 
means  a  loose,  careless  stylo  of  compo- 
sition ;  no  more  fit  for  the  public  eye 
than  a  man  with  his  shoes  down  at 
heels. 

Sloano  MSS.  3,560  iMSS.  collectel 
by  Sir  Hans  Sloano,  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  The  museum  of  Sir  Hans 
formed  tbo  basis  of  the  Dritish  Museum. 
(lCt;0-]7.^):!.) 

Slog^an.  A  war-cry,  a  Scotch  gather- 
ing-cry. Ang.-Sax.  shdn,  to  fight,  prot. 
tlog;  Gaelic,  tlitayh-yhairni,  an  army- 
cry. 

Slop  (TJr.).  A  choleric  physician  in 
Stcniu's  "Tristiani  Shnndy." 

Dr.  Slop.  Sir  John  Slo.idart,  M.D., 
A  choleric  iibysician  who  asaailcfl  Napo- 
leon most  virulently  in  T/ie  Times,  of 
which  ho  was  editor.     (1773-185tJ.) 

Slo'pard  (Dame).  The  wife  of 
(irimbani,  the  brf>olc  (or  badger),  in 
the  tale  of  "  Iteynard  the  F(>x." 

Slope  (1  syl.).  To  ddcamp;  a  cor- 
ruption of  lop',  as  f.f('.t  lop'  [Lot  us  run 
away).  Dutch,  luopen;  Danish,  tiile, 
to  run  ;  our  "  leap,"  prot.  loop  or  lope. 

Sloiipfh  of  Despond.  A  deep  bofj 
wLioh  Christian  has  to  croaa  in  order  to 


got  to  the  Wicket  Gate.  Help  come« 
to  bis  aid.  Neighbour  Pliable  went  with 
Christian  as  far  as  the  Slough,  and  then 
turned  back. — Banyan,  "Pilyrivi's  Pro- 
gress," pt.  i. 

Slow.  Stupid  ;  dull.  A  "quick  boy" 
is  oce  who  is  sharp  and  active.  A  icfully 
slow,  slang  for  very  stupid  and  dull.' 

Slowr  Coach.  A  dawdle.  As  a  slow 
coach  in  the  old  coaching  days  "pot  on" 
slowly,  80  one  that  "gets  on"  slowly  is 
a  slow  coach. 

Slubber-DeguUion.  A  nasty,  pal- 
try fellow.  A  sliLb  is  a  roll  of  won] 
drawn  out  and  only  slightly  twistcil ; 
hence  to  tluhher,  to  twist  loosely,  to  do 
things  by  halves,  to  perform  a  work 
carelessly.  Deijullion  is  compounded  of 
the  word  "  gull,"  or  the  Cornish  ' '  gullan," 
a  simpleton. 

Quotti  Blie.  "  Althoiish  thon  hast  deperreJ 
liase  sIjbl>er-degiiUioii.  to  No  ferved 
As  tlifcu  diast  vow  to  (leal  with  me...." 

UnUer,  "JIudibrat,"  L  3. 

Sludge.  (Dicl-ie).  Grandson  of 
Gammer  Sludge,  the  schoolmaster's 
landlady.  He  is  a  dwarf,  who  goes  by 
the  name  of  "Flitibertigibbet." — Sir 
Walter  Scott,  "ICeiiil worth." 

Slum  (Mr.).  A  patter-poet  in  the 
"  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  '  by  Charles  Dick- 
ens. When  Mrs.  Jarley,  of  the  wax- 
works, depreciated  his  art,  the  irate 
vendor  of  verse  replied  — 

Ask  llie  poifvimern,  a-;';  thn  blackinij-ntiaker^,  a^V 
the  hatters,  a^k  the  old  lullery-utnce  keepers,  &.ik 
any  mau  ainuiiij  'f  ra  wbat  poeiry  liai  doii-  f  r  liim, 
4Qd  mark  my  words,  he  bk'ises  the  uame  of  Slum. 

Slums.  Places  for  sleeping  in.  Our 
slumber;  Saxon,  sliime7-ian;  Danish, 
slumre.  " 'i'he  back  slums" — i.*.,  the 
l)urlieus  of  Weslniinstor  Abbey,  &c. , 
where  vagrants  go  to  get  a  night's  lodg 
iug. 

Sly  (Christoplur).  A  keoper  of  bears 
and  a  tinker,  son  of  a  pedlar,  and  a  sad 
drunken  sot.  In  the  Induction  of  Sh.ako- 
spcaro's  comedy  called  "  Taming  of  the 
Shrew,"  he  is  found  dead  drunk  by  a 
lord,  who  commands  his  servants  to  put 
him  to  bed,  and  on  his  w.aking  to  attend 
upon  him  like  a  lord,  to  see  if  they 
can  bamboozle  him  into  the  belief  that 
he  is  a  great  man,  and  not  Christopher 
Sly  at  all.  The  "  commonty '"'  of  "  Tarn- 
iiig  of  tbo  Shrow  "  is  porforinod  for  hia 
dole<:tation.  Tlio  trick  was  played  by 
the   c&liph   iiarouu  Aii-ascbid    oa  Abuu 


8a2 


SLY-BOOTS. 


8MITEIFIKLD. 


Hassan,  tlie  rich  merchant,  in  the  tale 
calle'l  " 'I'ho  Sleeper  Awakened"  ("Ara- 
bian NiL'hts")  ;  ami  by  Philippe  the  Good 
duke  of  Burj^nndy,  on  his  marriayo  with 
Elo.inora,  as  given  in  Burton's  "  Ana- 
ioitiy  of  Melancholy,"  part  ii.,  sec.  2, 
numb.  4. 

Sly-Boots.  One  who  appears  to  be 
ft  diilt,  but  who  is  really  wide  awake  ;  a 
e»uiniiiL,'  (h)lt.  Bocits  is  a  corruption  and 
contraction  of  the  I'Yench  huiur,  a  block- 
head or  dolt,  our  hall. 

The  froB  cilleJ  the  lazv  one  severa'  times,  but  in 
vain  ;  there  was  no  *ucli  tiling  aa  stii  ii[iL'  liim,  tlicui-'h 
Ihe  slyliooU  henni  well  cuough  all  the  while.—"  AJ.- 
tintiires  o/  AbdatUi,"  p.  34.     (ITiU.) 

Plyme  (Cli^vy).  In  "  Martin  C'huz- 
zlewit,"  by  Charles  Dickens. 

Small-back.  Death;  so  called  be- 
cause he  is  usually  drawn  as  a  skeleton. 

Small-hack  must  leiui  down  the  dance  with  u»  &U 
In  our  time.— iir  H'uUer  ticutt. 

Small-beer.  "To  suckle  fools  and 
chroiiic-le  small-beer." — logo  in  ilu  flay 
ofUlkdlo,"  ii.  1. 

Small-endians.  The  Big-endians 
of  Lilliput  made  it  a  point  of  orthodoxy 
to  crack  their  eggs  at  the  big  end  ;  but 
were  considered  heretics  for  so  doing  by 
the  Smali-endians,  who  insisted  that  eggB 
oiiLiht  to  be  broken  at  the  small  end. — 
Siclj'l,  '^Gulliver's  Travels." 

Sm.alls.  In  for  his  smalls;  Passed 
At.t  i;;i«//i-— his  "  Little-go,"  or  previous 
examination  ;  the  examination  for  degree 
being  the  "  Great-go  "  or  "Greats." 

Smart  Money.  Money  paid  by  a 
person  to  obtain  exemption  from  some 
disagreeable  office  or  duty.  It  used  to 
be  paid  for  exemption  from  military  ser- 
vice. Money  which  makes  the  payer 
r.mart  or  suffer  without  procuring  for 
him  money's  worth. 

Sm.ash..  Come  to  smash — to  ruin. 
Smas/ied  to  jneces,  broken  to  atoms. 
Smash  is  a  corruption  of  mash;  Latin, 
viastico,  to  bite  to  pieces.    (See  Slope.) 

Sm.ec  (in  "Iludibras").  A  contrac- 
tion of  Siiiectymiin.';,  a  word  made  from 
the  initial  letters  of  five  rebels — 

Stephen  Marshal. 

Kdward  Calamy. 

Thomas  Young. 

Matthew  Newcomen. 

William  Spurstow,  who  wrote  a  book 


against  Episcopacy  and  the  Coniuaoo 
I'rayer.     (•!>«  Notakica.) 

The  handlierchief  ahoiit  the  neck. 
Cauouical  uravat  of  Sinec. 

BuUer, "  IIudArai."  pt.  1.  &. 

Sm.eetyin'nuans.  Anti- Episcopa- 
lians. 

Smectym'nus.    (.See  Notarica.) 

Smelfun'gus.  So  Sterne  calls 
Smollett,  from  a  volume  of  Travels  pub- 
lished in  llGi). 

The  lamented  Sraelfuns'id  travelled  from  IJouliwne 
to  l'ari<,  frim  Pane  to  lioiiie,  and  so  on  ;  hut  he  set 
out  will  the  epleeii,  «nd  everi  oi.jci;t  he  pas«ed  hy 
was  rliS' oloureU  or  dihtcirted.  lie  wrote  an  account 
of  tl  cm,  hilt  "twaa  iiothinR  but  the  account  of  hit 
own  miserable  feelings. 

Sm.ell  a  Rat.  A  phrase  which  ex. 
presses  a  susjiicion  that  there  is  mischief 
brewing.  The  allusion  is  to  a  cat  or 
dog  smelling  out  vermin. 

Smells  of  the  Lamp.  S.aid  of  a 
literary  produetion  manifestl)'  laboured. 
Plutarch  attributes  the  phrase  to  Pytheas 
the  or.ator,  who  said  "  The  orations  of 
Demosthenes  smelt  of  the  lamp,"  alluding 
to  the  current  tale  that  the  great  orator 
lived  in  an  underground  cave  liirhted  by 
a  lamp,  that  he  might  have  no  distraction 
to  his  severe  study. 

Sm.ike.  A  broken-spirited  lad,  res- 
cueil  by  Nicholas  Nickleby  from  the 
clutches  of  Mr.  S<)ueers,  of  Do-the-boys 
Hall.— i>t(;/te;i-s,  "  yicholas  ±s^icklely." 

Sm.itll.  A  proper  name.  (.S€«Biip:wer.) 
Jleiiry  Sudlh,  alias  Henry  Gow  or 
"  Gow  of  Chrom,"  or  "Hal  of  Wynd," 
the  armourer.  He  sues  Catharine  Glover 
(the  Fair  Maid  of  Perth),  and  ultimately 
marries  her. — Sir  Waller  Scott,  '■'I- air 
Maid  of  Perth." 

Rainy-day  Smith.  John  Thomas  Smith, 
the  antiquary.     (1766-1633.) 

Sm.ith's  Prize-man.      One  who 

has  obtained  the  prize  (£23),  founded  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge  by  linbert 
Smith,  D.D.  (once  master  of  Trinity),  for 
pri'ticieucy  in  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy.  There  are  two  prizes  an- 
nually, awarded  to  two  commencing 
Bachelors  of  Arts. 

Smithfield.  The  smooth  field  (Saxon, 
srnethe.  smooth),  called  in  Latin  Cumptu 
Pliniiis,  aud  described  by  Fitz-Stephen 
in   the   twelfth  century  as  a  "plain  Held 


SMOKE, 


8N0D. 


833 


where  every  Friday  there  is  a  celebrated 
rendezvous  of  fine  horses  brought  thither 
to  be  sold." 

Smoke.  To  detect,  or  rather  to  get 
a  scent  of  some  plot  or  scheme.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  detection  of  robbers 
by  the  smoke  seen  to  issue  from  their 
place  of  concealment. 

Smoke  Farthings.  An  offering 
given  to  the  priest  at  Whitsuntide,  ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  chimueya  in 
his  parish. 

The  bishop  of  Elie  hath  oat  of  ereri*  parish  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire a  certain  tribute  called tmokefttr- 

thitvjt,  which  the  churchwardens  -lo  k-Tie  accor  liu^ 

ti>  the  number  of chimneja  lh6t  1>«  iu  a  parish.— 

M6S.  BaktT,  uxix.  320. 

Smoke  Silver.  A  modus  of  6d.  Id 
lieu  of  tithe  fire-wood. 

Snace  (Norfolk).  Tke  burnt  wick  of 
a  lighted  candle.  The  snace  cut  off  by 
snulfers  makes  the  "  snuff  "  of  a  candle. 
(Saxon,  tnai,  a  spear  or  shaft.) 

Snack.  The  snaclc  of  a  door  (Norfolk). 
The  latch.  A  corruption  of  tiiuuj,  a 
tooth,  stump,  or  stick. 

To  take  a  mack.  To  take  a  morsel.. 
(Sason,  snad,  a  morsel,  a  share,  a  por- 
tion.) 

7*0^0  tnacJcs.  To  share  and  share  alike. 
The  same  word  as  the  above;  but  W. 
Wadd,  in  his  "  Moms.,  Maxims,  r\nd 
Memoirs,"  gives  aTfutCier  derivatioa  :  ho 
Bays  that  Snacks  was  a  noted  body- 
gnatcher  during  the  plague  of  London 
(16G5),  and  finding  his  business  too  great 
for  his  own  personal  superintendence, 
offered  half  profits  to  any  one  who  would 
join  him.  Tliose  who  accepted  the 
offer  were  said  to  "go  snacks."  The  in- 
Tention  of  a  proper  name  to  supply  an 
etymology  ranks  now  with  literary  for- 
geries. 

Snake  in    the    Grass.      A    secret 
enemy;  an  enemy  concealed  from  sight, 
like  a  snake  lurking  amidst  long  grass. 
Latct  anguia  in  herb*.  — rir^if. 

Snake- Stones.  Small  rounded 
stones  or  matters  compounded  by  art, 
and  supposed  to  cure  snake-bites.  Mr. 
Quckett  discovered  that  two  given  to 
fiim  for  analysis  were  composed  of  vege- 
table matters.  Little  perforated  stones 
a.re  sometimes  hung  op  cattle  to  charm 
ftway  adders. 
2    IJ 


Snap-Dragon.  (Su  Flap-Draqon.) 

Snarling  Letter  (Latin,  liHera  ea- 
ni'na).    The  letter  r.     (JSee  li.) 

Sneak  (J(rry).  A  hen-pecked  pin- 
makir  in  ''  Tho  Mayor  of  Garrati."  by 
S.  Foote. 

Sneer.  A  cai-ping  critic  in  Sheridan's 
"  Critic." 

Sneerwell  (Lady).  The  widow  of 
a  city  knight,  who  could  do  more  with  a 
look  to  ruin  a  person's  character  than 
most  others  could  effect  with  the  nicest 
detail  of  scandal. — &he)~idan,  ^'School for 
Scandal. 

Snoezed.  It  is  not  to  he  sneezed  at 
—not  to  be  despised.  A  playful  cor- 
ruption of  the  French  mipi-ise  (held  in 
contempt). 

Sneezing.  Some  Catholics  attribute 
to  St.  Gregory  the  use  of  the  benediction 
"God  bless  you"  after  sneezing,  and 
say  that  he  enjoined  its  use  during  a 
pestilence  in  which  sneezing  was  a  mor- 
tal symptom,  and  was  therefore  called 
the  death-sneeze.  Aristotle  mentions  a 
•imilar  custom  among  the  Greeks  ;  and 
Thucyd'ides  tells  us  that  snoozing  was  a 
crisis  symptom  of  the  great  Athenian 
plague.  The  Homans  followed  the  same 
custom,  and  we  also  find  it  prevalent 
in  the  New  World  amoncr  the  native 
Indian  tribes,  in  Sennaar,  Monomatapa, 
&c.  kc. 

Snob.  Not  a  gentleman  ;  one  who 
arrogates  to  himself  merits  which  he 
does  not  deserve.  Thackeray  calls 
George  IV.  a  snob,  becaiise  he  a.ssunicd 
to  be  "the  greatest  gentleman  in  Eu- 
rope," but  had  not  the  genuine  stamp  of 
a  gentleman's  mind.  The  word  is  .»  (pri- 
vative) and  nob  (noble).  Similarly  scape 
is  5  (not),  capei-e  (to  take)  ;  and  poi.or 
is  s  (not),  ebnut  (tipsy) ;  scant  is  Dan. 
s-kaiit,  without  margin.  In  tho  Latin  wo 
ha.vose  (privative)  iu  numerous  words,  a-*! 
se-grego,  se-paro.  se-cerno,  so-jungo,  &o. 

In  Italian,  calzare  (to  put  on  youi 
shoes),  scalzare  (to  take  thi-m  off);  /or- 
nito  (furnislu'ii),  sforidto  (unfurlll^llPd); 
Jliittn  (a  fl-'ot),  s/lolUire  (to  withdraw 
a  ship  from  a  fleet) ;  briglxa  (a  bridle), 
sbruiliare  (to  tmbridle). 

Wittily  snob  is  derived  from  sine  ololt 
(s'n'ob),  but  unhappily  for  the  truth  of 
this  pun,  snobs  have    irencraily  ^oldtD 


B31 


BN0D0RAS3, 


SOBRINO, 


thumbii,  and  it  is  the  oboloB  that  make 
tliem  BDobs. 

If  we  had  not  the  pnvative  t,  the 
next  best  etymolog-y  would  be  pseudo- 
tMbs  (false  or  Brmnmag'ern  nobles) — a 
Bugp;estion  due  to  Thackeray. 

Snodgrass  \(^  M.'7!w<««).  A  poetical 
young  gentleman,  under  the  "  gfuardian  " 
eare  of  Sir.  Pickwick. — Dickeiis,  "  Tick' 
wick  Papers." 

Snood.  The  lassU  lost  her  silken 
snood.  The  snood  was  a  riband  with 
•which  a  Scotch  lass  braided  her  hair, 
and  was  the  emblem  of  her  maiden  cha- 
racter. "When  she  married  she  changed 
the  snood  for  the  curch  or  coif ;  but  if 
she  lost  the  name  of  virgin  before  she 
sbtained  that  of  wife,  she  "  lost  her  silken 
snood  "  and  was  not  privileged  to  assume 
the  curch. 

Snooks  is  in  reality  Sevenoaks,  in 
Kent,  contracted  into  S'n-oaks,  Suooks. 

Snooks.  An  exclamation  of  incredu- 
lity ;  a  Mrs.  Harris.  A  person  tells 
an  incredible  story,  and  the  listener 
cries  &iooii— gammon  ;  or  he  replies /< 
vras  Siiooks  —  the  host  of  the  C'h&teau 
d'Espagne.  This  word  "snooks"  is  a 
corruption  o£  Noakes  or  Nokes,  the 
mythical  party  at  one  time  employed 
by  lawyers  to  help  them  in  actions  of 
ejectment.     {See  Styles.) 

Snore.  Tou  snore  like  an  owl.  It  is 
very  generally  believed  that  owls  snore, 
and  it  is  quite  certain  that  a  uoise  like 
snoring  proceeds  from  their  nests  ;  but 
this  is  most  likely  the  "  purring  "  of  the 
young  birds,  nestling  in  comfort  and 
warmth  under  the  parent  wing. 

Snow  King.  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
of  Sweden.     (L594,  1611—1632.) 

At  Vienna  he  was  called  In  derision  "The  Snow 
King,"  who  was  kept  together  by  the  cold,  bat  would 
melt  and  disappear  as  he  approached  a  warmer  soiL 
Dr.  Cruhitn,  ^* Scandinavia."  vol.  ii..  p,  6i. 

Snowdo'nia.  The  district  which 
contains  the  mountain  range  of  Snowdon. 

The  King  of  Snoicdonia.  Moel-y- 
Wyddfa  (jSie  conspicuous  peak),  the 
higbest  in  South  Britain.  (3,571  feet 
above  the  sea-level.)  i 

SniifF.  Up  to  snuf.  Wide  awake; 
sliva  to  Bcent  (Dutch,  snuffen,  to  scent, 
»««/;  Danish,  snS/te). 

toik  it  w  #»»«jf— in   asger,  in  huff. 


(Saxon,   tnoff'i,   loathing,   in    dudgeon 
Spanish,  ckuftta.) 

YouTl  mar  the  llglit  by  taking  it  Iti  fniiff. 

Shakeiptart,  Lovt'l  tabour't  ioil,"  T.  1 

Wh9....when  it  n  -it  c»Tie  there  took  it  in  enuff. 
bhuktiptart,  "  1  J/ciiry  1  K.,"  L  3. 

Snuff  out.  lie  was  snuffed  out— -p^i 
down,  eclipsed.  The  allusion  is  to  a 
candle. 

Soane  Museum,  formed  by  Sir 
John  Soane,  and  preserved  in  its  original 
locality.  No.  13,  Lincoln*s-inn-fields,  the 
private  residence  of  the  founder. 

Soap.  An  English  form  of  savon,  the 
French  for  soap,  so  called  from  the  little 
seaport  town  of  Savona,  near  Genoa,  in 
Italy,  noted  for  its  early  and  excellent 
manufacture  of  this  detersive  article, 

IIov!  are  you  off  for  soap  t  (for  money 
or  anv  other  necessity).  At  Quereta'ro, 
near  Mexico,  soap  is  the  currency  of 
the  place,  and  a  lepal  tender  for  the 
payment  of  debts.  The  cakes  are  about 
the  size  of  common  brown  Windsor, 
and  worth  a  cent  and  a  half  apiece. 
Each  cake  is  stamped  with  the  name 
of  the  town  where  it  is  current,  and 
of  the  person  authorised  to  manufac- 
ture and  utter  it.  Celaya  soap  will  not 
pass  current  at  Quereta'ro.  It  is  by  no 
means  uncommon  to  use  these  cakes  for 
washing  the  hands  and  face,  and  they 
never  lose  their  current  value  so  long  as 
the  stamp  is  preserved.  The  expression 
"  How  are  you  off  for  soap  ?  "  succeeded, 
about  twenty  years  ago,  the  synonymous 
query  "  How  are  you  off  for  tin  I  " 

Another  conjecture  is  worth  adven- 
turing. The  insurgent  women  of  Paris, 
in  February,  1793,  went  about  crj-ing 
"Du  painetdu  savon!  "(Bread  and  soap), 

A  deputation  of  washToioeD  petitioned  the  con- 
Tention  lor  soao,  and  their  plaictire  cry  was  heard 
roand  the  Sails  de  Manege,  "Du  pain  et  da 
savon  1" — Caiti/le,  "I'rtnch  Rtvulution,"  pt.  HL, 
bk.  iii.  1. 

Sober  or  SohHus  iu  s,  privative,  and 
ehriiis,  drunk.  Ebrius,  from  the  obsolete 
Latin  word  bria  (a  cup),  connected  with 
hrisa  Qiressed  grapes),  and  equivalent 
to  our  expression  ''in  iuB  cups."  {See 
Snob.) 

Sobri'no  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"). 
One  of  the  most  valiant  of  the  Saracen 
army.  He  is  called  the  Sage.  He  wa« 
aged,  and  counselled  Ag'ramant  to  give 
up  the  war  and  return  home,  or  if  he 
rejected  that  advice  to  entrust  the  fight 


SOBRIQUET. 


SOFT. 


835 


to  single  combat,  on  condition  that  the 
nation  of  tho  champion  overthrown  should 
pay  tribute  to  the  other,  lioge'ro  was 
chosen  for  the  papan  champion,  and 
Rinaldo  for  the  Christian,  but  Agraniant 
broke  tho  leaciio.  Sobri'no  soon  after 
this  received  the  rite  of  baptism. 
Don  Quixote  asks — 

Wlio  more  prudent  than  Sobrino? 

SoTDriquet  (French).  A  nickname. 
M^na!,'e  thinks  the  etymology  is  the 
Latin  svbiidic'ulum  (somewhat  ridicu- 
lous) ;  Court  de  Gebelin  suggests  tho 
Romance  words  topra-qiust  (a  name  ac- 
quired over  and  above  your  proper 
names) ;  while  Leglay  is  in  favour  of 
toubrujuet,  a  word  common  iu  the  four- 
teenth century  to  express  a  sound  of 
contempt,  half  whistle  and  half  jeer, 
made  by  raising  quickly  the  chin. 

So'cialism  (3  syl.).  The  political 
and  social  scheme  of  Robert  Owen,  of 
Montgomeryshire,  who  in  1816  pub- 
lished a  work  to  show  that  society  was 
in  a  wretched  condition,  and  aU  its  in- 
stitutions and  religious  systems  were 
based  on  wrong  principles.  The  pro- 
vailing  system  is  competition,  but  Owen 
maintained  that  the  proper  principle  is 
co-operation ;  he  therefore  advocated 
a  community  of  property,  and  the  abo- 
lition of  degrees  of  rank.     (1771-1858.) 

The  socialists  are  called  also  Owenitea 
(3  syl.).  In  France,  the  Fouriorists  and 
St.  yiraonians  are  similar  sorts  of  com- 
munists, who  receive  their  designations 
from  J'ouricr  and  St.  Simon  {q.v.). 

Societe  de  Momiis.  One' of  the 
minor  clubs  of  Paris  for  the  reunion  of 
song-writers  and  singers.  The  most 
noted  of  theso  clubs  was  the  Careau,  or 
in  full  Lfs  Diners  du  Cdvcau,  founded  in 
1733  by  I'iron,  Creliillon  jun.,  and  Col- 
let. This  clnb  lasted  till  the  Uovolution. 
In  the  consulate  was  iormcii  Les  Diners 
du  Vaudeville,  for  the  habitues  of  the 
drama ;  these  diners  were  held  in  the 
house  of  Julliot,  an  actor.  In  180G  the 
old  Caveau  was  revived  under  the  name 
of  the  Caveau  Moderne,  and  the  muster 
was  once  a  month  at  a  restaurant  en- 
titled "  JiO  Rochor  de  Cancale,"  famous 
for  fish  dinners,  and  Laujon  (the  French 
Anacrcon)  was  president.  B^ranger  be- 
longed to  this  club,  which  lasted  ton 
years.  In  1824  was  founded  tho  Oymnate 
Lyrique,  which  like  tho  Vaxtau.  published 


an  annual  volume  of  songfs;  this  society 
was  dissolved  in  1841.  In  1S34  wa3 
founded  La  Lice  Chansonniire,  for  thope 
who  could  not  afford  to  join  tlie  Ca- 
veau or  the  Oymnase,  to  which  we  owe 
some  of  the  best  French  songs. 

Sock  (comedi/).  The  Greek  comic 
actors  used  to  wear  a  sandal  and  sock. 
Tho  difference  between  the  .sock  and  the 
tragic  buskin  was  this— tho  sock  went 
only  to  the  ankle,  but  the  buskin  ex- 
tended to  the  knee.     {See  Bdskin.) 

Then  to  the  well-trod  stage  anon. 
It  JoDsou't  lenrued  sock  be  on. 

MiUu,i,"L'Al'.tgyo.' 

Soc'rates.  Tho  greatest  of  the  an- 
cient philosophers,  whoso  chief  aim  was 
to  amend  the  morals  of  his  countrymen, 
the  Athe'nians.  C'>cero  said  of  him  that 
"  he  brought  down  philosoj^hy  from  the 
heavens  to  earth  ;"  and  he  was  certainly 
the  first  to  teach  that  "  tho  proper  study 
of  mankind  is  man."  Socrates  resisted 
the  unjust  sentence  of  the  senate,  which 
condemned  to  death  the  Athenian  gene- 
rals for  not  burying  the  dead  at  tho  battle 
of  Arginu'sa). 

Pocratcs— 
Who,  firmly  good  in  a  cornipiel  state, 
Aeaiust  the  rage  of  tyrants  stuule  stood 
luviucible.  i/iumjt.ji,  '•  ft'iultr.' 

Socrates  used  to  call  himself  "  the  mid- 
wife of  men's  thoughts."  Out  of  his  in- 
tellectual school  sprang  that  of  Plato 
and  the  dialectic  system  ;  Euclid  and 
the  Megaric ;  Aristippos  and  the  Cy- 
rena'ic ;  Antis'thenes  and  the  Cynic. 

Socrat'ic.  Modelled  on  the  princi- 
ples taught  by  Socrates. 

Sodom.  Apples  of  Sodom  or  ^fad 
Apples.  Strabo,  Tacitus,  and  Josej-hug 
describe  them  as  beautiful  externally 
and  filled  with  ashes.  These  "apples" 
are  in  reality  gall-nuts  produced  by  the 
insect  called  Cynips  in^a'na. 

Sof'farides  (3  syl.).  A  d}Tiasty  of 
four  kings,  which  lasted  thirty-four 
years  and  had  dominion  over  Khoras- 
san,  Seistan,  Fars,  &c.  (8731)07) ;  foun- 
ded by  Yacoub  ebn  Lai'th,  sumamod  at 
iSo/fdr  (the  brazier),  because  his  father 
foUowed  that  trade  iu  Seistan. 

Soft.  lie's  a  w/C— half  a  fool.  The 
word  originally  meant  effeminato,  un 
manly  ;  hence  soft  in  brains,  silly,  kc, 
"  soft  in  courage."— "3  //«7iry  VI.,'  iL  i 


83S 


SOFT  8AWDEK. 


SOLECISM. 


Soft  Sawder.  Flattery,  adulation. 
A  play  is  iut<*ii<lod  betwoon  solder,  pro- 
nounced sawder,  and  sawder,  a  compound 
of  saw  (a  saying);  Saxon,  saga  or  sayu. 
Soft  soldor,  ft  composition  of  tin  and 
lead,  is  nsfid  bw  soldering  zinc,  lead, 
and  tin:  liard  polder  for  brass,  .Vc. 

fc?oftly.  To  walk  so/ill/.  To  be  out  of 
spirits.  In  Greece,  mourners  for  the 
dead  used  to  cut  ofY  their  hair,  go  about 
muffled,  and  walk  softly  to  express  want 
of  spirit  and  strength.  When  Elijah 
denounced  the  judgments  of  Heaven 
against  Ahab,  that  wicked  king  "  fasted, 
and  lay  in  sackcloth,  and  wont  softly  " 
to  show  that  his  strength  was  exhausted 
with  sorrow  (1  Kings  xxi.  27).  Isaiah 
says,  "  I  shall  go  softly  all  my  years  in 
tho  bitterness  of  my  sold  "  (.\xxviii.  15). 
The  Psalmist  says,  -'My  cluthirig  was 
sackcloth  ...  I  walked  as  [for]  a  friend  or 
brother."  The  French  Je  vats  doucemmt 
moans  precisely  the  same  thing:  "I  go 
softly,"  because  I  am  indisposed,  out  of 
sorts,  or  in  bad  spirits. 

Soi-disant  {trench).  Self-styled, 
would-be. 

So'journ  (2  syl.)  is  the  Italian  sog- 
yioriio— i.e. ,  sub-giorno ;  Latin,  suh-diur- 
nus  (for  a  day,  or  during  a  day).  To 
sojourn  is  to  stay  in  a  place  for  a  day,  to 
rest  on  your  journey. 

Sol  (Latiti).     The  sun. 

And  wlien  Dan  Sol  to  slope  liia  wheels  beean. 
TfiomtuH,  "  CasUe  of  Jnduleiue,"  canto  i. 

Sol.  The  term  given  by  the  ancient 
alchemists  to  gold.  Silver  they  called 
luna. 

Sol  in  ike  Edda  was  the  daughter  of 
Mundilfori,  and  sister  of  Ma'ni.  She 
was  so  beautiful,  that  at  death  she  was 
placed  in  heaven  to  drive  the  sun-chariot. 
Two  horses  were  yoked  to  it,  named 
Arvakur  and  Alsvith  (watchful  and  rapid). 
— ScandiiiaviaR  mythology .    (See  Maui.) 

Sol-fa.    (See  Do,  Re,  &c.) 

Sola'no.  A sh  no  favour  during  the 
Solano  (Spanish).  Ask  no  favour  during 
a  time  of  trouble,  panic,  or  adversity. 
The  Solano  of  Spain  is  a  south-east  wind, 
extremely  hot,  and  loaded  with  fine 
dnst.  It  produces  giddiness  and  great 
irruatioii.     Called  the^Sirocco  in  Italy 

Boldan  or  Sowdan.  A  corruption  of 
fultaii,  meaning  in  modiajval  romance 
the  SarazeB  king: ;  but,  with  the  usual 


inaccuracy  of  these  writers,  we  have  the 
soldan  of  Egypt,  the  soudan  of  Persia, 
the  sowdan  of  Babylon,  &c.,  all  repre- 
sented as  accompanied  by  grim  Sarazens 
to  torment  Christians. 

The  Solduii,  meant  for  Felipe  of  Spain, 
who  used  all  his  power  to  bribe  and 
seduce  the  subjects  of  Elizabeth.  Queen 
Mercilla  sent  to  negociate  a  peace,  but 
the  ambassador  sent  was  treated  like  a 
dog,  referring  to  Felipe's  detention  of 
the  deputies  sent  by  the  States  of  Hol- 
land. Sir  Artegal  demands  of  the  sol- 
dan  the  release  of  the  damsel  "held  as 
wrongful  prisoner,"  and  the  soldan, 
"  swearing  and  banning  most  blasphe- 
mously," mounts  his  "high  chariot "  and 
prepares  to  maintain  his  cause.  Prince 
Arthur  encounters  him  "  on  the  green," 
and  after  a  severe  combat  uncovers  his 
shield,  at  sight  of  which  the  soldan  and 
all  his  followers  take  to  flight.  The 
"  swearing  and  banning "  refer  to  the 
excommunications  thundered  out  against 
Elizabeth;  the  "high  chariot"  is  the 
Spanish  Arma'da  ;  the  "  green  "  is  tho 
sea ;  tho  "uncovering  of  the  shield"  in- 
dicates that  the  Arma'da  was  put  to 
flight,  not  by  man's  might,  but  by  the 
power  of  God.  Flavit  Jehovah  ei  dis- 
sipa'ti  sunt  (God  blew,  and  they  were 
scattered).  —  Spenser,  "  Faery  Queen," 
T.  8. 

Soldats  (Des).  Money.  Shakespeare, 
in  "The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  ii,  2, 
has  "  ISIoney  is  a  good  soldier,  sir,  and 
will  on."  Doubtless  the  French  use  of 
the  word  is  derived  from  the  proverbial 
truth  that  "  Money  is  the  sinews  of 
war,"  combined  with  a  pun  on  the  word 
soUdws  (the  pay  of  a  soldier).  The  Nor- 
man  soud  (i.e.,  sould)  means  "wages;" 
Swedish,  teoWa,  to  pay ;  Danish,  hesoldr, 
to  pay  wages ;  the  French  soldat,  our 
soldier,  a  hireling  or  mercenary,  and  the 
French  sol  or  sou. 

Soldier  originally  meant  a  hireling 
or  mercenary,  one  paid  a  solidtcs  for 
military  service  ;  but  hireling  and  soldier 
convey  now  very  different  ideas.  {Set 
above.)  I 

Solecism  (3  syl.).  Misapplication  of 
words ;  an  expression  o[>posed  to  the 
laws  of  sj'ntax  ;  so  called  from  the  city  of 
Soli,  in  Cilicia,  where  an  Athenian  colony 
settled,  and  forgot  the  purity  of  their 
native  language;— (Suitiai. 


SOLEMN 


SOMERSET  HOUSE. 


837 


Sol'emn.  Habitual,  customary  (Latin, 
loltemuis). 

Silent  nisht  with  this  her  lolemn  NH  [t.«..  fh« 
ni.-htiiiuale.  the  bird  familiar  to  night].— ilUton, 
"I'aradiMt  Lost,"  v. 

T/i^  Solemn.  Doctor.  Henry  Goethals 
■/.a^  so  called  by  the  Sorbonne.  (1227- 
12y3.) 

Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  for  the 
suppression  of  popery  and  prelacy, 
adopted  liy  the  Scotch  parliatneut  in 
10:>8,  and  accepted  by  the  English  in 
1643.  Charles  II.  swore  to  tiie  Scotch 
that  he  would  abide  by  it,  and  therefore 
they  crowned  him  in  16"51  at  Dunbar; 
but  at  the  Restoration  he  not  only  re- 
jected the  covenant,  but  had  it  burnt 
liy  the  common  hangman. 

Soler.  An  upper  room,  a  loft,  a 
garret  (Latin,  solariu7)i). 

Il.iitily  than  went  thai  all, 
And  Sf'ght  him  in  the  niaydcns  hall. 
In  chambers  hi^h,  es  no^jht  at  liitie, 
And  in  solcrs  on  ilka  side. 

"  Vwatne  and  Cawtn."  807. 

Solfeg'gio.  Guide's  system  of  sol- 
fa.     (.Ste  Do,  p.  23L) 

Solid  Doctor.  Richard  Middleton, 
ft  corilclier,  also  called  the  I'rojmutd 
Doctor.     (*-130i.) 

Solin<;en.  ITie  ShclTicld  of  Ger- 
many, famous  for  swords  and  foncing- 
foila. 

Solomon.  TIte  English  Solomo7i. 
James  I.,  called  by  Sully  "  tlie  wisest 
fool  in  Christendom."    (15G6,  Iti03-1G25.) 

Henry  VII.  was  so  called  for  his  wise 
policy  in  uniting  the  York  and  Lancaster 
factions.     (14.')7,  1485-1501).) 

Siilomon  of  France.  Charles  V.,  le  Sage. 
(1337,  13Gl-'l.J&l).) 

St.  Louis  or  Louis  IX.  (1215,  1226- 
1270.) 

Solomon's  Ring.  The  rabbins  say 
that  Solomon  wore  a  ring  in  which  was 
set  a  chased  stone  that  told  the  king 
svcrything  ho  desired  to  know. 

Solon  of  ParnassxiS.  So  Voltaire 
called  Hoiloau,  in  allusion  to  his  "Art 
of  Pootry."     (1630-1711.) 

Sol'stice  (2  syl.).  The  summer  sol- 
etico  is  tlio 21st .Juno;  tho  winter  solstice 
istlie22nii  Decemlier,  So  called  because 
on  arriving  at  the  corresponding  points 
of  tho  ecliptic  the  sim  is  stopped  and 
ma(ie  to  approach  tho  equator  again, 
',fj.atin.  .«o/  fisti'l  or  stat,  the  sun  stops.) 


SolymaB'an  Rout,  m  Dryden's 
satire  of  "  Absalom  and  Achitophel,* 
means  tho  London  rebels. 

The  Solymno'an  rout,  well  versed  of  old 

In  BO'llv  r»ctinn.  and  in  treasun  hold.... 

Saw  wiihdnd.iinan  Ethnic  |j1oI  {I'opiih  plof]  l)ei?un, 

And  sco:ue  i  by  Jebusitcs  iPa/'Ult]  to  be  uutdoue. 

Sol'yman,  king  of  the  Turks  (in 
"Jerusalem  Delivered"),  whoso  cajiital 
was  Nice.  Being  driven  from  his  king- 
dom he  fled  to  Egypt,  and  was  there 
appointed  leader  of  the  Arabs  (bk.  is.). 
He  and  Argantes  were  by  far  tho  most 
doughty  of  pagan  knights.  Solyman 
was  slain  by  Rinaldo  (bk.  xx.),  and 
Argantes  by  Tancred. 

Soma.  The  moon,  bom  from  the 
eyes  of  Atri,  son  of  Brahma ;  made  tho 
sovereign  of  plants  and  planets.  Soma 
ran  away  with  Tara  (Star),  wife  of  Vri- 
haspata,  preceptor  of  the  gods,  and 
Buddha  was  their  oflspring.— i/i?i(iit  my- 
tliolngy. 

To  drink  the  Soma.  To  become  immor- 
tal. In  the  Vedic  hymns  the  Soma  is 
the  moon-plant,  the  juice  of  which  con- 
fers immortality,  and  exhilarates  even 
tlie  gods.  It  is  said  to  bo  brought  down 
from  heaven  by  a  fixlcon,—  Scandinavian 
mythology. 

Somag'ia  (sing.,  somagium).  Horse- 
loads.  Italian,  soma,  a  burden  ;  soma'ro, 
a  beast  of  burden,  an  ass.     (See  SuMP- 

TEU.) 

Sombre'ro.    A  Spanish  hat. 

Somerset.  Anciently  Sumorsoele  or 
Sumorsat — t.*.,  Suih-inor-soet  (south  moor 
camp). 

Som'srset  or  Sonwsaidt,  Anciently 
sober.sault,  sombersalt,  sobresault,  sou- 
bresault,  &,c.  The  somer  is  a  corruption 
of  the  Latin  siiper;  Italian,  sopra  ; 
Spanish,  sol/re;  old  French,  soub^-e;  the 
snnlt  is  tho  Latin  salio ;  French,  saulcr; 
nnd  llio  moaning  is  to  leap  from  an  ele- 
vated spot,  but  in  the  leap  the  person  U 
to  roll  round  and  alight  on  his  feet. 

First  that  could  tnnVt  love  facei,  or  could  do 
The  talttr's  aomberuiiVo. 

Dviint,  "  Poemi,"  p.  8Ml 

Somerset  House  occupies  the  site 
of  a  princely  mansion  built  by  Somerset 
the  Protector,  brother  of  lady  Janu 
Seymour,  and  uncle  of  Edward  VI.  At 
tho  <ieath  of  Somerset  on  the  scaffold 
it  became  the  property  of  tho  crown, 
and  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  was  call'.d 


638 


SOMOUEEN. 


SONNAMBUliA- 


Denmark  IIouso,  in  honour  of  Anne  of 
Denmark  hii  queen.  Old  Somerset 
House  was  pulled  down  towards  the 
close  of  the  last  century,  and  the  pre- 
sent structure  was  erected  by  SirWilham 
Chambers  in  1776. 

Somorecn.    (.?«<Zamouin.) 

Son  of  Belial.      One  of  a  wicked 

disjKJsilion ;  a  companion  of  wickedness; 
a  wicked  person.     (See  Judges  six.  22.) 

Now  the  aoni  of  Eli  were  sons  of  Belial,  tlie; 
kLew  not  {he  LorU  (1  Hixm.  ii.  IS). 

Sons  of  God.  Angels,  genuine 
Christians,  or  believers  who  are  the  sons 
of  God  by  adoption. 

As  many  ns  ore  led  by  the  Spirit  of  God,  they  ar« 
the  eons  of  (iud  (Kom.  Tiit  14). 

SoM  of  God.  When  Judaoa  was  a  theo- 
cracy the  representative  of  God  on  earth 
was  by  the  Jews  called  god;  hence 
angels,  nilers,  prophets,  and  priests  were 
called  gods.  Mcses  as  tho  messenger  of 
Jehovah  was  "  a  god  to  Pharaoh"  (Exod. 
vii.  1) ;  magistrates  generally  were  called 
gods;  thus  it  is  said,  "Thou  shalt  not 
rerilo  tho  gods,  nor  curse  tho  ruler  of 
thy  peo[>le"  (Exod.  xxii.  28).  By  a 
etill  further  extension,  any  one  who 
gave  a  message  to  another  was  his 
god,  because  he  "  inspired  him,"  as 
Moses  was  a  god  to  Aaron  his  spokes- 
man (Exod.  iv.  IG).  Our  Lord  refers  to 
this  use  of  the  word  in  John  x.  34.  {See 
also  Gen.  vi.  2,  4 ;  Job  i.  6 ;  ii.  1 ;  Psa. 
Ixxxii.  6;  Exod.  iv.  22,  23;  Hos.  xi.  1.) 

Son  of  Ono  Year.  A  child  one 
year  old  ;  similarly  a  "  son  of  sixty 
years,"  &c.    (Exoilus  xii.  5.) 

Son  of  Perdition.  Judas  Iscariot. 
(John  xvii.  12.) 

Son  of  pei-dition.  Antichrist,  who  not 
only  draws  others  to  perdition,  but  is  him- 
self devoted  to  destruction.  (2  Thess. 
ii.  3.) 

Sons  of  the  Band.  Soldiers  rank 
ftnd  file.    (2  Chron.  xxv.  13.) 

Sons  of  the  Mighty.  Heroes* 
(Psalm  xxix.  1.) 

Son  of  the  Morning.  A  traveller. 
An  Oriental  phrase,  alluding  to  the  cus- 
tom of  rising  early  in  the  morning  to 
avoid  the  mid-day  hoat,  when  on  one's 
travels. 

Sons  of  tho  Prophets.  Disciples 
or  scholars  belonging  to  the  "  college  oi 


the  prophets,"  or  under  instruction  for 
tho  ministry.  In  this  scn.so  we  call  the 
University  where  wo  were  educated  oui 
"Alma  ma'ter."    {See  1  Kings  xx.  35.) 

Sons  of  tho  Sorceress.  Those  who 
study  and  practise  magic.  (Isaiah 
Ivii.  3.) 

Son  of  the  Star  (/Jar  coclmhy  A 
name  assumed  by  Sinion  the  Jew,  m  the 
reign  of  Hadrian,  who  gave  himself  out 
to  bo  tho  "Star  out  of  Jacob"  men- 
tioned in  Numbers  xxiv.  17. 

Song.  Father  of  modern  French  song. 
Panurd  ;  also  called  the  "  La  Fontaine  of 
the  Vaudeville."    (1(391-1765.) 

Song  of  Degrees.  Tho  fifteen 
Psalms,  cxx,  to  cxxxiv.  ;  so  called  be- 
cause they  aro  prophetic  of  the  return 
or  "going  up"  fV'om  captivitj'.  Some 
think  there  is  a  connection  between 
these  Psalms  and  the  fifteen  steps  of 
the  Temple  porch.     (Ezekiel  xl.  22-2C.) 

Song  of  Eoland,  the  renowned 
nephew  of  Charlemagne,  slain  in  the 
pass  of  Roncesvalles.  At  the  battle  of 
Hastings,  Taillefer  advanced  on  horse- 
back before  the  invading  army,  and 
pave  the  signal  for  onset  by  singing  this 
famous  song. 

Taillefer,  who  enng  well  and  IotkI, 
Caiue  mounted  on  a  charger  proud; 
Before  the  duke  tho  miustrel  aurau^i 
And  the  Song  of  Holtiid  saug." 

JSrut  of  r/acs  (tiaoslated). 

Senna  or  Sunna.  Tho  Mishna  or 
Oral  Law  of  tho  Mahometans.  Relaud 
("  Do  Relig.  JIahom.,"  p.  54)  says  these 
traditions  were  orally  delivered  by  Ma- 
homet, and  subsequently  committed  to 
writing.  Abulphara'gius  asserts  that  Ali, 
the  son-in-law  and  cousin  of  Mahomet, 
was  set  aside  because  he  refused  to  re- 
gard the  oral  traditions  of  the  prophet 
of  the  same  authority  as  the  Korap 
("Hist.    Dynast.,"  182).     {See   p.    864, 

SUNNITKS.) 

SonnaniTDula,  the  most  idyllic  of 
Italian  operas,  represents  a  young  girl 
on  the  night  before  her  marriage  enter- 
ing the  bod-room  of  a  gentleman  just  as 
he  is  retiring  to  rest.  She  is  in  her 
night-dress  and  carries  a  flat  candlestick; 
she  gets  into  bed,  and  in  this  situation  is 
found  by  her  betrothed  husband.  The 
melodrame  is  by  Romani,  the  music  bj 
Bellini. 


SOJSNET. 


SORITES. 


839 


Sonnet.  Prince  of  Ou  Sonnet. 
Joachim  du  Bellay,  a  French  eonnoteer 
(1524-15G0);  but  Petrarch  better  deserves 
the  title  (1304-137-1). 

Sooterkin.  A  false  birth,  like  a 
rat,  (laid  to  be  produced  in  Dutch 
women  by  their  sitting  over  their 
Ktoves. 

Sop.  A  sop  in,  the  pan.  A  bonne- 
boucho,  tit-l'it,  dainty  morsel;  a  picse 
of  broad  soaked  in  the  dripping  of  meat 
caught  in  a  dripping-pan  ;  also  a  bribe. 
{iiee  below.) 

To  give  a  sop  to  Ce/hertis.  To  give  a 
bribe,  to  quiet  a  troublesome  customer. 
Cerberus  is  Pluto's  three-headed  dog, 
stationed  at  the  gates  of  the  infernal 
regions.  When  any  one  died  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  used  to  put  a  cake  in 
llioir  hands  as  a  sop  to  Cerberus,  so  that 
it  might  let  them  pass  without  raolosta- 
tiou. 

Soph.  '  A  student  at  Cambridge  is 
K  Freslimaa  for  the  tirst  term,  a  Junior 
t>oph  for  the  second  ycai-,  ami  a  Senior 
Soph  for  the  third  year.  The  word 
Soph  is  a  contraction  of  "  sophister," 
which  is  the  Greek  and  Latin  sophisles 
(a  sophist).  At  one  time  those  students 
bad  to  maintain  a  given  question  in  the 
schools  by  opposing  the  orthodox  view 
of  it.  These  opponeucios  are  now  limited 
to  Law  and  Divinity  degrees. 

Sophi  or  Safi  (mystic),  applied  in 
Persia  to  ascetics  generally,  was  given 
to  Sheik  Juneyd  u  Dion,  grandfather  of 
Shah  Ismail,  a  Mahometan  sectary  or 
Shyite,  who  claimed  descent,  through 
Ali,  from  the  twelve  saints. 

So'phis.  The  twelfth  dynasty  of 
Persia,  founded  by  Shah  Ismail  I.,  grand- 
son of  Sheik  Juneyd  (loOOj.     (See  above.) 

Sopll'ia  (St.),  at  Constantinople,  is 
not  dedicated  to  a  saint  named  Sophi'a, 
but  to  the  "  Logos,"  or  Second  Person 
of  the  Trinity,  called  Jlac/ia  Sophia  (Sa- 
cred Wisdom). 

Sopllist,  Sophistri/,  Sophism,  Sophis- 
ticalor,  &c.  These  words  have  quite 
mn  from  their  legitimate  meaning.  Be- 
tora  the  time  of  Pythagoras  (n.c.  58(5- 
500),  tlie  sages  of  Greece  were  called 
sop/lists  (wise  men).  Pythagoras  out  of 
modesty  called  liimsolf  a  phihsopher  (a 
wisdom-lover).  A  century  later  Protag'- 
oras  of  AbJo'ra  resumed  the  title,  and 


a  set  of  quibblers  appeared  in  Athens 
who  professed  to  answer  any  question 
on  any  subject,  and  took  up  the  title  dis- 
carded by  the  Wise  Samian.  From  this 
moment  sophos  and  all  its  family  of 
words  were  applied  to  "  wisdom  falsely 
60  called,"  and  philo-sophos  to  the 
"  modest  search  after  truth." 

Sophro'nia.  A  Christian  virgin  be- 
loved by  Olindo.  When  Aladino  vowed 
in  vengeance  to  put  to  the  sword  all  his 
Christian  subjects,  because  the  "sacred 
image "  of  the  Virgin  had  been  stolen 
from  the  mosque,  she  accused  herself  of 
the  theft  to  save  the  Christian  popula- 
tion, and  was  condemned  to  be  burnt 
alive.  Olindo,  hearing  of  the  sentence, 
declared  Sophrouia  innocent  and  him- 
self the  only  guilty  person,  whereupon 
both  were  bound  to  tlio  stake  ;  but  by 
the  intercession  of  Clorinda  they  were 
released.  Olindo  and  Sophronia  became 
man  and  wife,  but  wore  exiled  from  tlio 
land  of  Judica. — Tasso,  "Jerusalem  De- 
livered," bk.  ii. 

Sopliros'yne  (in  "Orlando  Fu- 
rioso").  One  of  Logistilla's  handmaids, 
famous  for  her  purity.  She  is  sent  with 
Androni'ca  to  conduct  Astolpho  atafely 
from  Iiulia  to  Arabia. 

Sorbon'ica.  The  public  disputations 

sustained  by  candidates  for  membership 
of  the  Sorbonne.  Tlioy  began  at  5  a.m. 
and  lasted  till  7  p.m. 

Sorbonne.  The  academio  body  at 
Paris  is  so  called,  from  Robert  de 
Sorbon,  canon  of  Carabrai,  its  founder. 
(13th  century.) 

Sorbonne  Acts.  The  disputations 
held  by  candidates  for  membership  of 
the  Sorbonne.     (See  Sorbonica.) 

Sorceress.  (See  Canidia,  Ciuce, 
&c.  &c.) 

Sordello.  A  tj^pe-man  of  liberty 
and  human  progress,  who  exemplifies 
the  beau-idoal  of  human  perfectibility. 
— R.  Browning, 

Sori'tea  (Oreek).  A  heaped-\ip  or 
cumulative  syllogism.  The  following  will 
serve  as  an  example : — 

All  men  who  believe  shall  be  saved. 

All  who  are  saved  must  bo  free  from 
sin. 

All  who  are  free  from  sin  are  innocent 
in  the  sight  of  God.  [7".  0. 


840    SORROWS  OP   WERTIIER. 


SOUL. 


All  who  aro  innocent  in  tbo  sight  of 
God  are  meet  for  lioavon. 

All  who  are  meet  for  heaven  will  be 
adinitted  into  heaven. 

Theroforo  all  who  believe  will  be  ad- 
mitted into  heaven. 

J'/te  famous  Sorites  of  Tkemislodes  was: 
That  his  infant  son  commanded  the 
v;hole  world,  proved  thus  : — 

My  infant  son  rules  his  mother. 

His  mother  rules  me. 

I  rule  the  Athenians. 

The  Athenians  rule  the  Greeks. 

The  Greeks  rule  Europe. 

And  Europe  rules  the  world. 

Sorrows  of  Werther.  A  novel  by 
Goethe.     The  heroine  is  Charlotte. 

Sortes  Biblicaj.  Same  as  the  Sortes 
Virgilia'nas  (q.v.),  only  the  Bible  was 
substituted  for  the  works  of  the  Roman 
poet. 

Sortes  Virgilia'n?B.  Telling  one's 
fortune  by  consulting  the  ^Ene'ld  of 
Virgil.  You  take  up  the  book,  open  it 
at  random,  and  the  passage  you  touch  at 
random  with  your  finger  is  the  oracular 
response.  Seve'rus  consulted  the  book 
and  road  these  words:  "  Forget  not  thou, 
0  Roman,  to  rule  the  people  with  royal 
sway."  Gordia'nus,  who  reigned  only  a 
few  days,  hit  upon  this  verse:  "Fate 
only  showed  him  on  the  earth,  but 
suffered  him  not  to  tarry."  But,  cer- 
tainly, the  most  curious  instance  is  that 
given  by  Dr.  Wellwood  respecting  king 
Charles  I.  and  Lord  Falkland  while  they 
were  both  at  Oxford.  Falkland,  to 
amuse  the  king,  proposed  to  try  this 
kind  of  augury,  and  the  king  hit  upon 
bk.  iv.,  ver.  831-893,  the  gist  of  which 
passage  is  that  ' '  evil  wars  would  break 
out,  and  the  king  lose  his  life."  Falk- 
land, to  laugh  the  matter  off,  said  he 
would  show  his  majesty  how  ridiculously 
the  "lot"  would  foretell  the  next  fate, 
and  he  lighted  on  bk.  xi.,  ver.  230-237, 
the  lament  of  Evander  for  the  untimely 
death  of  his  son  Pallas.  King  Charles, 
in  1643,  mourned  over  his  noble  friend 
who  was  shot  through  the  body  in  the 
battle  of  Newbury. 

Sorts.  Out  of  sorts.  A  printer's  ex- 
pression— being  out  of  type  of  a  parti- 
cular letter. 

Sos'ia.  The  living  double  of  another, 
80  lli«  brothers  Antiph'olus  and  brothers 


Dromio  in  the  "  Comedy  of  Errors,"  and 
the  Corsican  Brothers  in  the  drama 
so  called.  Sosia  is  a  servant  of  Amphit'- 
ruo,  in  Plautus's  comedy  so  called.  It  is 
Mercury  who  assumes  the  double  of 
Sosia,  till  Sosia  doubts  his  own  identity. 
Both  Dryden  and  Molifere  have  adapted 
this  play  to  the  modem  stage,  but  the 
"  Comedy  of  Errors  "  is  based  on  another 
drama  of  the  same  author,  called  the 
"Mensechmi."    (S««  Ami'HITuyon.) 

Sotad'ics  or  Sotad'ic  Verse.  One  that 
reads  l^ackwards  and  forwards  the  same, 
as  "  llewd  did  I  live,  and  evil  I  did 
dwell."  So  called  from  Sot'adiis,  the 
inventor.  These  verses  are  also  called 
palindromic.     (See  Palindrome.) 

N.B. — 11  is  the  old  way  of  making  a 
capital  L. 

Sotenville  (Mons.).  A  pompous 
provincial  French  nobleman,  with  all  the 
pride  and  fine-^se  of  a  courtier  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  but  stolid  and  old- 
fashioned.  He  is  the  fatherin-law  of 
George  Dandin,  and  takes  care  to  make 
the  wealthy  merchant  bend  pretty  low 
under  the  mighty  honour  of  mar.-ying 
a  sprig  of  nobility. — Molieve,  "  Gcorgt 
Dandin." 

Sothie  Year.  The  Persian  year 
consists  of  365  days,  so  that  a  day  is 
lost  in  four  years,  and  the  lost  bits  in 
the  course  of  1,460  years  amount  to  a 
year.  This  period  of  1,460  years  is 
called  a  sotliic  veriod,  and  the  re- 
claimed year  made  up  of  the  bits  is 
called  a  solhic  year,  from  sothis  (the  dog- 
star^,  at  whose  rising  it  commences. 

Soul.  The  Moslems  fancy  that  it  is 
necessary,  when  a  man  is  bow-strung,  to 
relax  the  rope  a  little  before  death  oc- 
curs to  let  the  soul  escape.  The  Greeks 
and  Romans  seemed  to  think  that  the 
soul  made  its  escape  with  life  out  of  the 
death-wound. 

Soul.  The  Moslems  say  that  the  souls 
of  the  faithful  assume  tho  forms  of  snow- 
v/hite  birds,  and  nestle  under  the  throne 
of  Allah,  between  death  and  the  resur- 
rection. 

Soul.  Heracli'tus  held  the  soul  to  be 
a  spark  of  the  stellar  essence  :  "  scintilla 
stellaris  essentia)."— J/ac/'o6i!«,  "  Somn, 
Scip.,"  lib.  i.,  cap.  14. 

Vital  spark  of  hcaTenly  flame. 
Quit,  oh  !  Quit  Il;i3  mortal  frame. 
Pop^,  "TheDi/inc  ChriMvm  to  Ml  Sxi." 


80ULIS. 


SOW. 


841 


Soul,  in  Egyptian  hieroglyphics,  is  re- 
presented by  several  emblems,  as  a  basket 
of  tiro,  a  heron,  a  hawk  with  a  human 
face,  and  a  ram. 

Soulis  {Lord  William).  A  man  of 
prodii^'ious  strength,  cruelty,  avarice,  and 
treachery.  The  foul  fiend,  under  the 
name  of  Old  Ilodcap,  gave  him  a  charmed 
life,  which  nothing  should  affect  "till 
lhreefol<l  ropes  of  sand  were  twisted 
round  his  body."  Lord  Soulis  waylaid 
the  young  heir  of  Branxhohn  and  his 
lady-love,  whose  name  was  May,  and  kept 
them  in  durance  vile  in  liermitago  Castlo 
"till  May  would  consent  to  become  his 
bride."  Walter,  the  brother  of  young 
LJranxholm,  raised  his  father's  liegoiucu, 
who  got  lord  Soulis  into  their  hands. 
They  "wrapped  him  in  lead,  and  then 
tlung  him  into  a  cauldron,  till  lead,  bones, 
end  all  were  melted."  The  cauldron  is 
still  shown  in  the  Skelfhill  at  Niuestane 
Rig,  part  of  the  range  of  hills  which 
se))aratcs  Liddcsdalo  and  Tiviotdale. — 
John  Leyden, 

Sound,  a  narrow  sea,  is  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  simd;  hence  such  words  as  Bomar- 
sund,  &c. 

Sinuid  as  a  bell.  Quito  sound.  A 
cracked  bell  is  u.seless  as  a  bell. 

Dliri'li  Fortune  did  so  h»pp'!y  contrive. 
T!iat  we,  u  sound  m  \ic\]i.  di  1  en!i  arive 
At  Dover.  Taylor  t  "  li'aikei,"  ii.  ii  (1630). 

Sound  as  a  roach.  Quite  sound.  A 
pun  upon  ruuch  or  ruche  the  fish,  and  the 
French  ruc/tf  a  Kick. 

Sound  Dues.  A  toll  or  tribute 
whii-h  used  to  bo  levied  by  the  king 
of  Denmark  on  all  merchant  vessi-ls 
piis.siiig  throuj:h  the  Sound.  [AhoV\<heil 
1.^57.) 

Sour  Grapes.  Things  despised  be- 
cause thoy  are  beyond  our  reach.  Many 
nioii  of  low  dogreo  call  titlea  and  dig- 
nities "sour  grapes;"  and  men  of  no 
parts  turn  >ip  their  noses  at  literal y 
lioiiours.  The  phrase  is  from  iEsop's 
fable  called  "  The  Fox  and  the  Grapes." 

South.  S'jnire  South.  The  name 
given  to  Charles  of  Austria  in  Arbulh- 
umI's  "  History  of  John  iiull." 

South-Sea  Scheme  or  lUMle.  A 
Btock-johliing  scheme  devised  by  Sir 
John  Hluiit,  a  lawyer.  The  object  of 
the  company  was  to  buy  vip  the  National 
Debt,  and  to  be  allowed  tho  solo  privi- 

?  U    * 


lego  of  trading  in  tho  South  Seas.  The 
^100  shares  soon  realised  ten  times  that 
Bum,  but  the  whole  bubble  burst  in  17"20 
and  ruined  thousands.  (1710-1720.)  Tho 
term  is  applied  to  any  hollow  scheme 
which  has  a  splendid  promise,  but  whose 
collapse  will  bo  suddeu  and  ruinous.  {Set 
-ili.s.sissirri  Bubble.) 

Southampton  Street  (London). 
So  called  in  complimeut  to  the  noble 
family  of  that  title,  allied  to  tho  Bed- 
ford family,  the  proprietors. 

Southampton's  Wise  Sons.  In 
the  early  part  of  tho  present  century, 
tho  people  of  Southampton  cut  a  ditch 
for  barges  between  Southampton  and 
Uedbridge ;  but  as  barges  covild  go  with- 
out paying  dues  through  tho  "Soutli- 
anipton  Water,"  the  ditch  or  canal  wu 
never  used.  This  wise  scheme  was  com- 
pared to  that  of  the  man  who  cut  two 
holes  through  the  wall,  one  for  tho  great 
cat  and  the  other  for  its  kitten. 

Southern  Gate  of  the  Sun.    The 

sign  Capricornus  or  winter  solstice  ;  so 
called  because  it  is  the  most  soutii6~n 
limit  of  tho  sun's  course  in  the  ecliptic. 

Soutras.  The  discourses  of  Buddha. 
(See  TiupiTAKA.) 

Sovereign.  A  strangely  misspelled 
word,  tho  last  syllable  being  mistaken 
for  the  word  rei'jn.  It  is  tho  L.atin 
Siip'Si'/i  (supremo,  over  alli,  with  the  p 
changed  to  v.  The  French  souvefain 
is  nearer  the  Latin  word  ;  Italian,  tov- 
ra/io;  Spanish,  soberano.  Our  word  has 
fairly  given  rise  to  tho  punning  etymo- 
logy "  so-ovor-reign." 

Sovereign,  a  gold  coin  of  the  value  of 
twenty  shillings,  was  first  issued  by 
Henry  VIIL,  and  so  called  because  liis 
majesty  in  roya.'  robes  was  represented 
on  it. 

Sow  (to  rhyme  with  "now").  Yoh 
haoe  got  Uu  wrou;/  sow  bg  L'le  ear.  St«w 
is  a  large  tub  with  two  ears  or  handles  ; 
it  is  used  for  pickling  or  sowsing.  Tho 
expression  means,  therefore.  You  have 
got  hold  of  the  wrong  vessel,  or  as  tho 
Latin  phra-se  has  it,  Pro  am'pliorA  ur'atu 
(You  have  brought  mo  tho  little  jug  in- 
stead of  tho  great  gotch).  French,  teau 
(a  bucket). 

You,  have  got  (he  right  tow  by  tkt  «ar. 
You  have  hit  upon  the  very  thing. 

Sou).     (.b>'5  Fio  I  HON.) 


842 


SPA. 


SPEAKIXO   HEADS. 


Spa  or  .S/)o  n'aler.  A  general  name 
for  medical  KjirinK's  ;  so  callod  from  Spa, 
in  Dolf^iiun,  iu  tlie  sevcnteoiith  century 
the  most  fashiouable  watering-place  in 
Luropo.  (Teutonic,  spcuen,  to  spout 
forth  ;  Saxon,  spate,  p.  of  sjyiwan.) 

Spade.  irAy  not  call  a  spade  a  spade } 
Do  not  jialliate  sins  by  oupbomisms. 
Parallel  phrases : 

Picus  licus,  ligouom  ligoncm,  vocat. — 
ii'raimiw. 

Appelons  les  figues  figues,  les  prunes 
primes,  et  les  poires  poiros. — Pantagruel, 

J'appcllo  un  chat  un  chat. — Boileau. 

Wt  call  a  nettle  but  a  nettle,  and  the  faults  of  fools 
but  loiiy .—aiiukespcare,"  Coriolanus,"  ii.  1. 

I  have  learned  to  call  wickedness  by  itanwn  terms; 
a  Qg  a  fig,  and  a  gpude  a  spade.— Ju/m  Kiwx. 

Spades  in  cards.  A  corruption  of 
tl;o  Spanish  spados,  pikes  or  swords, 
callod  by  the  French  piques  (pikes). 

Spa'fierciS  {London).  So  called  from 
"  The  London  Spa,"  the  name  of  certain 
tea-gardens  once  celebrated  for  their 
"spa-water." 

Spagirie  Art.    Alchemy. 

Spag'iric  Food.  Cagliostro's 
"  elixir  of  immortal  youth  "  was  so  called 
from  the  Latin  word  spagir'icm  (chemi- 
cal). Hence  chemistry  is  termed  the 
"spag'iric  art,"  and  a  chemist  is  a 
Epag'irist. 

Spagirie  Sages.  Alchemists,  or 
rather  "adepts"  in  the  mysteries  of  al- 
chemy. 

Spagnoletto  {the  little  Spaniav'J). 
Jose'  Ilibera,  the  painter.  Salva'tor  Rosa 
and  Giierci'no  were  two  of  his  pupils. 
(1588-1G59.) 

Spaie.    A  red  deer  of  the  third  year. 

TTiP  yoon?  male  is  c  lUeJ  in  the  tirst  yeere  a  ealft, 
in  the  sccomJ  a  (/roJe«,  the  third  a  fp(ii«,  the  fourth  a 
ft'iffun  or  tiag,  the  lifth  a  grecit  ttjg,  the  sixth  an 
hart,  dad  so  foortti  unto  his  death.— i^arruon. 

Spain.      C'hdteau    d'Espagne.       {See 

CASTI.E.) 

Patron  saint  of  Spain.  St.  Jamos  the 
Greater,  who  is  said  to  have  preached  the 
Gospel  in  Spain,  where  what  are  calied 
his  "  relics  "  are  preserved. 

Span  New.    (See  Spick.) 

SpanieL  The  dog  from  Ilispaniola 
(llayti). 

Spanish  Blades.    A  sworJ  is  called 


a  tole'do,  from  the  great  excellence  of  th« 
Tolotan  steel. 

Spanish  Main.  The  circular  bank 
of  islands  fonning  the  northern  and 
eastern  boundaries  of  the  Caribbe'an  Sea, 
beginning  Iroiti  Mosquito,  near  the  isth- 
mus, and  including  .Jamaica,  St.  Domin- 
go, the  Leeward  Islands,  and  the  Wind- 
ward Islands,  to  the  coast  of  Venezue'la 
in  South  America.  It  is  not  the  sm,  but 
the  bank  of  islands  (Spanish,  maaea, 
shackles). 

We  turned  conqaerois, and  inraded  the  main  of 
Spain.— iJocon. 

Spanish  Money.  Fair  words  and 
compliments.  The  Spanish  government 
is  a  model  of  dishonest  dealings,  the 
by-word  of  the  commercial  world,  yet  no 
man  is  more  irate  than  a  Spaniard  if  any 
imputation  is  laid  to  his  charge  as  incon- 
sistent with  the  character  of  a  man  of 
honour. 

Spanish  "Worm.  A  nail  concealed 
in  a  piece  of  wood,  against  which  a  car- 
penter jars  his  saw  or  chisel.  So  called 
from  Spanish  woods  used  in  cabinet- 
work. 

Sparkling  Heat.  Heat  greater 
than  u-liiU  heat. 

There  be  several  degrees  of  heat  in  a'smith'sforge, 
according  to  the  purpose  of  their  work  :  ( : )  a  bloud- 
red  heat ;  (i)  a  white  flame  heat;  (S)  asparkllnsor 
weldin?  heat :  used  to  wel  1  barrs  or  pieces  of  iron.— 
KennM, "  MS.  L-mtd,"  lo33,  t  3SS. 

Spartan  Dog.  A  blood-hound;  n 
blood-thirsty  man. 

O  Spartan  dog. 
More  fell  than  aiiguish,  hunger,  or  the  sea. 
^hakespeart,  "OUitllo,"  y.  2. 

Spasmodic  School.  A  name  ap- 
plied by  Professor  Aytoun  to  certain 
atithors  of  the  present  age,  whose  writ- 
ings are  distinguished  by  spasmodic  or 
forced  conceits.  Of  this  school  the  most 
noted  are  Carlyle,  Bailey  (author  of 
"Festus"),  Alexander  Smith,  Sydney 
Dobell,  &c. 

Speaking.  They  are  on  speaking 
tervm.     They  just  know  each  other. 

They  are  not  on  spealcing  terms.  Though 
they  know  each  other,  tliey  do  not  even 
salute  each  other  in  the  street,  or  say 
"How  d'ye  do?" 

Speaking   Heads   and  Sounding 

SloiieS. 

(1)  Jabel  Nagns  (jnountain  of  the  hell), 
In  Arabia  Petrwa,  gives  out  "sounds  c£ 


SPEAR. 


SPECTRUM. 


813 


varying   strenpfth    whenerer    the    sand 
glides  down  its  sloping  Hanks. 

(2)  The  whito  dry  sand  of  the  beach 
in  the  isle  of  E\gg,  of  the  Hebrides,  pro- 
dMces,  accordinfT  to  II ngh  Miller,  a  mu- 
sical sound  whou  walked  upon. 

(3)  The  statue  of  Momnon,  in  Egj'pt, 
utters  musical  sounds  whoa  the  moru- 
iug  sun  darts  on  it. 

(4)  The  speaking  bead  of  Orpheus,  at 
Lcsh.ts,  is  said  to  have  predicted  the 
bloody  death  which  terminated  the  ex- 
pedition of  Cyrus  the  Groat  into  Soy thia. 

(.5)  The  head  of  Minos,  brought  by 
Odin  to  Scandinavia,  is  said  to  have  ut- 
tered responses. 

(6)  Gerbert,  afterwards  pope  Sylvester 
II.,  constructed  a  speaking  head  of  brass 
(loth  century). 

(7)  Aibertus  Magnus  constructed  an 
earthen  head  in  the  tiiirteciith  century, 
which  both  spoke  and  moved.  Thomas 
Aipii'DM  broke  it,  whereniioa  the  rno- 
chanist  exclaimed,  "  There  goes  the 
labour  of  thirty  years  !  " 

(8)  Alexander  made  a  statue  of  E.scu- 
Ia'pio3  which  spoke,  but  Lucian  .says  tho 
sounds  were  uttered  by  a  man  concealed, 
and  conveyed  by  tubes  to  tho  statue. 

(9)  Tho  "ear  of  Dionysius"  communi- 
cated to  Dionysius,  tyrant  of  Syracuse, 
whatever  was  uttered  by  suspected  sub- 
jects shut  up  in  a  state  prison.  This 
"ear"  was  a  large  black  opening  in  a 
rock,  about  fifty  feet  high,  and  the  sound 
was  communicated  by  a  series  of  chan- 
nels not  unlike  those  of  the  human  oar. 

Spear.  Cairbar  asks  if  Fingal  cornea 
in  pe.ico,  to  which  Mor-anual  replies,  "  In 
peace  iio  conies  not,  king  of  Erin,  I  have 
seen  his  forward  spear."  If  a  stranger 
kept  tho  point  of  his  spear  forward  when 
he  entered  a  strange  laud,  it  was  a  decla- 
ration of  war  ;  if  he  carrierl  tho  spear  ou 
his  shoulder,  with  the  point  behind  hira, 
it  w.i-s  a  token  of  friendship. — Otsian, 
"  Tt'iwra,"  i. 

AchiUes'  Spfir.  To'lephus,  king  of 
Mys'ia,  in  atlom])ling  to  hinder  tho 
I! reeks  from  marclung  through  his  coun- 
try against  Troy,  was  wounded  by 
Achilles'  spear,  and  was  told  by  an  oraclo 
that  tho  wound  could  be  cured  only  by 
the  wenjion  that  gave  it ;  at  tho  same  ' 
time  tho  Greeks  wore  told  that  thoy  would 
never  reach  Troy  excejit  by  the  aid  of 
Te'lcphus.  So  when  the  Mys'ian  king  1 
repaired  to  Achilles'  tent,  some  of  the 


rust  of  the  spoar  was  willincdy  a|)plied 
to  tho  wound,  and  :n  return  for  tho  cure 
which  followed,  Tolephus  directed  th(> 
Greeks  en  their  way  to  Troy. 

Telephu5  scUrm  consumptut  t.A'i  perlMet 

Si  uou  qux  Q.'C'uit  d' xtra  tulUset  0|>eui.— OrcL 

The  ipear  of  Te'lephus  could  both  kill 
and  cure. — Plutarch.  {'iooAc/iitles'Spetir., 

Tke  hcavji  spear  of  Valence  was  of  great 
repute  in  tho  days  of  chivalry. 

Arihur's  Spear.     Hone  or  lion. 

To  break  a  tpear.  To  light  in  a  tour- 
nament. 

Spear-half.  Tho  male  lino.  Tho 
female  line  was  called  by  tho  baious  tiio 
Spindlo-half  (q.v.). 

Special  Pleading.  Quibbling ; 
making  your  own  argument  good  by 
forcing  certain  words  or  phrases  from 
their  obvious  and  ordinary  meaning.  A 
pleading  in  law  moans  a  written  stato- 
ment  of  a  cause  pro  and  con.,  and 
"51)001.11  pleaders'"  are  persons  who  bavo 
been  called  to  tho  bar,  but  do  not  speak 
as  advocates.  They  advise  on  evidence - 
draw  up  affidavits,  stato  tho  merits  and 
demerits  of  a  cause,  and  so  on.  After  a 
time  mostspoci.al  pleaders  go  to  the  ba.", 
and  many  get  advanced  to  the  bench. 

Specie,  Species,  means  simply 
what  is  vi.sible.  As  things  are  distin- 
guished by  their  visible  forms,  it  has 
come  to  moan  kind  or  chiss.  As  drugs 
and  condiments  at  one  time  formed  tiie 
most  important  articles  of  merchanilisa, 
thoy  were  called  species — stili  ret;iined  in 
tho  French  ipicts,  and  English  ipices, 
ALcain,  as  bank-notes  represent  money, 
money  itself  is  called  specie,  the  thing 
represented. 

Spectrum,  Spectra,  Sp,xtre  (Latin 
fjKcto,  to  behold)  In  optics  a  Hpeclrum 
is  the  imago  of  a  sunbeam  behold  on  a 
screen,  after  refraction  by  one  or  moro 
prisms.  Spectra  are  tho  images  of  objects 
left  on  tho  eye  after  the  objects  themselves 
are  removed  from  sight.  A  .ipectre  is  tho 
apiiarilion  of  a  p>'rson  no  longer  living  or 
not  bodily  present. 

Spectre  oj  the  lirockcn.  Tho  Brocken  is 
tho  highest  summit  of  tho  llartz  moun- 
t;iins  in  llanovoi.  This  summit  is  at 
times  enveloped  in  a  thick  mist,  which 
rcileets  in  a  greatly  raagnitiod  dogroo 
any  form  opposite  at  sunset.  In  one  of 
Do    Qiiincoy  s   opium-dreams,    thoro    is 


844 


SPRCULATR. 


SPICK  AND  SPAN  NEW. 


a  powerful  description   of   Llic   Brocken 
gpectre. 

Speculate  means  to  look  out  of  the 
window,  to  spy  about  (Latin).  Meta- 
phorically, to  look  at  a  subject  with  the 
mind's  eye,  to  spy  into  it ;  in  commerce, 
to  purchase  articles  which  your  mind  has 
speculated  on,  and  has  led  you  to  expect 
w'll  prove  profitable.  (Specula ris  lapis 
is  what  we  should  now  call  window- 
glass.  ) 

Speed.  A  prcat  punster,  the  serving- 
man  of  Valentine,  oiie  of  the  Two  Gen- 
tlemen of  Vero'na.  Launce  is  the  serving- 
man  of  Protheus,  tho  other  gentleman. — 
Shaiespeare,  "Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona." 

Spell.  A  pretty  good  spell.  A  long 
bout  or  pull,  as  a  "spell  at  the  pumps" 
on  board  ship,  a  "spell  at  the  cap- 
stan,"  he.  Tliis  is  tho  Gennan  spiel,  a 
game,  applied  to  a  theatrical  representa- 
tion, a  game  of  cards,  bowls,  racket,  &c. 

Spencer.  An  outer  coat  without 
skirls;  so  named  from  the  earl  Spencer, 
who  wore  this  kind  of  dress  (George 
111). 

Spendthrift.  The  Danisli  thnft  is 
the  noun  of  the  word  tliHve  (to  increase 
or  prosper).  Shakespeare  says,  "I  have 
a  mind  presages  me  such  thrift"  (increase, 
profit).  As  our  frug.al  ancestors  found 
saving  the  best  way  to  grow  rich,  they 
applied  the  word  to  frugality  and  careful 
management.  A  spendthrift  is  one  who 
spends  the  thrift  or  savings  of  his  father, 
or,  as  Old  Adam  says,  the  "  thrifty  hire 
I  saved." — "As  You  Like  It." 

Spenser  (^Edmund),  called  by  Milton 
"  tho  sago  and  serious  Spenser."  Ecn 
Jonson,  in  a  letter  to  Drummond,  states 
that  the  ])oot  "  died  for  lake  of  bread." 
(1553-151*9.) 

Spent.  Weary.  A  hunting  term.  A 
deer  is  said  to  bo  spent  when  it  stretches 
out  it^  neck,  and  is  at  the  point  of  death. 
In  s«a  language,  a  broken  mast  is  said  to 
be  "spent." 

Spheres.  The  mvjic  or  harmony  of 
ike  sp/ieres.  Pythag'oras,  having  ascer- 
tained that  the  pitch  of  notes  depends 
on  the  rai'idity  of  vibrations,  and  also 
that  the  planets  move  at  different  rates 
o^  motion,  concluded  that  tho  sounds 
iLaiio  by  their  motion  must  varv  accord- 


ing to  their  different  rates  of  motion. 
As  all  things  in  nature  aro  harmoniously 
made,  these  different  sounds  must  har- 
monise, and  the  combination  he  called 
tho  "  harmony  of  tho  spheres."  Kepler 
has  a  treatise  on  the  subject. 

Sphinx  (T/ie  Egyptian).  Half  t 
woman  and  half  a  lion,  said  to  symbolise 
tho  "rising  nf  tho  Nile  while  the  sun  rs 
in  Leo  and  Virgo."  This  "saying "must 
be  taken  for  what  it  is  worth. 

Sphinx.  Lord  Bacon's  ingenious  reso- 
lution of  this  fable  is  a  fair  specimen  of 
what  some  persons  call  "  spiritualising  " 
the  incidents  and  parables  of  Scripture. 
He  says  that  the  whole  represents 
"  science,"  which  is  regarded  by  the 
ignorant  as  "  a  monster."  As  the  figure 
of  the  sphinx  is  heterogeneous,  so  the 
sxibjects  of  science  "  are  very  various." 
The  female  faco  "  denotes  volubility  of 
speech ;"  herwingsshowthat  "knowledge 
like  light  is  rapidly  diffused ;"  her  hooked 
talons  remind  us  of  "the  arguments  of 
science  which  enter  the  mind  and  lay 
hol<l  of  it."  She  is  placed  on  a  crag  over- 
looking the  city,  for  "all  science  is 
placed  on  an  eminence  which  is  hard  to 
climb."  If  the  riddles  of  the  sphinx 
brought  disaster,  so  the  riddles  of  science 
"perplex  and  harass  the  mind." 

Vou  are  a  perfect  sphinx— You  speak 
in  riddles.  Yon  are  nothing  belter  than  a 
sphinx — You  speak  so  obscurely  that  I 
cannot  understand  you.  The  sphinx  was 
a  sea-monster  that  proposed  a  riddle  to 
the  Thebans,  and  murdered  all  who 
could  not  guess  it.  CEdipos  solved  it,  and 
the  sphinx  put  herself  to  death.  The 
riddle  was  this — 

What  gof s  on  four  feet,  »n  two  feet,  and  three, 
ISut  tlie  more  feet  it  goes  oD  ihe  veaixer  it  be? 

Spice.  A  small  admixture,  a  flavour- 
ing ;  as,  "He  is  .ill  very  well,  but  there's 
a  spice  of  conceit  about  him."  Probably 
tiie  French  espece. 

Cod's  boiintc  is  all  pure,  without  onj-  etpeoe  of 
evjlL— Caz(i»i,  "ilorourof  tlit  U'orW,"i. 

Spick  and  Span  New.  First  ap- 
plied to  cloth  just  tiken  off  the  spannans 
(stretchers)  and  spikes  (hooks).— yoA/i- 
ton.  Another  derivation  is  spick  from 
the  Italian  sjucco  (brightness),  and  sjian- 
now  is  newly  span  or  spun,  meaning 
glossy  and  newly  spun.  A  third  is  the 
Dutch  ipijker  (a  warehouse),  spanje 
(glos?y  or  shining),  shining  or  glossy  »? 


8P1D2K. 


SPINSTER. 


S4ft 


fresh  from  the  ■warchouso.     Shakespeare 
uses  the  expression  fire-new  (7.  v.). 

Then,  while  ihc  honour  thou  h.istgot 
Is  8|>icU  ftiid  epan  new,  pipini!  hi  t. 
hlrike  her  up  bi  avtly  thnu  h.idst  best, 
Aud  truat  to  furluue  all  the  rest. 

BiUier,  •'ihidihraa'  L  3. 

Spider.  It  is  said  that  Robert  Bruce 
uoticed  a  spider  near  his  bed  try  six 
times  unsuccessfully  to  attach  its  thread 
to  a  balk,  and  said,  "Now  shall  this 
spider  teach  me  what  I  am  to  do,  for  1 
also  have  failed  six  times."  The  spider 
made  a  seventh  effort  and  succeeded. 
Bruce  also  succeeded,  and  never  after- 
wards sustained  a  defeat  of  any  moment. 
In  remembrance  of  this  incident,  it  has 
always  been  deemed  a  foul  crime  for  any 
of  the  name  of  Bruce  to  injure  a  spider. 
— "  Tales  of  a  GrandjaCher,"  p.  26,  col.  2. 

I  will  crant  you,  my  father,  that  this  yaliont  bur- 
geBs  of  I'crlhijone  of  the  best-hearted  nifii  lliat 
draws  breath. ... he wouW  bo  as  loth,  in  wautoun-as, 
to  kill  ;i  ipi'ler,  us  if  he  weie  &  kinsmaa  to  king 
Kobert  of  happy  memory.— 5ir  Walter  Scott,  "Fair 
Uaid  of  Verlh,"  ch.  ii. 

Spider.  When  Mahomet  fled  from 
Mecca  he  hid  in  a  certain  cave,  and  the 
Korcishites  were  close  upon  him.  Sud- 
denly an  acacia  in  full  leaf  sprang  up  at 
the  mouth  of  the  cave,  a  woodjiigcon  had 
its  nest  in  tho  branches,  aud  a  spider  had 
woven  its  net  between  the  tree  and  the 
cave.  When  the  Koreishites  saw  this 
they  felt  persu.aded  that  no  one  could 
Lave  recently  passed  that  way,  and  went 
on. 

Spider,  anciently  supposed  to  envenom 
everything  it  toucheil.  In  the  examina- 
tion into  the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas 
Ovcrlmry,  one  of  the  witnesses  deposed 
"that  the  countess  wished  him  to  get 
tlio  strongest  poison  that  he  could  .  .  ." 
Accordingly  ho  brought  seven  great 
bpidera. 

There  may  be  in  the  cup 
A  spiHer  steepe^l,  and  one  may  drink,  depart. 

And  yet  piirluko  no  Teuom. 

aiuiketptare,  "IKitifer'*  Tale'  ii.  1. 

Spider.  According  to  old  wives'  fable, 
fsvcr  may  bo  cured  by  wearing  a  spider 
ill  a  nutshell  round  tho  neck. 

Cured  by  wearing  a  spider  hi^na  round  one's  neck 
ill  a  nalbUi:l\.—Lunff/elluw,'Evangeltin.' 

Spiders  will  never  set  Ihcir  vehs  on  a 
cedar  roof. — Caughoy,  "Letters."    (1815.) 
Spiders  fpin,  only  on  dark  days. 

Thctubtle  apider  nersr  apini 
But  ou  dark  days  bis  aliiuy  gioa. 

S-  ttuiler,"  On  a  Ifimcoixfjimitt,'  iT- 


Spider.  Tho  shoal  called  the  Sham- 
bles at  the  entrance  of  Portland  Jtoad* 
was  very  dangerous  before  the  break- 
water was  constructed.  According  to 
legend,  at  the  bottom  of  tho  gigantic 
shaft  are  the  wrecks  of  ships  seized  and 
sui'.k  by  the  huge  spider  Kraien,  called 
also  tho  fish-moimlain. 

Spid'ireen  or  Spidereen.*  The  ano- 
nyma  of  ships.  If  a  sailor  is  asked  what 
shii)  ho  belongs  to,  and  does  not  choose 
to  toll,  he  will  say  "  The  spidireen  frigate 
with  nine  decks."  Officers  who  will  not 
tell  their  quarters,  give  B.K.S.  as  their 
address.     (6'ee  B.K.S.) 

Spigot.  Spare  at  tfie  spigoot  and  spill 
at  tite  hung.  To  be  parsimonious  in 
trifles  and  wasteful  in  great  matters,  like 
a  man  who  stops  his  beer-tub  at  tho 
vent-hole  and  leaves  it  running  at  tho 
bung-hole. 

Spindle-half.  The  female  line.  A 
Saxon  term.  The  spindle  was  tho  pin 
on  which  the  thread  was  wound  from 
tho  spinning-wheel.     (See  SpeaU-iialf.) 

Spinning  Jenny.  Jennie  is  a  di- 
minutive aud  corruption  of  engine 
Cginie).  A  little  engine  invented  by 
James  Ilargreaves,  a  Lancashire  weaver, 
in  1767.  It  is  usually  said  that  ho  so 
called  it  after  his  wife  and  daughter; 
but  the  name  of  his  wife  was  Elizabeth, 
and  he  never  had  a  daughter, 

Spino'za.  The  "system  of  Spi- 
noza "  is  that  matter  is  eternal,  and 
that  the  universe  is  God, 

Spinster.     An  unmarried  woman. 

The  fleece  which  was  brought  homa 
by  the  Anglo-Saxons  in  summer,  was 
spun  into  clothinL'  by  tho  female  part  of 
each  family  during  the  winter.  King 
Edwanl  the  Elder  commanded  his 
daughters  to  be  instructed  in  the  uee 
of  the  distaff.  Alfred  tho  Great,  in  his 
will,  calls  the  female  jiart  of  his  family 
tho  spindle  side;  and  it  waa  a  rcirulaily 
received  axiom  with  our  frugal  fore- 
fathers, that  no  young  woman  was  fit  to 
be  a  wife  till  she  had  spun  for  herself  a 
set  of  boily,  table,  and  bed  linen.  Hence 
the  maiden  was  termed  a  spinner  or  spin- 
ster, and  the  married  woman  a  wife  or 
"  one  who  has  been  a  spinner."  (Saxon, 
it//,  from  tho  verb  vyfan  or  tce/an,  tfl 
wo,ive,) 


846 


SPIRltS. 


spomti. 


Spirits.  IiilL-xtmaalilo  lirjuors  ob- 
taiiiud  by  distillation.  This  is  connec- 
ted with  tlio  ancient  notion  of  bottlo- 
inips  iq.v.),  whence  these  liquors  were 
larjrely  used  in  the  black  arts. 

SjiiriU.  There  are  four  sjiirits  and 
Bcvon  bodies  in  alchemy.  The  sjiirits 
are  quicksilver,  orjiiment,  sal-ammoniac, 
and  brimstone.     (Hee  Seven  Bodies.) 

Tlie  Orst  spirit  quykBilver  called  is  ; 
'J  l.r  8CC0UU1I  oriiiintut ;  tla-lliri'l  1  wis 
f^al  aduOiii'iiC  ;  ami  tiie  (crih  brcrr.stoon. 
Chjiuctr,  i'rci   0/ Iht  "  CU  inuuiies  I'limaneg  Tale." 

SpiiiU.  There  are  three  in  animal 
bodies  : — 

(1)  The  animal  spirits,  seated  in  the 
brain  ;  they  perform  through  the  nerves 
all  the  actions  of  sense  and  motion. 

(2)  The  vital  sjiirits,  seated  in  the 
heart,  on  which  depend  the  motion  of 
the  blood  and  animal  heat. 

(3)  The  natural  sjnrits,  seated  in  the 
liver,  on  which  depend  the  temper  and 
"spirit  of  mind." 

To  give  up  tfit  spirit.  To  die.  At 
death  the  *'  spirit  is  given  back  to  Ilim 
who  gave  it." 

Spiritual  Mother.  So  Johanna 
Southcott  is  addressed  by  her  disciples. 
(1750-1814.) 

Spiritualism  or  Spirilism.  A  sys- 
tem which  started  up  in  America  in 
1843.  It  professes  that  certain  living 
persons  have  the  power  of  holding  com- 
munion with  the  "  spirits  of  the  dead." 
The  system,  without  doubt,  owes  its  ori- 
gin to  Andrew  Jackson  Davis,  "  the  Seer 
of  I'oughkecpsic." 

Spirt  or  Spurt.  A  sudden  convulsive 
effort  (Swedish,  sprxUa;  Danish,  gprude  ; 
our  spout,  to  throw  up  water  in  a  jet). 

Spit.  Spawn,  the  eggs  of  insects ;  as 
Cuckoo-sjiit,  the  spawn  of  insects  com- 
mon on  lavender,  rosemary,  catch-fly, 
and  apple-trees.  Spil  and  sparcii  are 
both  from  the  same  root,  another  shoot 
of  which  is  spcic. 

Spitting  for  Luck.  Boj's  often  spit 
on  a  piece  of  'money  given  to  them  for 
luck.  Boxers  spit  upon  their  hands  for 
luck.  Fishwomen  not  unfrequently  spit 
ujion  their  hansel  (i.e.,  the  first  money 
Ihey  take)  for  luck.  Spitting  was  a 
chiirm  against  fascination  among  the 
ancicst  Greeks  and  ITomans.     Pliny  says 


it  averted  witchcraft,  and  availed  in  giv- 
ing to  an  enemy  a  shrewder  blow. 

Tliriee  on  mj  IjreAS!  I  »plt,  to  guard  me  sife 
i'ruui  fascioatxg  ciiartna.  TlieocritoB. 

Spitalfields  {London).  A  sjiital  is 
a  charitable  foundation  for  the  care  of 
the  poor,  and  these  were  the  fields  of  the 
almshouse  founded  in  1197  by  Walter 
Bruno  and  his  wife  llosia. 

Spitfire.  An  irascible  person,  whose 
angry  words  are  like  fire  spit  from  the 
mouth  of  a  fire-eater. 

Spittle  or  Spital.     An  hospital. 

A  sriltle  or  hospitall  for  poore  folk^s  d  neased; 
a  spittle,  hospit&ll.  or  iazirbousc  (or  lepers. —/jarel, 
'•^lii/furie."    (ISS.i.) 

Spittle  Sermons.  Sermons 
preached  formerly  at  the  Spittle,  in  a 
pulpit  erected  expressly  for  the  pur- 
pose. Subsequently  they  were  preached 
at  Christchurch,  City,  on  Easter  lion- 
day  and  Tuesday.  Ben  Jonsou  alludes 
to  them  in  his  "  Underwoods,"  ap.  Gif- 
ford,  viii.  414. 

Splay  is  a  contraction  of  display  (to 
unfold;  Latin,  clij-;)^ico).  Aspla>i-window 
is  one  in  a  V  sliaj'O,  the  external  opening 
being  very  wide,  to  admit  as  much  light 
as  possible,  but  the  inner  opening  being 
very  small.  A  splay -foot  is  a  foot  dis- 
played or  turned  outward.  A  sphrj- 
mouth  is  a  wide  mouth,  liks  that  of  a 
clown. 

Spleen  was  at  one  time  believed  to 
bo  the  seat  of  ill-humour  and  melan- 
choly. The  herb  sj)leen-wort  was  sup- 
posed to  remove  these  splenetic  dis- 
orders. 

Splendid  Shilling.  A  mock  heroic 
by  John  Philips. 

Splice.  To  marry.  Very  strangely 
"splice"  means  to  split  or  divide.  Tha 
way  it  came  to  signify  xinite  is  this: 
Hopes'  ends  are  first  untwisted  before 
the  strands  are  interwoven.  Joining  two 
rojtes  together  by  interweaving  their 
strands  is  "splicing"  them.  Splicing 
wood  is  joining  two  boards  together,  the 
term  being  borrowed  from  the  sailor, 
(German,  spleinen,  to  split.) 

Spoke.  When  members  of  the  Hous6 
of  Commons  and  other  debaters  call  out 
Spoke,  they  mean  that  the  person  who 
gets  up  to  address  the  assembly  has 
spoken  already,  and  cannot  speak  agiin 


srooN. 


SPOUSE. 


5i7 


except  in  explanation  of  fiomelhing  im- 
perfoctly  understood. 

/  have  pul  viy  spate  into  his  wheel.  I 
have  shut  him  up.  Tbo  allusion  is  to  tlio 
pin  or  spoko  used  to  lock  wheels  in  ma- 
ohinerj'. 

D^ni'l  put  your  snohe  into  my  wheel. 
Don't  interfere  witli  my  business  ;  Let 
my  wheel  turn,  and  don't  you  put  a  pin 
in  to  stop  it  or  interrupt  its  movement. 
'J'ho  Dutch  have  "  Een  spaak  in  t'wiol 
steekcn,"  to  thwart  a  purpose. 

When  solid  wheels  were  used,  the 
driver  was  pronded  with  a  pin  or  spoke, 
which  ho  thrust  into  one  of  the  three 
holes  made  to  receive  it,  to  skid  the  cart 
ivhon  it  went  down-hill.  The  carts  used 
by  railway  n.awics,  and  tram-wagffons 
used  in  collieries,  still  have  a  wheel 
"spoked  "  in  order  to  skid  it. 

Spoon.  {See  Apostle-Spoons.) 
He  halli  need  of  a  long  spoon  that  ealelh 
wilk  the  devil.  Shakespeare  alludes  to 
this  j)roverb  in  the  "  Comedy  of  Errors," 
iv.  3  ;  and  a.^ain  in  the  "  Tempest,"  ii.  2, 
where  Stcphano  says  "  Mercy  !  mercy  ! 
this  is  a  devil.  .  .  I  will  leave  him,  I 
have  no  long  spoon." 

Therfor  bclioveth  him  n  ful  long  groon 
That  sclial  cle  wiili  a  fci-ud. 

t'Auucer,  "  I/k  SiuUret  Talt,"  10^18. 

A  tea-spoon,  dessert-spoon,  tablespoon, 
and  tjiavy-spoon.  £5,000,  £10,000, 
£ir.,06o,  and  £20,000.  When  Streat- 
licld  and  Laurence,  in  1860,  were  on  the 
point  of  failure,  an  offer  was  made  to  ac- 
corinnodatothem  with£.o,000,  whereupon 
Laurence  replied,  "  Come,  come,  that 
will  never  do  ;  you  are  feeding  me  with 
a  teaspoon."  The  four  terms  were  sub- 
sci)ucntly  introduced  into  the  financial 
world. 

Spooning,  in  rowing,  is  dipping  tbo 
oars  so  little  into  the  water  as  merely  to 
skim  the  surface.  The  resi.-;tance  being 
very  small,  much  water  is  thrown  up,  and 
more  disturbed. 

Spoony.  Loviufdy  soft.  A  sca- 
phraso.  When  a  ship  under  sail  Jr.  a 
Bea-storm  cannot  bear  it,  but  is  obligua 
t.>  put  rigiit  bef'.irc  tho  wind,  she  ia  said 
to  "spoon  ;"  bo  a  young  man  under  sail  in 
the  8oa  of  courtship  "  siioons"  when  he 
cannot  i'car  it,  but  is  oV»lif,'od  to  put  right 
before  the  gale  of  liia  lady's"  "  eye-brow." 

Sport  a  Door  or  Oak.    To  keep  an 

outer    door  sljut.       In     tho   Univarsitioa 


tbo  College  rooms  have  two  doors,  an 
outer  and  an  inner  one.  The  outer  door 
is  called  the  sporting  door,  and  is  opened 
with  a  key.  When  shut  it  ia  to  give 
notice  to  visitors  that  the  person  who 
occnjiies  tho  rooms  is  not  at  homo, 
or  is  not  to  be  disturbed.  Tho  word 
sport  means  to  exhibit  to  the  public, 
as,  "to  sport  a  new  equipage,"  "to 
sport  a  new  tile  [hat],"  &c. ;  whence  to 
have  a  new  tiling  as  "  to  sport  an  tegro'- 
tat  [sick-leave] ;"  or  merely  to  show  to 
the  public,  as  "sport  a  door  or  oak." 
The  woi"d  is  a  contraction  of  support. 
(French,  supporter,  to  sustain,  carry  j 
Latin,  supporlo.) 

Sporting  Seasons  in  England. 

Those  marked  thus  (')  are  fixed  bj  Act  of  Paflia- 
tuent. 

Illack  Game*  from  Au^.  20  to  Dec.  10;  but  io 
Somerset,  iicvon,  and  New  Foieal,  from  Sent  1  to 
Dec.   !■!. 

JJlackcock,  Au!?.  »)  to  Dee.  10. 

hiiek  ImiiitL?,  Auj<.  -.'u  to  Sept.  17. 

Buxlard  '  Sept.  1  to  Maroli  1. 

Hsd  Dttr  Imntfd,  Auj?.  20  to  Sept.  31. 

ttnU  lleer    Ireland),*  Oct.  iO  to  June  10. 

Fiilliu  J.'eer  (Inland).  June  20  to  Slicliaclmaa. 

Kels,  (al)OUtj  Airil  2u  to  Oct.  liS. 

Fi:x  hunting,  (iibout)  Oct.  to  I.&dv  l)«y. 

Fox  CV'»,  Aus:.  t  Io  tlie  first  Mouiiay  m  Mo?. 

Gromt*  sbooting,  Au?.  IJ  to  Dc!.  lu 

Han  huntijiR,  Oct.  2'J  te  I'eb.  £,". 

llin  coursing,  between  .'^ept.  sud  .AUrch. 

lliiid,  liuuted  in  October,  «ud  ngaiu  bc'.scfln 
April  10  and  l^l.^y  M. 

tloor  G.ivie  (Ireland),*  Aug.  !0  to  I'M.  la 

Gutter  reason,  Aus-  S  to  Jlay. 

rartridgf.  6hootin^,•  Sept    1  to  Feb.  I. 

Fliiiitmxt  Bl.ootiiig,*  Oct.  1  to  Feb.  1. 

Ptarmigmi,  Aug.  i2  to  Dca  10. 

O.'.iil.  Au$!.  12  to  Jan.  10. 

liilibits,  between  Oct,  and  Marcti. 

Salmon*  Feb.  1  to  S'-pt.  1. 

iinlmon,  rod  lishiuK,*  Nov.  1  to  Sept.  1. 

Tiv\it  llsliinK,  may  1  to  Sept.  10. 

Trout,  in  the  Thames,  April  1  to  Sept.  10. 

WooJcockt,  about  Not.  to  Jan. 

For  Ireland  and  Scotland  there  are  spe- 
cial game-laws.     (See  Ti.MU  OF  Grack.) 

K.B.— Game  in  BnoUind:  bare,  pheasant,  par- 
trid^'e,  Kroiise,  and  iiioor-;owl:  in  Scntlind,  s:\mc  n* 
l'n.<laud,  with  the  addition  of  ptarmik'au  ;  in  Irt- 
Innd.  same  as  En);1and,  witli  the  ad/lnioa  o(  deer, 
black-game,  landrail,  quail,  and  bustard. 

Spouse  {Spome,  1  syl.)  moans  one 
whom  sponsuis  have  answered  for.  In 
Rome,  before  m.arriage,  the  friends  of  tbo 
partios  about  to  bo  married  met  at  the 
bouse  of  tho  woman's  father  to  settle 
the  marriage  contract  Tliis  contract 
was  oalli'd  fpnum'lia  (ospnusnls);  the  man 
and  woman  wore  spouses.  The  contract- 
ing parties  were  each  asked  A  n  spoiulet 
(Do  you  agree).'  and  replied  SpomUo 
\l  agree). 

Spouse  of  Jesus.  -'Our  aeraphio  racs 
thor  the  holy  Tore 'tii,"  born  at  Av'ila  in 


848 


SPOUT. 


SQUAB-ME. 


1515,  is  eo  called  iu  tho  Ivoniau  Catholic 
church. 

Spout.  Up  (he  spout.  At  tho  pawn- 
broker's. In  allusion  to  Iho  "Kjiont"  up 
which  brokers  send  tho  articles  ticketed. 
When  redeemed  they  return  down  tho 
spout — i.e.,  from  the  store-room  to  the 
shop. 

As  for  spoons,  forks,  «nil  jewelry,  they  arc  not 
taken  bo  readily  to  the  sinelting-pot.  but  to  well- 
known  places  vUere  ihore  is  a  pipe  | spout  1  which 
jour  li^rdsliipy  may  have  senn  in  a  pawnbroker's 
shop.  Tlie  thief  taps,  the  pipe  is  lifted  up,  and  in 
tiio  course  of  a  minute  a  hand  comes  out,  covered 
with  a  gloTe,  takes  up  the  article,  and  gives  out  the 
money  for  it.— Sk:i/les()uri/,  "  TUe  Times"  Jlarch 
1st.  1S09. 

Sprat.  To  bait  xoith  a  sprat  to  catch  a 
mackerel.  To  give  a  small  thing  under 
the  hope  of  getting  something  much 
more  valuable.  The  French  say  "A  pea 
for  a  bean."    {See  Garvies.) 

Spring  Gardens  (London).  So 
called  from  a  playfully  contrived  water- 
work,  which,  on  being  unguardedly 
pressed  by  the  foot,  sprinkled  the  by- 
standers with  water.     (James  I.,  &c.) 

Spring  Tide.  The  tide  that  springs 
or  leaps  or  swells  up.  These  full  tides 
occur  at  the  new  and  full  moon,  when 
tho  attraction  of  both  sun  and  moon  act 
in  a  direct  line,  as  thus — 

*    O    ®    or    *    ©    ® 

Springer.  Ludn-lg  ike  Springer.  The 
margi-ave  of  Thuringia,  in  the  eleventh 
century ;  so  called  because  he  escaped 
from  Giebichenstein  castle  by  leaping 
over  the  river  Saale. 

Sprout-kele.  The  Saxon  name  for 
February.  Kele  is  cole-wort,  the  great 
pot-wort  of  the  ancient  Saxons ;  the 
broth  made  thereof  was  also  called  kele. 
This  important  potago  herb  begins  to 
sprout  in  Februarj'. —  Verslegan. 

Shakespeare  speaks  of  winter  as  the 
time  when  "  greasy  Joan  doth  kele  the 
pot " — that  is,  put  kele  into  the  pot. 

Spuma'dor.  Prince  Arthur's  horse 
rf  "heavenly  seed  ;"  so  called  from  the 
foam  of  its  mouth,  which  showed  its  fiery 
temper. — Spenser,  "Faery  Queen,"  bk.  ii. 

Spunging  House.  A  victualling 
house  where  persons  arrested  for  debt 
are  kept  for  twenty-four  hours,  before 
lodging  them  in  prison.  The  houses  so 
used  are  generally  kept  by  a  bailiflf,  and 
tho  person  lodged  is  spunged  of  all  his 
money  before  he  loaves. 


Spurs,  llipon  spurs.  The  best  sptiib 
were  made  at  Ripon,  in  Yorkshire. 

,  If  my  spurs  he  not  right  Rippon. 

lien  Jonion,  "UtapU  o/  NfJBt" 

The  Battle  of  Spurs.  The  battle  of 
Guinnesrate,  fought  in  151.3,  between 
Henry  VIII.  and  the  duo  do  Longueville; 
so  called  because  the  French  used  their 
spurs  in  flight  more  than  their  swords  in 
fight. 

The  Bottle  of  the  Spurs.  The  battle  of 
Courtrai,  in  1302  ;  so  called  because  the 
victorious  Flemings  gathered  from  the 
field  more  than  700  gilt  spurs,  worn  by 
French  nobles  slain  in  the  tight. 

To  dish  up  the  spurs.  In  Scotland, 
during  the  times  of  the  Border  feuds, 
wheii  any  of  the  great  families  had  come 
to  tho  end  of  their  provisions  the  lady 
of  the  house  sent  up  a  pair  of  spurs  for 
the  last  course,  to  intimate  that  it  was 
time  to  put  spurs  to  the  horses  and 
make  a  raid  upon  England  for  more 
cattle. 

lie  difhes  up  the  spui<i  in  his  helpless  addresa 
like  cue  of  the  old  Border  chiefs  with  an  empty 
larder.— T/ie  Vdilu  Telegraph. 

To  win  his  spurs.  To  {jain  the  rank  of 
knighthood.  When  a  man  was  knighted, 
the  person  who  dubbed  hitn  presented 
him  with  a  pair  of  gilt  spurs. 

Spur  Money.  Money  givon  to  re- 
deem a  pair  of  spurs.  Giflord  says,  in 
the  time  of  Ben  Jonson,  in  consequence 
of  the  interruptions  to  divine  service 
occasioned  by  the  ringing  of  the  spurs 
worn,  a  small  fine  was  imposed  on  those 
who  entered  church  in  spurs.  Ti.e  en- 
forcement of  this  fine  was  committed  to 
the  beadles  and  chorister-boys. 

Spy,  Vidocq,  the  spy  in  the  French 
revolution,  was  a  short  man,  vivacious, 
vain,  and  talkative.  He  spoke  of  his 
feats  with  real  enthusiasm  and  gusto. 

Spy  "Wednesday.  The  Wednesday 
before  Good  Friday,  when  Judar  bar- 
gained to  become  the  spy  of  the  Jewish 
Sanhedrim.     (Matt.  xxvi.  3-5,  14-ld.) 

Squab.  Poet  Squab,  John  Dryden 
was  so  called  by  lord  Rochester,  becaus<» 
of  his  squab  corpulent  figure. 

Squab-pie.  Pie  made  of  squabs— 
i.e.,  young  pigeons  ;  also  a  pie  made  of 
mutton,  apples,  and  onions. 

Cornwall  squab-pie,  and  Devon  while-pot  brin^ 
And  I.ciceitcr  beans  and  bacon,  fit  for  kin^. 

Kins,  "Arl  ^  CeoJttry.' 


SQUAD. 


8TA0. 


849 


Squad.  The  awkward  squad  consists 
of  recruits  not  yet  fitted  to  tako  their 
phicos  in  the  ret,''iiiiental  line.  Squar'  is 
a  mere  contraction  of  sqtiadron. 

Square.  To  put  oneself  in  the  atti- 
tude of  boxing-,  to  (juarrcl  (\Velsh,  ewer' 
--i.e.,  ciceryl,  cwerjjlu,  to  quarrel.) 

Are  you  such  fooli 
To  eqn!»re  for  this? 

Ukakespettre,  "TUut  Andronicul,"  11.  1. 

Square  the  Circle.  To  attempt  nn 
ini]iossil.ility.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
niatl)ematical  question  whether  a  circle 
can  be  made  which  contains  precisely 
the  sixmo  area  as  a  square.  The  diffi- 
culty is  to  (ind  the  precise  ratio  between 
the  diameter  and  the  circumference. 
Popularly  it  is  3ML';9  ....  the  next 
decimals  would  be  2(3537,  but  the  num- 
bers would  go  on  ad  injbiiUun. 

Squeers.  Mr.  Wachford  Squeers.  An 
ovcrbeariuff,  ignorant  schoolmaster,  in 
"Nicholas  Nicklehy,"byCharles  Dickens. 

Mrs.  .S'/7/«>'«.  Tlie  help-meet  of  the 
worthy  peda'^og-uo  mentioned  above. 

Mi.ss  Fauni/  .'iqiieers  "  was  not  tall  like 
hei  mother,  but  short  like  her  father  ; 
from  the  former  she  inherited  a  voice  of 
hoarse  (luality,  and  from  the  latter  a. 
remarkable  expression  of  the  ri^dit  eye." 
She  was  twenty-three  when  Nicholas 
Nickleby  was  introduced  to  "  Do-the- 
boys  Hall." 

Miuler  Wacrcf&rd  Squeers.  A  spoiled 
boy,  who  was  dressed  in  the  best  clothes 
of  the  scholars,  and  was  a  true  "  chip  of 
the  old  block." 

Squint-eyed  (Ouercino),  Gian- 
Fr.incesco  IJarbie'ri,  the  great  painter. 
(1.51»U-lG(iG.) 

Squintife'go.    Squinting. 

The  eiuintifeRO  malJ 
Of  Vbl«  awe  thee,  lent  ii  e  t-oJs  for  nin 
Bboiild  with  a  BWcUiiig  dropsy  aiiilf  ihy  akin. 
l>ri/,len,  "Fifth  SiUii-t." 

Sq^uire  of  Dames.  Any  cavalier 
who  IS  devoted  to  ladies.  Spenser,  in  his 
"  Fuiiry  Queen,"  bk  iii.,  ch.  7,  intro- 
duces the  "  squire,"  and  records  his 
."xdv.  nluro. 

Srama'nas  or  Rihhns.  Mendicants, 
a  sort  of  Hudiliiist  boi/:,'ing  friars. 

Sta'bat  Ma'ter.  Tho  celebrated 
Ijafin  hymn  on  tho  Cruciti.iion,  wliich 
forms  a  p.T.i  t  of  tho  service  durinp:  Pas- 
FJon      wet-k,     in     tho     Iloninn    Catholic 


church.  It  was  composed  by  JacoponS, 
a  Franciscan  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
and  has  been  set  to  music  by  Pergole'stJ, 
also  by  Rossi'ni. 

In  the  catalogue  of  the  Library  of 
Burgundy,  No.  13.933,  is  the  following  :— 
Item.  fol.  77.  Benelictui  Par.a  XU.  comporalt 
han3  oiatioiiem  :  '  Stalial  Maier  .joi^jroM*  iuit» 
cniccin  '  .t';  concessit'i'ie  'Uiiibet  atuiciiti  i  (Biu- 
teut  diceuti  earn  |.ro  qualiliec  vic«  M  diet  indal- 
geuii.m.     (10  oeut.) 

Stable  Keys, as  tho.se  of  cow-houses, 
have  freipieiitly  a  perforated  flint  or 
horn  appended  to  them.  This  is  u 
charm  to  guard  the  c>-eaturcs  from  night- 
mare. The  flint  is  to  propitiate  tlio 
gnomes,  and  the  horn  to  obtain  the 
good  graces  of  Pan,  the  protector  of 
cattle. 

Staff.  /  lee-p  the  staff  in  my  own 
hand.  I  keep  possession  ;  1  retain  tho 
right.  The  staff  was  the  .ancient  sceptre, 
and  therefore  figuratively  it  means 
power,  authority,  dignity,  &c. 

To  part  with  the  staff.  To  lose  or  give 
up  oflice  or  possession.    {See  above.) 

Give  up  your  Binff,  «ir,  and  the  kinj  his  realm. 
SUiikifpetiie,  "  i  lIe„Tj/  VI."  ii.  8. 

To  put  down  one's  staff  in  a  place.  To 
tako  up  one's  residence.  The  allusion 
is  to  tho  tent-staff  :  where  the  staff  is 
placed,  there  the  tent  is  stretched,  and 
the  nomad  resides. 

Stafford.  The  part  of  tho  river  Sow 
which  is  forded  by  staffs. 

J/e  /uxs  had  a  treat  in  Stafford  Court. 
He  has  been  thoroughly  cudgelled.  Of 
course  the  pun  is  on  the  word  staff,  a 
stick.  Tho  French  have  a  simil.ar  pljnuse, 
II  a  esti  au  ffMin  de  Martin  /Ja.ttou  (Ho 
has  been  to  Jack  Drum's  entertainment). 

Stafford  Law.  A  beating.  (Italian, 
Bracccsca  licenza.) — Florio,  i>  titi.  (Set 
above. ) 

Stag.  Tho  rencon  why  a  stag  syra- 
bolises  Christ  is  from  tho  superstition 
that  it  draws  serpents  by  its  breath 
from  their  holes,  and  then  tramples 
them  to  death.  —  Set  I'liuy,  "  .iWuU. 
Hist.,"  viii.  60. 

Stag  in  Christian  art.  The  attribute 
of  St.  Julian  Hospitaler,  St.  Felix  of 
Valoi.s,  and  St.  Aidau  When  it  baa  a 
crucifix  between  its  horns  it  alludes  to 
the  legendary  tile  of  St.  Hubert  Wliou 
luminous  it  k>elougs  to  St.  Htistacluus. 

Stag.i,  in  Stock- exchange  phraseology. 


m) 


STAOiniTE. 


STANDARD. 


arc  porsoiis  who  apply  for  tho  allotment 
of  Bbaros  in  a  joint-stock  company,  not 
because  thoy  wish  to  hold  tho  shares, 
but  becauso  they  hope  to  sell  the  allot- 
ment at  a  premium.  If  they  fail  in  this 
they  forbear  to  pay  tlis  deposit,  and 
tiio"  allotment  is  forfeited.  {S(e  Beak, 
Bull.) 

Stagi'rite  or  Star/yrKe  (3  syl.).  Aris- 
totle, who  was  boru  at  Stagi'ra,  in  Ma- 
cedon.  Generally  called  Stag'irite  iD 
English  verso. 

In  one  ricli  soul 
riato  ihe  SUgyrite,  and  Tiilly  joined 

Tkomson, •Summer." 

Anii  ruloB  afi  Btiict  his  lal.oured  work  confine 
Afl  if  the  Slagirite  o'erlookedenoli  line. 

Pope,  "Eisav  on  CrilUisrr.." 

Plato's  bve  siiMime 
And  all  the  wiBdom  of  th"  Stngirite 
Kniiched  and  beautified  his  blud:<yi:s  minij. 
h'ordiwoith. 

Stain.  A  contraction  of  dislain; 
or  s  privative,  and  lain,  to  dye,  some- 
thing that  destroys  the  dye.  (French, 
diteiiidre;  Latin,  dis-iingere,  to  "  dis- 
colour.") 

Stalking-Horse.  A  mask  to  con- 
ceal some  de.sign  ;  a  person  put  forward 
to  mislead ;  a  sham.  Fowlers  used  to 
conceal  themselves  behind  a  canvas,  on 
which  was  represented  a  horse  grazing, 
and  went  on  stalking  step  by  step  till 
tbey  got  within  shot  of  the  game. 

N.B. — To  slalk  is  to  walk  with  strides, 
from  the  Saxon  stxlcaii. 

lie  uses  his  folly  like  &  stalkinq-horse,  and  nndfr 
the  presentation  of  tliat  he  Eh'jo'.s  liis  vit—Slmke- 
ttmire,  "A.$  Von  Like  71,"  v.  i. 

Stalwart.  A  stahcart  yeoman  means 
one  worth  stealing  or  taking  (Saxon, 
sliel-ieeorlh).  Of  course  the  reference  is 
to  war,  and  means  a  fine  fellow  worth 
making  captive. 

Stammerer  ( The). 

i^ouis  H.  of  France,  Ic  Btrjm.  (S4*3, 
877-S7y.) 

Michael  II.  emperor  of  the  East,  le 
Beovt.    (*,  820-8-29.) 

Notker  or  Notger  of  St.  Gall.  (830- 
012) 

Stamp.  'Tis  oj  the  right  sianip—htis 
the  stamp  of  genuine  merit.  A  meta- 
phor tiikea  from  current  coin,  which  is 
stamped  with  a  recognised  stamp  and 
superscription. 

Stampede.  A  sudden  panio  in  a 
herd  of  bulTalocs,  causing  them  to  rush 


away  pell-mell.  The  panic-flight  of  tie 
Federals  at  Bull  Run,  near  the  Boto'mac, 
U.S.,  in  18G1,  was  a  stampede. 

Stand.  To  stand  fur  a  child.  To  be 
sponsor  for  it ;  to  stand  in  its  place  ai;d 
answer  for  it. 

To  stand  to  a  bargain,  to  abide  by 
it,  is  simply  the  Latin  stare  CGnventis_ 
condilioiiibus  stare,  pactis  stare,  &c. 

I'll  stand  it  out — persist  in  what  1 
say.  A  mere  translation  of  "persist" 
(Latin,  per-sislo  or  per-sto). 

Standard. 

hlaiidard  of  Augustus.  A  globe,  to  in- 
dicate his  conquest  of  the  whole  world. 

Standard  oj  Edward  I.  The  arms  of 
England,  St.  George,  St.  Ldmond,  and 
St.  Edward. 

Standard  of  Mahomet.      (See   Sands- 

CUAKI.) 

Standard  of  the  Anglo-Saxons.  A  white 
horse. 

Royal  Standard  of  Great  Britain.  A 
banner  with  the  national  arms  covering 
the  entire  field. 

The  Celestial  Standard.  So  the  Turks 
call  their  great  green  banner,  which 
they  sa}'  was  given  to  Mahomet  by  tho 
angel  Gabriel.     {See  SANDSCii.'.Kf.) 

Standard  of  the  Empire  of  Constanti- 
nople, called  Lab 'arum.  It  consisted  of  a 
silver-plated  spear  with  a  cross-beam, 
from  which  hung  a  small  silk  banner, 
bearing  the  portrait  of  the  reigning 
family  and  the  famous  monogram. 
(Celtic,  lap-heer ;  Welsh,  labairon,  the 
flaming  flag). — Oilhoii,  xx. 

The  Danish  Standard.     A  raven. 

Standard  of  ancient  Egypt.  An  eagle 
stripped  of  its  feathers.  This  was  tho 
emblem  of  the  Kile. 

Standard  of  the  ancient  Franks.  A 
tiger  or  wolf;  but  subsequently  tho 
Roman  eagle. 

Standard  ofUie  ancient  Gauls.  A  lion, 
bull,  or  bear. 

Oreco-Egyptian  Standard.  A  round- 
headed  table-knife  or  a  Bemi-circular 
fan. 

Standards  of  ancient  Greece.  The  Greek 
standard  was  a  purple  coat  on  the  top  of 
a  spear. 

(1)  Athens,  an  olive  or  owl. 

(2)  CorintJi,  a  pegasus  or  flying  horso, 

(3)  Lacediemon,  the  initial  letter  L,  in 
Greek  (a). 

(4)  ifessf'nia,  the  initial  letter  IL 

(5)  Thihfs,  a  sphinx. 


StANDAUD. 


STAR. 


851 


Standard  of  Ildiop'olis.  Ou  tho  top 
of  a  stalf,  the  head  of  a  white  e.iglo, 
with  tho  breast  stripped  of  feathers  and 
without  wiiitja.  This  was  the  symbol  of 
Ju)ater  and  of  the  Laj,'!dl'3. 

Standtuds  of  the  ancient  Jetcs  ("deprel") 
belonged  to  tho  four  tribes  of  Judah, 
Reuben,  Ephraim,  and  Dan.  Tho  Rab- 
bins eay  tho  standard  of  Judah  bore  a 
lion,  that  of  licul'cn  a  vian,  that  of 
Ephraim  a  bull,  and  that  of  Dan  tho 
c/ientbivi  (Gen.  xlix.  3-22).  They  were 
ornamented  with  white,  purple,  crimson, 
and  blue,  and  were  embroidered. 

•Standard  of  ancient  Peisia.  The  one 
adopted  by  Cyrus,  and  perpetuated,  was 
a  golden  eagle  with  outstretched  wings ; 
the  colour  white. 

Persian  Standard.  A  blacksmith's 
apron.  Kaivah,  sometimes  called  Gao, 
\  blacksmith,  headed  a  reVjellion  against 
Biver,  surnamed  Deh-ak  (ton  vices),  a 
merciless  tyrant,  and  di.splaycd  his 
apron  as  a  banner.  The  a[iron  was 
adopted  by  tho  nest  king,  and  continued 
for  centuries  to  be  the  national  standard. 
(B.C.  800.) 

Jtcman  Standards.  In  tho  rude  ages 
a  wisp  of  straw.  This  was  succeeded  by 
bronze  or  silver  devices  attached  to  a 
stafT.  riiny  enumerates  five— viz.,  the 
eagle,  wolf,  rainotaur,  horse,  and  boar. 
Ic  later  ages  tho  image  of  tho  emperor, 
a  hand  outstretched,  a  dra,'ou  with  a 
silver  head  and  body  of  talfety.  Ma'riiis 
contined  all  proniiscMons  <lovices  to  tho 
cohort.s,  and  reserved  the  eagle  for  the 
exclusive  uso  of  the  legion.  Tiiis  eagle, 
made  of  gold  and  silver,  was  borno  on 
the  top  of  a  spear,  and  was  represented 
with  its  v/ings  displayovl,  anil  bearing  in 
one  of  its  t.ilons  a  thunderbolt. 

Tarkifh  Standards. 

(1)  Sanjak  Cherif  (Standard  of  the 
Prophet),  green  silk.  This  is  preserved 
with  great  care  in  the  Seraglio,  and  is 
nover  brought  forth  except  in  time  of 
war. 

(2)  The  S.injak,  red. 

(3)  The  T;ig,  consisting  of  one,  two, 
or  three  horse-tails,  according  to  tho 
rank  of  tho  person  who  boars  it.  Pachas 
with  throe  tails  are  of  the  highest  dig- 
nity, and  are  entitled  htqlcrheg  (prince  of 
princes).  Boys  havo  only  one  borso-tail. 
The  tails  aro  fastened  to  the  end  of  a 
pit  lauco,  and  carried  before  tho  pacha 
or  boy. 

(4)  The  Alcm,  a  broad  "lindard  which, 


instead  of  a  spear-head,  has  in  the  mid- 
dle a  silver  plate  of  a  crescent  shape. 

Size  of  Standards  varied  according  to 
the  rank  of  tlie  person  who  bore  thoin, 
The  standard  of  an  emperor  was  eleven 
yards  in  length;  of  a  kiny,  nine  yanls ; 
of  a  prince,  seven  yards  ;  of  a  mayqvis, 
six  and  a  half  yards  ;  of  an  earl,  six  yanis ; 
of  a  viscount  or  baron,  five  yanls ;  of  a 
knight-banneret,  four  and  a  haif  yards  ; 
of  a  baronet,  four  yards.  They  generally 
contained  the  arms  of  the  bearer,  his 
co-i;nizance  and  crest,  his  motto  or  war- 
cry,  and  were  fringed  with  his  livery. 

T/ie  Biltle  of  the  Standard,  between 
the  English  and  tho  Scotch,  at  Cuton 
f.Ioor,  near  Northallerton,  in  11-33.  Here 
David  I.,  fighting  on  behalf  of  JIatild.i, 
was  defeated  by  king  Stephen's  gener.il 
Robert  do  Moubray.  It  received  its 
name  from  a  ship's  mast  erected  on  a 
waggon,  and  placed  in  the  centre  of  tlie 
English  army  ;  tlio  mast  displayed  tho 
standards  of  St..  Peter  of  York,  St.  John 
of  Beverley,  and  St.  Wilfred  of  Ripon. 
On  the  top  of  the  mast  was  a  little 
casket  containing  a  consecrated  host. — 
Ilailes,  "Annals  of  Scotland,"  L,  p.  So, 

Standing  Orders.  Those  bye-lawa 
of  the  Houses  of  Parliament  for  the  con- 
duct of  their  proceedings  which  stami  in 
force  till  they  are  eitlier  rescinded  or 
suspended.  Their  suspension  is  generally 
caused  by  a  desire  to  hurry  through  a 
bill  with  unusual  expedition. 

Standing  Stones,    (^ce  Stones.) 

Stang.  To  ride  the  stang.  To  be  un- 
der petticoat  government.  At  one  time 
a  man  who  ill-treated  his  wife  was  made 
to  sit  on  a  "stang"  or  pole  hoisted  on 
men's  shoulders.  On  this  uneasy  coti- 
veyanco  the  "stanger"  was  carried  in 
procession  amidst  tho  hootings  and  jeer- 
incrs  of  his  neighbours.  (Saxon,  sti£*.g,  a 
polo.)     (.5c<  Skijimixoton.) 

Stanley,  memorialiseil  by  Thomson 
in  his  "Summer,"  was  tho  daughter  of 
George  Stanley,  Esq.,  of  Paultons,  in 
Hampshire. 

Stannary  Courts.  Courts  of  re- 
cord in  Cornwall  and  Devon  for  tho  ad- 
ministration of  justice  among  the  tiuucrg 
(Latin,  ttannum,  tin). 

Star  (in  Christian  art).  St.  Bruno 
bears  one  on  his  breast;  St,  Dominic, 
St.  Hum'  crt,  St.   IVlur  of   Alcau  La:i!, 


852    STAR  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


STA.TUE. 


one  over  their  head,  or  on  their  fore- 
hond,  &c. 

.bVrtr.  The  ensigTi  of  kni£jhtly  rank.  I 
A  star  of  some  form  constitutes  part  of  | 
Iho  insignia  of  every  order  of  knigbtliood.   | 

Ilis  .star  is  in  the  ascendant.      He  is  in 
luck's  way  ;  said  of   a  peri<on  to  whom  i 
Bomo  gfood  fortune  has  befallen  and  who  j 
is  very  prosperous.     According  to  astro-  \ 
\(<<xy,  those  leading  stars  which  are  above 
the  horizon  at  a  person's  birth  influence 
his  life  and  fortune  :    when  those  stars 
are    in   the    ascendant,    he    is    strong, 
healthy,  and  lucky  ;    but  when  they  are 
depressed  below  the  horizon,  his  stars 
do  not  shine  on  liini,  and  he  is  in  the 
shade  and  subject  to  ill-fortune. 

The  Bfar  of  Kichelicu  wae  still  in  the  ngcendaiit. 
—SU  Simon. 

Star  of  the  South.  A  splendid 
diamond  found  in  Brazil  in  1853. 

Star  Chamber.  A  court  of  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdiction  at  Westmin- 
ster, abolished  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
So  called  because  the  ceiling  or  roof  was 
decorated  with  gilt  stars.  Its  jurisdic- 
tion was  to  punish  such  offences  as  the 
law  had  made  no  provision  for. 

Star-fish  or  Sea-star,  found  in  the 
Persian  Gulf,  looks  at  night  like  the  full 
moon  surrounded  by  rays. — Jlirza  Abu 
Taleb. 

Nought  but  tlie  sea-stnr  to  light  up  her  tomb. 
Thomas  Moore,  "Fire  Worshippers." 

Star  Inn.  In  compliment  to  the 
lords  of  Oxford,  whose  cognizance  it  is, 
and  who  decided  the  fate  of  the  battle 
of  Barnet. 

Starboard  and  Larboard,  cor- 
ruption of  the  Spanish  'stri,  i.e.,  doxtri, 
and  bas  or  id  =  left  [bord,  ship's  side). 

Starch.  Mrs.  Anne  Turner,  half- 
milliner,  half-procuress,  introduced  into 
England  the  French  custom  of  using 
yeJIow  starch  in  getting  up  bands  and 
culls.  She  trafficked  in  poison,  and  be- 
ing concerned  in  the  murder  of  Sir 
Thomas  Overbury,  appeared  on  the  scaf- 
fold with  a  huge  ruff.  This  was  done  by 
lord  Coke's  order,  and  was  the  means  of 
putting  an  end  to  this  absurd  fashion. 

I  shall  never  forget  poor  Mistres?  Turner,  mj 
honoured  patroness,  peace  he  with  her '.  She  ha<l 
the  ill-lui:k  to  raeiiiUe  iu  the  matter  o(  Suineriet  nnd 
UTerbiiry,  »nd  so  llie  sreat  earl  and  his  lady  slipt 
their  neoki  out  of  the  collar,  and  lelt  her  and  some 
half-doi<n  oihera  ti>  suffer  in  their  stead.— *'ir  Wat- 
tor  OcoU,  'FoTiuiii  0/  ■A'iffri,"  oh.  Tiii. 


Starka'der,  the  Eight-handed. 
Grandfather  of  Jjorserker,  in  Scandi- 
navian mythology. 

Staro'vers  means  "Old  Believers," 

a  term  given  to  the  Russian  noncon- 
formists, who  separated  from  the  Greek 
church  when  the  "new  doctrine"  was 
introduced  that  the  czar  is  God^s  vicege- 
rent ou  earth. 

Starry  Bowls.  In  the  Mahometan 
Paradise  the  blest  drink  from  the  crystal 
sea  in  goblets  made  of  stars. — Chateau- 
briand, "Beauties  of  Christianity." 

Starry  Sphere.  The  eighth  heaven 
of  the  Perijiatetic  system ;  also  called 
the  "  Firmament." 

The  CiTstal  Heaven  is  this,  whose  rigour  guides 
And  binds  the  starry  sphere. 

Camutns,  "Lusiad,"  bk.  X. 

Starvation  Dundas.  Henry  Dun- 
das,  first  lord  Melville,  who  was  the  first 
to  introduce  the  word  starvation  into  the 
language,  on  an  American  debate  in  1775 
(Saxon,  stearjlan,  to  perish  of  hunger ; 
German,  sterben;  Dutch,  sterven). 

Starve.    (See  Clam.) 

Starved  with  Cold.  Half  dead 
with  cold  (Anglo-Saxon,  stcarj,  dead  or 
died). 

States.  Mother  0/  States.  Virginia, 
the  first  colonised  of  the  thirteen  statea 
which  united  in  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. 

Stati'ra.  A  stock  name  of  those  his- 
torical romances  which  represented  the 
fate  of  empires  as  turning  on  the  effects 
produced  on  a  cracked-brained  lover  by 
some  charming  i\Ianda'na  or  Statira.  In 
La  Calprenede's  "  Cassandra,''  Statira  ia 
represented  as  the  perfection  of  female 
beauty,  and  ia  ultimately  married  to 
Oroonda'tes. 

Stati'ra.  In  the  "  Rival  Queens,"  by 
Nathaniel  Lee. 

Sta'tor  (the  stopper  or  arrestor). 
When  the  Romans  fled  from  the  Sabines, 
they  stopped  at  a  certain  place  and 
made  terms  with  the  victors.  On  this 
spot  they  afterwards  built  a  temple  to 
Jupiter,  and  called  it  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Stator  or  Jupiter  who  caused 
them  to  stop  in  their  flight. 

Here,  Stator  Jove  and  Phoebus  god  of  verse. 
The  votive  tablet  I  suspend.  ITtor. 

Statue.  The  largest  ever  made  waa 
the  Colossos  of  Rhodes ;  the  next  largesf. 


STATUTE  FAIRS. 


STEPNEY  PAPERS. 


853 


la  the  statue  of  Bavaria,  erected  by 
Louis  I.  king'  of  Bavaria. 

S(abie.  It  was  Ps'frmalion  who  fell  in 
love  with  his  own  statue. 

Statue.  Of  all  the  projects  of  Alex- 
ander, none  was  more  hare-brained  than 
his  proposal  to  have  Mount  Athos  liewed 
into  a  statue  of  himself.  It  is  said  he 
even  arranfjed  with  a  sculptor  to  under- 
take the  job. 

Statute  Fairs.    (.See  Mop.) 

Steak,  as  beef-steak,  is  not  from 
the  Gorman  sltfck  (a  lump),  but  from  the 
Norse  *•/<«/ e  (to  fry).  Beef-stenk  is  beof 
fried  or  boiled.  In  the  north  of  (Scotland 
a  slice  of  salmt>nyr<e(/is  called  a  '•  s.ilTnou- 
etcak."  Applied  alio  to  cod  and  hak« 
split  and  fried. 

Steal.  A  handle.  Stealing — putting 
handles  on  (Yorkshire).  Tliis  is  the 
Anijlo-Saxon  sUla,  a  stalk  or  handle. 

steals  or  h&uJcU  of  a  sta.Te,  mauclic,  hauteL— 
FaUjravi. 

Steelyard  {London,  adjoining  Dow- 
gale);  80  called  from  beintjf  the  place 
wliore  the  kintc's  steelyard  or  beam  was 
set  up,  for  weighing  goods  imported 
into  London. 

Steenie  (2  syl.).  A  nickname  p^ven 
by  James  I.  to  George  Villiers,  duke  of 
Biickiuf^ham.  The  half  i)rofane  allusion 
is  to  Acts  vi.  15,  whore  those  who  looked 
on  Stcjilicn  the  martyr  "saw  his  face 
as  it  had  been  the  face  of  an  angel." 

Steeplechase.  A  horse-race  across 
fields,  hedges,  ditches,  and  obstacles  of 
every  sort  that  hai)pen  to  lie  in  the  way. 
The  term  arose  from  a  i)arty  of  fox-hun- 
ters on  their  return  from  an  unsuccessful 
chase,  who  agreed  to  race  to  the  villas^o 
church,  the  steeple  of  which  was  in 
siyrht ;  he  who  first  touched  the  church 
with  his  whip  was  to  be  the  winner.  The 
entire  distance  was  two  miles. 

Gtella,  of  Sir  J'/iilip  Siilft'-'/,  was 
lady  I'ouclope  iJevurcux,  daugliter  of 
the  earl  of  Essex.  Afterwards,  by 
marriage,      lady     Kich.       (5«e    AsTBO- 

PlIKL.) 

Stri/a.  Dean  Swift  so  called  his  pupil 
Ilestor  Jolinson,  who  lived  with  Mrs. 
Dingli'j'.  Ilfslor  couvorlod  to  Gk.  asUr, 
Lat.  strllti,  a  star. 

Stel'vio.  The  pass  o/theStelvio.  The 
biglicbt  carriage-road  in  ICuropo   (9,176 


feet  above  the  sea-level).     It  leads  from 
Bor'mio  to  Glurus. 

Sten'tor.  The  voice  of  a  Stentor.  A 
very  loud  voice.  Stentor  was  a  Greek 
herald  in  the  Trojan  war.  According  to 
Homer,  his  voice  was  as  loud  as  that  of 
tifty  men  combined. 

Slcnlo'ru.in  lungs.  Lungs  like  those  of 
Stentor. 

Sten'toropho'nic  Voice.  A  voice 
proceeding  from  a  speaking-trumpet  or 
stentorophonic  tube,  such  as  Sir  Samuel 
MorcUmd  invented  to  be  used  at  sea. 

I  tieard  a  formidable  noise 
I.oiui  as  the  stontropiionic  v>ice. 
That  ivjarcJ  far  olT  "  I'iaimtcli  I  and  strip  !  " 
BulUr,  " iludibrnt,"  iii.  I. 

Stepll'ano  (in  "Jerusalem  Deli- 
vered ").  Earl  of  Carnuti,  afterwar<i8 
of  Chartres  and  Blois,  led  400  men  in  the 
allied  Christian  army.  He  was  noted 
for  martial  prowess  and  sago  counsel 
(bk.  i.). 

Stephana.  A  drunken  butler  in  Shuko- 
Bpeare's  "Tempest." 

Stephen.  Cnmn  of  St.  Sttphai.  The 
crown  of  Hungary. 

If  Hmigarian  iiulei>pn(lence  should  lie  seciired  thruiiah 
the  htlpof  iiriuoo  ^al>oll•|lU.  itai  iiriiice  hiiiiHcU  should 
rfceivt  the  crown  of  St.  SU'pheii. 

Hoituth.  "  Mciiwirt  of  my  Erile  '  (1880> 

Stephens  (Joanna)  professed  to  have 
made  a  wonderful  discovery.  Drum- 
rnond,  the  banker,  set  on  foot  a  sub- 
scription to  puchase  her  secret.  Tiio 
sum  she  asked  was  £5,000.  When 
£1,500  had  been  raised  by  private  sub- 
sciiption,  government  voted  ^3,500. 
The  secret  was  a  decoction  of  soap, 
swine's  cresses,  honey,  eu'g-shells,  and 
snails,  m.ade  into  pills,  and  a  powder  to 
match.  Joanna  Stephens  got  the  money 
and  forthwith  disappeared. 

Stepney  Papers.  A  voluminous 
collection  of  political  letters  between  Mr. 
Stepney,  the  British  minister,  and  our 
ambassadors  at  various  European  courts, 
the  duke  of  JIarlborough,  and  other 
public  characters  of  the  time.  Part  of  the 
correspondence  is  in  the  British  .Museum, 
and  part  in  the  Public  Record  Ollice.  It 
is  very  vahialilo,  .as  this  was  the  period 
called  the  Seven  Years'  War.  The 
original  letters  are  preserved  in  bound 
Volumes,  but  the  whole  correspondence 
is  in  print  also.  (Botwt».iD  lODil  aud 
170(i,) 


BSi        STERLING   MONEY. 


STILL, 


Sterling  Money.    Spoltnan  derives 
tlie  word   friim  eiUrUngs,   morchaiils   of  | 
the  Hans  Towns,  who  came  over  and  re-   | 
fornjoil   our  coin  ia  the  reign  of  Jolm. 
Others  say  it  is  starling  (little  star),  in 
allusiou  to  a  star  impressed  on  the  coin.   ! 
Others  refer  it  to  Stirling  Castle  in  Scot- 
land,  where  money  was  coined   in  the 
reiyn  of  Edward  I.— <SiV  Madhew  Hale. 

Ill  tlie  time  of  king  Ricliard  I.,  monie  coincJ  in 
tlio  e.it t  paita  of  Cicimany  l)e-;nn  to  be  of  especiall 
^••l|ue^t  ill  Kiigland  for  the  )  untie  tlideof,  iiuu  wu3 
called  t.ustei'liii,'  inon-c,  as  all  the  inhabitants  of 
those  parts  were  called  lOastcrlinijs ;  and  siioitly  after 
some  of  that  coiintric,  skillfull  in  mint  matteisand 
allaiog,  were  pent  for  into  this  realm  to  bring  the 
coine  to  perfect!  lu,  vrhioh  since  that  time  Wia 
called  of  tliem  steilmg  lor  Kasterliiig.—CaBKfan. 

Stern.  To  sit  a'  the  stem;  At  the  stern 
of  public  o.Jjairs.  Having;  the  manag-e- 
ment  of  public  affairs.  The  stern  is  the 
steer-em, —  i.e.,  steer-place  ;  and  to  sit  at 
the  stern  is  the  same  as  "  to  sit  at  the 
holm ; "  at  the  stern  of  public  affairs  ia 
the  same  as  "  at  the  helm." 

Sit  at  chicfest  stem  of  public  weal. 

^Iiakespeare,  "  1  Henri/  VI.'  1. 1. 

Sternliold  {Thomas)  versified  fifty- 
one  of  the  Psalms.  The  remainder  were 
the  productions  of  llojikins  and  some 
others.  Sternhold  and  Hopkins'  Psalms 
used  to  be  attached  to  the  Common 
Prayer  Book. 

Mistaken  choirs  refuse  the  go!emn  strain 
Oi  ancicut Sternhold.       Crabbe," Borough." 

Starry  (in  "Hudibras").  A  fanatical 
preacher,  admired  by  Hugh  Peters. 

Stick.  A  Composing  Stick  is  a  hand  in- 
strument into  which  a  compositor  places 
the  letters  to  be  sot  up.  Each  row  or 
line  of  letters  is  pushed  home  and  held 
in  place  by  a  movable  "setting  rule," 
atrainst  which  the  thumb  presses.  When 
a  stick  is  full  the  matter  set  up  is  trans- 
ferred to  a  "galley"  (q.v.),  and  from  tlie 
galley  it  is  transferred  to  the  "chase" 
[Q.V.).  Called  a  stick  because  the  com- 
positor slicks  the  letters  into  it. 

Stickler.  One  who  obstinately  main- 
tains souie  custom  or  opinion ;  as  a 
stickler  for  church  government,  (See 
lelno.) 

A  liiclier  ulout  trifles.  One  particular 
about  things  of  no  moment.  Sticklers 
were  the  seconds  in  ancient  single  com- 
bats, very  punctilious  about  the  minutest 
points  of  etiquette.    They  were  so  called 


from  the  wliite  Htick  which  they  carried 

in  emblem  of  their  oiTice. 

I  ttn  wilIin!;...,to  give  thee  precedence  and  coo- 
tcut  li.jBilf  wi  h  Ihe  humbler  ol5ce  of  tticklcr.— iftr 
U'<dltr  Scolt,  "Fair  Maid  of  rerlti,'  cb.  XVL 

Stigmata.  Impressions  on  certain 
persons  of  marks  corresponding  to  some 
or  all  of  the  wounds  received  by  our 
Saviour  in  his  trial  and  crucifixion.  The 
following  claim  to  have  been  so  stigma- 
tised :  — 

(1)  Mex— Angelo  del  P.az  (all  the 
marks);  Bencilict  of  Reggio  (the  crown 
of  thornsi,  1G02 ;  Carlo  di  Sacta  (the 
lance-woimd)  ;  Dodo,  a  Premonstraten- 
sian  monk  (all  the  marks) ;  Francis  of 
Assisi  (all  the  marks,  impressed  on  him 
by  a  seraph  with  six  wings),  September 
loth,  Vll\  ;  Nicholas  of  Ravenn.-v,  &c. 

(2)  Women. — Blanca  de  Gazeran  ;  St. 
Catharine  of  Sienna ;  Cathariuo  di  Ra- 
conisco  (the  crown  of  thorns),  15S:j ; 
Cecilia  di  Nobili  of  Nocera,  16.55;  Clara 
di  P'lgny  (mark  of  the  spear),  1514 ; 
"  Estatica"  of  Caldaro  (all  the  marks), 
1842 ;  Gabriella  da  Piezolo  of  Aquila 
(the  spear-mark),  1472 ;  Hieronj-ma  Car- 
vaglio  (the  spear-mark,  which  bled  every 
Fridaj') ;  Joanna  Maria  of  the  Cross  ; 
Maria  Razzi  of  Chio  (marks  of  the  thorny 
crown)  ;  Maria  Villani  (ditto)  ;  Mary 
Magdalen  di  Pazzi ;  Jlcchtildis  von  Stanz ; 
Ursula  of  Valencia ;  Veronica  Guliani 
(all  the  marks),  1094;  Vinceuza  Ferreri 
of  Valencia,  &e. 

Stigmatise.  To  puncture,  to  brand 
(Greek,  stigma,  a  puncture).  Slaves 
used  to  be  branded,  sometimes  for  the 
sake  of  recognising  them,  and  some- 
times by  way  of  punishment.  The 
branding  was  effected  by  applying  a  red- 
hot  iron  marked  with  certain  letters  to 
their  forehead,  and  then  rubbing  some 
colouring  matter  into  the  wound.  A 
slave  that  had  been  branded  was  by  the 
Romans  called  a  stigmal'ic,  and  the  brand 
was  called  the  stigma. 

Stigmites,  or  St.  Sleph^n't  Stones, 
are  chalcedonies  with  brown  and  red 
spots. 

Still,  Cornelius  T:^citus  is  called 
Conuliui  the  Still  in  the  "Fardle  of 
Facions,"  the  still  being  a  translation  of 
the  Latin  word  "  tacitus." 

Coruelius  the  Sryllc  in  his  firste  book  of  his  y«rely 

esp.oictee  called  in  L"t«ii«  Acru-lcs — Ci.  iil,  1. 1 

(1K5.) 


STILL  SOW. 


STOCK. 


855 


Still  Sow.  A  man  ounuing  aiul  self- 
ish ;  ono  wise  iu  his  own  interest ;  one 
who  avoids  talking  at  meals  that  he  may 
enjoy  his  food  the  better.  So  called 
from  the  old  proverb  "  The  still  sow  oats 
Iho  wash"  or  "  draflf." 

We  do  not  act,  tliat  often  jeat  and  lar.ijh  ; 
"J'la  oM  but  tiui^,  *•  Still  B«i!ie  (ot  all  i!ic  rtrnngh. 
i>>.ak<i»iieure,  "  Sltrry  Wivtt  of  It'iiiJsur,"  iv.  «. 

Stilling  (John  Ilenrv),  suniamed 
Jiinij,  the  mystic  or  pietist ;  called  by 
Cariylo  the  German  Dominie  Sampson; 
"awkward,  honest,  irascible,  in  old-fash- 
ioned clothes  and  bag-wig,"  A  real  cha- 
racter,   (17iO-1817.) 

StiTo  No'vo.  New-fan i,'-Icd  notions. 
When  the  calendar  was  reformed  by 
Pope  Gregory  XIII.  (1532),  letters  used 
to  bo  dated  slilo  novo,  which  gi-cw  in 
time  to  bo  a  cant  phrase  for  any  innova- 
tion. 

And  K>  I  1'  are  you  (o  tout  ililo  nord. 

Ut^umont  and  yutcher. 

Stimulants. 

/ionaparte  took  .snuff  when  he  wished 
to  stimulate  bis  intellect. 

The  Rev.  Willuim.  liidl,  the  Noncon- 
''ormist  minister  and  scholar,  was  an  in- 
veterate smoker. 

Lord  lii/ron,  took  gin-and-water. 

Lmd  El-skint  took  large  doses  of 
opium. 

Holies  drank  cold  water. 

A'twion  smoked. 

Pope  drank  strong  coffee. 

Wedderhurne  (the  first  lord  Ashburton) 
placed  a  blister  on  his  chest  when  he 
had  to  make  a  great  speech. — Dr.  Paris, 
"  Phariiiacologxa." 

Stink'omalee'.  So  Theodore  Ilook 
called  University  Collpge,  London.  The 
fun  of  llio  sobriipiot  is  this:  The  buildings 
stand  on  the  site  of  a  large  rubbish 
store  or  sort  of  refuse  field,  into  which 
Was  cast  pot-slicrds,  and  all  sorts  of 
swci'pings.  Ab'iut  ilitt  same  time  the 
question  respecting  Trincomalee  in  Cey- 
lon was  in  agitation,  so  tlio  wit  spun  tho 
two  ifloas  together,  and  produced  tho 
word  in  question,  which  was  the  more 
roadily  accepted  as  the  non-religioua 
education  of  the  now  college,  and  its 
riv.alry  with  (_)xford  and  Cambridge,  gave 
for  a  time  very  great  olTchce  to  the  High 
Clmrch  and  State  party. 

Stip'ulate  (3  syl.).  The  word  ia 
ponorally  triveu  from  the  Latin  slipula  (a 
(traw);  and  it  Ib  said  that  a  vliaw  was 


given  to  the  purchaser  in  sign  of  a  re:il 
delivery,  Isidor  (v.  21)  asserts  that  tlie 
two  coiitr.acting  parties  broke  a  straw 
between  them,  each  taking  a  moiety, 
that,  by  rejoining  tho  parts,  they  miL'lit 
prove  their  right  to  tho  bargain.  With 
all  doforenco  to  the  b'shop  of  Seville,  his 
"fact"'  seems  to  belong  to  limbo-loro. 
All  bargains  among  the  Romans  were 
made  by  asking  a  question  and  re[)lyini> 
to  it.  One  said,  An  slipcn  vis  J  tho 
other  replied,  Stipem  volo  ("  Do  you  re- 
quire  money?"  "I  do");  tho  next  qiios- 
tion  and  answer  were,  A  n  i/aiu  t  Daho 
("Will  you  give  it?"  "I  will");  the 
third  question  was  to  the  surety,  An, 
spondest  to  which  ho  replied  Spnndeo 
("Will  you  bo  security?"  "I  will"); 
and  the  bargain  was  made.  So  thai 
stipulate  is  compounded  of  slips-voto 
(stip'-iilo),  and  the  tale  about  bre-aking 
the  straws  seems  to  be  concocted  to 
bolster  Tip  a  wrong  etymology. 

Stir-up  Sunday.  The  last  Sunday 
in  Trinity.  A  school-boy's  term  taken 
from  tho  two  fir.?t  words  of  tho  colloot. 
Being  only  four  weeks  before  Christma'<, 
it  announces  the  near  approach  of  the 
wintor  holidays. 

Stirrup  Cup.  A  "parting  cup," 
given  in  the  liighlands  to  gnesla  on 
leaving,  when  tl;eir  feet  nro  in  the 
stirrups.  Iu  tho  North  of  the  Ilighlamls 
called  "cup  at  the  door."    (&c  Coii'ek.) 

Lord  M&rmion't  bugles  t'tow  to  horse ; 
1  h.u  came  the  g'lrrupcup  i:\  euir.-.e  ; 
Be:we<'D  th';!  baron  and  his  host 
No  point  of  cviirt'fsy  wag  Ij'-u 

.Sir  WulUr  i'oo'<, "ilarmion" L  31. 

Stirrup  Oil.  A  beating ;  a  mere 
variety  of  "strap  oil"  iq.v.).  The 
French  De  ChuUe  cU  colrel  (faggot  or 
stick  oil). 

Stiver.  N'ol  a  stiver.  Not  a  penny. 
Tho  stiver  was  a  Dutch  coin,-  equal  to 
about  a  halfpenny. 

Stock.  From  tho  verb  to  stich  (to 
fasten,  make  finn,  fix). 

Liite  flock.  The  fixed  ca;>iUal  of  a 
farm. 

.Stoch  in.  trade.     Tho  fixed  capit.al. 

77i«  viilagt  sUvks,  iu  which  tho  foot 
are  stuck  or  f.astoned. 

A  gxiTi  tt'Kk,  in  which  tho  gun  is 
stuck  or  made  fast. 

Slofh.  Money  set  fa.'^t  in  tho  funds. 
{See  Trench  on  the  "Study  of  Words.") 

/(  is  O'l  (lit  slockt.     It  is  in  baud  but 


856 


STOCK-DOVE. 


STONE. 


not  yet  finished.  The  stocks  is  the 
frame  in  which  a  ship  is  placed  while 
buildinp,  aud  so  lonj,'  as  it  is  in  hand  it 
is  said  to  be  or  to  lie  in  the  stocks. 

Stock-dove.  The  wild  pigeon  ;  so 
called  because  it  was  ODce  considered 
the  stock  or  parent  of  the  domestic 
pigeon. 

Stocking.    {See  Blue  Stocking.) 

Stockwell  Ghost.  A  supposed 
ghost  that  haunted  the  village  of  Stock- 
well,  near  Loudon,  in  1772.  The  real 
source  of  the  strango  noises  was  Anno 
Kobinson,  a  servant  girl.  {See  Cock 
Lane  Guost.) 

Sto'ies.  Founder  of  the  Sloic  school. 
Zeno  of  Athens.  These  philosophers 
were  so  called  because  Zeno  used  to 
give  his  lectures  in  the  iSloa  Ptecile  of 
Athens.     (Greek,  sioa,  a  porch.) 

Epicte'tus  was  the  founder  of  the  New 
Stoic  tcliotij. 

The  ancient  Stoics  in  their  porch 

Willi  tierce  disfute  maiiitaiceil  their  clmrch, 

Beat  out  tlieir  brains  in  (i^!it  and  study 

To  iiiove  tliat  virtue  is  a  body, 

That  bouura  is  an  animal, 

Made  goud  witii  stout  polemic  bawl. 

Butler, " Uudibraa"  ii.  2. 

Stolen  Things  .nre  Sweet.  A  sop 
filched  from  the  dripping-pan,  fruit 
procured  by  stealth,  and  game  illicitly 
taken,  have  the  charm  of  dexterity  to 
make  them  the  more  palatable.  Solo- 
mon says,  "  Stolen  waters  are  sweet,  and 
bread  eaten  in  secret  [i.e.,  by  stealth]  is 
pleasant." 

From  busic  cooks  we  love  to  steal  a  bit 
Beliind  their  backs,  and  that  in  corners  eat ; 
Kit  need  we  liure  tbe  reason  why  entreat ; 
A  J  know  t!.e  pioverti,  "Stolen  bread  is  sweet" 
"History  of  Jusei:^,"  n.  d. 

Stomach.  Appetite  :  "  He  who  hath 
no  stomach  for  this  fight." — "Jlenry  V.," 
iv.  3. 

Appetite  for  honours,  &c.,  or  ambition  : 
"Wolsoy  was  a  man  of  an  unbounded 
stomach." — '■'Henry  VI 11.,"  iv.  2. 

Appetite  or  inclination  ;  "  Let  me 
praise  you  while  I  have  the  stomach." 
—  "Merchant  oj  Venice,"  iii.  5. 

Stomach.  To  .swallow,  to  accept  with 
appetite,  to  digest. 

To  stomach  an  ir.sull.  To  swallow  it 
and  not  resent  it. 

If  you  must  believe,  stomach  not  alL-  ^Siuhong 
ml  CUvpatra,"  lii.  4. 

Stomach,  meaning   "wnatb,"  and  the 


verb  "  to  be  angry,"  is  the  Latin  slom'' 

achu.^,  stomacha'ri. 
Pcli'diE  siomachum  cederc  neecii  — /JoraM. 
The  stoinacii  ( wrath]  of  ri;leutler>8  Achillea. 
SiomichiViatur  si  quid  aspcriuii  diienm.— Ctaro. 
His  stomach  ro:^  it  I  spoke  sharper  than  usuaL 

The  f'Hrih  stomach  of  ruminating  ani- 
mals is  called  theaioMa'aJMoraboma'sum 
(from  o.b-oma'sum). 

Stone  (1  syl.).  The  sacred  stone  of 
the  Ciui'ba  {q.v.)  is,  according  to  Arab 
tradition,  the  guardian  angel  of  Paradise 
turned  into  stone.  When  first  built  by 
Abraham  into  the  wall  of  the  shrine  it 
was  clear  as  crystal,  but  it  has  become 
black  from  being  kissed  by  the  sinful 
lips  of  man. 

Stones.  After  the  Moslem  pilgrim  has 
made  his  seven  processions  round  the 
Caaba,  he  repairs  to  Jlount  Arafat,  and 
before  sunrise  enters  the  valley  of  Metia, 
where  he  throws  seven  stones  at  each  of 
three  pillars,  in  imitation  of  Abraham 
and  Adam,  who  thus  drove  away  the 
devil  when  he  disturbed  their  devotions. 

Standing  Stones.  The  most  celebrated 
groups  are  those  of  Stonehcnge,  Avebury 
in  Wiltshire,  Stennis  in  the  Orkneys,  and 
Carnac  in  Brittany. 

The  Standing  Stones  of  Slenn'is,  in  the 
Orkneys,  resemble  Stonehengo,  and,  saya 
Sir  W.  Scott,  furnish  an  irresistible  re- 
futation of  the  opinion  that  these  circles 
are  Druidical.  There  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  the  custom  was  prevalent  in 
Scandinavia,  as  well  as  in  Gaul  aud 
Britain,  and  as  common  to  the  mytho- 
logy of  Odin  as  to  Druidism.  They 
were  places  of  public  assembly,  and  in 
the  Eyrbiggia  Saga  is  described  the 
manner  of  setting  apart  the  Ilclga  Feli 
(IIoli/  Rocks)  hy  the  pontiff  Thorolf  for 
solemn  meetings. 

The  Stones  of  Stenyii-s.  One  of  the 
group  called  the  "  Stone  of  Odin "  has 
an  oval  hole  large  enough  to  admit  a 
man's  hand.  This  stone,  till  the  middle 
of  last  century,  was  the  site  of  marriage 
vows  and  other  solemn  contracts,  and 
he  who  violated  a  vow  "  made  to  Odin '" 
was  accounted  infamous.  Children  passed 
through  the  hole  were  charmed  against 
palsy. 

%  Slonesfallen  down  from  Jupiter.  Anax- 
ag'oras  mentions  a  stone  that  fell  from 
Jupiter  in  Thrace,  a  description  of  which 
is  given  by  Pliny.  Tbe  Ephesians  as- 
serted that  their  image  of  Diana  came 
U'oxn  Jupiter,     The  stone  at  Emossa.  in 


STONE  BLIND. 


STONEIIENGE. 


857 


Syria,  worshipped  as  a  symbol  of  the 
8un,  waB  a  similar  meteorite.  At  Aby'- 
dos  and  I'otidm'a  similar  stones  were 
preserved.  At  Corinth  was  one  venerated 
as  Zeus.  \t  Cyprus  was  one  dedicated 
to  Venus,  a  description  of  which  is  given 
by  Tacitus  and  Maximus  Tyr'ius.  Ilero'- 
dian  describes  a  similar  stone  in  S3'ria. 
The  famous  Caa'ba  stono  at  Mecca  is  a 
similar  meteor.  Livy  recounts  three  falls 
of  stones.  On  Norember  27,  1492,  just 
as  Maximilian  was  on  the  point  of  engag- 
ing the  French  army  near  Ensishcim,  a 
mass  weighing  270  lbs.  fell  between  the 
combatants  ;  part  of  this  mass  is  now  in 
the  British  Museum.  In  June,  1866,  at 
Knyahinya,  a  village  of  Hungary,  a 
yliowcrof  stones  fell,  the  largest  of  which 
weighs  above  5  cwt.  ;  it  was  broken  in  the 
fall  into  two  jiieccs,  both  of  which  are  now 
in  the  Imperial  Collection  at  Vienna.  On 
l)cconil>cr  13,  1795,  in  the  village  of 
Thwiug,  Yorkshire,  an  aerolite  fell  weigh- 
ing .5(!lbs.,nowinthe  British  Museum.  On 
September  10,  1813,  at  Adare,  in  Lime- 
rick, fell  a  similar  stone,  weighing  17  lbs., 
now  in  the  Oxford  Museum.  On  May  1, 
I8G0,  in  Guernsey  County,  Ohio,more  than 
tliirty  stones  were  picked  up  within  a 
space  of  ten  miles  by  three  ;  the  largest 
weighed  1()3  \hs.—Kesscl»)ei/er  and  Dr. 
01(0  Jiwfuier,  "  The  Times,"  Nov.  14,  ISiJG. 
H  }'oJt  have  stones  in  vow  moulh.  Said 
to  a  person  who  stutters  or  speaks  very 
indistinctly.  The  allusion  is  to  Dcmos'- 
tliones,  who  cured  himself  of  stuttering 
by  putting  pebt)lcs  in  his  month  and 
declaiming  on  the  sea-shore. 

The  nrafor  who  once 
Did  611  bis  moulh  with  pebble  Etonci 
When  he  haraugutd. 

UuOer,  "  Uudibrai,"  L  1. 
frix-iotut  stnneg.     Baid  to  be  dr-w-dropa 
ci'Milensid  and  hardened  l)y  the  sun. 

Stone  Blind.     Wholly  blind 

Stone  Cold.    Cold  as  a  ston^. 

Stone  Dead.     Dead  as  a  stono 
Stone   Still.    Perfectly  still;    with 
uo  m^ro  motion  than  a  stono. 

I  will  Dot  ttrui^Hle  ;  I  mil  i  tiii'l  atone  iitill. 

tihiikesptiire,  "  ICwj  Jnhn,"  It.  I. 

Stone  of  the  Broken  Treaty. 
Limerick.  About  a  century  and  a  lialf 
ago  England  made  a  solemn  comjiact  with 
Ireland  Ireland  jiromised  fealty,  and 
Enyiland  promised  to  guarantee  to  the 
Irish  people  civil  and  religious  equality. 
Wuon  the  crisis  was  over  England  handed 


Ireland  over  to  a  faction  that  haa  ever 
since  bred  strife  and  disunion. — Achlrea 
of  the  Carporation  of  Limerick  to  Mr. 
Brvjht  (iStJS). 

The  "  stone  of  the  br'^iken  treaty"  ig  there,  and 
from  tarlv  m  the  mornini!  till  late  iit  night  crouri 
gtilier  round  it.  ou<l  f  ster  the  tradilion  of  tbcir 
umioual  wrongs  — T/k  Timt*. 

Stone  of  Stumbling.  This  was 
much  more  si^-nilicant  among  the  Jews 
than  it  is  with  ourselves.  One  of  the 
Pharisaic  sects,  called  yikfi  or  "  Dash- 
ers," used  to  walk  abroad  without  lifting 
their  feet  from  the  ground.  They  were 
for  ever  "  dashing  their  feet  against  the 
stones  "  and  "  stumbling  "  on  their  way. 

Stone  of  Tongues.  This  was  a 
etone  given  to  Otnit  king  of  Lombardy, 
by  his  father  dwarf  Elberich,  and  had 
the  virtue,  when  put  into  a  person's 
mouth,  of  enabling  him  to  speak  per- 
fectly any  foreign  language. — "  Tin  lid- 
deiibuch." 

Stonebrash.  A  name  given  in  Wilt- 
shire to  the  subsoil  of  the  north-western 
border,  consisting  of  a  reddish  calcareous 
loam,  mingled  with  flat  stones. 

Stonehenge,  says  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth, was  erected  by  Merlin  (the  magi- 
cian) to  perpetuate  the  treachery  of 
Ilengist,  who  desired  a  friendly  meeting 
with  Vortigern,  but  fell  upon  him  and 
his  400  attendants,  putting  them  all  to 
the  sword.  Aurolius  Ambrosius  asked 
^lerlin  to  recommend  a  sensible  memento 
of  this  event,  and  Merlin  told  the  king 
to  transplant  the  "  Giant's  Dance  "  from 
the  mountain  of  Killanms,  in  Irolaml 
These  stones  had  been  bro'ight  by  the 
giants  from  Africa  as  baths,  and  all  pos- 
.sessed  medicinal  qualities.  Merlin  trans- 
planted them  by  magic.  This  tale  owes 
its  birth  to  the  word  "  stan-hengist," 
which  means  ?t;)/i/^c(^«<o«es,  but  "hengist'* 
suggested  the  name  of  the  traditional 
hero. 

N.B.  This  is  no  place  to  enter  into  the 
histoiy  and  mystery  of  Stonehenge,  but 
it  is  pretty  certain  that  it  was  no  JJrnid 
temple,  but  a  .Saxon  ring  for  parliamentary 
and  coronation  purposes.  It  was  certainly 
erected  after  the  Romans  left  the  island, 
for  Uoman  pottery  and  coins  have  been 
found  under  several  of  the  stones,  and 
the  stones  are  fitted  with  mortice  and 
tenon,  an  art  unknown  in  Britain  till  it 
wa.9  taught  by  the  Romans.  A  "  (iuide 
Boo'ii "  is  sola  to  '.'ibitor'^,  which  oflecta 


858    STONEWALL  JACKSON. 


STORNELLO   VERSES. 


to  prove  tliat  Stonelient^e  was  built  by 
the  antediluvians,  and  tliat  tho  fallen 
stones  were  thrown  down  by  tlio  subsiding 
waters  of  tlio  flood.  In  a  "  Dictionary  of 
Fable  "  such  a  sugtrestion  may  find  stand- 
ing-room, (See  Stone,  Tkt  Standing 
Slones  of  Steuuis.) 

Btonehcnqc,  once  tliought  »  temple,  you  have  found 
A   tlirmiti   where    kiuga,  our    earthly   gudi,   were 

cruwiied, 
Whsju  l.y  their  wondering  sutijects  they  were  seen, 
11.1/  len,  '■  Eiiatlea,"  U. 

Stonewall  Jackson.  Tliomaa  J. 
Jackson,  one  of  tho  Confederate  generals 
in  tlie  American  war.  Tho  name  arose 
thus:  General  Bee,  of  South  Caroli'na, 
observing  his  men  waver,  exclaimed, 
"Look  at  Jackson's  men;  they  stand 
like  a  stono  wall !  "     (1826-1803.) 

Stony  Arabia.  A  mistranslation  of 
Arabia  I'ctuca,  where  PctriBa  is  sup- 
posed to  be  an  adjective  form.ed  from 
the  Greek  petros  (a  stone),  and  not,  as 
it  really  is,  from  the  city  of  Potra, 
the  capital  cf  tho  Nabathaiaus.  This 
city  Wiis  culled  TItamiid  (rock-built). 
(See  Yk.men.) 

Stool  of  Repentance.  A  low  stool 
placed  in  front  of  the  pulpit  in  Scotland, 
on  which  persons  who  had  incurred  an 
ecclesiastical  censure  were  placed  during 
divine  service.  When  the  service  was 
over  the  "  penitent"  had  to  stand  on  the 
stool  and  receive  the  mini.ster's  rebuke. 
Even  in  the  present  century  this  method 
of  rebuke  has  been  repeated. 

Colonel  Knox  tried  to  take  a  (vantage  cf  a  merely 
formal  prooeedinc  to  set  Sir.  (Gladstone  on  the  stool 
of  repentance.— TAe  Timet. 

Stops.  Organs  have  no  fixed  number 
of  stops  ;  some  have  sixty  or  more,  and 
others  much  fewer.  A  stop  is  a  collec- 
tion of  pipes  similar  in  tone  and  quality, 
ninning  through  the  whole  or  part  of  an 
organ.  Tliey  may  be  divided  into  Mouth- 
pipes  and  Keed-])ipcs,  according  to  struc- 
ture, or  into  (1)  Metallic,  (2)  Reed,  (3) 
Wood,  (4)  Mixed  or  Compound  stops,  ac 
cording  to  materiaL  Tho  following  are 
the  chief : — 

(a)  Metallic.  Principal  (so  called  be- 
cause it  is  the  first  stop  tuned,  and  is 
the  standard  by  which  the  whole  organ 
is  regulated),  tho  open  diapason,  dulci- 
ana,  the  12th,  15tli,  tierce  or  17th,  lari- 
pot  or  19th,  22nd,  2(3t)i,  2i)th,  33rd,  &c. 
(being  respectively  12,  1.5,  17,  &c.,  notes 
above  tho  open  diajiason). 

(b)  Reed  (metal  reed  pipes).  Rossoon, 
oremona,  hautboy  or  oboo,  trumpet,  tos- 


bumana  (all  in  unison  with  the  open 
diapason),  clarion  (an  octave  above  uni- 
Bon  with  principal). 

(c)  Wood,  Stopt  diapason,  double 
diapason. 

(d)  Compound  or  Mixed.  Flute  (in 
unison  with  the  pnncipal),  cornet,  mix- 
ture or  furniture,  sesiiuialta  (above  the 
15th). 

Grand  organs  have,  in  addition  to  the 
above,  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  oc- 
taves of  pedals. 

Stordila'no  (in  "  Orlando  Furioso  "). 
King  of  Grana'da,  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Moorish  army. 

Store  (1  syl.).  Store  is  Tu>  sort.  Things 
stored  up  for  future  use  are  no  evil.  Sore 
means  grief  as  well  as  wound,  our  lor- 
row. 

Stork,  a  sacred  bird,  according  to 
the  Swedish  legend  received  its  name 
from  flying  round  the  cross  of  the  cru- 
cified Redeemer,  crying  Sti/rka/  styrkal 
(Strengthen  !  strengthen  !)  This  cer- 
tainly is  a  man'ellous  tradition,  seeing 
the  stork  has  no  voice  at  all. 

Storks    are    the  sworn,  foes  of  sruikes. 
Hence  the  veneration  in  which  they  are 
held.  They  are  also  excellent  scavengers. 
'Twill  profit  when  the  stork,  swoiTi  foe  of  enakes, 
Katuius,  to  show  compas^ioa  to  thy  plants. 

Philipi,  "  Cyder,"  bit.  L 

Storms.  Tlie  inhabitants  of  Cora- 
acciiio,  a  town  in  Central  Italy  between 
tho  two  branches  of  the  Po,  rejoice  in 
Btorms  because  then  the  fidh  are  driven 
into  their  mar.«be8. 

Whose  townsmen  lortthe  the  lazy  calm's  repose, 
And  pray  that  stormy  waves  may  lash  tlie  beauh. 
Roit'i  "  Oiianlo  Furioso,"  iii.  41. 

Cape  of  Storms.  So  Bartholomew  Diaa 
named  the  south  cape  of  Africa  in  143o, 
but  kiug  John  II.  changed  it  into  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Storm  in  a  Teapot.  A  mighty  to- 
do  about  a  trifle.    "A  storm  in  a  puddle." 

Stornello  Verses  are  those  in  which 
certain  words  are  harped  on  and  turned 
about  and  about.  They  are  common 
among  the  Tuscan  peasants.  The  word 
i.s  from  torna're  (to  return), 

I'll  tell  him  the  white,  and  the  green,  and  the  red, 
Bleau  our  country  has  flung  the  vile  yoke  from  hei 

head  ; 
111  tell  him  the  (rreen.  and  the  r*i,  and  the  whiit, 
\t  ould   louk   well  by  his  side,  as  a  sword-knot  m 

bri-.'ht  ; 
I'll  tell  him  the  red.  and  the  vshile,  vai  the  ffrttn. 
Is  the  prize  that  we  play  for,  a  prze  we  «!il  win. 
A'c<«»  nnd  ':<ic  its. 


STORTHING. 


STRAW, 


859 


Stor'tliing  (pron.ttor-tin^).  The  Nor- 
wegian Parliament,  elected  every  three 
years  (Norse,  tlor,  great ;  ihinff,  court). 

Stowe  (1  syl.)-  ^^<  /«''■  ^fj'^f^c 
paradise  of  Stotce  (Thomson,  "Autumn"). 
The  principal  scat  of  the  duke  of  Buck- 
iugham. 

Stowe  Nine  Churches  (a  hamlet 
of  Stoice,  yortkamptorishire).  The  tra- 
dition is  that  the  people  of  this  hamlet 
wished  to  build  a  church,  and  made  nine 
ineffectual  efforts  to  do  so,  for  every  time 
the  church  was  finished  the  devil  came 
by  night  and  knocked  it  down  again. 

StraTjo  {Walafridui).  A  German 
monk.    (807-84D.) 

Stradiva'riu3  (Antoyiio).  A  famous 
violin-maker,  born  at  Crenio'na.  Some 
of  his  instruments  have  fetched  £100. 
(1760-1728.)    Hee  Cremonas. 

Strain  (1  syl.).  To  strain  courtesy. 
To  stand  upon  ceremony.  Here  strain 
is  to  stretch,  as  parchment  is  strained  on 
a  drum-head.  When  strain  means  to 
filter,  the  idea  is  pressing  or  squeezing 
through  a  canvas  or  woollen  bag. 

Strain  at  a  gnat  and  swallow  a  camel. 
To  make  much  fuss  about  little  pec- 
cadillos, but  commit  offences  of  real 
magnitude.  " Strain  at"  is  strain  out  or 
0^' (Greek,  di-ulizo).  The  albi'^ion  ia  to 
the  practice  of  fillering  witie  for  fear  of 
Bwalluwing  an  insect,  which  was  "un- 
clean." Tyndalo  h:ts  "strain  out"  in 
his  version.  Our  expression  "strain  at " 
is  a  corruption  of  slruia-ul,  "  ut "  being 
the  Saxon  form  of  out,  retained  in  the 
words  ut-ivtosl,  utter,  uttermost,  A:c. 

Tlie  quality  of  mercy  is  not  strained 
("  Merchant  of  Venice,"  iv.  1)— con- 
KtraineJ  or  forced,  but  cometh  down 
freely  as  the  rain,  which  is  God's  gift. 

Strarenheim  [Cnunt  of).  A  feudal 
baron  who  huiiied  Wrrncr  like  a  par- 
tridge, in  ordi'r  to  obtaiu  his  inheri- 
tance. Ulric,  Werner's  son,  saved  him 
from  the  Oder,  but  subsi-quently  mur- 
dered him — Byron,  "  Wtnur." 

Strand  (London).  The  bank  of  the 
Tliames  (Saxon  for  a  beach  or  shore); 
whence  stranded,  run  ashore  or  groimded. 

Strange  (1  syi'.).  Intin,  ejclra  (with- 
<>vit)  ;  whence  exira'nrus  (one  without) ; 
old  F'roncli,  estranye;  Italian,  strano,  kc. 
Str.xTigor,  therefore,  i*  eztra'ntut,  one 
without. 


Strangers  Sacrificed.  It  is  said 
that  Busi'ris,  king  of  Egypt,  sacrifice  I 
to  his  gods  all  strangers  that  set  foot  on 
his  territories.  Diomed,  king  of  Thr.ice, 
gave  strangers  to  his  horses  for  food. 
(:See  Diomedes.) 

oh  fly,  or  !ierc  with  strangers'  hlcod  Imhnisd 
Husiris'  iiltars  th m  ghslt  lind  rcneweJ : 
Amidit  bis  Blnughtered  cufsts  his  altars  stool 
Obscene  with  ijor«.  ''nd  baked  with  human  blool. 
Camfien>,"Luiin'l'  bk.  IL 

Strap  (ITurjh).  The  noble,  generous, 
and  disinterested  adherent  of  Roderick 
Random,  whose  faithful  services  and  un- 
selfish  attachment  mot  a  contemptible 
reward  from  the  heartless  libertine. — 
Smollett,  "Roderick  Random." 

Strap  Oil.  A  beating.  Tliis  is  a 
corruption  of  strap  'eil,  where  'eil  is  the 
German  Uieil  (a  dole).  The  play  is  jialp- 
able.  The  "April  fool"  asks  for  a 
pennywortn  of  strap  'eil,  that  is  a  dole 
or  portion  of  the  strap, 

Strappa'do.  A  military  punishment 
formerly  practised  ;  it  consisted  of  pull- 
ing an  offender  to  a  beam  and  then  letting 
him  down  suddenly  ;  by  this  means  a 
limb  was  not  unfrequently  dislocated. 
(Italian,  strappa'ri,  to  pull.) 

Were  I  at  the  sTaprado  or  the  rack,  I'i  giTe  no 
ram  a  reason  en  comi'Uli><>u.—Shal:esiitart, "  I  Uenrf 
iy.,"ii.i. 

Strat'agem  means  generalship 
(Latin,  strate'yv.s,  a  general ;  Greek, 
stratos-ago,  to  lead  an  army). 

StraWi  Servants  wishing  to  be 
hired  used  to  go  into  the  market-place 
of  Carlisle  (Carol)  with  a  straw  in  their 
mouth.    (Set  Mop.) 

At  C»rel  I  ttiiiJ  wi'  a  itrae  i'  my  mouth, 

Tiie  weyves  com  r.iou'  me  io  cu8tcr<  ; 

"  WUai  wcajc  dus  te  ax.  oanny  lad?  "  ijiti  yen., 

An^^rrtim, "  Ciimbrrlimd  Jtnllaiti." 

In  Uie  siraio.  Etre  en  couche.  The 
phrase  arises  from  the  custom,  in  p.aved 
streets,  of  strewing  straw  before  the 
house,  to  muffle  the  noise  of  vehicles. 
The  Dutch  of  ILaarlem  and  Enckhuysen 
expose  on  these  occasions  a  pin-cushion 
at  the  street-door.  If  the  babe  is  a  boy 
the  pin  cushion  has  a  red  fringe,  if  a 
girl  a  white  one. 

She  Kcars  a  straw  in  her  tar.  She  ia 
looking  out  for  another  husband.  Thin 
is  a  French  expression,  an<l  refers  to 
the  ancient  custom  of  placing  a  straw 
between  the  cars  of  horses  for  sale. 

I'o  carry  0(7 tke  straxc (V.n\<i\OT  la  paille). 
To  bear  off  the  belle.     The  puu  is  ba 


8&0 


STRAWBERRY. 


STUART. 


tween  "  pal,"  a  slann:  word  for  a  favour- 
ito,  and  "  paille,"  straw.  The  French 
pa/ol  means  a  "piil."  Thus  Gor\'ai8 
says— 

Mais,  oncore  nn  co'ir,  min  p»1ot, 

•■  L(t  Coup  dtl^il  I'urin,'  p.  04. 

To  throw  straws  aga'uisl  the  wind.  To 
contend  uselessly  and  fechly  atjainst 
what  is  irresistible ;  to  sweep  back  the 
Atlantic  with  a  besom. 

/  hxive  a  straw  to  break  with  you,  I  am 
displeased  with  you;  I  have  a  reproof  to 
(jive  you.  In  feudal  times  possession  of 
a  fief  was  conveyed  by  giving  a  straw 
to  the  new  tenant.  If  the  tenant  mis- 
conducted himself,  the  lord  dispossessed 
him  by  going  to  the  threshold  of  his 
door  and  breaking  a  straw,  saying  as  he 
did  so,  "As  I  break  this  straw,  so  break 
I  the  contract  made  between  us."  In 
allusion  to  this  custom,  it  is  said  it 
"Reynard  the  Fox"— "The  kinge  toke 
up  a  straw  fro'  the  ground,  and  par- 
doned and  forguf  the  Foxo,"  on  condi- 
tion that  the  Fox  showed  king  Lion  where 
the  treasures  where  hid  (ch.  v.). 

Strawbei'ry  means  the  strayim 
plant  that  hears-  berries  (Saxon,  streow 
berie)  ;  so  called  from  its  runners,  which 
stray  from  the  parent  plant  in  all  direc- 
tions. 

Strawberry  Preachers.  So  Lati- 
mer called  the  non-resident  country 
clergy,  because  they  strayed  from  their 
parishes,  to  which  they  returned  only 
once  a  year.     (Saxon,  streowan,  to  BirSkj .) 

Streph'on.  The  shepherd  in  Sir 
Philip  Sidney's  "  Arcadia,"  who  pays  his 
court  to  the  beautiful  Ura'nia.  Stre- 
phon,  like  Romeo,  is  a  stock  name  for  a 
lover. 

Streteh'er.  An  exaggeration  ;  a 
statement  stretched  out  beyond  the 
strict  truth. 

Strike  (1  syl.).  Stril-e,  but  hear  me  / 
So  said  Themis'tocles  with  wonderful 
self -possess!  on  to  Furybi'ades  the  Spar- 
tan general.  The  tale  told  by  Plutarch 
is  this  : — Themistocles  strongly  opposed 
the  proposal  of  Eurybiades  to  quit  the 
hay  of  Salamis.  The  hot-headed  Spar- 
tan insultingly  remarked  that  "  those 
wiio  in  the  public  games  rise  up  before 
the  propersignal  are  scourged."  "  True," 
eaid  Themistocles,  "but  those  who  lag 
behind  win  no  laurels."     On  this,  Eury- 


biadi's  lifted  up  bis  staff  to  strike  him, 
when  Themistocles  earnestly  but  proudly 
exclaimed,  "  Strike,  but  hear  me  !" 

To  strike  hands  upon  a  bargain  or  strike 
a  bargain.  To  confirm  it  by  shaking  or 
striking  hands. 

Strike  SaiL  To  acknowledge  one- 
self beaten  ;  to  eat  umble  pie.  A  maritime 
expression.  When  a  ship  in  fight,  or  on 
meeting  another  ship,  let's  down  her 
top-sails  at  least  half-mast  high,  she  is 
said  to  strike,  meaning  that  she  submits 
or  pays  respect  to  the  other. 

Now  Margaret 
Must  strike  lier  snil.  and  learn  awbile  to  serrs 
Wlieu  kings  command. 

cShaketpeare,  " 3  Henri/  VI.,"  iii  8. 

String.  A  hcays  harping  on  one  string. 
Always  talking  on  one  subject  ;  always 
repeating  the  same  thing.  The  allusion 
is  to  the  ancient  harpers:  some  like  Paga- 
nin:  played  on  one  string  to  show  their 
skill,  but  more  would  have  endorsed  the 
Apothecary's  apology — "  My  poverty,  and 
not  my  v.-ill,  consents." 

Stroke.  The  oarsman  who  sits  on 
the  bench  next  the  coxswain,  and  sets 
the  stroke  of  the  oars.  In  an  eight-oar 
the  rowers  are  named  thus  ; — 


CcsEwaiii'^^ 


Strong-back.  One  of  Fortunio's 
servants.  He  was  so  strong  he  could 
carry  any  weight  upon  his  back  without 
difficulty.—  "  Grimm's  Goblins  "  {For- 
tunio). 

Strong -bow.  Richard  de  Clare, 
earl  of  Strigul.  Justice  of  Ireland. 
(•-1176.) 

Stron'tian.  This  mineral  receives 
its  name  from  Stontian,  in  Argyleshire, 
where  it  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Hope  in 
1792. 

Struld'brUgS.  Persons  who  never 
die  ;  the  miserable  inhabitants  of  Lugg- 
na,gg.—,'iici/l,  "  Gulliver  J  Travels." 

Stuart.  So  called  from  Walter,  lord 
high  steward  of  Scotland,  who  married 
Marjory,  daughter  of  Robert  Bruce. 
Waller  was  the  sixth  of  bis  family  who 
had    enjoyed    the   office    of    lord    high 


STUBBLE  GEESE. 


SUB   HASTA. 


8Cl 


xtoward,  and  the  family  was  usually 
called  the  Stoward  family.  This  Walter 
Steward  and  Marjory  were  the  ancestors 
of  the  lonfi'  lino  of  Scotch  Stuarts. — Hir 
Walter  Scolt,  "  Tales  of  a  Graiul/ai/ier," 

XV. 

StubTale  Geese,  called  in  Devon- 
shire A  risS,  Oeese.  The  fjuoso  turned  into 
thostutiblo-fields  or  arrishers,  to  pick  up 
the  com  left  after  harvest.  (See  Earing.) 

Stuck  Pig.  To  stare  like  a  stuck  pig. 
A  simile  founded  on  actual  observation. 
Of  course  the  stuck  pig  is  the  pig  in  the 
act  of  being  killed. 

Stuck  Up.  An  Australian  jihraso  for 
robbed  on  the  hii^hway.    (See  Gone  Up.) 

Stuck-up  J'eople.  Pretentious  people  ; 
parvenus;  nobodies  who  assume  to  be 
somebodies.  The  allusion  is  to  birds, 
as  the  peacock  which  sticks  up  its  tail, 
the  turkey-cock  which  sticks  up  its 
feathers  generally,  &c.,  to  add  to  its 
"importance,"  and  "awe  down"  an- 
tagonists. 

Stuff  Gown.  An  outer  barrister, 
or  one  witiiout  the  bar.   (See  Bakuistkr.) 

Stump  Orator  (in  America).  A 
person  who  harangiics  the  people  from 
the  stump  of  a  tree  or  other  chance  ele- 
vation ;  a  mob  orator. 

Stump  Up.  Pay  your  reckoning ; 
pay  what  is  duo.  Ready  money  is  called 
stumpy  or  stumps.  An  Americanism, 
meaning  money  paid  down  on  the  s(>ot  — 
i.e.,  on  the  stump  of  a  tree.     (.See  Nail.) 

Stumped  Out.  Outwitted ;  put 
down.  A  term  borrowed  from  the  game 
of  cricket. 

Stumps.  To  stir  one's  slumps.  To 
get  on  faster  ;  to  set  upon  something 
expeditiously.  The  stumps  properly  are 
wooden  legs  fastened  to  stumps  or  muti- 
lated limbs.  (Danish,  ttump,  a  frag- 
ment ;  German,  ttumv/,  shortened.) 
Tills  mnke«  liim  itirre  liin  Ftumpii. 

"  Tlu  Two  iMncaihiri  Loetri'  (IfllO). 

Stupid  Boy.  St.  Thomas  Aqui'nas, 
nicknamed  the  Dumb  Ox  by  his  school- 
fellows.    (12'2J-r274.) 

Stygian  (3  syl.).  Infernal ;  pertain- 
ing  to  tityx,  the  fabled  river  of  hell. 

At  that  (11  •uJ'leii  bl*te  the  Styglm  tliroiu 
Ucni  Ihulr  wi^ot 

Miion,  "  Parodist  LoA  ' 


Style  (1  syl.)  is  from  the  Latin  siylia, 
an  iron  pencil  for  writing  on  waxen 
tablets,  &c.  The  characteristic  of  a  per. 
son's  writing  is  called  his  style.  Meta- 
phorically it  is  applied  to  composition 
and  speech.  Good  writing  is  sty/us/i,  and 
metaphorically  smartness  of  dress  and 
deportment  is  so  called. 

Styles.  Tom  Styles  or  John  a  Styla, 
connected  with  Johi  o' Xoakes  in  actionis 
of  ejectment.  These  mythical  gentle- 
men, like  John  Doe  and  Richard  Roe, 
are  no  longer  employed. 

And,  like  blind  Fortune,  with  a  sleight 
Coavey  rmu'«  interest  and  rieht 
1  rum  Stilea'B  puck' t  into  Nokce's. 

JiidUr,  "  llMlibrat"  ill  3. 

Styli'teS  or  Pillar  Saints.  By  far  the 
most  celebrated  are  Simet)n  the  Stylite 
of  Syria,  and  Daniel  the  Stylite  of  Con- 
stantinople. Simeon  spent  thirty-seven 
years  on  different  pillars,  each  loftier  and 
narrower  than  the  preceding.  The  last 
was  sixty-six  feet  high,  lie  died  in  4(Jo, 
aged  seventy-two.  Dr.niel  lived  thirty- 
three  years  on  a  pillar,  and  was  not  uu- 
frequently  nearly  blown  from  it  by  the 
storms  from  Thrace.  He  died  in  41(4. 
Tennyson  has  a  poem  on  Simeon  Stylites. 

I,  Simeon  of  the  Pillar  liy  anmnniCi 

.StyliU'8  aiiKin;;  nion-I,  Siniwjn, 

Tlie  watcher  ou  tlie  culiuuu  till  the  eiul. 

T>:  liny  ton. 

Sty'lus  and  Wax  Tablets.  Em- 
blems of  the  Muse  Calli'oiie. 

Styx-  The  river  of  llato,  called  by 
Miltim  "abhorred  Styx,  the  lloijd  of 
burning  hate"  ("Paradise  Lost,"  ii.).  It 
■was  said  to  flow  nine  times  round  the 
infernal  regions.  (Greek,  stu/j'eo,  to 
Late.) 

The  Thames  reminded  him  oJ  Styi.-J/.  TuJfi* 

Sti/x,  tht  dread  oath  of  gods. 

For  l>y  the  M:u;k  infernal  Styi  I  swoar 
(That  dn-aaful  oath  wliigh  I>mi.U  the  riiundcreT) 
ri»  lixcd  1  I'upe,  '•  ThtbaU  o/  atatiiu,"  U 

Suav'iter  in  Modo  (Latin).  An 
inolfensivo  manner  of  doing  what  is  to 
be  done.  Suariler  in  modo,  /ortiter  in  re, 
doing  what  is  to  be  done  with  unllinching 
firmness,  but  in  the  most  inoffensive 
manner  possible. 

Sub  Hasta.  By  auction.  When  ao 
auction  took  jilace  among  the  Romans,  it 
was  customary  to  stick  a  spear  in  the 
ground  to  ^,'ivo  notice  of  it  to  the  public, 
in  Ivondon  we  hang  from  the  first-Uoor 
window  a  strip  of  bod-voona  carpet. 


862 


SUB  JOVE, 


SUFFOLK. 


Sub  Jo've  {Latin).  Under  .Tovo  ;  in 
the  open  air.  Jupiter  is  the  deified  jior- 
Bonification  of  the  upper  repions  of  tlio 
air,  Juno  of  the  lower  regions,  Noiitiine 
of  the  waters  of  the  sea,  Vesta  of  tliO 
earth,  Ceres  of  the  surface  soil,  Hades  of 
the  invisible  or  uudcr-world. 

Suh-TiaY'Sa.'ria.n,  Stipra-Lapsarian. 
The  s?(';-lapsarian  maintains  that  God 
devised  his  scheme  of  redemption  after 
the  "lapse"  or  fall  of  Adam,  when  He 
elected  some  to  salvation  and  left  others 
to  run  their  course.  The  w/pra-lapsarian 
maintains  that  all  this  was  ordained  by 
(!od  from  the  foundation  of  the  world, 
and  therefore  he/ore  the  "lapse"  or  fall 
of  Adam. 

Sub  Rosa.    {See  Rose.) 

Submit  means  simply  "to  lower," 
and  the  idea  usually  associated  with  the 
word  is  derived  from  a  custom  in  gladia- 
torial sports  :  When  a  gladiator  acknow- 
ledged himself  vanquished  ho  lowered 
{suhmilted)  his  arms  as  a  sign  that  he  gave 
in  ;  it  then  rested  with  the  spectators  to 
let  him  go  or  put  him  to  death.  If  they 
wished  him  to  live  they  held  their  thumbs 
doivn,  if  to  be  put  to  death  they  hold  their 
thumbs  upuardi. 

Subpoe'na  is  a  writ  given  to  a  man 
commanding  him  to  appear  in  court,  to 
bear  witness  or  give  evidence  on  a  certain 
trial  named  in  the  writ.  It  is  so  called 
because  the  party  summoned  is  bound  to 
appear  sub  pcena  centum  lihro'rum  (under 
o  penalty  of  £100). 

Sub'sldy  means  literally  a  sediment; 
that  which  is  on  the  ground.  It  is  a 
military  term.  In  battle  the  Romans 
drew  up  their  army  in  three  divisions  : 
first,  the  light-armed  troops  made  the 
attack,  and  if  repulsed,  the  pike-men 
came  up  to  their  aid  ;  if  these  two  were 
beaten  back,  the  swordsmen  {prin'cipes) 
a<lvanced ;  and  if  thoy  too  were  defeated, 
the  reserve  went  forward.  These  last 
were  called  subsidies  because  they  re- 
mained resting  on  their  left  Inee  till  their 
time  of  action.  Metaphorically  money 
aid  is  called  a  subsidy.  (Latiu,  iulsideo, 
to  subside.) 

Subtle  Doctor.  John  Duns  ScotuB, 
one  of  the  schoolmen.     (1265-1308.) 

Subvol'vans  or  Suhvolva'ni.  The 
antagonists  of  the  Privolvans  in  Samuel 


Bntler'g    satirical    poem    called    "The 

Elephant  in  the  Moon." 

The  i!a11aiit  Suhvolvani  rally. 

And  (rom  iLeir  treucbes  make  a  eallr. 

Verne  S3,  fee. 

Sueces'sion  Powder.  The  poison 
used  by  the  marquise  de  BrinviUiers  in 
her  poisonings,  for  the  benefit  of  succes- 
sors.    (See  PoisoNKRS.) 

Succint  means  undergirded  ;  hence 
compact,  concise.     (Latin,  sub-cinctus.) 

Suck  the  Monkey.  Capt.  Man-yat 
says  that  rum  is  sometimes  inserted  in 
cocoa-nuts  for  the  private  use  of  sailors, 
and  as  cocoa-nut  shells  are  generally 
fashioned  into  the  resemblance  of  a 
monkey's  face,  sucking  the  rurn  from 
them  is  called  sucking  the  monkey.  The 
phrase  is  extended  to  other  waj's  of 
taking  spirits  surreptitiously,  as  sucking 
it  from  a  cask  by  means  of  a  straw. 

Suckle.  To  fucl-le  fools  and  chronich 
small  beer.  lago  says  women  are  of  no 
use  but  to  nurse  children  and  keep  the 
accounts  of  the  household. — hhakesoeare, 
"  OlMlo"  ii.  1. 

Sucre.  Manr/er  du  sticre.  Applause 
given  by  claqueurs  to  actors  is  called 
Sucre  {siigar).  French  actors  and  ac- 
tresses make  a  regular  agreement  with 
the  manager  for  these  hired  appla\iders. 
While  inferior  artists  are  obliged  to  accept 
a  mere  murmur  of  approval,  others  re- 
ceive a  "  salvo  of  bravos,"  while  those  oi 
the  highest  role  demand  a  "furore"  or 
"eclat  de  rire,"  according  to  their  line 
of  acting,  whether  tragedy  or  comedy. 
Sometimes  the  manager  is  bound  to  give 
actors  "sugar  to  eat"  in  the  public  jour- 
nals, and  the  agreement  is  that  the  an- 
nouncement of  their  name  shall  be  pre- 
ceded with  the  words  "celebrated,"  "ad- 
mirable," and  so  on.  The  following  is 
part  of  the  agreement  of  a  French  actor  on 
renewing  his  engagement  (lSt)9)  :—  "  que 
cinquante  claqueurs  au  moins  feraient 
manger  du  sucre  des  I'entr^e  en  scene, 
et  que  I'actrice  rivale  serait  priv^e  do  cet 
agrdment."     (<See  Claque.) 

Suds  {Mrs.),  A  facetious  name  for 
a  washwoman  or  laundress.  Of  course 
the  allusion  is  to  soap-suds. 

To  be  in  the  suds— in  ill-temper.  Ac- 
cording to  tho  song,  "  Ne'er  a  bit  of  com- 
fort is  upon  a  washing  day,"  all  are  p)ut 
out  of  gear,  and  therefore  out  of  temper. 

Suffolk.    Tho  folk  south  of  Norfolk- 


SUFFRAGE. 


SUN. 


863 


Suffragre means  primarily  tbo hough 
or  pastern  of  a  liorso,  so  called  because  it 
bends  under  and  not  over,  like  the  knee- 
joiiit.  When  a  horse  is  lyin;^  down  and 
wants  to  rise  on  his  legs,  it  is  this  joint 
which  is  brought  into  notion  ;  and  when 
the  horse  stands  on  his  legs  it  is  these 
"anclo-joints"  which  support  him.  Mcta- 
phorically,votcr.«  aro  the  pastern  joints  of 
a  candidate,  whtreLy  he  is  supported. 

A  sHjl'fai/aii  is  a  titular  bishop  who  is 
ai>i)ointcd  to  assist  a  prelate  ;  and  in 
relation  to  an  archbisho]i  all  bishops  are 
suffragans.  The  archbishop  is  the  horse, 
aitd  the  bishops  are  his  pasterns. 

Sugar-lip.  H4fiz,  the  great  Persian 
lyrL-^t.    (*-1:j89.) 

Sugared  Words.  Sweet,  flattering 
words.  When  sugar  was  first  imported 
into  Europe  it  was  a  very  great  dainty. 
The  coarse,  vulgar  idea  now  associated 
with  it  is  from  its  being  cheap  and  com- 
mon. 

Sui  Gen'eris  (Latiri).  Having  a 
dirtinct  character  of  its  own ;  unlike 
anything  else. 

Suit(lsyl.).  TofolloxomU.  To  follow 
the  loader ;  to  do  as  those  do  who  are 
taken  as  your  exemplars.  The  teroi  ie 
from  game.s  of  cards. 

Sul'len.  Sq'iirc  SiiKenatul  .Vn.  Stilkn, 
In  I'urquhar's  •'  Beaux'  Stratagem." 

Sullt  (starvation).  The  knife  which 
tho  goddess  IIcl  (ij.v.)  is  accustomed  to 
u.so  when  slio  sits  down  to  eat  from  her 
dish  Hunger. 

Sulpiz'io.  Serjeant  in  the  11th  Regi- 
n:tr.t  of  tho  Grand  Army  of  Napoleon. 
Ho  found  a  young  girl  named  Mari.a, 
ftftor  a  battle,  and  the  regiment  adopted 
her  as  their  daughter. — DoiiizMi,  '^La 
Fiijlia  del  JUgfjimento"  (an  opera). 

Sultan  of  Persia.  Mahmoud  G.azni, 
founder  of  tho  Ga/.nivido  dynast 3-,  was 
tho  first  to  assume  in  Persia  the  titlo 
of  Sultan  (A.n.  O'.i'J). 

Bultan'B  Horse.   • 

KyxastluK  bnant  tlikt  nii  lh«  clod 

W  liort  unco  Uio  nulUii'i   liura*  li^klli  trod 

On>wi  neither  ffrau,  ii'pr  thnih,  uor  trv«. 

Utcl/l,  •'  /•4lhox  Hu  UrtaL' 

Sulta'na.  A  beautiful  bird  wi;h 
bright  bhio  feathers,  and  puri>lo  biuic 
»ud   legs. 


Summer.  The  second  or  autumnal 
summer,  said  to  last  thirty  days,  begins 
about  tho  time  that  the  sun  enters 
So'orpio  (Oct.  23rd).  It  is  variously 
called — 

(1)  St.  Martin's  summer  (L'^t^  de  St. 
Martin).  St.  Martin's  day  is  tho  11th 
Nov. 

Expect  SL  Martin's  summer,  lialcyon  Anjt. 

ahakttitturt,  "  I  lUin-y  VJ.,"  i.  3. 

(2)  All  Saints'  euramor  (All  Saints'  is 
tho  Ist  Nov.),  or  All  Uallowen  summer. 

Then  f..UowcJ  th.M  luauiiful  re.ison 
Called  I'y  llio  |.iuus  Arcadian  pca-auti  the   «ummor 
ofallS»lnt«. 

Lottp/tlhuif  "  Evangditu- 

FarevoU,  All  llallowcn  sunnier. 

Bhakcspoire,  "  1  Hwyri,"  I.  J. 

(3)  St.  Luko's  litllo  summer  (St.  Luke's 
day  is  18th  Oct.). 

T/te  Summer  King.    Amadeus  of  Spain. 

Summons.  Peter  and  John  de  Car- 
vajal,  being  condemned  to  death  on  cir 
cumstantial  evidence,  appealed  without 
success  to  Ferdinand  IV.  of  Spain.  On 
their  way  to  execution  they  declared 
their  innocence,  and  summoned  tl'.e 
king  to  aiijiear  before  God  within  thirty 
days.  Ferdinand  was  quite  well  on  the 
thirtieth  day,  hut  was  found  dead  in  his 
bed  next  morning.     (S>:e  Wi.Sii.tuT.) 

Summuni  Bonura.  -The  chief 
excellence  ;  the  highest  attainable  good. 

Sumpter  Horse  or  Mule.  One 
that  carries  bagcage  (Italian,  soma,  a 
burden).     (See  SoMagia.) 

Sun.  Hebrew,  Elohim  (God) ;  Greek, 
htlioi  (the  sun) ;  Breton,  heol;  Latin, 
sol;  German,  aonne;  Saxon,  tu7ine;  our 
BUD.    iSee  Apoli.o,  Sukya,  kc.) 

Sun.  Harris,  in  his  "  lIern>L-»,"  asserts 
that  all  nations  ascribe  to  tho  sun  a  mas- 
culine and  the  moon  a  femiuino  gender. 
For  confutation  sie  MoON. 

Uorsis  of  the  Sun. 

Arva'kur,  Aslo,  and  AJsvidur.— 5can 
dinavian  miitkohtgy. 

Brouto  (thiitulcr),  Eo'os  (daj/hreal), 
Ethiops  (Jlashivy),  Ethon  (fen/),  Erytir 
ro'os  Q-cil  •  prcHlucers),  Philogo'a  (earl/t- 
lo)'i)iff\  Pyr'ois  (fiery).  All  of  them 
"  breathe  fire  from  their  nostrils." — 
Orefk  and  Latin  mythology. 

The  horses  of  Aurora  are  Abraz  and 
Pha'oton. 

More  trorthip  the  }-uing  than  the  ttltini) 
$v,n,  said  Pom[>oy ;  meaning  tiiat  more 
pcroous  pay  honour  to  as<"ciulant  than 


eai     BUN  AND  MOON  FALLING. 


SUPERNACULUM. 


to  fallen  greatness.  Tlie  allusion  is,  of 
course,  to  tlio  Persian  fire-worsbippors. 

Heaven  caunol  support  two  suns,  nor 
earth  tivo  masters.  So  said  Alexander  the 
Great  when  Darius  (before  the  battle  of 
Arbo'la)  sent  to  offer  terms  of  peace. 
Beautifully  imitated  by  Shakespeare  : — 

Twos'ars  keep  not  their  motion  in  one  aihere; 
Nur  can  one  Kugiand  brook  a  dou)>lc  reiKU— 
Of  Harry  Percy  and  the  irince  of  Wales. 

"1  lltiirv  jr.-  T.  i. 

Here  lies  a  she-sun,  and  a  he-moon  thei'e 
(Donne).  Epithalamium  on  the  marriage 
of  lady  Eli/.aboth,  daughter  of  James  I., 
■with  Frederick,  elector  palatine.  It  was 
through  this  uufortunate  princess,  called 
"Queen  of  Bohemia"  and  "Queen  of 
Hearts,"  that  the  family  of  Brunswick 
succeeded  to  the  British  throne.  Some 
say  that  lord  Craven  married  (secretly) 
the  "  fair  widow." 

Ciiy  oj  tilt  A'«/j.  Rhodes  was  so  called 
becau^e  the  sun  was  its  tutelar  deity. 
The  Colossos  of  Rhodes  was  consecrated 
to  the  sun.     On  or  Heliopolis,  Egypt. 

Sun    and   Moon   Falling.     By 

the  old  bcralds  the  arms  of  royal 
houses  ■were  not  emljlazoned  by  colours, 
but  by  sun,  moon,  and  stars.  Thus 
instead  of  or  (gold)  a  royal  coat  has  the 
siui;  instead  of  argent  (silver),  the  moon; 
instead  of  the  other  five  heraldic  colours, 
one  of  the  other  five  ancient  planets. 
In  connection  with  this  idea  read  Matt. 
XXIV.  29:  "  Immediately  after  the  tribu- 
lation of  those  days  shall  the  sun  be 
darkened,  and  the  moon  shall  not  give 
her  light,  and  the  stars  shall  fall  from 
heaven,  and  the  powers  of  the  heavens 
shall  be  shaken."    (See  Planets.) 

Sun-burst.  The  fanciful  name  given 
by  the  ancient  Irish  to  their  national 
banner. 

At  once,  like  asun-burit,  her  banner  unfurled. 
Thunioi  Moore,  "irisA  ilflodiet,"  No.  6. 

Sun -flower.  So  called,  not  be- 
cause it  follows  the  sun,  but  because  it 
resembles  a  picture  sun.  '1  hree  or  four 
fiow.rs  on  one  plant  will  turn  as  many 
different  waj's. 

Sun  Inn.  In  compliment  to  the  ill- 
omened  house  of  York.  The  Sun  Inn, 
■Westminster,  is  the  badge  of  Richard  II. 

Sunday  Saint.  One  who  observes 
the  ordinances  of  religion,  and  goes  to 
church  on  a  Sunday,  but  is  worldly, 
grasping,  indifferent  honest,  and  not 
"  too  moral  "  the  foUowing  six  days. 


Sunna  or  Sonna,  Vhe  Oral  Law,  ol 
the  precepts  of  Mahomet  not  contained 
in  the  Koran,  collected  inuo  a  volume. 
Similar  to  the  Jewish  Mishua,  which  is 
the  6upp)lement  of  the  Pentateuch.  (Ara 
bic,  sunna,  custom,  rule  of  conduct.) 

Sunnites  (2  syl.).  Orthodox  Ma- 
hometans, who  consider  the  Sunna  or 
Oral  Law  as  binding  as  the  Koran.  They 
wear  ^rhite  ttirbans.  The  heterodox 
Moslems  arc  called  Schiites  or  Shyites 
(q.v.). 

Suo  Jure  {Latin).  In  one's  own 
right. 

Suo  Marte  (Lrtin).  By  one's  own 
strength  or  i)ersonal  exertions. 

Supercilious  (5  syl).  Having  an 
elevated  eyebrow  ;  hence  contemptuous, 
haughty.  Shakespeare  ("As  You  Like 
It")  speaks  of  the  "  lover  sighing 
like  furnace  with  woeful  ballad  made 
to  his  mistress'  eyebrow."  It  does  not 
mean  that  the  poet  writes  about  the 
"eyebrow"  of  his  amie  du  coeur^'  but 
that  his  ballad  is  woebegone  because  hia 
sweeting  is  supercilious.  Observe  the 
poet  does  not  say  on  but  to  the  eyebrow, 
(Latin,  super-cilium.) 

Supernaculum.  The  very  best 
■wine.  The  word  is  Latin  for  "  upon  the 
nail,"  meaning  that  the  wine  is  so  good 
the  drinker  leaves  only  enough  in  his 
glass  to  make  a  bead  on  his  nail.  The 
French  say  of  first-class  wine,  "  It  is  fit 
to  make  a  ruby  on  the  nail "  (faire  ruiis 
sur  I'ongle),  referring  to  the  residue  left 
which  is  only  sufficient  to  make  a  single 
drop  on  the  nail.  Tom  Nash  says, 
"After  a  man  has  drunk  his  glass  it  is 
usual,  in  the  North,  to  turn  the  bottom  of 
the  cup  upside  down,  and  let  a  drop  fall 
upon  the  thumb-nail.  If  the  drop  rolls 
off  the  drinker  is  obliged  to  fill  and 
drink  again."  Bishop  Hall  alludes  to  the 
same  custom  :  "The  duke  Tenter-belly 
....  exclaims  ....  'Let  never  this 
goodly-formed  goblet  of  wine  go  jovially 
through  me  ; '  and  then  he  set  it  to  his 
mouth,  stole  it  off  every  drop,  save  a 
little  remainder,  which  he  was  by  cus- 
tom to  set  upon  his  thumb-nail  and  lick 
off." 

'Tisherel  the  supernaculum  !  twenty  year* 
Of  age,  if  'tis  a  day.        Bgrua,  "  Werner,"  i.  h 

Supernaculum.  Entirely.  To  drink 
supernaculum  is  to  leave  no  heel-taps ; 
to  drink  so  as  t«  leav9  just  enoug^b  net 


SUPERSTITION. 


SDTOR. 


t!G5 


to  roll  oft  one's  tbumb-nail  if  pourerl 
apon  it,  but  only  to  remain  tbore  as  a 
wine  -bead, 

'Ihlt  it  »rier  the  fashioD  of  Swifierland.  Cl»»r 
rfr,  ntat,  suyeTuucu'ain.-lia'^eUiit.'darrjanluuaHi 
t  itt  \Uigruel,    hk.  i.  o. 

Their  jea!  8  were  supemscuJum. 
I  snatciic  I  tlie  nili'cs  from  each  thumb. 
Aod  in  tlil«  crys'al  have  ihem  here. 
Perhaps  you'll  like  It  more  than  betr.        _ 
King,  "  Orj'luus  unJ  JiuryoiCB. 

Superstition.  That  which  survives 
when  its  companions  are  dead  (Latin, 
tupersto).  Those  who  escaped  in  battle 
were  called  superstiles.  Superstition  is 
that  religion  which  remains  when  real 
religion  is  dead  ;  that  fear  and  awe 
and  worship  paid  to  the  rcli<,'iou3  im- 
pression which  survives  in  the  mind, 
when  correct  notions  of  Deity  no  longer 
exist. 

Supplica'tion.  This  word  has 
greatly  changed  its  original  meaning. 
The  Romans  used  it  for  a  thanksgiving 
after  a  signal  victory— Z/vy,  iii.  03.  (Uis 
rebus  gestis,  supplicatio  a  senatu  dccre- 
ta  est— Cajsar,  "  Boll.  G.all.,  ii)  The 
Word  means  the  act  of  folding  iho  kuees 
{aub-plico).  We  now  use  tlie  word  for 
begging  or  entreating  something. 

Surface  (Sir  Oliver).  The  rich  undo 
riT Joseph  and  Charles  Surface. — &/ieri- 
dan,  "  School  for  Scandal." 

Charle>  Surface.  A  reformed  scapo- 
prnco,  after  having  "sowed  his  wild 
oats."  He  was  the  acci'iited  lover  of 
Miiritt,  Iho  rich  ward  of  Sir  Poti-r  Teazle. 
His  evil  was  all  on  the  surface.  — .V/(crt- 
dan.  "  School  for  S'-andal." 

Joseph  Surface.  The  elder  brollK-rof  the 
above,  a  eoiitiinrntal  knave,  artful  and 
malicious,  but  so  j)laiisible  in  speech  and 
manner  as  to  i>ass  among  his  acquain- 
tances for  a  "youthful  miracle  of  pru- 
di'nce,  good  sense,  and  benevolence." 
His  good  was  all  on  the  surface. — Shcri 
dan.  "  Sfhool  for  Srandat." 

Surgeon  is  the  Greek  form  ol  l... 
Latin  word  maniifacturer.  The  former  is 
r'l'n-^./eia  (to  work  with  the  hand),  and 

the  latter  Viutiii-Jacire   (lo   do  or  make 

with  the  hand). 

Surly  boy.  Yellow  hair  (Irish,  surlcy 
bi'ie). 

Sur'natne  (2  syl.).  The  over-namo; 
either  tuo  iiaiiio  written  over  the  Chris- 
tian name,  or  given  over  and  above  it  ; 
au  additional  name,    i^ai  a  lung  time 

•i  U 


persons  had  no  family  name,  but  o;:ly 
one  and  that  a  personal  name.  Surnameg 
.'.re  not  traced  f-irther  back  than  tho 
latter  part  of  the  tenth  century. 

Sur'plice  (2  syl.).  Over  the  fur-robe 
(Latin,  sujjer-/)el/icium).  The  clerical 
robe  worn  over  the  bachelor's  ordinary 
dress,  which  was  anciently  made  of 
sheep-skin.  Tho  ancient  Celts  and 
Germans  also  wore  a  garment  occasion- 
ally over  their  fur-skius. 

Surrey.  Saxon.  Suth-rea  (south  of 
the  river — i.e.,  the  Thames),  or  SuUi-rie 
(south  kingdom). 

Saddle  White  Sun-e^/  for  the  field  to- 
morrow (Shakespeare,  "Richard  III.)." 
Surrey  is  the  Syiian  horse,  as  Roan  Bar- 
bary  in  "  Richard  II."  is  the  Barbary  horse 
or  barb. 

Surt.  The  guardian  of  Mnspelheim, 
who  keeps  watch  day  and  niirht  with  a 
flaming  sword.  At  the  end  of  the  world 
he  will  hurl  fire  from  his  hand  and  burn 
up  both  heaven  and  ca.rih.  —  Scaiulinavia/t 
nii/thology. 

Surtxir.  The  giant  who  is  to  set  the 
world  on  tire  at  the  great  consummation. 
—Scandinana?!,  mythology. 

Su'rya.  The  sun-god  of  Hindu  my- 
thology. His  chariot  is  drawn  by  seven 
horses,  and  his  charioteer  is  Arun'a  (god 
of  the  dawn). 

Susan  [St.),  The  patron  saint  who 
saves  from  infamy  and  reproach.  This 
is  from  her  fiery  trial  recorded  in  the 
tale  of  Susannah  and  the  Elders. 

Susan'nah,  the  wife  of  Joi.achim, 
being  accused  of  adultery,  was  con- 
demned to  death  by  the  Jewish  elders, 
but  Daniel  proved  her  innocence,  and 
turned  tho  tables  on  her  accusers,  who 
wore  put  to  death  instead, — The  Apo- 
crypha. 

Sussex.    The  territory  of  the  South- 

Saxous  (Sulk-Seaxe). 

Sutor.   Xe  alitor,  ko.    (.S«<Cobblbr.) 

AMithe  lol'js.  {See  Ww.s) 
St.  Ptier  is  all  very  wtH  at  Rome. 
Stick  to  the  cow.  Boswell,  one  nii^hl 
sitting  in  the  pit  of  CoveiU-garden  Thea- 
tre with  his  friend  Dr  Blair,  cavo  an 
extempore  iniitation  of  a  cow,  which  tho 
house  ap|il:indeil  Ho  tlii'U  ventured 
ail. iiher  imitation,  out  failecl,  whereupon 
the  doctor  advised  him  in  future  to  "stick 
to  the  cow." 


SUTTEE. 


SWAN. 


Suf.toe  (Indian).  A  puro  and  model 
wife  (Haiifikrit,  sail,  cliasto,  pure)  ;  a 
widow  who  iinraoliiles  herself  on  the 
funoval  pile  of  her  deceased  husoand. 

Sval'in.  The  dashboard  placed  by 
Ihe  gods  before  the  sun-car,  to  prevent 
the  earth  from  being  burnt  up.  The 
word  means  "cooling." — Scandinavian 
mylhology. 

Swaddler.  A  contemptuous  syno- 
nym for  Protestant  used  by  tlie  Roman 
Catholics.  Cardinal  Cullcn,  in  18G9,  gave 
notice  that  he  would  deprive  of  the  sacra- 
ments all  parents  who  sent  their  children 
to  bo  taught  in  mixed  Model  Schools, 
where  they  wore  associated  with  "  Pres- 
byterians, Socinians,  Arians,  and  Swad- 
dlors."     (See  Tiwe.f,  Sept.  4,  1869.) 

The  origin  of  the  term  is  a.s  follows:— 
"  It  happened  that  Ceunick,  preaching 
on  Christmas-day,  took  for  his  text  these 
words  from  St.  Luke's  Gospel:  'And  this 
shall  be  a  sign  unto  you  ;  ye  shall  find 
the  babo  wrapped  in  swaddling  clothes 
lying  in  a  nvmger.'  A  Catholic  who  was 
present,  and  to  whom  the  language  of 
Scripture  was  a  novelty,  tho>ight  this  so 
ridiculous  that  he  called  the  preacher  a 
Bwaddler  in  derision,  and  this  unmeaning 
word  became  the  nickname  of  the  Metho- 
dists, and  had  all  the  effect  of  the  most 
opprobious  appellation." — SoxUkey,  "Life 
of  Wesley,"  ii.  163. 

Swaininote.    {See  Swanimote.) 

Swallow.  According  to  Scandina- 
vian tradition,  this  bird  hovered  over  the 
cross  of  our  Lord,  crying  "Svala !  svala  I" 
(Console  !  console  !)  whence  it  was  called 
svalmo  (the  bird  of  consolation).  {See 
Stork.) 

The  Swallow  is  said  to  bring  home  from 
the  sea-shore  a  stone  that  gives  sight  to 
her  fledglings. 

Seeking  with  eager  eyes  that  wondrous  stone  which 

the  swallow 
BriDKS  I'lora  tlie  shore  of  the  sea  to  restore  the  Bight 

of  its  Ucdgliuxs. 

Long/Mow,  "  Evangeline,"  pt.  i, 

ft  is  lucl-yfor  a  swallow  to  build  about 
one's  house.  This  is  a  Roman  supersti- 
tion, .iElian  says  that  the  swallow  was 
sacred  to  the  Pona'le's  or  household  gods, 
and  therefore  to  injure  one  would  be  to 
bring  wroth  upon  your  own  house. 

Swallow  -  wort.  A  corruption  of 
eallow-wort.  So  the  celandine  is  called, 
troxa  the  dark  yellow  juioe  which  exudes 


freely  from  its  stoms  and  roots  on  being 
broken. 

Swan.  Fionnuala,  daughter  of  Lir, 
was  transformed  into  a  swan,  and  con- 
demned to  wander  for  many  hundroil 
years  over  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Ireland 
till  the  introduction  of  Christianity  into 
that  island.  T.  Jloore  has  a  poem  on- 
titled  "TheSongof  Fionnuala.  — " Insh 
Melodies,"  No.  11. 

Tke  male  swan  is  called  a  Cob ;  the 
female,  a  Fen. 

Swan.  Erman  says  of  the  Ci/gnus  olor, 
"  Thi.s  bird,  when  wounded,  pours  foiLh 
its  last  breath  in  notes  most  beautifully 
clear  and  loud." — "  Travels  in  Siberia," 
translated  by  Cooley,  vol.  ii. 

Emily  says,  "  I  will  play  the  swan,  and 
die  in  music." — "  Othello,"  v.  2. 

"  What  is  that,  mother  ?"    "  The  swan,  my  lovs. 
He  is  lloatiijg  down  to  his  native  grove 
Peiith  darkeus  his  eye«  and  uupluines  his  winis. 
Yet  the  sweetest  song  is  the  lust  he  &iu^'^. 
J.ive  so,  my  snu,  that  when  dcuth  shall  come, 
Swau-like  and  sweet,  it  may  waft  thee  liome. 

Dr.  O.  Doan*. 

Swan.  Mr.  Nicol  says  of  the  Cygnm 
mu'sictis  t'nat  its  note  resembles  the  tones 
of  a  violin,  though  somewhat  higher. 
Each  note  occurs  after  a  long  interval. 
The  music  presages  a  thaw  in  Iceland, 
aad  hence  one  of  its  great  charms. 

The  Swaji  of  Avon  or  Sweel  Swan  of 
Avon.  Shakespeare  is  so  called  by  Ren 
Jonson  because  his  home  was  on  the 
Avon.     (1561-lGlG.) 

2'he  Swan  of  Vamhray.  Fenelcn,  area- 
bishop  of  Cambray,  and  author  of  "Tolo- 
machus."     (1G51-1715.) 

Tlie  Swan  of  Mantua  or  The  Mantuan 
Swan.  Virgil,  who  was  born  at  Mantua. 
(B.C.  70-29.) 

The  Sican  of  Padua,  Count  Francesco 
Algarotti.     ('1712-1761.) 

The  Swan  of  Meaiuler.  Homer,  who 
lived  on  the  banks  of  the  Oleander,  in 
Asia  Minor.    (Fl.  B.C.  950.) 

Swan,  a  piMk-house  sign,  like  the  pea- 
cock and  pheasant,  was  an  emblem  of 
the  parade  of  chivalry.  Every  knight 
chose  one  of  these  birds,  which  was  asso- 
ciated with  God,  the  Virgin,  and  his 
lady-love  ic  his  oath.  Hence  their  use 
as  public-house  signs. 

A  hlack  swan.  A  curiosity,  a  rara 
avis.  The  expression  is  borrowed  from 
the  well-known  verse—"  Rara  avis  in 
terris,  nigroque  simillima  oygno. 

What  I  is  It  my  rara  uvis.mj  black  swtn?— Sir 
WMer  ScoU,  "  Tlu  A  nli  ;iiary. " 


SWAN-HOPriNG. 


SWEEP. 


887 


The  )Vhile  Sican,.  a  public-houso  nign, 
In  in  compliment  to  Anno  of  Clevos, 
dcccended  from  the  Knight  of  tLo  Swani 

Sivaii.  A.  nickname  for  a  blackamoor. 
See  Logos  a  non  Luce.ndo.) 

Elbiopem  Toca'mui  ojgnum. 

Juvenal,  riii.  31 

Swan  mlh  Two  NecJrs.  A  corniption  of 
"  Swan  with  Two  Nicks."  The  Vintners' 
Company  mark  their  swans  with  two 
nicks  cut  in  tlie  hcak,  and  notliinp:  can 
be  a  more  appropriate  sif^n  for  a  tavern 
than  the  Vintners'  emblem. 

N.  B.  Roj'al  swans  are  marked  with  five 
nicks — two  long-thwiso,  and  threo  across 
the  bill. 

Swan-Hopping.  A  corruption  of 
Swan  Uppingr— that  is,  taking  the  swans 
up  the  river  Thames  for  the  purpose  of 
marking  them.     {See  above.) 

Svvan'imote.  A  court  held  thrice  a 
year  before  forest  verVirors  by  the  stew- 
ard of  the  court ;  so  called  because  the 
swans  or  swains  were  the  jurymen. 
(Sxcaiii,  strains,  or  sweitis,  frechohlors ; 
Saxon,  swan  or  swein,  a  herdsman,  shep- 
herd, youth  ;  ourjwem. ) 

*,•  This  court  was  incident  to  a  forest, 
as  the  court  of  pie-powder  or  piepoudre 
to  a  fair. 

Swarga.  The  paradise  of  Indra,  and 
also  of  certain  deified  mortals,  who  rest 
there  under  the  shaiie  of  the  five  won- 
derful trees,  drink  the  nectar  of  immor- 
tality called  Arn'rita,  and  dance  with  the 
heavenly  nymphs. 

Swash-buckler.  A  ruffian  ;  aswacj- 
gorer.  "From  swashiu":,"  says  Fuller, 
"and  making  a  noise  on  the  buckler." 
The  Bword-playors  used  to  "swash"  or 
tap  their  shicM,  as  fencers  tap  their  foot 
upon  the  ground  when  they  attack. — 
'■'WorlkUi    of    EngUuui"    (a.d.    1(5(32). 

{See  SWI.VOE-BOCKLEU.) 

A  brmvo,  a  iwasli-biickler,  onethat  fgr  money  and 

food  chtere  will  follinv  aiijr  man  to  defend  him  ;  but 
t  any  danger  come,  lie  ruiii  away  the  Qrst.and  leavea 
liiiii  m  lliu  lurclu— /^iyrio. 

Swear  now  means  to  take  an  oath, 
but  the  primitive  sonso  is  merely  to  aver 
or  ajHriii ;  when  to  allirm  on  oath  was 
meant  the  word  oath  w.xs  appended,  as 
"I  swear  by  oath."  Shakcspoaro  u.'^es 
the  word  scores  of  times  in  its  primitive 
•onse ;  thus  OthoUo  says  of  Desdomona — 

Bhcwore,  la  faith.'tvniltranKe, 'lwa«  pitiriiL 
•■  Lnhcito  '  i  1. 


S^cfar  6y  my  svord  ("Hamlet,"  i.  5) 
— that  is,  "  by  the  cross  on  the  hilt  of 
my  Bword."  Again  in  "  Winter's  Tale," 
"  Swear  by  this  sword  thou  wilt  porfonn 
my  bidding"  (ii.  3).  Ilolinshed  Kays, 
"  Warwick  kisses  the  cross  of  king  Ed- 
ward's sword,  as  it  were  a  vow  to  his 
promise;"  and  Decker  says,  "He  has 
sworn  to  me  on  the  cross  of  hia  pure 
Tole'do  ("  Old  Fortunatus"). 

Sweat.  To  sweat  a  client.  To  make 
him  bleed  ;  to  fleece  him. 

To  sweat  coin.  To  subtract  part  of  the 
silver  or  gold  by  friction,  but  not  to  siich 
an  amount  as  to  render  the  coin  u.seles3 
as  a  legal  tender.  The  French  use  suer 
in  the  same  sense,  as  Suer  son  ar/jenl, 
to  sweat  his  money  by  usury.  "  Vous 
faitcs  suer  lo  bonhoramo— tel  est  votro 
dire  quand  vous  le  piUoz."—"  IlaranffM 
da  Capitaine  la  Carhonnade"  (1615). 

Sweating  Sickness  appeared  in 
England  about  a  century  and  a  half  after 
the  lilack  Death  (1485).  It  broke  out 
amongst  the  soldiers  of  Richmond's 
army,  after  the  battle  of  Bosworth  Field, 
and  lasted  five  weeks.  It  was  a  violent 
inflammatory  fever,  without  boils  or  ul- 
cers. Between  14S.5  and  1529  there  were 
five  outbreaks  of  this  pest  in  England, 
tiie  first  four  being  confined  to  Kiiglisk 
people  in  England  or  France ;  the  fifth 
spread  over  Germany,  Turkey,  and 
Austria. 

Swodenbor'gians,  called  by  them- 
selves "  the  New  Jerusalem  Church  " 
(/ier.  xxi.  2).  Believers  in  the  doctrines 
taupht  by  Emanuel  Swedeuborg  (168f>- 
1772).  Their  views  of  salvation,  inspira- 
tiou  of  Scripture,  and  a  future  state,  differ 
■widely  from  tho.se  of  other  Christians, 
and  ag  to  the  Trinity,  they  believe  it  to 
bo  centred  in  the  person  of  Jesus  Christ 
{Col.  ii.  9).— Supplied  bi/  the  Auxiliary  New 
Church  Missionarij  Socut'j. 

Swedish  Nightingale.  Jenny 
Liud,  now  lladomo  Guldschmidt,  a  na- 
tive of  Stockholm,  and  prerious  to  her 
marriage  a  public  aiugor.     (1821-*) 

Sweep.  To  sweep  the  threshold.  To 
announce  to  all  the  world  tliat  the  woman 
of  the  house  is  paramount.  When  the 
procession  called  "  Skimmington"  passed 
any  house  where  the  woman  was  domi- 
nant, each  one  gave  tha  threshold  a 
sweep  with  a  l)rooin  or  bunch  of  twiija. 
ISet  Skimminoton.) 


808 


SWEET  SINGER. 


8WITHIN. 


Sweot  Singer  of  Israel.  King 
David. 

Sweet  Singers.  A  puritanical  sect 
in  tho  reigh  of  Charles  II.,  kc,  common 
in  Edinlnirgli.  They  burnt  all  story- 
books, ballads,  romances,  &c. ,  denounced 
all  unchaste  words  and  actions,  and  even 
the  printed  Bible. 

Swell  Mob.  The  better  -  dressed 
thieves  and  pickpockets.  A  "swell"  is 
a  person  showily  dressed  ;  one  who  puffs 
himself  out  beyond  his  proper  dimen- 
Bions,  like  the  frog  in  the  fable. 

Sweno  (in  "Jerusalem  Delivered"), 
son  of  the  king  of  Denmark,  was  at- 
tacked in  the  night,  while  bringing 
succours  to  Godfrey,  by  Solyman  and  a 
large  army  of  Arabs.  After  losing  all 
his  army,  Sweno  himself  was  slain  by 
Solyman,  and  was  buried  in  a  marble 
sepulchre  which  appeared  miraculously 
on  the  field  of  battle  for  the  purpose 
(bk.  viii.). 

The  historic  fact  is  thus  described  by 
Paolo  Emilio :  "  Sweno,  Dani  regis  filius, 
cum  mille  quingentis  equitibus  cruce 
insignitis,  transmisso  ad  Constantino- 
polem  Bosphoro  inter  Antiochiam  ad 
reliquos  Latinos  iter  faciebat ;  insidiis 
Turcorum  ad  unum  omnes  cum  regie 
juvene  cassi." 

Swerga.  An  earthly  paradise  on 
Mount  Meru,  often  resorted  to  by  the 
gods. — Hindu  mythology. 

Swi  Dynasty.     The  twelfth    Im- 

?erial  dynasty  of  China,  founded  by 
ang-kien,  prince  of  Swi,  a.d.  587.  He 
assumed  th-e  name  of  Wen-tee  (kins 
Wen). 

Swidger  (William).  Custodian  or 
keeper  of  an  ancient  college.  His  wife 
was  Milly,  and  his  father  Philip.  Mr. 
William  is  a  great  talker,  and  generally 
begins  with  the  remark,  "That's  what  I 
say,"  apropos  of  nothing.  Philip's  fa- 
vourite expression  is,  "  Lord,  keep  ray 
memory  green,  I  am  eighty-seven."  Mrs. 
William  or  Milly  is  the  good  angel  of  the 
X&\e.—Dickeiis,  "Tke  Haunted  Man." 

Swindle.  To  cheat ;  from  the  Ger- 
man tchwindeln,  to  totter.  It  originally 
meant  those  artifices  employed"  by  a 
tradesman  to  prop  up  his  credit  when 
it  began  to  totter,  in  order  to  prevent 
or  (Jofer  bankruptcy. 


Swine.  Boar  or  hrawn,  the  sire ; 
$ow,  tho  dam  ;  tucklingt,  the  new-born 
pigs.  A  castrated  boar-pig  is  called  a 
kog  or  shot.  Young  pigs  for  the  butcher 
are  called  porkers. 

A  sow-pig  after  her  first  litter  be- 
comes a  hroodsino,  and  her  whole  stock 
of  pigs  cast  at  a  birth  is  called  a  UlUr 
OT  farrow  of  pigs. 

Swing  (Captain').  The  name  as- 
sumed by  certain  persons  who  sent 
threatening  letters  to  those  who  used 
threshing  machines  (1830-18.33).  The 
tenor  of  these  letters  was  as  follows : — 
"Sir,  if  you  do  not  lay  by  your  threshing 
machine,  you  will  hear  from  Swing." 
Excesses  of  the  Luddites  and  Swing.— Tft*  Timet. 

Swinge-buckler.  A  roisterer,  a 
rake.  The  continuation  of  "  Stow's 
Annals"  tells  us  that  the  "blades"  of 
London  used  to  assemble  in  West  Smith- 
field  with  sword  and  bucker,  in  the  reign 
of  queen  Elizabeth,  on  high  days  and 
holidays,  for  mock  fights  called  "  brag- 
ging "  fights.  They  swashed  and  swinged 
their  bucklers  with  much  show  of  fury, 
"  but  seldome  was  anyman  huit."  (Set 
Swash-buckler.) 

There  was  I.  and  little  John  Doit  of  Staffordshire, 
Jiud  black  George  Bare,  and  Francis  Piekboue,  aud 
WiUSiiuele  a  Cotswold  man,— you  had  not  four  such 
swiiijc-bucklcrs  in  all  the  luns-ofcourt ;  aaJ,  1  maj 
say  to  you,  we  knew  where  the  bona-ruba:,  were.— 
Shak&sp&are,  "2  Uetiry  IV.,"  iii.  2. 

Swiss.  The  nick-name  of  a  Swiss  it 
"  Colin  Tampon"  (q.v.). 

Ko  money,  no  Swi^ss — i.e.,  no  servant. 
The  Swiss  have  ever  been  the  merce- 
naries of  Europe,  willing  to  serve  any 
one  for  pay.  The  same  was  said  of  the 
ancient  Ca'rians.  In  the  hotels  of  Paris 
this  notice  is  common :  Demandez  or 
Parlez  au  Suisse  (Speak  to  the  porter). 

Swiss  Boy  (The).  Music  by  Mos- 
cheles. 

Swiss  Family  Robinson.  An 
abridged  translation  of  a  German  tale  by 
Joachim  Heinrich  Kampe,  tutor  to  baron 
Humboldt. 

Swithin  (St.).  If  it  rains  on  Si. 
Swit/tin's  day  (I5ih  July),  there  raiU  be 
rain  for  forty  days. 

8t  Swithin's  day,  gif  ye  do  nin,  for  foity  days  it 

will  remain  ; 
8L  Swithiu's  day,  an  ye  be  fair,  for  forty  days  'twill 

rain  nae  mair. 

The  French  have  two  similar  pro- 
Y&rhe—S'il  pleut  If  jour  de  St.  Medara 


8WITZER3, 


SWOllD. 


8C9 


[8th  June],  il  plerU  giiarante  jours  plus 
iard;  and  Sil  pfeul  le  jour  de  .b7.  Gervait 
[19th  June],  il  pi'eut  quarante  jours  apres. 

The  let,'cnd  i-;  that  St.  Swithin,  bishop 
of  AViaciioster,  who  died  862,  desired  to 
be  buried  in  the  church-j/rt?'rf  of  the 
minster,  that  the  "  sweet  rain  of  heaven 
might  fall  upon  his  grave."  At  canon- 
isation the  monks  thought  to  honour  the 
saint  by  removing  his  body  into  the 
choir,  and  fixed  the  15th  July  for  the 
«eremony ;  but  it  rained  day  after  day 
for  forty  days,  so  that  the  monks  saw 
the  saints  were  averse  to  thoir  project, 
and  wisely  abandoned  it. 

The  St.  Swithin  of  Scotland  is  St. 
Martin  of  Bouillons.  The  rainy  saint  in 
Flanders  is  bt.  Godeli^ve ;  in  Germany, 
the  Seven  Sleepers. 

Switzers.  Guards  attendant  on 
kings,  kc,  without  any  regard  to  the 
country  whence  thoy  came.  The  reason 
is  this,  the  Swiss  used  to  be  hired  for  mer- 
cenaries. In  French  Suisse  means  "house 
porter,"  and  till  quite  recently  at  the 
IJritish  embassy  were  these  words  ofer 
the  porter's  lodge—  Demandez  au  Suisse. 
The  church  beadle  is  called  .'!!/(>.te.  The 
King  in  "  Hamlet "  says,  "  Where  are 
my  Switzers?  Let  them  guard  the  door  " 
(iv.  6). 

Swiveller  (Dick).  A  kind-hearted 
care-for-nothing,  flowery  in  speech  and 
fond  of  absurd  quotations.  —  Dickeiis, 
"  Old  Curiosity  Skop." 

Bword. 

(1)  Agricant'tviKR called "Tranch'en.." 
Afterwanis  Hranderaart's. 

(Id)  Ali's  sword  was  "  Zulfrtgru-." 

(2)  i4  rf^ya^i  (Spenser)  was  ca]  led  "  Oil  ry- 
sa'or." 

(3)  Arthur's  was  called  "  Rscalibar," 
"  Excalibar,"  or  "  Caliburn  ;"  given  to 
him  by  the  I,ady  of  the  Lake. 

(4)  Sir  Bevis'soi  llaraptoun  wag  called 
"  Morprlay." 

(5)  Biierolfs  was  called  "  Schrit." 

(G)  Z?m^7rtrfo<:A(o'i  was  called  "Sangla- 
more"  ('■  Faiiry  Queen"). 

(7)  Cixsar's  was  called  "  Crocca  Mors  " 
(yellow  death),  {Set  "Goniniontiiriep," 
bk.  iv.  4.) 

(8)  CliarUmafjm':  wore  ".Toyeuso  "  or 
"  Fusberta  Joyo'sa,"  and  "  Flutuberge  ;" 
both  made  by  Galas. 

(9)  T/u  ViiCn  was  called  "Cola'da;" 
t>ie  swopil  "Tizo'na"  was  taken  by  }\im 
(rum  King  Uuc.v. 


(10)  ClosamoiU's  was  called  "  Haote- 
claire,"  made  by  Galas. 

(11)  Dietrich's  vf as  "Nagclring." 

(12)  Dootin's  of  Mayence  was  called 
"  Merreilleuso"  (wonderful). 

(13)  £ci:'s  was  called  "Sacho." 

(14)  Edward  tht  Confessor's  was  called 
"Curta'na"  (the  cutter),  a  blunt  sword 
of  state  carried  before  the  sovereigns  of 
England  at  their  coronation,  emblema- 
tical of  mercy. 

(15)  EngUsk  Kings'  (the  ancient)  wa« 
called  "Curta'na." 

(16)  FrilhioJ''s  was  called  "Angurva'' 
del "  (stream  of  anguish). 

(17)  llaco  I.'s  of  Norway  was  calKd 
*'  Quern-Biter"  (foot-breadth). 

(18)  Hieme's  was  called  "  IJlutL'ang." 

(19)  Jlildebrand's  was  "Brionig." 

(20)  IHnq's  was  called  "  Waske." 
CiOa)  KoU,the  T/iratl's,  "Greysteel." 

(21)  Launcelot  of  t/ie  Lake's,  "Ar'oun- 
dight." 

("22)  MahomH's  were  called  "Dhn'  1 
Fakar"  (the  trenchant),  a  scimitar;  ''Al 
Battar"  (the  boater);  "Medham"  (tlio 
keen);  "  Halef "  (the  deadly). 

(23)  Maiigis's  or  Malagigi's,  was  cnllcd 
"  Fhimbcrgo"  or  "  Floberge."  Ho  gave 
it  to  his  cousin  Rinaldo,  It  was  made  by 
Wieland. 

(24)  Ogler  the  Dane's,  "Courtain"  and 
"Sauvagine,"  both  made  by  Munifican. 

(25)  Oliver's  was  '•  Hautc-CJlaire." 
(2G)  Orlando's  was  called  "  Durinda'na" 

or  "Durindan,"  which  once  belonged  to 
Hector,  and  is  said  to  be  still  preserved 
at  Kocamadour,  in  France. 

(27)   OluiVs  was  "  Corronge"  (2  syl.). 

(2.S)  /^i/ia/fA/jj  was  called  •'  Fusberta"  or 
"  Flamberge"  (2  syl  ).  (See  above,  M-mi/i?.) 

(29)  Roge'ro' s  yia.s  called  "Balisarda," 
It  was  made  by  a  sorceress. 

(30)  RolamCs  was  called  "  Durandnl," 
made  by  Munifican.  This  is  the  French 
Tension  of  Orlando  and  "  Dnrandana." 

(31)  •SV<'f//Ji>(Z'«  was  called  "Balmung," 
in  tiie  "  iSibelungen-Lied."  It  wa.s  made 
by  Wieland.  Also  "  Gram."  "  Mimuug" 
was  lent  to  him  by  Wittich. 

(32)  Sintram's  was  called  "Wolsuno:." 

(33)  Strong -o'- Vie -Arm's,  "Baptism," 
"  Florence,"  and  "(Jrahan,"  by  Ansias. 

{•■U)  ThoralfSkolinson's,  i.e.  Thoralf  tho 
Strong,  of  Norw.-xy,  was  called  "  Quern- 
biter"  (foot-breadth). 

(35)  \yi<la>id.  Tb«  swords  nindp  by  the 
divine  blacksmith  were  "  Flambnrjjo"  aud 
"  Balmuoff." 


870 


SWORD. 


SYCOPIIANTc 


•1  Sword.  Galaa,  Munifican,  and  Ansiaa 
ma<lo  niuo  swords,  each  of  wLicb  took 
tbreo  years  to  make  : — 

Galaa  made  "Flainbergo"  and  "Joy- 
euso"  for  Charlomafjne,  and  "Ilaute- 
claire  "  for  ClosaTnout. 

Munifican  made  "  Durandal"  for  Ro- 
land, and  "  Sau vagina"  and  "Courtain" 
for  Ojrior  the  Dane. 

Ansias  made  "Baptism,"  "Florence," 
and  "  Graban  "  for  Strons^-i'-th'-Arm. 

Oliver's  Eword  called  "Glorious"  backed 
the  nine  swords  a  foot  from  the  pommel. 
— "  Crooiiemitaine." 

Stcord.  At  the  death  of  Uter  Pen- 
dragon  there  wore  many  claimants  to 
the  crown ;  they  were  all  ordered  to 
assemble  in  "  the  great  church  of  Lon- 
don "  on  Christmas-eve,  and  found  a 
sword  stuck  in  a  stone  and  anvil  with 
this  inscription  :  "  lie  who  can  draw 
forth  this  sword,  the  same  is  to  be  king." 
The  knights  tried  to  pull  it  out,  but 
were  unable.  One  day  when  a  tourna- 
ment was  held,  young  Arthur  wanted  a 
sword  and  took  this  ono,  not  knowing  it 
was  a  charmed  instrument,  whereupon 
he  was  uuivei-sally  acknowledged  to  be 
the  God-elected  king.  This  was  the 
sword  of  Excalibur. — •'  HUtonj  of  Prince 
Arthur,"  i.  3 

T/ie  enchanted  sword  in  "Amadis  of 
Gaul."  Whoever  drew  this  sword  from 
a  rock  was  to  gain  access  to  a  subter- 
raiean  treasure.  (Cap.  cxxs.  See  also 
saps.  Ixxii.  and  xcix.) ' 

The  stcord  of  Ood.  K haled  Ibn  al 
Waled  was  so  called  for  his  prowess  at 
the  battle  of  Muta. 

The  sword  oj  liomt.  Marcellus,  who 
opposed  IJanuibal. 

Your  tong^it  is  a  douhie-edr/ed  sword. 
Vou  first  Bay  one  thing  and  then  the 
contrary  ;  your  argimient  cuts  both  ways. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  double-edged  sword 
out  of  the  mouth  of  the  Son  of  man — one 
edge  to  condemn,  and  the  other  to  Bare 
(Rev.  i.  16). 

Yours  is  a  Delphic  sword— it  cuts  loth 
tvays,  Erasmus  says  a  Delphic  sword  is 
that  which  accommodates  itself  to  the 
pro  or  con.  of  a  subject.  The  reference 
is  to  the  double  meanings  of  the  Delphic 
oracles,  called  in  Greek  Delphike  mach- 
aira. 

Poke  not  fire  with  a  sword.  This  was  a 
precept  of  Pythagoras,  meaning  add  not 
fuel  to  fire,  or  do  not  irritate  au  angry 
man  by  sharp  words  which  will  only  iu- 


crease  his  rage.     (See  lamblichus,  "  I'ro- 
troptics,"  symbol  ix.) 

Swords  Prohibited.  Gaming  ran 
high  at  Bath,  and  frequently  led  to  dis- 
putes and  resort  to  tiio  sword,  then 
generally  carried  by  woll-dre.s.sed  men. 
Hwords  wore  therefore  prohibited  by 
Nash  in  the  public  rooms;  still  tJioy  were 
worn  in  the  streets,  when  Nash,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  duel  fought  by  torchlight 
by  two  notorious  gamesters,  made  the 
rule  absolute — "  That  no  swords  should 
on  any  account  bo  worn  in  Bath." 

Sworn  at  Higligate.  T.  Moore  says, 
"  The  party  was  sworn  on  a  pair  of  horns 
never  to  kiss  the  maid  when  he  could  kiss 
the  mistress  ;  never  to  eat  brown  bread 
wlien  he  could  get  white  ;  never  to  drink 

small  beer  when  he  could  get  strong 

unless  he  likes  it  best." 

Many  to  ttis  steep  of  Ilighgate  hie. 
Ask  ye,  liceotiaa  shades,  tlic  reason  why  f 
'I'is  to  the  worsliip  of  the  solemn  IIi>,  n. 

Byron,  "  (JhUdi  liarAl.' 

Swyneburne  is  an  English  transla- 
tion oi  sanglier,  as  may  be  seen  by  their 
armorial  device,  trois  testes  de  seiiglier 
(three  wild-boars'  heads). 

Syb'arite  (3  syl.).  A  self-indulgent 
person  ;  a  wanton.  The  inhabitants  of 
iSyb'aris,  in  S.  Italy,  were  proverbial  fur 
their  luxurious  living  and  self-indulgeuco. 
A.  tale  is  told  by  Seneca  of  a  Sybarite 
who  complained  that  he  could  not  rest 
comfortably  at  night,  and  being  asked 
why,  replied,  "  He  found  a  roso-leaif 
doubled  under  him,  and  it  hurt  him." 

{Ste  RiPAILLE.) 

All  is  calm  as  would  delight  the  heart 
Of  Sybarite  of  olJ. 

Thotnson,  "  CaatU  of  Indolenct,"  csnto  L 

Si/hariie.  The  Sybarites  taught  their 
horses  to  dance  to  the  sound  of  a  pipe. 
.W  lien  tho  Crotonians  marched  against 
Sybaris  they  began  to  play  on  tlu'ir 
pipes,  whereupon  all  tlw  Sybarite  horses 
drawn  out  in  array  before  the  town  began 
to  dance  ;  disorder  soon  prevailed  in  the 
'•anks,  and  tho  victory  was  quick  and  easy. 

Syc'ophant,  from  the  Greek  suio- 
■phnntei,  "fig-blabbers."  The  men  of 
Athens  pa.ssed  a  law  forbidding  the  ex- 
portation of  figs  ;  the  law  was  little  moro 
than  a  dead  letter,  but  there  were  always 
found  mean  fellows  who,  for  their  own 
private  ends,  impeached  those  who  vio- 
lated it;  hence  sycophant  came  to  siffnif  y 


SYCORAX. 


SYMBOLS. 


871 


f5rst  a  government  toady,  and  then  a 
toady  gonorally. 

Syc'orax.  A  witch,  whoso  son  was 
Caliban. — 8haketpeare,  "  The  Tempest." 

Sydney,  or  rather  Sidney  (A  Inernon), 
called  by  Thomson,  in  his  "SMmmor," 
T/u  Brituh  Ciissitis,  because  of  his  repub- 
lican feelings.  Both  disliked  kings,  not 
from  their  niisnile,  but  from  a  dislike 
of  monarchy.  Cassius  was  one  of  the 
conspirators  against  the  life  of  Cicsar, 
and  Sidney  was  one  of  the  judges  that 
condemned  Charles  I.  to  the  block.  (1G17- 
IGb.'l) 

T/i4  Scoltish  Sidney.  Robert  Baillie,  of 
Jer\'iswood,  in  Lanarkshire,  is  so  called. 
IJo  was  executed  in  lOSi. 

Sy'enite.  A  granite  so  called  from 
Sveiie,  in  Egypt,  its  great  quarry. 

Syllogism.     The    five    hexameter 
verses  which  contain  tho  symbolic  names 
of  all  the  different  syllogistic  figures  are 
as  follow : — 
BurbSra,  Celarcnt,  DSril,  FcriCque,  prions. 
<.V»!re,  Caniestnii,  FcstiuO,  B&iOkS,  se  undix. 
TotU,  DarnpM,  I)  ei  nis,  UaMsI,  I'eiap'cu, 
IS.'karda  FcrisOii  linbtU    Quarta  inniper  addit 
Drain  iQtip,  Cameiiet,  DUaiili,  FcgapC,  Ta])i3iiiuji 

IJ.B.  The  vowel /I  universal  affirmative. 

JS  universal  negative. 

I  particular  anirmativo. 

0  particular  negative. 
Taking  the  first  lino  as  the  standard, 
the  initial  letters  of  all  tho  words  below  it 
show  to  which  standanl  tlie  syllogism  is 
to  bo  reduced  :  thus,  Baroko  is  to  bo 
reduced  to  "  Barbara,"  CesAro  to  "  Cela- 
rcnt," and  so  on. 

Sylpha,  according  to  middle-age 
belief,  are  the  elemental  spirits  of  .air  ; 
8o  named  by  the  Uosicrucians  and  Cabal- 
ist.s,  from  the  Greek  *£7;>/(e  (a  butterfly  or 
moth.     (iViONuMKs.) 

Si/lphs.   Any  mortal  who  has  preserved 
inviolate    cha.stity   may   enjoy  intimate 
familiarity  with  these  gentle  spirits.    Ail 
coquettes  at  death  become  sylphs,  "and 
sport  and  Ihittcr  in  tho  fields  of  air." 
M  lioevtr,  f»  r  (ind  chuite, 
Hc}eoll  maukind,  i»  hy  toint  »>  Iph  emhraced. 
J 'opt, "  Ji<ipt  0/  tKe  Luck,"  1. 

Sylvester  (^V.).  Tho  pope  who  con- 
verted Cuii.slanlino  tho  Groat  and  his 
niothor  by  "  the  miracle  of  restoring  to 
life  a  deaii  ox."  Vho  o.x  was  killed  by  a 
niagieiiiii  fur  a  trial  of  skill,  and  ho  who 
ri'Storod  it  to  lifu  was  to  bo  .^ocounlt-d 
the  servant  of  iho  true  God       I'hid  tale  is 


manifestly  an  imitation  of  the  Bibl« 
story  of  Elijah  and  the  prophets  of  Baal 
(1  Kings  xviii.). 

Syl'vius  Bo'nus.  Supposed  to  bo 
Coil  the  Good,  a  contemporary  of  Auso'- 
niiis,  who  often  mentions  hiia  j  but  not 
even  the  titles  of  his  works  are  known, 
lie  was  a  British  vvriter. 

Symbol  originally  meant  tho  corres- 
ponding part  of  a  tally,  ticket,  or  coin  cut 
in  twain.  The  person  who  presented  the 
piece  which  fitted  showed  a  "  symbol"  of 
hi  a  right  to  what  ho  claimed.  (Greek  lun 
hullo,  to  put  or  cast  together.) 

Symbols  of  Saints. 


Baixts. 
Agiu:i,i... 

•I'/IICJ     ... 

An.iil.isia 
Andrew 
Aunt     ... 
4  ntUany 

/l/ci'o'ri/a 


it  la/ih     «nd 
Bartiara 


flVMnoLa 
CarryinR  lier  brc.iatj  In  a  dlih. 
A  book  aiid  cru7.icr. 
A  Uiiib  at  her  side. 
A  p>.ln>  branclu 
A  wtUire  cro.^s. 
A  book  lu  lier  hand. 
A  lau  cross,  with  a  bell  at  the  end,  .ind 

a  piie  by  hitt  sida. 
A  tooth  and  palm  branch.    Shf  Is  ap. 


_  :■  A  cruller. 

.    A  liook  and  palm  branch. 
A  tttadtn  one  hand  nnd  an  open  book  la 

tho  other;  or  a  rake. 
A  kuife;  or  a  proce.-sbm.il  crosa. 
Iron  coiiib.",  with  which  hia  body  waa 

torn  to  pit'-'cs. 
A  crozier  and  book. 
.\ii  Inverted  sword,  or  larpo  wheel. 
riayiuii  on  a  harp  or  or^^an- 
A  Kifiautie  Ogura  carrying  Christ  over  a 

river. 
A  palm  branch. 
A  impal  crown,  or  an  anchor.    He  wia 

drowned  with  an  anchor  tied  ruund 

his  nock  ;  also  a  pot. 


Criipln    an.)     I  Two  shoemakom  at  work. 
t»  lii'imt      ...  J 


/)rn.v<    — 
Dorolh'l 
tdtcar'd    t\i 

CQufot'jf    •■ 
ElUaHlh 
fuilh     ~. 
Friix     .- 
Flower  -. 

Francii 

Fyaore  .- 

QahrUX  -. 

Oenrt/s  ...       ~ 

Civi      . 
igitaltul 


Jnnet     Iha 

(Irrilter 

Jainei  Ihe  Lea 

John  DaptUI  — 

11    A'iU'-..'i'ii( 


SU  Os'iald's  head  In  hl!>  hand. 

A  leek,  in  conLnienioration  of  hU  vic- 
tory over  the  .laionv 

lIuldInK  his  mitred  Inad  in  hIa  hand- 

tVirrsiiK-  a  luuket  o(  (i uiU 
1  Crowned  with  a  oinibus,  and  holdin;;  a 
/     tc'-iitro. 

St.  John  and  tha  himb  at  her  feet- 

A  KFidirou. 

An  anclRir. 

lier  liead  In  her  hand,  and  a  Hower 
aproutiii);  out  of  hor  neck. 

A  seraph  iui1icl:ni;  tlw  five  wounds  of 
CliriKt;  or  »  lily  on  a  trainplo!  r1oI>c. 

Arrayed  In  a  Ions  robe,  praying  and 
holding  his  be:i'lA  In  one  band. 

A  lloweriiot  full  of  lilies  bulKeen  him 
and  tlie  VlrKin. 

Mounted  on  borbeback,  and  traosflxiiif 
a  dragtin. 

&  hind,  with  llahead  lu  the  saint's  lap. 

The  looiKvram  I.ll.S.  on  tlie  brt-a«t  or 
in  the  sky,  circled  with  a  irb'ry.   Knir- 
hold  uys  tho  niysterr  of  the  Trinity 
was  thus  revealed  to  blni. 
[  A  I'lliirim's  sUIf:  or  a  acallop  shrll. 

A  fuller's  lolo.  Ue  waa  klllad  by  Sl:uc« 
the  fuller. 

A  cMual-hair  gannrni,  sniall  ruda  croaa, 
Aii.l  a  lamb  al  his  (s.-t. 

\  chah.  e,  out  ol  which  a  dragon  nr  ser- 
pent Is  iasntnx,  and  an  oi'en  liook  ;  ur 
,.,  |Dum  uiau,  with  an  aa^l*  in  lb* 
ha'-k-erouad— *'•*•  »"•  11* 


87? 


STMHOLS. 


Louis 


Lojf 


jtrom* A  blue  hat,  and  studylnB  »  1-irgc  folio 

Volume. 
Judt     ..        -    With  »  club  or  lance. 
Juliin  .■•       —    Ferrying  tr.ivcllirn  ftcroM  a  stream, 
i.iirrr.iie       -     A  b.i"k  anil  itriilirou- 

.-    A   kiiiB    kneeling,    with    the  ann«  of 

France  at  hi»  feet  ;  a  hinliop  blcMini; 

him,  and  a  dove  descend  incim  his  hciul. 
_    A  crosier  and  liammer.    He  Is  the  patron 

naiut  of  BiuithH- 
Lum     ..       _    With  a  short  SUIT  In  her  hand,  and  the 

devil  behind  her;  or  with  eyea  In  a 

dinh.    (See  p.  .".30.)  ^     ^.  ^ 

£ut«      _       _    Sitting  at  a  reading  desk,  benpalh  which 

apiwars  an  ox's  head;  or  pict<irially 

engaged  upon  a  Baiubiuo — £«*■  vii, 

Uargarel  -.  iTe.-uling  on  a  dragon,  or  piercing  it  wuh 
the  cross- 

Miirk  A  man  seated  writing,  with  a  lion  couch- 
ant  at  his  feet. 

SJartin  -.    On  horseback,  dividing  liis  cloak  with  » 

beggar  behind  biiu  on  foot. 

U^ryth':  Virgin  Carrying  the  child  Jesus,  and  a  lily  is 
somewhere  displayed- 
it'ig  lalen   A  l>ux  of  ointment. 

tfutlhcv  -  With  a  halliert,  with  which  ^adabar 
killed  him.  As  an  cv.%ni,-eliRt  he  holds 
a  pen,  with  which  be  is  writing  on  a 
scroll.  The  most  ancient  symbol  is  a 
man's  face— ^le*-  vii- 1-10- 

ilic'inrl  ...    In  .irmour,  with  across,  or  ebe  holding 

scales,  in  which  he  is  weighing  souls- 

Mcl.o'as  ...  A  tub  with  naked  infants  in  it-  He  is 
patron  saint  of  children, 

Puut  .-  ...  A  sword  and  a  book.  Dressed  as  a 
Roman. 

Pftrr  —  —  Keys,  and  a  triple  cross  ;  or  a  fish  ;  or  a 
cock. 

thiliit  ...  —  A  pastoral  staff,  surraonnted  wltu  a 
cross.    He  was  hniig  on  a  tall  i)illar. 

/!nil,e  —  —  A  wallet,  and  a  dog  with  a  loaf  in  its 
mouth  riittiug  by.  He  shows  a  boil  in 
his  thigh. 

Sil'isiian  ...  Bound  to  a  tree,  his  arms  tied  behind 
him,  and  his  body  transfixed  with 
arrows.  Two  archers  sUuid  by  his 
Bide:  Koinetinies  presenting  a  sheaf  of 
anoWB  to  the  Lord. 

Simon  ...        -.    A  saw,  because  he  was  sawn  asunder. 

t<t,'f,!teti  -.    A  book  and  a  stone  in  bis  hand. 

TUeudorti  ...  The  devil  holding  her  baud,  and  tempt- 
ing her. 

Theodore  —  Armed  with  a  halberd  in  his  hand,  and 
■with  a  sabre  by  his  side- 

Thomtu  ...  With  a  builder's  rule,  or  a  stone  in  his 
liaitd.  or  holding  the  lance  with  which 
he  was  slain  at  Meliapour- 

ThomaxofC'Xn- 1  Kneeling,  and  a  man  behind  him  strik- 
trrbiinj        _.  )     ing  at  him  with  a  sword 

Vriuta  .'-        ...    A    boi.k    and    arrows.     She   was   shot 
through  with  arrows  by  the  prince  of 
the  Huns, 
(.''ee  Apostles,  Evasgelists,  &c.) 

SifinhoU  of  other  sacred  characters. 

A!'ruhnm  ...  An  old  man  grasping  a  knife,  ready  to 
strike  his  s..n  l8.-iac,  who  is  bound  on 
an  altar.  An  angel  arrests  his  hand, 
and  a  ram  is  caught  in  a  thicket. 

David Kneeling,  above   is   an    angel   with  a 

swonl.  Sometimes  be  ia  represented 
playing  a  hari> 

£iau  ...  ".  With  bow  and  arrows,  going  to  meet 
,1  acob. 

Job        Sitting  naked  on  the  ground,  with  three 

friends  talking  to  him. 

Josejih Conversing  with  his  brothers.  Benja- 
min is  represented  as  a  mere  boy- 

Jud.tt  ttcitriot  With  a  innney  bag-  In  the  last  supper 
he  has  knocked  over  the  salt  with  his 
right  el  Uiw- 

Jwtith  ...  ,-  With  Holofomes*  head  in  one  hand,  and 
a  sabre  in  the  other- 

Xoah  —  —  Is  represented  as  looking  out  of  Die  ark 
window  at  a  dove,  which  is  flying  to 
the  ark,  idive  brancb  in  its  beak- 

Kiny  Saul  --  Is  represented  as  arrayed  in  a  rich  tunic 
and  crowned.  A  haxp  is  placed  be- 
hitid  him- 

tsioiRon  -  Is  re|>resented  in  royal  robes,  standing 
aader  aa  arch- 


Symbolism  of  Colours,  whether 
dis[>:aycfl  in  drosses,  the  lack-ground  of 
Ijictures,  or  otherwise : 

I!/(ic/c  typifies  grief,  dedth. 

JJliie,  hope,  love  of  divine  works ;  (in 
dresses)  divine  contemplation,  piety,  sin- 
cerity. 

Pale  Blue,  peace,  Christian  prudence, 
love  of  good  works,  a  serene  conscience. 

Gold,  glory  and  power. 

Green,  faith,  gladness,  immortality,  the 
resurrection  of  the  just ;  (in  dresses^  the 
gladness  of  the  taithful. 

I 'file  Green,  baptism. 

Grey,  tribulation. 

Purple,  justice,  royalty. 

lied,  martyrdom  for  faith,  charity  ;  (in 
dresses)  divine  love. 

Rose-colour,  martyrdom-  Innocent  III. 
says  of  martyrs  and  aposi!o.s,  "  Hi  et  illi 
sunt  flores  rosarum  et  lilia  convallium." 
— "  De  Sacr.  alto  Mi/st."  i.  ti4. 

Saffron,  confessors. 

Scarlet,  the  fervour  and  glory  of  wit- 
nesses to  the  church. 

Silver,  chastity  and  purity. 

Violet,  penitence. 

W/iite,  purity,  temperance,  innocence., 
chastity,  faith ;  (in  dresses)  innocence 
and  purity. 

Symbolism,  of  Metals  and  Gems. 

Anietliij.it  tj-pilies  humility. 

Diamond,  invulnerable  faith. 

Gold,  glory,  power. 

Sardonyx,  sincerity, 

Snpphire.  hope. 

Silver,  chastity,  purity. 

Syrens  of  the  Ditch.  Frogs ;  so 
called  by  Tasso. 

Syr'ia,  says  Richardson,  derives  its 
nnme  from  Surl  (a  delicate  rose);  hence 
Snristan  (the  lanti  of  roses),  The  Jews 
called  Syria  Aram. 


T,  in  music,  stands  for  Tulti  (all), 
meaning  all  the  instruments  or  voices  are 
to  join.     It  is  the  opposite  of  S  for  Solo. 

3Jarl-ed  tcith  a  T.  Criminals  convicted 
of  felony,  and  admitted  to  the  benefit  of 
clergy,  were  branded  on  the  brawn  of  the 
thumb  with  the  letter  T  (thief).  The  law 
was  abolished  by  7  and  8  Geo.  IV.,  c.  27. 

It  fts  to  a  T.  Exactly-  The  allusion 
is  to  work  that  mechanics  square  with 


TAB. 


TABLE-TUIINING. 


878 


a  T-rule,  especially  useful  in  making 
an^'les  true,  and  olitaining  perpendicu- 
lars on  paper  or  wooJ. 

The  saintlif  T's.  Sin  Tander,  Siu 
Tantony,  Sin  Tawdry,  Sin  Tausin,  Sin 
Tedniund,  and  Sin  TeMers  ;  otherwiso 
Bt.  Andrew,  St.  Anthony,  St.  Audry,  St. 
Austin  fAutrustinoJ,  St.  Ednuind,  and  St. 
Etliulroo.     Tooley  \s  St.  Olaf. 

Tab.  An  old  Tab.  An  old  maid; 
an  old  tabby  or  cat.  So  called  because 
oM  maids  usually  make  a  cat  their  com- 
panion. 

Tab'ard.  The  Tabard,  in  Southwark, 
is  where  Chaucer  supposes  his  pil{,'rim3 
to  have  assembled.  Tho  tabard  was  a 
jacket  without  sleeves,  whole  before, 
open  on  both  sides,  with  a  square  collar, 
winj,'ed  at  the  shoulder  like  a  cape,  and 
wornbymilitarj' nobles  over  their  armour. 
It  was  generally  emblazoned  with  heral- 
dic devices.   Heralds  still  wear  a  tabard. 

Iteni....&  cha-icuii  ung  grand  tabart 
1>  cordtlicr,  jiisijiies  mil  p'ci-i 
"Le  Ptlit  7(>.<(.n/wiU  lU  Maulfi  /'Vjiicoii  yUloa, 

Tab'ardar.  A  sizer  of  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  so  called  because  his 
gown  has  tabard  sleeves — that  is,  loose 
sleeves,  terminating  a  little  below  the 
elbow  iu  a  point. 

Tab'arin.  Jle's  a  Taharin — a  merry 
Andrew.  Tabarin  w.as  the  fellow  of 
]\l<<udor,  a  famous  vendor  of  quack  medi- 
iiucs  in  tho  reign  of  Charles  IX.  By  his 
antics  and  coarse  wit  he  collected  great 
crowds, and  both  he  and  his  mastergrew 
rich.  TaViariu  bought  a  handsome 
chiteau  in  Dauphine,  but  tho  aristocracy 
out  of  jealousy  murdered  him. 

Tabby,  a  cat,  means  strictly  tho 
n'/itfji  creature.  (French,  <aiu,-  Italian, 
ice,  labi ;  Persian,  retabi,  a  rich  figured 
Bilk.) 

Demarest  of  the  tabby  kind. 

The  peuDiTO  hchina  reclined.  6'af. 

Table.  Apelles'  Table.  A  pictured 
tiiblo,  ro[iresentii)g  the  o.xcellcncy  of  so- 
briety on  ono  side,  and  tho  deformity  of 
intemperance  on  tho  other. 

TiJiles  of  Cehes.  Cobos  was  a  Tlieban 
jihilosopher,  a  di<ciplo  of  Socrate."!,  and 
ono  of  the  interlocutors  of  I'into'a 
"  I'lucdo."  Ills  "Tables"  or  Tableau 
Bujiposos  bim  to  bo  pl.icod  boforo  a 
tableau  or  panorama  reiiresenling  tho 
life  of  man,  which  the  philosopher  de- 
scril-os  with  groat  accuracy  of  judgment 

2    C    • 


and   splendour  of  sentiment.     This  ta- 
bleau is  sometimes  appended  to  "  Epic- 

t?,tU8  " 

Table  of  PyCmtforroi.  The  ccmmoa 
multiplication  table,  carried  up  to  ten. 
Tho  table  is  parcelled  olf  into  100  little 
squares  or  cells.     {Set  Taiul/E.) 

Ktiijhts  of  the  Roiaul  Table.  A  mili- 
tary order  instituted  by  Arthur,  the 
"  first  king  of  the  Britons,"  a.d.  516. 
Some  say  they  were  twenty-four  in  num- 
ber, some  make  the  number  as  high  as 
1.50,  and  others  reduce  the  number  to 
11.  They  were  all  seated  at  a  round 
table,  that  no  one  might  claim  a  post  of 
honour. 

The  Twelve  Tables.  The  tables  of  the 
Roman  laws  engraved  on  brass,  brought 
from  Athens  to  Home  by  the  decemvirs. 

Turning  the  Tables.  Rebutting  a 
charge  by  bringing  forth  a  counter- 
charge. Thus,  if  a  husband  accuses  his 
wife  of  extravagance  in  dress,  she  "turns 
the  tables  upon  him"  by  accusing  him  of 
extravagance  iu  his  club.  The  Romans 
prided  thcm.selves  on  their  tables  made 
of  citron-wood  from  JI.T,urita'nia,  inlaid 
with  ivory,  and  sold  at  a  most  extrava- 
gant price— some  equal  to  a  senator's 
income.  When  the  gentlemen  accused 
the  ladies  of  extravagance,  tho  ladies 
retorted  by  remindinir  the  gentlemen  of 
what  they  spent  in  tables.  Pliny  calls 
this  taste  of  tho  Romans  meicsaruin.  in- 
sama. 

It  is  also  used  for  "audi  alteram 
partem,"  and  the  allusion  is  then  slightly 
mollified—"  We  have  considered  the 
wife's  extrava.i,'auce,  let  us  now  look  to 
the  husband's." 

We  will  now  turn  the  tables,  and  nhow  Iho  licx> 
meurs  in  all  their  rigour. —  I'/k  'itmu. 

Table  d'H'He  [the  host's  table).  An 
ordinary.  In  the  midiUo  ai^'cs,  and  even 
down  to  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  tiie 
landlord's  table  was  the  only  public 
dining-place  known  in  Germany  and 
Franco.  Tho  (irst  restaurant  was  opone.l 
in  Paris  during  tho  rciiru  of  the  OraiM 
Mo/iav'jM,  anil  was  a  great  success. 

Table  Money.  Money  appro- 
priated to  tho  purposes  of  hospitality. 
Uoneral  ofhcers  in  the  army  and  flag, 
otticors  iu  the  navy  have  tablo-moncy- 
the  maximum  allowance  being  three 
guineas  a- day. 

Table-Turning.   The  nrt  or  power 


871      TATSLKAUX   VIVA  NTS. 


TAOnATnM. 


of  turning  tables  without  the  jipjtlication 
of  roochanicfil  force.  The  force  ajipliod 
in  alleged  to  be  that  of  "the  8[.irils," 
or  of  some  unUnowu  aura  akin  to  elec- 
tricity   and    animal    magnetism.      (Hee 

Sl'IRITUALISM.) 

Tableaux  Vivants  (French,  living 
pir(urcs),  Ifoprosenfations  of  statuary 
groups  by  living  persons,  invented  by 
Maihimo  Genlis  while  she  liad  charge  of 
the  children  of  the  due  d'Orldans. 

Tabooed.  Forbidden.  This  is  a 
Polynesian  term,  and  means  consecrated 
or  sot  apart.  Thus  a  burial-ground  is 
tixl'Ooed  for  gcnci-al  purposes.  To  fight  in 
such  a  place  would  be  inijiious,  and  any 
person  who  did  so  would  be  tabooed  or 
"  excommunicated "  for  violating  the 
taboo.  Like  the  Greek  anathema,  the 
I.;itin  iaccr,  the  French  sacre,  &c.,  the 
word  has  a  double  meaning — one  to  con- 
Bccrate,  and  one  to  incur  the  penalty  of 
violating  the  consecration. 

Tab'orites  (3  syl,).  A  sect  of  Hus- 
sites in  Bohemia  ;  so  called  from  the 
fortress  Tabor,  about  fifty  miles  from 
Prague,  from  which  'Nicolas  von  Ilussi- 
neez,  one  of  the  founders,  expelled  the 
Imperial  army.  They  are  now  incorpo- 
rated with  the  Bohemian  Brethren. 

Tabouret.  The  right  of  sitting  in 
the  presence  of  the  queen.  In  the 
ancient  French  c^urt  certain  ladies  had 
the  droit  de  tabouret  (right  of  sitting  on  a 
tabouret  in  the  presence  of  the  quesu). 
At  first  it  was  limited  to  princesses  ; 
but  subsequently  it  was  extended  to  all 
the  chief  ladies  of  the  queen's  house- 
hold ;  and  later  still  the  wives  of  am- 
bassadors, dukes,  lord  chancellor,  and 
keeper  of  the  seals,  enjoyed  the  privilege. 
Gentlemen  similarly  privileged  had  the 
droit  defaute%uL 

Qui  me  Tdsisterait 

£»  niiirqiiisea  le  talwurcl. 

Beranijtr,  "  Le  Miirquit  dt  Carabat." 

Tab'ulaa  Tolet&.'noe.  The  astro- 
nomical tables  composed  by  order  of 
Alphonso  X.  of  Castile,  in  the  middle  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  were  so  called 
because  they  were  adapted  to  the  city  of 
Tole'do. 

Ili8  Tablpg  Tolletiiil's  forth  he  brought, 
ful  wel  corieoled.  ne  ilier  lakhed  u.  ught 
Vhaxieer,   '  Canttt-bw]/  Tules,'  11,535 

TachelDrune  (2  syl.).    The  horse 


of   Ogier    le    Dane.    The  word    meana 
"  brown-spot." 

Tac'wins.  Winged  female  forms, 
who  (according  to  the  Koran)  defend 
mortals  from  the  evil  demons. 

Tae'-pingS.  Chinese  rebels.  The 
word  means  Universal  Peace,  and  arose 
thus  :  Ilung-sew-tseuen,  a  man  of  hum- 
ble birth,  and  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  a  government  office,  was  induced  by 
some  missionary  tracts  to  renounce  idol- 
atry and  found  the  society  of  Tac-ping, 
which  came  into  collision  with  the  im- 
perial authorities  in  1S50.  Hung  now 
gave  out  that  he  was  the  chosen  instra- 
ment  in  God's  hand  to  uproot  idolatry 
and  estal)lish  the  dynastj'  of  Universal 
Peace ;  he  assumed  the  title  of  Toii'- 
ping-wang  {Prince  of  Universal  Peace), 
and  called  his  five  chief  ofiicers  princes. 
Nankin  was  made  their  capital  in  ISoO, 
but  in  ISCi  the  rebellion  was  nearly 
stamped  out. 

Taf  fata  or  Taffety.  A  fabric  made  of 
sili:.  At  one  time  it  was  watered  ;  hen.-e 
Taylor  says  "No  taffaty  more  change- 
able than  they."  "  Notre  mot  lat/'cia 
est  forme,  par  onomatopee,  du  bruit  que 
fait  cette  €toffe"  (Francisque-Michel). 

Taffaia  phrases.  Smooth  sleek  phrases ; 
eujihemisms.  We  also  use  the  words 
fustian,  stuff,  silken,  shoddy,  buckram, 
velvet,  satin,  lutestring,  &c.  fee,  to 
qualify  phrases  and  literary  compositions 
spoken  or  written. 

TatTata  p'lrases,  Eillcon  termg  precise. 
Three-piled  liyperboles. 

Sludsispaire,  "  Luve't  Labour's  Lout,"  v.  2. 

Tafiy.  A  Welshman  ;  so  called  from 
David,  a  very  common  Welsh  name. 
David,  familiarly  Davy,  becomes  in  Welsh 
Tafiid,  TafTy, 

Tag,  K.ag,  and  Bobtail.  The  vuhjiu 
ignohii'e.  The  words  a-e  projierly  applied 
to  three  sorts  of  inferior  dogs.  Tag  is 
sometimes  written  shag. 

It  will  s  fallow  us  all  up,  ships  and  men,  Kha«r. 
rag,  and  bobti.il.— iiaMuU,  "I'antagrwi'  iv.  S3. 

TagTiairm  (2  syl.).  A  means  em- 
ployed by  the  Scotch  in  inquiring  into 
futurity.  A  person  wrapped  up  in  the 
hide  of  a  fresh-slain  bullock  was  placed 
beside  a  waterfall,  or  at  the  foot  of  a 
precipice,  and  there  left  to  meditate  on 
the  question  propounded.  Whatever  his 
fancy  suggested  to    him    in    this  wild 


TAHERITES. 


TALES, 


875 


situation  passed  for  the  inspiration  of 
his  disembodied  spirit. 

Last  evening  tide 
Brian  pn  augury  hath  tried. 
Of  tli«t  kind  wtiioh  must  not  b« 
UnUss  iu  (IroaJ  extremity, 
Tb.^  1  iglmirin  call«d. 
Sir  Waller  Scott," Lad\)  of  Iht  Lake,"  it.  4. 

Ta'herites  (3  sj-l.).  A  dynasty  of 
five  kings,  who  reig^ned  in  Khorassan  for 
tifty-two  years  (S20-872),  So  called 
from  the  founder  TahGr,  general  of  tlio 
Calif's  array. 

Tahmuras.  Kin;?  of  Persia,  whose 
adventures  in  Fairy-land  amcn;^  tho 
Pons  and  Dives  (I  syl. )  may  bo  found 
in  "  Kichardson's  "Dissertation." 

Tail,  Lion's  tail.  Lions,  according 
to  legend,  wipe  out  their  footsteps  with 
Iheir  tail,  that  they  may  not  bo  tracked. 

J/e  has  no  more  tail  than  a  Manx  cat. 
'i'he  cats  in  tho  Isle  of  Man  are  without 
a  tail. 

Tails.  The  men  of  Kent  are  born  with 
t.'iils,  as  a  punishment  for  the  murder  of 
Thomas  h.  lirfcket. — Lanbei't,  "  Peravtb." 


Tails.  It  is  said  that  the  Ghilane 
race,  which  number  between  30,000  and 
40,000,  and  dwell  "far  beyond  the  Scn- 
naar,"  have  tails  thpje  or  four  inches  i 
long.  Colonel  du  Corret  tells  us  he  care-  ! 
fully  examiiicd  one  of  this  race  named 
liellal,  the  tlavo  of  ar  emir  in  Mecca, 
whose  house  be  frequent  6d. — "  World  ojf 
Wonder.t,"  p.  206. 

The  Niam-niams  of  Africa  arc  tailed. 

Tailors,  The  three  tailors  of  Tool ey 
Street.  Canning  says  that  tlirce  tailors 
of  Tooley  Street,  Sonthwark,  addressed 
a  petition  of  grievances  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  beginning — "Wo,  the  peopl 
of  F.ngland."     {_Si.e  Vaugiuai'.d.) 

Nine  tailors  mal-e  a  man.  Tho  present 
scope  of  tliis  expression  is  that  a  tailor 
is  so  much  more  feeble  than  another 
man,  that  it  would  take  nine  of  them 
to  make  a  man  of  averar'o  stature  and 
strength  There  is  a  traiiition  that  an 
or|ihan  lad,  in  1742,  applied  to  a  fashion- 
fttilo  London  tiilor  for  alms.  There 
»vero  nine  journeymen  in  tho  ostablLsh- 
niont,  each  of  whom  contributed  somo- 
tliing  to  sot  the  littlo  orphan  up  with 
a  fruit  barrow.  The  littlo  merchant  in 
time  became  rich,  and  adopted  for  his 
lijctto  "  Nino  tailors  made  mo  a  man,"  or 
■'Nine  tailors  nsako  a  man."    This  cor- 


tainly  is  not  the  origin  of  the  expression, 
inasmuch  as  we  find  a  similar  one  used 
by  Taylor  a  century  before  that  date,  and 
referred  to  as  of  old  standing  even  then. 

.<^uine  fa  listi  koare,  I  thmke,  at  first  bei^an 
X'aC  (lauder  tUiit  three  tavlera  are  one  man. 

Tai/lvr,  "  H'orkea."  iii.  Ti.  (Ii530.) 

Take  a  Hair  of  the  Dog  that  Bit 
You.  jVftor  a  debauch  take  a  littlo 
wine  tho  next  day.  Take  a  cool  draught 
of  ale  in  the  morning,  after  a  night's 
excess.  The  advice  was  given  literally 
in  ancient  times,  "  If  a  dog  bites  you, 
put  a  hair  of  the  dog  into  tho  wound, 
on  tho  homoeopathic  principle  of  simitia 
sudilibus  curantur  (like  cures  liko), 

Talbot  (Lord  Arthur).  A  Cavalier 
who  wontboaifectionsof  El  vi'ra,  daughter 
of  lord  Walton  ;  but  lord  Walton  had 
promised  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  Sir 
liich.ard  Ford,  a  Puritan  olticer.  The 
betrothal  being  set  asido,  the  Cav.alier 
became  the  accepted  lover,  and  the 
mariiage  ceremony  was  fixed  to  take 
place  at  Plymouth,  When  lord  Arthur 
reached  Plymouth,  he  discovered  tho 
dowager  queen  Henrietta  in  disguise, 
and  aided  her  escape.  Elvira,  hearing 
thereof,  concluded  that  her  aHiancod 
husband  had  eloped  with  another  lady. 
Lord  Arthur,  on  his  return,  was  arrested 
'oy  Cromwell's  soldiers  and  condemned 
to  death  ;  but  Cromwell,  secure  in  hia 
strength,  commanded  all  political  prison- 
ers to  be  released.  Lord  Arthur  was  ac- 
cordingly pardoned,  and  married  Elvira, 
— Bellini,  '^  I  Puritani"  {an  opera). 

TalTjotype  (3  syl.).  A  photographic 
process  invented  in  1839  by  Fox  Talbot, 
who  called  it  "  Tho  Calotj-jjo  process," 

Tale  (1  syl.).  A  tally ;  a  reckoning. 
In  E.\od.  V.  we  have  tale  of  IricLs.  Tiio 
ignorant  measure  bj'  tale,  not  by  weight. 

Every  tl.cpherd  t*llj  Iiii  tale, 
tJudcr  tliB  hawthoru  in  tlio  ti.de. 

MiUon,  '•  L'Alttgro- 

Talent,  meaning  cleverness  or  "  gift " 
of  iulolligenco,  is  a  word  borrowed  from 
Matt.  XXV,  14—30. 

Tales  (2  syl.).  Persons  iu  the  court 
from  whom  the  sheriff  or  his  clerk  makes 
selections  to  supply  the  place  of  jurors 
who  have  been  cmpnnelli'd,  but  nrc  not 
in  attendance.  It  is  the  first  word  of  tho 
Latin  sentence  which  provides  for  this 
contingency. — Tah's  de  circitmstant'ibus. 

Ttf  scrro  fur  Jur>>ntn  or  tt^cm. 

Butler,  "  Uw^lHut'  pt  IU.  a. 


876 


TAI,GOI-. 


TASIINO. 


To  pray  a  tales.  To  pray  that  the 
number  of  jurymen  may  bo  completed. 
It  sometimes  ha})pons  that  jurymeu  are 
ohallenpfed,  or  tliat  less  than  twelve  are 
In  court.  When  this  is  the  case  the 
jury  can  request  that  their  complomeut 
t)0  made  up  from  persons  in  the  court. 
Tiiose  who  supplement  the  jui-y  are 
called  talesmen,  and  their  names  are  set 
down  in  a  book  called  a  talahook. 

Tal'gol  (in  Iludibras),  famous  for 
killing  Hies,  was  Jackson,  butcher  of 
Nowf^ato  Street,  who  got  his  captain's 
commission  at  Naseby, 

Talk  Shop.    (See  Shop.) 

Talleyrand,  anciently  written  Tall- 
leran,  is  the  sobriquet  derived  from  the 
words  Cailler  les  raii(/s,  "  cut  through  the 
r;inko." 

Tarisman.  In  order  to  free  any 
place  of  vermin,  tho  fig^iire  of  the  ob- 
noxious animal  is  made  in  wax  or  conse- 
crated metal,  in  a  planetary  hour,  and 
this  is  called  the  talisman. —  Warlta-toii. 

He  swore  that  you  hai  robbed  his  house, 
Aud  elole  his  talis^iauic  louse. 

S.  Butler,  "  lludihras"  pt.  iil.  1. 

Talisman.  The  Abraxas  Stone  is  a 
most  noted  talisman.  (.5ee  ABiiAXAS.)  In 
Arabia  a  talisman  is  still  used,  consisting 
of  a  piece  of  paper,  on  which  are  written 
the  names  of  the  Seven  Sleepers  and 
their  dog,  to  protect  a  house  from  ghosts 
and  demons.  The  talisman  is  supposed 
to  be  sympathetic,  and  to  receive  an  in- 
fluence from  the  planets,  which  it  com- 
municates to  the  wearer. 

Talking  Bird.  A  bird  that  spoke 
with  a  human  voice,  and  could  call  all 
other  birds  to  sing  in  concert  with  itself. 
—  The  Histers  who  Envied  their  Younger 
Sister  ("Arabian  Niffhis").  (See  GiiEEN 
Bird.) 

Tally.  To  correspond.  The  tally 
used  in  the  Exchequer  was  a  rod  of  wood, 
marked  on  one  face  with  notches  corres- 
ponding to  the  sum  for  which  it  was  an 
acknowledgment.  Two  other  sides  con- 
tained the  date,  the  name  of  the  pa3-er, 
and  so  on.  The  rod  was  then  cleft  in 
such  a  manner  that  each  half  contained 
one  written  side  and  half  of  everj'  notch. 
One  part  was  kept  in  the  Exchequer,  and 
the  other  was  circulated.  When  pay- 
ment was  required  the  two  parts  were 
sompared,  and  if  they  "  tallied,"  or  m?,de 


a  tally,  all  was  right ;  if  not,  there  wa« 
some  fraud,  and  payment  was  refused. 
I'allios  were  not  finally  abandoned  in  the 
Exchequer  till  1834.  (French,  tailler,  to 
cut.) 

Tally-ho  is  ths  Norman  hunting  cry 
Taillis  au  I  (To  tho  coppice).  The  tally- 
ho  was  used  wlien  the  stag  was  viewed  in 
full  career  making  for  the  coppice.  We 
now  ci-y  "Tally-ho !"  when  the  fox  breaks 
cover.    The  French  cry  is  Thia  hillaut  I 

Talpot  or  Talipat  Tree.  A  gi- 
gantic )i;ilin.  WliHU  tho  sheath  of  the 
flower  bursts  it  makes  a  report  like  thai 
of  a  cannon. 

The  burst,  like  Zeilan'g  Riant  palm, 
Whose  buds  fly  open  with  a  gonad 
Thut  shakes  the  piKiny  forest  round. 

iSoure,  •■  Fire  Wuralitpp-re.' 

Zeilan,  Portuguese  for  Ceylon. 

Talus.  Sir  Artegal' s  iron,  man.  Spen- 
ser, iu  his  "  Faery  Queen,"  makes  Talus 
run  continually  round  the  island  of  Crete 
to  chastise  offenders  with  an  iron  flail. 
He  represents  executive  power — "  swift 
as  a  swallow,  and  as  liou  strong."  In 
Greek  mythology  Tales  was  a  man  of 
brass,  the  work  of  Hephsestos  {  Vulcan), 
y/ho  went  round  the  island  of  Crete  thrice 
a  day.  Whenever  he  saw  a  stranger  draw 
near  the  island  he  made  himself  red-hot, 
and  embraced  the  stranger  to  death. 

Tarn  of  the  Cowgate.  Sir  Thomas 
Hamilton,  the  Scotch  lawyer,  who  lived  in 
the  CowKate  of  Edinburgh,     (Died  1563.) 

Tam'eriane  (3  syl.).  A  corruption 
of  Timour  Leivjh  (Timourtho  Lame),  one 
of  the  greatest  warrior-kings  that  ever 
lived.  Under  him  Persia  became  a  pro- 
vince of  Taaiary.  He  modestly  called 
himself  Ameer  (chief),  instead  of  sulta3 
or  shah.    (1380-1405.) 

Taming  of  the  Shrew.  The  plot 
was  borrowed  from  a  drama  of  the  same 
title,  published  by  S.  Leacroft,  of  Charing 
Cross,  under  the  title  of  "  Six  Old  Playa 
on  which  Shakespeare  Founded  his  Come- 
dies." The  induction  was  borrowed  from 
Heuterus"  "Rerum  Burguud,"  lib.  iv.,  a 
translation  of  which  was  published  in 
1607  by  E.  Grimstone,  and  called  "Ad- 
mirable and  Memorable  Histories."  Dr. 
Percy  thinks  that  the  ballad  of  "The 
Frolioksome  Duke,  or  the  Tinkers  Gooa 
Fortune,"  published  in  the  Pepys  Col 
lection,  may  have  suggested  the  induc- 
tion.   (Sit  Sly.) 


I 


TAMMANY. 


TANNHAUSER. 


8?7 


Taming  of  the  Shreio.  The  sbrew  was 
Kathorine,  eldest  daughter  of  IJai.tista, 
a  rich  gentleman  of  Padua.  Her  temper 
was  so  fiery,  her  tonc^ie  so  insolent,  her 
pride  so  unbounded,  that  gentlemen 
avoided  her;  but  her  father  would  not 
consent  to  the  marriapro  of  his  younger 
daughter  Bianca  till  Kathorine  was  otf 
his  hands.  Pctruchio,  wishing?  to  marry, 
made  his  bow  to  this  termagant,  and 
actually  married  her.  Being  both  high- 
spirited  and  witty,  he  assumed  for  the 
nonce  such  a  violent  seeming  to  all  his 
dependents,  appeared  so  arbitrary  and 
dosrmatical,  that  the  lady  was  cowed, 
and  tamed  into  a  pattern  wife. — Shake- 
speare. 

Tammany  (St.).  Tammany  wa.s  of 
the  Delaware  nation  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  became  a  chief,  whose  rule 
was  wi.'je  and  pacific.  Ho  was  chosen  by 
the  American  democrats  as  their  tute- 
lary saint.  His  day  is  the  IstM  y 
Cooper  calls  him  Tanimenund. 

Tammany  Hing.  A  cabal  or 
powerful  organisation  of  unprincipled 
officials,  who  enriched  themselves  by 
plundering  the  people.  So  called  from 
T.ammaiiy  Hall,  the  head-quarters  of  the 
high  officials  of  the  U.S.,  whoso  nefa- 
rious practices  were  exposed  in  1S71 

Tammuz.    {See  Tuammuz.) 

Tan'cred(in  "Jerusalem  Dolivored") 
shows  a  generous  contempt  of  danger. 
Son  of  Kudes  and  Emma  (sister  of  Robert 
Guiscard).  Boomond  or  Bohemond  was 
liis  cousin.  Tancred  was  the  greatest  of 
.•I  II  the  Christian  warriors  except  Rinaldo. 
His  one  fault  was  "woman's  love,"  and 
that  woman  Clorinda,  a  Pagan  (bk.  i.). 
He  brought  800  horse  from  Tuscany  and 
Campania  to  the  allied  Christian  army. 
He  slew  Clorinda  (not  knowing  her)  in 
a  night  combat,  and  lamented  her  death 
with  great  lamentation  (bk.  xii.).  Being 
wounded,  ho  was  nurFod  by  Errain'ia, 
who  was  in  love  with  him  (bk.  xix.). 

Tan'dem.  At  length.  A  pun  applied 
to  two  hiii>es  driven  one  before  the  other. 
This  Latin  is  of  a  similar  char'totcr  to 
plenum  s<'d  (full  butt). 

Tandem  D.O.M.  TamUm,  Deo  op. 
timo  maximo  (Now  at  the  end  ascribe  wo 
praise  to  God,  the  best  atd  greatest). 

Tangio.  Tlio  WHiiM-spnio  of  ilie 
Oikui-vd :  fr(Uii    Danish   tang  (seaweed) 


with  which  it  is  covered.  The  tangia 
sometimes  appears  in  a  human  form,  and 
sometimes  as  a  little  apple-green  horse. 

Tanist  Stone.  A  monolith  erected 
by  the  Celts  at  a  coronation.  We  read  in 
the  Book  of  Judges  (ix.  6)  of  Abimelech, 
that  a  "pillar  was  erected  in  Shechem" 
when  he  was  made  king ;  and  (2  Kings 
xi.  14)  it  is  said  that  a  pillar  was  raised 
when  Joash  was  made  king,  "  as  the 
manner  was."  The  Lia  Fail  of  Ireland 
wa.s  erected  in  Icolmkil  for  the  coronation 
of  Fergus  Ere.  This  stone  was  removed 
to  Scone,  and  became  the  coronation  chair 
of  Scotland.  It  was  taken  to  Westminster 
by  Edward  I.,  and  is  the  coronation  chair 
of  our  sovereigns.  (Celtic,  Tanist,  the 
heir-apparent. ) 

Tanner.  Sixpence.  (The  Italian 
danaro,  small  change ;  Gipsy,  (awno, 
little  one.  Similarly  a  thaler  is  called  a 
dollar.) 

Tanner.  A  proper  name.  (See  Brewer.) 

Tanner  of  Tamworth.  Edward 
IV.  was  hunting  in  Drayton  Basset  when 
a  tanner  met  him.  The  king  asked  hinj 
several  questions,  and  the  tanner,  taking 
him  for  a  highway  robber,  was  very  cbary. 
At  last  they  swopped  horses  ;  the  tanner 
gave  the  king  his  gentle  mare  Brooke, 
which  cost  4s.,  and  the  king  gave  the 
tanner  his  hunter,  which  soon  threw  him. 
Upon  this  the  tanner  payed  dearly  for 
changing  back  again.  Edward  now  blew 
his  horn,  and  when  his  courtiers  came 
up  in  obedience  to  the  summons,  the 
tanner,  in  great  alarm,  cried  out,  "  I  /<o/;« 
1  shall  be  hanged  to-morrow"  (i.e.,  I 
expect) ;  btit  the  king  gave  him  tht. 
manor  of  Plurapt<.>n  Park,  with  300  marks 
a  year.— Percy,  "  Reliques,"  dec. 

Tannliau'ser  (:>  syl.).  A  legendary 
hero  of  Germany,  who  wins  the  affections 
of  Lisaura ;  but  Lisaura,  hearing  that  Sir 
Tannhiiuser  has  set  out  for  Venusberg  to 
kiss  the  quooQ  of  love  and  beauty,  de- 
stroys herself.  After  living  some  time 
in  the  cave -palace,  Sir  Tannhiiuser  ob- 
tains leave  to  visit  the  upper  world,  and 
goes  to  pope  Urban  for  absolution. 
"  No,''  said  his  holiness,  "  you  can  no 
more  hope  for  mercy  than  this  dry  staff 
can  be  expected  to  bud  atrain."  On  this 
the  knight  returned  to  Venusberg.  In  a 
few  days  the  papal  stad  actually  did  bud, 
and  Urban  sent  for  Sir  Tannhausor,  but 
tho  knight  wa<!  nowhcra  to  bo  found. 


«73 


TANTALIZE. 


TARPEIAN  ROCR. 


Tan't.'ilize.  To  excito  a  hope  and 
disappoint  it. 

Tan'talos  (Latin,  TarUaltis),  accora- 
ing  to  faille,  is  punished  in  the  infernal 
ro^^ions  by  iutolorablo  thirst.  To  make 
his  punishment  the  more  severe,  ho  is 
plunged  up  to  his  chin  in  a  river,  but 
whenever  he  bends  forward  to  slake  his 
thirst  the  water  (lows  from  him. 

80  hfnJs  tormented  Tantnliis  to  drink. 
While  from  Ilia  lips  tho  re tlnent  waters  shrink ; 
Aki'Q  the  risini?  stream  his  b  som  laves 
And  thirst  consuims  him  'nilJ  circumtlient  waves. 
Darwin,  "Lovei  oj  the  I'tiiids,"  ii.  41U. 

Tantalus.  Emblematical  of  a  covetous 
man,  who  can  never  roach  tho  f^ood  things 
he  r.o  earnestly  craves.     (See  Covetous.) 

Tantalus.  A  parallel  story  exista 
amonj^  tlie  Chipouyans,  who  inhabit  the 
deserts  which  divide  Canada  from  the 
United  States.  At  death,  they  say,  the 
soul  is  i<laced  in  a  stone  ferry-boat,  till 
judgment  has  been  passed  on  it.  If  the 
judgment  is  averse,  the  boat  sinks  in  the 
stream,  leaving  the  victim  chiu-deep  in 
water,  where  he  suffers  endless  thirst, 
and  makes  fruitless  attempts  to  escape 
to  tho  Islands  of  the  Blessed. — Alexaader 
Mackenzie,  "  Voi/aqes  in  the  Interior  of 
America"  (178^,1792,  17&-3). 

Tanthony,  St.  Antamv/.  In  Nor- 
wich are  tho  churches  called  Sin  Tel- 
der's  {St.  Ethelrcd's),  Sin  Tedmund's  {St. 
Ednuuid's),  Sin  Tauder's  {St.  Andrew's), 
and  Sin  Tausiu's  {St.  Austins).  {See 
Tawdry.) 

Tantum  Ergo.  The  most  popular 
of  the  Eucharistic  hymns  sung  in  the 
Eoman  Catholic  churches  at  Benediction 
with  the  Holy  Sacrament ;  so  called  from 
the  first  two  words  of  the  last  strophe 
but  one  of  the  hymn  Panr/e  Linjua. 

Taou.  The  sect  of  Reason,  founded 
in  China  by  Laou-Tsze,  a  contemporary 
of  Confucius,  lie  was  taken  to  heaven 
on  a  black  buffalo  (B.C.  523). 

Tap  the  Admiral.  To  suck  liquor 
from  a  cask  by  a  straw.  Hotten  says  it 
was  first  done  with  the  rum-cask  in 
which  the  body  of  admiral  lord  >;elsou 
was  brought  to  England,  and  when  the 
cask  arrived  the  admiral  was  found 
"high  and  dry." 

Tap-up  Sunday.  Tho  Sunday 
preceding  tho  fair  held  on  the  2nd  Oc- 
tober, on  St.  Cathorino'a  Hill,  near 
Quildiord,    and   80  called    because  any 


person,  with  or  without  a  licence,  may 
open  a  "  tap  "  or  sell  beer  on  the  hill 
for  that  one  day. 

Tap'is.  On  the  tapis.  On  tho  carpet ; 
under  consideration  ;  now  being  vonli- 
laled.  An  English-French  phrase  re- 
ferring to  the  ta[)is  or  cloth  with  which 
the  table  of  the  council -chamber  is 
covered,  and  on  which  are  laid  the 
motions  beforo  the  House. 

Tapley  {Mark).  Martin  Chuzzlewit's 
valet,  who  is  always  "  jolly  "under  every 
"circumstance."  —  Dickens,  "Martin 
Chuzzleioit." 

Taproba'na.  The  island  of  Ceylon. 
— "  Orlando  Furioso." 

Tapster  properly  means  a  bar  maid; 
"-ster"  is  the  Anglo  Saxon  feminine 
suffix  -estre,  which  remains  in  spinster  (a 
female  spinner).  Similarly,  kempster, 
vehster,  haxler,  d7-i/s!er,  saltster,  huckster, 
&c.,  are  all  feminine  nouns,  showing  that 
these  at  one  time  were  female  occupa- 
tions.— E.  Adams,  "English  Language." 

The  ster  in  these  and  the  eighteen 
other  words  is  no  more  a  female  suffix 
than  it  is  in  "barrister"  and  "  master." 
It  is  the  Saxon  Ueor  (our  steer),  mastery. 

Taran'is.  The  Jupiter  of  the  Druids. 

Taran'tula.  This  word  is  derived 
from  Taranto  the  city,  or  from  Tliara 
the  river  in  Apulia,  in  the  vicinity  of 
which  the  venomous  spiders  abound. — 
Kircher,  "De  Arte  Mag." 

Tarentolla.  A  class  of  tunes  and 
sougs,  composed  to  cure  the  dancing 
mania  called  "  Ta'rentism."    {See  above.) 

Taren'yawag'on.  A  tribe-name  of 
Hiawatha  {q.v.). 

Tariff.  A  table  in  alphabetical  order 
of  the  duties,  drawbacks,  bounties,  &c., 
charged  or  allowed  on  exports  and  im- 
ports. Tho  word  is  derived  from  Tari'fa, 
a  se;iport  of  Spain  about  twenty  miles 
from  Gibraltar,  where  the  Moors,  during 
tho  supremacy  in  Spain,  levied  contri- 
butions according  to  a  certain  scale  on 
vessels  entering  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Tarlatan.  A  thin  gauze-like  fa'  ric  ; 
so  calkd  from  Tarare,  in  France,  the 
chief  ceutro  of  the  manufacture. 

^  Tarpe'ian  Rock  ;  so  called  from 
T.T,pei.-\,  a  vestal  virgin,  the  daughter  of 
Spurius  TarpeiuB,  governor  of  the  citadel 


TARllED. 


TAWDKV. 


87e 


on  tho  Capit'olino  Hill.  Tarpoia  acrreed 
to  open  tho  gates  to  tho  Sabiues  if  thoy 
would  give  her  "  what  they  wore  on 
their  arms"  (meaniug  their  bracelets). 
Tho  Sabines,  "  keeping  their  promise  to 
the  ear,"  cruslied  hor  to  death  with  their 
sliiol'ls,  and  she  was  buried  in  that  part 
of  tlie  hill  called  the  Tarpeian  Rock. 
SubRcqueutly  traitors  were  cast  down 
this  rock  and  so  killed. 

Bear  him  to  the  rock  Tarpeian,  and  from  thenct 
Uilo  (IdttucUuu  cixi  hiin. 

fihtiKtiixare,  "  Coriolauus,"  111.  1. 

Tarred.  A  U  tamd  tcUh,  Uie same  bfush. 
All  alike  to  blame  ;  all  sheep  of  the  same 
Hock.  Tho  ttllusion  is  to  the  custom  of 
distinguishing  the  sheep  of  any  given 
flock  by  a  common  mark  with  a  bnish 
dipped  in  tar. 

Tarrinff  and  Feathering^.  The 
first  record  of  this  punishraeul  is  in 
1189(1  Rich.  I.).  A  statute  was  made 
that  any  robber  voya;j;iiig  with  the  cru- 
saders "  shall  bo  first  shaved,  then  boil- 
ing pitch  shall  bo  po\ircd  upon  his  head, 
and  a  cushion  of  feathers  shook  over 
it;"  tho  wretch  was  then  to  be  put  on 
shore  at  the  very  fir:it  place  the  ship 
came  to. — Ri/mer,  "Fadera,"  i.  65. 

Tarriruzcau  Field.  Tho  bowling- 
green  of  Southwark  ;  so  called  because 
it  belonged  to  the  barons  Hastings,  who 
wore  barons  Tarrinzcau  and  ilauchliua 

Tartar,  the  deposit  of  wine,  means 
"  Inforiiai  Stuff,"  being  derived  from  tho 
word  Tar'taros  (q.v.).  Paracelsus  8a3-.s, 
"  It  is  60  called  because  it  produces  oil, 
water,  tinctuie,  and  salt,  which  burn  tho 
patient  as  tho  tires  of  Tartarus  burn." 

Trir'taros  (Greek),  TarCarus  (Latin) 
That  part  ot  tlie  infonial  r<'gions  where 
the  wicked  are  punished — ClusdcnvjUio- 

Tartuffe  (2  svl.).  Tho  principal 
cliaractor  of  Molibre's  comedy  so  calloil. 
Tho  original  was  tho  abb^  do  Rnquctte, 
a  parasite  of  the  prinfo  de  Condd.  It  is 
said  tlmt  tho  iinnic  is  from  the  Italian 
tnrtujj'oli  (trufllos),  and  was  snggCRted  to 
Ml^li^ro  on  seeing  tho  suddou  animation 
which  lighted  up  tho  fiicos  of  certain 
monks  when  they  hoard  that  a  BoUor 
of  truflbs  awaittnl  thuir  orders.  Bicker. 
BtafTH  play,  "'J"h(»  Hypocrite,"  is  nn  Eng. 
lish  version  of  "TurtuEfo." 

Tnssol-Gentlo.  Tho  tirrcrl  \n  ihc 
male  of  iho  gos.-.Uawk,  »o  called  becauso 


it  is  a  tierce  or  third  less  than  the  female. 
This  is  true  of  all  birds  of  prey.  The  tier- 
cel-gentle was  tho  class  of  hawk  appro- 
priate to  princes.    (.Ve«  Hawk.) 

O  lor  a  nui'-onrr  I  Toii-e 
To  lure  tiiis  ia88el-K>  ntk-  back  a;;-iin! 

i)hakcsi>curt,  "  lionuo  and  Juhil,"  IL  t. 

Tasselled  Qentleman.  A  fop  ;  a 
man  dressed  in  fine  clotlies.  A  corrup- 
tion of  I'trcd-gentU  by  a  double  blunder : 
(1)  Tercel,  erroneously  supposed  to  be 
tassel,  and  to  refer  to  the  Uigs  and  tassels 
worn  by  men  on  their  dress  ;  and  (2) 
gentle  corrupted  into  gentlemen,  accord- 
ing to  the  Irish  exposition  ot  the  versw, 
"  Tlio  goutlo  stiall  inherit  the  earth." 

Ta'tianists.  The  disciples  of  Tatian, 
who,  after  the  death  of  Justin  Martyr, 
"formed  a  now  scheme  of  religion  ;  for  ho 
advanced  tho  notion  of  cerlain  invisil)la 
a;ons,  branded  marriage  with  the  nania 
of  fornication,  and  denied  tho  salvation 
of  Adam."  —  Irenceus,  "Adv.  J/creict" 
{ed.  Grabe),  pp.  105,  lOG,  2'J2. 

'Tatting,  from  tho  East  Indian  wur.l 
tatlie  (a  ihick  mat  used  as  a  curtain  for 
doorways,  and  usually  kept  moist  in  hot 
weather  to  preserve  the  chamber  cool  by 
evaporation). 

Tattle.  A  half-witted  beau,  v.iin  of 
his  amours  lie  plumed  hinistdf  on  hia 
secrecy,  but  was  more  trausp.iront  than 
glass. — Coiiyrtce,  "Lovejur  Luce" 

Tattoo.  A  beat  on  the  drum  at  night 
to  recall  tho  soldiers  to  their  barracks. 
It  sounded  at  nine  in  summer,  and  eight 
in  winter.  (French,  lapuler  or  tapotez  tous.) 

The  devil's  talioo.  Drumming  with  one's 
finger  on  tho  furniture,  or  with  on©'i»  to© 
on  the  ground— a  monotonous  sound, 
wnicb  gives  the  listener  tho  "blue  devils." 

TaU-  Marked  with  a  tau,  i.e.,  with  a 
cross.  Tertullian  says,  "  hoKt  est  lilcrt 
Graicorum  r,  nostra  autcm  T,  species 
crucis."  And  Cyprian  tells  us  that  tho 
sign  of  tlie  cross  on  the  forehead  is  the 
mark  of  salvation. 

Tlil>rownrd|Ki<'k.lx.4)  U  far  thoM  whoM  forchudi 
arc  marked  *-  :fh  T.\ii. 

Taurus  (the  Uult)  indicate*  to  th« 
I'^'V  ptiaiii)  tho  time  for  ploughing  ths 
oni  th,  which  is  done  with  oxsn. 

Tawdry.  Showy,  wortlilrss  flr.cryi 
»  corruptiiin  of  St,  Audrey.  At  tho  an- 
nual fair  of  St.  Audrey,  iu  the  isle  of  £1/, 


8S0 


TAWNY. 


TEAZLE. 


dhowy  lace  called  St.  Auflrey's  lace  was 
Bold,  and  gave  foundation  to  our  word 
tawdry,  which  means  anythinfj  gaudy, 
in  liad  taste,  and  of  little  value,  (^e 
Tantiiony.) 

Timdry:  Astrigmenta,  timbrim,  sen  fagri'ilw, 
impU-e  iiundinis  .S.  Ktlielreiiae— //enR'i''Wi'. 

(  omc.  you  |iroinisc(l  me  a  tawiiiy  laoe  aud  a  ^nAT 
of  »wect  glovcM.— "  WmUr't  Tule,"  iv.  a. 

Tawny  ( The).  Alexandre  Bonvici'no 
the  historian,  called  II  Morelto  (1514- 
15C4.) 

Taylor,  called  The  Water-Poet,  who 
confesses  he  never  learned  so  much  as 
the  accidence.  He  wrote  fourscore 
books,  and  afterwards  opened  an  ale- 
house in  Long  Acre,     (15S0-1G54.) 

Tavlor,  their  better  Charon,  lends  an  oar. 
Once  swan  of  Tlittmes,tliouglino'.v  hcsinijano  more. 
*'  iJunciiiUt"  iii. 

Taylor's  Institute.  The  Fitz- 
william  Museum  of  Oxford  ;  so  called  from 
Sir  Robert  Taylor,  who  made  large  be- 
quests towards  its  erection. 

Tchow  Dynasty.  The  third  im- 
perial dynasty  of  China,  which  gave  thirty- 
four  kings,  and  lasted  866  years  (B.C. 
1122-256).  It  was  so  called  from  the  seat 
of  government. 

Te  Deum,  &c.,  is  usually  ascribed  to 
St.  Ambrose,  but  is  probably  of  a  much 
later  date.  It  is  said  that  St.  Ambrose 
improvised  this  hymn  while  baptising  St. 
Augustine.  In  allusion  to  this  tradition, 
it  is  sometimes  called  "  The  Ambrosian 
Hymn." 

Te  Deum  (of  ecclesiastical  architecture) 
is  a  "theological  series"  of  carved  figures 
in  niches  :  (1)  of  angels,  (2)  of  patriarchs 
and  prophets,  (3)  of  apostles  and  evan- 
gelists, (4)  of  saints  and  martyrs,  (5)  of 
founders.  In  the  restored  west  front 
of  Salisbury  cathedral  there  is  a  "  Te 
Deum,"  but  the  whole  123  original  figures 
have  been  reduced  in  number. 

Te  Ig'itlir,  Oneof  the  service-books 
of  the  Itoman  Catholic  Church,  used  by 
bishops  and  other  dignitaries  ;  so  called 
from  the  first  words  of  the  canon,  Te 
igiiur,  chmentUsime  Pater. 

Oal/u  upon  the  Te  Jqitur.  Oaths 
Bwwm  on  the  "  Te  Igitur  "  service-book, 
regarded  as  especially  solemn.  The  Te 
Igiiur  was  us^d  as  the  ordeal  "of  com- 
purgation." 

Teakettle  Sroth,  consists  of  hot 


water,  bread,  and  a  small  lump  of  butter, 
with  peppf^r  and  salt.  The  French  suvp 
mait/re. 

Tea-spoon  (A).  £.5,000.  (iS'peSroo>f.) 

Tean  orTeian  Poet.  Anacreon,  who 
Wiis  birn  at  Tcos,  in  lo'nia.  (b  C.  563-478.) 

Teanlay  Night.  The  vigil  of  All 
Souls,  or  last  evening  of  October,  when 
bonfires  were  lighted  and  revels  held  for 
succouring  souls  in  pui-gatory. 

Tear  and  Larme.  (Anglo-Saxon, 
Uriier  ;  Gothic,  to'jr  ;  Greek,  dakru ;  La- 
tin, lacrhn-a  ;  French,  lar'vi.) 

Tears  of  Eos.  The  dew-drops  of  tho 
morning  were  so  called  by  the  Greeks. 
Eos  was  the  mother  of  i^lemnon  (q.v.), 
and  wept  for  him  every  morning. 

at.  Laurences  tears.  Falling  stars. 
St.  Laurence  was  roasted  to  death  on  a 
gridiron  on  the  10th  of  August,  and  wept 
that  others  had  not  the  sarae  spirit  to 
suffer  for  truth's  sake  as  he  had.  As 
falling  stars  are  abundant  about  this 
period,  it  was  said  that  they  are  the 
tears  of  the  saint  falling  on  the  burning 
embers. 

Tear  (to  rhyme  with  "snare").  To 
tear  Christ's  body.  To  use  imprecations. 
The  common  oaths  of  mediaeval  times 
were  by  different  parts  of  the  Lord's 
body ;  hence  the  preachers  used  to  talk  of 
"tearing  God's  body  by  imprecations." 

Her  othee  been  bo  greet  and  to  dam pna b's, 
That  it  is  grisly  for  to  hicre  hem  swere. 
Our  bl.sfiil  Lordes  body  thay  to-teie 

Chauci-r,  "  Canterbury  Tales,"  ;3,S89. 

Tear'sheet  (Doll).  A  courtesan  Ie 
Shakespeare's  "  2  Henry  IV." 

Tea'zle  (Lady).  A  lively,  innocent 
ciiuiUiy  maiden,  married  to  Sir  Peter, 
■wh )  is  old  enough  to  be  her  father. 
Planted  in  the  hot-bed  of  London  gaiety, 
she  formed  a  liaison  witli  Joseph  Surface, 
but  being  saved  from  disgrace,  repented 
and  reformed. — Sheridan,  '■'■School  for 
Scandal."    (^Sce  Townly.) 

Teazle  (Sir  Piter').  A  man  who  had 
remainpd  a  bachelor  till  he  had  become 
old,  when  he  married  a  girl  from  the 
country,  who  proved  extravagant,  fond 
of  pleasure,  selfish,  and  vain.  Sir  Peter 
was  always  gibing  his  wife  for  her  inferior 
rank,  teazing  her  about  her  manner  of 
life,  and  yet  secretly  liking  what  she  did, 
and  feeling  proud  of  her. — Sheridan, 
"  School  for  Scandal" 


TEETH. 


TEMOkA. 


fSl 


Teeth.  In.  tp'le  of  hit  leelh.  In  op- 
position to  his  settled  purjjose  or  resolu- 
tion. The  tale  told  by  llolinshed  of  tb© 
Bristol  Jew,  who  suffered  a  tooth  to  be 
drawn  daily  for  seven  days  before  he 
would  submit  to  the  extortion  of  Kinp 
John,  is  given  under  the  article  .Jew's 
Ete.     {See  Tooth,  p.  901 ;  seeaUo  Skin.) 

Teeth.  The  people  of  Ceylon  and 
Malabar  used  to  worship  the  teeth  of 
elephants  and  monkeys.  The  Siamese 
once  offered  to  a  Portujjuese  700,000 
ducats  to  redeem  a  monkeys  tooth. 

li'otft  tooth.  An  amulet  worn  by 
children  to  charm  away  fear. 

He  has  cat  his  ei/c-tcfJi.  He  is  "up  to 
snuff;"  ho  has  "his  weather-eye  open." 
The  cye-toeth  are  cut  late  — 

ilnntha. 

Firni  lel—S  to    8,  the  four  central  iD:isor& 

7   „  I'l  „    lateral  ,. 

12   „  H  „    anienor  m  >l»r5. 

14   ,.  3 1  „    tlie  eye-t«etli. 

Yean. 
ScKnil  tut—fi  to    6.  the  anterior  mokiis. 

7   „    8  „    in"i«iir<. 

9    ,,  11  .,    bica-ipils. 

11    „  li  „    eye-i^eth. 

Teian  poet.    (.bVe  Ti^an.) 

Telamo'ntis.  Supjiorters  (Greek, 
Iflamoa).  Generally  applied  to  figures 
of  men  used  for  supjforters  in  archi- 
tecture.   (6'««  Atlantes.) 

Telegram.  MUkituf  a  telegram.  A 
teles^'raiu  is  said  to  be  "milked"  whon 
the  message  sent  to  a  specific  party  is 
Burrejjtitiously  made  use  of  by  others. 

They  receive  their  teleirami  la  cipher  to  avoid 
the  rmk  of  I  lieir  biriui?  "  inilkeJ  "  t>j  rival  journala. — 
T'.*  liii.et,  August  14, 15i;:». 

Telem'achos.  The  only  son  of 
Ulyf-sesand  ['onerop'J.  After  the  fall  of 
Troy  he  went,  under  the  c'lidance  of 
Mentor,  in  quest  of  his  father.  He  is 
the  hero  of  Fdnolon's  prose  epic  called 
"  Teldmaque." 

^  Tell  ( William).  The  boldest  of  the 
Swiss  mountaineers.  The  daughter  of 
Lou'thold  having  been  insulted  by  an 
emissary  of  Albricht  Gessler,  the  enraged 
father  killed  the  rutlian  and  tied.  William 
Toll  carried  the  assassin  across  the  lake, 
and  greatly  incensed  the  tyrannical 
governor.  The  people  risin;;  in  rebel- 
lion, Go.Ksler  nut  to  death  Meloh'tal,  the 
patriarch  of  the  district,  and  phacing  the 
ducal  cap  of  Austria  on  a  pole,  cora- 
niande<l  the  people  to  bow  down  before 
it  in  reverence.  Tell  refused  to  do  no, 
whereu|ion  Gesslor  imposed  on  him  the 


I   task  of  shooting  an  apple  from  his  little 
I   hoy's  head.     Tell  succeeded  in  this  [>eri- 
1   Jous  trial  of  skill,  but  letting  fall  a  con- 
cealed arrow,  was  asked  with  what  object 
he  had  secreted    it.    "  To  kill    thee,  O 
tyrant,"  he  replied,  •'  if  I  had   failed  in 
the  task  imposed  on  me."     Gessler  now 
I  ordered  the  bold  mountaineer  to  be  put 
in  chains  and  carried  across  the  lake  to 
Klissnacht  castle,  "  to  bo  devovirod  alive 
by  reptile.5  ;"  but  being  rescued  by  the 
peasantry,  he  shot  Gessler  and  liberated 
his  country.— Rossini,  "  Gwjlielnio  Tell  " 
(an,  opera). 

William  Tell.  The  story  of  William 
Tell  is  told  of  several  other  persons  : 

(1)  Egil,  the  brother  of  Wayland 
Smith.  One  day  king  Nidung  cora- 
mamlcd  him  to  shoot  an  apple  off  the 
head  of  his  son.  Egil  took  two  aiTows 
from  his  quiver,  the  straightest  and 
sharpe.st  he  could  find.  When  asked  by 
the  king  why  he  took  Itco  arrows,  the 
god-archer  replied,  as  the  Swiss  pea- 
sant to  Gessler,  "  To  shoot  thee,  tyrant, 
with  the  second,  if  the  first  one  fails." 

(2)  Saxo  Grammaticus  tells  nearly  the 
same  story  respecting  Toki,  who  killed 
iiarald. 

(3)  Reginald  Scot  says,  "  Puncher 
shot  a  pennie  on  his  son's  head,  anii 
made  ready  another  arrow  to  have  slain 
the  duke  Uemgrave,  who  commanded 
it."     (1584.) 

(4)  Similar  tides  are  told  of  Adam 
Bell,  Clym  of  the  C'lough,  William  ol 
Cloudeshe,  Olaf,  and  Eindridi,  &c. 

Tellers  of  the  Exchequer.  A  cor- 
ruption of  tallias—i.e.,  tally-men,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  compare  tho  tallies,  re- 
ceive money  payatde  into  the  Exchequer, 
give  receipts,  and  pay  what  was  due  ac- 
cording to  tho  tallios.  Abolished  in  the 
reign  of  William  IV.  The  functionary 
of  a  bank  who  receives  and  pays  bills, 
orders,  and  so  on,  is  still  called  & 
'  teller." 

Tem'ora.  One  of  the  principal  poems 
of  Ossian,  in  ciirht  books,  so  calle.l  from 
the  royal  residence  of  the  kini^'s  of 
Connaught.  Cairbar  h.ad  usurped  the 
throne,  having  killed  Cormac,  a  distant 
rel.itivo  of  Fingal ;  and  Fingal  raised  an 
army  to  dethrone  tho  usurper.  Tho 
poem  begins  from  this  point  with  iin  in- 
vitation from  Cairbar  to  Oscar,  son  of 
Ossian,  to  a  banipiet.  Oificir  accepted 
t!;c    invitation,   but  during  the    foaet   a 


582 


TEMPEl}. 


TENTERDES. 


quarrel  wns  vamped  up,  in  which  Cairbar 
niul  Oscar  fell  by  each  other's  spears. 
When  Fingal  arrived  a  battlo  ensued, 
in  which  Fillan,  son  of  Fingal  tlio 
Achilles  of  tho  Caledonian  army,  and 
Caihiuor,  brother  of  Cairbar,  the  bras-fst 
of  the  Irish  army,  were  both  slain. 
Victory  crowned  tho  army  of  Finga), 
a:ul  Ferad-Artho,  the  rightful  heir,  was 
restored  to  the  throne  of  Comiaught. 

Temper.  To  make  trim.  Tho 
Italians  say,  tempera  re  la  lira,  to  tune 
the  lyre ;  temperdre  vna  penna,  to 
mend  a  pen ;  (empcriae  VoHxiolo,  to 
wind  up  tho  clock.  In  Latin  tempcrdre 
calamum  is  "  to  mend  a  pen."  Metal 
well  tempered  is  motal  made  trim  or 
mete  for  its  use,  and  if  not  so  it  is  called 
ill-temptred.  WhenOtway  says,  "Woman, 
nature  made  thee  to  temper  man,"  he 
means  to  make  him  trim,  to  soften  his 
aature,  to  m*ad  him. 

Templars  or  Knights  Tenwlart.  Nino 
French  knifrhts  bound  themselves,  at  the 
l'eL,''inninL,'  of  the  twelfth  century,  to  pro- 
tect pilgrims  on  their  way  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  received  the   namo  of  Tem- 

Clars,  because  their  arms  were  kept  in  a 
uilding  given  to  them  for  the  jmrpose 
by  the  abbot  of  tho  convent  called  tho 
Temple  of  Jerusalem.  They  used  to 
call  themselves  tl\e  "  Poor  Soldiers  of 
tho  Holy  City."  Their  habit  was  a  long 
white  mantle,  to  which  subsequently  was 
added  a  red  cross  on  the  left  shoulder. 
Their  famous  war-cry  was  "  Bauseant," 
from  their  banner,  which  was  striped 
black  and  white,  and  charged  with  a 
red  cross ;  tho  word  Bauscard  is  old 
French  for  a  black  and  white  horse. 

Seal  oj  the  Kiiighls  Templars  (two 
knights  riding  on  one  horse).  The  first 
Master  of  the  order  and  his  friend  were 
80  poor  that  they  had  but  one  horse 
Dotwcen  them,  a  circumstance  comme- 
morated by  the  seal  of  the  order. 

Teniple  (London)  was  once  the  seat 
of  the  Kuighls  Templars.     {See  above.) 

Temple  ilar,  called  "  The  City  Gol- 
gotha,"  because  tho  heads  of  traitors,  &c., 
were  exposed  there.    Removed  1S7S. 

Ten.  Gothic,  tai-hun  (two  hands) ; 
Old  German,  ze-h-tn,  whence  ahn,  zoi.  ■ 

Tench  is  from  the  Latin  linc-a,  so 
called,  sayg  A<ilus  Gellius,  because  it  is 
tincta  (timed,!. 

Tendon.    {Set  Acbuxes.) 


Ten'glio.  A  river  in  Lapland  on 
whose  banks  roses  grow. 

I  wassurrri^od  to  »ee  upon  the  b)inii«  of  (hisriTur 
rosfso*  08  lovly  a  red  as  any  that  ore  in  our  oktj 
gardens.— J/,  dt  iluuijertuit. 

Ten'iers.  Malplaquet,  in  Franco, 
famous  for  the  victory  of  the  dnko  of 
Marlborough  over  the  French  in  1709, 

Her  ccurnite  tricl 
On  Teuicrs'  drcaiful  firld. 

Thomson,  "Atiturrm,' 

Tfie  Scollish  Teniers.  Sir  David  Wilkia. 
(1785-1841.) 

Tennis-Bail   of    Fortune.     Per- 

tinax,  tho  Roman  emperor,  was  so  called. 
Ho  was  first  a  seller  of  charcoal,  then  a 
Echoolma-ster,  then  a  soldier,  and  lastly 
an  emperor,  but  in  three  months  he  Wiis 
dethroned  and  murdered. 

Tennyson  (Alfred).  Bard  of  Ar- 
thurian Romance.  His  poems  on  the 
legends  of  king  Arthur  are— (1)  The 
Com.ing  of  Arthur ;  (2)  Geraint  and  Enid  ; 
(3)  Merlin  and  Vivien  ;  (4)  Lancelot  and 
Elaine  ;  (5)  The  Holy  Grail ;  (6)  Pelleas 
and  Ettarro ;  (7)  Guinevere ;  (S)  The 
Passing  of  Arthur.  Also  the  Morte 
d'Aithur,  Sir  Galahad,  The  Lady  of 
Shalott.     (1810-*) 

Tenson.  A  subdivision  of  the  chan- 
zos  or  poems  of  love  and  gallantry  by  tiie 
Troubadours.  When  the  public  jousts 
were  over,  the  lady  of  the  castle  opened 
ber  "  court  of  love,"  in  which  the  com- 
batants contended  with  harp  and  song. 

Tent.  Pari  Banou  {the  Faii-y  Banou] 
gave  Prince  Ahmed  a  tent  which  would 
cover  a  whole  army,  but  yet  fold  up  into 
a  parcel  not  too  big  for  the  pocket  ("Ara- 
bian Nights").  The  ship  "Skidbladnir  ' 
would  hold  all  the  gods  of  the  Scandina- 
vian Valhalla,  but  yet  might  be  folded 
small  like  a  sheet  of  paper.  (See  Carpet.  ) 

Father  of  siich  as  dwell  in,  tents,  Jabai 
(Gen.  iv.  20). 

Tent  Wine.  A  corruption  of  the 
Spianish  vino  tiiUo  ;  so  called  because  it 
is  white  wine  tinted, 

Ten'terden.  Tent^-den,  steeple  wot 
Ihc  cause  of  Goodwin  Sands,  The  reason 
alleged  is  not  obvious  ;  an  apparent  non- 
tequiiur,  Mr.  More,  being  sent  with  a 
commission  into  Kent  to  ascertain  the 
cause  of  the  Goodwin  Sands,  called  to- 
gether  the  oldest  inhabitants  to  ask  their 
opinion.  A  very  old  man  said,  "I  br>- 
licvs  that  Tonterden  steeple  is  the  cause.** 


tEMTH   WAVE. 


TERRIDLfS. 


833 


This  reason  soomed  ridiculous  enough, 
but  tho  fact  is  the  bishop  of  Rochester 
applied  the  revenues  for  kccpiii?  clear 
the  Sandwich  haven  to  the  builciing  of 
Tenterdon  steeple  inother  tradition  is 
that  a  quantity  of  stones,  got  together 
for  tho  jmrposo  of  strengthening  tho  sea- 
wall, were  employed  in  building  tho 
church-tower,  and  when  tho  next  storm 
came  that  part  of  tho  mainland  called 
Goodwin  Sands  was  submerged. 

Tenth  Wave.  It  Is  said  that  every 
lentil  wave  is  the  biggest.    (See  Wave.) 

At  IcnR'.h,  tumWirff  from  ilio  (iiiUic  coast,  ilio 
Ttctorious  tcnih  w.ive  »baU  riJc  like  tbo  boar  over 
alltlio  Tett.—Hurkc. 

Tercel.  The  male  hawk;  so  called 
because  it  is  ouo-third  smaller  than  tho 
female.    (French,  tiers') 

Terence.  The  Terence  of  Englana, 
the  mender  of  hearts,  is  tho  exquisite  coni- 
]>limeiit  which  GoUlsiiiith,  in  liis  "Ketali- 
uiion,"  pays  to  Uicliaid  Cumberland, 
author  of  "Tho  Jew,"  "The  West  In- 
dian," "The  Wheel  of  Fortune,"  &c- 
(1732-1811.) 

Tere'sa  (5(.).  The  reformer  of  the 
Carmelites,  canonised  by  Gregory  XV. 
in  1G21.  (1515-1582.)  (Sec  bANCiio  Panza  ) 

Term  Tima,  called,  since  1873,  Law 
Sessions. 

it  eluitlmia  Sati.'ji  Ii0);lns  N'ov.  1.  And  ends  ncc  21. 

JItluty  S<t,i.n>3  Ivgiiia  Jan.  II,  and  end}  th«  \Vcdn»- 
day  iHjIorv.'  Easter. 

hiitcr  Sutioni  l>egin.i  the  Tucxdny  sfler  Eastor-wcci' 
and  ond«  tlio  Kriil.-iy  l.pfore  «  li:is\iii(la.v. 

Triniiy  AVjjioiii  iAgini  the  Tuesday  aflor  Wliitauti-i 
week,  and  eiub  Au^,  d^ 

Term  Time  of  our  Universities. 
There  are  three  terms  ut  Cambridge  in  a 
year,  aud  four  at  Oxford,  but  the  two 
middle  Oxford  tenns  are  two  only  in 
name,  as  they  run  on  without  a  breuk. 
The  three  Cumbridge  terms  are  Lent, 
Lastor,  aud  Michaelmas.  Tlie  four  0.\- 
fonl  terms  are  Lent,  Easter  +  Trinity, 
ami  Micliadmas. 

Leht— C'<i>>i(>ri<<"r,  begins  Jan.  IS,  and  cndi  on  (he 
Kriday  Lcfire  Palm  Sunday. 
Ojtfi-r<l.\M^ginB  Jan.  H.  and  ends  on  thu  Satiir- 
dny  iK'f.jri'  Palm  Sun.lay. 
E»«tE*— Cliin(/n.l/o.lx.(;ins  on  tho  Krtd.-xy  of  Kaiier- 
w*H'k.  ajid  ends  Friday  nearest  June  2*t. 
Otf-rt.  hcK-ho  on  the  ttedneiday  ofl  a..ler. 
w'.'.'k,  and  ends   Irld  ly  bi>r»rv   Uhilaiin- 
day.     lh«  cnntinuatuin,  called  "Trhdly 
term,*  rok''  OB  iUl  the  second  Saturday  of 
July.  • 

llicinni.uis— C'4n»*nrf»«.   Le^nt    Oct.  1,  and   endi 
Uoc.  .'/ 
Om/.rd.  bvgsas  Oct.  10,  and  ei.ds  Pee,  17, 

Ter'mngant.  The  nuthor  of  "Ju- 
nins"  BHya  this  was  »  StixoD  idol,  and 
dorivcB  thi-  Word  from  tijr  mw/an  (very 


migiity) ;  but  probably  it  is  the  Persian 
tu--7«iyut«  (Mugian  lord  or  deity)  TliO 
early  Crusaders,  not  very  nice  in  their 
distinctions,  called  all  Pagans  Saracevr, 
and  muddled  together  Magianisra  and 
Mahometanism  in  wonderful  confusion, 
so  that  Termagant  was  called  tho  god  of 
the  Saracens,  or  the  co-partner  of  Ma- 
hound.  Henco  Ariosto  makes  Ferrao 
"  blaspheme  his  Mahound  ami  Terma- 
gant"  ("Orlando  Furioso,"  xii.  50)  ;  and 
in  the  legend  of  "Syr  Guy  "  the  Soudan 
or  Sultan  is  made  to  say — 

Soli'tlpcmc,  MnhouDc  of  might, 
Aad  TcrmaiaUMt,  my  Co-l  fo  brtiht. 

Terriuifjia'iU  was  at  ono  time  applied  to 
men.  Thus  Masscnger,  in  "  The  Pic- 
ture," says:  "  A  hundred  thousand  Turks 
assailed  liim,  every  one  a  Termagant" 
(Pagan).  At  present  tho  word  is  applied 
to  a  boisterous,  brawling  woman.  Thus 
Arbuthnot  s;iys  :  "Tho  eldest  daughter 
was  a  termagant,  an  imperious  prolligato 
wretch."  This  change  of  sex  arose  fr  m 
the  custom  of  representing  Termagant 
on  tho  stage  in  Eastern  robes,  like  those 
worn  in  Europe  by  females. 

TwM  tim?  to  counr.'rfeit.  or  that  hot  termn^.tnt 
Scot  [Dousla?)  h.i-l  pcid  me  Bcotoud  lot  too.— ,&'Aci:«- 
Ipeare,  "  l  Htnry  I  ¥.,"  v.  1 

Outdoing  7'«)-mc^a)(<("  Hamlet,"  iii.  2). 
In  tho  old  plays  the  degree  of  rant  was 
the  measure  of  villany.  Termagant  and 
Herod,  being  considered  the  beau-ideal 
of  all  that  is  bad,  were  represented  as 
settling  everything  with  c)ul)-kiw,  and 
bawling  so  as  to  split  tho  cars  of  the 
groundlings.  Bully  Bottom,  having 
ranted  to  his  heart's  content,  says 
"That  is  Ercles'  vein,  a  tyrant's  vein." 
(See  IlEitoD.) 

Terpsichore,  properly  Ter/hsik'-ore, 
but  generally  pronounced  Terp'-si-cov. 
Tho  goddess  of  dancing.  Ttrpsirhore'an , 
relating  to  dancing.  Dancers  are  called 
"the  votaries  of  Terpsichore." 

Terra  Firma.  Dry  laud,  in  oppo- 
sition to  water  ;  the  continents  aa  rtis- 
tiugiiishod  from  islands.  The  Venetians 
so  called  the  mainland  of  luily  under 
tlioir  swav,  as  the  duchy  of  Venice, 
Venetian  Lombardy,  tho  March  of  Tro- 
vi'so,  tho  duchy  of  Friu'li,  and  litria.  Tho 
contineiitul  parts  of  America  belonging 
to  Spain  woro  also  called  by  the  same 
term. 

Terrible  (TKe).  Ivan  IV.  [or  II.J 
of  HuBBia.    C.'i.O,  I.'iliaU.Sl.) 


881 


TERRIER. 


TEUTONS. 


Ter'rier  is  a  docj  that  "  tako3  the 
earth,"  or  unearths  his  prey.  Dop;  Tray 
is  merely  an  alibreviatiou  of  the  same 
wonl.  Terrier  is  also  applied  to  the 
bole  which  foxes,  badgers,  rabbits,  and 
r!0  on,  dig  under  ground  to  save  them- 
aelvos  from  the  hunters.  The  dog  called 
a  terrier  creeps  into  these  holes  like  a 
ferret  to  rout  out  the  victim.  (Latin, 
terra,  the  earth.) 

Terry  Alts.  Insurgents  of  Clare, 
who  appeared  after  the  Union,  and  com- 
mitted numerous  outrages.  These  rebels 
were  similar  to  "  the  Thrashers  "  of  Con- 
nr.ught,  "the  Carders,"  the  followers  of 
"  Captain  Rock  "  iu  1822,  and  the  Fenians 
(18olt). 

Ter'tium  Quid.  A  third  party 
which  shall  be  nameless.  The  expres- 
sion originated  with  Pythag'oras,  who  de- 
fining bipeds  said — 

Punt  hipvi  homo,  et  avis,  et  tertium  quid. 

A  man  U  a  hipfd,  eo  is  a  bird,  and  a  third  thine 
(Vhich  shall  be  uatnelesB). 

Jamblicus  says  this  third  thing  was 
Pythagoras  himself.—  Vila  Pylh.,  cxxvii. 

In  chemistry,  when  two  substances 
chemically  imite  the  new  substance  is 
called  a  to-liuvi  quid,  as  a  neutral  salt 
produced  by  the  mixture  of  an  acid  and 
alkali. 

Tessera'rian  Art.  The  art  of 
gambling.    (Latin,  tessera,  a  die.) 

Tessira  (in  "Orlando  Furioso "). 
One  of  the  leaders  of  tho  Moorish  army. 

Tester.  A  sixpence  ;  so  called  be- 
cause it  was  stamped  on  one  side  with 
tho  head  of  the  reigning  sovereign. 
Similarly  the  head  ca.nopy  of  a  bed  is 
called  its  tester  (Italian,  testa;  French, 
frste,  tete).  Copstick  in  Dutch  means  the 
same  thing.  Originally  wivrth  12d. 
Hold,  there's  a  tester  for  i  hee. 

Shakitpeare,  "  ;  Jienrs/  1 1',,"  ili.  % 

Testers  are  (]one  tn  Oxford,  to  study  at 
Bra:e7iose.  When  Henry  VIII.  debased 
the  silver  testers,  the  alloy  broke  out  in 
red  pimples  through  the  silver,  giving 
the  royal  likeness  in  the  coin  a  blotchy 
appearance;  hence  the  punning  proverb. 

Tete.  r^^e  6o««e  (Booted-Head).  Tho 
nickname  of  Philippe  des  Comines. 

Vou,  Sir  Philip  des  Comines.  were  nt  a  hunting. 
tni  ri<  With  the  duKe  your  master;  and  wneu  he 
BiSlitcd  after  th?  chase,  he  reiimreJ  j-our  services  in 
Oranruig  ctf  tiu  tco.i.    iieaaicg  in  your  looks  loai* 


n.itnral  resentment .  be  ordered  yon  to  fit  doim  iB 
turn,  and  rendered  you  the  sa'iie  olfici:...but...ijo 
so  ner  hail  he  p  ucke  i  one  of  your  boots  o(I,  tli-iL 
he  brutally  heat  it  about  your  head  and  his  pri»i- 
lejjed  foul  Iji-  Olorieux  gave  you  the  name  of  TiU 
BoUlt  —SirW.  Heott,' (JuentinDunpard,"  ch.  XXX. 

Tete  du  Pont.  Tho  barbacan  or 
watch-tower  placed  on  the  bead  of  a 
draw-bridge. 

Teth'ys.  The  aea,  properly  the  wife 
of  Oce'anos. 

The  BoM'n  enn  above  the  watpry  t-ed 
Of  hoary  Tethjs  raised  his  beamy  head. 

Huoie't  "ArKJit'),"  bk.  viii 

Tetragram'maton.  The  four  let- 
ters, meaning  the  four  which  compose 
the  name  of  Deity.  The  ancient  Jews 
never  pronounced  the  word  Jehovah 
composed  of  the  four  sacred  letters 
JUVH.  The  word  means  "I  am"  or 
I  exist  (Exod.  iii.  14) ;  but  Rabbi  Bechai 
says  that  the  letters  include  the  three 
times,  past,  present,  and  future.  Pytha- 
goras called  Deity  a  Tetrad  or  Tetractys, 
meaning  the  "four  sacred  letters."  The 
Greek  ZEUS,  Latin  JOVE  and  DEUS, 
Persian  SORU,  Assyrian  ADAD,  Arabian 
ALLA,  Egyptian  AMON,  German  GOTT, 
and  a  host  of  other  words  significant  oJ 
Deity,  are  tetragrams.  Zeus,  Deus,  and 
Jove  all  mean  the  same  as  Jehovah,  viz., 
"  The  living  Being." 

Such  was  the  sacred  Tetragraram»ton. 
Things  worthy  silence  must  not  be  revealed. 
Drj/den,  "Brilannia  lUdiviva.' 

[We  have  the  Egyptian  eu,uO,  like  the 
Greek  0;«j;  Spanish  JJio."!,  Frencli  iJitu, 
Italian  Idio,  Dutch  Godt,  Danish  God/i, 
Swedish  Goth,  &c.  &c.] 

Tetrapla.  The  Bible,  disposed  by 
Origen  under  four  columns,  each  of 
which  contained  a  different  Greek  ver- 
sion. The  versions  were  those  of  Aqnila, 
Symmachus,  Theodosian,  and  the  Sep 
tuagint. 

Teueer.  Brother  of  Ajax  the  Greater, 
who  went  vrith  the  allied  Greeks  to  the 
siege  of  Troy.  On  nis  return  home  his 
father  banished  him  the  kingdom,  for  not 
avenging  on  Ulysse.s  the  death  of  h''s 
brother.— 7/om<?r,  "  Iliad." 

Teufelsdrbckh,  Herr  (pronounce 
Toy-fels-druk\.  The  German  philosopher 
in  Carlyle's  "Sartor  Resartus,"  who 
looks  through  the  coat  to  the  skin  which 
it  covers. 

Teutons.  Thuath-duin^  (north  men) 
Our  word  Diiich  and  the  German  DtuUc/i 


TEUTONIC  KN1GUT3. 


TUAUMATUIIGUS. 


886 


are  rariations  cf  the  same  word,  origi- 
nally written  T/uodisL: 

Teutonic  Knights.  An  order 
which  the  Crusades  gave  birth  to.  Ori- 
ginally only  Germans  of  noble  birth  were 
admissible  to  the  order.  (Abolished  by 
Napoleon  in  1800.) 

Thabeck  (executioner).  Tho  fierce 
an^el  that  presides  over  the  dark  region 
of  Jehonnam. — The  Koran. 

Tha'is  (2  syl.).  An  Athenian  courte- 
san who  induced  Alexander,  when  excited 
with  wine,  to  set  fire  to  tho  palace  of 
tho  Persian  kings  at  Persep'olis. 

The  kinit  leiieJ  a  flamhcau  with  7.eal  to  destroy; 

Thai*  led  the  way  to  lijht  him  tu  liia  prey. 
And,  like  auotlicr  Helen   tired  anotli'-r  Tny 

Dryden,  "Altxaivitr't  hioii." 

Thal'aba.  The  Destroyer,  son  of 
Hoaei'rah  and  Zei'nab  (Zeno'bia) ;  hero 
of  a  poem  by  Southey,  in  twelve  books. 

Thales,    {.See  Seven  Sages.) 

Thales'tris.  Queen  of  tho  Ara'- 
&zons  ;  any  lady-.at-anus  or  female  war- 
rior.—  Classic  viylkolojy. 

Thali'a.     The  muse  of  comedy. 

Thames  (1  syl.).  The  Latin  Tamesis, 
the  river  Tame  coiubiuod  with  the  river 
Isis.  Tame  is  a  variety  of  tho  Aryan 
element  am,  amp,  lum,  kc,  seen  in  tho 
Latin  amn-is,  in  the  Greek  po-lam-os, 
and  in  such  words  as  North-amp-ton, 
South-ampton,  Tam-wortli,  Tara-ar,  kc. 
Isis  is  a  variety  of  the  Celtic  uisi/,  water, 
of  which  eik,  ex,  ouse,  kc,  are  other 
varieties. 

Around  his  throne  the  rca-bom  broth;r<i  »t;cd. 
^Vhu  suell  with  Irilmtary  iirn§  his  Hood  :  - 
i'lmt  the  famt'd  authuni  of  his  ancient  nani':, 
The  win<liii<  Uia  inJ  the  fruitful  rhainf  ; 
The  Kiunct  swift,  for  silver  ••els  renowned  ; 
The  li  ddon  slow  with  Tcrdunt  alders  crnwiiel ; 
Cole,  wi.ose  drirk  streams  laid  Uuwery  islands  Utc  , 
And  elialky  Wey  that  rolls  a  milky  wave  : 
Q'he  hlue  transparent  Vanililis  appears; 
The  KUlphy  1a«  his  se<lK7  trcwi<.-«  rears; 
And  tiilleii  Mole  ihat  luleft  lis.  livini  Uao.i ; 
Abd  slleut  l>arent  stJiliicd  witl'i  Danish  bloO'L 

i'ui>e, "  U'tiuisur  Forut." 

Hell  never  set  the  Thames  on  fire.  IIc'll 
never  mako  any  fijfuro  in  tht  world.  The 
tomso  was  a  corn  sieve  which  was  worked 
in  former  times  over  the  receiver  of  the 
lifted  Hour.  A  hard-workinp  active  man 
Would  not  unfreipicntly  i)ly  tho  tomso  so 
quickly  as  to  set  tiro  to  tho  wooilon  hoop 
at  tho  bottom  ;  but  a  lazy  follow  woidd 
never  sot  tho  tomse  on  firo.  The  play 
CD  the  word  temse  h:is  engendered  many 


imitations,  as  "Ue  will  never  set  the 
Seine  on  fire,"  where  Seine.,  the  rivor,  also 
means  a  drai,'-uet  (Dutch,  ttrie ;  French, 
tamis;  lUiliau,  tami.<o,  &  sieve;  with  tho 
v.'ib3  taiuen,  tamlter,  tumisare.  to  Mtt). 
Hence  bread  made  of  fiiiely-siited  floui 
used  to  bo  called  ttmse-lreiuL 

•«•  The  thin  worsted  stuff  call«1 
tammy,  lasting,  and  durant,  used  for 
ladies'  shoes  and  strainers,  is  the  same 
word.  The  sieve  called  the  tammy,  tamis, 
or  temse,  was  made  of  this  glazed  cloth. 

Tham'muz.  The  Syrian  and  ITiceni- 
cian  name  of  Ado'nis.  His  death  hap- 
pened on  tho  banks  of  tho  river  Ailouis, 
and  in  summer  time  the  waters  always 
become  reddened  with  the  hunter's 
blood.     (See  Ezok.  viii.  14.) 

Thammui  came  next  behind, 
Who^e  annual  wound  ou  Le- anon  allured 
The  Syrian  damiiels  to  lament  his  fiite 
III  smorous  dm  ies  all  a  iiiir'nier's  d  i.r. 
While  smooth  Adonis  from  his  native  rock 
Kan  purple  to  the- sea,  supposed  with  bluoJ 
0/  Thaiaiuui  yearly  wounded. 

iliUon,  "FuiaJvM  Loti,"  bit.  L 

Tham'yris.  A  Thnacian  bard  men- 
tioned by  ilomer  ("  Iliad,"  ii.  595).  He 
challeuf;od  tho  JIuses  to  a  trial  of  skill, 
and  being  overcome  in  the  contest,  was 
deprived  by  them  of  his  sight  and  power 
of  song.  He  io  represented  with  a  broken 
lyre  in  his  hand. 

Bliul  Tharayris  and  blind  Mseon'idija  fHomer], 
And  Ti  tesiad  and  Phiueus,  prophets  old. 

itUtoii,  ■'  FiiraUnt  Lott,"  UL 

*,•  "Tiresias"  pron.  Ti'-re-soi;  "Phi- 
neus"  pron.  Fi'-nuce. 

Thatch.  A  straw  hat.  A  hat  beinfr 
called  a  tile,  and  tho  word  being  mistaken 
for  a  roof-tile,  gave  rise  to  several  syno- 
nyms, such  as  roof,  roofing,  thatch,  4:c. 

Thau'maste  (2  syl).  A  mighty 
scholar,  who  journeyed  from  England  to 
argue  by  signs  only.  He  was  beaten  in 
ar;,".imcnt  by  Panurge  (2  syl.). — liabelais, 
"  O'argantua  and  PaiUagruel." 

Thau'matur'gus.  A  miracle- worker; 
applied  to  saints  and  others  who  are 
reputed  to  have  performed  miracloti. 
(Greek,  Uiauma  ergon,) 

J'rince  Alexander  of  Ilohenlohe,  whose 
power  was  looked  upon  as  miraculous. 

Apollo'iiiusof  Ti/ana.  (A..D.  ii-i)S.)  (Sm 
his  life  by  I'liilos'tratus.) 

St.  llernard  of  Vlainxiux,  aallcd  "  The 
Thiuimaturgusof  tlie  West."  (1091-115:1) 

..St.  /''rancu  D'Auiti,  founilor  of  the 
Franciscan  order.     CI  lb'.' 1220.) 


886 


TUEAGENES. 


THELUSSON  ACT. 


J.  Joseph  Gas-mer,  of  Bratz  in  tho 
Tyrol,  who,  looking  on  disenso  as  a  pos- 
Bossion,  exorcised  the  sick,  nud  liis  euros 
wero  coiisidorod  miraculous,  (1727-1779.) 

Grcgnnj,  bishop  of  A'co-Co'sare'a,  in  Caj)- 
pado'cia,  c.iUod  empliatically  "  The  Thiiu- 
maturgus,"  from  tlio  numerous  miraclos  lio 
is  reported  to  have  performed,    (212-270.) 

tSt.  Isidortia.  (Sec  hid  life  by  Damascius.) 

Jannes  and  Jamhrcs,  tho  magicians  of 
Phiiraoh,  who  withstood  Jfosos, 

J;l<(!.^c  r(u<cal.     (1G23-1GG2.) 

Ploti'nus,  and  several  otlior  Alcx.nn- 
drino  philosoplierti,  (205-270.)  (Sue  tho 
Life  of  Plotinus  by  Porphyry.) 

Proclus.  (4I2-iS5.)  (See  his  life  by 
Slarinus.) 

Simon  Magus,  of  Samnria,  called  "  Tho 
Great  Power  of  God"^Act8  viii.  10). 

Several  of  the  Sop/nsts,  (-See  "  Life  of 
the  Philosophers,"  by  Eunapius. 

Sospitra  possessed  the  omniscient  power 
of  seeing  all  that  was  df)ne  in  every  part 
of  the  globe. —  Jiwuipius,  "  GSdeseits." 

Vincent  de  Paul,  founder  of  tho  "Sis- 
tors  of  Charity."    (lo7(J-lG(j'0 ) 

*,'  Peter  Schott  has  published  a  trea- 
tise on  natural  magic  called  "Thauma- 
tnrcus  Physicus."     (See  below) 

Thanmnturgus.  iilunulna  is  called 
Thitnmaturga,  a  saint  unknown  till  lb02, 
when  a  grave  was  discovered  with  this 
inscription  on  tiles;  lumena  paxte 
cy.Mi'i,  which,  being  re-arranged,  makes 
Pax  tecum  Filumeiia.  Filumena  was  at 
once  accepted  as  a  saint,  and  so  many 
wonders  were  worked  by  "  her  "  that  she 
has  been  called  La  Thaumaturge  du  Dlx- 
ncuviane  Siccle- 

Tlieag'enes  and  Charicle'a.  The 
hero  and  heroine  of  an  erotic  romance  in 
Greek  by  Heliodo'rus,  bishop  of  Trikka 
(4th  century). 

Theban  Bard  or  Eagle.  Pindar, 
born  at  'i'hebes.     (B.C.  518-lo9.) 

Theban  Legion.  Tho  legion  raised 
in  tho  Tliebals  of  Egypt,  and  coniposcjd 
of  Christian  soldiers,  led  by  St.  Maurice. 
This  legion  is  sometimes  called  "Tho 
Thundering  Legion,"  q.v. 

Tbebes  (1  syl.),  called  The  Bundred 
Gated,  was  not  Thebes  of  Ikcotia,  but  of 
Thebais  of  Egypt,  which  extended  over 
twenty-three  miles  of  land.  Homer  says 
out  of  each  gate  the  Thebans  could  send 
forth  200  war-chariots.  (Egyptian,  Taape 
or  Taouab,  city  of  the  sun,) 


Tho  worW'i  (fre«t  empre««  on  tlio  Kpyfllan  plain, 
'Diat  ^p^<'a<U  )ilt  coU'iue.iU  o'er  a  thoiinarid  ctatet 
ArtU  noura  liur  horffca  ttirougli  a  hundred  f(at'--s. 
Two  liundred  horsotut'ii  and  two  Liiudrcdcars 
Froro  each  wide  portal  U.)uine  to  tlie  <var>. 

rope,  •■  Iliad,'  i 

Thec'la  (St.),  styled  in  Greek  mar- 
tyrologies  ttie  proto-murtijress,  as  St 
Stephen  is  \\i(i  proto-martyr.  All  that  is 
known  of  hi.-r  is  from  a  book  called  tho 
"  Periods,"  or  "  Acta  of  Paul  and  Thecla," 
pronounced  apocryphal  by  pope  Qela'sius, 
and  unhappily  lost.  According  to  tho 
legend,  Thecla  was  born  of  a  noble  family 
in  Ico'nium,  and  was  converted  by  tho 
preaching  of  St,  PauL 

Theist,  Deist,  Atheist,  Agno- 
ist.  A  theist  believes  there  is  a  God  who 
mads  and  governs  all  creation  ;  but  does 
not  believe  in  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity, 
nor  in  revelation. 

A  deist  believes  there  is  a  God  who 
created  all  things,  but  does  not  believe 
in  Uis  superintendence  and  goverumeut. 
lie  thinks  the  Creator  implanted  in  all 
things  certain  immutable  laws,  called  the 
Laws  of  nature,  which  act  per  se,  as  a 
watch  acts  without  the  supervision  of  its 
maker.  Like  the  theist  he  does  not  bo- 
lieve  in  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  nor  in 
revelation. 

The  atheist  disbelieves  even  the  exist- 
ence of  a  God.  lie  thinks  matter  is 
eternal,  and  what  we  call  "creation "is 
the  result  of  natural  laws. 

The  agnoist  believes  only  what  is 
knowable.  iia  rejects  revelation  and  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity  as  "  past  human 
understanding." 

Theleme  (Ta-Iaim).  The  abbey 
founded  and  endowed  by  Gargantua  at 
the  suggestion  of  Friar  John,  and  be- 
stowed upon  bim  for  his  services  in  the 
subjugation  of  Picrochole.  It  was  hexa- 
gonal, six  storeys  high,  and  contaiuoil 
9o32  chambers,  every  one  of  which  had 
its  boudoir,  oratory,  and  ward-room. 
There  was  only  one  law,  and  that  was 
expressed  in  four  words—"  Do  as  you 
I.IKK."  —  Rabelais,  ^'■Gargantua,"  bk.  i. 
52-57. 

Thelusson  Act.  The  39th  and  40th 
Geo.  ill.,  cap.  t'S.  An  Act  to  prevent 
testators  from  leaving  their  properly  to 
accumulate  for  more  than  twenty-one 
years;  so  called  hccause  it  was  passed  in 
reference  to  the  last  will  and  testament 


THENOT. 


TIIESPIS. 


S87 


of  tho  lato  Mr.  Tbelusson,  in  which  he 
desired  hia  property  to  be  invested  till  it 
Lad  accumulated  to  some  nineteen  mil- 
lions sterliuj,'. 

The'not.  An  old  shepherd  who  re- 
lates to  Cuddy  tho  fable  of  "Tho  Oak 
and  the  Briar,"  with  the  view  of  curing 
him  of  his  yamty. —Spenser,  "Shepherd's 
Calendar." 

Theoe'ritos.  The  Scottish  Theocritus. 
Allen  Uamsiiy,  author  of  '■  The  Gentle 
Slioplierd."     (lG6iJ-17oS.) 

Theodolite  (Greek).  Theaomai  ho- 
don  liion  (I  swrvoy  the  sinoolh  road— tc, 
the  direct  distance  between  two  given 
points).  Tho  general  etyiuology  is  tJua- 
omai  dolos. 

Theod'omas.  A  famous  trumpeter 
at  tho  siege  of  Thebes. 

At  fVf  ry  court  ther  cam  loiH  ircnsfralcy* 
Tliat  never  tronii.ijl  Juil)  (or  to  I.ecre, 
Ne  lie  TlicoJoinas  yil  Imlf  eo  clecre 
At  TbeLes,  wlieu  the  ciie  was  in  Joufe. 

Chaueer,  "  CanUrl.Mrt/  TuUa,"  0,5'J2. 

Tlieodo'ra  (in  "Orlando  Furioso"), 
Bister  of  Ccustautino,  the  Greek  emperor. 
Greatly  enraged  against  Uoge'ro,  who 
slow  her  son,  she  vowed  vengeance.  Eo- 
gcro  was  captured  during  sleep,  and  com- 
mitted to  her  hands.  She  cast  him  into 
a  foul  dungeon,  and  fed  him  on  tho  bread 
of  aflliction,  but  prince  Leon  roloa.sed  him. 

Tlieod'orick.  One  of  tho  heroes  of 
tht)  I\ili!i'iig,  a  legend  of  tho  Sagas. 
This  king  of  the  Gotiis  was  also  selected 
as  tho  centre  of  a  set  of  champions  by 
thotiornian  niinncsangora  {viinstrels),hut 
bo  is  callc'l  by  tlieso  romancers  Diderick 
of  Item  (  Wro'iia). 

Theodo'nis.  Tho  royal  physician 
who  rindei  took  to  euro  Oargantna  of  his 
bad  propoiisitics,  so  ho  purged  hiiu 
caiioiiicuiiy  with  "  Anticyri.in  helle- 
bore," "to  drive  off  all  liic  pervorsc 
habils  of  ills  brains,"  and  make  him 
foriret  all  lii<  h;i<l  over  learnt  under  pre- 
vious nu\8torB. — liabtlnis,  "  Guryauttuu'' 
Ik.  i,  23. 

Therapen't09.  Tho  Tliom]>o>itfe  of 
Philo  wore  a  branch  of  thu  Kssoiie.s.  Tho 
word  Kssenos  is  (ireck,and  moans  "doc- 
tors" Cm.«(iioi),  and  Therapontra  is  Diorolv 
a  synonym  of  tho  sjimo  word. 

Tliore'sa.  Daughter  of  the  count 
Palatine  of  Pado'lia,  beloved  by  .Mazcppa. 
Tho  oouut  hor  f^lbor  was  very  indignant 


that  a  mere  page  should  presume  to  fall 
in  love  with  his  dauL'htor,  and  had  Ma- 
zcppa  bound  to  a  wild  horse  and  set  adrift. 
As  for  Theresa,  Mazcppa  never  knew  her 
futuro  history.  Theresa  was  historically 
not  the  daughter  but  the  young  wife  of 
tho  fiery  count. — Byron,  "  Mazeppa." 

Theresa.  The  miller's  wife  who 
adopted  and  brought  up  the  orphan 
Anii'na,  called  the  somnambulist. — Jkl- 
lini,  "La  Sonnarahula"  {Scribes  lihreUo). 

Thermidc'rians.  Th.oso  who  took 
part  in  the  coup  d'etat  which  elfected 
tho  fall  of  llobcspierro,  with  the  desire 
of  restoring  the  legitimate  monarchy. 
So  called  because  the  KoiL'-n  of  Terror 
was  brought  to  an  end  on  tho  9th  Ther- 
midor  of  tho  second  Kepublican  ycnr 
(July  27,  1794).  Ther'midor  or  "Hot 
Mouth"  was  from  July  19  to  Autrust  IS. — 
Duval,  "Souvenirs  Ther  midor  iens," 

Thersi'tes.  A  deformed  scurrilous 
officer  in  tho  Greek  army  which  went  to 
the  siege  of  Troy.  Uo  was  always  railing 
at  the  chiefs,  and  one  day  Achilles  felled 
him  to  the  earth  with  his  Qst,  and  killod 
him. — Homer,  "Iliad." 

lie  Bquinted,  halted,  Ribbous  wan  behind. 
And  piuclicd  bifore,  nii  1  on  hiB  ta|icriii|;  hood 
Orcw  ijatchcs  on  y  of  tlic  Uimsicst  <lo»u. 

}Iim  Orcec«  hai  nent  to  Troy, 
Tho  miscrc^iut,  who  BtiamC'i  his  euuni  ry  mo?t. 
Ciiwper't  littiitl'Uiun,  bk.  ii. 

A  Thersitcs.  A  dastardly,  malevolent, 
impudent  railer  against  the  powers  that 
bo.     (See  above.) 

Theseus  (2  syl.).  Lor  1  and  governor 
of  Athens,  called  by  Chaucer  Duke  The- 
seus. He  married  Hypol'ita,  and  as  he 
returned  homo  with  his  bride  and  Kmily 
her  sister,  vias  accosted  by  a  crowil  of 
female  suppliants,  who  comjilained  of 
Creon,  king  of  Tliobes.  Tho  duke  forth- 
with set  out  for  Thobc.<(,  slew  Creon,  .and 
took  the  city  by  ass.'iult.  Many  captives 
foil  into  his  hands,  amone;st  whimi  were 
tho  two  knights  named  I'al'anion  and 
Areito  [q.v.).  — Chancer,  "  The  Knig.'u't 
Tale." 

Thos'pis,  Thes'pian.  Dramatic.  Thos- 
pis  was  the  father  of  Greek  tragedy. 

The  r*c«  of  If  arn«d  men 
Ofl  BH  iicli  the  ren. 

An  il  iiupired.  Mid  In  a  Thetplan  r.-ij-c 
Then  write. 

Thomum,"  CattU  oj  InduUna,"  o.  1.  S3, 

ThesrI*.  'he  fir»l  r.nifejfor  of  our  art. 

At  C'  uuliy  »  «kc>  nan/  l«lla<la  from  K  carl 

Uryiien,  i'ri/l«   i"  («  "  HviiKonutn.' 


8S3 


TriKSTYLIS. 


THISTLE. 


Thes'tylis.  Any  rustic  maiden.  In 
the  "Mylls"  of  Thooc'ritos,  Tbestylis  is 
a  youDi^  female  slave. 

Ami  tlicn  in  haste  her  bower  she  leaves. 
V  ilh  TUcbtylis  10  biud  thu  sheives. 

mitun. "  LAlleQio.' 

Thick.  Through  thick  and  tluii  (Dry- 
deu).  Throiip^h  evil  and  through  good 
report ;  through  stoggy  mud  and  stones 
only  thinly  covered  with  dust.  Devon- 
siiiro  roads  illustrate  the  notion  com- 
pletely. 

Throu^jh  perila  both  of  wind  an  1  limb 
6he  roUoned  him  through  th'tk  ani  thin. 

BidUi;  "  Hun'j,-ue" 

Thief.    (5e«  AuTOLYCos,  Cacus,  &c.) 

Thieves  on  the  Gross,  called  Ges- 
nias  (the  impenitent)  and  Desinas  (after- 
wards "St.  Desmas,"  the  penitent  tbief) 
in  the  ancient  mysteries.  Hence  the 
following  charm  to  scare  away  thieves  ; — 

Iiuparibiis  luoritis  pcndfiit  trla  r<iriioi-,i  raniis 
Desin.as  et  (U'Sin;i3,  iiiiilia  est  diviua  ijotostas; 
Alta  PL-lit  Desmas,  iiifclix,  inllma,  Gtsiiias : 
No8  et  res  nosti^is  conservet  suiuiiia  pmesiaa, 
Ho8  versus  dicas,  ne  tu  furto  tua  perdas. 

Thimble.  Scotch,  Thummle,  origi- 
nally "Tliumb-bell,"  because  it  was  v/orn 
on  the  thumb,  as  sailors  still  wear  their 
thimbles.  It  is  a  Dutch  invention,  intro- 
duced into  England  in  1395  by  John 
Lofiing,  who  opened  a  thimble  manufac- 
tory at  Islington.  {Ble,  German  hlech, 
metal-plate,  as  hUch-mulze,  a  cap  of  iron- 
plate,  &c.) 

Thimble-rig.  A  cheat.  The  cheat- 
ing game  so  called  is  played  thus  :  A 
pea  is  put  on  a  table,  and  the  conjuror 
places  three  or  four  thimbles  over  it  in 
succession,  and  then  sets  the  thimbles 
on  the  table.  You  are  asked  to  say  under 
which  thimble  the  pea  is,  but  are  sure  to 
guess  wrong,  as  the  pea  has  baen  con- 
cealed under  the  man's  nail. 

Thirteen  at  dinner,  unlucky.  One 
will  die  before  the  year  is  out.  This 
silly  superstition  is  derived  from  the 
"last  supjier"  of  our  Lord  with  his 
twelve  disciples. 

Thirteenpence- halfpenny.     A 

hangman ;  so  called  because  thirteen- 
peuce-halfpenny  was  his  wages  for  hang- 
ing a  man.    {See  Hangman.) 

Thirty.  A  man  at  thirty  must  be 
either  a  fool  or  a  physician. — Tiberius. 

Thirty  Tyrants.  The  thirty  magis- 
^ates  appointed  by  Sparta  over  Atheas, 


at  the  termination  of  the  Pelopon^esian 
war.  This  "  reign  of  terror,"  after  on« 
year's  continuance,  was  overthrown  by 
Thrasybulos  (B.C.  403). 

The  Thirty  Tyrants  of  the  Roman 
em()ire.  So  those  military  usurpers  ara 
called  who  endeavoured,  in  the  reigns  of 
Vale'rian  and  Galhe'nus  (253-268),  to  make 
themselves  independent  princes.  The 
number  thirty  must  be  taken  with  great 
latittide,  as  only  nineteen  are  given,  aud 
their  resemblance  to  the  thirty  tyraias 
of  Athens  is  extremely  fanciful.  Tluy 
were — 

In  thi  E  i$t.  I  IVt/riaim. 

(11  Cyri'ades.  1  (111  Ingei'uns. 

(S)  Miferii'ua*.  j  (!')  Ke^illia'uui. 

(i)  Balista.  :  ilJ)  Aure'ulus. 

!t!  O'e''*'-'""-  '  PromUeiiotii. 

(5)  /leno  bi.i.  ^  ,1^,  Satururuui  in  Pon- 

Jn  the  M'esL  I  tus. 

(fi)  Post'hiimus.  1(15)  Trebellla'nu.>•inI^au- 

(7)  Lollis'im-i.  !  na. 

in]  Victori'Q'19   and    his    (111  I'iso  in  The'<ea'y. 
rouiber  Victoria.       i  (17)  Va'leas  in  .•\cliasa 

(9)  .Ma'riu3.  ■  (  s)  .iKinilia'nusin  K<ypl 

(10)  Tet'ricji.  i  U«)  Celsus  in  Africa. 

Thirty  Years'  War.  A  series  of 
wars  between  the  Catholics  and  Protes- 
taiits  of  Germany  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. It  began  in  Bohemia  in  lol8.  and 
ended  in  16iS  with  the  "peace  of  West- 
phalia." 

Thisbe.  A  Babylonish  maiden  be- 
loved by  Pir5mus.  They  lived  in  con- 
tiguous houses,  aud  as  their  parents 
would  not  let  them  marry,  they  contrived 
to  converse  together  through  a  hole  in 
the  garden  wall.  On  one  occasion  they 
agreed  to  meet  at  Ninus'  tomb,  and 
Thisbe,  who  was  first  at  the  spot,  hearing 
a  lion  roar,  ran  away  in  a  fright,  dropping 
her  garment  on  the  way.  The  lion  seized 
the  garment  and  tore  it.  When  Piramus 
arrived  and  saw  thegarment,  he  concluded 
that  a  lion  had  eaten  Thisbfe,  aud  he 
stabbed  himself.  Thisbe  returning  to 
the  tomb  saw  Piramus  dead,  and  killed 
herself  also.  This  story  is  travestied  in 
"The  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  by 
Shakespeare. 

Thistle  of  Scotland.     The  Danes 

thought  it  cowardly  to  attack  an  enemy 
by  night,  but  on  one  occasion  deviated 
from  their  rule.  On  they  crept,  bare- 
footed, noiselessly,  and  vmobserved,  when 
one  of  the  men  set  his  foot  on  a  thistle, 
which  made  him  cry  out.  The  alarm  was 
given,  the  Scotch  fell  upon  the  night- 
party,  and  defeated  them  with  terrible 
slaughter.     Ever  since   the   thistle   hsts 


TniSTLE  BEDa 


THORGR[M. 


8S9 


Iveon  adopted  as  the  insigiiia  of  Scotland, 
wilh  the  motto  Nemo  me  impune  lacessil. 

Tliis  tradition  reminds  us  of  Brennus 
and  the  geese. 

Tkistlt.  The  device  of  the  Scotch 
monarehs  was  adopted  by  queen  Anne, 
hence  the  riddle  in  Pope's  i^ast^ral  pro- 
posed by  Daphnis  to  Strephon  : 

Tell  m«....ln  wl.at  more  happr  fiold« 
Tlie  tbietla  springs,  to  whi  li  the  lily  yicldf  ? 
I'oit,  "  Spring. 

In  the  reign  of  Anno  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough made  the  "  lily  "  of  France  yield 
to  the  thistle  of  queen  Anne.  The  lines 
are  a  parody  of  Virgil's  Eclogue  iii., 
101-lOS. 

Thistle  Beds.  Wlthoos,  a  Dutch 
artist,  is  famous  for  his  homely  pictures 
where  thisllo-bcds  abound. 

Thom'alin.  One  of  the  shepherds  in 
Spenser's  "  t>hoiiherd's  Calendar." 

Thomas  {St.).  Patron  saint  of  archi- 
tects. The  tradition  is  that  Gondof'orus, 
king  of  the  Indies,  gave  him  a  large  sum 
of  money  to  build  a  palace.  St.  Thomas 
fepent  it  on  the  poor,  "thus  erecting  a 
superb  palace  in  heaven." 

The  symbol  of  Si.  Thomas  is  a  builder's 
square,  because  he  was  the  patron  of 
masons  and  architects. 

Chrisliatis  of  St.  Thomas.  In  the  sou- 
tliorn  parts  of  Mal'abar  there  were  some 
'2(10,000  persons  who  called  themselves 
"  Christians  of  St.  Thomas,"  when  Gama 
discovered  India.  They  had  been  1,S00 
years  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  patri- 
arch of  Babylon,  who  appointed  their 
niaterene  (archbishop).  When  Gama 
arrived  the  head  of  the  Malabar  Chris- 
tians was  Jacob,  who  styled  himself 
"  Metropolitan  of  India  and  China."  In 
1625  a  stone  was  found  near  Siganfu 
with  a  cross  on  it,  and  containing  a  list 
of  the  materenes  of  India  and  China, 

Sir  Thomoi.  The  dopmitical,  pr.ii;- 
ing  squire  in  Crabbo's  "  Borough"  (let- 
ter X.). 

Thomas  -  a  -  Kempis.  Thomas 
Ilaiunicrlfiii  of  Ki'inpcii,  an  Aupus- 
linian,  in  the  diocese  of  Cologne.  (1380- 
1171.) 

Thomas  the  Rhymer.  Phomas 
Learmont,  of  hircildoiuio,  a  Scotchman 
in  the  ruign  of  Alexander  III.,  and  con- 
temporary with  Wallace.  lie  is  also 
called  Thomas  of  Ercil<loune.  Sir  Walter 
8oott   3alls  him    the  "  Merlin  of    Scot- 


land." He  was  magician,  prophet,  and 
poet,  and  is  to  return  agaia  to  earth  at 
some  future  time  when  Shrove  Tuesday 
and  Good  Friday  change  places. 

•»•  Care  must  be  taken  not  to  confound 
"  Thomas  the  Rhymer "  with  Thomas 
Rymer,  the  historiographer  aud  compiler 
of  the  "  Focdera." 

Thom'ists.  Followers  of  Thomas 
Aquinas,  who  denied  the  doctrine  of 
the  immac\ilate  conception  maintained 
by  Duns  Scotus. 

SootlEts  and  Thorn  sts  now  in  rfB'"f  remtin. 
Pope,  "  JisMu  uii  Citticum,'  *lt, 

Thomson  (James),  author  of  "The 
Seasons"  and  "Castle  of  Indolence,"  in 
1729  brought  out  the  tragedy  of  "So- 
phonisba,"  in  which  occurs  tho  silly  line : 
"0  Sophonisba,  Sophonisba,  0  I"  which 
a  wag  in  the  pit  parodied  into  "0  Jemmy 
Thomson,  Jemmy  Thomson,  O  !"  (1700- 
17-18.) 

Tho'pas  ("Sir).  Native  of  Poperyng, 
in  Flanders;  a  capital  sportsman,  archer, 
wrestler,  and  runner.  He  resolved  to 
marry  no  one  but  an  "  elf  queen,"  and 
set  out  for  fairy-land.  On  his  way  ha 
met  the  three-headed  giant  Olifaunt, 
who  challenged  him  to  single  combat. 
Sir  Thopas  got  permission  to  go  back  for 
his  armour,  and  promised  to  meet  him 
next  day.  Here  mine  host  interrupts  the 
narrative  as  "  intolerable  non.^ense,"  and 
the  "  rime  "  is  left  unfinished. 

An  elf  queen  wol  I  have.  I  iris. 
For  in  this  voriil  no  woman  ia 
Worthy  t,'  tie  my  mule. 

Chaucrr,  "  Rune  of  Sir  Tr.opsi." 

Thor.  Son  of  Odin,  and  god  of  war. 
His  wife  was  Sif  (love),  and  his  palace 
Thrudvangr,  where  he  received  the 
warriors  who  had  fallen  in  battle. — 
Scandinavian  mi/lholo(fi/. 

The  word  enters  into  many  names  of 
places,  }:c.,  as  Thorshj'  iu  Cumberland, 
Thunderhill  in  Surrey,  Thurso  in  Caith- 
ness, Torthorwald  {i.e.,  "hill  of  Thor-in- 
the-wood")  in  Dumfriesshire,  Thursday^ 
ic. 

Thor'sBelt.  Tho  Scandinavian  war 
pod  has  a  bt-lt,  calli'il  .Mi'giuL'jard,  which 
(liiuliks  his  sireugth  whoufver  he  puts 
it  i.n. 

Thor's  Hammer  or  ilace  is  called 
Mjulnir. 

Thorgrim  {Icelandic  mijtholngy). 
The  Norihern  Apollo- 


800 


THORN. 


threadneedle  street. 


Them.  A  thorn  in  the  flesh.  Some- 
tiling  to  mortify  ;  a  skeleton  in  tho  cup- 
board. The  allusion  is  to  a  custom  com- 
mon amoDf^'st  the  ancient  Pharisees,  one 
class  of  which  used  to  insert  thorns  in 
the  borders  of  their  gaberdines,  to  prick 
their  legs  in  walking  and  make  them 
bleed.     {See  Puaiusees.) 

The  thorns  of  Ltauphim  will  never  prick 
unless  (he>/  prick  Ihefirst  day.  This  proverb 
is  applied  to  natural  talent.  If  talent  does 
not  show  itself  early  it  will  never  do  so — 
the  truth  of  which  application  is  rery 
djubtful  indeed. 

Si  I'e!  1:  e  non  pfcquc  Quand  nal, 
A  pcuc  que  ricquc  jamii. 

i'roverb  in  DavphinS. 

Conference  of  Thorn  met  October,  164.5, 
at  Thorn,  in  Prussia,  to  remove  tho  dif- 
ficulties which  separate  Christians  into 
sects.  It  was  convoked  by  Lad'islas  IV. 
of  Poland,  but  no  good  result  followed 
the  conference. 

Thorns.  Calvin  (Admonilio  de  Reli- 
qmis)  gives  a  long  list  of  places  claiming 
to  possess  one  or  mure  of  tho  thorns 
which  composed  the  iSavioui's  crown. 
To  his  list  may  be  added  Glastonbury 
Abbey,  where  was  also  the  spear  of 
I,ougiiis  or  Longiuus,  and  some  of  the 
Virgin's  milk. 

Thorps-men.  Villagers.  This  very 
pretty  Anglo-Saxon  word  is  worth  restor- 
iug.   {Thovjie,  Anglo-Saxon,  a  village.) 

Thoth.  Tho  Hermes  of  Egyptian 
mythology.  He  is  represented  with  the 
head  of  an  ibis  on  a  human  body.  Ho  is 
the  inventor  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
music  and  astronomy,  speech  and  letters. 
'Ihe  name  means  "Logos  "or  "the  Word." 

Thousand.  Every  one  knows  that  a 
iozen  may  be  either  twelve  or  thirteen,  a 
score  either  twenty  or  twenty-one,  a  hiM- 
drcd  either  one  hundred  or  one  hundred 
and  twenty-tive,  and  a  thousand  either 
one  thousand  or  one  thousand  two  hun- 
dred. The  higlier  numbers  are  the  old 
Teutonic  computations.  Hickes  tells  us 
that  the  Norwegians  and  Icelandic  people 
have  two  sorts  of  decad,  the  lesser  and 
the  greater  called  "Tolfrrcd."  The 
lesser  thousand ^10  x  100,  but  the  greater 
or  Tolfrsed  thousand=12x  100.  The  word 
tolf,  equal  to  Danish  tolv,  is  our  tKeloe. — 
"  Gram.  Jsl.,"  p.  43. 

File  score  of  men,  money,  or  plas. 

Bis  8e<iie  of  allot  bcrthiUEi.  OUtav. 


Thrall.  Bondage.  From  drill,  in 
allusion  to  tho  custom  of  drillim,'  tho  car 
of  a  slave  in  token  of  eervitudo,  a  custom 
common  to  the  J  ews  ( Deut.  xv.  17).  Our 
Saxou  forefathers  wore  accustomed  to 
jiierce  at  tho  church-door  the  ears  of  their 
bond- slaves. 

Thra'SO.  Dukoof  Mar,  one  of  the  allies 
of  Charlemagne.— ylrtojio,  "  Orlando  Fu- 
rioso." 

Thra'so.  A  swaggering  captain  in  the 
"  Eunuch  "  of  Terence. 

Thrasonical.  Boastful,  given  to 
swagger,  like  Tliraso.     {See  above.) 

CcBsar'a  Thrasonical  brag  of  "  I  came,  siw.  Bad 
overcame."— M.iifrspeoiri,  "A>  I'o'-i  Like  It"  y.  i. 

Thread.  The  thread  of  destiny— i.e., 
that  on  which  destiny  depends.  The 
Greeks  and  Romans  imagined  that  a 
grave  maiden  called  Clotiio  spun  from 
her  distaff  the  destiny  of  man,  and  as 
she  spun  one  of  her  sisters  worked  out 
the  events  which  were  in  store,  and 
At'ropos  cut  the  thread  at  the  point  when 
death  was  to  occur. 

A  St.  Thomas's  thread.  The  tale  is  that 
St.  Thomas  planted  Christianity  in  China, 
and  then  returned  to  Malabar.  Here  he 
saw  a  huge  beam  of  timber  floating  on 
the  sea  near  the  coast,  and  the  king 
endeavouring  by  the  force  of  men  and 
elephants  to  haul  it  ashore,  but  it  would 
not  stir.  St.  Thomas  desired  leave  to 
build  a  church  with  it,  and  his  request 
being  granted,  he  dragged  it  easily  ashort 
with  a  piece  of  packthread.  —  Faria  y 
Sousa. 

Chief  of  the  Triple  Tliread.  Chief  Brah- 
min. Oso'rius  tells  us  that  the  Brahmins 
woreasymbolicalTesseraof  three  threads, 
reaching  from  the  right  shoulder  to  the 
left.  Faria  sa)'s  that  the  religion  of  the 
Brahmins  proceeded  from  fishermen,  who 
left  the  charge  of  the  temples  to  their  suc- 
cessors on  the  conditioa  of  their  wearing 
some  threads  of  their  nets  in  remem- 
brance of  their  vocation ;  but  Oso'rius 
maintains  that  the  triple  thrfud  sym- 
bolises the  Trinity. 

Terns  fila  ab  hn'mero  dei'fero  in  latui  ilnia'tnim 
geruHt, at  designeut  triiiam  in  natu  rs  divi'ua  rMiv'- 
D9  a. 

Threadneedle  Street.  A  corrup- 
tion of  Thriindanen  or  Thrr/ddcnal  Street, 
meaning  third  street  from'-Chej  esyde" 
to  the  great  thoroughfare  from  Loudon 
Bridge  to  "Bushop  Gate"  (con.^^isting  of 
New  Fyshe  Streate,  Gracious  Streate.  and 


THREE. 


THROW. 


801 


Busliop  Gato  Btrcate.  (Auglo-Saxon, 
thrjdda  or  t/irydde,  third.) 

Another  etymolo^  is  T7tri;j-n(edU 
(threo-ncodlo  stroet),  from  the  three 
needles  which  the  Needlemakcrs'  Com- 
pany bore  in  their  arms.  It  begins  from 
the  Mansion  House,  and  therefore  the 
Bank  stands  in  it. 

T/ie  Old  Lady  in  Tkreadneed'e  Street. 
The  directors  of  the  Bank  of  Eiicjland 
were  so  called  by  William  Cobbctt,  be- 
cause, like  Mrs.  Partington,  they  tried 
with  their  broom  to  keep  back  the  At- 
lantic waves  of  national  progress. 

A  Ktlver  curl-paper  that  I  myself  took  off  the 
eliiniiiB  looks  of  the  evcr-beiaui-.il  oil  lady  of 
Threa.ir.ecdle  Street  [a6anitiioiis].—i)ie*in*,"i>jctor 
Mangold.  ' 

Three.  Pythagoras  calls  three  the 
perfectnumbor,  expressivoof  "bei^inning, 
middle,  and  end,"  wherefore  he  makes  it 
a  symbol  of  deity.  Jovo  is  represented 
with  threo-forked  lightning,  Neptune  with 
a  trident,  and  Pluto  with  a  three-headed 
dog.  The  Fates  are  three,  the  Furies 
three,  the  Graces  three,  the  Mnses  three 
times  three,  &c.  The  trinity  of  the 
trinity  is  three  times  three.    (See  Nine.) 

Three  Bishoprics  {The).  So  the 
French  call  the  three  cities  of  Lorraine, 
Metz,  and  Verdun,  each  of  which  was  at 
one  time  under  the  lordship  of  a  bishop. 
They  wore  united  to  the  kingdom  of 
France  by  Henri  II.,  in  li>5"2. 

Three  Chapters  (The).  Three 
books,  or  parts  of  three  books— one  by 
Theodore  of  Mopsuestia,  one  by  Theod'- 
orot  of  Cyprus,  and  the  third  by  Ibas, 
bishop  of  Edossa.  These  books  were  of 
a  Nestorian  bias  on  the  subject  of  the 
Incarnation  and  two  natures  of  Christ. 
The  church  took  up  the  controversy 
warmly,  and  the  dispute  continued  during 
the  reign  of  Justinian  and  the  popedom 
of  Vigilius.  In  .'J5:j  the  "  Throe  Cliaptors" 
were  condemned  at  the  general  council 
of  Constantinople 

Three  Estates  of  the  Realm  are 
the  nobility,  the  clcriry,  and  the  com- 
monalty. In  the  collect  for  Gunpoicder 
Trtasoti,  we  thank  God  for  "preserving 
(1st)  the  king,  and  (■2ud )  the  throe  estates 
of  the  realm;"  from  which  it  is  quite 
evident  that  the  soTeroigu  is  not  one  of 
the  throe  estates,  as  nine  persons  out  of 
ten  suppose.  Those  throe  estates  aro 
ropresoutod  in  the  two  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment. 


Three-fingered  Jack.  The  famous 
negro  robber,  who  was  the  terror  of  Ja- 
maica in  17iiO,  and  wa«  hunted  down  ia 

1731. 

Three  Kings'  Day.  Epiphany  or 
Twolfth-day,  designed  to  commemorate 
the  visit  of  the  "throe  kings"  or  Wise 
Men  of  the  East  to  tho  infant  Jesus. 

Three  Sheets  in  tho  "Wind.  Un- 
steady from  over  drinking,  as  a  ship  when 
its  sheets  are  in  the  wind.  The  sail  of  a 
ship  is  fastened  at  one  of  tho  bottom 
corners  by  a  rope  called  a  "tack  ;"  the 
other  corner  is  left  more  or  less  free  as 
the  rope  called  a  "  sheet "  is  disposed  ;  if 
quito  free  the  sheet  is  said  to  be  •'  in  tho 
wind,"  and  the  sail  flaps  and  llutters  with- 
out restraint.  If  all  the  three  sails  were 
so  loosened  the  ship  would  "  reel  and 
stagger  like  a  drunken  man." 

Tliree-tailed  Bashaw.  Tho  beg- 
lerbeg  or  princo  of  princes  among  the 
Turks  has  a  standard  borne  before  him 
with  threo  horse-tails,  lie  has  also  a 
gilt  spear  with  threo  horse-tails  carried 
boforo  him,  and  stuck  before  his  tent. 
Tho  next  in  rank  is  the  pacha  with  two 
tails,  and  then  tho  boy,  who  has  only  one. 

Three  Tuns.  A  fish  ordinary  in 
Billingsgate,  famous  as  far  back  as  the 
reign  of  queen  Anne. 

Threshers.  Members  of  tho  Catho- 
lic organisation  instituted  in  1S06,  One 
object  was  to  resist  the  payment  of  tithes. 
Tiioir  threats  and  warnings  were  8igno(J 
"  Captain  Thresher." 

Thresliold.  Projjerly  the  door-sill, 
but  fig\iratively  applied  to  tho  beginning 
of  anything,  as  the  threshold  of  life  (in- 
fancy),tho  threshold  of  an  argument  (iUt 
cow)ne7icem<;Hf),thethrosholdof  tho  inquiry 
(thefirsl  pari  of  the  mvestiyation).  (Saxon, 
t/iarsctc<ild,  door-wood ;  German,  thiir- 
schwelle;  loehmdic,  throsulldur.  From 
iliiir  comes  our  door.') 

Thrift-box.  A  money-box,  in  which 
thrifts  or  savings  are  put    (St6  Spend- 

TUUIFT.) 

Thro^cniorton    Street    (Tjondon). 

So  named  from  Sir  Nicholas  Throck- 
njorton,  hca  1  of  tho  ancient  Warwick- 
shire family,  and  chief  banker  of  Eng- 
land in  the  roign  of  queen  Elizabeth. 

Throw.  To  Oir<yw  (fit  fulve  after  Uu 
halchti.   To  lose  tho  hatchet,  and  then  in 


H92 


THRUMS. 


THUMB. 


temper  to  throw  away  the  handle;  to 
be  i-ocklcss;  "neck  or  nothing'."  Losers 
often  stako  all  they  have  loft  in  a  duspe- 
rate  last  stake.    (See  Helvk.) 

Thrums.  Weaver's  ends  and  fag- 
en<is  of  cai-pet,  used  for  common  rug-s. 
(The  word  is  common  to  many  lang'uages, 
as  Icelandic,  thraum;  German,  Irumm; 
Dutch,  droni ;  Greek,  Ihrumina ;  all 
meaning  "fag-ends"  or  "  fragments.'') 

Come,  gisterB,  come,  cut  tlireid  and  thrum ; 
Quail,  crush,  conclude,  and  quel! ! 
Siiakespeare,  " Miisttmmer  Ai^Wi  Dream,"  v.  1. 

Thread  and  thrum.  Everything,  good 
and  bad  together. 

Tlirummy  Cap.  A  sprite  de- 
scribed in  ]S'ort.humberland  fairy  tales 
as  a  "queer-looking  little  auld  man," 
whose  exploits  are  generally  laid  in  the 
collars  of  old  castles. 

T'hrym.  The  giant  who  fell  in  love 
with  Freyja,  and  stole  Thor's  hammer. — 
Scandinavian  mylholog-y. 

Thug  (a  cheat).  So  a  religious  fra- 
ternity in  India  is  called.  Their  patron 
goddess  is  Devi  or  Kali,  wife  of  Si'va.  The 
Thugs  live  by  plunder,  to  obtain  which 
they  never  halt  at  violence  or  even 
murder.  In  some  provinces  they  are 
called  "  stranglors  "  {phansiijars),  in  the 
Tamil  tongue  "noosers"  (art  tulukar), 
in  the  Canarese  "  cat-gut  thieves  "  (tanti 
kallerii).  They  band  together  in  gangs 
mounted  on  horseback,  assuming  the 
appearance  of  merchants  ;  some  two  or 
more  of  these  gangs  concert  to  meet  as 
if  by  accident  at  a  given  town.  They 
then  ascertain  what  rich  merchants  are 
about  to  journey,  and  either  join  this 
party  or  lay  in  wait  for  it.  This  being 
arranged  the  victim  is  duly  caught  with  a 
lasso,  plundered,  and  strangled.  (Hindu, 
Ihaga,  deceive.)  » 

Thuggee  (2  syl,).  The  vocation  of  a 
Thug— i.e.,  waylaying  and  robbing  tra- 
Tcllers  and  merchants ;  these  expeditions 
were  generally  accompanied  with  murder 
by  strangulation  with  a  running  noose. 
This  was  a  religious  vocation,  which  had 
priests  and  an  order  of  knighthood. 

Thule  (2  syl.).  Called  by  DrajH;on 
Thutj/.  Pliny,  Solinus,  and  iMcla  take 
it  for  Iceland.  Pliny  .saj's,  "  It  is  an 
island  in  the  Northern  Ocean  discovered 
by  Pyth'eas,  after  sailing  six  days  from 
the  Orcades."      Others,    like    Camden, 


consider  it  to  be  Shetland,  still  called 
Thylens-el  (isle  of  Thyle)  by  seamen,  in 
which  opinion  they  agree  with  Mari'nus, 
and  the  descriptions  of  Ptolemy  and 
Tacitus.  Bochart  says  it  is  a  Syrian 
word,  and  that  the  Phoenician  merchants 
who  traded  to  the  group  called  it  OeziraX 
Thule  (isles  of  darkness) ;  but  probably 
it  is  the  Gothic  Tiule,  meaning  the  "  most 
remote  land,"  and  is  connected  with  the 
Greek  telos,  the  end. 

Where  the  Northern  Ocean,  tn  Tnst  whirls, 

Boiis  round  the  naked  m»-lauciioly  isles 

Of  furthest  Thulii.  Thom>o,i,  '•Autumn.'' 

Ultima  Thnle.  The  end  of  the  world  ; 
the  last  extremity.  Thule  was  the  most 
northern  point  known  to  the  ancient 
Romans. 

Tibi  serri  it  altima  Thule. 

i'agil,  '■  Giorgia,'  i.  30. 

Thumb.  Wlien  a  gladiator  was  van- 
quished it  rested  with  the  spectators  to 
decide  whether  he  should  be  slain  or 
not.  If  they  wished  him  to  live  they 
held  their  thumbs  down;  if  to  be  slain 
they  turned  their  thumbs  upwards. 

Where,  influenced  by  the  ra'nble's  hloody  will. 
With  thumbs  bent  back,  they  ponulurly  kill. 
Dri/Uen, "  Third  Satire." 

Do  you  lite  your  thv,nib  at  me  t  Do  you 
mean  to  insult  me?  The  way  of  expressing 
defiance  and  contempt  was  by  snapping 
the  linger,  or  putting  the  thumb  in  the 
mouth.  Both  these  acts  are  termed  a 
Jico,  whence  our  expressions  "  not  worth 
a  fig,"  "I  dont  care  a  fig  for  you." 
Decker,  describing  St.  Paul's  Walk, 
speaks  of  the  biting  of  thumbs  to  beget 
quarrels.     (.Se^  Glove.) 

I  see  Contempt  raarchiag  forth,  Kivini  tr.ce  the  fioo 
with  his  tnombe  in  his  "mouth.— "lFit«  itiaerit' 
(!596), 

I  will  bite  my  thumbs  at  them,  which  is  a  disjract 
to  ihS'Ji  if  they  bear  it.— Shakapsare,  "  Ror.uo  and 
Juliet,"  i.  1. 

By  (he  pricl-ing  of  my  thumbs,  someiAiug 
wicked  Uds  way  comes.  Another  proverb 
says,  "  Jly  little  finger  told  me  that." 
When  your  ears  turn  hot  and  red,  it  is  to 
indicate  that  some  one  is  speaking  about 
you.  When  a  sudden  fit  of  "  shivering" 
occurs,  it  is  because  some  one  is  treadmg 
on  the  place  which  is  to  form  your  grave. 
When  the  eye  itches,  it  indicates  the 
visit  of  a  friend.  When  the  palm  itches, 
it  shows  that  a  present  will  be  shortly 
received.  When  the  bones  ache,  it 
prognosticates  a  coming  storm.  Plautus 
says,  "  Timeo  quod  rerum  gesserim  hie, 
ita  dorsus  totus  prurit"  {Miles  Gloriosics). 
All  these  and  many  similar  superstitions 


THmiBIKINS. 


TTBEE. 


893 


rest  on  the  notion  that  "  coming  events 
cast  tbeir  shadows  bofore,"  because  our 
"  angel,"  ever  watchful,  forewarns  us  that 
wo  may  be  prepared.  Sudden  pains  and 
prickings  are  the  warnings  of  evil  on 
the  read  ;  sudden  glows  and  pleasurable 
sensations  are  the  couriers  to  tell  us  of 
joy  close  at  hand.  These  superstitious 
are  relics  of  domonology  and  witchcraft. 
Every  honest  miller  has  a  thumb  of  gold. 
Even  an  honest  miller  grows  rich  with 
what  he  prigs.  Thus  Chaucer  says  of  bis 
miller — 

H'el  cowde  h<^  ateVe  and  toUen  thries, 
And  jrct  lie  had  s  tlKimb  or  i^.ild  parde  [was  vhat 
ia  called  au  "honeet  miller  ']. 

"  Canlcrlmry  Tales  '  {Prologue,  505). 

Rule  of  Thumb.  Rough  measure. 
La  lies  often  measure  yard  lengths  by 
their  thumb.  Indeed  the  expression  "Six- 
teen nails  maice  a  yard  "  seems  to  point 
to  the  thumb-nail  as  a  standard.  Co\in- 
trvmen  always  measure  by  their  thumb. 

'Tom  Thumb.     (i'eeToM.) 

Thumb  Unwed.  A  corruption  of  Th'orae 
(ILo  homo)  brewed. 

ThumTjikins  or  Thumbscrew,  An 
instrument  of  torture  largely  used  by 
the  Inijuisition.  Tho  torture  was  com- 
pros.sing  the  thumb  between  two  bars  of 
iron,  made  to  approach  each  other  by 
means  of  a  screw.  Principal  Carstairs 
w.-»s  the  last  person  put  to  this  torture 
in  Britain ;  he  suifored  for  half  an  hour 
at  Holyrood,  by  order  of  the  Scotch 
Privy  Council,  to  wring  from  him  a  con- 
fession of  the  secrets  of  the  Argyll  and 
Monmouth  parties. 

Thunder.  The  giant  who  fell  into 
the  river  and  was  killed,  because  Jack 
cut  the  ropes  that  suspended  the  draw- 
bridge, and  when  the  giant  ventured  to 
cross  it  the  bridge  fell  in. — "Jack  the 
Oianl  Killer." 

Thunder  and  Lightning  or  Tonnant. 
Stephen  II.  of  Hungary.  (1100,  1114- 
1131.) 

■S'ojij  of  Thunder  (Boaner'ges).  James 
and  John,  the  sons  of  Zobedee  (Mark 
Ui.  17)  ;  so  called  because  they  asked  to 
be  allowed  to  consume  with  lightning 
lliose  who  rt'jooted  tho  mission  of  Christ 
(Luke  ix.  54  ;  Mark  iii.  IV). 

Thunders  of  the  Vatican.  The 
aoathemaii  and  denunciations  of  the 
Pope,  whose  palace  is  the  Vat'icaa  of 
Rome. 

Froperlj  ipeakiog,  the  Vatican  ooq. 


sists  of  the  papal  palace,  the  court  and 
pardon  of  13t.-lvedoro,  the  library,  and 
the  museum,  all  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Tiber. 

Thunderbolt  of  Italy.  Gaston  de 
Fois,  noi.how  of  Louis  XIL    (148'J-1512.) 

Thunderer  {Th.-).  A  name  applied 
to  The  Times  newspaper,  in  allusion  to 
an  article  by  Capt.  Ed.  Sterling,  be- 
ginning thus: — 

Wo  tliundorcd  forth  the  other  day  an  article  on  th» 
Buhject  of  sucial  .ind  ivliUcal  reform.— r*<  Titnu. 

Thundering  Legion.  During  the 
war  of  Marcus  AurGlius  with  the  Marco- 
manni,  in  17nt,  the  Rom.in  army  was  shut 
up  in  a  defile,  and  was  reduced  to  great 
straits  for  want  of  water.  The  Chris- 
tians in  tho  army  prayed  for  relief,  when 
a  thunderstorm  broke  over  them,  under 
cover  of  which  they  suocossfully  attacked 
tho  Marcoaiauui.    (&t'  1  hkha.n  Lkgio.n.) 

Thun'stone.  The  successor  of  king 
Arthur. — jVurseri/  Tale,  "  Tom  Thumb." 

Thursday.    (.See  Black.) 

Thwaek'um,  in  Fielding's  "  Tom 
Jones." 

Tiara.  A  composite  emblem.  Its 
primary  moaning  is  purity  and  chastity 
— the  foundation  being  of  fine  linen. 
The  gold  band  denotes  supremacy.  The 
firs!,  cap  of  dignity  was  adopted  by  pope 
Damasus  If.  in  10-JS.  The  cap  was  sur- 
mounted with  a  high  coronet  in  1295  by 
Boniface  VIII.  The  second  coronet  was 
added  in  1335  by  Benedict  XI 1.,  to  in- 
dicate the  prerogatives  of  spiritual  and 
temporal  power  combined  in  the  Papacy. 
The  third  coronet  is  indicative  of  the 
Trinity,  but  it  is  not  known  who  fir.-<t 
adopted  it;  some  say  Urban  V.,  others 
John  XXII.,  John  XXIII.,  or  Bene- 
dict XII. 

The  aymbol  of  my  throofold  dignity.  In  heaTon,  upon 
earth,  and  In  purgator>. 

I'tpt  l-iut  IX.  (1871>. 

Tib.     St.  Tibs  Eve,    Never.    A  cor- 

rui)tion  of  St.  L'bes,  a  corruption  a;.'ain 
of  Si-tuval.  There  is  no  such  saint  in 
the  calendar  as  St.  Ubes,  and  ttutruforo 
hor  eve  falls  on  the  "Greek  Kalends" 
(q.v.),  neither  before  Christmas  Day  nor 

HttlT  iu 

Tiber,  ciOlen  /y  TtUow  Tiber,  be- 


K94 


TIBERT. 


TIME   OF  GRACE. 


canse  it  is  much  discoloured  with  yollow 
tnud. 
Vui ticlbm  mp'llls et  multa flaTua aro'na.—  VirtriL 

Tibart  {Sir).  The  cat  in  the  tale  of 
"  Uoynard  the  Fox."    (See  Tybalt.) 

Tibul'lus.  The  French  Tibullus. 
Evariste  Desir^  Desforges,  chevalier  do 
l^arny.     (1753-1314.) 

Tibur'ce  (3  syl.)  or  Tiburce  (2  syl.). 
LroiliCT  of  Valirian,  converted  by  the 
kaching  of  St.  Cecilia,  hi3  sister-in-law, 
and  baptised  by  pope  Urban.  Being 
brought  before  Almacbius  tlio  prefect, 
and  commanded  to  v?orship  the  image  of 
Jupiter,  both  tho  brothers  refused,  and 
were  decapitated. — C/uiucer,  "  Sccouade 
Nonnes  Tate." 

Al  this  tiling  Boha  unto  Tiburce  tol  'e  (3  syl). 
An.l  a/ier  this  Tiburce,  iu  good  eateate  (2  syl.), 
Vi'i'.h  VuUri'au  to  pooe  Ui-bai\  weiite. 

Chaucir,  "  Canterbury  Tales,"  19,276. 

Tick.  Togo  on  tick— on  ticket.  In  the 
Beveiiteeuth  century,  ticket  was  tho  ordi- 
nary terra  for  the  written  acknowledg- 
ment of  a  debt,  and  one  li\'ing  on  credit 
wiis  said  to  be  living  on  tick.  Betting  was 
then,  and  still  is  to  a  great  extent,  amatter 
of  tick — i.e.,  entry  of  particular."  in  a  bet- 
ting-book. We  have  an  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment prohibiting  the  use  of  betting- 
tickets  :  "  Be  it  enacted,  that  if  any 
person  shall  play  at  any  of  the  said 
games  ....  (otherwise  than  with  and  for 
ready  money),  or  shall  bet  on  the  sides  of 
such  as  shall  play  ....  a  sum  of  money 
exceeding  £'100  at  any  one  time  .... 
upon  ticket  or  credit ....  he  shall,"  &c. 
(16  Car.  II.,  cap.  16). 

Tide -waiters.  Those  who  vote 
against  their  opinions.  S.  G.  0.  of  the 
Times  calls  tho  clergy  in  convocation 
whose  votes  do  not  agree  with  their  con- 
victions "  Ecclesiastical  Tide-waiters." 

Tidy  means  in  tide,  in  seastn,  in  time. 
We  retain  tlie  word  in  even-tide,  spring- 
tide, and  so  on.  Tusser  has  the  phrase 
"  If  weather  be  fair  and  tidy,"  meaning 
seasonable.  Things  done  punctually  and 
in  their  proper  season  are  sure  to  be 
done  orderly,  and  what  is  orderly  done 
is  neat  and  well-arranged.  Hence  we  get 
the  notion  of  methodical,  neat,  well- 
taranged,  associated  with  tidy.  (I)anish, 
tidiff,  seasonable,  favourable.) 

JJoie  are  you  getting  on  t  Oh  I  •prtiiy 
tidily — favourably.    (See  above.) 


Tied-up.     Married ;   tied-up  In  the 

marriage-knot. 

When  first  tli»  marrin;'e-knot  was  tied 
iSb^ween  my  wife  and  me. 

Wulkinganu't  ^'ArUhrmlxe.' 

Tigemach,  oldest  of  the  Irish  annal- 
ists. His  annals  were  published  in 
doctor  O'Connor's  Rerum  Ilihtrnicarum 
Scriptores  Veterts,  at  the  expense  of  tlie 
duke  of  Buckingham,  18U-1S26. 

Tight.  Nearly  intoxicated.  Sobii- 
ety  is  so  taut,  that  with  a  little  more 
strain  it  will  burst  away.     A  sea-phrase. 

Tigl-ia  (the  Arroiv).  So  called  from 
the  rapidity  of  its  current.  Iliddekel  is 
"Tho  Dekel"  or  Diglath,  a  Semitic  cor- 
ruptiou  of  Tigra,  Medo-Persic  for  arrow. 
(Gen.  ii.  14.) 

Flu'minl,  a  celerita'tequadefluitTigri  nomen  est ; 
quia.  I'ersica  l-ngvia,  Ugrim  lagittam  appcUanL— 
iiui>Uiu  Curtiut. 

Tike.  A  Yorkshire  like.  A  clown- 
ish rustic.  (Celtic,  tiac,  a  ploughman.) 
A  small  bullock  or  heifer  is  called  a  tike, 
so  also  is  a  dog,  probably  because  they 
arethecommon  companions  of  the  "tiac." 

Tilbury.  The  Governor  of  Tilhury 
Fort.  Father  of  Tilburi'na  ;  a  plain, 
'olunt,  matter-of-fact  John  Bull.— 
Sheridan,  "  Critic." 

Tile,  a  hat.  (Saxon  tigel,  Latin  tego, 
to  cover.) 

Tile  a  jjodge,  in  Freemasonry, 
means  to  close  tho  door,  to  prevent  any 
one  uninitiated  from  entering.  (Set 
above.) 

Time.    Time  and  tide  wait  for  no  r.ian. 

For  the  nest  inn  he  spurs  amain. 
In  haste  alischis,  ani  skuds  away,— 
But  time  and  t:de  for  no  man  st  ly. 

Sonvcrv'Me,  "  The  SiMei-icinUd  3fi:«r." 

Take  or  Seize  Tim  bi/  il>e forelock  (Tha'- 
les  of  Mile'tus).  Time  is  represented  as 
an  old  man,  quite  bald,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  single  lock  of  hair  on  the  fore- 
head. Shakespeare  calls  him  "that  bald 
sexton,  Time"  ("King  John,"  iii.  1). 

Tlu  Times.  A  newspaper,  founded  by 
John  Walter.  In  1760  he  established 
Tlie  Daily  Universal  Register-,  but  in  17SS 
changed  the  name  into  The  Times,  or  Dail^ 
Universal  Register.     (See  Thunderek.) 

Time  of  Grace.  The  lawful  season 
for  venery,  which  began  at  Midsummei 
and  lasted  to  Holyrood-day,  The  fox 
and  wolf  might  be  hunted  from  the  Na- 


TIME-nONOURED, 


Tipnvs. 


895 


tmty  to  the  Annunciation  ;  the  roebuck 
from  Easter  to  Michaelmas ;  the  roe  from 
Michaelmas  to  Candlemas;  the  hare  from 
Michaelmas  to  Midsummer;  and  the  boar 
from  the  Nativity  to  the  Purification. 
(See  Spouting  Seasons.) 

Time-honoured  Lancaster.  Old 

Joliu  of  GauriL  His  father  was  Edward 
HI.,  his  son  Henry  IV.,  his  nephew 
Richard  II.  of  England  ;  his  second  wifo 
was  Constance,  daughter  of  Peter  tl;e 
Cruel  of  Castile  and  Leon  ;  his  only 
daughter  married  John  of  Castile  and 
Leon;  his  sister  Joanna  married  Alf)honso, 
king  of  Castile.  Shakespeare  cidls  him 
"time-honoured"  and  "old;"  honoured 
he  certainly  was,  but  was  only  fifty-nine 
at  his  death.  Hesiod  is  called  "  OW/' 
meaning  "  long  ago.'' 

Tim'ias.  King  Arthur's  squire,  the 
impersonation  of  chivalrous  honour  and 
generosity.  His  love  for  Belphccbe  is  in 
allusion  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  admi- 
ration of  queen  Elizabeth.  —  Spenser, 
"Faery  Queen." 

Timoleon.  The  Corinthian  who  so 
hated  tyranny,  that  he  murdered  his  own 
brother  Timoph'anes  when  he  attempted 
to  make  himself  absolute  in  Corinth. 

The  fair  Corinthian  bonst 
Tlmole  in,  hapny  tsmper,  m.li  and  firm. 
Who  wept  the  brutiier  whil  ^  the  tyrant  Mc4. 

Tlujnxaun,  "  Unite/." 

Timon  of  Athens.  The  misanthrope. 
Shakespeare's  play  so  called.  Lord  Ma- 
oaulay  uses  the  expression  to  "out-Timon 
Timon"— 1.«.,  to  be  more  misanthropical 
than  even  Timon. 

Tin.  Money.  A  depreciating  syno- 
nym for  silver,  which  it  resembles,  and 
for  which  in  Germany  it  is  largely  sub- 
stituted. 

Tinac'rio  {The  Sage).  King  of 
Micom'ieou.    {See  Zauamilla.) 

Ti  nderand  Kindh  ace  different  forms 
of  the  same  word.  Thus  the  Latin  niui- 
titu  was  also  written  minciut,  "o"  having 
the  force  of  "k."  Webster,  in  his  Dic- 
tionary, says  ct  (answering  to  H)  are 
pronounced  aa  U,  and  illustrates  his 
observation  by  the  wortls  den;  clean. 
We  have  heard  of  colour-blindness,  but 
here  is  another  phase  of  blindness. 

Tine-man  (Lose-man).  So  was  the 
great  earl  of  Douglas  aalled,  who  died  in 
Franco,  August  17, 1 424.    Godscroft  s."vys. 


"No  man  was  lossa  fortunate,  and  it  is 
no  lesse  true  that  no  man  was  more 
valorous."  He  was  defeated  at  the  battles 
of  Ilomilden,  Shrewsbury,  and  Verneuil. 
It  was  in  this  last  battle  that  he  lost  his 
life.— 5iV  WaherScott,  "  Tales  of  a  Grand- 
father," xviii. 

Ting.  The  general  assembly  of  the 
Northmen,  which  all  capable  of  bearing 
arms  were  bound  to  attend  on  occasions 
requiring  deliberation  and  action.  The 
words  Volksthiug  and  Storthing  are  still 
in  use. 

A  shout  fiUeJ  all  the  Ting,  t  Ihotuand  etrcrdj 
Cl&ilied  loud  approTAl. 

•■  FnAh/Siga"  {The Farting). 

Tinker.  The  person  who  tinks  or 
beats  on  a  kettle  to  announce  his  trade. 
(Welsh,  linciaii,  to  ring  or  "  tink  ;" 
tincerz,  a  tinker.) 

The  Inspired  Tinker.  John  Banyan. 
(1628-lGSS.) 

Tintag'el  or  Tin'.ag'il.  A  strong 
castle  on  the  coast  of  Cornwall,  the 
birth-place  of  king  Arthur. 

When  Uiher  In  Tintagil  past  ttn^y.—  Ttani/son, 
*'  Tht  CtAnitt^  of  ArLhur.'' 

Tin'tern  Abbey.  Wordsworth  has 
a  poem  called  "  Lines  composed  a  few 
miles  above  Tintern  Abbey,"  but  these 
lines  have  nothing  whatever  to  do  with 
the  famous  ruin,  and  do  not  oven  once 
allude  to  it. 

Tinto  (DicJ:).  The  painter  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel  of  "St.  Ronau's 
Well"  and  in  the  introduction  of  "The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor." 

Tintoretto,  the  historical  painter. 
So  called  because  his  father  was  a  dyer 
(tinlore).  His  real  name  was  Jacopo 
Robusti.  He  was  nicknamed  II  Furioso, 
from  the  rapidity  of  his  productions, 
(1512-1594.) 

Tip.  lie  gave  me  a  tip— &  protent  of 
money,  a  bribe.    {See  Dibs.) 

To  tip  one  Uie  wink.  To  make  a  signal 
to  another  by  a  wink.  Here  tip  means 
"  to  give,"  as  tip  in  the  previous  example 
means  "a  gift." 

Tiph'any,  according  to  the  calendar 
of  saints,  was  the  mother  of  the  three 
kings  of  Cologne.     (6'w  Cologne.) 

Ti'phya.    A  pilot.   Ho  was  the  pilot 

of  the  Argonauts. 

Many  k  Tiphyi  oee<kn'(  depths  txplAre, 
To  op«ii  wonUroug  ways  untried  befnrc. 

n^olt't  "Ariotto,'  bk.  TiU 


896 


TIPSTAFF, 


TITII0NU8. 


TipstafF.  A  constable  so  called  be- 
oatmo  he.  carried  a  staff  tipped  with  a 
luiU's  horn.  In  the  documents  of  Ed- 
ward III.  iilliisioii  it)  ohi'u  iiiide  to  this 
Btaff.     ('SVe  lii/iiur's  "  F(edtra.") 

Tirante  the  Whiu.  One  of  the  most 
redoubtable  knights  of  mediieval  ro- 
mance. Don  Quixote  ranks  him  with 
Am'adia  of  Gaul,  Felixmarte  of  Hyr- 
cania,  and  the  more  modern  hero  named 
don  Bolianis  of  Greece  (blc.  ii.,  ch.  5). 

Tirer  une  Dent.  To  draw  a  man's 
tooth,  or  extort  money  from  him.  The 
allusion  is  to  the  taie  told  by  Holinshed 
of  king  John,  who  extorted  10,000  marks 
from  a  Jew  livins:,'  at  Bristol,  by  extract- 
ing a  tooth  daily  till  he  consented  to 
provide  the  money.  For  seven  siicces- 
sive  days  a  tooth  was  taken,  and  then 
the  Jew  gave  in. 

Tire'sias.  Blind  as  Tive'sias.  Tire- 
gias,  the  Theban,  by  accident  saw  Athe'na 
batbinpf,  and  the  goddess  struck  him 
with  blindness  by  splashing  water  in  his 
face.  She  afterwards  repented  doing  so, 
and  as  she  could  not  restore  his  sight, 
conferred  on  him  the  power  of  soothsay- 
ing, and  gave  him  a  staff  with  which  he 
could  walk  as  safely  as  if  he  had  his 
sight.  He  found  death  at  last  by  drink- 
ing from  the  well  of  Tilpho'sa.  Milton 
makes  Tiresias  three  syllables,  a3  Ti'- 
re-sas.     (Sw  Thamtris.) 

Juno  the  truth  of  what  was  said  denied, 
Tiresias,  tlicrefore,  niuit  the  caube  decide. 
Allison,  "  Trans/orrtiattffn  of  Tirtsiat." 

Tiring  Irons.  Iron  rings  to  be  put 
en  or  taken  off  a  ring  as  a  puzzle.  Light- 
foot  calls  them  "  tinng  irons  never  to  bo 
untied." 

Tirled.  Jle  tlrled  at  the  pin.  He 
twiddled  or  rattled  with  the  latch  before 
he  opened  the  door.  Guillaume  di 
Lorris,  in  his  '•  Romance  of  the  Rose  " 
(13th  century),  says,  "  When  persons 
visit  a  friend  they  ought  not  to  bounce 
all  at  once  into  the  room,  but  should  an- 
nounce their  approach  by  a  slight  cough, 
or  few  words  .spoken  in  the  hall,  or  a 
slight  shuffling  of  their  feet,  so  as  not  to 
take  their  friends  unawares.'"  The  pin 
is  the  door-latch,  and  before  A  visitor 
entered  a  room  it  was,  in  Scotland, 
thought  good  manners  to  fumble  at  the 
latch  to  enve  notice  of  your  intention  to 
enter  (Tirl  is  the  German  querUn,  Dutch 
dr^^rlm>  our  twirl,  ifc;  or  Danish  IrUlt, 


German  triller,  Welsh  treillio  ;  our  Irill, 
to  rattle  or  roll.) 

Rrtht  qiiiok  he  moanted  op  th«  cUix, 

Aud  til  led  at  the  pin. 

"  Charlie  ii  my  Darting." 

Tiryns.  An  ancient  city  of  Ar'golis 
in  Greece,  famous  for  its  Cyclopean 
architecture.  The  "Gallery  of  Tiryns"  is 
the  oldest  and  noblest  structure  of  the 
heroic  ages.  It  is  mentioned  by  Homer, 
and  still  exists. 

Tiryn'tliian  Sv^ain.  Hercules  is 
so  called  by  Spenser,  but  he  is  more  fre- 
quently styled  the  Tirynlhian  Hero,  be- 
cause he  generally  resided  at  Tiryns,  a 
town  of  Ar'golis, 

Tisapher'nes  (4  syl.).  "The  thun- 
derbolt of  war,  whose  force  in  battle 
every  force  excelled."  He  was  in  the 
army  of  the  king  of  Egypt,  and  was  slain 
by  Rinaldo.  —  Tasso,  "  Jerusalem  De- 
livered," bk.  XX. 

Tisellin  the  raven,  in  the  tale  of 
"  Reynard  the  Fox."  The  word  is  old 
German,  (ii  (wise) ;  tisellin  means  the 
little  wise  one. 

Tit  for  Tat.  J.  Eellenden  Ker  says 
this  is  the  Dutch  dit  vor  dai  (this  foi 
that).  Quid  pro  quo  is  a  synonymous 
phrase. 

Titan.     The  sun,  so  called  by  Ovid 

and  Virgil. 

And  flecked  Darkiiesa  like  a  drunkard  reels 
From  toT'U  Day's  pith  sind  Tinu'«  tiery  wheela 
Shakispeure,  "Romeo  aitd  Juliet'  ii.  3. 

Tlce  Tilans.  The  children  of  Heaven 
and  Earth,  who,  instigated  by  their 
mother,  deposed  their  father,  and  libe- 
rated from  Tar'taros  their  brothers  the 
Hundred-handed,  and  the  Cyclopes. — 
Classic  viylhology. 

Titan'ia.  Wife  of  OTseron,  king  of 
the  fairies.  According  to  the  belief  in 
Shakespeare's  age,  fairies  were  the  same 
as  the  classic  nymphs,  the  attendants 
of  Diana.  The  queen  of  the  fairies  was 
therefore  Diana  herself,  called  Titania 
by  Ovid  ("  Metamorphoses,"  iii.  173). — 
Keighlley,  "Fairy  AfyUiology." 

Titho'nus.  A  beautiful  Trojan  be- 
loved by  Auro'ra.  He  begged  the  god- 
dess to  grant  him  immortality,  which 
request  the  goddess  granted  ;  but  a« 
he  had  forgotten  to  ask  for  youth  and 
vigour,  he  soon  grew  old,  infirm,  and 
ugly.     When  life  becanw  insupparfc^ble 


TITIAN. 


TOADS. 


897 


be  prayoQ  Aurora  to  remove  him  from 
the  world  ;  this,  however,  she  could  uot 
do,  but  she  chanfifed  him  iuto  a  grass- 
hoj'per.     Synonym  for  "an  old  man." 

A:i  idle  sceae  Tythonus  acted 
When  to  a  grasihopper  contracted. 

Prior,  ••  The  Turtlt  and  Sfarrim' 
Thinner  than  Tithonus  was 
Before  he  faded  into  air. 

"  Talti  of  Militta,"  iL 

Titian  (Tuiajto  Vecdlio).     An  luilian 
landscape  painter,  celebrated  for  the  tine 
effects  of  his  clouds.     (1477-157o. ) 
Not  T'tian's  poncil  e'er  could  80  arrav 

bo  Uet'-e  wiih  C'ouds  tire  mre  etliTnl  'piCe. 
'/'wn.ion,  ■■  C'ujU*  o/  yn!ioI«nce,"  ciiuio  L 

Tlu  Fnuch  Titian.  J;icqu3s  Blanch- 
ard.  the  painter.     (It;00-16;j8.) 

The  Titian  of'  I'ortvgal.  Alonzo  Saiichoz 
Coello.     (1515-1590.) 

Titmouse  (TiilUlal).  k  vul^rar, 
ignorant  linen-draper's  apprentice,  who 
comes  into  £10,000  a  year.  His  conceit, 
his  vulgarity,  his  gaucherie,  and  his 
emptiness  of  mind  are  well  illustrated  in 
Warren's  "  Ton  Thousand  a  Year." 

Tittle  Tattle.  Tattlo  is  pi  ate, 
Dntch  talerea,  Italian  taila-iuella.  Tittio 
is  little,  same  as  tit  in  tomtit,  titmouse, 
little  tit,  tit-bit. 

Tit'uos.  A  giant  whoso  body  covered 
oine  acres  of  grovuid.  He  was  punished 
by  having  two  vultures  feeding  for  ever 
on  his  livor,  which  grew  .Tgaiu  as  fast  as 
it  was  eaten.  Promo  thous  was  cliained 
to  Mount  Caucasus,  and  had  his  liver 
devoured  in  a  similar  way  by  a  vulture 
or  eagle. 

Ti'tUS.  The  penitent  thief,  called 
L)i;sina3  in  the  ancient  mysteries.     (See 

DU-MACHL'S.) 

Titiis  Uk  Roman  empa'or  was  called 
"The  delight  of  men."     (40,  79-31.) 

Titii4  iudei'd  aare  one  tliort  pvening  cleam. 
More  cor'ial  frii.  ai  in  the  midat  it  spie&d 
oritorm  aud  horror;  the  delivht  i.f  men. 

Thujnson,  "  Ltlitrti/."  ill. 

TItt  Arch  of  Titiis  commemorates  the 
cajituro  of  Jerusalem,  a.d.  70. 

Tit'yre  Tus.  A  dissolute  young 
Bcapetfnice,  whose  dolight  was  to  worry 
the  watchmen,  upset  sedans,  wrench 
knockers  off  doors,  and  bo  rude  to  pretty 
women,  at  the  close  of  the  sevonloeiitli 
century.  The  name  comes  from  the  tirst 
line  of  Virgil's  first  Kclogue,  Tiivre  lu 
patnUt  recubant  tub  ttymiiie  Jayi  (Tityro 
Tus  loves  to  lurk  in  the  dark  night 
looking  ^'iT  miacJuoO- 

2u 


Tit'yrua.  Any  shepherd ;  no  oulied 
In  allusion  to  the  name  familiar  from  itfl 
u.se  in  Greek  idyls  and  Virgil's  tiist 
Eclogue.  In  the  "  .Shopherii"8  Calen- 
dar," Spenser  calls  Chaucer  by  this 
name. 

Heroen  and  their  feam 
Fa'i.'ue  me,  nerer  leary  cf  the  pipe 
01  Tityrug.  iiaaenib  iiig  "t  he  itau^ 
Thr  rustii;  throus  beueath  hit  lavourite  heech. 
Uowptr. 

Tizo'na.  One  of  the  favourite  sworda 
of  the  Cid,  taken  by  him  from  king 
Bucar.  His  other  favourite  sword  w.is 
Cola'dd.     Tizona  was  buried  with  him. 

To.     Altogetlior;  wholly. 

K  the  podech  1)«  burni^d  to...  we  saye  t'le  bysbope 
hath  put  bis  loic  in  li;e  potte.— T;fiu6il4. 

To-do.  Here's  a  pretty  to-do.  Dis- 
turbance. The  French  ajfuiVe— i.e.,  d 
/aire  (to  do). 

Toads.  The  device  of  Clovis  was 
throe  toads  (or  botes,  as  they  were  called 
in  Old  French),  but  after  his  baptism  the 
Arians  greatly  hated  him,  and  a-ssembled 
a  large  array  under  king  Candat  to  put 
down  the  Cliristian  king.  While  on  his 
way  to  meet  the  heretics,  he  saw  in  the 
heavens  his  device  miraculously  changed 
into  three  lilies  »r  on  a  banner  azurt. 
He  had  such  a  banner  iostantly  made, 
and  called  it  his  hjlartibe.  Even  before 
his  army  came  in  sight  of  king  Candat, 
the  host  of  the  heretic  lay  dead,  slain 
like  the  army  of  Sennacherib  by  a  blast 
from  the  God  of  battles.— y^oouZ  d* 
Prides,  "Oralis  Cioniqius  de  France." 

It  is  wytDcgjyd  'f  .Mai3l"r  Uobert  (!a;twyn«  II, ul 
before  tli.\8ii  d  yen  all  Kroin;!!  kyuK'  ■  u^ed  to  !)•  re 
in  their  arni'S  iii  Tody«.  but  afier  th  a  Oludureus 
bad  rccojn  Bed  Crisiej  n lygyou  iii  Kloure  d"  'jo 
were  icut  to  hym  by  dinyne  power,  sette  in  a 
8b}lde  of  azure,  ttie  wh:cb(*  ayns  that  been  t>oru*  of 
all  Freuch  kyngea.  —  Ki^uxti't  CKronicU. 

The  toad,  ugly  and  v^nomont,  tceart  yet 
a  precious  jeicel  in  its  fund.  Keiiton  says  • 
"There  is  to  be  found  in  the  Leads '>f 
old  and  great  toads  ^  stone  they  call 
borax  or  stelon,  which  boiag  used  as 
rings  give  forewarning  against  venom  " 
(1560).  These  stones  always  boar  a 
figure  resembling  a  toad  on  their  surface. 
Lui'ton  says  :  "  A,  toad-stone,  called 
crepandia,  touching  any  part  eiivduomed 
by  the  bite  of  a  rat,  wasp,  spider,  or 
other  venomous  beast,  ccises  the  pain 
and  swelling  thereof."  In  the  Ijondes- 
borough  Collection  is  a  silver  ring  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  in  which  one  of  thi'io 
toad-stones  ii  sot.     The  stone  vra>  sup> 


ws 


TOAD-EATER. 


TOBY   VECK. 


posed  to  Bweiil  mil  changfl  colour  when 
poison  was  in  its  proxiinily. 

TowU  unhwwtt  in  In  land.  It  is  said  that 
St.  Patrick  ciiiarml  tiio  island  of  all  "  var- 
mint" by  liis  niahidiclion,  but  it  i.s  quite  cer- 
tain ihiii  th()  Natterjack  or  Bufoca/cimltnis 
abiimiaiit  in  the  south- west  of  tlio  ishiiid. 

Toad-eater.  At  tlie  final  overthrow 
of  the  Moors,  the  Castilians  made  them 
tlieir  servants,  and  their  active  habits 
and  officious  niauners  greatly  pleased  the 
proud  and  lazy  Spaniards,  wlio  called 
tiiem  mi  todita  (niy  factotum).  Hence  a 
cringing  oflicions  di-pemlont,  who  will  do 
all  sorts  of  dirty  work  for  you,  is  called  a 
todita  or  toad  eatrr. 

Pultcneifs  Toad-eater.  Henry  Yano,  so 
called  by  Walpole,  17-12. 

Toad-flax.  A  comiptiou  of  tod- 
fltuv.  "  Tod  "  means  a  bunch  or  cluster, 
a  word  Rtill  applied  to  wool,  where  2Slbs. 
is  called  a  lud.  The  mass  of  a  sum  of 
figures  is  ca!led  the  lump  or  tolal.  The 
Cyinbala'ria  Ilalica  is  called  tod-flax  on 
account  of  its  multitudinous  mass  of 
threads  matted  together  in  a  cluster. 

Toad-pipe  (Kqvise'tum  arvense)  is 
tod-pijie ;  80  called  from  the  cluster  of 
jointed  hair-liko  tubes  or  pipes  of  which 
it  consists. 

Toad-stone.    (See  Toad,  "  ugly  and 
venomous.") 
Toady.    (&e  Toad-eatek.) 

Toast.  A  name  given,  to  which 
guests  are  invited  to  drink  in  compli- 
ment. The  name  at  one  time  was  that 
of  a  lady.  The  word  is  taken  from  the 
toast  which  used  at  one  time  to  be  put 
into  the  tankard,  and  which  still  floats  in 
the  Joving-cupi,  and  also  the  cups  called 
copug,  bi'ihop,  and  cardinal,  at  the  Uni- 
versities. Hence  the  lady  named  was  the 
toast  or  savour  of  the  wine — that  which 
gave  the  draught  piiiuancy  and  merit. 
The  story  goes  that  a  certain  beau,  in' 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  being  at  Dath, 
pledged  a  noted  beauty  in  a  glass  of 
water  taken  from  her  bath,  whereupon 
another  roysterer  cried  out  he  w<juld  have 
nothing  to  do  with  the  liquor,  but  would 
have  the  toast  (i.e.,  the  lady  herself). — 
Ramhln;  No.  24. 

U»  uoijT  mirth  »nd  roariujj  »i.ii(r«  commandi, 
OiTM  )dl.'  toasts,  io.  Crabbe,  "  iiorouyA." 

Tobit,  sleeping  one  night  outside  the 
wall  of  his  courtyard,  was  blinded   by 


eparrows  "muting  warm  dung  into  hia 
eyes."  His  son  Tobias  was  attacked  on 
the  Tigris  by  a  fish,  which  leapt  out  of 
the  water  to  assail  him.  Tobias  married 
Sara,  seven  of  whose  betrothed  loveri 
had  been  successively  carried  off  by  the 
evil  spirit  Asmode'us.  Asmodeus  was 
driven  off  by  the  angel  Azari'as,  and 
fleeing  to  the  extremity  of  Egypt,  was 
bound.  O'd  Tobit  was  cured  of  his 
blindness,  by  ajiplying  to  his  eyes  the 
gall  of  the  fish  which  had  tried  to  devour 
his  son. — Apoa-ypha  (Book  of  Tobit). 

Tobo'so.  Dulcin'ea  del  Toboso.  Don 
Quixote's  lady.  Sancho  Panza  says  she 
was  "a  stout-built  sturdy  wench,  who 
could  pitch  the  bar  as  well  as  an)'  young 
fellow  in  the  parish."  Tlie  knight  had 
been  in  love  with  her  when  he  was 
simply  a  gentleman  of  the  name  of 
Quixa'da.  She  was  then  called  Aldonza 
Lorenzo  (daughter  of  Lorenzo  Corchuelo 
and  Aldonza  Nogales) ;  but  when  the 
gentleman  became  a  don,  he  changed 
the  style  of  address  of  the  village  damsel 
into  one  more  befitting  hi.s  new  rank.— 
Cervantes,  "Don  Quixote,"  bk.  i.,  ch.  1. 

"Sir,"8aid  Don  Quixote,  "she  is  not  a  descendant 
of  the  ancient  Ciii,  Cuitii,  and  So  pios  of  Kome;  ;ioi 
of  tlH!  n^.oJcrn  Cuion-is  and  Orsiiii  ;  nor  of  the  He- 
liiUns  aid  \'illaK<ivaa  of  Valeuii*-,  neither  is  sh'-  i 
desceU'l.iiit  of  tiie  Paiafuxes,  Newo^is.  .Hocaher'is, 
Corellas,  Lunas,  Alnt-oTiiJs,  Ure.-is.  Fozes,  and  H'lr- 
reas  of  Ara»{on;  neither  does  the  lady  Diih-in-» 
deseeu'i  frnm  tlie''erdaa.  Manriquez,  Mendozas.  and 
(iuztnaus  of  Castile,  nor  from  the  Aleui-ustiu^, 
Pallas,  and  Menezes  of  Ponugal ;  but  she  d-rive* 
her  origin  from  a  fumily  of  Toboso,  near  Mimchk 
(hk.  il,  oh.  5). 

*,*  In  English  the  accent  of  Dulcinea 
is  often  on  the  second  syllable,  but  in 
Spanish  it  is  on  the  third. 

.Ask  you  for  whom  my  te.irs  do  flow  so  ? 
Why,  for  Dulcinea  del  TijIhjso. 

Don  (Juixole't  Lotx-aong. 

Tobo'sian.  The  rampant  Man'che- 
gan  lion  shall  be  united  to  tht  white 
Tobosian  dove.  Literally,  Don  Quixote 
de  la  Mancha  shall  marry  Dulcin'ea  del 
Toboso.  Metaphorically,  "  None  but 
the  brave  deserve  the  fair;"  "She  who 
is  fair  all  raaids  above  shall  bravery's 
guerdon  be." 

Toby  (Uncle).  The  real  hero  of 
Sterne's  "  Tristram  Shandy."  He  is  a 
captain  wminded  at  the  siege  of  Namur, 
noted  for  his  kindness  of  heart,  his  in- 
geimous  simplicity,  his  gallantry,  and 
maiden  modesty. 

Toby  Vfick.  Ticket-porter  and  job- 
ncan,    nicknamed    "Trotty,"    from    his 


TODDY. 


TOM. 


pace.  "  A  weak,  small,  spare  man," 
who  loved  to  earn  his  money,  and  hei^rd 
the  chimes  ring  words  which  his  fancy, 
hopes,  and  fears  created.  Aftera  dinner 
of  tripe  he  lived  for  a  time  in  dream-land, 
and  woke  up  on  New  Year's  Day  to 
dance  at  his  daughter's  wedding. — 
Dickens,  "The  Chimes." 

Toddy.  A  favourite  Scotch  beverage 
compounded  of  si-irits,  hot  water,  and 
sugar.  The  word  is  a  corruption  of  taudi, 
the  Indian  name  for  the  saccharine  juice 
of  palm  spathos.  The  Sanskrit  is  toUU 
or  taUli,  from  tal  (palm-juice). — Rhind, 
"  Vajetahle  Kin^/dam." 

Todgers  (Mrs.).  Proprietress  of  a 
commercial  boarding-house  in  "  Martin 
Chuzzlewit,"  by  Charles  Dickens. 

Toes.  The  most  dexterous  man  in 
the  use  of  his  toes  in  lieu  of  fingers  was 
William  Kingston,  born  without  hands 
or  arms.  (.Ve*  "  World  of  Wonders," 
pt.  X.  ;  Corre.sponiience,  p.  65.) 

Tofania.  An  old  woman  of  Naples 
immortalised  by  lier  invention  of  a  taste- 
less and  coIo\irless  poison,  called  by  her 
the  Manna  o/.'it.  yicuta  of  Bun,  but  better 
known  as  A  a/ua  To/a'iia.  Above  GOO  per- 
sons fell  victims  to  this  insidious  drug. 

Hieronyma  Spara,  L'enerally  called  La 
Spara,  a  reputed  witch,  about  a  century 
previously,  sold  a  similar  elixir.  The 
secret  was  revealed  by  the  father  confes- 
sors, after  many  years  of  concealment 
and  a  frightful  nujnber  of  deaths. 

Tog.  To^s,  dress.  (Latin,  toga.) 
"  Togged  out  in  his  best "  is  dressed  in 
his  best  clothes.     Togncry  is  finery. 

Toga.  The  Romans  were  called 
Uxjix'U  or  gens  toga'la,  because  their  chief 
outer  dress  was  a  toga. 

Tole'do.  Famous  for  its  swords. 
"The  temper  of  Tole'dan  blaiies  is  such 
that  they  are  sometimes  packed  in 
boxes,  curled  up  like  the  maiusprings  of 
watches."  Both  Livy  and  I'olyb'ius  refer 
to  them. 

Tolmen,  in  French  Dolmen.  An 
immense  mass  of  stone  placed  on  two  or 
more  vertical  ones,  so  as  to  admit  a 
passage  between  thom.  (Celtic,  tol  or 
dot,  table;  men^  stone.) 

The  Coiislantine  Tolmen,  Cornwall,  con- 
sists of  a  v.ost  stone  33  feet  long,  14^ 
deep,  and  18^  across.     This  stone  is  cal- 


culated to  weigh  750  tons,  and  ic  poised 
on  the  points  of  two  natural  rooks. 

Tolo'sa.  Jle  has  got  ike  gold  of  Tolota 
(Latin  proverb  meaning  "  His  ill-gotten 
wealth  will  do  him  no  good  '').  Ciepio, 
in  his  march  to  Gallia  Narbonensis,  stole 
from  Toulouse  (T'^z/uM)  the  gold  and  silver 
consecrated  by  the  Cimbrian  Druids  to 
their  gods.  In  the  battle  which  ensued 
both  Csepio  and  his  brother  consul  were 
defeated  by  the  Cimbrians  and  'I'eutons, 
and  112,000  Romans  were  left  dead  on 
the  field  (B.C.  10(i). 

Tom.  Det'.vecn  "  Tom  "  and  "  Jack  " 
there  is  a  va.st  dill'erence.  "Jack  "  is  the 
sharp,  shrewd,  active  fellow,  but  Tom 
the  honest  dullard.  Counterfeits  are 
'■  Jacks,"  but  Toms  are  simply  bulky 
examples  of  the  ordinary  sort,  as  Tom- 
toes.  No  one  would  think  of  calling  the 
thick-headed,  ponderous  male  cat  a  Jack, 
nor  the  pert,  dexterous,  thieving  daw  a 
"  Tom."  The  former  is  instinctively 
called  a  Tom-cat,  and  the  latter  a  Jack- 
daw. The  subject  of  "  Jack  "  has  been 
already  set  forth.  {See  Jack.)  Let  ua 
now  see  how  Tom  is  used  ; — 

Tom  o'  Bidlam  (/j.v.).  A  mendicant 
who  levies  charity  on  the  plea  of  insanity. 

Tom-cat.     Tbe  male  cat. 

Tom-Drum's  eiilerliiinynent.  A  very 
clumsy  sort  of  horse-play. 

Tom -Farthing.     A  i'uiu  fool. 

Tom  Fool.  A  clurasy,  witless  fool, 
fond  of  stupid  practical  jokes,  but  very 
diifereut  from  a  "  Jack  Pudding,"  who  is 
a  wit  and  bit  of  a  conjurrr. 

To)n  Long.     A  lazy,  dilatory  sluggard. 

Tomlony.     A  simpleton. 

Tom  Noddy.  A  puffing,  fuming,  stupid 
creature,  no  more  like  a  "  Jack-a-dandy" 
than  Bill  Sikes  to  S-am  Weller. 

Tom  Noodle.     A  mere  nincompoop. 

7*01)1  the  Piper's  i^o.i.  A  jxior  stupid 
thief  who  got  well  basted,  and  blubbered 
like  a  booby. 

Tom  Thumb.  A  man  eutshort  or  stinted 
of  his  fair  proportions.  (For  the  Tom 
Thumb  of  nursery  doli;,'ht,  see  next  page.) 

T\jm  Tidier.  An  occ\ip.ant  who  finds  it 
no  easy  matter  to  keep  his  own  ngainst 
sharper     rivals.       (Set    TOM    TiDLEn's 

GUuU.VD.) 

Tom  Tiller.    A  hen-pecked  hiisband. 

7'')i;»  Tinier.  The  brawny,  heavy  black* 
smith,  with  none  of  the  wit  and  fun  of  a 
"Jack  Tar,"  who  can  pull  a  yarn  to 
astonish  a\}  Lis  aatire  Tillage. 


900 


TOM. 


TONANS. 


I 


Tom  Til.  The  " Tom  Thumb"  of  birds. 

Tom-Toe.  Tho  clumBy,  bulky  toe, 
"bulk  without  .spirit  vast."  Why  tho 
Kreat  toe?  "  I''or  that  being  one  o'  the 
lowest,  basest,  poorest  of  this  most  wise 
rebellion,  thou  goest  foremost."—  Shake- 
s/ieare,  "  Curiolamis,"  i.  1. 

7'om  Tug.  A  waterman,  who  bears  the 
Banie  relation  to  a  Jack  Tar  as  a  cart- 
horse to  an  Arab.     (See  TuM  Tug.) 

Great  Tom  of  Lincoln.  A  bell  weighing 
6  tons  8  cwt. 

Mu/htij  Tom  of  Oxjord.  A  Viell  weigh- 
ing 7  tons  12  cwt. 

Old  Tom.  A  heavy,  stroiit;,  into.\icat- 
ing  sort  of  gin. 

Tom  and  Jerry,  Two  characters  in 
Pierce  Egan's  "Life  in  London." 

Tom  and  Jerry  Shop.  (-SteToMMT  Snor. ) 

Tom  o'  Bedlams.  A  race  of  mendi- 
cants. The  Letblelieni  Hospital  was  made 
to  accommodate  six  lunatics,  but  in  1G44 
the  number  admitted  was  forty-four,  and 
applications  were  so  numerous  that  many 
inmates  wore  dismissed  half  cured.  These 
"  ticket-of-leave  men"  used  to  wander 
about  as  vagrants,  chaunting  mad  songs, 
and  dressed  in  fantastic  dresses,  to  excite 
pity.  Under  cover  of  these  harmless 
''  innocents,"  a  set  of  sturdy  rogues  ap- 
peared, called  AV>ram  Men,  who  shammed 
lunacy,  and  committed  great  depreda- 
tions. 

Witli  asiph  like  Tom  o'  He.ilam. 

67i<tAf»()'Hrc..  "  King  heuT,"  1  'J. 

Tom-boy.  A  romping  girl,  a  harlot. 
(Saxon,  tumhere,  a  dancer  or  romper ; 
Daiiish,  Ucmle,  "to  tumble  about;" 
French,  tomher ;  Spanish,  lumbar;  our 
tumble.)  The  word  may  either  be  tunibe- 
boy  (one  who  romp.<  like  a  boy),  or  a 
lumber  (one  who  romps),  the  word  boy 
being  a  corruption. 

A  laHr 
80  fair. . . .to  be  parlDcr'd 
With  Tomboys. 

S/iukes/'eure,  "  Ct/mbeline,''  i.  7. 

Tom  Folio.  Thomas  Rawlinson, 
tho  bibliomaniac.     (16S1-1725.) 

Tom  Fool's  Coloiu-s.  Red  and 
yellow,  or  scarlet  and  yellow,  the  colours 
of  the  ancient  motley. 

Tom  Foolery.  The  coarse  witlesr 
jokes  of  a  Tom  Fool.     (See  above.) 

Tom  Long.  Waiting  for  Tom  Long— 
i.e.,  a  wearisome  long  time.  The  pun,  of 
couise,  is  on  the  word  long. 


Tom  Thumb,  the  nursery  tale,  is 
from  the  French  Le  Petit  Poucet,  by 
Charles  Perrault  (1630),  but  it  is  probably 
of  Anglo-Saxon  origin.  There  is  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  a  ballad  about  Tom 
Thumb,  "printed  for  .John  Wright  in 
16;i0."  Tom  in  this  compound  is  the 
Swedish  Tomt,  a  nix  or  dwarf,  as  in 
Tomplguhhe  (a  brownie  or  kobold).  The 
I  is  mute,  like  the  d  in  Trold,  pronounced 
troll. 

•,*  The  Tom  Thumb  of  King  Arthur's 
court  is  a  clever  little  follow  ;  but  the 
stunted  creature  ordinarily  termed  a 
Tom  Thumb  is  simplj'  a  man  cut  short. 
One  should  be  called  Tomt-thumb,  and 
the  other  Tom-thumb. 

Tom  Thumb.  The  son  of  a  common 
ploughman  and  his  wife,  who  was 
knighted  by  king  Arthur,  and  was  killed 
by  the  poisonous  breath  of  a  spider,  in 
the  reign  of  king  Thunstone,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Arthur. — Nursery  tale. 

Tom  Tidler's  Ground.    The 

ground  or  tenement  of  a  sluggard.  The 
expression  occurs  in  Dickens's  Christ- 
mas Story,  1861.  Tidier  is  a  contraction 
of  "the  idler"  or  (idler.  The  game  eo 
called  consists  in  this  :  Tom  Tidier  stands 
on  a  heap  of  stones,  gravel,  kc. ;  other 
boys  rush  on  the  heap,  crying  "  Here  I 
am  on  Tom  Tidler's  ground,"  and  Tona 
bestirs  himself  to  keep  the  invaders  off. 

Tom  Tug.  A  waterman.  In  allusion 
to  the  tug  or  boat  so  called,  or  to  tugging 
at  the  oars. 

Tomb  of  our  Lord.  This  spot  is 
now  covered  by  "The  Church  of  tlie 
lloly  Sepulclue."  A  loug  marble  slab  is 
shown  on  the  pavement  as  the  tombstone. 
Where  the  Lord  was  anointed  for  his 
burial  three  large  candloilicks  stand, 
covered  with  red  velvet. 

Tommy  Shop.  Where  wages  are 
paid  to  workmen,  who  are  expected  to 
lay  out  a  part  of  the  money  for  the  good 
of  the  shop.  Tommy  means  bread  or  a 
penny  roll,  or  the  food  taken  by  a  work- 
man in  his  handkerchief ;  it  also  means 
goods  in  lieu  of  money.  A  Tom  and 
Jerry  shop  is  a  low  drinking-room, 

Tonans  (^De/irium    Tonans).      Loud 
talk,  exaggeration,  gasconade.      Black, 
woods  Magazine  (1869)  introduced   Viic 
expression  in  the  following  clause  :  — 
Irijihasea    »rf  tb«  victima  of  tUit  terribU  jnsl.ndv 


TONGUES. 


TOOTS. 


901 


ttiRt  i«  characteri8i>(i  by  s  lort  of  «u>i-»Jut«  ravitn. 
RD'l  mi),  for  uaot  ot  a  bett«r  name,  be  calka 
♦■  Ueliiiiim  Uon;ina  ' 

Tongues. 

The  Italian  is  pleasant  but  without 
sinews,  as  a  still  fleetintj  water. 

'J'lie  French— delicate,  but  even  nice  as 
a  woman,  scarce  darinp  to  open  her  lips 
for  fear  of  marrina:  her  countenance. 

Spanish — majettical,  but  fulsome,  run- 
niuK  too  much  on  the  letter  o  ;  and  terri- 
ble like  the  devil  in  a  ]'!ay. 

Dutch—  manlike,  but  withal  very  harsh, 
as  one  ready  at  every  word  to  pick  a 
quarrel. 

We  (the  English),  in  borrowing?  from 
them,  pive  the  strength  of  consonants 
to  the  Italian  ;  the  full  sound  of  words 
to  the  French  ;  the  variety  of  termina- 
tions to  the  hjpanish  ;  and  the  mollifying 
of  more  vowels  to  the  Dutch  ;  and  so, 
like  tees,  we  gather  the  honey  of  their 
good  properties  and  leave  the  dregs  to 
themselves. — CamcUn. 

To'nio.  A  young  Tyi'olese  wlio  saved 
Maria,  the  suttler-girl,  when  on  the  point 
of  failing  down  a  precipice.  The  young 
couple  fall  in  love  with  each  other,  and 
the  regiment  which  calls  Jlaria  its 
adopted  daughter  consents  to  their  mar- 
riage, provided  Tonio  will  enlist  under 
its  flag.  No  sooner  is  tins  done  than 
Maria  is  claimed  by  the  marchioness  of 
Berkentield  as  her  own  daughter,  and  is 
at  once  removed  to  the  castle  of  her 
noble  mother.  In  time  the  castle  is 
taken  possession  of  by  the  same  French 
regiment,  and  Tonio  has  risen  to  the 
rank  of  field  officer.  Wiien  he  claims 
tlie  hand  of  Maria,  the  marchioness  tells 
him  she  has  promised  her  to  the  son  of  a 
duchess  ;  but  Maria  induces  her  to  relent, 
and  she  is  given  in  marriage  to  the 
Tyroleso.  —  Donizctli,  "  Lo.  Fijfta.  del 
lier/fjlmento"  (an  opera). 

Tonna  {Mrs.),  Charlotte  Elizabeth, 
the  author  of  "  I'ersonal  Recollections." 
(179'2-1S16.) 

Ton  sure  (2  syl.).  The  tonsure  of  .?<. 
Ptta-  consists  in  shaving  the  crown  and 
back  of  the  head,  so  as  to  leave  a  ring  or 
"  crown  "  of  hair. 

Tlic  tonsure  of  James  consists  in  shaving 
the  entire  front  of  tho  head.  This  is 
sometimes  called  "  Tho  tonsure  of  Simon 
tho  .Magician,"  and  sometimes  "The 
Scottish  tonsure,"  from  it*  use  in  North 
Biitain- 


Tontine  (2  syl.).  A  legacy  left 
among  several  persons  in  such  a  way 
that  as  any  one  ilies  his  share  goes  to 
tho  survivors,  till  the  last  survivor  in- 
herits all.  So  named  from  Lorenzo 
Tonti,  a  Neapolitan,  who  introduced 
the  system  into  France  in  1053. 

Tony  Lumpkin.  A  young  clown- 
ish bumi)kin  in  "She  Stoops  to  Con- 
quer," by  Oliver  Goldsmith. 

Tooba  or  Touba  (elei-nal  happiness). 
The  tree  Touba,  in  Paradise,  stands  in 
the  palace  of  Mahomet.— 6a/«  {Prelim. 
Disc). 

Toodle  {Mr.).  A  character  who  had 
only  tliree  stages  of  existence.  He  was 
either  taking  refreshment  in  the  bosom 
of  his  family,  or  was  tearing  through  the 
country  at  from  twenty-five  to  fifty  mile* 
an  liour,  or  was  sleeping  after  his  fatigues. 
— Dtclcem,  "  Domhei/  and  Son." 

Tool.  To  tool  a  coach.  To  drive  one  ; 
gcneially  ai)plied  to  a  gentleman  Jehu, 
who  undertakes  for  his  own  amusement 
to  drive  a  st.age-coach.  To  tool  is  to  use 
the  tool  as  a  workman  ;  a  coachman's 
tools  are  tho  reins  and  whip  with  which 
he  tools  his  coach  or  makes  his  coach  go. 

ToomTabard  {enpt>/  jacket).  A  nick- 
name given  to  John  Baliol,  because  of 
his  poor  spirit,  and  sleeveless  appoint, 
ment  to  the  throne  of  Scotland.  The 
honour  was  an  "  empty  jacket,"  which 
he  enjoyed  a  short  time  and  then  lost. 
Ho  died  discrowned  in  Normandy. 

Tooth.  Greek,  odonC ;  Latin,  dtnC ; 
Sanskrit,  danC ;  Gothic,  ttaith'. 

A  rnied  to  the  teeth.  To  the  Tth.  A  simi- 
lar pun  is  "raising  pie  to  tho  teeth," 
that  is  to  the  T">  power.  These  are 
C!ambridgo  University  phrases,  taken 
from  mathematics. 

In  spite  of  his  teeth.  Though  he  snarU 
and  shows  his  teeth  like  a  snarling  dog, 
(See  Teeth.) 

Tooth  and  Egg.  A  corruption  of 
Tutumtg,  a  Chinese  word  for  spelter,  the 
metal  of  which  canisters  are  made,  and 
tea  «!ie.st3  lined.  It  is  a  mixture  ol 
English  lead  and  tin  from  (^uintang. 

Tooth  and  Nail.  In  ricrht  good 
earnest,  like  a  rat  or  mouse  biting  and 
scratching  to  get  at  something. 

Toots  {Mr.).      A    6ort   of    Verdant 


902 


TOP. 


TCRRICELLL 


Green,  wlio  had  recently  burst  the  bonds 
of  Dr.  I51iml>cr's  school,  and  fallen  iu  lovo 
with  Floronco  Dotnbcy.  Ho  is  famous  for 
blushing,  refusiuf?  what  ho  is  dying  to 
obtain,  and  sayinrj  "  Oh,  it  is  of  no  con- 
8ei]iienco,"  out  of  nervous  bashfulness. — 
Dickens,  "Dombey  and  Son,"  ch.  xxviii. 

"I»s«ure  yoii."«!iid  Mr.  Toots.  "  nnlly  f  sm  dread- 
fully Boriy,  but  it's  of   no  conseiiiunce."— i>ic*e/u, 

**  homhty  null  6oi»,*' 

Top.    (See  Sleep.) 

Top-Sawyer.  A  first-rate  fellow. 
Tbo  f^awyer  that  takes  tlie  ujiper  stand 
is  always  tlie  superior  Uian,  and  gets 
double  wages. 

Tope.  A  tumulus  or  Buddhistic 
monument,  called  in  Ceylon  a  dagop. 
(Pali  tlidpa,  Sanskrit  stupa,  a  mound. 
Dagop  is  dMtu-gopa,  relic-preserver.) 

To'pliet  (playing  on  timhreh).  A 
valley  near  Jerusalem,  where  children 
were  made  to  "  pass  through  the  fire  to 
Moloch."  Josi'ah  threw  dead  bodies, 
ordure,  and  other  unclean  things  there, 
to  prevent  all  further  application  of  the 
place  to  religious  use  (2  Kings  xxiii.  10, 
11).  Here  Sennacherib's  army  was  de- 
stroyed (Isa.  XXX.  31-33).  The  valley  was 
also  called  "Gehiunom"  (valley  of  Hin- 
nom),  corrupted  into  Gehenna,  and  rabbi 
Kimchi  tells  us  that  a  perpetual  fire  was 
kept  burning  in  it  to  consume  the  dead 
bodies,  bones,  filth,  and  ordure  deposited 
there. 

Top'ic.  This  w-rd  has  wholly  changed 
its  original  meaning.  It  now  signifies  a 
subject  for  talk,  a  theme  for  discussion 
or  to  bo  written  about ;  but  originally 
"topics"  were  what  we  call  connnon- 
places;  the  "sentences"  of  Peter  Lom- 
Dard  were  theological  topics.  (Greek, 
(opiJia,  irora  lopos,  a  place.) 

Topsy.  A  slave-girl,  who  imper- 
sonates the  low  moral  development  but 
real  capacity  for  education  of  the  negro 
race.  Her  reply  to  Aunt  Ophelia,  who 
questioned  her  as  to  hor  father  and 
mother,  is  worthy  Dickens.  After  main- 
taining that  she  had  noilhcr  father  nor 
mother,  her  solution  of  her  existence  was 
"I  'spects  I  growed." — Mrs.  Beecher 
Stoice,  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin." 

Topsy-turvy.  The  Saxon  lop  si.lc 
turn-atceg  (the  top-ride  turn-away),  or 
lop-tid  turn-wcg  doicn  (top-side  frim  way- 


down),  as  Shakespeare  says  "  turn  it 
tupsy  turvy  down"  ("  1  Henry  IV.,"  iv. 
1).  Skinner  gives  topeti  in  lurfen  (top.i 
in  the  turf — i.e.,  upside  on  the  ground), 
and  Grose  fop-side  turf-wise,  turf  being 
always  laid  tho  wrong  side  upwards. 
(5(e  Half-seas  Ovek.) 

Toralva.  The  licentiate  who  was 
conveyed  on  a  cane  through  the  air,  with 
his  eyes  shut.  In  the  space  of  twelve 
hours  he  arrived  at  Rome,  and  lighted 
on  the  tower  of  Nona,  whence,  looking 
down,  he  witnessed  the  death  of  the  con- 
stable de  Bourbon.  The  next  morning 
he  arrived  at  Madrid,  and  related  the 
whole  affair.  During  his  Hight  through 
the  air  the  devil  bade  him  open  his  eyes, 
and  he  found  himself  so  near  the  moon 
that  he  could  have  touched  it  with  his 
f.nger.— Cervantes, "Don Quixote,"  pt.  II., 
bk.  iii.,  ch.  5. 

Torne'a.     A  lake,  or  rather  a  river 
i   of  Sweden,  which  rises  from  a  lake  in 
Lapland,  and  runs  into  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia, at  the  town  called  Torne'a  or  Torne, 

Still  pressing  on  beyond  Tomea's  lake. 

Thcmioii, "  l^iHter.' 

Torqua'to — i.e.,  Torquato  Tasso,  the 

poet.     {See  Alfonso.) 

ronnato's  fame. 
:de  Uarold,"  if.  36. 


And  Bee  how  de  irly  earned  ' 
Lord  Byrvn,**  C'iii 


Torr's  MSS.,  in  the  library  of  the 
dean  and  chapterof  York  Minster.  These 
volmiiinous  records  contain  the  clergy 
list  of  every  pari.-h  in  the  diocese  of  York, 
and  state  not  only  the  date  of  each  va- 
cancy, but  the  cause  of  each  removal, 
whether  by  death,  promotion,  or  other- 
wise. 

Torralba  (Doctor),  who  resided  some 
time  in  tlie  court  of  Charles  V.  of  Spain. 
He  was  tried  by  the  Inquisition  for  sor- 
cery, and  confessed  that  the  spirit  Ce- 
quiel  took  him  from  Vall'adolid'  to  Rome 
and  back  again  in  an  hour  and  a  half. — 
Pellicer. 

Tori'e,  Sir  (1  syl.).  Brother  of  Elaine, 
and  son  of  the  lord  of  As'tolat.  A  kind, 
blunt  heart,  brusque  iu  manners,  and 
but  little  of  a  Vrnght.— Tennyson,  "Iduli 
of  the  King"  (Elaine). 

Torrieelli  is  noted  fcr  his  explana- 
tion of  the  rise  of  wate:  in  a  common 
suction-pump.  Galileo  explained  the 
phenomenon  by  the  ipse  dixit  of  "Nature 
abhors  a  vacuum." 


TORSO. 


TOURS. 


903 


Torso.  A  stature  wliich  has  lost  its 
head  and  members,  as  the  famous  "  torso 
of  Hercules."  The  word  is  Italian,  and 
means  a  trunk  [of  a  tree,  kc.]. 

Torture  (2  syl.).  The  most  cele- 
brated instruments  of  torture  were  the 
rack,  called  by  the  Ensrlish  "the  duke 
of  Exeter's  daughter  ;  "  the  thumbil-ins 
or  thumbscrews,  the  boots,  the  pincers, 
the  manacles,  and  the  scavenger's  daughter 
(q.v.). 

To'ry.  This  word,  says  Defoe,  is  the 
Irish  loi-uiqh,  used  in  the  reii/ii  of  queen 
Eiizabeth  to  sitrnify  a  band  of  Irish  rob- 
bers. It  is  formed  from  the  verb  loruighim 
(to  make  sudden  raids).  Golius  says — 
"  ToKT,  silvestris,  montana,  avi%,  homo, 
el  ulrumqut  utlus  haud  ibi  est  (Whatever 
inhabits  mountains  and  forests  is  a  Tory). 
Lord  Macaulay  says— "The  name  was 
first  g-iven  to  those  who  refused  to  concur 
in  excluding  James  from  the  throne." 
He  further  says— "The  bogs  of  Ireland 
afforded  a  refuge  to  popish  outlaws,  called 
lories."  Tory-huutiiii:;  was  a  pastime 
which  has  even  found  place  in  our  nursery 
rhymes— "I  went  to  the  wood  and  1 
killed  a  tory. " 

F.  Crossley  gives  as  the  derivation, 
Taohh-riijk  (Celtic),  "king's  party." 

H.  T.  Horo,  in  Notes  aiid  Qiieries,  g^vcs 
Tualli^i-u/h,  "partisans  of  the  king." 

G.  Borrow  gives  Tar-a-ri,  "  Come,  O 
king." 

Another  suggestion  is  the  highway- 
man's demand,  Toree I  toreel — "Give! 
give  !  "  {i.e.,  your  money  or  your  life). 

Touch.  To  keep  io«c/t— faith,  fidelity. 
The  allusion  is  to  "touching"  gold  and 
other  metals  on  a  touch-stone  to  prove 
them.  Shakes|>earo  8i>eaks  of  "  frieu<is 
of  noble  touch'"  (proof). 

And  truBt  me  on  mv  truth, 

If  ilioo  ke<-p  touch  Willi  me, 
M»  ■Icarpgt  frienj,  as  my  own  heart, 

Tt>uu  ^h:llt  right  w;lcuri>e  l«. 

Oruiw  JlurnurlH,7M). 

Tou'chet.  When  Charles  IX.  in- 
troduced Henri  of  Navarro  to  Marie 
Touchct,  ho  requested  him  to  make  an 
anagram  on  her  name,  au'I  Henri  there- 
upon wrote  the  following  —Je  char  me  tout. 

Touchstone.  A  dark,  fliuty  schist, 
calle<l  by  the  ancients  Lapis  Lydixu ; 
called  touchstone  because  gold  is  tried 
by  it,  thus ;  the  stone  is  touched  by  the   ' 


metal,  and  the  metal  leaves  a  mark  be- 
hiijd,  tho  colour  of  which  indicates  it€ 
purity.  Dr.  Ure  says,  "  In  such  small 
work  as  cannot  be  assayed  .  .  .  the  a.s- 
sayers  ....  ascertain  its  quality  by 
'  touch.'  They  then  compare  the  colour 
loft  behind,  and  form  their  judgment 
accordingly." 


Touchstone.  A  clown  whose  mouth  is 
filled  with  quips  and  cranks  and  witty 
repartees. — ^/iiik<-speare,  "  yl*  Vou  Likt 
It."     The  original  one  was  TarUnn. 

Touchy  (French,  touche,  affected), 
or  Ne  touuhez  pas,  "  Noli  me  taugere," 
one  not  to  be  touched. 

Tour.  The  Grand  Tour.  Through 
France,  Switzerland,  Italy,  and  home  i)y 
Germany.  Before  railways  were  laid 
down,  this  tour  was  made  by  most  of  the 
young  aristocratic  families  as  the  finish 
of  tiieir  e<lucation.  Tiiose  who  merely 
went  to  France  or  Germany  were  simply 
tourists. 

Tournament  or  Toumay.  A  tilt 
of  knights ;  the  chief  art  of  the  game 
being  so  to  manoeuvre  or  turn  your  horse 
as  to  avoid  the  adversary's  blow. 

Touiniamenl  of  the  Drum.  A  comic  ro- 
mance in  verse  by  Sir  David  Liud.say ; 
a  ludicrous  mock  tournament. 

Tournament  of  Tottenham.  A  comic 
rcmance,  printed  in  Percy's  "Reliques." 
A  number  of  clowns  are  introduced,  prac- 
tising warlike  games,  and  making  vows 
like  knights  of  high  degree.  They  ride 
tilts  on  cart-horses,  fight  with  plougli- 
shares  and  Hails,  and  wear  for  armor.r 
wooden  bowls  and  saucepan-lids.  It 
may  be  termed  the  "  High  Life  Below 
Stairs"  of  chivalry. 

Tour'nemine  (3  syl.).  Thai's  Tour- 
nemine.  Your  wish  was  father  to  that 
thought.  Touniemine  was  a  Jesuit  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  of  a  very  san- 
guine and  dreamy  temperament. 

Toura  Go<-ifTrey  of  Monmouth  says: 
"  In  the  party  of  Brutus  was  one  Turo'- 
ncB,  his  ncijhow,  inferior  to  none  in  cou- 
rage and  strength,  from  whom  Tours 
derivc<I  its  name,  being  tho  place  of  his 
sepulture.  Of  course,  this  fable  is  wholly 
worthless  historically.  Tours  is  the  city 
of  tho  Tu  rouiis,  a  people  of  Gallia  Lu^- 
duc^nds. 


904 


TOUT. 


TUAOEDY. 


Tout  est  Perdu  Hormis  Li'IIon- 
neur,  i«  wlmt  KraiKjois  1.  wrote  to  his 
moth.-r  lifter  tlie  battle  of  IVvia. 

Tower  of  Hunger.  Gualandi.  {See 
Uooi.rNu.) 

Tower  of  London.  The  architect 
of  tlii.s  reinarkalile  hiiiirlinp  was  Guiidui- 
pbus,  bishop  of  Rochestor,  who  also  Imilt 
or  restorcrl  Rochester  keep,  in  the  time 
of  William  I.  In  the  Tower  lie  buried 
Au!ic  Uoleyii  and  her  brother  ;  the  guilty 
Catherine  Howard,  niid  lady  Rochford 
her  iissociato  ;  the  Tenerable  lady  Salis- 
bury, and  Cromwell  the  mi!ii>ter  of 
Ilonry  VI II.  ;  the  two  Seymours,  the 
admiral  and  jirotoctor  of  Edward  VI.  ; 
the  duke  of  i\(irf"Ik  and  earl  of  Essex 
(queen  Klizabeth's  rcit^m) ;  the  duke  of 
Monmouth,  son  of  Chnrles  II.  ;  the  earls 
of  Balmerino  and  Kilmarnock,  and  lord 
Lo>at ;  bishop  Fisher  and  his  illustrious 
friend  More. 

Townly  {Lad;/).  A  silly  young  wife, 
seltish,  and  fond  of  gaiety.  She  tells  her 
husband's  sister — "  I  dote  upon  assem- 
blies ;  my  heart  bounds  at  a  ball ;  and 
at  an  opera  I  expire.  I  love  play  to  dis- 
traction ;  cards  enchant  me  ;  and  dice 
put  me  out  of  my  little  wits." — Van- 
hrwjh  and  Cibber,  "  Tlie  Provoked  Ht's- 
band," 

Lord  Totonly.  Husband  of  the  above. 
A  sedate  domestic  gentleman,  who  re- 
deems his  wife  by  daring  to  govern  her. 
—  Vanh-ugk  and  (Jibber,  "  The  Provoked 
Ihishand." 

Tox  (_Miss).  A  milk-and-water  young 
lady,  who  "ambled  on  through  life  with- 
out any  opinions."  She  looked  upon 
Dombey  and  Son  as  the  pivot  on  which 
the  whole  world  turned,  and  once  in- 
dulged a  very  distant  hope  that  she 
might  become  Mrs.  Donibey  ;  but  when 
Mr.  Dombey  married  Edith,  Miss  Tox 
"  felt  she  had  no  reason  of  complaint, 
and  that  no  wife  could  be  too  handsome 
or  too  stately  for  him."  For  a  day  or 
two  the  harpsichord  and  plants  were 
neglected,  but  Miss  Tox  "was  not  of  a 
disposition  long  to  abandon  herself  to 
unavailing  regret,"  anil  converted  hi-T 
"affection"  into  "Platonic  love." — 
Dickens,  "Donibey  a7id  .St>«,"  ch.  xxxviii. 

Tracts  for  the  Times.  Published 
at  Oxford  during  the  years  1833-1841, 
anil  li(<iice  calleil  the  "  I'xlord  Tracts." 

A— i.e.,  Kev.  John  Kcblt>,  M.A.,  author 


of  the  "  Christian  Year,"  follow  of  On'ol, 
and  formoily  Professor  of  Poetry  at 
Oxford. 

IJ— Rev.  Isaac  Williams,  fellow  of 
Trinity  ;  author  of  "The  Cathedral,  and 
other  Poems." 

C-Rev.  E.  B  Pusey,  D.D.,  R3gin» 
Professor  of  Hebrew,  and  canon  of  Christ 
Church. 

D— Rev.  John  Henry  Newman,  D.D., 
fellow  of  Oriel,  'writer  of  the  celebrated 
Tract  No.  90,  which  was  the  last. 

B — Rev.  Thomas  Keble. 

F — Sir  John  Provost,  Bart. 

0~-Rfiv.  K.  F.  Wilson,  of  Oriel. 

Traeta'rians.    Those  who  concur  in 

tlie  religious  views  advocated  by  the 
"  Oxford  Tracts." 

Tracy.  All  the  Tran/s  have  (he  wind 
in  their  faces.  Those  who  do  wrong  will 
always  meet  with  punishment.  William 
de  Traoi  was  the  most  active  of  the  four 
knights  who  slew  Thomas  h  Beckot,  and 
for  this  misdeed  all  who  bore  the  name 
were  saddled  by  the  church  with  this 
ban :  "  Wherever  by  sea  or  land  they  go, 
the  wind  in  their  face  shall  ever  blow." 
Fuller,  witti  his  usual  na'ivetd,  says,  "  .'Jo 
much  the  better  in  hot  weather,  as  it  will 
save  the  need  of  a  fan  " 

Trade.    {Sec  Balance.) 

Trade  Mark.  A  mark  adopted  by 
a  manufacturer  to  distinguish  his  pro- 
ductions from  those  made  by  other 
persons. 

Trade  Winds.  Winds  that  trade 
or  tread  in  one  uniform  track.  In  the 
northern  hemisphere  they  blow  from  the 
norlh-east,  aud  in  the  southern  hemisphere 
from  the  soHth-east,  about  thirty  detrreee 
each  side  of  the  equator.  In  some  places 
they  blow  six  months  in  one  direction, 
and  six  in  the  opposite.  It  is  a  mistake  to 
derive  the  word  from  trade  (commerce), 
under  the  notion  that  they  are  "good 
for  trade."  (Anglo-Saxon,  tredde-wind, 
a  treading  wind— i.e.,  wind  of  a  specific 
■'  beat"  or  tread  ;    tredan,  to  tread.) 

Tradesmen's  Signs,  removed  by 
Act  of  Parliainent,  1704.  The  London 
Paving  Act,  6  Geo.  III.,  26,  17. 

Tragedy.  The  goat-song  (Greek, 
iragos-od'e).  The  song  that  wins  the 
goat  as  a  prize.  This  is  the  explanation 
given  by  Horace  ("  Do  Arte  I'ottica,'' 
220).     (See  CoMKDY.) 


TRAIL. 


TRAPnOIS. 


905 


Tragedy.  The  first  En<rlish  tra'jreily  o/ 
Bijy  merit  was  "Gorlioduc,"  wriilun  by 
Thomas  Norton  and  Thomas  Sackville. 
(See  Ralph  Roister  Dvisler.) 

The  I'ather  of  Tragedy.  iEschylos  the 
Athenian.  (B.C.  5li5-4'iG.)  Thespis,  the 
Richardson  of  Atheiis,  who  went  about 
in  a  watrgon  witli  his  strolling  players, 
was  the  first  to  introduce  dialoj^aio  in  the 
choral  odes,  and  is  therefore  not  un- 
fre«i'.iently  called  tho  "  Father  of  Tra- 
ge<ly  or  the  Drama." 

Thespik  una  tirst  ulio,  all  i'Com'  ared  wiili  lio. 
IJg^aii  'Ills  plcuuuie  for  p.jHiei'il.v. 

Dri/dtn,  "Ail  of  Poelri/,"  ^Tru^tdy)  c.  iiL 

Father  of  French  Tragedy.      Garnier. 

(1J34-1590.) 

Trail.  The  trail  of  the  ser/ieui  is  ov-r 
them  all.  Sin  has  set  his  mark  on  all. — 
Thomas  Moore,  "Paradise  and  llie  Peri." 

Traitors'  Bridge.  A  loyal  heart 
may  he  landed  under  Traitors'  Bridije. 
Ti-aitor's  IJridgc,  in  the  Tower,  was  the 
way  by  which  persons  charged  with  high 
treitsou  entered  that  State  prison. 

Traitor's  Gate  opens  from  the 
Tower  of  London  to  the  Thames,  and 
was  the  gato  by  which  persons  accused 
of  treason  entered  their  prison. 

Trajan's  Column  commeraoratos 
his  victories  over  tho  Uacians.  It  was 
tho  work  of  Apollodorus.  Tho  column 
of  tho  Place  VendOme,  Paris,  is  a  model 
of  it. 

Trajan's  Wall.  A  line  of  forlifica- 
ticins  stretchin;^  across  tho  Dobrudscha 
from  Czornavoda  to  the  Black  Sea. 

Traniecksan  and  Slamecksan.  The 
higli  heels  and  low  heels,  tho  two  great 
political  factions  of  Lilliput.  The  high 
licols  aro  the  torics,  and  tho  low  heels 
tho  railicjils  of  tho  kingdom.  "  Tho  ani 
tnosity  of  those  two  factions  runs  so  high 
that  they  will  noitlior  cat,  nor  drink,  nor 
gpoak  to  each  otluir."  Tho  king  was  a 
low  heel  in  politics,  but  the  hoir-apparcnt 
a  liigh-lioel, — Swift,  "Oullicer's  Travels" 
(  Voyat/e  to  LilHiiul,  ch.  iv.). 

Trammel  means  to  allure  with  spots. 
(I<atin,  tru/iu  tnaatlin  ;  French,  ti-amnil.) 
Tho  allusion  is  to  the  practice  of  attach- 
ing piocf'B  of  bnght  cloth  upon  nets  to 
ttllure  tho  fish. 

Tratnontane  0>  syl.).    Tho  north 

2  D* 


wind  ;  so  called  by  tho  Italians  Viecause 
to  them  it  comes  over  the  n)ountaius. 
Tho  Italians  also  apply  the  term  to  Gor- 
man, French,  and  other  artists  born 
north  of  the  Alps.  French  lawyers,  on 
tho  other  hand,  apply  tho  wonl  to  Italian 
canonists,  whom  they  consiiler  too  llo- 
manistic.  We  in  England  generally  call 
overstrained  Roman  Catholic  notions 
"  Ultramontane." 

Tramway.  A  contraction  of  Outram- 
way;  so  called  from  Benjamin  Outrini, 
who,  in  ISOO,  used  stone  sleepers  at 
Little  Eton,  Derbyshire,  instead  of  tim- 
ber, to  support  tho  ends  of  rails  at  their 
juncture. 

Trancli'era.  Agricane'ssword,  which 
came  into  Brandomart's  possession. — 
"  (Jrlando  Furioso." 

Transfordia  or  Transfwthia.  The 
other  side  of  the  Forth,  Scotland ;  omnet 
partes  extra  Forlham,  et  Stirlin<j,  et  exierot. 
Koso  calls  this  district  Strathforlh, — 
"  Orlando  Furiuso,"  x.  SU. 

Translator-General.  So  Fiillor, 
in  his  "  Worthies,"  calls  Philemon 
Holland,  who  transilated  a  largo  number 
of  tlic  Greek  and  Latin  classics.     (1551  - 

Trap.  A  carriago,  especially  such  as 
a  phaeton,  dog-cart,  commercial  sulky, 
and  such  like.  It  is  not  ai>piicd  to  a 
gentleman's  close  carriage.  Contraction 
of  trappint/6  (whatever  is  "  put  on,"  fur- 
niture for  horses,  decorations,  I'cc. ). 

Traps.  Luggage,  as  "  Leave  your  traps 
at  tho  station."  "I  must  look  after  my 
traps,"  kc.    {ike  idjove.) 

Trapa'ni.  The  count  do  Trapnni 
was  tho  ninth  chil<l  of  Mary  Laliol  and 
Ferdinand  II.  of  tho  Two  yicilios.  Ho 
married  tho  archduchess  Mary,  dauglitor 
of  Fjoopold  II.,  grand-duko  of  Tuscany. 

N.B.  Francisdo-Paul,  usually  called 
Louis- Emmanuel  count  of  Trapaui,  was 
born  in  1827. 

Trapa'ni.  The  Spaniards,  in  pitiless 
raillery  of  tho  Spanish  marriages,  called 
the  Ira/'us  or  flish-ciouts  used  by  waiters 
in  tho  cafes  to  wipe  down  tho  dirty  tabloa 
Irapani. 

Trapbois.  An  old  usiirer,  who  knev» 
how  to  pigeon  a  greenhorn  as  woU  a* 
any  man  in  Al.sa'tia. — 'Sir  Waller  Scott, 
"  Fiirtunes  <if  Xii/el  " 


906 


TRAPPER. 


TREE. 


Trapper,  in  America,  is  one  whose 
rocation  is  to  Bet  traps  for  wild  animals 
for  tlie  sake  of  tiicir  furs. 

The  Trapper.     {See  Natty  Bumppo.) 

Trappists.  A  religfious  order,  so 
callod  from  La  Trjii'pe,  an  a!>hoy  of  the 
Cistercian  order,  f(juiiiled  in  the  middle 
of  tiie  twelfth  century. 

Tras'go.     Same  as  Duende  {q.v.). 

1'ravia'ta.  An  opera  representing 
the  progress  of  a  courtesan.  The  li- 
bretto i.s  borrowed  from  a  French  novel 
called  "  La  Dame  aux  Camelias,"  by 
Alexandre  Dumas,  jun.,  the  mostimmoral 
work  in  existence.  It  was  dramatised  for 
tiie  French  stag'e.  The  music  of  tlie  opera 
is  by  Ciuse|)pe  Verdi. 

Tray  Trip.     A  game  at  cards. 

Treacle  {tree-k'l)  properly  means  an 
antidote  against  the  bite  of  wild  bea.sts 
(Greek,  the'i-iaka  [phanTiS,ka],  from  Iher, 
a  wild  beast).  The  ancients  j;ave  the 
name  to  several  sorts  of  antidotes,  but 
ultimately  it  was  jipiilied  chiefly  to 
Venice  Treacle  (t/ie'riitca  andrnc/ii),  a 
compound  of  some  si.xty-four  drugs  in 
honey. 

Treasiires.  These  are  my  treas^tres  ; 
meaning  the  sick  and  pnor.  So  said  St. 
Lawrence  when  the  Roman  praitor  com- 
manded him  to  deliver  tip  his  treasures. 
He  was  then  condemned  to  be  roasted 
alive  on  a  gridiron  (258). 

One  day  a  lady  from  Campa'nia  called 
upon  Corne'lia,  the  mother  of  the  Gracchi, 
and  lifter  showing  her  jewels,  requested 
in  return  to  see  those  belonging  to 
the  famous  mother-in-law  of  Africanus. 
C  ornelia  sent  for  her  two  sons,  and  said 
tii  the  lady,  "  These  are  my  jewels,  in 
V  hich  alouo  I  deli;jht." 

Troas'ury  of  Sciences.  Bokhara 
(Asia),  the  centre  of  learning.  It  has 
103  colleges  with  10,000  students,  be- 
sides a  host  of  schools  and  360  mosques. 

Tree.    The  oldest  in  the  world  are— 

(1)  The  Baobab  or  llo-tree  of  Seneyal, 
reckoned  by  Adanson  to  be  5,150  years  old. 

(2)  With  this  veteran  Humboldt  classes 
the  Dragon-tree  oj  Orolava,  in  Teueritfo. 

(3)  Do  Candolle  considers  the  deciduous 
cvpress  o/Chapulte/ieci  in  Mexico,  of  equal 
age  to  the  preceding, 

(4)  The  c/iestnul- trees  on  Mount  Etna, 
and  the  Oriental  plaiie-tres  in  the  valley 


of  Bujukdore,  near  Constantinople,  am 
reckoned  to  be  of  tlie  same  age. 
Trees  of  a  palriarc/ial  oaf-. 

I.  OAKS. 

(1)  Damoretjs  Oak,  Dorsetshire,  2,000 
years  old.     Uiowu  down  in  1703. 

(2)  The  great  Oak  of  Salutes,  in  the 
■Jopartmont  of  Charente  Inf^rieure,  is 
from  1,800  to  2.0l)0  years  old. 

(3)  The  Winfarlhin;)  Oak,  Norfolk,  and 
the  Beiitle'/  Oik,  were  700  years  old  at 
the  time  of  the  Conquest. 

(4)  t'owlhorj)e  Oak,  near  Wetherby, 
Yorkshire,  according  to  Professor  Burnet, 
is  1,6110  years  old. 

(5)  WiiUam  the  Conqueror' t  Oak,  Wind- 
sor Great  Park,  is  at  least  1,200  years 
old. 

(6)  The  Bull  Oak,  Wedgenock  Park, 
and  the  Plestor  Oak,  Colborne,  were  in 
exi.stence  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest. 

(7)  The  Oak  of  the  Partisans,  in  the 
forest  of  Parey,  St.  Oucn,  is  aliove  650 
years  old.  Wallace's  Oak,  at  Ellersley, 
near  Paisley,  is  probably  ntty  years 
older.     Blown  flown  in  I.S50. 

(8)  Ovjen  Olendower't  Oak,  Sbelton, 
near  Shrewsbury,  is  so  called  because 
that  chieftain  witnessed  from  its  branches 
the  battle  between  Henry  IV.  and  Harry 
Percy,  in  1403.  Fairlop  Oak,  Hainault 
Forest,  is  about  the  8;\me  age.  Other 
famous  oaks  are  those  called  The  Ttcelve 
Apostles  and  The  Four  Evanijelists. 

II.  YEWS. 

(1)  Of  Brabum,  in  Kent,  according  ta 
De  Candolle,  is  3,000  years  old. 

(2)  The  Scotch  yew  at  Fortingal,  in 
Perthshire,  between  '^500  and  3,000 
years. 

(3)  Of  Darley  Churchyard,  Derbyshire, 
about  2,050  years. 

(4)  Of  Crouhurst,  Surrey,  about  1,400. 

(5)  The  three  at  Fuuntains  Abbey,  in 
Yorkshire,  at  least  1,200  years.  Beneath 
these  trees  the  founders  of  the  abbey 
held  their  council  in  1132. 

(6)  The  yew  grove  of  Xorbuiy  Park, 
Surrey,  was  standing  in  the  time  of  the 
Druids. 

(7)  The  yew-trees  at  Kingley  Bottom, 
near  Chichester,  were  standing  when  the 
sea-kings  landed  on  the  Sussex  coast. 

(8)  The  yew-tree  of  Ilarlington  Church- 
yard, Middlesex,  is  above  850  years  old. 

(9)  That  at  Ankencyke  House,  near 
Staines,  was  noted  when  Magna  Charta 
was  signed  in  1215,  and  it  was  the  trysting 
tree  for  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  Boleyn, 


TREE' OF  LIBERTY. 


TRESSUJIE. 


WO? 


III.  MISCELLANEOUS. 

(1)  The  eight  olive-trees  on  the  Moxmt  of 
Olives  were  liourishinp  800  years  ago, 
when  the  Turks  took  Jerusalem. 

(2)  The  lime-tree  in  the  Orisons  is  up- 
wartls  of  500  years  old. 

*,*  The  spruce  will  reach  to  the  age  of 
1,200  years. 

U  T/u  PoeCs  Tree.  A  tree  grows  over 
th  e  tomb  of  Tan-Sein,  a  musician  of  in- 
co  mparablo  skill  at  the  court  of  Akhar, 
an  d  it  is  said  that  whoever  chews  a  leaf  of 
this  tree  will  have  e.\traordinary  melody 
of  voice. —  W.  Hunter. 

His  Toice  wa«  as  sweet  ai  If  he  had  olicwei  trie 
Iea%f8  of  Ui»t  ouchiii  eci  treo  whi.-h  urows  over  the 
tomb  of  the  musieiau  lau-Sciu.— J/uor«,  "Lalla 
HuokU.' 

^  Trees  of  the  Si'. n  and  Moon.  Oracular 
trees  growing  "  at  the  extremity  of 
India,"  mentioned  in  the  Italian  ro- 
mance of  Guoriuo  Meschino. 

H  The  Singing  Tree.  Each  leaf  was  a 
mouth,  and  every  leaf  joined  in  conco't. 
—  "Arabian  Nights." 

Trees  hurst  inlo  leaf — 

A'h,  earliest  13th  May,    latest  l^tli  June. 

Uteeh,  „  liltli  April,  „  7!h  May. 

f).(i>w.>n,  „  vHrh  I'Mar.h,  „  13th  .May. 

H'li-He-elieainul,     „  17tli  Miirh,  ,,  luth  .\pnl. 

hirch,  „  iut  Mar:h,  „  Hth  Ai.nL 

Lim»,  „  6th  April,  „  2nd  May. 

ilulbtrry,  t,  r.'tli  Mav.  „  •JL'niJiiui'. 

O'k.  „  !i)ih  April,  „  vSth  Mav. 

Pufilnr.  „  Cth  .Mhrch,  „  I'Jiti  April. 

S,..iniMhchist:i.:t,  i'lh  April,  „  Mth  Mny. 

Sl/caiiior-e,  „  SSth  Murch,  „  '::ird  .4.pnl. 

Tree  of  Liberty.  A  tree  sot  up  by 
the  people,  hum;  with  flag^s  and  devices, 
and  crowned  wiih  a  cap  of  liberty.  The 
idea  was  given  by  the  Americana  of  the 
United  States,  who  planted  poplars  and 
other  trees  durinq;  the  war  of  indcpen- 
donco,  "  as  symbols  of  growing  freedom." 
The  Jacobins  in  Paris  planted  their  first 
tree  of  liberty  in  1790.  The  symbols 
used  in  France  to  decorate  their  trees  of 
liberty  were  tricoloured  ribbons,  circles 
to  indicate  unity,  triangles  to  signify 
C'piality,  and  a  cap  of  liboity.  Trees  of 
liberty  were  planted  by  tlie  Italians  in 
the  rovolution  of  1818. 

Tree  of  Life.  {See  Tada.) 
Trec^ea'gle.  To  roar  lii:«  Tregeagle — 
very  loa.lly.  Trogeagle  is  the  giant  of 
Dosraary  i'ool,  on  liodniin  Downs  (Corn- 
wall), whoso  allotted  ta.sk  is  to  bale  out 
the  water  with  a  liuipot-shell.  When  the 
wintry  l)l.a.st  howls  over  the  dowoa,  the 
(Hjople  say  it  la  the  giant  roariug. 

Trecetour.     A  conjurer  or  juggler. 


Tyrwhitt  derives  the  word  from  trebu' 
chtt  (a  trap-door),  but  probably  the 
German  triegen,  like  the  Italian  treccari 
(to  trick),  is  the  first  part  of  the  word,  and 
the  last  syllable  is  comnjon  to  all  such 
words  as  actor,  doctor,  prestidigita'tor,  hz. 
The  performance  of  a  conjurer  was 
anciently  termed  his  "minstrel.?y ;"  thus 
we  read  of  Janio  the  jutrgler— "  Janio 
lo  ti'ogottor,  facionti  ministralsiam  suam 
coram  rego  ....  20s."— Lib.  Comnut. 
Gardorobte,  an.  4  Edw.  ii.,  fol.  86,  MS. 
Cott.  Nero,  c.  viii. 

Ti'emont'.  Boston  in  Massachusetts 
was  once  so  called,  from  tho  three  hills 
on  which  the  city  stands. 

Tronch-the-Mer.  The  galley  of 
Ricliar.]  fAeur  de  Lion;  so  called  from  Its 
"  tlootness."  Those  who  sailed  in  it  were 
called  by  tho  same  name. 

Trencher.  A  good  trencher-man.  A 
good  cater.  Tho  trencher  is  the  platter 
on  which  food  is  cut  (French,  trancher,  to 
cut),  by  a  figure  of  speech  applied  to 
food  itself. 

JJe  that  waits  for  a7w(Jur's  trencher,  eats 
mani/ a  late  dinner.  He  who  is  depen- 
dent on  others,  must  wait,  and  wait,  and 
wait,  happy  if  after  waiting  he  gets 
anything  at  all, 

Ob,  how  wietched 

Is  that  poor  man  that  hanuR  on  princes' favonnl 
'J'liero  ib.  I:«t*ij['  tliat  smile  he  would  aspire  to— 
Tiiiit  swtet  aspeo'  of  priucts  .ud  Uicir  ruin— 
JVlure  pa'.njs  uud  fears  tiiiin  wnr  or  wouun  have. 
iViuAesjjourii  "Jlcnri/  VllI,,"  111.  J. 

Trencher  Cap.  The  mortar-board 
cap  worn  at  college  ;  so  called  from  the 
tronchored  or  split  boards  which  form 
tho  top.  Mortar- board  is  a  perversion 
of  the  French  mortier. 

Trencher  Friends.  Persons  who 
cultivate  the  friendship  of  others  for  the 
sake  of  sitting  at  their  board,  and  tho 
good  things  they  can  get. 

Trencher  Knight.  A  table  knight, 
a  suitor  from  cupboard  love. 

Trcnchmore.  A  popular  dance  ia 
tho  silftoenth  and  sovontionth  centuries. 

Nlir.bl"licel9d  mariners. . capering. .lomeliiurt  • 
Mo!i8i!>,  ■■  r  !'ri,Lehuioro  of  forty  milcf  \iut.~  Taylor, 

Trenmor.  Tho  first  king  of  Ireland, 
fiithor  of  Conar.— Oijwn,  "  Temora,"  ii. 

Tres'sure  <2  syl.).  A  border  round 
a  shield  in  heraldry.  The  ori^dn  of  the 
tressuro  in  tho  royal  arms  of  Sootland  is 


90S 


TRfiVES. 


TRICOLOUH. 


traced  by  lieialds  to  the  ninth  century. 
They  assert  that  Charlemagne  granted  it 
to  king  Achaius  of  Scotland  in  token  of 
alliance,  and  as  an  assurance  that  "  the 
lilies  of  France  should  bo  a  defence  to 
the  lion  of  Scotland."  Chalmers  insinu- 
ates that  tliofjo  two  inonarchs  did  not 
even  know  of  each  other's  existence. 

Treves  (1  syl.).  The  Holy  Coat  oj 
Trives.  A  relic  preserved  in  the  cathedral 
of  Treves.  It  is  said  to  be  the  seamless 
coat  of  o\ir  Saviour,  v.-hich  the  soldiers 
would  not  reuil.  and  therefore  cist  lots 
for  (John  xix.  213,  24J.  The  eiiiiuess 
Ilnl'fna,  it  is  said,  discovered  this  coat 
in  the  fourth  century. 

Trev^thy  Stone.  St.  Clear,  Corn- 
wall. A  croiuk'iili.  Trovddi,  in  13ritish, 
uiL'aus  a  place  of  graves, 

Tre'visan  (Sir).  A  knight  to  whom 
Despair  gave  a  hempen  rope,  that  he 
might  go  and  hang  himself.  He  meets 
the  Ked-cross  Kuight,  whom  he  conducts 
to  the  cave  of  Desjiair.  Despair  tries  to 
work  upon  the  Ked-cross  Knight,  but 
being  unable  to  accomplish  his  end,  hangs 
himself;  but  though  he  hanged  himself, 
he"could  not  do  himself  to  die." — Spenser, 
"Faery  Queen,"  bk.  i. 

Triads.  Three  subjects  more  or  less 
connected  formed  into  one  continuous 
poem  or  subject :  thus  the  Creation,  Re- 
demption, and  Reswrraiion  would  form  a 
triad.  The  conquest  of  Kngland  by  the 
Romans,  Saxons,  and  Xormans  would 
form  a  triad.  Alexander  ike  Great,  Julius 
C(.csar,  and  Napalion  Bonaparte  would 
form  a  triad.  So  would  Laio,  Physic, 
and  Divinity.  The  Welsh  triads  are  col- 
lections of  historic  facts,  mytholo;;ical 
traditions,  moral  nia.\ims,  or  rules  of 
poetry  disposovl  in  groups  of  three. 

Trials  at  Bar  Trials  which  occupy 
the  attention  of  the  four  judges  in  tlio 
Buperior  court,  and  therefore  bar  the 
business  of  three  courts. 

Tri'amond.  Son  of  Ag'ape,  a  fairy  ; 
very  daring  and  very  strong.  He  fought  i 
on  horseback,  and  employed  both  sword 
and  shield.  He  married  Can'ace. — 
Spenser,  "Faery  Queen,"  bk.  iv.  {See 
Priamond.) 

Trib'oiilet.  A  fool,  a  buffoon ;  so 
ca'iled  from  Francis  Hotman,  who  went 
by  that  name,  and  was  Court  fool  to  Louis 
Xil.  Rabelais  introduces  him  in  his 
"  Gaj-gantua  and  Pantag'ruel." 


Tribune.  Laslo/lhe  Tribunes.  Cela 
di  Rienzi,  who  assumed  the  title  of 
"Tribune  of  liberty,  p^ace,  and  justice." 
Rienzi  is  the  hero  of  one  of  Lord  Lytton'a 
most  vigorous  works  of  Uction.  (1313- 
1354.) 

Trice.  I'll  do  %t  in  a  trice.  The  hour 
is  divided  into  minutes,  seconds,  and 
trices  or  thirds.  I'll  do  it  in  a  minute, 
I'll  do  it  in  a  second,  I'll  do  it  in  a  trice. 

Trick.  An  old  dog  learns  no  tricls. 
When  persons  are  old  they  do  not  rea'lily 
conform  to  new  ways.  The  Latin  proverb 
is  "Seuex  psittacus  negligit  fertllam;" 
the  Greeks  said  "  Nekron  iat'reuein  kai 
geronta  noii'thetein  tauton  esti;"  the 
Germans  say  "Ein  alter  huud  ist  nioht 
gut  kuudigen." 

Tricolour.  Flags  or  ribbons  with 
three  colours,  assumed  by  nations  or 
insurgents  as  symbols  of  political  liberty. 
The  present  European  tricolour  ensigns 
are,  for — 

Belgium,,  black,  yellow,  red,  divided 
vertically. 

France,  blue,  white,  red,  divided  vertj- 
cally.     {See  next  article.) 

Holland,  red,  white,  blue,  divided  hori- 
zontally. 

Italy,  green,  white,  red,  divided  verti 
cally. 

Tricolour  of  France.  The  insurgents 
in  the  French  revolution  chose  the  thr'S 
colours  of  the  city  of  Paris  for  tiieir 
symbol.  The  three  colours  were  first 
devised  by  Mary  Stuart,  wife  of  Fran9ois 
II.  The  ichite  represented  the  royal  house 
of  France ;  the  Hue,  Scotland  ;  and  thereJ, 
Switzerland,  in  compliment  to  the  Swiss 
guards,  whose  livery  it  was.  Tiie  heralds 
iiitorwards  tinctured  the  shield  of  Paris 
with  the  three  colours,  thus  expressed  iu 
heraldic  language  :  "  Paris  portait  de 
gueules,  sur  vaisseau  d'argeut,  tiottant 
sur  des  ondes  de  menie,  le  clief  cousu  de 
France"  (a  ship  with  lohitesxils,  on  a  red 
ground,  with  a  blue  chef).  The  usual  t^ile 
is  that  the  insurgents  in  17S9  had  adopted 
for  their  tlag  the  two  colours  red  and  blue, 
but  that  Lafayette  persuaded  them  to  add 
the  Bourbon  iDkitf,  to  show  that  thej'  bore 
no  iiosiility  to  the  king.  The  first  llag  of 
the  republicans  was//7-se».  The  tricolour 
was  adopted  July  il,  when  the  people 
were  disgusted  with  the  king  for  dis- 
missing Necker. 

If  you  will  wear  a  llTery.  let  it  at  least  De  tUat  of  ihg 
c»9}-  of  Cans— l.lue  and  red. 

Dmiat-  •■  S-i  Mtan  Afterward}.'  ch.  i». 


TRIESTE. 


TllIPI.E  ALLIANCE. 


s?oe 


Triest'e  (2  syl  ).  Since  181G  it  has 
borne  the  title  of  "  The  most  loyal  of 
towns." 

Trifaldi.  The  Afflkled  DuerDia ;  called 
TrifalJi  beeaviso  sho  wore  throe  skirts. 
She  was  chief  lady  of  the  bed-chamber 
to  tho  infanta  Antononias'ia. — Cervantes, 
"Don  Quixote,"  pt.  II.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  4.  5. 

Trifaldin,  of  the  Bvshy  JWird.  Squire 
tothecoiiiite-ssTrifaldi,  (he  A[lU(lcd  Duen 
na,~Cermi.ntes,  "Don  Qulxote,"i)t.  II., bk 
iii.,  ch.  4,  5. 

Tri'gon.  The  junction  of  three  sig^s 
The  zodiac  is  partitioned  into  four  trigous, 
named  respectively  after  the  four  ele- 
ments :  '1  ho  watery  tri£,'on  includes  Can 
ccr,  Scorpio,  ind  Pisces  ;  the  fiery,  Aries, 
Loo,  and  Sagittarius;  the  earthy,  Taurus, 
Vir{j;o,  and  Capricornus;  and  the  airy 
Gemini,  Libra,  and  Aquarius. 

Tril'ogy.  A  group  of  three  tragedies. 
Every  ono  in  Grieco  who  took  part  in  the 
poetic  contest  had  to  produce  a  trilogy 
and  a  satyric  drama.  We  have  only  one 
specimen,  and  that  is  by  ,iii}scl)ylos,  em- 
biaoiiiij  the  Arjam'-mnon,  the  ChoephorcK, 
and  the  Eumeu'id'.t. 

Trim  {Corporal's.  Uncle  Toby's  faith- 
ful servant ;  affectionate,  respectful,  and 
a  great  talker.  The  duplicate  of  his 
master  in  delf.  —  Sterne,  "  Tristram 
SUai'dy." 

Trim-lram  Gate.  Tlie  iich-gate, 
at  which  tho  corpse  was  put  on  tressels 
for  a  few  seconds,  while  all  the  cortege 
alighted  and  gut  reaiiy  to  enter  tho 
church.     Tram  means  train  or  cortege. 

Trimilki.  The  Anglo-Saxon  name 
for  tho  mouth  of  May,  because  in  that 
month  they  began  to  milk  their  kine 
three  times  a  day. 

Triranior.  One  who  runs  with  the 
bare  and  holds  with  the  hounds.  Charles 
Montagu,  earl  of  Halifax,  adopted  the 
term  in  tho  reign  of  Charles  II.,  to  signify 
that  he  was  neither  an  exlronie  Whig 
nor  an  extreme  Tory.  Dryden  was  called 
a.  trimtner,  because  ho  professed  attach- 
ment to  tho  king,  but  was  tho  avowed 
enemy  of  the  duke  of  York. 

Trin'culo.  A  jester  in  Shakespeare's 
"  Tempest." 

Trine.  In  astrology,  a  planet  distant 
from  another  one-third  of  tho  circle  is 
S.iid  to  be  in  tnno;   ono-fmirth,  it  is  in 


square;  one-sixth  or  two  signs,  it  is  in 
soxtile;  but  when  one-half  distant,  it  is 
said  to  be  "  opposite." 

In  srxtilc,  B']iiaro,  aaci  trine,  and  opposite 
Ofnuxioutt  eiticaov. 

Aiillm.  "  Paradiai  Loit,"  x.  •"• 

N.B.  Planets  distant  from  each  other 
six  signs  or  half  a  circle  have  opposite 
influouces,  and  are  therefore  opposed  to 
each  other. 

Trin'ity. 

Of  the  American  Indians:  Otkon, 
Messou,  and  Atahuata. 

Of  the  Brahmins :  Brahma,  Vishnu 
and  Siva.  Represented  as  a  body  with 
three  heads. 

Uf  Plato:  To  Ag'atnou  or  (jooaness  ; 
"  Nous,"  Eternal  Intellect,  architect  of 
the  world;  and  Psuchij  or  tho  mundane 
soul. 

Of  the  Persians,  the  triplasian  deity  is 
Oromas'des,  Mithras,  and  Arim'anes. 

Of  Orpheus :  Phanes,  U'ranos,  and 
Kronos. 

Of  the  Egyptians :  Eicton  ;  Cneph  the 
demiurgus  ;  and  I'hthtx.—Jamblichus. 

Of  Pythagoras :  The  Monad  or  One; 
Nous  or  Mind  ;  Psuche.     (6V«  Three.  ) 

Roman :  Jupiter  or  Divine  Power  ;  Mi- 
nerva or  Divine  Logos  ;  Juno,  Amor  ac 
Duliciura  Jovis,  i.e.  the  Holy  Spirit. — 
G. ./.  Vossius,  "Z>e  Thenl.  Gtulil.,"  viii.  12. 

Scandinavians:  Odin,  who  gave  the 
breath  of  life ;  Haenir,  who  gave  sense 
and  motion ;  Lodur,  who  gave  blood, 
colour,  speech,  sight,  and  hearing. 

Trinoban'tes  (4  syl.).  Inhabitants 
of  MiiUiU-si'i  and  Essex,  referred  to  in 
Caisafs  '•  Gallic  Wars." 

Trino'da  Necessitas.  The  threa 
contributions  to  which  all  lands  were 
siihject  in  Anglo-Saxon  times,  viz. — 
(1)  Bryge-hot,  for  keeping  bridges  and 
highroads  in  repair ;  (2)  Bur</-liot,  for 
Fijrd,  for  maintaining  the  military  arid 
keeping  fortresses  in  repair ;  and  (ii) 
Daval  force  of  tho  kingdom. 

Tripit'aka  means  the  "triple 
basket,"  a  tivm  applied  to  the  three 
classes  into  which  the  canonical  writin(,'8 
of  the  r.uddha  are  divido<l — viz.,  the 
Soutras,  tho  Vina'ya,  and  tho  Abid- 
harma.     {See  tftete  words.) 

Triple  Alliance. 

A  treaty  entered  into  by  Great  Britaii., 
Sweden,  and  Holland  against  Louii 
XIV..  in  I'j '.3.     (Set  n4Xt  paqe.) 


910 


TRIPOS. 


TROGLODYTEa 


A  treaty  between  Great  Britain,  Franco, 
and  liolland  a^^'.ainst  Spain,  1717. 

Tripos.  A  C'nmbriilgo  term,  inr»an- 
Ing  llu>  tlircc  honour  clauses  into  wliicli  tlio 
best  men  iire  diaposed  at  tlio  final  exanii- 
natii)n,  wliethor  of  Mathematics,  Law, 
Thfolopy,  or  Natural  Science,  &c.  The 
word  is  often  empliatically  applied  to  tlie 
Toluntary  classical  oxaininiuion. 

TrisillPgis'tus  (Itir  ice  greatest).  Her- 
mes the  E,Lryptian  iiliilo.soj.hcr,  or  Thotli 
councillor  of  Osi'ris  king  of  Egypt,  to 
whom  is  attributed  a  host  of  inventions 
— amongst  others  the  art  of  writing  in 
liieroglyphics,  the  first  code  of  Egyptian 
laws,  harmony,  astrology,  the  lute  and 
lyro,  magic,  and  all  mysterious  sciences. 

Tris'sotin',  A  coxcomb  and  bd 
esprit  in  Moli^re's  "  Femmea  Savantes." 

Tristram  (Sir),  Tristrem,  Tristan, 
or  Tristam.  Son  of  llouland  Rise  lord 
of  Ermonie,  and  Blanche  Fleur  sister  of 
Marke  king  of  Cornwall.  Having  lost 
both  his  parents,  he  was  brought  up  by 
his  uncle.  Tristram,  being  wounded  in  a 
duel,  was  cured  by  Ysolde,  daugliter  of 
the  queen  of  li eland,  and  on  bis  return 
to  Cornwall  told  his  uncle  of  the  beautiful 
princess.  Marke  sent  to  solicit  her  hand 
in  marriage,  and  was  accepted.  Ysolde 
married  the  king,  but  was  in  love  with 
the  nephew,  with  whom  she  had  guilty 
connection.  Tristram,  being  banished 
from  Cornwall,  went  to  iirittany,  and 
married  Y&o\t(\ftkf  White  Hand,  daughter 
of  the  duke  of  Brittany.  Tristram  now 
goes  on  his  adventures,  and  being- 
wounded,  is  infotined  that  ho  can  be 
cured  only  by  Ysolde  his  aunt.  A  mes- 
senger is  dispatched  to  Cornwall,  and  he 
is  ordered  to  hoist  a  white  sail  if  Ysolde 
accompanies  him  back.  The  vessel  comes 
in  sight  with  a  white  sail  displayed  ;  but 
Ysolt  of  the  White  Hand,  out  of  jealousy, 
tells  her  husband  that  the  vessel  has  a 
Hack  sail  flying,  and  Tristram  instantly 
expires.  Sir  Tristram  was  one  of  the 
knights  of  the  Round  Table.  Gotfrit 
of  Strasbourg,  a  Gorman  niinnesan-ger 
(minstrel)  at  the  close  of  the  twelith 
century,  composed  a  romance  in  verso, 
entitled  "  Tristan  et  Isolde."  It  was 
continued  by  Ulrich  of  Turheim,  by 
Henry  of  Freyberg,  and  others,  to  the 
extent  of  many  thousand  Tsrse*.  The 
best  edition  is  llmt  of  lircBlnu,  two  vols. 
ero,  1823.     [8««  YsoLy  HEEMrrB.) 


Sir  Tristram's  horse,     PasKot'rcul, 

Tristram  and  Isuelt.  One  of  Ar- 
nold's earlier  poems  is  so  entitled. 

Triton.  FJon  of  Neptune,  represented 
as  a  fish  with  a  human  head.  It  is  tliis 
sea-god  that  makes  the  roaring  of  the 
ocean  by  blowing  through  his  shell. 

Hear  olrtTriton  blow  blB  wreathed  horn  Theiirthc 
»ea  roarj.  Woritworlli. 

Tri'via.  Goddess  of  streets  and-ways. 
Gay  has  a  poem  in  three  books  so  en- 
titled. 

Thou  Trivia,  aid  my  ion?. 
Tl'.roiul)  sracioiu streets  conduct  thy  bard  alo-  e  . . . 
Ti)  ippve  thy  rea'iii.  and  smooth  tlie  broken  wajs, 
liarlb  from  her  w^mu  a  fliiitj  tribute  pays. 

</</y, "  rrmri,"  bk.  t 

Trivial,  strictly  speaking,  means 
"belonging  to  the  yiublic  road.''  Latin, 
trivium,  which  Is  not  (resviix [three  roads), 
but  from  the  Orcok  triho  (to  rub),  mean- 
ing the  worn  or  beaten  path.  As  what 
comes  out  of  the  road  is  common,  so 
trivial  means  of  little  value.  Trench 
connects  this  word  with  trivixim  (tres 
vi£B  or  cross  ways),  and  says  the  gossip 
carried  on  at  these  pla'.-es  gave  rise  to 
the  present  meaning  of  the  word. 

Trivium.  The  three  elementary 
subjects  of  literary  education  up  to  the 
twelfth  century— Giaraniar,  iChetoric, 
and  Logic.     (See  Quaduivium.) 

N.B.  Theology  was  introduced  in  the 
twelfth  century. 

TrocTlilllS,  or  humming-bird,  says 
Barrow,  "  enters  with  impunity  into  the 
mouth  of  the  crocodile.  This  is  to  pick 
from  the  teeth  a  little  insect  which 
greatly  torments  the  creature. 

>ot  half  80  bold 
The  P"!)?  bird  that  dares,  with  teasin;  hum. 
Witiiin  the  croooiile  s  stretched  jaws  to  conie. 
Tliomut  ilooie,  "  LM<i  K^kh"  pL  L 

Troglodyt  S  (3  syl. ),  according  to 
Pliny  (V.  8),  lived  in  caves  and  fed  on 
serpents.  (Greek,  troff'le,  a  cave  ;  dtco,  to 
get  into.) 

King  Fr,in(jni9,  of  eternal  memory  .  .  .  aTiTiorred 
these  hypoonti -al  snake-enlers.  — 2!a6«((it»,  "  Uuruun- 
tua  and  Pdiit'igiuti"  (Ep.  lied., iv.). 

Trocflodyte.  A  person  who  lives  so 
secluded  as  not  to  know  the  current 
events  of  the  day,  is  so  self-opinioti- 
ated  as  to  condemn  every  one  who  sees 
not  eye  to  eye  with  himself,  and  scorns 
everything  that  comes  not  within  the 
Bcope  of  his  own  approval  ;  a  dstraotor ; 
a  critic.  The  Saturday  Rcvitv  intro 
ducod  this  US9  of  the  word.    (Stt  al<j9s.\ 


TROIU 


TROUILLOGA-N'S  ADVIOE.     Sit 


Troil.    {See  Brenda.) 

Tro'ilus  (3  ayl.).  Tho  princo  of 
ehivalry,  one  of  the  sons  of  I'riam,  killed 
by  Acliilles  in  the  siege  of  Troy  (Homer's 
"  Iliad ").  Tho  lores  of  Troilns  and 
Cressida,  celcliralcd  by  Shakespeare  and 
Chaucer,  form  no  part  of  the  old  classic 
tale. 

As  tnce  as  Troilus.  Troilus  is  meant 
by  Shakespeare  to  bo  the  type  of  con- 
Btancy.  ami  Cressid  the  type  of  female 
inconstancy.    {See  CitrssiUA.) 

Aft  r  nil  oonipansons'il  truth.... 
As  true  as  Tr-  iliit  sli  <>1  cruwu  up  ilie  sktu 
Aud  Bauciifj  Che  iiuiiihera. 

•■  y'ruWi><ian(<  Vrttiida,"  iiL  i. 

Tro'ilus  and  Cres'sida  (Shake- 
tpeare).  The  story  was  orifjfinally  writ- 
ten by  Lolliiis,  an  ol<l  Lombard  author, 
and  since  by  Chaucer  (Pope).  Chaucer's 
yoem  is  from  Boccaccio's  Filostrato. 

Trois  pour  Cent.    A  cheap  bat. 

Jlunnin;  wth  bare  lieal  »*'Out, 
While  'he  towu  is  t'Mnrc6t  tosi, 

'Pnnlicc  la<l«  uuhee.ieJ  9I1  >ut 
'i'hat  their  ihiee-per-ceiits  are  lo<it. 

Utinuijiert,  "Lt  Ptttrr  du  Cn/i." 

Trojan.  He  is  a  regular  Trojan.  A 
fine  fellow,  with  good  courage  and  plenty 
of  spirit ;  what  the  French  call  a  brave 
komme.  The  Trojans  in  Homer's  "  Iliad," 
and  Virgil's  "jEneid,"  are  described  as 
tnithftil,  brave,  patriotic,  and  confiding. 

There  thej  say  right,  aii'l  like  true  Troj.ins. 
JiiiUrr,  "Iludibrat."  i.  1. 

Trolls.  Dwarfs  of  Northern  mytho- 
logy, living  in  hills  or  mounds  ;  they  are 
rei)resented  as  stumpy,  misshapen,  and 
huinjibacked,  inclined  to  thieving,  anil 
fond  of  carrying  off  children  or  substi- 
tuting one  of  their  own  offspring  for  that 
of  a  human  mother.  They  are  called 
hill-people,  and  are  especially  averse  to 
noise,  from  a  recollection  of  the  time 
when  Thor  used  to  bo  for  ever  ilinging 
his  hammer  after  them. 

Out  then  era'.e  t!ie  tlo.r  Troll, 
IVo  b'KVcr  thin  ac  eininet  he. 

liaiiiift  baUad,  "JiUiie  0/  yitttnMkov." 

Trompart.  A  lazy  but  very  cunning 
foliow,  who  accompanies  Braggadocio  as 
his  squire. — Spenser,  "Faery  Queen," 
bk.  u. 

Trompee.  Votre  religion,  a  Iti  Iromiiie. 
You  have  been  greatly  imposed  upon. 
SimUarly,  "  surpreudre  la  religion  de 
qufilqu'un "  is  to  iincoivo  or  impose 
upon  one.  Cardinal  de  Bonuechose 
Used  the  former   phrase  in  his  letter  to 


The  Times  respecting  tho  Report  of  the 
(Ecumenical  Council,  and  it  puzr.led  the 
English  journals,  but  was  exjilained  by 
M.  NotterolL.  (See  Tlu  Times,  Jan.  1, 
1870.) 

•«•  We  use  the  word  faith  both  for 
"credulity"  and  "  religion,"  y.j.,  "  Your 
faith  (credulity)  has  l)een  imposed  upon." 
The  "  Catliolio  faith,"  "  Mahometan 
faith,"  "  Brahminical  faith,"  do.,  vir- 
tually mean  "  religion." 

Tronc.  A  witty  but  deformed  dwarf. 
This  dwarf  was,  iu  fact,  king  Obeion, 
metamorphosed  for  a  term  of  years  into 
this  form — "  haie  le  Trisle  "  (a  romance). 

TroneSS,  Tronit,  or  Trophy  Money. 
Fourpoiice  paid  annually  by  house- 
keepers and  landlords  for  the  drums  ind 
colours  of  the  county  militia. 

Troops  of  the  Line.  All  numbered 
infantry  or  marching  regimants,  except 
the  foot-guards. 

Tropho'nios  (Greek),  Latin  Tro- 
pho'nius.  lie  has  vijfiliU  Uu  cave  oj 
Trophonios  (Creek).  Said  of  a  melan- 
choly man.  The  cave  of  Trophonios  was 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  oracles  of 
Greece.  The  entrance  was  so  narrow 
that  he  who  went  to  consult  tho  oracle 
had  to  lie  on  his  bark  with  his  feet 
towards  the  cave,  whereupon  he  w.as 
caught  by  some  unseen  force  and  violently 
pulled  inside  the  cave.  After  remaining 
there  a  time  he  was  driven  out  in  .sinjilar 
fashion,  and  looked  most  ghastly  pale 
and  terrified  ;  hence  the  proverb. 

Trotty.    {See  Tuby  Veck.) 

TrouToadours  (3  ,yl.).  Minstrels  of 
tlie  south  of  Fi-anco  in  the  eleventh, 
twelfth,  and  thirteentli  centuries  ;  so 
CiiUed  from  the  Provon(;al  verb  Iroubar 
(to  invent).  Our  word  poet  signifies  ex- 
actly the  same  thing,  being  the  Greek 
for  ''create."    (See  Tkouveres.) 

Trouble  moans  a  moral  whirlwind 
(Latin,  turbo,  a  whirlwind  ;  Italian,  tttr- 
hard;  French,  troubler).  Disturb  is 
from  tho  rame  root.  The  idea  pervades 
all  BUcli  words  as  agitution,  commotion, 
vexation,  a  tossing  up  and  down,  &o. 

Trouillogan's  Advice.  Do  and 
do  not ;  yes  and  no.  Wliou  Pantag'ruel 
askud  tho  philosopher  Trouillogan  whe- 
ther Panurge  should  marry  or  not,  ths 
philosopher    replied     "  Voa."       "  VVh.%t 


912 


TROUT. 


TRUE  THOMAS. 


Bay  you! 


askod  the  prince.  "What 
yon  have  heavd,"  answered  Trouillof,'an. 
"  Wliat  have  I  heard?  "  said  PanLagruel. 
"What  I  have  spoken,"  re.joined  the 
•at^e.  "  Good,"  said  the  prince  ;  "  but 
teil  mo  plainly,  shall  Panurge  marry 
or  let  it  alonof"  "Neither,"  answered 
the  oracle.  "How?"  paid  the  prince, 
"Tliat  cannot  be."  "Then  both,"  said 
Trouillogan.— 7?a'/e/ais,  "  Gargantua  and 
I'aniagnid,"  iii.  35. 

Trout  is  the  Latin  trod-a,  from  the 
Grt'ok  trokies,  the  [greedy  fish  (trogo,  to 
eat).  The  trout  is  very  voracious,  and 
will  devour  any  kind  of  animal  food. 

Trouveres  (2  syl.)  were  the  trouba- 
dours of  the  nortiL  of  France,  in  the 
twelfth,  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  cen- 
turies ;  so  called  from  trouver,  the  Wal- 
loon verb  meaning  "  to  invent."  {See 
Troubadours.) 

Trovatore,  II  (4  syl.).  Manri'co, 
the  son  of  Gar/.ia,  brother  of  the  conte 
di  Luna.  Verdi's  opera  so  called  is  | 
taken  from  the  drama  of  Gargia  Gut- 
tierez,  which  is  laid  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury.    Trovatore  means  a  troubadour. 

Trows.  Dwarfs  of  Orkney  and 
Shetland  niytbolog)-,  similar  to  the  Soaa- 
dinavian  Trolls.  There  are  land-trows 
»nd  sea-trows.  "Trow  tak'  thee"  is  a 
phrase  still  used  by  the  island  women, 
when  thoy  are  displeased  with  any  of 
their  children. 

Troy-Novant  (London).  Tliis  name 
irave  rise  to  the  tradition  that  Brute,  a 
Trojan  refugee,  founded  Loudon  and 
called  it  New  Troy ;  but  the  word  is 
British,  and  compounded  of  Tri-nov.- 
haul  {inhabitants  of  tho  new  town). 
Civitas  Trinobantum,  the  city  of  the  Tri- 
Dobantes,  which  we  might  render  "  New- 
townstiien." 

i'or  nob  e  BritoDS  aprong  from  Troi.ir.«  b  11 
Aod  Troy-UMTiul  was  liuill  ut  i.ldTrojes ashes culcL 
Sr"<!er,  -'rally  «ii,<->i."  ui.  ». 

Troy  Weight  means  "  London 
weight."  London  used  to  be  called  Troy- 
nomint.  {See  above.)  The  general  notion 
that  the  word  is  from  Tro'ies,  a  town  of 
France,  ami  that  the  weight  was  brought 
to  Evirope  from  Graud  Cairo  by  crusaders, 
i«  wholly  untenable,  as  the  term  Troy 
Weight  w;vs  used  in  England  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  the  Confessor.  Troy  weight 
U     old     London    weight,     aud     Avoir- 


dupois the  weight  brought  over  by  the 
Normans.    (-S'ee  Avoirdupois.) 

Troxar'tas    (Ircad- eater).    King    of 

tlio  mice  and  father  of  Psycar'pax,  wuo 

was  drowned. 

Fii  llicir  council.... 

Where  RrpRt  Tioiartasorotrii<;ii  id  i^lory  reignii 

Psycar'pax'  fai  li-r.  father  now  no  mon: ! 

l-unuU,  •UtiUlc  u]  the  i'l-ngi  and  Jlict,"  bk.  t 

Truce  of  God.  In  1040  the  Church 
forbade  the  barons  to  make  any  attack 
on  each  other  between  sunset  on  Wed- 
nesday and  sunrise  on  the  following 
Monday,  or  upon  any  ecclesia.stical  fast 
or  feast  day.  It  also  provided  that  no 
man  was  to  molest  a  labourer  working  in 
the  fields,  or  to  lay  hands  on  any  imple- 
ment of  husbandry,  on  pain  of  excom- 
munication.    {See  Peace  of  God.) 

Truchuela.  A  very  small  trout 
with  which  Don  Quixote  was  regaled  at 
the  road-side  inn  where  he  was  ihibbed 
kuight.  —Cervantes,  "  Don  Quixote,"  bk. 
I,  ch.  2. 

True  as  Touch.    The  reference  is  to 

gold  tested  by  the  touch-stone. 


If  tliou  Invest  ni( 
It  will  not  prove 


too  much, 
aatrue  as  touch. 
^  lUtU,  lov4  me  long.' 


True    Blue,     that    is,    "Coventry 

blue,"  noted  for  its  fast  dye. 

True-love.  (Danish,  trolove^  to  be- 
troth.) Mr.  Laing  says:  "A  man  may 
be  a  true-love  to  his  boud  of  £10  as  well 
as  to  his  sweetheart." — "  Xortcai/." 

True-lovers'  Knot  is  the  Danish 

troloveUes  knort,  "a  betrothment  bond," 
noD  a  compound  of  true  and  lover.  Thus 
in  the  Icelandic  Gospel  the  phrase  "  a 
virgin  espoused  to  a  inau  "  is  er  trulofad 
var  einum  manne. 

Three  times  a  true-loTe's  knot  1  tie  secure; 
Fl  m  !  e  the  knot,  firm  msy  his  Iotc  endure. 

Ody'l  i'uitiirais,  ••  The  Spell." 

True  Thomas  and  the  Queen  of 
Elliand.  An  old  romance  in  verse  by 
Thomas  tho  Rhymer. 

True  TJiomoi.  Thomas  the  Rhymer 
was  so  called  from  his  prophecies,  the 
most  noted  of  which  was  the  prediction 
of  the  death  of  Alexander  III.  of  Scot- 
land, made  to  the  earl  of  March  in  the 
castle  of  Dunbar  the  day  before  it  oc- 
curred. It  is  recorded  in  the  "Scoti- 
chrou'icon  "  of  Fordnn  (li30).  {See 
Khtmf.r.) 


TRUEPENKY. 


TKYPIION. 


&18 


Truepenny.  Hamlet  says  to  t'iO 
Ghost,  "Art  thou  there,  Truepenny?" 
Then  to  his  comrades,  "You  hear  tliis 
fellow  in  the  cellarag'e  ?"  (i.  5).  And 
again,  "  Well  said,  old  mole  ;  canst 
work  ?"  Truepenny  means  eartu-bortr  or 
mofe  (Greek,  (rupanoii,  Int/jao,  to  l>ore 
or  perforate),  an  excellent  word  to  apply 
to  a  ghost  "boring  through  the  cellar- 
age "  to  get  to  the  place  of  purgatory 
before  cock-crow.  Miners  use  the  word 
for  a  run  of  metal  or  metallic  earth,  wkich 
indicaUjs  the  presence  and  direction  of  a 
lode. 

Trilll  (DoUu),  in  "  Tlie  Beggar'a 
Opera,"  by  Gay. 

TruUa  (in  "Ihidibras")  was  the 
daughter  of  James  Spencer,  a  Quaker. 
She  was  first  <lci>auchod  by  her  fatlier, 
and  then  by  Simeon  Wait  (or  Magna'no), 
the  tinker. 

He  Tnill*  loTfd.  TrulU  more  bri  -ht 
Q'hnn  iiiiriiiilie'i  armoar  uf  her  kuigut ; 
A  1"j1  I  vir»i'>.  Bi'Ut  and  ta'l 
As  lusu  o;  Kruiioe  or  Kn^'lish  Mali. 

Jii,tlrr,-J{ndibrns,''l.  J. 

Trulli.  Female  spirits  noted  for  their 
kindness  to  men. — Randle  Ilolnu,  "Aca- 
demy of  A  rmory." 

TruUiber  (Parson).  A  fat  clergy- 
man, slothful,  ignorant,  an^l  intensely 
^jigoted.  —Fielding,  "Joseph  AvAreics" 

Trump  Card.  The  French  carle  de 
ti-iomplu  (card  of  triumph). 

Trumpet.  To  trumpet  one's  good  deeds. 
The  allusion  is  to  one  of  the  Pharisaic  sect 
called  the  Almsjiver.i,  who  had  atrninpct 
Bounded  before  them,  ostensibly  to  sum- 
mon the  poor  together,  but  in  reality  to 
publish  abroad  their  abnegation  and 
benevolence. 

Vou  sound  ycnir  own  trumpet.  The 
allusion  is  to  heralds,  who  used  to  an- 
nounce with  a  flourish  of  trumpets  the 
kniLTlits  who  entered  a  list. 

Trumpeter,  your  ti-umpeler  is  dead 
—  i.e.,  you  are  obliged  to  sound  your 
own  praises  because  no  one  else  will  do 
it  for  you. 

Trumpington.  Str  G.  de  Trompin- 
tovn  has  for  armorial  device  two  Irompex 
or  trumpets. 

Trundle.  A  military  earthwork 
abovt)  Goodwood.  The  area  is  about  two 
(uriongs.  It  has  a  double  vallum.  The 
situations  of  the  portie  are  still  to  be 
trai-ecl  in  the  cast,  west,  and  north.    The 


fortifications  of  the  ancient  Britons  being 
circular,  it  is  probable  that  the  Trundle 
is  Britisk;  FIio  fortified  encampments  of 
the  Romans  were  ."^ipiare  ;  cxampies  may 
be  seen  at  the  Broyle  near  Chichester, 
and  on  Ditchling  Hill. 

Trun'nion  iCor.imodore).  A  nav.al 
veteniii,  who  has  retired  from  the  service, 
but  still  keeps  garri.'^on  in  his  own  house, 
which  is  defended  i>y  a  ditch  and  draw- 
bridge. He  sleeps  in  a  hammock,  and 
takeshisturnon  watch. — S.aoUtll,  "Pere- 
grine Pickle." 

Truth.  Pilate  said,  "  What  is  irulk  J" 
This  was  the  great  question  of  the 
Platonists.  Plato  said  we  could  know 
tnith  if  we  could  sublimate  our  minds 
to  their  original  purity.  Arcesila'os 
said  that  man's  understanding  is  not 
capable  of  knowing  what  truth  is.  Car'- 
neades  maintained  that  not  only  our  un- 
derstanding could  not  comjirehend  it, 
Dut  even  our  senses  are  wholly  inade- 
quate to  help  us  in  the  investigation. 
Gorgias  the  Sophist  said,  "  What  is 
right,  but  what  we  prove  to  be  right? 
and  what  is  truth,  but  what  we  believe 
to  be  truth  ?  " 

Truth  in  a  "Well.  This  expression 
is  attributed  both  to  L'leaa'thes  and  to 
Democ'ritos  the  derider. 

NatiirMii  nccnwi.  qn»  In  prnfiindo  veriUtem  (ul  »lt 
Deiiiut.ritui>|  iwiiictu  abslruserii.— CVcero,  "  Aeademict,' 
I.  10. 

Try'anon.  Daughtor  of  the  fairy 
king  who  lived  on  the  island  of  Olc'ron. 
"She  was  as  white  as  lily  in  Mny,"  and 
marrii'd  Sir  Launfal,  king  Arthur's  stew- 
ard, whom  she  carried  off  to  "Oliroun 
her  jolif  isle,''  and  as  the  romance  says — 

Since  nv  him  In  thin  \iuni  no  man. 
He  no  more  of  him  tell  I  n  c.in 
torgoothii  without  lie. 
Thonvit  Chatre,  '•  Sir  Launjiil  "  \  15th  oeuturj''. 

Try'gon.  A  poisonous  fish.  It  is 
said  that  Telcg'onos,  son  of  Ulysses  by 
Circe,  coming  to  Ith'aca  to  see  his  father, 
was  denied  adini.ssion  by  the  servants  ; 
whereupon  a  quarrel  ensued,  and  his 
father,  coming  out  to  see  what  w.is  the 
matter,  was  accidentally  struck  with  his 
son's  arrow  pointed  with  the  bono  of  a 
trygon,  and  died. 

The  lord  of  Ithaca. 
Strack  br  the  poiionotii  tngou'i  bone,  eip  ie<t 

Try  phon.  Doctor  of  the  sea-goda 
—kptiuzr,  "FaXry  Queen"  bk.  iv. 


9U 


TSJN   DYNASTY. 


TDLIP  MANIA. 


Tsin  Dynasty.  The  fourth  Im- 
norial  Dynasty  of  China,  foundtil  by 
Tcliao-sianf^-wang,  prince  of  Tsin,  who 
coni)ueiud  the  "  fij^iitiiig  kings  "  (^.v.). 
Ilo  built  tlie  Wall  of  China  (B.C.  211). 

Tsong  Djoiasty.  The  nineteenth 
Imperial  Dynasty  of  China,  founded  by 
Q'chao-quang-yn,  the  giKirdiau  and  chief 
minister  of  Yoiifif-tce.  He  was  a  de- 
Bcendant  of  Tchuang-tsong,  tlio  Tartar 
general,  and  on  taking  the  yellow  robe 
assumed  the  name  of  Taii-tsou  (great 
ancestor).  This  dynasty,  which  lasted 
3U0  years,  was  one  of  the  most  famous 
in  Chinese  annals.     (9GO-127*3.) 

Tu  Autem.  Come  to  the  last  clause. 
In  the  long  Latin  grace  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  the  last  clause  used  to 
be  Tu  autem  mi-tere'ie  met,  Domine.  A  men. 
It  was  not  unusual,  when  a  scholar  read 
slowly,  for  the  seinor  Follow  to  whisper 
Tn  autem — i.e.,  Skip  all  the  rest  and 
give  us  only  the  last  sentence. 

Ta  Pas  voiilu,  George  Dan  din 

('7'«  your  omi  fault,  Gecrye  Dandiii). 
You  brought  this  upon  yourself ;  as  you 
have  made  your  bed  so  you  must  lie  on 
it.     (See  Dandin.) 

Tu  Quoque.  The  tu  quoque  sli/le 
or  argument.  Personal  invectives  ;  ar- 
gument of  personal  application ;  argu- 
mentum  ad  hominem. 

"V\'e  mies   In  this  work  liis  uoual  (»  auoque  style. 

—ful.hc  Upunoii. 

Tu-ral-lu,  the  refrain  of  comic 
Bongs,  is  a  corruption  of  the  Italian  tur- 
luru,  and  the  French  (urlureau  or  tiirehire. 
"Loure  "  is  an  old  French  word  for  a  bag- 
pipe, and  "  toure  loure  "  means  a  refrain 
on  the  bag[iipe.  The  refrain  of  a  French 
eong  published  in  16P7  is — 

Toure  loure.  louriieite, 
J.imnfa,  toure  lourira. 
"Suite  du  ThiOlrt  /t.ilieii,"  lii.,  p.  «?. 

Tub.  A  tale  of  a  tub.  A  cock-and- 
bull  story;  a  rigmarole,  nonsensical  ro- 
mance. The  "  Tale  of  a  Tub  "  is  a  reli- 
gious s  itire  by  Dean  Swift. 

A  luh  of  naked  children.  Emblematical 
of  St.  Nicholas,  in  allusion  to  two  boys 
murdered  and  placed  in  a  pickling  tub 
by  a  landlord,  but  raised  to  life  again  by 
this  saint.    (See  Nicholas,  p.  614.) 

Throv)  a  tub  to  the  whale.  To  create  a 
diveraion  in  order  to  avoid  a  real  danger  ; 
to  bamboozle  or  mislead  an  enemy.  In 
whaling,  when  a  ship  is  threatened  by  a 


whole  school  of  wlinleB,  it  is  usual  to 
throw  a  tub  into  thu  .sea  to  divert  their 
attention,  and  to  make  o£f  as  fast  as  pos- 
sibhi. 

Tuck,  A  long  imrrow  sword  (Ga'-lio 
Utca,  Welsh  twca,  Italian  ttocco,  French 
e-<toc)  In  Hamlet  the  word  is  erroneously 
printed  "  stuck,"  in  Malone's  edition- 

If  he  by  chAnce  of<eAne  your  Tcnomon^  tuck. 
Our  mi'riioM  luny  hold  tlicre.  AcL  It.  T. 

A  good  tuck  in  or  tuck  out.  A  good 
feed.  To  tiKk  is  to  full,  a  tucker  la  a 
fuller.  Hence  the  fold  of  a  dn-ss  to 
allow  for  growth  is  c;dled  a  tuck,  and 
a  little  frill  on  the  top  thereof  is  called  a 
tucker. 

ril  tuck  /dm  up.  Stab  him,  do  for  him. 
Tuck  is  a  small  dirk  used  by  artillery- 
men. 

Tuft,  A  noblrman  or  fellow-com- 
moner ;  so  called  at  Oxford  because 
he  wears  a  gold  tuft  or  tassel  on  his  col- 
lege cap. 

Tuft-Hunter.  A  nobleman's  toady, 
one  wlio  tries  to  curry  favour  with  the 
wealthy  and  great  for  the  sake  of  feeding 
on  the  crumbs  which  fall  from  the  rich 
man's  table.  A  Univer.sity  term.  (See 
above.) 

Tuileries,  Paris  {tile- kilns).  The 
present  palace  being  on  the  site  of  some 
old  tile-kilns.     {See  Sablonnteke.) 

Tulcan  Bishops.  Certain  Scotch 
bishops  appointed  by  James  I.,  with  the 
distinct  understanding  that  they  were  to 
band  over  a  fixed  portion  of  the  revenue 
to  the  patron.  A  tulcan  is  a  stuffed  calf- 
skin, placed  under  a  cow  that  withholds 
her  milk.  The  cow,  thinking  the  '"tul- 
can "  to  be  her  calf,  readily  yields  her 
milk  to  the  milk-pail. 

Tulip.  The  turban  plant;  Persian, 
thovli/b'  (thoulyban,  a  turban),  by  which 
name  the  flower  is  called  in  Persia. 

Tulip  Mania.  A  reckless  mania 
for  the  purchase  of  tulip-bulbs  in  the 
seventeenth  century.  BeckmnTin  says  it 
rose  to  its  greatest  height  in  the  years 
lfi84-7.  A  root  of  the  species  called 
Viceroy  sold  for  £250;  Semper  Augus- 
tus, more  than  double  that  sum.  'the 
tulips  were  grown  in  Holland,  bnt  the 
mania  which  spread  over  Europe  was  a 
mere  stock-jobbing  speculation. 


TUMBLEDOWN  DICK. 


TURNCOAT. 


915 


Tumbledown  Dick,  Anything 
that  will  not  stand  firuily.  Dick  is 
liicliard,  the  Protector's  son,  who  was 
but  a  tottering  wall  at  best. 

Tun.  Any  vessel,  even  a  gobU-t  or 
cup. 

Tun,  Burh  a  ctip  M  Jiicrli>r»  nje  to  dhow  divert  tiicki 
by, — iliutheu,  "Spanish  OUtiouary" 

Tunding.  A  thrashinp;  with  ashen 
sticks  (riven  to  a  schoolfellow  by  one  of 
the  monitors  or  "  prajfects"  of  Winchester 
pchdol,  for  breach  of  discipline  (Latin 
tundoy  to  beat  or  bruise). 

Tune.  The  hine  that  the  cow  died  of. 
Words  instead  of  food.  To  say  to  a 
starving  bet,'i,'ar  "  Bo  thou  fed,"  but  to 
give  nothing  ;  to  argue  and  shovir  how 
you  cannot  allord  to  give  alms,  though 
you  wisli  well.  The  reference  is  to  an 
old  song  which  represents  a  man  who  had 
bought  a  cow,  but  having  no  food  to  give 
her,  haile  his  cow  "  consider  that  it  was 
•  not  the  season  for  grass." 

lie  look  up  his  tiidle  and  pHred  her  thi>  t:iJie — 

"  C''ii-ider,  i?oo>l  cow.  con.-i'ior, 
Tl)is  isn't  the  t'me  for  Krasn  to  erow  ; 

Consider,  good  cow,  coueidcr. ' 

Tuneful  Nine.  The  nine  Muses: 
Calli'opii  {epic  poetry),  Clio  (historu), 
Era'to  (<>er/}/  and  li/ric  poetry),  EuterpS 
(music),  Moipotn'one  (<r(77f(Z)/),  Polyhym'- 
nia  (sacred  ion<j),  Terpsic  bore  {dancing), 
Tliaii'a  {comedy),  Ura'nia  (astronomy). 

Tuning  Goose.  The  entertainment 
given  in  Yorkshire  when  the  com  at 
harvest  was  ail  safely  stacked. 

Tunis 'ian.  The  adjective  .form  of 
Tunis. 

Tunlcers.  A  politico-religious  sect 
of  Ohio.  They  came  from  a  small  Ger- 
man village  on  the  Eiler.  They  believe 
al)  will  1)6  saved  ;  are  Qiiakers  in  plain- 
ness of  dress  and  speech  ;  they  will 
neither  fight,  nor  go  to  haw.  Both  sexes 
are  equally  eligible  for  any  office.  Celi- 
bacy is  the  highest  honour,  but  not 
imperative.  They  are  also  called  Tum- 
blers, and  incorrectly  Dunkers.  Tunkor 
means  "  to  dip  a  morsel  into  gravy,"  "  a 
Bop  into  wine,"  and  as  they  are  Baptists 
this  term  has  been  given  them  ;  but  they 
call  the uselves  "The  harmless  people." 
—  IK.  Uepwoi'th  Dixon,,  "  ^'eti  America," 
U.  18, 

Tupman  {Tracy).  A  slesk  jroung 
gentleman  who  falls  in  h.vr  with  oTery 


pretty  girl  he  meets.  He  travels  un(lo! 
the  charge  of  Mr.  Pickwick. — Dickens, 
"  Pickwick  Papers." 

Tur'caret.  One  who  has  become 
rich  by  hook  or  by  crook,  and  having 
nothing  else  to  disulay,  makes  a  great 
display  of  his  wealth,  A  ohevalier  in 
Lesage's  comedy  of  the  same  name. 

Tureen'.  A  deep  pan  for  hoMing 
soup,  (French,  ien-iiu,  a  pan  made  of 
teiTC,  earth,) 

Tvirf  (The).  The  race-cour.'^e  ;  the 
profession  of  horse-racing,  which  is  done 
on  turf  or  grass.  One  who  lives  by  the 
turf,  or  one  on  the  turf,  is  one  whoso 
chief  occupation  or  means  of  living  is 
derived  from  running  horses  or  betting 
on  races. 

All  men  are,  equal  on  the  turf  and  under  It  -  Lord 
Utorje  Bcnlinck, 

Turk,  Slave,  villain.  A  term  of  re- 
proach used  by  the  Greeks  of  Constanti- 
nople. 

Turk  Gregory.  Gregory  VII,,  called 
Hildebrand,  a  furious  Churchman,  wlio 
surmounted  every  obstacle  to  deprive 
the  emperor  of  his  right  of  investi- 
ture of  bishops.  lie  was  exceedingly 
disliked  by  the  early  reformers, 

Turk  Orei2"ry -'ever  di  1  «ich  derds  in  arnu  ^s  I 
aave  done  tlm  day  —"1  Btnri/  iV.,"f.i. 

Turkey.  The  turkey-red  bird,  the 
bird  with  a  deep  red  wattle.  It  does  not 
mean  the  t'ird  that  comes  from  Turkey, 
as  it  is  a  native  of  America. 

Turkish  Spy  was  wi-itten  by  John 
Paul  Mara'iia,  an  Italian,  who  had  been 
imprisoned  for  con3|iiracy.  After  his 
release  he  retired  to  .Monaco,  where  he 
wrote  the  "  History  of  the  Plot."  Subse- 
quently he  removed  to  Paris,  and  pro- 
duced his  "Turkish  Spy,"  in  which  he 
gives  the  history  of  the  last  age.  The 
first  three  volumos  are  bj  far  the  best. 
The  spy's  name  is  Mnhniut,     (1 637-1  (">.'*2.) 

Tumcoat.  As  the  dominions  of 
the  duke  of  Saxony  were  bounded  in 
part  by  France,  one  of  the  early  dukes 
hit  npon  the  device  of  a  coat  blve  one 
side,  and  white  the  other.  When  he 
wished  to  he  thought  in  the  French  in- 
toreBt  ho  wore  the  white  outside;  other- 
wise the  (lutsiilo  colour  wa.s  blue.  Wht-iic* 
a  Saxud  waa  nickunmed  Emaniivl 
Turncoat.  —  Scott'  ilagazine,  October, 
17-17. 

Without  goinjr  to  hiitory,  wo  have  a 


91G 


TURNIP  TOWNSEND. 


TWELFTH  NIGHT. 


Tory  palpable    <}tymon    in    tlie    French 
toumecfite  (tuni-siilo).     (Sue  Coat.) 

Turnip  'Cownsend.  The  brother- 
in-law  oi  .Sir  Uobort  Walpole,  who,  after 
his  rotirenieiit  from  olSco  iu  1731,  devoted 
himself  to  the  iniurovetneiitof  a;(riculture. 

Turnspit  Dog.  One  who  has  all 
the  work  hi;t  none  of  the  profit ;  he 
turuB  the  spit  but  eats  not  of  tlie  roast. 
The  alhision  is  to  the  dof,'  used  formerly 
to  turn  the  spit  in  roastiuf;.  Topsel  says, 
"They  ^'o  into  a  wheel,  which  the2'  turn 
round   ahmit  with  the  waight  of   their 

hodies,   so    dilliyently that   no 

drudge can  do  the  feate  more 

cunningly."    (1697.) 

Turpin,  Archbishop  of  Jiheiyns.  A 
mythological  contemporary  of  Charle 
niagne.  Plis  clironicle  is  supposed  to 
be  written  at  Vienne,  in  Dauphiny, 
whence  it  is  addressed  to  Leoprandus, 
dean  of  Aijuisgranensis  (Aix-la-Chapelle). 
It  was  not  really  written  till  the  end  of 
the  eleventh  century,  and  the  probable 
author  was  a  canon  of  Barcelo'na. 

The  rotnanco  turns  on  the  expedition, 
of  Charlemagne  to  Spain  in  777,  to  de- 
fend one  of  his  allies  from  the  aggres- 
sions of  some  neighbouring  prince. 
Having  conquered  Navarre  and  Aragon, 
he  returned  to  France.  The  chronicle 
says  he  invested  Pampelu'na  for  three 
months  without  being  able  to  take  it  ; 
he  then  tried  what  prayer  could  do,  and 
the  walls  fell  down  of  their  own  accord 
like  those  of  Jericho.  Those  S.iracens 
who  consented  to  become  Christians 
were  spared  ;  the  rest  were  put  to  the 
sword.  Charlemagne  tlien  visited  the 
sarcophagus  of  James,  and  Turpin  bap- 
tised most  of  the  neighbourhood.  The 
V-in(f  rrnKvnd  the  Pyrenees,  but  the  rear 
eoinmanded  by  T^oiand  was  attacked  by 
60,0;U  Saracens,  and  none  escaped. 

Tuxveydrop.  A  man  who  lives 
on  hiH  sou's  earnings  ;  but  his  son  looks 
Bpon  him  as  a  perfect  "  master  of  de- 
portment."—C/mr/w  f>i(k'IIS:,  "i>/(«i 
House  " 

Tussle.  A  struggle,  a  skirmish.  A 
corruption  of  tousle  (Gorman,  zansc  i, 
to  pull) ;  hence  a  dog  is  named  Towser 
Vpull'em  down).  In  the  "  Winter's  Tale," 
iv.  iii.,  Autol'ycus  says  to  the  Shepherd, 
"  I  t(Ke  from  thee  thy  business"  (_pump 
or  I'.raw  out  of  thee).     In  "  Measure  for 


Measure,"  Escalus    says  to    the  Diikc, 
"  We'll  toiue  thee  joint  by  joint"  (v.  i.). 

Tut.  A  word  used  in  Lincolnshire 
for  a  phantom,  as  tho  SpiltaL  J/ili  Tut. 
Tom  Tut  vill  get  yon  is  a  threat  to 
Wghten  chiMren.  Tut-r/ntten  is  panic- 
I  struck.  Our  tu,sh  is  derived  from  the 
word  tu,t. 

Tutivillus.  The  damoB  who  collects 
all  tho  words  ski{)pod  over  or  mutilated 
!py  priests  in  the  performance  of  the 
services.  These  literary  scraps  or  shreds 
lie  deposits  in  that  pit  which  is  said  to 
be  paved  with  "good  resohitions"  never 
brought  to  effect.— "y^ie;-«  Ploughman" 
p.  547 ;  "  Toionley  Mysteries,"  pp.  310, 
319  ;  &c. 

Twa  Dogs  of  Robert  Burns,  per- 
haps suggested  by  the  Spanish  "Colloipiio 
do  Dos  Ferros,"  by  Cervantes. 

Twangdillo,  the  fiddler,  lost  one 
leg  and  one  eye  by  a  stroke  of  lightning, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Ister. 

Vet  still  the  merry  bard  witliout  re^et 
Ucars  his  own  ills,  and  with  his  sounding  jheil 
And  comic  phiz  relieves  his  drooping  friends . 
He  tickles  every  string,  to  every  note 
lie  bends  his  pliant  neck,  his  single  eye 
Twinkles  with  joy,  his  active  stump  beats  time. 
SoyneKlHlU,  "  Hobbincl*  , 

Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee. 

Some  say  compared  to  Bononcini 
That  mynheer  Handel's  but  a  iiiuny ; 
Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 
Is  scarcely  tit  to  hold  a  candle. 
STran>;e  all  this  ditterence  should  be 
'Twixt  Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee. 

J.  Byrom. 

This  refers  to  the  feud  between  the  Bon- 
oncinists  and  Handelists.  The  duke  of 
Marlborough  and  most  of  the  nobility 
took  Bononcini  by  the  hand;  but  the 
prince  of  Wales,  with  Pope  and  Ar- 
buthnot,  was  for  Handel.     {See  Gluck- 

ISTS.) 

Twelfth  Cake.  The  drawing  for 
king  and  queen  is  a  relic  of  the  Roman 
Saturna'lia.  At  the  rloso  of  this  festival 
the  Roman  children  drew  lots  with  beans 
to  see  who  would  be  king.  Twelfth  day 
is  twelve  days  after  Christmas,  or  the 
Epiphany. 

Twelfth  Night  [Shal-egpeare).  The 
serious  plot  is  taken  from  Belleforest's 
"  Histoires  Tragiques."  The  comic  parts 
are  of  Shakespeare's  own  invention.  [Set 
Beffana.) 


TWELVE. 


TWO. 


917 


Twelve.  Each  Enfjllsh  arclier  can-itit 
twelve  tico'.c/imen  under  his  girdle.  This 
was  a  common  saying  at  one  time,  be- 
cause the  English  were  unerring  archers, 
and  each  archer  carried  in  his  belt  twelve 
arrows.— *SiV  Walter  Hcult,  ''Tales  of  a 
Oraiidfallver,"  vii. 

TU  Twelve.  All  the  prelates  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  church. 

The  pope  identifies  liiniself  with  the  "  Va-tcr,' 
»i.d  aiiilrcM.i  tliofo  70<)  [irvUtos  «»  the  " Twulvt.."— 
7V.«  'I\m€s.  lifc.  Il.lcCD. 

Twelve  Tables.  The  earliest  code 
of  Roman  law,  compiled  by  the  decem- 
viri, and  cut  on  twelve  bronze  tables  or 
t^iblets.  —  Zu'y,  iii.  57;  Diudorus,  xii.  5ii. 

Twickenham.  The  hard  of  Twick- 
enham. Alexander  Pope,  who  lived 
there  for  thirty  years.     (1688-1744.) 

Twig.  Itwif/you;  do  yon,  twig  my 
meaning  t  I  catch  your  meaning  ;  I  un- 
derstand. Probably  a  corruption  of  the 
Saxon  verb  wit-aii,  to  know,  perceive  ; 
Latin  vid-eo. 

Twinkling.    (.S'..<  Bed-post.) 

Twins.  One  of  the  signs  of  tho 
const'jllatiou  (May  21st  to  Juno  iilst). 

Whi'u  now  DO  more  tlie  al'erDite  twin?  are  fired, 
bliurt  u  ibe  duub.rul  eiiii'iie  of  the  Qi.:lit. 

Tlnnuoti,  "  Hummtr." 

Twist  (OUver).  A  boy  born  in  a 
workhouse,  starved  and  ill-trcateil  ;  but 
always  gentle,  amiablL-,aiid  pure-minded. 
Dickens's  novel  so  called. 

Twitcher.  Jemmy  Tu-itclier.  A 
name  given  to  John  lord  Suudwicb 
11718-1 7l'2),  noted  for  his  liaison  with 
Miss  Kay,  who  w.os  shot  by  the  Kev. 
"Captain"  Hackiiian  out  of  jealousy. 
His  ionlship's  sli.iinliliiig  gait  is  memo- 
rialised in  the  "Heroic  Epistle." 

Se*  J*.Miny  Tuitolier  nlwimblea-Btop,  stop  thief  I 

Twitten.     A  narrow  alloy. 

Two.  Tho  ovil  princii-le  of  Pytha- 
goras. Accordingly  the  second  day  of 
the  gi"con<l  month  of  the  year  was  sacred 
lo  Pluto,  and  was  esteemoil  unlucky. 

T\cc  (in  uiiliici-y  mtmlicr  in  our  dynas- 
lief.  ^VitIll•B^^  Etliclrfd  If.  t/ie  Unnadtj, 
forced  to  ali>iii-iito;  Iliirold  II.,  eluiii  at 
Hastings;  William  II.,  shot  in  Now 
Forest;  Henry  II.,  who  had  to  tight  for 
bis  crown,  .to.  ;  Kdward  II.,  murdered 
at  Borkoloy  Castle  ;  Richard  II.,  do- 
po»e<l ;   Charlos  II.,  driven  into  exile; 


James  II.,  forced  to  abdicate;  George 
II.  was  worsted  at  Fontonoy  and  Law- 
feld,  his  reign  was  troubled  by  civil  war, 
and  disgraced  by  general  Braddock  and 
admiral  Byng. 

It  does  not  seem  much  more  lucky 
abroad:  Charles  II.  of  France,  after  a 
most  unhappy  reiL-n,  died  of  poison  ; 
Charles  II.  of  Navarre  was  called  Tlu 
Dad;  Charles  11.  of  Siiain  ended  hiw 
dynasty,  and  left  his  kingdom  a  wreck  ; 
Charles  II.  of  Anjou  (/«  lloileux)  passed 
almost  the  whole  of  his  life  in  captivity  ; 
Charles  II.  of  Savoy  reigned  only  nine 
months,  and  died  at  the  age  of  eight. 

Francois  II.  of  Fi-ance  was  peculiarly 
unhappy,  and  after  reigning  less  than 
two  years  sickened  and  died  ;  Napoleon 
II.  never  reigned  at  all  ;  Franz  II.  of 
Germany  lost  all  his  Rhine  possession.^, 
and  in  I'SOG  had  to  renounce  his  title  ol 
emperor. 

Friedrich  II.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
was  first  anathematised,  then  excom- 
municated, then  dethroned,  and  lastly 
poisoned. 

Jean  II.  of  France,  being  conquered 
at  Poitiers,  was  brought  captive  to  Eng- 
land by  tho  Black  Prince ;  Juan  II.  of 
Aragon  had  to  contend  for  his  crown 
with  his  own  son  Carlos. 

It  was  Felipe  II.  of  Spain  who  sent 
against  England  the  "  Invincible  Ar- 
maria;"  it  is  Francesco  II.  of  the  Two 
Sicilies  who  has  been  driven  from  his 
throne  by  Garibaldi  ;  it  was  Romulus 
II.  in  whom  terminated  thoemjiireof  the 
West;  Pt  Icr  II.  of  Russia  did!  at  the 
aire  of  fifteen,  and  he  is  a  di.sgrace  to 
tho  name  of  Menschikofl;  Pictro  11.  de 
Medicis  was  forced  to  abdicate,  and  died 
of  shipwreck  ;  James  II.  of  Scotland  wa« 
siiot  by  a  cannon  at  tho  siege  of  Rcf- 
burgh  ;  James  II.  of  Majorca,  after 
lo.siiig  his  dominions,  was  murdered. 
Alexander  II.  of  Scotland  had  bis  kint,'- 
dom  laid  under  an  interdict ;  Alexamlcr 
II.,  the  pope,  had  to  contend  against 
lloiiorius  11.  tlio  anti-jjope  ;  Alexis  II., 
emperor  of  the  Eiist,  w;is  placed  under 
the  ward  of  his  mother  and  uncle,  who 
so  disgustoil  tho  nation  by  their  cruelty 
that  the  boy  was  first  dethroned,. and  then 
strangled;  Androniciis  II.,  emperur  of 
Greece,  was  dethroned  ;  jlonri  II.  of 
Franco  made  tho  disastrous  peace  called 
La  I'aix  Malheureuse,  and  was  killed  by 
Montgomery  m  a  tournament ;  &c  to. 
{^ike  Ja.nk  auJ  JouN.) 


018 


TWO   EYES. 


TYRANT. 


Two  Eyaa  of  Greece.  Atliem  and 
Si'iirta. 

Two    Oentlemon   of    Vero'na. 

The  ptory  of  Protlious  and  Julia  was 
liorrowoii  from  the  pastoral  romance  of 
"i)iana,"by  Georjjo  of  Monteinayor,  a 
Spaniard,  translated  into  Enjrlish  by 
Bartholomew  Yom-j^ein  \i<'J^.  The  love 
adventure  of  Julia  resembles  that  of 
Viola,  in  "Twelfth  Night." 

Two  Sundays.  ^Vhen  two  Sundays 
uieel.     Never.    (6'te  Grkek  CALtNDS.) 

Tybalt,  A  Cnpulet;  a  "fiery  "young 
noble. — Sliulccfpture   "  lidineo  and  Juliet." 

It  is  the  name  given  to  the  cat  in  the 
story  of  "  Reynard  the  Fox."  Hence 
.Mercutio  says,  "  Tybalt,  you  rat-catcher, 
will  you  walk  \"  (iii.  1  ) ;  and  again,  when 
Tybalt  asks,  "  What  wouldst  thou  have 
with  me?"  Mercutio  answers,  "Good 
kint^  of  cats  !  nothing  but  one  of  your 
luno  lives"  (iii.  1). 

Tyburn  is  Twa-bum«,  the  "  two 
riviilets;"  so  called  because  two  small 
rivers  met  in  tliis  localitj'. 

Tybuiti's  triple  tree.  A  gallows,  which 
consists  of  two  uprights  and  a  beam 
resting  on  them.  Previous  to  1783 
Tyburn  was  the  chief  place  of  execution 
in  London,  and  a  gallows  was  perma- 
nently erected  there.  In  the  reign  of 
lienry  VIII.  the  average  number  of 
persons  executed  annually  in  England 
was '2,000.  The  present  number  is  under 
twelve. 

Kingt  of  Tyhwn.  Public  executioners. 
(6'rt  Ua.ngmkn.) 

Tyburn  Ticket.  Under  a  statute 
of  William  111.,  prosecutors  who  had 
secured  a  capital  conviction  against  a 
criminal  were  exempted  from  all  parish 
and  ward  offices  within  the  parish  in 
which  the  felony  had  been  committed. 
Such  persons  obUiined  a  Tyburn  Ticket, 
which  was  duly  enrolled  and  might  be 
gold.  The  Stamford  Mercury  (March 
27th,  1818)  announces  the  sale  of  one  of 
these  tickets  for  £280.  The  Act  was 
repealed  by  68  Geo.  III.,  c.  70. 

Tybur'nia  {Londoii).  Portman  and 
Grosvenor  Squares  distiict,  described  by 
1  hackeray  as  "  the  cloi,'ant,  the  pros- 
perous, the  polite  Tybxirnia,  the  most  re- 
spectable district  of  the  haliitable  globe." 

T'Year— 1.^.,  to-yeju- ;  as  to-day,  to- 


night, to-morrow ;   not  tJiij  year,  an  It  is 
generally  supposed. 

Tyke.    {See  Tike.) 

Tyler  Insurrection.  That  headed 
by  Wat  Tyler  and  Jack  Straw,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  poll-tax  of  three  groats  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  a  war  with  France. 
(1331.) 

Tyl'wyth  Teg  (the  Fair  Family). 
A  sort  of  Kobold  family,  but  not  of  di- 
minutive size.  They  lived  in  the  lake 
near  Brecknock.  —  Z>«viVj,  "Mythology, 
dec,  of  the  /Jri'.ish  D)-uids." 

Type.  Pica  (large  type)-  "  litera 
pica'ta,"  the  great  black  letter  at  the 
beginning  of  some  new  order  in  the 
liturgy. 

Br'evier'  {small  type"),  used  in  printing 
the  breviary. 

Primer,  now  called  "long  primer" 
{small  type),  used  in  printing  small 
prayer-books  called  primers. 

A  fount  of  t':pes.  A  complete  assort- 
ment, contains  107,100  pieces  of  type. 


8,500 

h   .. 

..  6,100 

0    .. 

..  8,000 

V i.aw 

1.600 

i    • . 

..    8.1KX) 

p  •• 

..  1,700 

W  ....  ioco 

3.000 

I:: 

..     lou 

q  .. 

..     ax) 

z    400 

4.4l>i 

. .       8iW 

..   6,0iX) 

y 2.000 

ILJOh'j 

1  .. 

..    4,'«A1 

t    .. 

. .    8.U00 

2     200 

i',->iLi 

m  . . 

..   3.IW 

t   .. 

.  .   9,000 

,  4.500    ;  SiW 

l.;u« 

u  .. 

..  8,000 

u  .. 

..   3.100 

.  2.000    :  &» 

Typhoon'.  The  evil  genrus  of  Egyp- 
tian mythology  ;  also  a  furious  whirling 
wind  in  the  Chinese  seas.  [Typhoon  or 
typhon,  the  whirling  wind,  is  really  the 
Chinese  tai-fun,  hot  wind.] 

Eeneath  the  radiant  line  that  sirts  the  globe, 
The  circliDg  I'y'phon.  whirled  from  poiut  to  point 
l^.xMaustmg  all  the  ta^e  of  all  the  sky. 
And  dire  Eoueph'ia  leigiis. 

TAojiuon,  "Summer." 

Tjrr.  Son  of  Odin,  and  younger  bro- 
ther of  Thor.  The  wolf  Feurir  bit  off 
his  hand. — Scandinavian,  mythology. 

Tyrant  did  not  originally  mean  a 
despot,  but  an  absolute  prince,  and  espe- 
cially one  who  made  himself  absolute  iu 
a  free  state.  Napoleon  III.  would  have 
been  so  called  by  the  ancient  Greeks. 
Many  of  the  Greek  tyrants  were  pattern 
rulers,  as  Pisis'tratos  and  Pericles,  of 
Athens ;  Per'iauder,  of  Corinth ;  Die 
nysios  the  Younger,  Gelon,  and  his  bro- 
ther Hi'ero,  of  Syracu.^e  ;  Polyc'rates,  of 
Samos ;  Phi'dion,  of  Argus;  ic.  kc 

Tyrant  of  Uu  Chersonese.  Milti'ades 
was  so  called,  and  yet  was  he,  as  Byron 
says,  "  Freedom's  best  and  bravest 
friend."    QSu  TaiRTT  TY&iNT8.) 


TYRR. 


ULLW. 


919 


A  tyran(t  vein.  A  ranting,  bullying 
manner.  In  the  old  moralities  the  ty- 
rants were  made  to  rant,  and  the  loud- 
ness (if  thoir  rant  was  proportionfite  to 
the  villany  of  their  dispositions.  Hence 
to  out-Herod  Herod  is  to  rant  more 
loudly  than  Herod;  to  o'erdo  Terma- 
gant is  to  rant  more  loudly  than  Terma- 
gant.    (See  Pilate.) 

Tjnre,  in  Drydon's  satire  of  "  Absalom 
aiid  Aciiito]ihel,"  means  Holland  ;  Ejjypt 
Dieuns  France. 

I  mourn,  "y  co'intryniMi,  your  !■  Bt  estate.... 
.Now  a  I  your  lilifiiiva  »  s  i.il  are  nuk-, 
i-tJVt  »iiil  Tyrui  iiittrcipt  your  trade. 

Tyrtaeus.  TUe  Spanish  Tyrfmis. 
Manuel  Jos^  Quinta'na,  wh().>;e  odes  stimu- 
lated the  .Spaniard.s  to  vindicate  thoir 
lil'erty  at  the  outl'ionk  of  the  War  of 
Independence.     (1772-1857.) 


U 

Ubaldo  (in  "  Jei-usalera  Delivered"). 
One  of  the  squadron  of  adventurers  that 
joined  the  Crusaders.  He  was  "mature 
in  at,'e,"  had  vi.sitcii  many  re^dons,  "  from 
polar  cold  to  Libya's  burning  soil,"  and 
was  the  bosom  friend  of  Uneipho.  He 
and  Charles  the  Dane  i;o  to  bring  Itinaldo 
back  from  the  enchanted  isle. 

Ube'da.  Orbaneia,  painter  of  Ubeda, 
somulimos  jiainted  a  cock  so  prepos- 
terously (lesi^'nod  that  he  was  obliged  to 
write  under  it,  "This  is  a  cock." — Cer. 
vaiUes,  "Don  Quixote,"  pt.  II.,  bk.  i.  3. 

Uberto  (in  "Orlando  Furioso "). 
Count  d'Kste  ct  de  Conmiacchio. 

Ugly  means  hng-like.  Mr.  Dyer  de- 
rive-<  it  from  ou/ili-Zic,  like  an  ouph  or 
goblin.  The  Welsh  ha</r,  ugly,  would 
rather  point  to  hmjlic,  like  a  hag  ;  but 
wo  need  only  go  to  the  Old  English  verb 
ugi/e,  to  feel  an  abborronce  of,  to  stand 
in  fear  of. 

F'T  Iha  paviiM  ire  «o  fe!le  and  harde.. .. 
Tbat  ilk  luau  may  uiitre  lK>tlii'  yliowiiK  a'ld  nwMo. 
;/,i..i/».;<-,  us.  liuuiit,  p.  istf. 

Uplyog'raphy.  A  word  coined  by 
."^outhey,  and  apjiliod  to  Churchyarde"g 
"  reformed  "  spelling  of  English.  Alex- 
ander (Jil  made  an  attempt  in  the  same 
direi:lion  in  his  "  [.ogonotnia  Anglica" 
(Itiiy).  Dr.  Franklin,  in  17(i8,  proposed 
a  pnonetic   alphabet ;  but  that  of  Eilia 


and  Pitman,  completed  in  1S47,  is  pro- 
bably the  best. 

Ugoli'no,  count  of  Pisa,  deserted  his 
party  the  Ohibellines,  and  with  the  hope 
of  usiirpiuj,'  supreme  power  in  I'isa  formed 
an  alliance  with  Giovanni  Viscouti,  the 
head  of  the  Guelphic  party,  who  promised 
to  snp|iiy  him  secretly  witli  soldiers  from 
Sardinia.  The  plot  was  found  out,  and 
both  were  banished.  Giovanni  died,  but 
the  latter  joined  the  Forentines,  and 
forced  the  Fis;\ns  to  restore  his  terri- 
tories. In  1284  (Jenoa  made  war  ag.ainst 
Pisa,  and  count  Ugoli'no  treacherously 
deserted  the  Pisans,  causing  their  total 
overthrow.  At  length  a  conspiracy  was 
formed  atrainst  him,  anil  in  12S8  he  was 
cast  with  his  twosonsand  two  grandsons 
into  the  tower  of  Gualandi,  where  they 
were  all  starved  to  death.  Dante,  in  his 
"  Inferno,"  has  given  the  sad  tale  an 
undying  interest. 

N.li.  Count  Ugolino  was  one  of  the 
noble  family  of  Gheradesca,  and  should 
be  styled  Ugolino  Count  of  Gheradesca. 

Uka'se  (2  syl.).  A  Russian  term  for 
an  edict  either  proceeiling  from  the 
senate  or  direct  from  the  emperor. 
(Russian,  ukasal,  to  speak.) 

Ul-Erin.  "The  Guide  of  Ireland." 
A  star  supi)Osed  to  be  the  guardian  of 
that  island. — Oisiaru,  "Temora,"  iv. 

Ula'nia,  queen  of  Perdu'taor  Islanda, 
sent  a  golden  shield  to  Charlemagne, 
which  he  was  to  give  to  his  bnivest 
pala  lin.  Whoever  could  win  the  shield 
from  this  paladin  was  to  claim  the  hand 
of  Ulania  in  marriage. — "Orlando  Fuvi- 
oto,"  bk.  XV. 

TJle'ma.  In  Turkey,  either  a  member 
of  the  college  or  the  college  itself.  The 
Ulema  consists  of  the  imaums,  muftis, 
and  cadis  (ministers  of  religion,  doctors 
of  law,  and  administrators  of  justice). 

Ulien'sSon.  Rodomont— "O/Tunrfo 

l''urxotO." 

Urier.  The  god  of  archery  and  the 
chaio.  No  one  could  outstrip  him  in  hit 
si.ov;  BhoeB.  —  SciuiUinanan  MylUotog^. 

TJlIin.     Fintml's  aged  bard.— Owwn. 

Lord  ClUn'i  l),iu<,l,ter.  A  ballad  by 
<  'ampbell.  She  oloped  with  the  chief  of 
Ulra's  Isle,  and  being  pursued,  induced 


920 


DLRIC. 


UMBRAGE. 


a  lioatn-.r.n  to  row  tli'^m  over  Lochcryla 
during  a  storm,  and  the  Ijoat  was  over- 
wholtneil  just  as  Lord  (Jllin  aud  his 
retinue  reached  the  lake.  In  au  agony 
of  distress,  he  now  promised  to  iorijUve 
the  fun^itives,  but  it  was  too  late:  "  the 
Witters  wild  rolled  o'er  his  child,  and  he 
was  left  lamenting." 

Ulric.  Son  of  count  Siegendorf.  He 
rescued  Stralenheim  from  the  Oder,  b\it 
beinc:  informed  by  his  father  that  the 
man  he  had  saved  is  t)ie  great  enemy  of 
their  house,  he  murders  him. — Byron, 
"  Wtrner." 

St.  Ub-ic.  Much  honoured  by  fisher- 
men, lie  died  9"3  on  ashes  strewed  in 
the  form  of  a  cross  upon  the  floor. 

Ulri'ea.  The  sibyl  in  Sir  "Waller 
Scott's  "  Ivanhoe." 

Ulster.  Tlie  Red  Hand  of  Ulster.  In 
an  ancient  expedition  te  Ireland  the 
leader  thereof  declared  that  he  who  first 
touched  the  shore  should  possess  the 
territory  on  which  he  lighted.  O'Neil, 
frc)m  whom  descended  the  princes  of 
Ulster,  seeing  another  boat  likely  to  land 
before  him,  cut  off  his  hand  and  threw 
it  ashore.  The  "red  hand"  was  assigned 
by  James  as  a  badge  of  the  baronets, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  colonise  the  province. 

Ulster  Badge.  A  sinister  hand, 
erect,  open,  and  coupcd  at  the  wrist 
(gides),  sometimes  borne  in  a  canton,  and 
sometimes  on  the  escutcheon.  (See above.) 

Ulster  King  of  Arms.  Chief 
heraldic  officer  of  Irelatid.  Created  by 
Kilward  VI.  in  1552. 

Ultima  Thule.    {See  Thule.) 

Ultimatum.  (Latin).  A  final  pro- 
posal, which,  if  not  accepted,  will  be 
followed  by  hostile  proceedings, 

Ui'tinilim  Val'6  (Latin).  A  finish- 
ing stroke,  a  final  coup. 

Atropos.  cutfins  off  i he  ttiteftd  of  his  life,  gave  au 
uLimum  v.ile  to  inj  ^ool  furtuue.  — "  TAs  Htven 
Chumi'Uim  0/  Chriitcndom."  iii.  4. 

Urtimiis  Romano  rum.  So  Homce 
Walpolehasheen  sometimescalled.  (1717- 
1797.)     (See  Last  of  the  Romans.) 

Ultramontane  Party.  The  ultra- 
Popish  party  in  the  Church  of  Homo. 
Ultrart  ontauo  opmions  or  tendencies  are 
those  which  favour  the  high  "  Catholic  " 
party.       Ultramontane    ("  beyond    the 


Alps")  means  Italy  or  the  Pftf  al  States 
The  term  was  first  used  by  tho  Frenc'.i, 
to  distinguish  those  who  look  upon  the 
pope  as  the  fountain  of  all  power  in 
the  church,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
Gallican  Bchool,  which  maintains  the  riglit 
of  self-government  by  national  churches. 

Ulys'ses  (3  syl.).  King  of  Ith'aia,  a 
small  rocky  island  of  (}reece.  He  is 
represented  in  Homer's  "Iliad"  as  full 
of  artifices,  and,  according  to  Virgil,  hit 
upon  the  device  of  the  wooden  horse,  by 
which  Troy  was  ultimately  taken.  (The 
word  means  T/ie  An^ri/  or  Wra(/iful.) 

After  the  fall  of  'iroy,  Ulysses  wa-f 
driven  about  by  tempests  for  ten  years 
before  he  reached  home,  and  his  adven- 
tures form  the  subject  of  Homer's  other 
epic,  called  the  "  Odyssey." 

Uli/sses.  When  Palame'des  summoned 
Ulysses  to  the  Trojan  war,  he  found  him 
in  a  field  ploughing  with  a  team  oi 
strange  animals,  and  sowing  salt  instead 
of  barley.  This  he  did  to  feign  in- 
sanity, that  he  might  be  excused  from 
the  expedition,  'The  incident  is  em- 
ployed to  show  what  meagre  shifts  are 
sometimes  resoi'ted  to,  to  shuffle  out  of 
plain  duties. 

Ulysses'  Bow.  Only  Ulysses  could 
draw  his  own  bow,  and  he  could  sbr*  t 
an  arrow  through  twelve  rings.  By 
this  sign  Penel'ope  recognised  her  h'-.s- 
band  after  an  absence  of  twenty  years. 

Tke  Ulysses.  Albert  III.,  margrave  of 
Brandenburg.  He  was  also  called  "  TU 
AclLilles'l  (q.v.).     (1414-1486.) 

Ttie  Ulysses  of  the  Iliyhlands.  Sir 
Evan  Cameron,  lord  of  Locbiel,  snr- 
camed  "  The  Black."  (Died  1719.)  His 
sou  Donald  was  called  "The  Gentle 
Lochiel." 

Uma,  consort  of  Siva,  famous  for  her 
defeat  of  the  army  of  Chr.ndaand  .Munda, 
two  demons.  She  is  represented  as  hold- 
ing the  head  of  Chanila  in  one  of  her 
four  hands,  and  trampling  on  Munda. 
The  beads  of  the  army,  strung  into  a 
necklace,  adorn  her  body,  and  a  girdle 
of  the  same  surrounds  her  waist. 

Umber.  The  paint  so  called  was 
first  made  in  Umbria,  Italy. 

Umbra.  O'lserjuiovj  Umbra,  iii 
Garth's  "  Dispensary,"  is  Dr.  Gouli 

Umbrage.  To  take  umbrage.  To 
lake  offeuee.  Umbrage  means  shade 
(Latin,  umbra),  a  gloomy  view 


UMBIIELLA. 


UNCUMBER. 


921 


Umbrella.  First  used  in  E<lin- 
bui'.'li  liy  Hr.  Sj^ens  ;  in  Glas-^ow,  1780, 
by  JaiiKSou,  a  surgeon.  Coniiaoii  in 
London,  1710.  Kot  introduced  by  Ilan- 
way,  who  was  born  1712.  (See  Taller, 
No'  238,  Uci.  17,  1710.) 

The  tucke<l-up  wnutrrm  walks  with  liastj-  ttridei, 
M'hile  Btreaius  run  duwii  her  oitrtl  utiihrrlla's  tiiili.-« 
Airi/I.  'A  City  .Viou'cr"  IKIO.) 
nr  iinilcrnMth  th'  uiiibrell»>oily  shfd 
HxSi:  ihru'  ilie  n«i  on  clinking jAitena  trend. 

Ouy.  •■  Trivia"  Lk.  i.  (I7I1.) 

Um  briel.  A  pnome  or  spirit  of 
earth,  snppliid  by  Spleen  with  a  vial  full 
of  "  soft  sorrow.s.  nieltinj;  pricf,  and 
flowing  tears.''  When  tlie  baron  cuts  off 
Kelinda's  lock  of  hair,  Unibriul  breaks 
the  vial  over  her,  and  sho  instantly  be- 
gins to  weep  and  sigh. — Pope,  "  Rape  of 
t/ie  Lock,"  iv- 

U'na  ( Tiiiih,  80  called  becansa  tnith 
is  one).  Sho  starts  with  St.  Georpfe  on 
his  adventure,  and  beinp:  driven  by  a 
storm  into  "Wanderin;?'  Wood,"  retires 
for  the  nii,'ht  to  Hypocrisy's  cell.  St. 
George  quits  the  cell,  leaving  Una  be- 
hind. In  her  search  for  him  she  is 
carcfised  by  a  lion,  who  afterwards 
attends  her.  She  next  sleeps  in  the  hut 
of  Super.'itition,  and  next  morning  meets 
Hypocrisy  dressed  as  St.  George.  As 
they  journey  together  Sansloy  meets 
them,  exposes  Hypocrisy,  kills  the  lion, 
and  carries  off  Una  on  his  steed  to  a 
wild  forest.  Una  fills  the  air  with  her 
slirieks,  and  is  rescued  by  the  fauns  and 
satyrs,  who  attempt  to  worship  her, 
but  being  restrained  pay  adoration  to 
her  ass.  She  is  delivered  from  the 
satjTs  and  fauns  by  Sir  Satyrane,  and  is 
told  by  Archima'go  that  St.  Geort,©  is 
dead,  but  subsequently  hears  that  ho  is 
the  captive  of  Orgoglio.  She  goes  to 
king  Arthur  for  aid,  and  the  king  both 
slays  Ortroglio  and  rescues  the  knight. 
Una  now  takes  St.  George  to  the  house 
of  Holiness,  where  ho  is  carefully  nursed, 
and  then  leads  him  to  Eden,  whore  their 
union  is  consummated. — Smiiter,  " Fiiiery 
Queen,"  hk.  i.     {.See  LlON.) 

Una  Serranilla  (a  little  mountain 
$ong),  by  Mendoza,  marquis  of  Santil- 
lana,  godfather  of  Diego  Hurtado  da 
MondoTia.  This  song,  of  European  cele- 
brity, was  composed  on  a  little  girl 
found  by  the  marqiiis  tending  her 
father's  flocks  on  the  hills,  and  is  rallnd 


"The  Charming  Milk-maiden  of  Sweet 

Finojo'sa." 

Un'aneired  (3  syl.).  Without  ei- 
trcme  unction.  (Saxon  mil  means  "  oil," 
and  unveil  to  "anoint  with  oil.") 

Uncas,  the  son  of  Chingachcook ; 
called  in  French  Le  Cerf  Agile  (Deer- 
foot);  introduced  into  three  of  Fenimore 
Cooper's  novels,  viz. — "The  I^ast  of  the 
Mohicans,"  "  Tho  Path-finder,"  and 
"  The  Pioneer." 

Un'cial  Letters.  Letters  an  inch 
in  size.  From  the  fifth  to  the  ninth 
century.     (Latin,  uncia,  an  inch.) 

Uncle.  Gone  to  my  uncle's.  Uncle's 
is  a  pun  on  the  Latin  word  xincux,  a  hook. 
Pawn'orokers  employed  a  hook  to  lift  ar- 
ticles pawned  before  spouts  were  adopt-ed. 
"Gone  to  the  uncus"  is  exactly  tanta- 
mount to  the  more  modern  phrase,  "  Up 
the  spout."  Tho  pronoun  was  inserted 
to  carry  out  the  pim.  The  French  jdirase, 
A  ma  fante  does  not  mean  "To  my 
aimt's,"  but  to  "the  scoundrel's,"  tho 
word  tante  in  French  argot  being  the 
most  reproachful  word  they  can  use 
speaking  of  a  man. 

Gone  to  my  uncle's,  in  French  Ccsl 
che:  mn  tante.  At  the  pawnbroker's. 
In  French  the  concierge  de  prison  is 
called  uncle  because  the  prisoners  are 
"kept  there  in  pawn"  by  Government. 
In  the  seventeenth  century  a  usurer  was 
called  my  uncU  in  the  Walloon  provinces, 
because  of  his  near  connection  with 
spendthrifts,  called  in  Latin  nepoiis, 
nephews. 

In  puhlica'num  «»ii  'o»ner»'o'rem  m\fn  \  Iteli;!) 
TOivi  f.irn  man  aifU.  mi  aruiiciitiim.  I0>>«  p.  11. 
"  I-  risramme."  imprime  k  Tournay,  cliei  Ailrieo 
Qiiiiiqii6.) 

Uncle  Toby.    {.See  Tobt.) 

Uncle  Tom.  A  negro  slave,  noted 
for  his  fidelity,  j'ioty,  and  the  faithful  dis- 
charge of  all  his  duties.  Heing  sold  he 
has  to  submit  to  tho  most  revolting 
cruelties. — Afrs.  Beechrr  Stove,  "  UncU 
Tom's  Cabin." 

Unciimbcr  (St.),  formerly  called  St. 
Wylgcforto.  "  Women  changed  her 
came  "  (s.ays  Sir  Thomas  More)  "  because 
they  reken  that  for  a  pecke  of  otys  she 
will  not  faile  to  unctimlifr  them  of  their 
liusbondys."  Tlie  tradition  says  that 
the  saint  was  very  beautiful,  but  wishing 
to  lead  a  single  life,  prayed  that  she  might 


022        UNDER  THE  ROSE 


UNICORN. 


have  a  beard,  after  which  she  was  no 
more  cmnliored  with  lovers.  "For  a 
peck  of  oats/'saysSir  TliomasMore,  "she 
would  provide  a  horse  for  an  evil  ho\ise- 
boudo  to  ride  to  the  Devil!  upon." 

If  a  wife  were  wiary  of  a  liiistiand,  nheoftered  oat« 
kt  r<)u.e8....t<)  St.  Uncuniber.  —  iUic/iueJ  Woode 
(1.V4), 

Under  the  Rose  {Sub  ro'sa).  Se- 
cretly, confidentially.  Amoncrst  the 
ancients  the  rose  was  an  emblem  of 
silence,  and  it  was  customary  to  suspend 
a  rose  from  the  ceilintj  of  a  banquet- 
room,  to  intimate  to  the  guests  that 
ni'thing;  said  in  that  room  was  to  be 
uttered  abroad.     {^Ste  article  RosE.) 

Un'der-cur'rent  metaphorically 
means  something  at  work  which  has  an 
opjiosite  tendency  to  what  is  visible  or 
apparent.  Thus  in  the  Puritan  supre- 
macy there  was  a  strong  under-current  of 
loyalty  to  the  banished  prince.  Both  in 
air  and  water  there  are  frequently  two 
currents,  the  upper  one  running  in  one 
direction,  and  the  under  one  in  another. 

Under  Weigh.  The  undertaking  is 
already  beg<in.  A  ship  is  said  to  be 
under  weigh  when  it  has  drawn  its  an- 
chors from  their  moorings,  and  started 
on  its  voyage.  Probably  this  should  be 
under  "way" — i.e.,  on  the  way,  in  the 
act  of  moving.  We  say  the  matter  is 
uu'.ler  consideration,  the  bill  is  under 
discu.ssion. 

Underwriter.  An  undencritcr  at 
Lloyd's.  One  who  insures  a  ship  or  its 
merchandise  to  a  stated  amount;  so 
called  because  he  writes  his  name  under 
the  policy. 

Undine'  (2  syl.).  The  water- 
nyuipli,  who  was.  created  without  a  soul 
like  all  others  of  her  species.  By  mar- 
rying a  mortal  she  obt.iiued  a  soul,  and 
•with  it  ali  the  pains  and  penalties  of  the 
human  race.— La  Motit  Fouque,  "  Uti- 
diiic" 

•,*  Founded  on  a  tale  told  by  Para- 
celsus in  his  Treatise  on  Elemental  Sprites. 
C6'fe  SYLriis.) 

Ungrateful.  T/u  Un.jrale/ul  Gue^f. 
A  Macedonian  soldier,  being  wrecked, 
was  hospitably  entertained  in  the  house 
of  a  villager  When  he  appeared  before 
Philip,  the  king  asked  him  what  service 
he  could  render  him,  and  the  soldier 
demanded  the  bouse  of  his  entertainer  ; 
but  the  circumstance  being  known,  Philip 


ordered  him  to  be  branded  on  the  fore- 
head with  these  words  :  "The  Ungrateful 
Guest." 

Unguem.  Adungiiem.  To  the  mi- 
nutest point.  To  finish  a  statue  ad  un- 
guem is  to  finish  it  so  smoothly  and 
perfectly  that  when  the  nail  is  run  over 
the  surface  it  can  detect  no  imperfection. 

Unhinged.  I  am  quite  unhmrjed.  My 
nerves  are  shaken,  my  equilibrium  of 
mind  is  disturbed ;  I  am  like  a  doo! 
which  has  lost  one  of  its  hinges. 

Unhou'selled  (3  syl.).  Without  hav- 
ing had  the  Eucharist  in  the  hour  of 
death.  To  housel  is  to  administer  the 
'"sacrament"  to  the  sick  in  danger  of 
death.  Housel  is  the  Saxon  hrcsel  (the 
Eucharist).  Lye  derives  it  from  the 
Gothic  hunsa  (a  victim). 

U'nicorn.  According  to  the  legends 
of  the  middle  ages,  the  unicorn  could  be 
caught  only  by  placing  a  virgin  in  his 
haunts  ;  upon  seeing  the  virgin,  the 
creature  would  lose  its  fierceness  and  lie 
quiet  at  her  feet.  This  is  said  to  be  an 
allegory  of  Jesus  Christ,  who  willimrly 
became  man  and  entered  the  Virj^in's 
womb,  when  he  was  taken  by  the  hunters 
of  blood.  The  one  horn  symliolises  the 
great  gospel  doctrine  that  Christ  is  one 
with  God.— GuiUaume  Clerc  de  Norman- 
die  Trouvere. 

*#*  The  unicorn  ha.s  the  legs  of  a  buck, 
the  tail  of  a  lion,  the  head  and  body  of  a 
horse,  and  a  single  horn  in  the  middle  of 
its  foreaead.  Tlie  horn  is  white  at  the 
base,  bLick  in  the  middle,  and  red  at  the 
tip.  The  body  of  the  unicorn  is  white, 
the  head  red,  and  eyss  blue.  The 
oldest  author  that  descriKes  it  is  Cte  sias 
(b.c  400) ;  Aristotle  calls  it  the  Wild  Ass; 
Pliny,  the  Indian  .\ss ;  Lobo  also  describes 
it  in  his  "  History  of  Al>yssinia." 

Unicorn.  James  F.  substituted  a  uni- 
corn, one  of  the  supporters  of  the  royal 
arms  of  Scotland,  for  the  red  dragon  of 
Wales,  introduced  by  Henry  VII.  Ari- 
osto  refers  to  the  arms  of  Scotland  thus : 

Yon  lion  placed  two  unicorns  between. 
That  rsroi;'2ut  with  a  tuver  sword  is  8"en.  m 

it  (or  tile  .king  uf  ticotlaud's  banner  kuown.  fl 

HooU,  iii. 

Unicom.  According  to  a  belief  once 
popular,  the  unicorn  by  dipping  its  horn 
into  a  liquid  could  detect  whether  or 
not  it  contained  poison.  In  the  desitrns 
for  gold  and  silver  plate  made  for  the 
emperor  Rudolph  II.,  by  Ottavio Strada. 


UNIGENITUS. 


UNWASHED. 


9^28 


is  a  cup  OD  which  a  unicorn  stands  as  il 
to  esRiiy  the  liijuid. 

Di-ivmg  unicorn.  Two  whoelers  and 
one  leader.  The  loader  is  the  OM  horn. 
(Latin,  unv.m.  cornu,  one  horn.) 

Uiiigen'itus  (Latin,  The  Only-Be- 
ffotkn).  A  pajial  bull,  so  called  from 
its  opeuini?  sentence,  UnigvilUui  Dei 
Filititi.  It  was  is8>ied  in  condemnation 
of  QueBnel's  RejUxions  MornUs,  which 
favoured  Jansenism  ;  the  bull  was  issued 
in  1713  by  Clement  XL,  and  was  a 
damiialio  in  qlolo—i.t.,  a  condemnation 
of  the  whole  book  without  exception. 
Cardinal  de  Noailles,  archl)ishop  of  Paris, 
took  the  pide  of  Quesnel,  and  those  who 
BUpported  the  archbishop  apainst  the 
pope  were  termed  "  Appelauts."  In 
1730  the  bull  was  condemned  by  the  civil 
authorities  of  Paris,  and  the  controversy 
died  out. 

Union  Jack.  The  national  banner 
of  (iroat  Britain  and  Ireland.  It  consists 
oftiiruiMiiiitedcrosses— thatof  St  Gcorpe 
for  Kni?lauil,  the  saltireof  St.  Andrew  for 
Scotland,  and  the  cross  of  St.  Patrick  for 
Ireland. 


St  OcorRe'i  ctom, 
red  OD  white. 


St.  Andrew's  cross, 
white  on  blue. 


St.  Pntrick'B ex'te, 
red  ou  white. 


In  tho  Union  Jack  the  white  edging  of 
St.  George's  cros.s  shows  the  white  field. 
In  the  saltiro  the  cross  is  reversed  on 
each  side,  showing  that  the  other  half  of 
the  cross  is  covered  over.  Tho  broad 
white  band  is  tho  St.  Anilrcw's  cro.-s3  ; 
tho  narrow  white  e<lge  is  tbo  white  field 
of  St.  Patrick's  cross. 

In  retrard  to  tho  word  "Jack,"  some 
say  it  is  Jtu-i/nt  (James),  tho  name  of  tho 
king  who  united  the  Ha'/s,  but  this  is  not 
correct.  Jarpie  is  a  eurcoat  ernbL-izonc-d 
with  St.  George's  criisB.  Jamc.-.  I.  added 
BU  A  ml  row's  cross,  and  St.  P.itrick's 
cri'SH  was  added  lu  1801.  {Jaijue,  our 
"  jai'ki't.") 

J*i|ni,  da  ralllinMid  /i><-W,  rl|'»'«  d*  |>elil«  cuaqu* 
mlliuirt  qu'  i>D  i>orUU  *u  murcu  k*  •"'  l<^*  anna  at 
■ur  U  rumua.  fiuilfd,  '  Ui<t.  Initeriet.' 

Unita'rinus,  in  KnpUnd,  wrribe 
their  found^ition  to  John  Middle.     0615- 


16()2.)  Milton,  Locke,  Newton,  Lardner, 
and  many  other  men  of  hiktorio  note 
were  Unit^arians. 

United  States.  The  thirty  six 
states  of  North  America  composing  the 
Federal  Rej)ublic.  Kach  state  is  repre- 
sented in  tho  Federal  Congress  by  two 
senators,  and  a  number  of  representa- 
tives proportionate  to  the  number  of 
inhabitants.  The  nickname  of  a  United 
Statesman  is  "A  Brother  Jonathan,"  and 
of  the  people  in  the  aggregate  "  Brother 
Jonathan"  {q.v.). 
U'nities.  (.See  Aristotki  ian.) 
Universal  Doctor.  Alain  de  Lille. 
(1114  1203.) 

Universe  (3  syl.).  According  to  the 
Peripatetics,  the  universe  consists  of 
eleven  spheres  enclosed  within  each  other 
like  Chinese  balls.  The  eleventh  sphere 
is  c  died  the  empyrean  or  heaven  of  the 
bles.sed.     (6'e«  IIkaven.) 

U'niver'sity.  First  applied  to  col- 
legiate societies  of  learning  in  the  twelfth 
century,  because  the  icniver.nku  lilera'i-iim 
(entire  range  of  literature)  was  taught 
in  tliem — i.e.,  arts,  theology,  law,  and 
physic,  still  called  the  "  learned  "  sciences. 
Greek,  Latin,  grammar,  rhetoric,  and 
poetry  are  called  humanity  studies,  or 
hxuiiaiiiores  Htera,  meaning  "  lay"  stuilies 
in  contradistinction  to  divinity,  which  is 
the  study  of  divine  things.     (Sre  Cad.) 

Unknown.  The  Great  Unknoien. 
Sir  Walter  Scott ;  so  called  because  the 
Waverley  Novels  were  puhlisheii  anony- 
mously. It  was  James  Ballanlyne  who 
first  applied  the  term  to  the  unknown 
novelist. 

Unlicked  or  Unlicked  Cub.  A  lout 
ish,  unmannerly  youth.  According  to 
tradition,  tlio  bear  cub  is  misshapen  and 
imperfect  till  its  dam  lias  licked  il  into 
form. 

Unready  (The).  Etholred  U.—i.e., 
lacking  rede  (counsel).     (*,  97*-101(). ) 

UnriRhteouB  (Adok'imo.<).  St. 
Christopher's  name  before  baptism.  It 
was  changed  to  Christ-bearer  because  he 
carried  over  a  stream  a  little  child,  who 
(according  to  tradition)  proved  to  bo 
Jesus  Christ. 

Unwashed  ('2  syl.).  It  was  Burke 
who  first  called  the  mob  "tho  (/rent  ui>- 
washad."  but  the  term  "unwashed'    had 


S2i 


UPAS  TREE. 


URGANDA. 


been  applied  to  thorn  before,  for  Gay 
uses  i  t. 

riio  king  of  1M«  lirew  forth  his  sworl 

i'\  hmik  <iod  'twas  not  in  wrntiil, 
And  made,  <  f  mmij  a  i^jutv  nml  lord, 
All  uuwaihcd  kught  of  IWth. 

A  iallud  on  QuadnrU 

U'pas  Tree  or  Poison-tree  of  M ocas- 
tar.  Applied  to  anything:  baneful  or  of 
flvil  influence.  The  tradition  is  that  a 
piitrid  Btreain  rises  from  the  tree  ■which 
^'rows  in  the  island  of  Java,  and  that 
whatever  the  vapour  touches  dies.  This 
fable  is  chiefly  duo  to  Foersch,  a  Dutch 
physician,  who  ptiMished  his  narrative 
in  1783.  "Kot  a  tree,"  he  says,  "nor 
blade  of  grass  is  to  be  found  in  the 
valley  or  surrounding  mountains.  Not 
a  beast  or  bird,  reptile  or  living  thintr, 
lives  in  the  vicinity."  He  adds  that  on 
"  one  occasion  1,600  refugees  encanijied 
wiihin  fourteen  miles  of  it,  and  all  init 
300  died  within  two  months."  This  fable 
Darwin  has  perpetuated  in  his  "  Loves  of 
the  Plants."  Bennett  has  shown  that  the 
Dutchman's  account  is  a  mere  traveller's 
tale,  for  the  tree  while  growing  is  quite 
innocuous,  though  the  juice  may  be  used 
for  poison  ;  the  whole  neighbourhood  is 
most  richly  covered  with  vegetation  ; 
man  may  fearlessly  walk  under  the  tree, 
and  birds  roost  on  its  branches.  A  upas 
tree  grows  in  Kew  Gardens,  and  flourishes 
amidst  other  hot-house  plants. 

On  the  blas'ed  heath 
Fell  Upas  sit'-,  the  livdra-tree  of  death. 

Batwxn,  "  Loves  of  the  flanU,"  iu.  '2E3. 

Upper  Crust.  The  lions  or  crack 
men  of  the  day.  The  phrase  was  first 
used  in  "  Sam  Slick." 

I  want  jou  to  see  Peel,  Stanley,  Qraham,  Shiel, 
RiiMell,  Maoauiay,  old  Joe,  and  so  on.  They  are  all 
urrer  crust  here." 

Upper  Storey.  The  bead.  "Ill- 
furnished  in  the  upper  storey;"  a  head 
without  brains. 

Upper  Ten  Thovisand.  The  aris- 
tocracy. The  term  was  first  used  by 
N.  P.  Willis,  in  speaking  of  the  fashion- 
ables of  New  York,  who  at  that  time 
were  not  more  than  ten  thousand  in 
cumber. 

Uproar  is  not  compounded  of  up  and 
roar,  but  is  the  German  auf-nt/iren  (to 

8tir  up). 

Upsee-Dutch,  a  heavy  Dutch  beor ; 
"Upsce  Freese,"  a  Friesland  strong  ale; 
"  Upsce  English,"  a  strong  English  ale. 


"  Upsee  Dutch  "  also  means  tipsy,  stupid 
with  drink. 

1  it'j  H'll  like  the  dulresa  of  your  eye. 
It  h.ith  a  heavy  caal ;  'tis  Ui'vee-Out^h. 
And  bays  yuu  are  a  luiupmii  whorcuia-sLer. 

a.  Jomoii,  "The  Akfi^miti."  iv.  s. 
Yet  whoop,  Bamahy  I  oIFwitli  thy  liquor, 
Urink  upscei  uut,  and  a  Hg  for  llie  Ti.^ir. 

.Sir  ira««r  .Scod.  "  Lady  0/ the  Lake.  vi.  5. 
Tc.v-h  me  how  to  talte  the  German  upsy  freeze,  the 

Daiiisli  r..uwr.  the  Hnitzer's  itoop  of  rheniah iJekk^r, 

"Hull  llornho'ik"  lUOO). 

Up'set  Price.  The  price  at  which 
goods  sold  by  auction  are  first  ofi'ered  for 
competition.  If  no  advance  is  made  they 
fall  to  tiie  person  who  made  the  ups«t 
price.  Our  "  reserved  bid  "  is  virtu.illy 
the  same  thing. 

Urbi  et  Orbi  (To  Rome  and  the  rest 
of  the  world).  A  form  used  in  the  publi- 
cation of  papal  bulls. 

Urchin  i^  a  little  ore  (Ore-kin; 
Dutch,  lu-k,  urljcii).  The  ore  is  a  sea 
monster  that  devours  men  and  women  ; 
the  ore-kin,  or  little  ork,  is  the  hedgehog, 
supposed  to  be  a  sprite  or  mischievous 
little  imp. 

Urda  {the  Past).  Guardian  of  a  well 
called  the  Noma,  where  the  gods  sit  in 
judgment.  —  Scandinavian  mylhologij. 

Urda,  Verdandi,  and  Skulda 
{^Past.  Present,  Viu6. Future) .  Three  maidens 
who  dwell  in  a  beautiful  hall  below  the 
ash-tree  Yggdrasil'.  Their  employment 
is  to  grave  on  a  shield  the  destiny  of 
man. — Scandinavian  myOiolojy. 

Urdan  Fount.  The  fount  of  light 
and  h.caX.— Scandinavian  mythology. 

Urgan.  A  mortal  born  and  chris- 
tened, but  stolen  by  the  king  of  the 
fairies  and  brought  up  in  elf-land,  lie 
vcas  sent  to  lord  Richard,  the  husband  of 
Alice  Brand,  to  lay  on  him  the  "  curse  of 
the  sleepless  ej'e"  for  killing  his  wife's 
brother  Ethert.  When  lord  Richard 
saw  the  hideous  dwarf  he  crossed  'nim- 
self,  but  the  elf  said,  "I  fear  not  sign 
made  with  a  bloody  hand."  Then  for- 
ward stepped  Alice  and  made  the  sign, 
and  the  dwarf  said  if  any  woman 
would  sign  t  is  brow  thrice  with  a  cross 
he  should  recover  his  mortal  form 
Alice  signed  him  thrice,  and  the  elf 
became  "  the  fairest  knight  in  all  Scot- 
land, in  whom  she  recognised  her  bro- 
ther Ethert."— A'tV  Walter  Seott,  "Alict 
Brand"  ("Lady  of  the  Lake,"  iv.  12). 

Urganda  la  Deseoneci'da.  An 
enchantress  or  sort  of  Mede'a  in  the  r<>- 


URGEL. 


UT. 


925 


mances  belonpiiif^  to  th»  Am'adis  and 
Pal'mcrin  series,  in  tho  Spanish  school  of 
roniance. 

Ur'gol.  One  of  Cliarlemagne's  pala- 
dins, famous  for  his  "giant-strength." 

U'riel.  "  Regent  of  the  Sun,"  and 
"  sliarpost  -  sitrhtcd  spirit  of  all  in 
hoavou." — Mi'Uoii,  " taradise  Lost,"  iii. 
690. 

Longfellow,  in  "Tho  Golden  Legend," 
makes  Raphael  the  angel  of  the  Sun, 
and    Uriel   the   minister  of   ALirs.     {See 

KaPQAEL.) 

I  tin  the  minister  of  Mai-s. 

Til'-  sCioiiirest  star  amoiii:  the  itari 

My  souKi)  of  power  preluje 
Tlie  Miari-li  atjii  Imtile  of  man's  life, 
AnJ  fur  tlie  HiifTrriiig  aud  tb«  itrife 

1  Eive  bim  forlitude. 

•■  Tht  Miracle  PUiv."  Uf- 

Urim,  in  Garth's  "  Dispensary,"  is 
Dr.  Atterbury. 

Uri'n  uai  civil,  and  not  vuid  of  sense, 
llkd  h'imour  and  coiirceoiii  contiUoce.. .. 
Ciiuauint  at  leaiiti,  and  eacli  druuriim  knew, 
AuU  toou  iig  the  deedert  appeared,  willidrew. 
(Canto  i.) 

Urim  and  Tliummim  oon.iisted  of 
three  stones,  which  were  deposited  in  the 
double  lining  of  tho  high  priest's  breast- 
plate. One  stone  represented  Ves,  one 
No,  and  one  xVo  answer  is  to  be  given. 
When  any  question  was  bi'ought  to  the 
high  priest  to  be  decided  by  "Urim," 
the  priest  put  his  hand  into  tlie  "pouch" 
and  drew  out  one  of  the  stones,  aud  ac- 
cording to  the  stone  drawn  out  tho 
quesliiin  was  decided  ( Lc v.  viii.  8  ;  1  Sam. 
xxviii.  li). 

U'risk.  A  rough  hairy  spirit  in  the 
mythology  of  the  Cyniri. 

Ursa  Major.  Calisto,  daughter  of 
Lyca'on,  was  violated  by  Jupiter,  and 
Juno  changed  her  into  a  bear.  Jupiter 
placed  her  among  the  stars  that  she 
might  be  more  under  his  protection. 
Homer  calls  it  ArUtos  the  bear,  and 
J/amcua  the  waggon.  The  llomans  called 
it  i'lsu  tho  bear,  and  Septemirio nes  the 
seven  ploughing  oxen;  wlicnce  "  Sep- 
tciitriona'lis"  camo  to  signify  tho  north. 
The  common  names  in  Europe  for  the 
seven  bright  stars  are  "  the  plough," 
"tho  waggon,"  "Charles's  wain,"  "the 
Or«at  bear,"  &c. 

Boswell's  father  used  to  call  Dr.  John- 
son  Ursa  Major.     (3u  Ueau.) 

Ursa  Minor.  Also  called  Ct/notu'ra, 
ur  "  Dog's  tail,"  from  its  circular  swoop. 


The  pole  stzv  is  a  in   the   taJL      {Set 
Cynosure.) 

Ur'sula  (Dame)  or  Ursley  Sud'llechop. 
Wife  of  Benjamin  Suddlechop  the  bar- 
ber, modelled  from  Mrs.  Turner,  who 
came  to  condign  punishment  for  hei 
share  in  the  poisoning  of  Sir  Thomas 
Ovcrbr.ry. 

Shr  liad  Kcqiiain'riMceD...  ain>inf[  the  qiialitj.  >nj 
inamtniji-d  her  inti'ic-uurae  with  tl'.is  snpeiiur  rank 
of  customers  partly  hy  drivins  a  tra'le  in  peifumei). 
essem:f8.  romadcK.  head-;i(-ar8  from  France,  not  to 
mention  druqsol  various  di  s  riptioM",  crmtly  for  tli» 
used  the  ladies,  an  <  partly  by  other  terTices  mor* 
or  less  couuecied  wnb  the  esui'-nc  branclie*  of  lii:r 
pfofessioo.— ill-  iVuUtr  6cuU  ,  "  t'urlunu  of  SvjtX." 

Si.  Ursula  and  the  eleven  thousand 
viryin  martyrs.  Ursula  was  a  Briiish 
princess,  and,  as  the  legend  says,  was 
going  to  France  with  her  virgin  train, 
but  was  driven  by  adverse  winds  to 
Cologne,  where  she  aud  her  11,U00  com- 
panions were  martyred  by  the  Huns. 
This  extravagant  legend  is  said  to  have 
originated  in  the  discovery  of  an  inscrip- 
tion to  Utsula  et  UndeciiniUa  Vir/jiaes, 
"  the  Virgins  Ursula  and  Undecimilla  ;  " 
but  by  translating  the  latter  name,  the 
inscription  reads  "  Ursula  and  her  11,000 
virjins."  Visitors  to  Cologne  are  shown 
piles  of  skulls  and  human  bones  heaped 
in  tho  wall,  faced  with  glass,  which  the 
verger  asserts  are  the  relics  of  the  11,000 
martyred  virgins.     {See  Viiuii.NS.) 

Ursula  is  the  Swabian  ursul  or  hortel, 
the  moon,  and  her  "virgins"  are  the 
stars.     Ursul  is  the  Scandinavian  iiulda. 

Ush'er  moans  a  porter  (Old  French, 
Auio/ttr,  a  door;  whence  kuissier,  an 
usher;  Lmiu ,  ostiarius).  One  who  slamls 
at  the  door  to  usher  visitors  into  the 
presence.     Scotch   Wishart. 

Us'quebau'gh  (3  syl.).  Whisky 
(Iri.-h,  t«V//(;-i< «</<«,  water  of  life).  Similar 
to  tho  Latin  aqua  vilie,  aud  tho  French 
euu  de  vie- 

U'sury.  Cowell  deriveu  this  word 
from  the  Latin  usu  aris  (for  the  use  of  the 
money). 

Ut.  Saxon  out,  as  Utoxeter,  in  Slaf- 
fordshiro  ;  Utrecht,  in  Holland;  "  outer 
camp-town  ;"  tho  "out  passage,"  so  called 
by  Clotaire  because  it  was  the  grand 
pas.sage  over  or  out  of  tli«  Khiue,  before 
that  river  changed  its  bed.  Utmost  is 
cut  or  nuter-moet.     {See  Utoard.) 

FtratM  at  (ut.  'irtt'']  a  (iiat,  aad  ttt-Uw  a  lamrl 
—iluU.  ixiu.  ii. 


626        UT  QURAT  LAXIS. 


VACUUM   BOYLEANUM. 


Ut  Queat  Laxis,  &c.     This  bymn 

was  coinpnsoii  in  770.  Dr  Bushy,  iu  his 
"  Musical  Dictionary,"  Bays  it  is  ascribed 
to  John  the  Baptist,  but  has  omitted  to 
inform  us  by  whom.     (.S'ee  Do.) 

U'ta.  Queen  of  Burgundy,  mother 
of  Kriemhild  and  Guuther.  —  "  Tke 
Nihelungtu-Lied." 

U'ter.  Pendragon  (chief)  of  the 
Britons  ;  by  an  adiiltcrous  amour  with 
Igerna  (wife  of  Gorlois,  duke  of  Corn- 
wall) he  became  the  father  of  Arthur, 
who  succeeded  him  asking  of  the  Siaires. 

U'terine  (3  syl.).  A  ulenne  brother 
or  sister.  One  bora  of  the  same  mother 
but  not  of  the  same  father  (Latin, 
titeruj,  tlie  womb). 

Ut'gai'd  (old  Norse,  outer  ward).  The 
circle  of  rocks  ^hat  hemmed  in  the 
ocean  which  was  supposed  to  encompass 
the  world.  The  giants  dwelt  among  the 
rocks. — Scandinavian  mythology, 

Utgard-Lok.  The  demon  of  the 
infernal  regions.  —  Scandinavian  mytho- 
logy. 

U'ti  Posside'tis  (Latin,  as  you  at 
present  possess  them).  The  belligerents 
are  to  retain  possession  of  all  the  places 
taken  by  them  before  the  treaty  com- 
menced. 

U'ticen'sis.  Cato  the  younger  was 
80  called  from  Utica,  the  place  of  his 
death. 

Utilita'l'ians.  A  word  first  used  by 
John  Stuart  Mill ;  but  Jeremy  Bentham 
employed  the  word  "  Utility  "  to  signify 
the  doctrine  which  makes  "the  happiness 
of  man"  the  one  and  only  measure  of  right 
and  wrong. 

Oh  hapiiinesg,  our  beina's  end  a-id  aim  

For  wiicb  we  bear  to  live,  or  u:ire  to  dis. 
Pupt,  JipisUe  J  V. 

U  to 'pi  a  properly  means  nouhere 
(Greek,  ou  topos).  It  is  the  imaginary 
island  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  where  every- 
thing is  perfect — the  laws,  the  morals, 
the  politics,  &o.  In  this  romance  the 
«vilg  of  existing  laws,  kc,  are  shown  by 
contrast,     (loltj.)     (.Si'«  Weissxichtwo.) 

Dto'yia,  the  Hii^jdom  of  Grangousier. 
%Chen  Pantagruel  sailed  thilher  from 
Feance  and  had  got  into  the  main  ocean, 
lie  doubled  the  Capo  of  Good  Hope  and 
made  for  the  shores  of  Melinda.  "Part- 
ing from  Modamoth  he  sailed  with  a 
aortlierly  wind,    passed    Meda.m,    Go'' 


lascm,  and  the  Fairy  Isles  ;  and  keeping 

Uti  to  the  left  and  Udcn  to  the  ripht, 
ran  into  the  port  of  Utopia,  distant 
about  three  and  a  half  leagues  from  the 
city  of  the  Amaurots."  {Medamolh, 
from  no  place ;  Me' dam,  nowhere ; 
Gelasem,  hidden  land ;  Uti,  nothing  at 
all  ;  Uden,  nothing  ;  Utopia,  no  place, 
distant  three  and  a  half  leages  from 
.1  maiiros,  the  vanishing  point,  —  all 
Greek.)     (See  Qoeubds.) 

Uto'pian.  An  impracticable  scheme 
for  the  improvement  of  society.  Any 
scheme  of  profit  or  pleasure  which  is  not 
practicable.     (See  Utopia.) 

U'traquists  (^Both- hinders).  The 
followers  of  duss  were  so  called,  because 
they  insisted  that  both  the  elements 
should  be  administered  to  all  communi- 
cants in  the  eucharist.  (Latin,  utraqut 
specie,  in  both  kinds.) 

Uz'zieL  The  angel  next  in  command 
to  Gabriel.  The  word  means  "  Strength 
of  God."  Uzziel  is  commanded  by 
Gabriel  to  "  coast  the  south  with 
strictest  watch." — Milton,  "  Paradi^i 
Lost,"  iv. 


V 

V  represents  a  hook,  and  is  called 
in  Hebrew,  vav  (a  hook). 

V.  D.  M.  on  monuments  is  Vir  Dei 
Minis'ter,  or  Verbi  Dei  Minister. 

V.  D.  M.  I.  iE  (  Verimm  Dei  manel  in 
odermirti),  The  word  of  God  endureth  for 
ever.  The  inscription  on  the  servants 
of  the  duke  of  Saxony  and  landgrave 
of  Hesse,  the  Lutheran  princes,  at  the 
diet  of  Spires  in  1526. 

V.  V.  v.,  the  letters  found  on  the 
coin  of  the  ■20th  Roman  legion,  stand 
for  "  Valeria,  Vicesima,  Victrix." 

Vacuum  now  means  a  space  from 
which  air  has  been  expelled.  Descartes 
says,  "  If  a  vacuum  could  be  effected  in 
a  vessel,  the  sides  would  be  pressed  into 
contact."  Galileo  said,  "  Nature  abhors 
a  vacuum,"  to  account  for  the  ri.so  of 
water  in  pumps.     (&<  PoKT.) 

Vac'uum  Boylea'num.  Such  a 
vacuum  as  can  be  produced  by  Boyle's 
improved  air-pump,  the  nearest  approach 
to  a  vacuum  practicable  with  huir.an  in- 
itrumoats. 


VADE   MECUM. 


VALERIAN". 


W 


Va'de  Mecum  (a  govdtlt-me).  A 
pocket-book,  memorandum-book,  pocket 
cyclop.'edia,  lady's  pockot  companion,  or 
anything  else  which  contains  many 
thinys  of  daily  use  in  a  small  compass. 

Vails.  Fees  to  servants  (from  tho 
Latin  verb  valeo,  to  be  worth,  to  bo  of 
value;  French,  valoir).  The  older  form 
was  avails. 

Vaib  to  wrranU  >)eing  much  in  fwliinn. 

/tujUtU.  ••  Itrivcti-ni.tlire  Aclr.rt." 

Val  Del  Bove,  in  Sicily.  An  extinct 
crater  of  vast  size,  enclosed  by  preci- 
pices 3,000  feet  in  heiijht,  and  tilled  with 
g'igantic  rouks  standing  out  separately, 
and  resembling  beasts  ;  heuco  its  name. 
—  Lady  Jlerherl  of  Lea. 

Valdar'no.  The  valley  of  the  Aruo, 
in  Tuscany. 

tlie  Tuscan  artist  [GaliUo]  views 

At  eveoini;  fi  om  tlie  top  of  i'esole. 
Or  m  Vttl.iariio? 

iUUon,  "ParnliM  Lost,"  hk.  L 

Vale.  To  vaU  the  buanei.  To  cap  to  a 
superior;  hence  to  strike  sail,  to  lower 
(French,  avaler,  to  take  off). 

My  wcaltliy  Auilrew  docked  in  aand, 
Vailing  lier  liigli-tup  \uviev  tlmu  her  ribs. 

Hh.ikeiftitir,"  .MeicUiint  oj    f^'.  >ni  t,"  i.  1. 

Vale  of  Tears.  This  world.  {See\ixcx.) 

Valens  or  Val  anus.  Mercury 
was  the  son  of  '^'aleiis  and  Phuronis. 
This  Jlercurj'  is  call(-d  Tropho'nius  in  the 
rc(;iiiiis  tiiidi^r  the  earth. — C't'c,  "  Z'c  Sat. 
JJeoriim"  iii.  22. 

Cii'lin'iiii  I  Mrrctay]  rlilln);  In  hl«  cliiriichoo 
Fro  Vonu;.  V'lai^u.i  iiii^-lit  Oil."  palail  soi'. 

Cfiuuur,  "  Coini'L  of  JJur$  atui   t'ciiw.*.' 

Valentia.  The  southern  part  of 
Scotland  waa  so  called  from  the  emperor 
Valens. 

Valenti'na.  Daughter  of  tlio  comte 
de  St.  Llris,  governor  of  tho  Louvre. 
She  was  bftrollicd  to  the  comte  de 
Nevers,  but  loved  Ilaoul  de  Nangis,  a 
Protestant,  by  whom  she  was  loved  in 
return.  Marguerite  sent  her  to  the 
count  to  beg  him  to  break  off  the  pro- 
mi.sed  union,  becatise  she  loved  another; 
but  Raoul,  who  witnessed  tho  interview 
without  knowing  its  tenor,  became  jea- 
lou.i,  and  disdaiufully  rejected  her  band 
when  offered  it  by  Marguerite.  In  con- 
Eoqucnce  of  this  slight  she  was  married 
to  Nevers.  In  tho  Bartholomew 
itiaugbtor,  the  comte  do  Nevers  was 
kilk'  1,  and  Valontina  confessed  her  love 
for  Haoul.  The  lovers  were  united  in 
luinriiige  by  Mftrcello,  and   wore  both 


shot  by  a  party  of  rausketeerB  under 
the  command  of  St.  Hris. — Meyerbeer, 
"  O'li  Uijonolli"  (an  opera). 

Valentine.  A  corruption  of  galan. 
till  (a  lover,  a  dangler),  a  gallant.  St. 
Valentine  was  selected  for  the  sweet- 
hearts' saint  because  of  his  name.  Simi» 
lar  changes  are  seen  in  gallant  and 
valiant  ( Latin,  valens  ;  vain,  Welsh  gnan ; 
vale,  Welsh  gwael ;  guard,  ward,  &c. ). 

Va/entiiie.  One  of  the  Two  Gentlenten 
of  Vero'na ;  his  serving-man  is  Speed. 
The  other  gentleman  is  Prothcus,  whose 
serving-man  is  Launce.  —  Shahspeare, 
"  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona." 

Valentine,  in  Congreve's  "  Love  for 
Love."     Betterton's  great  character. 

Valentine  {The  Brme).  Brother  of 
Orson  and  son  of  Bellisant,  sister  of 
king  Pepin  ami  wife  of  Alexander,  em- 
peror of  Constantinople.  The  twin 
brothers  were  born  in  a  wood,  near 
Orleans,  and  while  their  mother  went  in 
search  of  Orson,  who  had  been  carried 
oft  by  a  bear,  Pepin  ha|)pened  to  sea 
V.alentine  and  took  him  under  his 
charge.  He  married  Clerimond,  niece 
of  the  Green  Knight. — "  Valentine  and 
Orson." 

Valentin'ians.  An  ancient  sect  ol 
Gnostics ;  80  called  from  Valciiiinus, 
their  leader. 

Vale'rian  or  Valirmn.  Husbaml  of 
St.  Cecilia.  Cecilia  told  bim  she  was 
belovi'd  by  an  anL'el  who  freipieiitly 
visited  her,  and  Valerian  re'juested  he 
miirht  be  allowed  to  .see  this  con.stant 
visitant.  Cecilia  told  him  he  should  do 
so  proviiled  he  went  to  jtope  Urban  and 
got  baptised.  On  returning  borne  he 
saw  the  angel  in  his  wife's  chamber,  who 
gave  to  Cecilia  a  crown  of  roses,  and  to 
himself  a  crown  of  lilies,  both  of  which 
ho  brought  from  Paradise.  Ttie  angel 
then  asked  Valerian  what  would  please 
him  best,  and  he  answered  that  his 
brother  might  be  brought  "  to  saving 
faith"  by  God's  grace.  The  angel  ap- 
proved of  the  petition,  and  said  both 
should  bo  holy  martyrs.  Valerian  being 
brought  before  .Mma'chius,  tho  prefect, 
was  commau'led  to  worship  the  image  of 
Jupiter,  and  refusing  to  do  so  was  led 
forth  to  execution.— C/mttccr,  "  Stcoundt 
Non->es  Tale.'' 

Vitlf^-ian  is  taid  to  attract  cSlU  irre- 
sistibly. 


328 


VALHALLA. 


VAN. 


Valhalla,  in  Scandinavian  mytho- 
logy^ is  tlio  palace  of  iintnortality,  in- 
liabited  by  tlio  souls  of  heroes  slain  in 
hattle.  The  Times,  speakiiii^  of  West- 
minster Abbey,  says  "  The  abbey  is  our 
Valhalla." 

We  both  rouMt  pa'Kfrom  er.r'.h  awaj, 

Vullmllft's  jo^B  to  see; 
AiiJ  if  I  waiiJer  tlifre  1')-da,y, 
'i'o-morrow  may  fetoh  tliee 

"l^iUliiuf-fjiigi,"  lny  »l- 

Valiant  {The).  Jean  IV.  of  Ihittany. 
(1389-1 14'2.) 

Valiant-for-Truth.  A  brave  Chris- 
tian who  foutrht  three  enemies  at  once 
(Wildhead,  Inconsiderate,  and  Praj(- 
matic).  His  sword  was  "  a  riijjht  Jeru- 
salem blade,"  so  he  prevailed,  but  was 
wounded  in  the  encounter.  When  Mr. 
Greatheart  came  to  the  spot.  Valiant 
joined  Christiana's  party  to  the  Celestial 
City. — Buni/aii,  "Pil/jrim's  Progress," 
pt.  ii. 

Valis'e  (2  syl.).  A  small  leather 
portmanteau  (French,  valise). 

Valkyriuror  Valkip-ies.  The  twolve 
nymphs  of  Valhalla.  They  were  mounted 
on  swift  horses,  and  held  drawn  swords 
in  their  hands.  In  the  mel^e  of  battle 
they  selected  those  destined  to  death, 
and  Conducted  them  to  Valhalla,  where 
they  waited  upon  thsm,  and  served  thorn 
with  mead  and  ale  in  cups  of  horn  called 
skulls.  The  chiaf  were  Jlista,  Sau'grida, 
and  Hilda.  Valkyriur  means  '"  chooser 
of  the  slain."    {iSte  Skull.:) 

MiBta  lilack,  ten  itic  ir.aid, 
Sauyi'ida  aod  U  iMa  see 

<iT<ni,  ■'  FaUl  SiiUrt." 

Valla  [Lauren tins).  One  of  the  tirst 
scholars  of  the  Renaissance,  noted  for 
nis  Latin  sermons,  and  his  admirable 
l/itin  translations  of  Herodotos  and 
Thucydides. 

Nunc  post(|uani  manes  ilefunctus  VdUa  pt-titit, 

Noil  audet  Fluto  verba  1  atiiia  loqui. 
Sill-re  Valla  hath  the  mhiies  com-  amotii;, 
I'liit''  ha«  feared  to  speak  tiis  mother  tuugue. 

Val'lary  Crown.  A  crown  bestowed 
by  tlie  ancient  Kumaus  on  the  soldier 
who  first  surniouulod  tiie  vallum  of  an 
enemy's  camp. 

Valley  of  Humiliation.  The  place 
where  Christian  cncoimtered  Apollyon, 
just  before  he  came  to  the  "  Valley  of  tiie 
IShndow  of  Death." — Bunyan,  '■^  Pilyrims 
Proijress"  pt.  i. 

VulUy  of  the  Shadow  of  Death,  through 
which  Christian  had  to  pass  in  order  to 
set  to  the  Celestial  City.     The  prophet 


Jeremiah  describes  it  as  "a  wilderness, 
a  land  of  deserts  and  of  pits,  a  land  of 
drought  and  of  the  shadow  of  d<-ath"  (ii. 
6);  anil  the  I'salniist  says,  "  Th(High  1 
walk  through  the  valley  of  the  shadow  of 
dfaih  I  will  fear  no  evil,  for  tliou  art 
with  mo;  thy  rod  and  thy  staff  they 
comfort  me"  (xxiii.  4). 

Tlie  li^lit  tlii-re  is  d.irknesa.  and  the  way  full  ff  trap* 
and  ^'iiis    to  e;iicli   the  unwary — liunjaitt  ** I'iVjriin't 

J-r':jrt:.-,'  pi-  1. 

Vallombro'sa.  Milton  says,  "Thick 
as  autumnal  k-aves  that  strew  tiie 
brooks  in  Vallombrosa"  ("Paradise 
Lost,"  i.  302),  but  the  trees  of  Vallom- 
brosa are  nut  dtciduous.  They  are  piues, 
and  therefore  no  thick  autumnal  leaves 
ever  strow  the  brooks  of  that  forest. 

Valorem.  Ad  valorem,  a  sliding  scale 
of  duty  on  excisable  articles,  regulated 
according  to  their  market  value. 

Tliiis  tea  at  8s-  per  lb.  would  pay  more  duty  than  tea 
at  &>.  6d-  iier  lb. 

Vaiun'der.  The  V-alean  of  Scandi- 
navian mythology. 

Next  in  worth  to  the  Bwoid  wts  an  arm-ring,  far  and 

wide  fungous. 
Fui^-ed  by  ihe  Vulcan  of  nor! Hern  ttory— the  hiitinj 

Valuuder. 

" Fiiihio/Saga"  {Frithiv/'t  Inliei-itana). 

Vamp.  To  vamp  up  an  old  story.  To 
vamp  is  to  put  new  uppers  to  old  boots. 
Vampes  were  short  liose  covering  the 
feet  and  ankles.  (Welsh,  gicam,  anything 
that  wholly  or  partially  encloses.) 

Vampire.  An  extortioner.  Accord- 
ing to  Dom  C'almet,  the  vampire  is  a  dead 
man  who  returns  in  body  and  soul  from 
the  other  world,  and  wanders  about  the 
earth  doing  mischief  to  the  living.  He 
sucks  the  blood  of  persons  asleep,  and 
these  persons  become  vampires  in  turn. 
This  superstition  is  prevalent  in  Hun- 
gary, &c.  Similar  to  the  Barkolakka  of 
the  Greek  Christians,  the  Vukodlak  of 
the  Servians,  the  Muro'ny  of  the  Wal- 
la'chians,  the  Priccolitsch  of  the  Mol- 
davians, the  Werwolf  or  Loup-Garou  of 
the  French,  and  the  Ghoitl  of  the  Persians 
and  Arabs. 

The  vampire  lies  as  a  corpse  during  the 
day,  but  by  night,  especially  at  full  moon, 
wanders  about  in  the  form  of  a  dog,  frog, 
toad,  cat,  flea,  louse,  bug,  spider,  ka., 
biting  sleepers  in  the  back  or  neck. 

Van  of  an  army  is  the  French  avant; 
but  van,  a  winnowing  machine,  is  the 
Latin  vannus,  our  fan. 

The  Spirit  of  the  Van.     A  e^rt  cf  fairy 


VAKDAL. 


VARRO, 


920 


which  haunts  the  Van  Pools  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Carmarthen  on  New  Year's  Kve. 
She  is  dressed  in  white,  girded  with  a 
golden  girdle  ;  her  golden  hair  is  very 
long,  and  she  sits  in  a  golden  boat,  which 
she  urtiBs  along  with  a  goUkn  oar.  A 
3i)ung  fanner  fell  in  love  with  her  an  1 
married  her,  hut  she  told  him  if  ho  struck 
her  thrice  she  would  c|iiit  him  for  ever. 
After  a  time  they  were  invited  to  a  chris- 
tening, and  in  the  midst  of  the  ceremony 
she  burst  into  tears.  Her  husband  struck 
her,  ar.d  asked  why  she  made  such  a 
fool  of  herself.  "I  weep,"  she  said,  "to 
seo  the  poor  babe  brougiit  into  a  valo  of 
miserj-  and  tears."  They  were  ne.\t 
invited  to  the  funeral  of  the  same  child, 
and  she  could  not  resist  laughincr.  Her 
husband  struck  her  again,  and  asked  the 
same  question.  "  I  lavij^h,"  she  s;iid,  "to 
think  how  joyous  a  thing  it  is  that  the 
child  has  left  a  world  of  sin  for  a  world 
of  joy  and  ianocenco."  They  were  next 
invited  to  a  weddia,',  where  the  bride 
was  young  and  the  man  advanced  in 
years.  Again  she  wept,  and  said  aloud, 
"  It  is  the  devil's  compact.  The  bride 
h:is  sold  herself  for  gold."  Her  husband 
hade  her  hold  her  peace,  struck  her,  and 
she  vanished  for  ever  from  his  sight. — 
ItV/.s/t  mythologil. 

Vandal.  One  who  destroys  beau- 
tiful objects  to  make  way  for  what  ho 
terms  "  improvements,"  or  to  indulge 
his  own  caprice.  When  Gen'seric  with 
his  Vandals  cantured  Home  in  A.D.  45/), 
he  mulilatod  the  public  monuments,  re- 
g^anlless  of  their  worth  or  beauty. 

Vaiulid  Society.  (See  B.vndk  Moiue, 
n.vitiiAiu,  &c.) 

Vandal'ia.    Andalusia. 

Vandalism.  The  destruction  or 
injury  of  what  is  beautiful  or  precious  aii 
a  relic,  as  cutting  down  or  injuring  the 
trees  or  (lowers  of  a  [lublio  park,  white- 
washing or  painting  marble  pillars,  pul- 
linifdownor  cutting  initialson  old  edilicos 
of  historic  interest,  kc.     {See  Vanual. ) 

Vandy'ck.  The  Vundjick  of  sculpture. 
Autoiue  Coysovon.    (](i40-17-O.) 

The  KmitUk  Vandi/cl:  William  Dob- 
•on,  painter.     (1(J10-1^47.) 

Vandyke  (2  bvI.).  To  Bcollop  an 
prlt^'O  after  the  fa-shion  of  the  collant 
painted  by  Van<lyck  in  the  roign  of 
Charles  I.  The  scolloped  fdgc's  aro  said 
to  ho  Tandyked. 

3     E 


Vanessa  is  Miss  Esther  Vanhom- 
righ,  and  Uado'uus  is  Deau  Swift.  While 
he  was  still  married  to  Stella  [.\Iis3 
Hester  John.son,  whoso  tutor  he  had 
been]  Miss  Vanhomrighfell  in  love  with 
him,  and  requested  him  to  marry  lu-r,  but 
the  dean  refused.  The  proposal  became 
knfpwu  to  hi.s  wife  (?)  and  both  the  ladies 
died  soon  afterward.-;.  Hester  Johnson 
was  called  Stella  by  a  pun  upon  the 
Greek  (tslrr,  which  resembles  Hester  in 
Hound,  and  means  a  "star."  ilissVan- 
homrigh  wa.s  called  Van-essa  by  com- 
pounding I'"'),  the  first  syllable  of  her 
nrime,  with  Egnct,  the  pot  form  of  Esther. 
C:uii)'nu3  is  simply  di!ca'nns  [dean] 
slightly  transposed.  Tho  proposal  of 
Miss  Vanhomrigh  gave  rise  to  a  poem  of 
Bomo  800  lines,  called  "  Cadc'nus  and 
V.tuessa,"  which,  though  witty,  is  both 
vaiu  and  heartless  (1713). 

C-iiiuiius  mnny  things  li.-iJ  writ; 
Vulivutt  inucli  cstueiiR'il  liia  wit. 

tSwi/t,  "  CuUenut  and  I'lincua." 

Vanity  Fair.  A  fair  established 
by  Beelzebub,  Apollyoii.  and  Lfgiou,  for 
the  sale  of  all  sorts  of  vanities.  It  was 
Jicld  in  the  town  of  Vanity,  and  lasted  all 
tho  year  round.  Here  were  sold  houses, 
lauds,  trades,  places,  honours,  prefer- 
ments, titles,  countries,  kingdoms, 
lusts,  pleasures,  and  delights  of  all 
svvi^.  —  liuiii/an,  "  riUjrlm's  rroi/ress," 
p:.  1. 

Va'noc.  Son  of  Merlin,  one  of  Ar- 
thur'.-; Kound-Table  Knights. 

V.iiiiig  Vanoc  of  Uie  b«ardl««a  fac« 
I  Khuiu  niukc  tlie  yiiulh  ot  Merlin's  r»c«), 
o'criKiwin-a  at  Uynetli'n  foolni'ml.  Wed. 
Iii»  lifttri'«l>luod  dyi'd  ticrKanilals  red. 
Sir  trailer  Scoll,  "  BritUl  0/  rri<.-rii;uin.    11.  2*. 

Vantage  Loaf.    The  13th  loaf  of  a 

baker's  doieu. 

Vari'na.  Swift,  in  his  early  life, 
professed  to  have  an  attachment  to 
Miss  .lauo  Waryng,  and  Latinised  hor 
name    into    Variua.       (-See    nhove,    Va- 

M->SA  ) 

Varnish,  from  tho  French  vends ; 
Italian,  ver'nice.  Sir  G.  C.  L.'wis  says 
tho  word  is  a  corruption  of  HoroniVe, 
famous  for  her  amber  hair,  which  was 
di'dicatod  in  tho  temple  of  Arsin'ois,  and 
became  a  conslcUaliou. 

Varro,  calletl  "  The  most  learned  of 
the  Uomang."     (it.c.  U'i '28.) 


f»80 


VARUNA. 


VEDA8. 


Vanxn'a.  The  Hindu  Neptune.  He 
IB  represented  os  an  old  man  riding  on  a 
Bea-monstcr,  with  aclul)  in  one  lian<l  and 
a  ropo  in  the  other.  In  the  Vedic  hymns 
he  is  the  night-sky,  and  Milra  the  day- 
Eky.  Vanina  is  snid  to  set  free  the 
"  waters  of  the  clouds." 

Vassal.  A  youth.  In  feudal  times 
it  meant  a  feudatory,  or  one  who  held 
lands  under  a  "  lord."  In  law  it  means 
k  bondservant  or  political  slave,  as 
"  England  shall  never  be  the  vassal  of  a 
foreign  prince."  Christian  says,  in  his 
"Notes  on  Black.«tone,"  that  the  corrup- 
tion of  the  meaning  of  vassal  into  slave 
"is  an  incontrovertible  proof  of  the 
horror  of  feudalism  in  England."  (Welsh, 
uwa$,  a  boy  or  soryant ;  gwnsan,  a  pag  ; 
like  the  Vrtinch  garfoii,  and  Latin  ptie  j 
Italian,  vaxsallo,  a  servant.) 

Vathek.  The  hero  of  Beckford's 
fairy  romance.  lie  is  a  haughty  effemi- 
nate monarch,  induced  by  a  malignant 
genius  to  commit  all  sorts  of  crimes.  He 
abjures  his  faith,  and  olfers  allegiance  to 
Eblis,  under  the  hope  of  obtaining  the 
throne  of  the  Pre-Adamite  sultans. 

Vat'ican.  The  palace  of  the  pope  ; 
30  called  because  it  stands  ou  the 
Vat'ican  Hill,  strictly  speaking  the 
Vatican  consists  of  the  papal  palace,  the 
court  and  garden  of  Belyidere,  the  library, 
and  the  museum. 

The  eun  of  tlie  Vatican  sheds  glory  over  the  Ca- 
tholic world.— T/u  Times. 

The  thundas  of  tlit  Val'icMi.  The 
anathemas  of  the  pope,  which  are  issued 
from  the  Vatican. 

The  Council  of  the  Vatican.  The  twenty- 
first  General  orOJcumenical  Council.  It 
commenced  in  1S69,  Pius  IX.  being  pope. 
(6'«  Councils.) 

Vaude'yille  (2  syl.).  A  corruption 
of  Val  de  Vive,  or  in  Old  French  Van  de 
Vire,  the  -jative  valley  of  Oliver  Basse- 
lin,  a  Norman  poet,  the  founder  of  a 
oertAin  class  of  convivial  songs,  which  he 
cnlled  after  the  name  of  his  own  valley. 
These  songs  are  the  basis  of  modern 
vaudeyillt.  The  etymology  from  Vau 
de  Ville,  the  "go"  of  the  town  or  popu- 
lar thing  of  the  day,  as  \'au  I'eau  (the 
"go"  or  current  of  water),  is  of  the  same 
class  as  Goliath's  thocs  for  goloshes,  and 
brtihren  from  tabernacle  "  because  we 
breathe  therein." 

Fathtr  of  the  Vaudn'ille.  Oliver  Bas- 
seliD,  a  Noraian  post  (liftconth  century). 


Vau'girard,  The  depuliet  of  Vaur/^ 
rard.  Only  one  individual.  Thisappliet 
to  all  the  false  companies  in  which  th« 
promoter  represents  the  directors,  chair- 
man, committee,  and  entire  staff.  The 
expression  is  founded  on  an  incident  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  VIII.  of  France  : 
The  usher  announced  to  the  king  "The 
deputies  of  Vangirard."  "  How  many 
are  there  ?  "  asked  the  king.  "  Only  one, 
an  please  your  majesty,"  was  the 
answer.    (-S'w  Tailors.) 

Vaux'hall  or  Fauxhall  (2  syl.). 
Called  after  Jane  Vaux,  who^eld  the 
copyhold  tenement  in  lul.^,  ana  was  the 
widow  of  John  Vaux,  the  vintner. 
Chambers  says  it  was  the  manor  of  Fulke 
de  Breaut€,  the  mercenary  follower  of 
king  John,  and  that  the  word  should  be 
Fulke's  Hall.      Peoys  calls  it  Fox  Hall. 

and    says   the  entertainments  there  are 

'•  might}'  divertisiug." — "  Book  of  Lays." 
Thackeray,  in  "  Vanity  Fair,"  sketches 

the  loose  character  of  these  '•  diveitising " 

amusements. 

Vav'asour.  One  who,  himself  hold- 
ing of  a  superior  lord,  has  others  holding 
under  hiiu.  In  rank  nest  to  a  baron. 
(Celtic,  ^rit'iis,  a  page  attendant.)  —  Cam- 
■itn. 

Va'yu.  TtkQ  wind,  in  Vedic  mytho- 
logy. Su'rya  (the  sun)  occupies  the 
heavens,  Agni  (fire)  occupies  the  Infernal 
region,  and  Vai/u  (air)  the  space  between 
earth  and  heaven.     (Sanskrit,  va,  blow.) 

Ve.  Brother  of  Odin  and  Vili.  He 
was  one  of  the  three  deities  who  took 
part  in  the  creation  of  the  world. — 
Kicandinavian  myilwlogy. 

Veal  {Mrs.).  An  imaginary  person 
who  (according  to  De  Foe)  appeared  the 
day  after  her  death  to  Mrs.  Bargrave,  of 
Canterbury,  Sxh  September,  17u5. 

Veal,  Calf.  The  former  is  Norman, 
and  the  latter  Saxon.   (5<;«  Bekf,  Pouk.) 

MyiiheerCalf  becon^es  Mocsieur  Ae  Vean  id  the iike 
maiiUrr.  Jle  is  ?a\on  wiien  he  re  .uirej  teudauce, 
but  lake*  a  Gorman  name  when  he  becomes  matter 
of  enjoyraeut.— i'ir  WnUtr  ScoU,  "  Jvanhoe." 

Ve'das  or  Ve'dams.  The  generic 
name  of  the  four  sacred  books  of  the 
Hindus.  It  comprises  (1)  the  Rig  or 
Rish  Veda;  (2)  Yajar  or  Yajush  Veda; 
(3)  the  Sama  or  Saman  Veda  ;  and  (4) 
the  Ath.orva'na  or  Ezour  Veda.  (Sanskrit, 
vid,  know  ;  Chaldee,  yed-a;  Hebrew,  id-o; 
Greek,  eiX-o  :  LUin,  viil-^.o  ;  kc. 


VFGKTABLE  SUBSTANCES. 


NTINI,  VIDI,  VICI. 


931 


Vegetable  Substances.  The 
three  fundamental  laws  are  these  :  — 

(1)  If  they  contain  more  hydronroa  (in 
proportion)  than  water,  they  are  acid. 

(2)  If  Itss,  they  are  resinous,  oily,  or 
Bpirituous. 

(3)  If  an  tqual  quantity,  they  are  sac- 
charine, mucilat,'-inous,  or  analogous  to 
woody  tiliro  or  starch. 

These  laws  were  discoveied  by  O. 
Tlioiiard  and  Gay-Lussac,  French  cho- 
rui^ts. 

Vehm'geriehte  or  Holy  Vehme 
TrilfHTuil.  A  secret  tribunal  of  West- 
filiaiia,  said  to  bavo  been  founded  by 
Cbarlemague.    (See  Feum-gericht.) 

Veil.  At  one  time  men  wore  veils, 
as  St.  Ambrose  testifios.  He  speaks  of 
the  "silken  g-armeuts  ami  the  veils  inter- 
woven with  Kold,  with  which  the  body  of 
rich  men  is  encompassed."  (St.  Ambrose 
lived  340-^97.) 

Veiled  Prophet  of  Khora&san. 
The  first  poetical  tale  in  Thomas  Moore's 
"  J^lla  Rookh." 

T/u  Veiled  Proplut  of  Khorcusan  was 
Ilakim  ben  Allah,  surnained  the  Veiled 
(Mvlcanna),  founder  of  .in  Arabic  sect  in 
the  eii<hth  century.  Having  lost  an  eye, 
and  being  otherwise  disfigured  in  battle, 
he  wore  a  voil  to  conceal  his  face,  but  his 
followers  said  it  was  done  to  screen  his 
dazzling  brightness.  He  assumed  to  be 
a  god,  and  maiiilaiued  that  he  had  been 
Adam,  Noah,  and  other  representative 
men.  When  encompassed  by  sultan 
Mahadi,  he  tirst  poisoned  all  his  fol- 
lowers at  a  banquet,  and  thou  throw 
himself  into  a  burning  acid,  which  wholly 
destroyed  his  body. 

Veillantif.  Roland's  horse.  In 
Italian  romance  Roland  is  Orlando,  and 
the  horse  Vetrliantino. 

Itoltud  U  nioimtcd  on  VtllantU.  tb«  only  bone 
In  lie  wurU  W' rtlij  of  luoii  a  rioer.— "  CroqiM- 
midjiiw,*  ilL 

Velvet  ( Ihjt  Rev,  Morpkine).  A  popii- 
lar  preacher  of  the  "  Lamb"  genus,  who 
foeiia  his  audience  with  milk  well 
■ugared.  Ho  assures  them  that  there 
la  a  way  to  ho;iveu  in  silver  slippers, 
and  with  Groat-Heart  for  a  guide 
Uhristiaua  and  her  family  uood  enter- 
tain DO  anxiety  about  the  road  to  the 
Caleistial  Citv.— .Stiwiwi  Wantn,  "  Ten 
Tkoujund  ii  i  ear," 


Vendemiaire  (4  syl.),  in  the  Frouoh 
Republican  calendar,  was  from  Septem- 
ber '22  to  October  21.  The  word  meani 
"  Wine-month." 

Vendetta.  The  blood-feud,  or  duty 
of  the  nearest  kin  of  a  murdered  man  to 
kill  the  murderer.  It  prevails  in  Corsica, 
and  exists  in  Sicily,  Sardinia,  an  I  Cala- 
bria. It  is  preserved  among  the  Druse*, 
Circassians,  Arabs,  ko. 

Venerable.  T/ie  Venerable.  Bt>do, 
the  ecclesiastical  historian.     (672-735.) 

The  Venerable  DocU>r,  William  de 
Champcaux,  founder  of  realism  (twelfth 
century). 

Peter,  abbot  of  Clugur.    (1003-1156.) 

Vengeur  C^-^).  A  man-of-war  com- 
manded by  C'ainbrone.  The  tale  is  this: 
June  1,  1794,  lord  Howe  encountered  ths 
French  fleet  off  Ushant.  Six  ships  were 
taken  by  the  Knclish  admiral,  and  the 
victory  was  decisive;  but  Le  Vene/rur, 
although  reduced  to  a  mere  hulk,  refused 
to  surrender,  and  discharging  a  last 
broadside,  sank  in  the  waves,  while  the 
crow  shouted,  "Vive  la  Ri^publique! " 
The  Convention  ordered  a  medal  to  be 
struck  with  this  legend — Le  Triomphe 
du  Vengtur.  It  is  almost  a  pity  that 
this  thoroughly  French  romance  should 
lack  one  important  item — a  grain  of 
truth.  The  day  of  this  victory  is  often 
called  "The  Glorious  First  of  June." 
The  historic  fact  is,  the  ship  sank,  with 
the  crew  crying  for  help,  which  was 
readily  given  b}-  the  British  foe. 

Wf'll  show  tlie  haughty  Hri  Uli  r»c« 
The  I'iciichmau  can  auob  b  <Daur  lioakt.— 
Thil  when  une  yengnir  we  have  lu«t. 

Anulh'T  haiite<  lo  take  her  plare. 

li:,iidaL  d  bij  J.  VjL.nfitrd. 

Vent  Creator  Spiritus.  A  hymn 
of  the  Roman  iJroviary  used  on  the  Feast 
of  Pentecost.  It  has  been  ascribed  to 
Charlemai,'De,  but  Mone  thinks  that  pop« 
Gregory  I.  was  the  author. 

Veni  Sancte  Soiritus.  A  Latin 
hymn  in  rhyme,  ascribed  to  Robert,  king 
oi  France  ;  also  to  abp.  Laiigton. 

Veni,  Vidi,  VieL  It  waa  thui  thai 
Julius  Ciusar  announced  to  bin  friaud 
A;iiiutiuH  hia  victory  at  Zola,  in  Ama 
.Minor,  over  Pharna'ci-s  son  of  Mithri- 
da'tijs,  who  had  rendered  aid  to  Pompoy. 
This  boast  may  be  paraphrased  thus : 
"  On  my  return  from  the  AlexandriD* 
wruB,  1  just  stepped  aside  to  puniah 
Pluamat e«  for   joimng   Pompay  ;    I  ut  it 


932 


VENIAL  SIN. 


VENUS. 


was  no  Kfoat  matter,  for  no  sooner  did  I 
arrire  nt  Zela  and  survey  tlio  foe,  than 
ho  fell  hoforo  luo." — J'liUarch. 

Ve'nial  Sin.  One  that  ma}'  lie  jiar- 
done<l;  Bli^'ht,  excusable.  luthoUoiiian 
Catholic  church  eius  are  of  two  .sorts, 
mortal  and  venial ;  in  the  I'rutostant 
church  all  sins  are  pardonable.  (Latin, 
Vfiid,  pardon.) 

"Venice  of  iho  West.    Glasgow. 

Anollier  olorncnt  in  tlie  Wazon  of  the  "  Veuice  of  Uie 
V'.'Ht"  is  a  llsli  hiiil  iicro-«  thi-  rtom  of  the  tree,  '•in 
lj*!e."  us  thu  lii:lilld3  8.>y.— X  //.  //u.iu./. 

Venice  Glass.  The  drinking 
glasses  of  the  middle  a<,'es,  made  at 
Venice,  were  s.'iid  to  possess  the  peculiar 
property  of  brciikiiijj^  into  shivers  if 
poison  were  put  iuto  thoni. 

Ouge.  ''I  is  sniii  Uia'  our  Vciutinn  ciyslal  hua 
SuL'h  I'tiri-  aiitipa'liy  to  i.oison.  as 
To  baiiit,  if  auglit  of  venom  touches  it 

Venice  Gl.ass,  from  its  excellency, 
became  a  synonym  for  perfection. 

Ven'ison.  Anything  taken  in  hunt- 
ing or  by  the  chase.  Hence  Jacob  bids 
Esau  to  go  and  get  venison  such  as  he 
loved  (Gen.  xxvii.  3),  meaning  the  wild 
kid.  The  word  is  simply  the  Latin 
ve7ia'iio  (hunting),  but  is  now  restricted 
to  the  llesh  of  deer. 

Ven'om.  The  venom  is  in  the  tail. 
The  real  difficulty  is  the  conclusion. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  scorpion,  which  ia 
eaid  to  carry  its  venom  in  its  tail. 

'I'lie  French  say  "  Jt  is  always  most 
ditiicult  to  Hay  the  tail  "  {C'tsl  U  plus 
dijjicilt  que  <I Scorcher  la  queue). 

Venomous  Preacher  (The). 
Robert  Traill.     (1642-17i6.) 

Ventril'oquism,  "  speaking  from 
the  belly."  From  the  erroneous  notion  that 
the  »oice  of  the  ventriloquist  proceeded 
from  his  Btomach.  Tiie  best  that  ever 
lived  was  Brabant,  the  "  eugastrimist " 
of  Kran(;ois  1. 

Venus.  Love  ;  the  goddess  of  love  ; 
courtship,  (iiee  Apuuudite,  Cuasca, 
kc.) 

Vcuus  Mailc«  not  in  i  house  of  leans 

alutktipfare,  "  Haiiiet  mid  Julitt,"  iv.  1. 

Venug.  The  most  celebrated  statues 
of  this  goddess  are  the  Venus  de  Jledici, 
the  Aphrodite  of  Praxit'elus,  the  Venus 
of  Milo,  the  Venus  Victorious  of  CanoVa, 
and  the  V^enus  of  Gibson. 

Cra'niaH   \'enm  of  tuo  "Lusiad"is 


the  impersonation  of  heavenly  love.  She 
plea<l8  to  Destiny  for  the  Lusians,  and 
appears  to  them  in  the  form  of  "the 
silver  star  of  love."  Plato  says  she  was 
the  daughter  of  Heaven  ( t/"j«;io.«),  and 
Xenophon  adds  that  "  she  presided  over 
the  love  of  wisdom  and  virtue,  the 
pleasures  of  the  sou/.."  Nigidius  Bays 
that  this  "heavenly  Venus"  was  not  born 
from  the  sea-foam,  but  from  an  egg 
which  two  fishes  conveyed  to  the  sea- 
shore. This  egg  was  hatched  by  two 
pigeons  whiter  than  snow,  and  gave 
birth  to  the  A.ssyrian  Venus,  who  in- 
structed mankind  in  religion,  virtue, 
and  equity.    {See  Aphroditk,  Atuoh.) 

Venus  in  astrology  "signifiethe  white 
men  or  browno  ....  joy  full,  laughter, 
liberall  ;  pleasers,  dauncers,  entertayners 
of  women,  players,  perfumers,  musitious, 
messengers  of  love." 

Venus  loveth  ryot  and  dispense. 

Chiiuier.  "  CVmlei  6u<-;;   Taiti,"  6,!!8-2. 

My  Venus  turns  out  a  whelp  (Latin). 
All  my  swans  are  changed  to  geese  ;  my 
cake  is  dough.  In  dice  the  best  ca.st 
(three  sixes)  was  called  "  Venus,"  and  tho 
worst  (three  aces)  was  called  "  Canis." 
My  win-all  turns  out  to  be  a  lose-all. 

The  Island  of  Venus  in  the  "  Lusiad  " 
is  a  paradisa'ical  island  raised  by  "  Di- 
vine Love,"  as  a  reward  for  the  heroes  ol 
the  poem.  Here  \'enus,  the  ocean-god- 
dess, gave  her  hand  to  Gama,  and  com- 
mitted to  him  the  en)pii'e  of  the  sea.  It 
was  situate  "near  wtiere  the  bowers  of 
Paradise  are  placed,"  not  far  from  the 
mountains  of  Ima'us,  whence  the  Ganges 
and  hulus  derive  their  source.  This 
paradise  of  Love  is  described  in  the 
ninth  book. 

*,*  We  have  several  parallel  Edeus,  as 
the  "  gardens  of  Alcin'iius,"  in  the 
"  Odyssey,"  bk.  vii.  ;  the  "  island  of 
Circe,"  "  Odyssey,"  x.  ;  the  "Elysium" 
of  Virgil,  "  Alneid,"  vi.  ;  the  "  island  and 
palace  of  Alci'na"  or  Vice,  in  "Orlando 
Furioso,"  vi.,  vii.  ;  the  "country  of  Lo- 
gistilla"  or  Virtue,  in  the  same  epic, 
hk.  X.;  the  description  of  "Paradise," 
visited  by  Astolpho,  the  English  duke, 
in  bk.  xxxiv.  ;  the  "  island  of  Armi'da,' 
in  Tasso's  "  Jerusalem  Delivered  ;  "  the 
"  bower  of  Acras'ia,"  in  Spenser's 
"Faery  Queen;"  the  "palace  with  its  forty 
doors,"  the  keys  of  which  were  entruste.i 
to  prince  Agib,  whose  adventures  form 
the  tale  of  the  "  Third  Calender,"  in 
"The  Arabian  Nights'  Entortainmenta," 


VENUS. 


VERT. 


033 


&.C.  S.  A.  Poe  calls  E'len  "Aidenn," 
which  he  rhymes  with  "laden." — " Tht 
Raven,"  i.vi.     (5«e  Venusbeko.) 

Venus  and  Adonis.  A  poem  in  ri/.- 
lino  stanKis,  by  Shakesjieare. 

Venus  de  Medicis,  supposed  to  be 
the  production  of  Cleom'enOs  of  Athens, 
who  lived  in  the  second  century  before  the 
Christian  era.  In  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury it  was  dug  up  in  the  villa  of  Hadrian, 
ncarTivoli,  in  cloven  pieces;  but  it  is  all 
»ncient  except  the  ri^ht  arm.  It  was 
removed  in  ICSO,  by  Cosmo  HI.,  to  the 
Imperial  Gallery  at  Florence,  from  the 
.Medici  ralaco  at  Homo. 

So  Bt.in'lB  tlie  n'nftio  th  it  cnclmii'f  the  world. 
So  l.or.ditiK  tnei  to  veil  111'"  hihicIiIcss  boast, 
Tb«  miULleil  beauliCB  oi  ciultiug  iiiceoe. 

Thomson^'*  Summrr.* 

Venus  of  Milo.  This  statue,  with 
three  of  Hermiis.  w.as  discovered  in  1820 
by  admiral  Dumont  in  Milo,  one  of  the 
(^.rcek  islands,  whence  its  name.  It  now 
iit:in<is  in  the  Louvre. 

Venus  of  Praxit'eles  (4  syl.). 
This  statue  was  purch.ascd  by  the  ancient 
Cniiliaiis,  who  refused  to  {lart  with  it, 
altliou^'h  Niuonie'des,  kintr  of  Bithyn'ia, 
olfered  to  pay  off  their  national  debt  as 
a  price  for  it.  The  statue  was  subse- 
quently removed  to  Constantinople,  ami 
perished  in  the  great  fire  during  the 
reign  of  Justinian  (a.D.  80). 

Ve'nusberg'.  The  mountain  of  de- 
light and  love,  where  la<ly  Venus  holds 
her  court..  Human  beings  occasionally 
are  pormittci  to  visit  her,  as  Hoinrich 
von  Liniburg  did,  and  the  noble  Tann- 
hiiusor  (7.1'.);  but  as  such  persons  run 
the  risk  of  otern.il  perdition,  Eckhardt 
the  Faithful,  who  sat  before  the  gate, 
f.iiled  not  to  warn  them  against  entering. 
—  O'ennan  Iftjeud,  "  Children  of  Limhunj," 
«  poem..  YiM.  (See  Tlie  Island  of  Veniu.) 

Verbum  Sap.  (.-1  word lo  the  wite).  A 
hint  is  sutlicieni  to  any  wise  man  ;  a 
threat,  implying  if  the  hint  is  not  taken  1 
will  rxpKsc  yon.   (I.,atin,  Wrinnn  snpienti.) 

Verbum  Sat.  (.^  yml  is  eiinur/li.) 
Similar  to  ihc  above.  (Latin,  I'lrbiim 
fat    [.'(ipindi],   A   Nyord   to   the   wise    is 

UJloUgll.) 

Verdan'di  {the  prwenO-  A  maiden 
that  dwells  with  her  two  sinters,  Unla 
and  .Sku'.da,  near  the  wall  Noma. — Scan- 
dinavinn  mythology. 


Ve're  Adep'tus.  One  admitted  to 
the  fraternity  of  the  Kosicrucians.  In 
"  Huilibras,"  ««•«  is  one  syl.,  pronounced 
veer. 

In  Kosycniolan  lore  ai  leirneJ 
Ae  lie  the  Veicadeptiis  earii<-il 

JlulUr,-'J!ildibrnK' 

Verger.  The  officer  in  a  church 
who  carries  the  rod  or  mace.  (Latin, 
verga,  a  wand.) 

Verges.  An  oM-fashioned  Charlie. 
— S'rn/cespeare,    "Much  Ado    about    No- 

thitiij." 

Ver'non,  mentioned  by  Thomson  in 
his  "Summer,"  was  admiral  Edward 
Vernon,  who  attacked  Carthage'na  in 
1741  ;  but  the  malaria  reached  his  crew, 
and  as  the  poet  says — 

To  infant  weakiieu  sucli  the  warrior"!  armt. 

Diana  Vernon.  An  enthusiastic  Iloy- 
alist  of  great  beauty  and  talent.— <S'ir 
Walter  Scott,  "Rob  Roij." 

Verone'se  (3  syl.).  A  native  of 
Vero'na,  pertaining  to  Verona,  &c.  ;  a 
Paul  Veronese,  Paul  a  native  of  Verona; 
a  Veronese  fashion,  and  so  on. 

Veron'ica.  It  is  said  that  a  maiden 
handed  her  handkerchief  to  <iur  Lord  or 
his  way  to  Calvary.  He  wiped  the  sweat 
from  his  brow,  returned  the  handkerchief 
to  the  owner,  and  went  on.  The  hand- 
kerchief was  found  to  bear  a  perfect 
likeness  of  the  Saviour,  and  was  called 
Vera-Icon'ica  (true  likeness),  and  the 
maiden  was  ever  after  cailed  St.  Ve- 
ronica. One  of  these  handkerchiefs  is 
preserved  at  St.  Peter's  church  in  Home, 
nnd  another  in  Jlilan  cathcdial. 

Ver'sailles  of  Poland.  The  palace 
of  the  counts  of  Braniski,  which  now 
belongs  to  the  municipality  of  ISialystok. 

Verso  21,  Ezra  vii.,  contains  cverjr 
letter  of  the  English  aljdiabet.  V^ersi' 
8,  Zcphaniah  iii.,  contains  every  letter 
of  the  Hebrew,  including  tinals;  it  al.so 
contains  every  Hebrew  vowel-sound,  and 
the  dilTerent  forms  of  Sheva. 

Versi  Bernes  chi.  Jocose  poetry  ; 
so  called  from  Francesco  ISenii,  the 
Italian  poet.     (1490-16.5(5.) 

Vert,  green,  in  heraldrj-  si^iufies 
love,  joy,  and  abundance.  It  is  ropro- 
sentoil  on  the  shields  of  noblemen  by  the 
emerald,  nncl  on  those  of  kings  by  the 
planet  Venus. 


9S4 


VERTUMNUS. 


VICAR. 


Vertlim'nus.  The  pod  of  tho  sea- 
ions,  who  married  I*oiuo'iia. — Human 
mythology, 

Ver'ulam  Buildings  (j^(wirfo;iV  So 
named  in  compliment  tc  Lord  Bacon, 
who  was  baron  Verulam  and  viscount  St. 
Albans. 

Ver'vain  (2  ayl.).  It  was  with  this 
that  lioralds  crowned  thoir  heads  when 
they  declared  war.  It  is  called  Holy 
Ilerh,  from  its  use  in  ancient  rites  and 
ceromonice. 

Vesi'ca  Piscis  (Latin,  fiskHaMer). 
The  ovoidal  frame  or  glory  which,  in  tho 
twelfth  century,  was  much  used,  espe- 
cially in  painted  windows,  to  surround 
pictures  of  our  Lord.  It  is  meant  to 
represent  a  Fish,  from  the  anagram  ICU- 

THUS.      {Set  NOTAIUCA.) 

Vesper  Hour  is  said  to  bo  between 
the  do(j  and  the  wolf;  "betwixt  and 
between;"  neither  day  nor  night;  a 
breed  between  the  canis  and  canii  lupus  ; 
too  much  day  to  be  night,  and  too  much 
night  to  he  day.  Probably  the  phrase 
was  suggested  by  tho  terms  "dogwatch" 
(which  begins  at  four),  and  "  dark  as  a 
wolf's  mouth." 

Sicilian.  Vespers,  Easter  Monday, 
March  30, 1282  ;  so  called  because  John 
of  Pro'ciila  on  that  day  led  a  hand  of 
consitirators  against  Charles  d'Anjou  and 
his  French  countrymen  in  Sicily.  These 
Frenchmou  greatly  oppressed  the  Sici- 
lians, and  the  conspirators,  at  the  sound 
of  the  vesper  bell,  put  them  all  to  the 
sword  without  regard  to  age  or  sex. 

The  Fatal  Vespers.  October  26,  1623. 
A  congregation  of  some  300  persons  had 
assembled  in  a  small  gallery  over  the 
gateway  of  the  French  ambassador,  in 
lilackfriars,  to  hear  Father  Drury,  a 
Jesuit,  preach.  The  g.allery  gave  way, 
and  about  100  of  the  congregation  wero 
precipitated  into  the  street  and  killed. 
Drury  and  a  priest  named  Reilmau  were 
also  killed.  This  accident  was,  accord- 
ing to  the  bigotry  of  t lie  times,  attributed 
to  God's  judgment  against  the  Jesuits. 
—Stow,  "  Chronicles."  (^See  St.  Luke 
xiii.  4.) 

Vestal  Virgin.  A  nun,  a  leligouse; 
properly  a  maiden  dodia-'.ed  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  goiides.s  Vesta,  The  duty  of 
these  virgins  was  to  keep  the  fire  of  tlie 
temple  always   burning,  both   day  and 


night.      They  wore  required  to  be  of 
spotless  chastity.     (See  Immohi.nq.) 

Veterinary  Science.  The  firot 
person  who  made  it  a  regular  profession 
was  Claude  Bourgolet.     (1712-1799.) 

Veto  (J/y«.''t«tr  and  Madame).  Louis 
XVL  and  Marie  Antoinette;  so  called  by 
the  Republicans,  because  the  Constituent 
Assembly  allowed  the  king  to  have  the 
power  of  putting  his  veto  upon  any  de- 
cree submitted  to  him.     (1791.) 

Jloiisifur  Veto  swure  be'J  bide 

To  ihe  coiietitwtion  true  ; 
Sut  he  cast  liia  oa:li  aside, 

Teachiu^  ua  tlie  like  tu  da 
Waiianie  Veto  swure  one  dnj 
All  the  Paris  loiit  slic'd  elay  ; 
But  '.re  sn-ipptd  the  t yran  '8  jokt, 
TuraiUR  kU  her  threats  to  smoke. 

Vettuiino  (  Vettu-ree'no),  in  Italy,  is 
one  who  for  hire  conveys  persons  about 
in  a  vet'tura  or  four-wheeled  carriage; 
the  owner  of  a  livery  stable  ;  a  guide  for 
travellers.  The  two  latter  are,  of  course, 
subsidiary  meanings. 

We  were  accosted  in  Ih"  steamer  by  a  weI!-drPF»ed 
mnD,  who  represented  himself  to  be  a  VMuHiio.— 
The  Timet  {One  "/the  .i'.i,me  Club). 

Vi'a  Doloro'sa.  The  way  our  Lord 
went  to  the  Hall  of  Judgment,  from  the 
Mount  of  Olives  to  Golgotha,  about  a 
mile  in  length. 

Vial.  Vials  of  wrath.  Vengeance, 
the  execution  of  wrath  on  the  undesei-v- 
ing.  The  allusion  is  to  the  seven  angels 
who  pour  out  upon  the  earth  their  vials 
full  of  wrath  (Rev.  xvi.). 

Viat'icum  (Latin).  The  Eucharist 
administered  to  the  dying.  The  word 
means  "  money  allowed  for  a  journey," 
and  the  notion  is  that  this  sacrament 
will  be  the  spirit's  passport  to  Paradise. 

Vic'ar.  Rector,  one  who  receives 
both  great  and  small  tithes.  Vicar  re- 
ceives only  the  email  tithes.  At  the  Re- 
formation many  livings  which  belonged 
to  monasteries  passed  into  the  hands  of 
noblemen,  who,  not  being  in  holy  orders, 
had  to  perform  the  sacred  offices  vica- 
riously. The  clergj'man  who  ofl&ciated 
for  them  was  called  their  vicar  or  repre- 
sentative, and  the  law  enjoined  that  the 
lord  should  allow  him  to  receive  the  use 
of  the  glebe  and  all  tithes  except  those 
accruing  from  grrtin(such  nsconi,  barley, 
oats,  rye,  &c.),  hay,  and  wood. 

The  term  Vicar  is  now  applied  to  tho 
minister  of  a  district  church,  though 
he   receives    neither    great   nor    small 


VICE. 


VILT. 


933 


titlicB;  Lis  stiijond  arising  partly  from 
endowment,  partly  from  puw-reuts,  and 
in  part  from  fees,  volnnf.iry  coctributions, 
ofTeriiigs,  and  so  on.  Tho  vicar  of  a  pope 
is  a  Vicar-apostolic. 

7'/*e  near  of  Bra;/  will  he  vicar  of  Bray 
still,  liromc  snys  of  Simon  Allcyn  that 
ho  "lived  in  tho  ruigns  of  Henry  Vlll., 
Eilward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth.  In 
tho  first  two  reigns  he  was  Protestant, 
in  Wary's  reign  ho  turned  Papi.st,  and 
in  the  next  reign  recanted — being  re- 
8olve<I,  whoever  was  king,  to  die  vicar 
of  Bray."  (1610-1588.)  Others  say  it  is 
Pendleton. 

liny  refers  to  Simon  Syraonds,  a 
vicar  who  was  Independent  in  tho 
Protectorate,  Churchman  in  tho  reign 
of  Charles  II.,  Papist  under  Jnmes  11., 
and  Moderate  Protestant  under  William 
and  Mary. 

The  well-known  song,  "I  will  be  Vicar 
of  Bray,"  was  written  by  an  officer  in 
colonel  Fuller's  regiment.  This  vicar 
lived  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.,  James 
II.,  William  111.,  Anne,  and  George  I. 

Vicar  of  W'akcfithl.  The  Ivev.  Dr. 
Primrose  in  Goldsmilh's  novel  so  called. 

Vice  (1  syl.),  in  Old  Engli.'ih  play.'*, 
means  simply  the  masked  man,  tho 
vizard.     (French,  vis,  our  p/tiz.) 

Vi'ce  Versa  {Latin).  Tho  revorRO  ; 
the  terms  of  the  case  being  reversed. 

Victor  Emmanuel  of  Italy,  called 
Kin</  llonfftMan,  i»r  his  honest  con- 
cessions to  tho  people  of  constitutional 
freedom  promised  by  his  father  and  by 
himself  in  less  prosperous  circumstances. 

Vi'dur.  Tho  god  of  silence,  who  reads 
tho  mo,st  secret  thoughts  of  men.  IIo  is 
noted  for  tho  thiokiiess  of  his  shoes. — 
Scaiidinuvian  wjtlwlojy. 

JnKl'oru's  (orTowiriK  f  ■»  mm  hcTr.i. 
LiKe  Vidiir,  Inzlj  .r(!  spike  no  word. 
But  (?ricv.ci  i:id  piued.  in  hrokco  1ot«, 
Ai  niBlitincdl-  or  lurtlt-'love. 

'■  Fi-Uliiu/-Sag i"  'Fruhiofi  Rrtum). 

Vierge  (2  syl. ).  A  curious  conversion 
Jn  i>la.vinur-card8  occurs  in  reference  to 
this  word.  Tho  invention  is  Indian,  and 
the  game  in  called  "Tho  Four  Kajabs." 
The  pieces  are  tho  king,  hi.s  general  or 
fUrche,  the  elephant  or  ;i/n7,  tho  horse- 
men, the  camel  or  rxick.  and  the  infantry. 
Tho  French  corniptcd  fitixh*.  (general) 
into  "y'wti'o,"  antl  then  converted  "vir- 
gin" into  ilamt.  {Similarly  they  corrupted 
pkil  into  "fol"  or  "fou"  (knave};  ruck 


is  our  "rook."  At  one  time  playing- 
cards  were  called  "The  Books  of  the 
Four  Kings,"  and  che^s  "  The  Game 
of  the  Four  King.s."  It  wa.s  for  chess 
and  not  cards  that  Walter  liturton,  in 
1278,  was  paid  8s.  'xX.,  according  to  the 
wardrobe  rolls  of  Edward  I.,  "ad  opus 
regis  ad  ludeudum  ad  quatuor  reges.'' 
Malkin  said  it  was  no  great  proof  of  our 
wisdom  that  we  delighted  in  cards,  seeing 
they  were  "invented  for  a  fool."  Malkin 
referred  to  the  vulgar  tradition  that 
cards  were  invented  for  the  amusement 
of  Charles  VI.,  the  idiot  king  of  France  ; 
but  it  was  no  proof  that  Jacquemin  Grin- 
gonneur  ijivcnled  cards  because  "  he 
painted  and  gilded  three  packs  for  the 
king  in  1392.' 

View-holloa  of  a/o.?  is  "  Tally-ho  I" 
of  a  hnre,  "Gone  away  !"  but  the  "  Wlio- 
hoop"  signifies  tho  death  of  oauli. 

Vignette  (2  syl.)  means  properly  a 
likeness  having  a  border  of  vine-loaves 
round  it.  (French,  "  little  vine,  tendril.") 

Vilcing.  A  pirate ;  so  called  from 
the  vik  or  creek  in  which  ho  lurked.  The 
word  is  wholly  unconnected  with  tho  word 
"  king."  There  were  fea-kings,  sometimes 
but  erroneously  called  "vikings,"  con- 
nected with  royal  blood,  and  having 
small  dominions  on  tho  coast.  Those 
sea-kings  were  often  vikingr  or  vikings, 
but  the  reverse  is  not  true  that  every 
viking  or  pirate  was  a  sea-king. 

Vila.  A  lovely  mountain  nymph  of 
Servian  mythology.  Her  voice  re- 
sembles that  of  the  woodpecker.  The 
Vila  loves  to  comfort  tho  enamoured 
deer  or  roe,  but  will  sometimes  brew 
storms.  Sho  rides  on  a  hart,  with  a 
bridle  made  of  snako's-skin. 

Cliprrj-,  ilcniMt  clierry, 
Spread  thy  braii-liei  round 

DiidtT  wliK'h  tlie  Vi  u 
Dauce  ttieir  iiiatjic  ruun  1 

Utrmnn  bnllnd. 

Fair  as  a  mountain  Vila.    The  highest 

praise   that  a    Servian   can    bestow   on 

tioanty.    In  the  balla<l  of  "  Tho  Sisters  of 

Kai>'itan  Leka"  of  ilossandra  it  is  said  — 

And  wlin  on  hills  ha'h  ieeu  the  VUa- 

E'fu  the  Vila,  lirother,  inu>t  lo  her  jiold. 

Vilaish  (3  syl. )  or  Stcift  as  Vila.  Said 
of  a  very  tleot  horse.     (^«  Vila.  ) 

Vi  li.  P.rothcr  of  Udin  and  Ve,  a 
mighty  archer,  and  one  of  the  crpatori 
of  the  world.  He  was  a  great  archer  — 
Scati'liiinria n  mijtli ology. 


996 


VILLAIN. 


VINTRT   WARD. 


Vil'lain  moans  simply  one  attached 
to  a  villa  or  farm.  In  feudal  times  the 
lord  was  Iho  proat  land-owner,  and  imder 
him  woioa  host  of  tenants  called  villains. 
The  hiphest  class  of  villains  were  called 
regardant,  and  were  annexed  to  the 
manor  ;  then  came  the  Coliherti  or  Bures, 
tvho  were  priviloKod  vassals  ;  then  the 
BoxTarii  or  cottapers  (Saxon,  boni,  a 
cottage),  who  rendered  certain  menial 
offices  to  their  lord  for  rent ;  then  the 
Cosctts,  Collarii,  and  Cotmnnni,  who  paid 
partlj'  in  produce  and  partly  in  menial 
service  ;  and,  lastly,  the  villains  in  (jroxs, 
who  were  annexed  to  the  person  of  the 
lord,  and  might  be  sold  or  transferred  as 
chattels.  The  notion  of  wickedness  and 
worthlessness  associated  with  the  word  is 
simply  the  effect  of  aristocratic  pride  ai)d 
exclusiveness,  not  as  Christian  says  in  his 
Notes  on  Elackstone,  "  a  proof  of  the 
horror  in  which  our  fathers  held  all 
service  to  feudal  lords."  The  French 
vilain  seems  to  connect  the  word  with 
vile,  but  it  is  probable  that  vile  is  the 
Latin  viiis  vile  (of  no  value),  and  that  the 
noun  vilain  is  independent  of  villein. 
except  by  way  of  pun.     {See  Cheatek,) 

I  am  no  villrvin  [has',  bom^ ;  I  am  the  yi'impeBt 
lou  of  Sir  Roland  iv  Boie  ;  I  e  was  my  father,  and 
ho  is  thrice  a  Tillain  [raacul]  th;it  says  snoli  a  failier 
begot  n\\i\iu»[hmtar(l3].— Shakespeare, "  Ai  Vou  Likt 

itri.  1. 

Villiers.  Second  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham.    (1627-1683.) 

Vina'.va.  The  book  of  discipline  in 
the  Tripit'aka(j.i».). 

Vincent  {Si,").  Patron  saint  of 
drunkards.    This  is  from  the  proverb  — 

If  on  St.  Vincent's  day  [J.in.  22]  the  sky  is  clear, 
More  wine  than  water  will  crown  the  year. 

Vincent  de  la  Sosa.  The  son  of 
a  poor  labourer  who  had  served  as  a 
soldier.  According  to  his  own  account, 
"  he  had  slain  more  Moors  than  ever 
Tunis  or  Morocco  produced  ;  and  as  for 
duels,  he  had  foucrht  a  greater  number 
than  ever  G.anto  had,  or  Lima  either, 
or  Diego  Garciaile  Paredoz,  always  com- 
ing off  victorious,  and  without  losing  a 
drop  of  blood."  Ho  dressed  "  superbly," 
and  though  he  had  biit  three  sviits,  the 
villagers  thought  he  had  ten  or  a  dozen, 
and  more  than  twenty  plumes  of  feathers. 
This  gay  young  spark  caught  the  atfoc- 
tions  of  Leandra,  the  only  child  of  an 
opulent  farmer.  The  giddy  girl  eloped 
with  him ;  but  he  robbed  her  of  all  her 
money  aad  iawels,  and  loft  her  in  a  tiavo 


to  make  the  best  of  her  way  home  again. 
—  Cervantes,  '■'Dun  Quixote,''  pt.  1.,  iv.  29. 

Vin'dicate  (3  syl.),  to  justify,  to 
avenge,  has  a  remarkable  etymon.  Vin- 
dicius  was  a  slave  of  the  Vitelli,  who 
informed  the  Senate  of  the  conspiracy  of 
the  sons  of  Junitis  Brutus  to  restore 
'J'arquin,  for  which  service  he  was  re- 
warded with  liberty  (Livy,  ii.  5);  hence 
the  rod  with  which  a  slave  was  struck  in 
manumission  was  called  vindicla,  a  Vin- 
dicius  rod  {see  Manl'mit)  ;  and  to  set  free 
was  in  Latin  vindica're  in  lihertatem.  One 
way  of  settling  disputes  was  to  give  the 
litigants  two  rods,  which  they  crossed  as 
if  in  fight,  and  the  person  whom  the 
prajtor  vindicated  broke  the  rod  of  his 
opponent.  These  rods  were  called  vin- 
d'cia:,  and  hence  vindicate,  meaning  to 
"  justify."  To  avenge  is  simply  to  justify 
oneself  by  punishing  the  wrong-doer. 

Vi'ne  (1  syl.).  The  Rabbins  say  that 
the  fiend  buried  at  the  foot  of  the  first 
vine  planted  by  Adam,  a  lion,  a  lamb, 
and  a  hog  ;  and  that  as  wine  is  used, 
men  receive  from  it  ferocity,  mildness,  or 
wallowing. 

Vin'egar  BiTale.  Printed  at  the 
Clarendon  Press,  Oxford,  1717;  so  called 
because  it  has  the  word  vinegar  instead 
of  vineyard  in  the  nmning  head-line  of 
Luke  xxii. 

Vineyard  Controversy.  A  paper 
war  provoked  by  the  lion.  Daines  Bar- 
rington,  who  entered  the  lists  to  over- 
throw all  chroniclers  and  anti(}uaries  from 
William  of  Malmesbury  to  Samuel  Pegge, 
respecting  the  vineyards  of  Domesday- 
book.  He  maintained  that  the  vines 
were  currants,  and  the  vineyards  currant- 
gardens. 

Vin'golf.  The  celestial  city  of  the 
goddesses.  That  of  the  gods  was  called 
Giadheim. — Scandinavian  mythology.  (Set 

<itMLI.) 

And  I'd  adorn  with  star-li^ht  glance 

The  j;oldcn  tresses  of  thy  licad, 
And  hiijh  in  Vingolf  s  hall  should  dance 
My  pallid  lily  rosy  red. 

"  Frithio/Sa^it "  {Frithie/~s  JityV 

V^l'no.  In  vino  Veritas  (In  wine  is 
truth),  meaning  when  persons  are  more 
or  less  intoxicated  they  utter  many 
thiuLTs  they  would  at  other  times  conceal 
or  disguise  {Latin). 

Vin'try  Ward  {London).  So  cal'.ed 
from  the  V'iutry,  or  part  occupied  by  the 
Vint.ners  or  wine-merohants  froni    Bor- 


VINUM  THEOLOGICXJii. 


VIRGIL. 


837 


leaux,  who  anciently  settled  on  this  part 
of  the  Thames'  bank.  They  landed  their 
wines  here,  and,  till  the  28th  Edw.  I.,  were 
ohlitf.;d  to  sell  what  they  landed  within 
forty  days. 

Vi'num  Theolog'icum.  The  bout 
wine  in  the  nation.  Holinshed  says  it 
was  so  called  because  relij^ious  men  wouhl 
bo  sure  "  neither  to  drinke  nor  be  served 
of  the  worst,  or  such  as  was  anie  waies 
vined  by  the  vintner  ;  naie,  the  merchant 
would  have  thoii;,'-ht  that  his  soule  would 
have  j^ono  streightwaie  to  the  devil  if  ho 
should  have  served  them  with  other  than 
the  best"  (i.  282). 

Violan'te  (3  syl.).  Wife  of  Piotro 
and  the  putative  parent  of  Pompilia. 
The  woman  provided  this  supposititious 
child  partly  to  please  old  Pietro,  and 
partly  to  cheat  the  ri;^htful  heirs  of  the 
inheritance.     {See  King.) 

Tl»  uld  the  IxHly  turned 
Round  Uld  awav,  rnllitl  <rum  ViuUuit«*s  «](!• 
Where  they  hod  laid  iu 

Kobtrl  Browning,  "  The  Ring  and  the  Book,"  ii-  is. 

Vi'olet.  The  colour  indicates  the  love 
of  (ruth  and  the  truth  of  love.  I'upn  says 
it  is  used  for  black  in  mourning  and 
fasting. 

"  /  would  give  you  some  violets,  hut  they 
withered  all  when  mtf  father  died."  So 
says  Ophelia  to  the  Queen.  The  violet  in 
flower-languajfo  is  emblematical  of  inno- 
cence, and  Ophelia  says  the  King,  the 
Queen,  and  even  Uainlet  himself  now  ho 
has  killecl  Polonius,  are  unworthy  of  this 
symbol.  Now  my  father  is  dead  all  the 
violets  are  withered,  all  the  court  family 
are  stained  with  blood-guiltiness. 

This  entire  posy  may  bo  thus  para- 
phrased :  Both  you  and  I  are  under  a 
spell,  and  there  is  "herb  of  grace"  to 
disenchant  us;  there's  a  "daisy"  to 
Ciiution  vou  against  e.xpecting  that  such 
wanton  love  as  yours  will  endure  long  ; 
I  would  have  given  ymi  a  "violet"  if  I 
could,  but  now  my  father  is  killed  all 
of  you  are  blood-guilty. 

Violin.  The  following  musicians  aro 
very  colol>ratotl :  Arc;itigolo  CoroUi,  noted 
for  the  melo<liou8  tones  ho  produced 
(16."):M713).  Pierre  Gavinios,  nativo  of 
Bordeaux,  foumier  of  the  French  school 
of  violinistH,  noted  for  the  sweetnoss  of 
his  tones  {17'2'2-lSOO).  Nicolo  Pacani'ni, 
whoso  mastery  over  the  instnimout  has 

;•  ^;  » 


never  been  equalled,  especially  known 
for  his  musical  feats  on  one  string  (1781- 
1840).  Gaetan  Pugnani,  of  Turin,  fo-mder 
of  the  Italian  school  of  violini-ts  ;  his 
playing  was  "  wild,  noble,  and  sublime  " 
(1727-1803).  Giuseppe  Tartini,  of  Padua, 
whose  performance  was  plaintive  hut 
full  of  grace  (1698-1770).  G.  B.  Viotti, 
of  Piedmont,  whose  playing  was  noted 
for  grandeur  and  audacity,  tire  and  ex- 
citement (175:3-182-}).    (Kee  Crkmm.n.'^.  ) 

TVk  heat  makers  of  violins.  Gaxparo  di 
Salo  (15(30-1610);  Nicholas  Amati,  «f 
Cremona  (1596-1G84) ;  Antonio  Stradi- 
vari, his  pupil  (11)70-1728);  Joseph  A 
Guarneri  (lG83-17-lo).  Almost  equal. 
Joseph  Stciner  (H>'J0-1G<J7) ;  Matthias 
Klotz  (IGoO-lGytJ).     (i'ce  Fiuule.) 

Violon'.  A  temporarj-  prison.  Galig- 
nani  says  :  In  the  time  of  Louis  XI.  the 
Salle-de-Perdus  was  so  fidl  of  turbulent 
clerks  and  students  that  the  bailill  of  the 
palace  shut  many  up  in  tho  lower  room 
of  the  eo7icieryert«  (prison)  while  the  courts 
wore  sitting;  but  as  they  were  guilty  of 
no  punishaljle  offence,  he  allowed  them  a 
violin  to  wile  away  tho  tedium  of  their 
temporary  captivity. 

JI.  G(5nin  says  the  seven  penitential 
psalms  were  called  in  the  mi<ldle  ages 
the  psalte'rion,  and  to  put  one  to  penance 
was  in  French  expressed  by  meltre  au 
psallenon.  As  the  psaltery  was  an  instru- 
ment of  music,  some  witty  Frenchman 
changed  psalte'rion  to  violon,  and  in  lieu 
of  m«ttre  au  psalte'rion  wrote  mettre  au 
violon. 

A  iri«onnier  et  lui  furent  mis  ni  ulteriou. 
"  .inii;itiUi  .V.i«ioiia(«  J«  J/iUm,"  IT.,  p  «. 

Vi'per  and  File.  The  biter  bit. 
J£sop  says  a  viper  found  a  file,  and  tried 
to  bite  it,  under  the  supposition  that  it 
was  good  food  ;  but  the  file  said  that 
its  province  was  to  bite  others,  and  not 
to  be  bitten.     (.S^<  Seiu'Icnt.) 

I  fawiie  I  and  smi)eJ  t"  p!und.;r  and  lietrar, 
M)^clf  iietrsyc  I  aul  plualeied  all  the  wliil<>  ; 
Bo  KU^wed  the  ripor  tlie  currodinx  ble. 

BeuUu,  ••  itinttref 
Thui  he  rraliird  ths  Mior»I  of  the  tah  e:  the  vip  r 
•rfiu'it  to  bite  the  tile,  but  hrokt  hKovrn  tceih.     r/u 
I'i.TVJ. 

Virgil.  In  the  "  Gesta  Homano  - 
rum"  Virgil  is  represented  aa  a  mighty 
but  benevolent  enchanter.  This  is  the 
character  that  Italian  tradition  alw.iys 
gives  hijii,  and  it  is  this  traditional  cha- 
racter that  fumisho'l  Dantfl  with  hii 
conception  of  making  Virgil  his  guide 
through  the  infernal  rojfions.     From  tho 


938 


VIRGILIUS, 


VIVIAN. 


"JEne'id"  grammarianB  illustrated  their  i 
rules,  rhetoricians  selected  the  eubjects 
of    ihoir    declamations,   and    Christians 
looked  on  the    poet  as   half    inspired  ; 
hence  the  use  of  his  poems  in  divination. 

{Set  SOUTKS  VlUGILIAN/K.) 

The  Christian  Virgil.  Marco  Girolaino 
Vida,  author  of  "Christias,'  in  six  books, 
an  imitation  of  the  "  Aiue'id."  (1490- 
1566.) 

I'he  Virgil  and  Horace  of  the  Christians. 
So  Bentloy  calls  Aurelius  Clemens  Pru- 
dentius,  a  native  of  Spain,  who  wrote 
Latin  hynms  and  religious  poems.  (343-*) 

Le  Viryile  an  Rahot  ("au  rabot"  is 
difficult  to  render  into  English.  "  Virgil 
■with  a  riane  "  is  far  from  conveying  the 
idea.  "The  Viigil  of  Planers  "or  "Tlio 
Virgil  of  the  Plane  "  is  somewhat  nearer 
the  memiing).  Adam  Billaut,  the  poetical 
carpenter  and  joiner,  was  so  called  by 
M.  Tissot,  both  because  he  used  the 
plane  and  because  one  of  his  chief 
recueih  is  entitled  "  Le  Rabot."  lie  is 
generally  called  Maitre  Adam.  His 
roaring  Bacchanalian  songs  seem  very 
unlike  the  Eclogues  of  Virgil,  and  the 
only  reason  for  the  title  seems  to  be 
that  Virgil  was  a  husbandman  and  wrote 
on  husbandry,  while  Billaut  was  a  car- 
penter and  wrote  on  carpentry.    (*-1662.) 

Virgil'ius.  Bishop  of  SaUzburg,  an 
Iiishman,  who?e  native  name  was  Feargil 
or  Feargal.  He  was  denounced  as  a 
heretic  for  asserting  the  existence  of 
antipodes.     (Died  784.)    (5«e  Science.) 

Virgin.  One  of  the  constellations. 
(August  23rd  to  September  23rd.) 

Astraja,  goddess  of  justice,  was  the  last 
of  the  deities  to  quit  our  earth,  and  when 
she  returned  to  heaven  became  the  con- 
stellation Virgo, 

When  the  bright  Virgiu  giyes  the  benuteous  davn. 
TKormon,  "  Aidumn." 

The  Virgin  Queen.  Queen  Elizabeth. 
(1533, 1558-1603.) 

Virffim.  The  eleven  thousand  virgias 
»f  Cologne,  according  to  the  legend,  were 
bom  at  Bao'za  in  Spain,  which  contained 
only  12,000  families.  The  bon/^j  ex- 
hibited wore  taken  from  an  old  Roman 
cemetery,  across  which  the  wall  of 
Oolosrne  ran,  and  which  were  exposed 
to  view  after  the  siege  in  1106.  (See 
Ursula.) 

Virginal.  An  instrument  used  in 
convents  to  lead  the  virginals  or  hymua 
to  the  Virgin. 


VirtuO'SO.  A  man  fond  of  virtu  or 
skilled  therein  ;  a  dilettantii. 

Vis  Iner'tise.  That  property  ot  mat- 
ter which niakos it  resistanychange.  Thus 
it  is  hard  to  sot  in  motion  what  is  still,  or 
to  stop  what  is  in  motion.  Figuratively 
it  applies  to  that  unwillingness  of  change 
which  makes  men  "rather  bear  the  ills  they 
have,  than  fly  to  others  they  know  not  of." 

Viscon'ti.  Those  lords  of  Milan  bad 
for  their  armorial  bearing  a  snake. 

Vish'nu  (Indian).  The  Preserver, 
who  forms  with  Brahma  and  Siva  the 
divine  triad  of  the  system  of  Hinduism. 

Vi'tal  Spark  of  heavenly  flame 
(Pope).  Heracli'tus  held  the  soul  to  be  a 
spark  of  the  stellar  essence — Macrobitu, 
"  In  Somnium  Scipionis"  i,  14. 

Vitel'lius.  A  glutton ;  so  named 
from  Vitellius  the  Roman  emperor,  who 
took  emetics  after  one  meal  that  he  might 
have  power  to  swallow  another. 

Vitru'vius.  There  were  two  Roman 
architects  of  this  name.  The  one  best 
known  was  Marcus  Vitruvius  Pollio,  who 
wrote  a  book  on  "  Architecture." 

The  English  Vitruvius.  Inigo  Jones. 
(1572-1652.). 

Vit'ulos.  The  scourgings  which  the 
monks  inflicted  on  themselves  during  the 
chanting  of  the  psalms. 

Vitus  [St.).  St.  Vitus's  Dance,  once 
widely  prevalent  in  Germany  and  the 
Low  Countries,  was  a  "  dancing  mania," 
so  called  from  the  supposed  power  of 
St.  Vitus  over  nervous  and  hysterical 
affections. 

At  Strasbourg  hundreds  of  folk  begau 
To  dauce  imd  leap,  both  niai  i  and  man  ; 
In  0[eu  market.  l:'.ue,  or  street. 
They  skipped  along,  nor  cared  to  eat, 
Until  Iheir  plitjue  bad  ceased  to  friirht  VU. 
"1  was  called  the  dance  of  holy  Vitus. 
Jan  0/  KS'iiyxhnie'i  {an  old  German  chrontcltr). 

I  St.  Vitus's  dance.  A  description  of  the 
jumping  procession  on  Whit-Tuesday  to 
a  chapel  in  Ulm  dedicated  to  St.  Vitus, 
is  given  in  Notes  and  Queries,  SepteD\ber, 
1856, 

ViVa  Vo'ce.  Orally;  by  word  of 
mouth.  A  viva  voce  examination  is  one 
in  which  the  respondent  answers  by 
word  of  mouth.  (Latin,  "  with  the  living 
voice.") 

Viv'ian.  Brother  of  JIaugis  d'Aygre- 
mout,  and  son  of  duke  Bevis  of  Aygre- 
mont.      He  was  stolen   in    infancy   by 


VIVIEN. 


VtrLCANIST. 


939 


Tdoinol,  and  sold  to  tho  wife  of  Sorga- 
liiiit.— "Jionuin  de  Maiujij  d'Agreniont  et 
de  Vivian  ton  Frere." 

Vivian,  in  "  Orlando  Furioso,"  son  of 
Buovo  (lin-vo),  of  the  house  of  Clar- 
mont,  and  brother  of  Al'diger  and  Ma- 
la^n'^. 

Viv^ien.  A  wily  wanton  in  Arthur's 
court  "  who  hatod  all  the  knig-hts."  She 
tried  to  seduce  "  the  blameless  king," 
ond  succeedod  in  seducing  Merlin,  who 
"overtiilked  and  ovorworn,  told  her  hia 
GfKjret  charm  " — 

Tiic  wi.ich  if  any  wroiiKlit  on  any  Dne 
Wuh  w  Ten  I'aO'l  and  with  waving  arnn, 
The  man  8o  wroii^hr  on  ever  aeemid  to  lie 
01o^^l•^i  in  tile  four  wall*  of  n  liollo*  tower, 
Kr.iiu  which  waa  uo  escape  for  cvermoie. 

llavini;  obtained  this  secret,  the  wan- 
ton "put  forth  the  charm,"  and  in  the 
hollow  oak  lay  Merlin  as  one  dead, 
"lost  to  life,  and  use,  and  name,  and 
lame.  —  Ttimysun,  "  Idyls  of  the  King  " 
( Vii-ien). 

Vixe're.  Vixrre  fortes  ante  Aga.m.i'm- 
>.o:ia  (Horace).  You  are  not  the  Brst 
great  man  that  over  lived,  though  you 
boast  so  mightily.  Our  own  age  does 
not  monopolise  the  right  of  merit. 

Viz.  A  contraction  of  videlicet.  The 
8  is  a  corruption  of  3,  a  common  mark 
of  contraction  in  the  middle  ages  ;  as 
hali3 — i-«.,  habut ;  (>miiib3 — i.e.,  omni- 
bus ;  vi3— i.«.,  videlicet. 

Vola'na.  One  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Po.—" (>>/<indo  Furioso." 

Volpone  (2  syl.).  'I'lio  hero  of  Bon 
.iDUSiiu'a  drama  called  " 'I'ho  Fox."  IIh 
is  a  protligate  Venetian  who  ootains 
money  of  his  friends  by  protending  (1) 
that  he  is  clisablod  by  illness,  and  (2) 
that  ho  is  the  Fox's  favourite.  Tlie  play 
is  a  satire  on  avarice,  which  is  made  the 
motive  power  of  working  on  each  in  cHf- 
ferniit  ways.  At  tliooiid  tho  Fox  is  be- 
irayt'd.  hi^^  property  fiiifciti'd,  and  Vol- 
potip  IS  Hchteiici'd  to  lie  in  tlio  worst  hos- 
pital of  all  Venice  till  be  is  ill  as  he  pre- 
tends to  be. 

"The  Alch<'nil«t,""The  Fox."'an4"SHent  Womar," 
Done  b7  lien  Jonton,  and  ouMoni!  b;  do  loan. 

Volta'ic  Battery.  An  ajiparatus 
for  ac'eiimulatiiig  electricity ;  so  callod 
from  Volta,  tho  Italian,  who  first  coa- 
trivwl  it. 

Voltaire.  Ilia  proper  name  wa« 
Franijuiu  .Marie  Arouot.  The  won!  Vol- 
tr.>--o  is  simi>ly  au  an.aj;ram   of   Aj-ouet 


L.  1.  (le  Jetine).  Thushave  weStella  (^.v.), 
Astrophel  (17. T.),  \ianessa  and  Cadenua 
(q.v.),  and  a  host  of  other  names  in 
anagrams. 

VoUaire,  the  infidel,  biiilt  the  church 
at  Ferney,  which  has  this  inscrijitioa: 
l),o  erexil  Voltaire.  Cowpor  alludes  to 
this  anomaly  in  the  following  lines  :  — 

Nor  he  who,  for  the  bane  of  t'loinnn-ic  born, 

l)ui  t  God  a  church,  and  lauglicd  hia  SV'ird  to  icorn. 

Voltaire.     Dr.  Young  said  of  him  — 

Thou  art  so  witty,  proflig-i'e.  and  t'ln, 
Thuusaein'st  a  Milieu,  with  his  Death  a'ld  >'in. 

An  excellent  comparison  between  VoU 
tairc  and  (lilihon  is  given  by  I5vron  in 
"Childe  Harold,"  canto  iii.,  106,"l07. 

The  Gei-iwm  Voltaire.  .lohann  Wolf- 
gang von  Goethe.     (1749-1 8:'.8.) 

Christoph  Martin  Wioland.  (1733- 
1813.) 

The  Polish  Voltaire.  Ignatius  Krasicki. 
1771-1801). 

Vol'ume  (2  syl.),  A  roll.  Anciently 
hooks  were  written  on  sheets  fastened 
together  lengthwise  and  rolled  ;  some 
wore  rolled  on  a  pin  or  roller.  The  rolls 
were  i)laced  erect  on  shelvc^s.  Each  one 
was  labelled  in  rod  letters  or  rubrics. 
Rolls  of  great  value  were  packed  in 
cases  or  boxes.   (Latin,  Volvo,  to  roll  up.) 

Volund.     The  Scandinavian  Vulcan. 

Vri'tra.  The  deaion  who  clouds  the 
sun.      Ho    was  slain  by   Indra. — Hindu 

iiii/thology. 

Vugh  (pron.  Vooij\  in  mining  lan- 
guage, moans  a  hollow  or  cavernous 
part  in  a  lode.  Adj.,  vw/hy.  (British, 
vo<h;,  a  hole ;  Welsh,  uwd,  a  puddle.) 

Vul'can,  The  divine  blacksmith, 
who.se  workshop  waa  on  .Mount  Ftna, 
whore  the  C\clo])s  assisted  him  :n  forg- 
inir  thunderbolts  for  Jove.  Ho  was  also 
called  .Mulciber. 

Vulcan's  Badge.  That  of  ouck- 
oMora.  Venus  waa  Vulcan's  wife,  but 
her  amour  with  Mars  gave  Vulcan  the 
badge  referred  to. 

Vul'canised  India-rubber.     In- 

dia-rubber  combined  with  sulphur  by 
vulcanic  agency  or  heat,  by  whirh  uieana 
the  caoutchouc  absorbs  the  sulphur  and 
becomes  carbonised. 

Vul'canist.  One  who  supports  the 
Vulcjinian  or  Plutonian  theory,  which 
ascribes  the  ohant^'eg  on  the  cuth's  sur* 


910 


VXL. 


WAITS. 


face  to  the  njroucy  of  fire.  These  theo- 
rifits  Bay  the  earth  was  once  in  a  state  of 
igneous  fusion,  and  that  the  crust  has 
grailunlly  cooled  down  to  its  present 
temiicniture. 

VXLi,  a  monogram  on  lockets,  &c,, 
stamls  for  U  XL  (you  excel). 

W 

WaTDim.  Sonof  Mudjokce'wis(jVor</t- 
A  mnican  Indian),  East-Wind,  the  Indi.an 
A]ioilo.  Yonnt^  and  beautiful,  he  chases 
Darkness  with  liis  arrows  over  hill  and 
falloy,  wakes  the  villager,  calls  the 
Tlnmder,  and  brings  the  Morning.  He 
married  Wabun-Annungfi/.v.),  and  trans- 
[ilanted  her  to  heaven,  where  she  became 
the  Morning  Star.— Lon//fellow,  "IJia- 
trathi." 

WaTjun-An'riung,  in  North-Ame- 
rican Indian  mythology,  is  the  Morn- 
ing Star.  She  was  a  country  maiden 
ji'ooed  and  won  by  Wal/un,  the  Indian 
Apollo,  who  transplanted  her  to  the 
skies.  —Long/Mow,  "  Jliawatha." 

Wach'um  (in  "Hudibras").  A 
foolish  Welcliman  named  Tom  Jones, 
who  coiild  neither  write  nor  read.  Si- 
drophel's  zany  and  catspaw. — Pt.  ii.,c.  3. 

Wade  (1  syl.  ■,  to  go  through  watery 
places,  is  the  Auglo-baxon  wad,  a  ford, 
teacliDi,  to  ford  or  go  [through  a  meadov/J. 
{Hce  Wkvd-monat.) 

General  Wade,  famous  for  his  mili- 
tary highways  in  the  Highlands,  which 
proceed  in  a  straight  line  up  and  dowu 
hill  like  a  Roman  road. 

Hal  j-ou  feen  but  these  T'ttiis  before  tJiey  were 
T   u  would  hold  up  your  hauls  and  hless  General 

\\  Ai.t. 

Wade's  Boat,  named  Guin'gelot. 
Wade  was  a  hero  of  mediaeval  romance, 
whoso  adventures  were  a  favourite  theme 
in  the  sixteenth  centurj-.  Mons.  F. 
Michel  has  brought  together  all  he  could 
find  about  this  story,  but  nevertheless 
the  tale  is  very  imperfectly  known. 

Tliay  em  m  moche  craft  ofWaiiia  hoot. 

ito  moche  hrokeu  harm  whan  thiit  hem  1  it. 

That  w:th  hem  echiild  I  never  Ijrv  in  rest. 

tVi.juivr,  "  f.i».(fiui.>y   Tnltt,"  B.29S. 

Wadham  College  (Or/orcZ)  was 
founded  by  Nicholas  Wadham  in  1613. 

Wad'man  (Widow).  A  comely 
widow  who  tries  to  secure  Uncle  Toby 
for  her  second  husband.  Amongst  other 
wiles  she  pretends  that  she  has  soma- 


thing  in  her  eye,  and  gets  Uncle  Toby  to 
look  for  it ;  as  the  kind-hearted  hero  of 
Namur  does  so,  the  widow  gradually 
places  her  face  nearer  and  nearer  the 
captain's  mouth,  under  the  hope  that  he 
will  kiss  her  and  propose. — Siei-ne,"TTii- 
tram  Skandi/." 

Wages.  Giles  Moore,  in  ICIQ,  paid 
his  mowers  sixteenpence  an  acre.  In 
1711,  Timothy  Burreli,  Esq.,  paid  twenty- 
pence  an  acre ;  in  1686  bo  paid  Mary 
his  cook  fifty  shillings  a  year;  in  ]71.'< 
ho  had  raised  the  sum  to  fifty-five  shil- 
lings.—  ^^  Stissex  Arclujeolorjical  Coliec- 
Huns,"  iii.,  pp.  1G3, 170. 

*,*  For  wages  in  the  reign  of  Plenry 
VIII.,  see  Preface  of  Vol.  I.,  "Letters 
and  Papers  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  VI 1 1.," 
Edited  by  J.  S.  Brewer,  pp.  lOS-119. 

Wagoner.    (See  Bootes.) 

Waha1)ites  (3  syl.).  A  Mahometan 
sect,  whose  object  is  to  bring  back  the 
doctrines  and  observances  of  Islam  to 
the  literal  precepts  of  the  Koran  ;  so 
called  from  the  founder,  Ibn-abd-ul- 
Wah^b, 

Waifs  and  Strays  of  London 
Streets.  The  homeless  poor.  Waifs  are 
goods  found  but  not  claimed.  Strays 
are  animals  that  have  wandered  from 
their  proper  enclosures  to  the  grounds  of 
some  one  not  their  owner. 

Waistcoat.  T/ie  M.  B.  vaistcoat. 
The  clerical  waistcoat.  Called  M.  B 
{mark  of  the  beast),  because  when  th -y 
were  first  worn,  they  were  thought  to 
show  a  popish  proclivity. 

Waits.  Street  musicians,  who  sere- 
nade the  principal  inhabitants  a  little 
before  Christmas-day.  From  Rymer's 
"Foedera"  we  learn  it  was  the  duty  of 
musical  watchmen  "to  pipe  the  watch" 
nightly  in  the  king's  court  four  timeo 
from  Michaelmas  to  Shrove-Thursday, 
and  three  times  in  the  summer ;  and  they 
had  also  to  make  "the  bon  gate"  at  every 
door,  to  secure  them  agaiust  "  pyckeres 
and  pillers."'  They  formed  a  distinct  class 
from  both  the  watch  and  the  minstrels. 
(German  wacht,  Dutch  wagt,  Danish  vaijt, 
Swedish  uaJct,  Scotch  wate,  English  watck  ) 

Waits,  accorling  to  Dr.  Busby,  is  a 
corr\iption  oi  Wayghtes  (hautboys),  a 
word  which  ^as  ro  singular  number. 
The  word,  !,"«)  says,  has  been  transferred 
from  the  instruments  to  the  performers, 
who   are    in  the  habit  of  parading  our 


WAKE. 


WALL. 


941 


streets  bj'  night  at  Christmas  time. — 
"  Dictionar}/  of  Music."    (See  WaSTLEUS.) 

Wake  (1  ayl.),  to  keep  Tif^ils  (Saxon 
iricc'in).  Spelniaii  wittily  derives  it  from 
the  Saxon  tcac,  dninkenness  (?).  A  vigil 
cclohratod  with  junketinc^  and  dancing. 

It  mST,  tlicrrfnre  h<;  rfrmitted  thfiti  flA'  Iriili^ 
on  the  deilirniion  day,  <:r  otlier  solemn  dnjs  of 
martyr-*,  tu  make  It  em  bowers  about  the  churches. 
•Ill  refreali  theinBtUe't,  feasting  topclh«r  after  a 
good  reiuioiji  sort:  killiui;  the<r  ozea  djw  to  the 
I  raise  of  lol  and  increaM  uf  charity,  whicli  ihey 
were  wont  t)fforelo  sacritie  to  the  devil.— Civanry 
(.'./  (Jrrni  to  .V<-/i(iii  [.Mei:iuswai  an  »lbot  who 
e»ir.e  ott  witli  Si.  Augustine ). 

Walbrook  "Ward  (London)  is  so 
called  from  a  brook  which  once  ran 
along  the  west  wall  of  Walbrook  Street. 

Walcheren  Expedition.  A  well- 
devised  suhcmc,  ruined  by  the  stupidity 
of  the  agent  chosen  to  carry  it  out. 
FiOrd  Castlereagli's  instructions  were  "  to 
advance  in.stantly  in  full  force  against 
Antwerp,"  but  lord  Chatham  wasted  his 
lime  and  strength  in  reducing  Flushing. 
L'ltimately,  the  red-tape  "Incapable" 
got  possession  of  the  island  of  Walcheren, 
but  7,000  men  died  of  malaria,  and  as 
many  more  were  permanently  di.sabled. 

Walden'ses.  So  called  from  Peter 
Waldo,  a  citizen  of  Lyons,  who  founded 
a  preaching  society  in  1176. 

Waldo,  a  copse  between  Lav'aut  and 
Goodwood  (Sussex).  Same  as  weald, 
wold,  ica/d,  wall,  "  a  wood."  Anglo- 
Saxon.  The  final  o  is  about  equivalent 
to  "  the,"  as  /icelo,  the  whole,  i.e.  health; 
manerjeo,  the  many — i.e.,  a  multitude,  &c. 

Wales.  The  older  form  is  Weal/uu, 
plural  of  Wealli,  an  Anglo-Saxon  word 
denoting  foreigners,  and  applied  by  them 
to  the  ancient  Britons ;  hence,  also, 
Coi-ii-rvall,  the  lioru  occupied  by  the 
same  "  refugees."  Wnlscldand  is  a  Ger- 
man name  for  Italy ;  Valaia  are  the 
ron-Germar  districU  of  Switzerland ; 
tf.o  parts  about  Liege  constitute  the 
Walloon  country.  The  Welsh  proper 
•re  Cimbri,  and  those  driven  thither  by 
the  Teutonic  invaders  were  refugees  or 
strangers.     (Set  Walm;t.) 

Walk  (in  "Hudibras")  is  colonel 
Hi-wsou,  so  called  from  Gaytons  tract. 

To  walk.  Thi«  is  n  remarkable  word. 
It  comes  from  the  Saxon  \cealcan,  (to 
roll)  ;  wlieuoo  tcealcere,  a  fuller  of  cloth, 
lii  Porcy'8  "  Koliquos"  we  read — 

She  curted  the  wearer  and  the  walket 
Tkc  cloth  that  the y  had  wtoui:hi 


To  walk,  therefore,  is  to  roll  along,  as 
the  machine  in  felting  hats  or  fulling 
cloth. 

Walk  not  in  Ihe  jnih'ic  vai^s.  This  was 
one  of  the  maxims  of  Pythagora.s,  and 
reminds  us  very  forcibly  of  the  au(iition 
of  the  Saviour  .  "  Broad  is  the  way  that 
kadeth  to  destruction,"  b\it  "narrow  is 
tlie  path"  [of  truth  and  holiness].  (.See 
lamblicus,  "  Protreptics,  Symbol  t.") 

Walker,  a  proper  name,  is  gene- 
rally supposed  to  be  tcealcere,  a  fuller, 
but  the  derivation  of  ancient  names 
from  trades  is  to  be  received  with  great 
caution.  It  is  far  more  probable  that 
Walker  is  derived  from  the  old  High 
German  walah,  Anglo-Saxon  leeulh,  a 
foreigner  or  borderer ;  whence  Wallack, 
Walk,  Walkey,  Walliker,  and  many 
others.     (See  Brewer.) 

Helen  Walker.  The  prototype  of 
Jeanie  Deans.  Sir  Walter  Scott  caused 
a  tombstone  to  be  erected  over  her  grave 
in  the  churchyard  of  Irongray,  stewartry 
of  Kirkcudlmght.  In  1869  Messrs.  A. 
and  C.  Black  caused  a  headstone  of  red 
freestone  to  be  erected  in  Carlaverock 
churchyard  to  the  memory  of  Robert 
Paterson,  the  Old  Mortality  of  the  same 
novelist,  who  w.ts  buried  there  in  1801. 

Hookey  Walker.  John  Walker  was  an 
out-door  clerk  at  Longman,  dementi 
&  Co.'s,  Chc.ipside,  and  was  noted  for 
his  eagle  nose,  which  gained  him  the 
nick-name  of  Old  Hookey.  Walker's 
ollico  was  to  keep  the  workmen  to  their 
work,  or  report  them  to  the  principals. 
Of  course  it  was  the  interest  of  tlie  em- 
ployes to  throw  discredit  on  Walker's 
report-s,  and  the  poor  old  man  was  so  bad- 
gered and  ridiculed,  tlu.t  the  firm  found 
it  politic  to  abolish  the  office  ;  but 
Hookey  Walker  still  means  a  ta'o  nut  t*i 
be  trusted. — John  Dee. 

Wa\\(Tlie),  from  the  Tyne  to  Jloul- 
ness,  on  the  Solway  Frith,  a  distance  of 
eighty  miles.     Called — 

The  Roman  Wall,  because  it  was  the 
work  of  the  llomans. 

Agricola's  Wall,  because  Agricola 
made  the  south  bank  and  ditch. 

Hadrian's  Wall,  because  Hadrian 
added  another  vallum  and  mound  j>aral- 
lel  to  Agricola's. 

Tlie  Wall  of  Seviruj,  because  SoTerus 
followed  in  the  same  line  with  a  stone 
wall,  having  castles  and  turrets. 

7y<f   Pictt'     Wail,    because  tie   objeot 


9«a 


WALL. 


Walnut  tree. 


was  to   prevent  the    incursions   of    tlio 
PicU. 

Wall  of  Antoninus,  now  called 
Graemr'i  Dyke,  from  Dunglass  Castlo  on 
tlie  Clyde  to  IMackiiess  Castle  on  the 
Forth,  was  made  by  LoUius  Urbicus, 
legate  of  Antoninus  Pius,  A.D.  MO.  It 
was  a  turf  walL 


A,  Agricola'B  mound  The  ftrniglit  part  is  in.i  Tcet. 
B.  llndri'iii't  tKlliim  aiij  mounds.  C,  the  wall,&c., 
ti  Beverui. 

To  givt  the  wall.  Nathaniel  Bailej-'s 
explanation  of  this  phrase  is  worth  per- 
petuating. He  says  it  is  "a  compliment 
paid  to  the  femiile  sex,  or  those  to  whom 
one  would  sh'jw  respect,  by  letting  them 
go  nearest  the  wall  or  houses,  upon  a 
supposition  of  its  being  the  cleanest. 
This  custom  [ho  adds]  is  chiefly  peculiar 
to  England,  for  in  most  parts  abroad 
they  will  give  them  the  right  hand, 
though  at  the  same  time  tbey  thnist 
them  into  the  kennel."  —  DicUomiry, 
word  "  Wall." 

To  take  the  wall.  To  take  the  place  cf 
honour,  the  same  as  to  choose  "the 
uppermost  rooms  at  feasts"  (Matt,  xxiii. 
6).  At  one  time  pedestrians  gave  the 
wall  to  persons  of  a  higher  grade  in 
Bociety  than  themselves. 

I  will  take  I  he  wall  of  an"  man  cr  mail  of  .Mou" 
ta«ue'».-WmA«;..n.c,  "iCoi.-.fu  anU  Juhet,"L  1. 

To  go  to  the  wall.  To  he  put  on  one 
side  ;  to  be  shelved.  This  is  in  allusion 
to  another  phrase,  "  laiil  by  the  wall" 
—  i.e.,  dead  but  not  buried;  put  out  of 
the  way. 

Walla  have  Ears.  The  Louvre  was 
so  constructed  in  the  time  of  Catharine 
de  Mcdiois,  that  what  was  said  in  one 
room  could  be  distinctly  heard  in  an- 
other. It  was  by  this  coutrivuuce  that 
the  suspicious  queen  became  acquainted 
with  stat«  secrets  and  j^lots.  The  tubes 
of  communication  were  called  the  auri- 
culairea,  and  were  constructed  on  the 
same  principle  as  those  of  the  con- 
fessionals. The  "  ear  of  Dionysius"  com- 
municated to  him  every  word  uttered  in 
thestixtei>ri;;on.  tJ^eSi'KAKlNU  IJeads(9). 

Walls-end  Coals.  So  called  from 
the  colliery  at  the  eastern  termination  of 
the  Great  Roman  Wall,  between  Now- 
castle-upc.:  Tyne  and  fLo  Boa. 


Wall-eyed  properly  means  "with 
erod-eyed.  Persons  are  wall-eyed  when 
the  white  is  unusually  large,  and  the 
sight  defective;  henco  Shakespeare  ha« 
■wnU-q/ed  vn-alh,  wall-eyed  slave,  tc. 
When  King  John  says,  "  My  rage  was 
Mind,"  he  virtually  says  his  "  wrath  was 
wall-eyed."  (Saxon,  hwelan,  to  wither. 
The  word  is  often  written  u-/iall-eytd,  or 
whallied,  from  the  verb  whally.) 

Wall-flower.  So  called  because 
it  grows  on  old  walls  and  ruined  build- 
ings. It  is  a  native  plant.  Similarly, 
wall-cresf,  wall-a-eeper,  &c.,  are  plants 
which  grow  on  dry,  stony  places,  or  on 
walls.  Wall-fruit  is  fruit  trained  against 
a  wall.     (6'e«  Walnut.) 

Wallace's  Larder.  The  dimgeoL 
of  Ardrossan,  in  Ayrshire  ;  so  called  bo- 
cause  Wallace  threw  into  it  the  dead 
bodies  of  the  garrison  surprised  by  him 
and  cut  to  pieces  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward L 

Wallachs.  The  people  of  Walla'- 
chia. 

Walloons.  Part  of  the  great 
Romaic  stock.  They  occupied  the  low 
track  along  the  frontiers  of  the  German- 
speaking  territory,  as  Artois,  Hainault, 
Namur,  Liege,  Luxemburg  ;  with  parts 
of  Flanders  and  Brabant.    (See  Wales.) 

Wallop,  To  thrash.  Sir  John 
Wallop,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
was  sent  to  Normandy  to  make  repri- 
sals, because  the  French  fleet  had  burnt 
Brighton.  Sir  John  burnt  twenty-one 
towns  and  villages,  demolished  several 
harbours,  and  "  walloped  "  the  foe  to  his 
heart's  content. 

Wal'nut  (foreign  nut).  It  comas 
from  Persia,  and  is  so  called  to  distin- 
guish it  from  those  native  to  Europe,  as 
hascl,  filbert,  chcsnut.  (Saxon,  WJ,IK, 
foreign  ;  Danish,  valnod;  German,  '.eall- 

Some  dilBoiilty  there  19  in  crackine  the  name 
thereof.  Why  wallnuts,  havm;;  no  affinity  to  a 
wall,  should  be  so  called.  The  truth  is.  </'<ii^  or  >caU 
in  the  old  Uu;oh  siguifieth '"strarikfe  "  or  "  exotic." 
(wh'Mioe  Weish,  foreisuersi ;  these  nuts  being  no 
natives  of  En^-laul  or  Kiirope,  but  probablv  first 
etchei  from  Persi*,  and  called  by  the  f  rencli 
niu  psriiqut.-FulUr,"}roilhit!  0/  England." 

Walnut  Tree,  It  is  said  that  the 
walnut  tree  thrives  best  if  the  nuts  are 
beaten  off  with  sticks,  and  not  gathered. 
Hence  Fuller  says,  "WTio,  like  a  nut 


W  ALSTON. 


WANDERING  JEW. 


94S 


tree,  must  be   manured  by  beating,  or   i 
also  would  not  bear  fpiit'"(bk.  ii.,ch.  11). 
The  Baying  is  well  known  that — 

A  wenrsn,  s  ipMilcl,  and  «  walnut  tree. 
The  more  yeu  beat  Ibcin  the  Utter  they  he. 

Ta'jlor,  the  Wa'cr  pod. 

Walston  (-S^.).  A  Briton  who  gave 
up  all  his  wt'alili,  and  supported  himself 
by  manual  husbandry.  Patron  saint  of 
busbauduion;  usually  depicted  with  a 
ecytho  in  his  hand,  and  cattle  in  the 
bi"okt.'round.     Died  mowing,  1016. 

Walter.  Manjuisof  Saluzzo,  in  Italy, 
who  marrie.1  Grisilda,  a  potr  peasant's 
daughter— C7ii(w«r,  "  The  Clerkes  Tale." 
(.See  tiuisiLUA.) 

Walter  Multon,  abbot  of  Thorn- 
ton-upun-llumbcr,  in  Lincolnshire,  was 
immured  in  144:3.  In  17-2,  an  old  wall 
being  taken  down,  his  remains  weio 
found  with  a  candlestick,  talilo,  and 
book.  Stukeley  mentions  the  fact.  In 
1845  another  instance  of  the  same  kind 
was  discovered  at  Temple  Bruer,  in 
Lincolnshire. 

Wal'tham  Blacks.  The  deer- 
Btcalcrs  of  Walthum  in  the  eighteenth 
century  were  so  called,  because  they 
wore  black  crape  masks.  The  act  to  put 
them  down  is  called  the  "  Black  Act." 

Walton.  Alt,  Isaak  Walton.  One 
devoted  to  "  the  gentle  craft "  of  angling. 
Isaak  Walton  wrote  a  book  called  "The 
Complete  Angler,  or  Contemplative  Man's 
Uccreation."     (l'jr<5.) 

Walton) ^.'^n^.  Ftithorof  Klvi'ra.who 
promised  her  m  marriage  to  Sir  Richard 
Forth,  a  Puritan  officer  ;  but  Elvira  had 
already  engaged  her  heart  to  lortl  Arthur 
Talbot,  a  Cavalier  nobleman.  The  be- 
trothal being  st't  asido,  the  Cavalier  was 
ai'cei)ted  by  lord  Walton  as  the  adianced 
of  his  dau;;htor,  and  after  cerUiiu  diffi- 
culties had  been  surmounted,  married 
hot.— Bellini,  "I  Puritani"  {aii.  opera.) 

Waralaa.  Son  of  WitlesF,  and  jester 
of  Co  iric  "  tlio  Saxon,"  of  Kolherwood, 
— Sir  Waller  ikoU,  "  Jvanltot." 

Wan  means  Ihin  (Saxon,  wini, 
deficient ;  our  uu/k,  as  the  "  wanin:^' 
moon").  As  wa.sting  of  the  flesh  is 
generally  accompanied  with  a  groy  ijal- 
lor,  tko  idea  of  leanness  has  yioldou  to 
that  of  the  aiokly  hue  which  attcuds  it. 


Wandering  Jew— 

(1)  Of  Greek  Iraililion,  Aris'teiis,  a 
poet  who  continued  to  appear  and  disap- 
pear alternately  for  above  400  year.?, 
and  who  visited  all  the  mythical  nations 
of  the  earth. 

(2)  Of  Jevjtsk  story.  Tradition  says 
that  Kartaph'ilos,  the  door-kecpor  of  the 
Judgment  Hall,  in  the  service  of  Pontius 
Pilate,  struck  our  Lord  as  he  led  him 
forth,  saying,  "Got  on  faster  Jesus;" 
whereupon  tlio  Man  of  Sorrow  replied, 
'■  I  am  going,  but  thou  shalt  tarry  till  I 
ome  again." — Chron.of.'ii.  A  Ihan's  Abbep. 

Another  legend  is  that  Jesus,  pressed 
down  with  the  weight  of  his  cross, 
stopped  to  rest  at  the  door  of  ono 
Aha-vo'rus,  a  cobbler.  The  craftsman 
pushed  him  away,  saying,  "  Got  oil  ! 
Away  with  you,  away  !  "  Our  Lord  re- 
plied, "Truly  I  go  away,  and  that 
quickly,  but  tarry  thon  till  I  come." 
Schubert  has  a  poem  entitled  "  Ahasuor  " 
(the  Wandering  Jew). — Paul  von  Eileen. 
A  third  legend  says  that  it  was  the 
cobbler  who  haled  Je.sus  before  th« 
judi^'ment  seat  of  Pilate,  saying  to  him, 
"  Faster,  Jesus,  faster  !" 

In  Germany  the  Wandering  Jew  ii 
associated  with  John  Buttada^us,  secu 
at  Antwerp  in  the  thirteentii  century, 
again  in  the  fifteenth,  and  a  third  time 
in  the  sixteenth.  His  last  appearancu 
was  in  177-4  at  Brussels.  Signor  (iualdi 
about  the  same  time  made  his  appear- 
ance at  Venice,  and  had  a  portrait  of 
himself  by  Titian,  who  had  been  dead  at 
the  time  130  years.  One  day  he  dis- 
•appearcd  as  mysteriously  as  he  had 
come. —  "  TurHsh  ^f'/,"  vol.  ii. 

The  French  call  the  Wandering  Jew 
Lsaac  Laquedom,  a  corruption  of  La- 
ke'dioa.—.y  illiimacht  Di's.  inJno.  Kxi.ld. 
Soon  aftor  the  crucitixion  Karta|)iriloi 
was  baptise'!  by  Ananias,  receiving  the 
name  of  Joseph.  At  ttie  end  of  every  luO 
years  befalls  into  a  trance,  aud  wanes  up 
a  young  man  about  thirty.— C'/uo?i.  o/  St. 
ALban't  ALUy,  continued  by  Mull.  I'n^ii. 
Wandering  Jew.  Salathiel  ben  Sadi, 
who  appeared  and  disappeared  towards 
tlie  close  of  tlie  sixtcentli  century,  at 
Veuico,  iu  so  sudden  a  manner  as  to  at- 
tract the  notice  of  all  Europe.  Croly  in 
his  novel  called  "  Salathiel,"  and  Southoy 
in  his  "  Curse  of  Kehama,"  txace  the 
course  of  tho  Wandering  Jew,  but  in 
utter  violation  of  the  general  legends. 
In  Eugfene  Sue's  "  La  Jaif  Errant,"  th« 


9ii      WANDEKINQ   WILLIE. 


WARE. 


Jew  makes  no   figure  of   the   sli^jhtest 
importance  to  the  tale. 

"Wandering  Willie  or  Willie  Stem- 
ton.  'I'lie  blind  fiddler  who  tells  the  talo 
«f  Ilod^,^^.uutlet.— .Sir  Waller  Scotl,  "lied- 
(/aiinttel." 

Wandering  Wood,  in  book  i.  of 
Spenser's  "  Faery  Queen,"  is  where  St. 
George  and  Una  encounter  Error,  who  is 
slain  b)'  the  knight.  Una  tries  to  per-  ; 
Buade  the  Red  Cross  kniplit  to  leave  the 
wood,  but  he  is  self-willed.  Error,  in  the 
form  of  a  serpent,  attacks  him,  but  the  . 
knight  severs  her  head  from  her  body. 
The  idea  is  that  when  Piety  will  not 
listen  to  Una  or  Truth,  it  is  sure  to  get 
into  "Wandering  Wooi,"  where  Error 
will  attack  it;  but  if  it  listens  then  to 
Truth  it  will  slay  Error. 

Wans  Dyke,  Sir  Richard  Colt  Hoaro 
tells  us,  was  a  barrier  erected  by  the 
Belg.-b  against  the  Celts,  and  served  as  a 
boundary  between  these  tribes.  Dr. 
Stukeley  says  the  original  mound  was 
ikdded  to  by  the  Anglo-Saxons  when  they 
made  it  the  boundary  line  of  the  two 
kingdoms  of  Mercia  and  Wessex.  It  was 
also  used  by  the  Britons  as  a  defence 
against  the  Romans,  who  attacked  them 
from  the  side  of  Gloucestershire  and 
Oxfordshire. 

In  its  most  perfect  state  it  began  at 
Andover,  in  Hampshire,  ran  through  the 
counties  of  Berkshire,  Wiltshire,  and 
Somersetshire,  and  terminated  in  the 
"Severn  Sea"  or  Bristol  Channel.  It 
was  called  Wodenes  Dyke  by  the  Saxons, 
contracted  into  Wondes-dyke,  and  cor- 
rupted to  Wans-dyke,  as  Wodenes-diog 
is  into  Wed'nes-day.  (^'ee  Wat's  Dyke.  ) 
Wantor>fe/it.  A  road.  Thus  "the 
four-want  way,"  the  spot  were  four 
roads  meet.  Chaucer  uses  the  expression 
"  a  privio  went"  (private  road),  &c. 

Wants,  meaning  "gloves."  Accord- 
ing- to  the  beat  Dutch  authorities  the 
word  ia  a  corruption  of  the  French  ganl, 
Italian  quanta,  our  "gauntlets." 

■Wantea  sre'^om  by  re-s'D  •  »nJ  wcirkinj  peoplt 
whfu  the  v:t:&  er  la  sold.  They  are  iu  6h.ipe  sume- 
whii  like  boiiuggloTei,  haTiii.<  only  a  thumb  and 
no  IliiKcn.  They  are  mnde  of  a  coarsi-  wo illen  sluff. 
—  Tcdint  von  ScrkhoiU,  "  LtlUr  from  Bred-i.' 

Wantley .    (5«  Drago.v  . ) 

Wa'pentake.  A  division  of  York- 
shire, similar  to  that  better  known  as  a 
hutulred.  The  word  meani  "  touch -amis," 


it  being  the  custom  of  each  vassal,  when 
he  attended  the  a.ssemblies  of  the  dis- 
trict, "  to  touch  the  spear  of  his  over- 
lord in  token  of  homage."  Victor  Hugo, 
in  his  novel  of  "L'llomme  qui  liit," 
calls  a  tipstaU  a  "  wapentake."  (Saxon, 
wapen,  arms ;  tacan,  to  touch.) 

Wapping  Great  means  astonish- 
ingly gieat.  (Saxon,  wufan,  to  be  asto- 
nished ;  wafung,  amazement.) 

War  of  the  Meal-saeks.  After  the 
b.ittle  of  Beder.  Abu  feotian  summoned 
■iOO  fleet  horsemen,  each  with  a  sack 
of  meal  at  his  saddle-bow,  the  scanty 
provision  of  an  Arab  for  a  foray,  and 
sallied  forth  to  Medina.  Mahomet  went 
forth  at  the  head  of  a  superior  force  to 
meet  him,  and  Abu  Sofian  with  his  horse- 
men, throwing  off  their  meal-sacks,  fled 
with  precipitation. 

War  of  the  Roses.  The  civil  wars 
of  York  and  Lancaster,  the  former  of 
which  houses  bad  a  while  rose,  and  the 
latter  a  red  rose,  for  its  badge. 

Accordingto  Shakespeare,  certain  lords 
were  in  the  Temple  Gardens,  contending 
about  the  succession,  when  Richard 
Plantagenet  exclaimed — 

Since  you  are  tongue-tied  and  so  loth  to  (pea^.. 
]At  him  that  is  a  true-bom  itt-ntiemin.. 
If  he  supposes  that  I  have  pleaded  truth. 
From  off  this  briar  pluck  a  white  rose  with  mo> 


Sut, 


ft. 


Jyei  hira  that  is  no  coward  nor  no  flatterer. . 
Pluck  a  ted  rose  from  off  this  thorn  with  mo. 

S/i,iAespf<ire,  "1  Iltnry  VI. ,"  it.  4. 

Warchant.  [See  Baudit.) 
Ward  (^Ar' tennis).  A  nom  de  plume 
of  Charles  F.  Browne,  of  America,  who 
died  1867.  Much  controversy  existed 
respecting  the  pronunciation  of  his  name. 
Most  persons  called  it  Arte'mus  ;  but  he 
put  the  question  at  rest  by  the  following 
jeu : — 

Don't  bother  me  with  your  etas  and  short  es. 
Nor  ask  me  for  more  than  you  have  ou  my  card. 

O  spare  me  from  etymological  sorties, 
Aud  simply  accept  me  as  Artemus  Ward. 
Arttmu!.  Ward  [Eyyi-tinii  JLilt,  PlcctuiiUy,  1867). 

*^*  Did  he  wish  the  public  to  pro- 
nounce his  surname  as  a  rhyme  to 
ca-rd  ?  If  not,  the  second  line  might  be, 
"Nor  ask  me  for  more  than  my  card 
will  afford." 


Warden -pie 

Warden  pear. 


Pie    made    of    the 


Myself  with  denial  1  mortify 
With— a  dainty  bit  of  a  Warden-pie. 

"  The  FrUr  of  Ordtrs  Grt_o^ 

"Ware.    (5ef  Bed.) 


WARLOCK 


WATER . 


M5 


Warlock.  A  wandering  evil  spirit. 
fSaxon,  wcer-loga,  a  deceiver,  one  who 
beeaks  his  word.  Satan  is  called  in 
Scripture  "the  father  of  lies,"  the  arch- 
warlock.  ) 

Warming  Pan.    (.See  Jacobites.) 

Warning  Stone.  Anything  that 
gives  notice  -)i  danger.  Bakers  in 
Wiltshire  and  some  other  counties  used 
to  put  a  "  certain  pebble  "  in  their  ovens, 
and  wheti  the  stone  turned  white  it  gave 
the  baker  warning  that  the  oven  waa  hot 
enough  for  bis  bakings. 

Warwick.  (Saxon,  w<xr-ioic,  con- 
tracted from  wasring-iric  (the  fortified 
or  garrisoned  town).  A  translation  of 
the  ancient  British  name  Caer  Leon. 

Warwick  Lane  {City).  The  site  of 
a  magnificent  house  belongirg  to  the 
famed  Beauchamps,  earls  of  Warwick. 

Warwolf.  A  man-wolf,  a  magician 
who  has  power  to  transform  himself  into 
a  wolf.  (Saxon  wer,  man,  like  the  LAtin 
vir;  wenculf.)    (See  WEKWor.r.) 

0  w«8  it  warwolf  in  the  wood. 

Or  waa  it  memnaiil  in  the  sea. 
Or  wa»  it  man, or  vile  womsn. 

^ly  am  tr.i.fltvr,  that  mi>-hiipe1  ihec? 
"  EtmpKuH  "  I  Bte  "itoiilrtUi/  0/  tht  HcoULak  Border  '). 

W^ashing.  Wash  your  dirty  linen  at 
Aoni«  (French).  The  French  say  the  Eng- 
lish do  not  follow  the  advice  of  washing 
their  dirty  linen  en/ami/le,  meaning  that 
they  talk  openly  and  freely  of  the  faults 
committed  by  ministers,  corporations, 
and  individuals.  All  may  see  their  dirty 
linen  ;  and  as  for  its  washing,  let  it  b6 
but  washed  and  the  Hnfrlish  care  not  who 
has  the  doing  of  it,  Horace  (Ep.  II.  i. 
"220)  says,  ViKe'ta  egomet  cadam  mea,  "  I 
do  my  own  washing  at  home."  Though 
the  French  assert  that  we  disregard  this 
ndvice,  we  have  the  familiar  proverb, 
"  It  is  an  ill  bird  that  fouls  its  own  nest." 

Washington  of  Columbia. 
Simon  Bolivar.    (1735-18;51.) 

Wasky  or  WaskH.    Sir  I  ring's  sword. 

Right  throuRh  the  he^l-riece  straiubt  the  knighl  Sir 

)lagiu  pid 
With  hli  rcliatleu  WUI17.  that  aharp  and  peerlon 

blade.  "Stbttunf/m-Lud,'' a, 

Was'sail  (2  syl.).  A  salutation  used 
on  Now  Year's  Evo  and  Now  Year's  Day 
over  the  spiced-ale  cup,  h^nco  called  the 
"wassail  bowl."  (Saion,  Wai  Kal, 
water  [of]  hoalth.) 


Wastlers.  Wandering  musicians ; 
from  xcasUe,  to  wander.  The  carol- 
singers  Ih  Sussex  are  called  wastlers. 

Wat.  A  proper  name  for  a  hare.  So 
calleii  from  his  long  ears,  or  wattles. 

iJy  this,  pocr  Wat,  far  off  upon  a  I'.ill, 
Stands  on  bis  hinder  lei;ii,  with  listroins  ear 

Stuikaixart,  "  Veniu  and  A'tonit  ' 

Wat's  'Dy'k.e {Flintshire).  A  corrup- 
tion of  Wato's  Dyke.  Wato  was  the 
father  of  Weland.  the  Vulcan  of  Northern 
mythology,  and  the  son  of  king  Vilkinr 
by  a  mermaid.  This  dyke  extends  from 
the  vicinity  of  Basingwerk  Abbey,  in  a 
south-easterly  direction,  into  Denbigh- 
shire. The  space  between  it  and  Offa's 
dyke,  which  in  some  parts  is  three  miles, 
and  in  others  not  above  500  yards,  is 
neutral  ground,  "where  Britons,  Danes, 
and  Saxons  met  forcommercial  purposes." 
(.Vee  Wax's  Dyke.) 

There  is  a  famoui  thlnR, 
Called  OfTu's  Dyke,  that  reaciirth  far  in  lengrh. 
All  kitiilB  of  wan-  the  Danes  mii{ht  thilher  iTinn  ; 
It  was  free  ground,  and  ualle  I  ihe  ISritoii's  strength. 
Wit's  l)>lie,  likewiie.  alMju'  the  sa  ii.-  was  s  t, 
lielwceu  w   icli  two  both  Dan  s  anl  Britons  met. 
And  tratiic  srill. 

Churchyard.  "  Wori'iin'*t  of  \Y<\U»  "  (1587). 

Watch.  On  board  ship  there  are  two 
Borts  of  watch— the  long  watch  of  four 
hours,  and  the  dog  watch  of  two ;  but 
strictly  speaking  a  watch  means  four 
hours.  The  dog  watches  are  introduced 
to  prevent  one  party  always  keeping 
watch  at  the  same  time.  ("Dog"  is  a 
corruption  of  dodge.  It  is  the  dodging 
or  shifting  watch.) 

IS  to   4  p.m.  Afternoon  watoh. 

4  to    B     ,,     First  doi;  -"asch. 

A  to   8     „    .'iecoud  du/ witch. 

8  to  11     „     First  ni^ht  watotL 
19  to    4a.ni.  Midlio  watrh. 

4  to    8     ,.     Moniiiiif  watoh. 

ii  to  13     „    Fureiioou  watch. 

Tilt  Black  Waich.  The  gallant  42nd 
regiment,  the  first  corps  raised  for  the 
royal  service  in  the  Highlands,  and 
allowed  to  retain  their  national  garb  ; 
called  black  from  the  contrast  which 
their  dark  tartans  furnished  to  the  scar- 
let and  white  of  the  other  regiments. 

Watch'et.  Sky-blue.  (Saxon,  voced- 
chet,  dye  of  the  woad  plant.) 

Water.  The  dancing  water  boautifiea 
Ladies,  and  restores  them  to  perpetual 
youth. — "  Chery  and  Fairstar." 

The  FatJier  of  Wattrt.  The  Mississippi 
(Indian,  Micht  Stpe),  the  chief  river  of 
North  America.  The  Missouri  is  ita 
chihi  Tho  Irrawaddy  is  so  called 
also. 


940       TTaTER  discoverer. 


WAX  CANDLES. 


77i^  ytllmo  v-aler  danced  in  a  basin 
without  ovoiflowing. — "  Arabian  N  igkls." 

To  live  in  hot  water  or  he  in  hoi  tcater, 
Bcllonden  Kor  says  hot  wator  is  "hotte 
wat  terre,"  nicauing  "  constant  care, 
very  wearing,'." 

O'er  muckle  water  drowned,  live  miller. 
This  alludes  to  water-mills,  to  which 
water  is  essential,  but  too  much  water 
drowns  or  overlloods  the  mill.  The 
weaver,"  in  fact,  is  hanged  in  his  own 
yam.  The  French  say  un  embarras  de 
ric/ifsxe. 

Blood  thicker  than  water.  "  What  is 
born  in  the  skin,"  &c. ;  nature  will  crop 
up  through  all  the  trammels  of  education 
and  conventionality. 

lilood  i?  thicker  than  water,  anil  between  the 
Latin  and  Teutouic  menilicrs  o  the  Westirn  cliurrli 
noi  :i  litile  jcalmi-y  and  antipathy  of  race  hue  been 
perpetuated.— JTiif  Tivies,  Nov  15,  iBcj9. 

jMore  water  ijUdelh  by  the  mill  than  wots 
<A«OTZ^/ero/ {"  Titus  Androuicus,"  ii.  1). 
More  things  are  done  in  the  best  regu- 
lated family  than  master  or  mistress 
knows  of.  The  Scotch  say,  "Mickle 
water  goes  by  the  miller  when  he  sleeps." 

Water  Discoverer.  The  Persians 
Delieve  that  the  lapwing  {hudlaul)  has 
the  power  of  discovering  water  under- 
ground.    (See  Hazel.) 

Water-logged.  Rendered  immov- 
able by  too  much  water  in  the  hold. 
When  a  ship  leaks  and  is  water-logged  it 
will  not  make  any  progress,  but  is  like  a 
log  on  the  sea,  tossed  and  stationary. 

Water-Poet.  John  Taylor,  the 
Thames  waterman.     (1580-1654.) 

1  must  confes"  I  do  want  el-jquence. 
Ar.d  never  scarce  did  learn  my  accidence. 
For  having  got  from  '* possum  "  t'l  "  pusset," 
1  there  was  gravelled,  nor  oould  f.irtlier  get. 
Tavlor  the  WuierPoet. 

Watergall.  The  dark  rim  round 
the  eyes  after  much  weeping.  A  peculiar 
appearance  in  a  rainbow  which  indicates 
more  rain  at  hand.  "Gall"  is  the  Saxon 
ijeaUic  (yellow). 

And  round  about  her  tear-diatraine.l  eye 

lilue  circles    treumed,  like  rainbows  in  the  skj,— 

Tlio  w»teri!»lls..t.tliat  foretell  new  Btoriis. 

SlUkkexptart^  *' liape  oj  Lucrtct,** 

Watling  Street.  A  road  extending 
east  and  west  across  South  Britiun.  Be- 
ginning at  Dover  it  ran  through  Canter- 
bury to  London,  and  thouoe  to  Cardigan. 
QTie  word  is  a  corruption  of  VxUlUna 
strata,  the  pared  road  of  VitoUiua,  called 
by  the  Britoni  Quet'alia      poetically  Lho 


"Milky  W.ay"  has  been  called  the  Wat- 
ling  Street  of  the  sky 

Bfcnnda  Tla  principalis  dlcltnr  'WateIin(r•Btrea1^ 
tenilwUH  ab  euro-au^tro  iu  taphyrum  &cptcntri'<ii,-\lcii». 
]nci|.il    ...  a    B'.vai-ia luqus    Carh^.n — 

Watteau-  "  Peintre  de  fetes  galanles 
du  roi."     (1684-1721.) 

W^ave.  The  ninth  wave.  A  notion 
prevails  that  the  waves  keep  increasing 
in  regular  series  till  the  maximum  arrives, 
and  then  the  series  begins  again.  Mo 
doubt  when  two  waves  coalesce  the;, 
form  a  large  one,  but  this  does  not  occ-  • 
at  fixed  intervals.  The  most  commc 
theory  is  that  the  tenth  wave  is  tuu 
largest,  but  Tennysou  says  the  ninth. 

And  then  the  two 
Dropt  to  'he  coTe, and  watchM  the  great  sea  fall, 
AVsve  after  wave,  each  mightier  than  ihe  last. 
Till  last,  a  nin'h  one,  gati  eriug  half  the  ileep 
And  full  of  voices,  sluwly  ri  9-  and  iil:ingcd 
Koirinq,  and  all  Ihe  wave  was  in  a  llai.e. 

Tinnuson, "  The  IIM^  Graii." 

Waverley.  Mr.  Richard  WaverUj. 
Brother  of  Sir  Everard. 

Captain  Edxcard    Waverley,     His  son. 

Sir  Everard  Waverley.  Captain  Ed« 
ward's  uncle. 

Mistress  Rachel  Waverley.  Sir  Ever- 
ard's  sister. 

Waverley.  Captain  Edward  Waverley, 
being  gored  by  a  stag,  resigned  his  com- 
mission, and  proposed  marriage  to  Flora 
Maclvor,  but  his  suit  was  rejected.  Fer- 
gus, the  brother  of  Flora,  introduced  hira 
to  prince  Charles  Edward,  and  Edward 
Waverley  entered  the  chevalier's  service. 
He  was  present  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Preston,  and  saved  there  the  Ufe  of 
colonel  Talbot.  The  colonel,  in  grati- 
tude, obtained  the  young  man's  pardon, 
and  as  his  father  was  now  dead,  he  re- 
turned to  Waverley  Honour,  married 
Rose  Bradwardine,  and  settled  down 
quietly,  as  the  hero  of  a  novel  should 
Qo  after  he  has  won  the  prize  for  which 
ho  encountered  his  adventures.  (&e 
"  Waverley  ;  or,  'Tis  Sixty  Years  Since," 
&  romance  by  Sir  Walter  Scott.) 

Waverley  Annals,  from  1006  to 
1291,  in  "Galo"(l(J87j. 

WaWa  (North- American,  Indian), 
The  wild  goose. 

Wax  Candles  are  used  for  the 
altar  because  "bees  derive  their  origin 
from  Paradise,"  and  according  to  MobIoil 


WAY- BIT. 


WEATHER-EYB. 


Ml 


faith  will  be  ono  of  the  ton  "dumb 
animals"  which  will  be  gathered  into 
hoavou.     (See  Paradise.) 

Way-bit.  A  Yorkshire  way-hit.  A 
large  oveq)luB.  Ask  a  Yorkshircman  the 
distance  of  any  j'lace,  and  he  will  reply 
io  Eaany  miles  and  a  way-bit  (xcee-hu)  ; 
but  the  way-bit  will  prove  a  frightful 
length  to  the  traveller  who  imagines  it 
means  only  a  liiiU  bit  over.  Tlie  High- 
landers say,  "  A  mile  and  a  bittock," 
which  means  about  two  miles. 

Ways  and  Means.  A  parliamen- 
tary term,  mcaniiiL,'  the  method  of  rais- 
ing the  supply  of  money  for  the  current 
requirements  of  the  state. 

Wayland,  the  Scandinavian  Vulcan, 
was  son  of  the  sea-giant  Wate,  and  the 
»ea-nymph  Wac-hilt.  He  was  bound 
apprentice  to  Mimi  the  sraitli.  King 
Ni<lung  cut  the  sinews  of  his  feet,  and 
cast  him  into  prison,  but  he  escaped  in  a 
feather-boat.  (Anglo-Saxon,  weallan,  to 
fabricate.) 

WaylancT  Smith's  Cave.  A  crom- 
lech near  Lanibourn,  Berkshire.  Scott, 
in  his  "Kenilworth"  (ch.  xiii.),  says, 
"  Here  lived  a  supernatural  smith,  who 
would  shoe  a  traveller's  horse  for  a  '  con- 
sideration.' His  fee  was  sixpence,  and  if 
more  was  offered  him  ho  was  olfended." 

Wayland  Wood  (Norfolk),  said  to 
be  the  scene  of  the  "  Habes  in  liie  Wood," 
and  a  corruption  of  "  Wailing  Wood." 

Wayz-goose.  An  entertainment 
given  to  journeymen.  The  word  wayz 
means  a  "  butnllo  of  straw,"  and  icai/z- 
goose  a  "stubble  goose,"  the  crowning 
dish  of  the  entertainment.  (See  Bean 
Feast,  Hahvest  Goose.) 

We.  Coke,  in  the  "Institutes,"  says 
the  first  kin;^  that  wrote  tr«  in  his 
grants  was  king  John.  All  the  kings 
before  him  wrote  ego  (I).  This  is  not 
correct,  as  Richard  Lion-heart  adopted 
the  royal  we.    (See  Ilymer's  "  Fu-dyra.") 

We  Threo.  l>id  you  never  see  ih< 
fiicture  oj  "  We  Three  .'"  asks  Sir  Andrew 
Acruechoek— not  meaning  liiii..'<elf.  Sir 
Toby  Belch,  and  the  clowu,  but  referring 
to  a  publichouso  si^jn  of  7*1^0  LogijerlKods, 
with  the  inscription  "Wo  throo  logger- 
heads bo,"  the  third  being  the  spectator. 

Weap'on  Salve.  A  salvo  said  to 
cure  wounds  by  eyujpalhy.  Tho  salvo  is 
aot   applied   to  tho   wouL'.l,  but  to  the 


instrument  which  ravo  the  wound.  The 
direction— "Bind  tho  wound  and  grease 
tho  nail"  is  still  common  when  a  wound 
has  been  given  by  a  rusty  nail.  Sir 
Konolm  Digby  s.iys  tho  salve  is  sympa- 
thetic, and  quotes  several  instances  to 
prove  that  "as  the  sword  is  treated  the 
wound  inflicted  by  it  feels.  Thus,  if  the 
instrument  is  kept  wet,  the  wound  will 
feel  cool  ;  if  held  to  the  fire,  it  will  fool 
hot ;"  ic. 

But  8)i«  htiS  ta'eu  the  broken  lance 
An  I  w.ishcJ  it  frnm  llie  cl  )'ted  gore. 
Anl  aalTeJ  the  splinter  o'er  ami  o'er. 

iS'ir  ll'altir  Scott,  "  J/unnion." 

W^ear.  Never  wear  the  image  of  Deity 
in  a  ring.  So  Pythaj-oras  taught  his 
disciples,  and  Moses  directed  that  the 
Jews  should  make  no  image  of  God. 
Both  meant  to  teach  their  di.sciples  that 
God  is  incorporeal,  and  not  to  be  likened 
to  any  created  form.  (See  lamblichus, 
"  Protreptics,  Symbol  xxiv.") 

Never  wear  a  brown  hat  in  Friesland. 
(See  Hat.) 

To  wear  the  willow.     (See  Willow.) 

To  wear  the  wooden  stcord.  (5e< 
Wooden.) 

Weasel.  Weasels  suck  eggs.  Hence 
Shakespeare  : 

The  we&sel  Scot 
Comes  sneaking,  ami  su  sacks  the  princely  e^<;. 
'■  U.nrx)  >.,'i.  3. 
I  can  suok  mel  'n  holr  out  of  a  song,  as  a  wcozel 
euoks  eggs.—"  Ai  You  Like  It,"  a.  ^. 

To  catch  a  weasel  asUep.  To  catch  a 
person  nodding  ;  to  find  ho  has  not  his 
weather-eye  open.  The  French  say, 
Croire  ainiir  tronve  la  pie  an  nid  (to  ex- 
pect to  find  the  pio  on  its  nest).  The 
vigilant  habits  of  these  animals  explain 
tho  allusions. 

Weather-Cock.  By  a  papal  enact- 
ment made  in  the  middle  of  tho  ninth 
century,  the  fiuxire  of  a  cock  was  sot  up 
on  every  church-steeple  as  the  embloio 
of  St.  Peter.  The  emblem  is  in  allusion 
to  his  deni.al  of  our  I,ord  thrice  before 
the  cock  crew  twice.  On  tho  second 
crowing  of  the  cock  the  warning  of  his 
Master  flashod  across  his  momorj-,  and 
tho  repontiut  apostle  "  wont  oiit  and 
wept  bitterly." 

Weather-Eye.  /  luivt  my  wather-tyt 
opf.n.  1  h.tvo  my  wits  about  mo  ;  I  know 
what  I  am  after ;  1  can  soo  a  hawk  from  a 
hansor.  Thu  weather-eyo  is  that  which 
looks  At  tho  sky,  kc.  to  forecast  th« 
woathui. 


948 


WFIATHER-OAGE. 


WEL1>-F0UNDED  DOCTOR. 


Weather-Qase.  To  get  the  wiatler- 
gage  of  a  pason.  To  get  the  a(lvant.vf,'e 
over  him.  A  shii)  is  said  to  have  the 
woather-gago  of  another  when  it  has  p-ot 
the  wimlward  thereof. 

'Were  the  line 
Of  Kokeby  once  C"mtMiicd  with  ujlce, 
1  gam  llie  weulhcr-uage  of  fate.    .„  ,   ^    „ 
■S,)-  IrcUtrr  Scull,  "Rokehy." 

Web.  The  wcb  of  life.  The  destiny 
of  an  individual  from  the  cradle  to  the 
grave.  The  allusion  is  to  the  three  Fates 
who,  according  to  Roman  mythology, 
spin  the  thread  of  lifo,  the  pattern  being 
the  events  which  are  to  occur. 

We.ive  the  warp,  weave  the  woof, 
Tlio  winding-sheet  of  Kdwanl's  race; 

Give  anij'le  room  and  vertre  enough 
Tlie  cliaracters  of  hell  to  trace. 

Gray, "  The  Bard- 

Wedding  Finger.  Macrobius  says 
the  thumb  is  too  busy  to  be  sot  apart, 
the  forefinger  and  little  finger  are  only 
half  protected,  the  middle  finger  is  called 
med'iciui,  and  is  too  opprobrious  for  the 
purpose  of  honour,  so  the  only  finger  left 
is  the  pronubus  or  wedding  finger.     {See 

KlNR,   Fl.NGEUS.) 

Wedding.  (1)  A  Wooden  Wedding. 
The  fiftk  anniversary,  celebrated  by  pre- 
sents in  wood. 

(2)  A  Silver  Wedding.  The  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary. 

(3)  A  Golden  Wedding.  The  fiftieth 
anniversary.    ^See  Silver  Wedding.) 

*,*  Wed  is  Anglo-Saxon,  and  means 
a  pledge.  The  ring  is  the  pledge  given 
iiy  the  man  to  avouch  that  he  will  per- 
form his  part  of  the  contract. 

Weeping  Brides.  A  notion  long 
prevailed  in  this  country  that  it  augured 
ill  for  a  matrimonial  alliance  if  the  bride 
did  not  weep  profusely  at  the  wedding. 

As  no  witch  could  shed  more  than 
three  tears,  and  those  from  her  left  eye 
only,  a  copious  flood  of  tears  gave  assur- 
ance to  the  husband  that  the  lady  had 
not  "  plighted  her  troth  "  to  Satan,  and 
was  no  witch. 

Weeping  Cross.  To  gi,  by  Weeping 
Cross.  To  repent,  to  grieve.  In  ancient 
times  weeping  crosses  were  crosses  where 
penitents  otiered  their  devotions.  In 
Stafford  there  is  a  weeping  cross. 

Few  men  have  weiJiied  — their  pan moun — isl 
hire  come  home  by  Weeping  Cross.— i"lorio,  "  J/on- 

Weeping  Philosopher.  Heracli'- 
tcs  ;  so  called  because  he  grieved  at  the 
(oily  of  man.     (Flourished  B.C.  500.) 


Weerdt  (John  de).  A  German  general 
of  great  repute,  the  terror  of  the  French 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII.  His  name 
became  proverbial  in  France,  but  got 
corrupted  into  De-Vert. 

Weigh  Anchor.  Be  off,  get  you 
gone.  To  weigh  anchor  is  to  lift  it  from 
its  moorings,  so  that  the  ship  may  start 
on  her  voyage.  As  soon  as  this  is  done 
the  ship  is  under-tceigh—i.e.,  in  move- 
ment.    (Saxon,  wagan,  to  lift  up,  carry.) 

"  Get  off  with  you  ;  come,  come!  weigh  anchor."— 
Sir  ll'uUer  .bco((,  "  The  AntUjitari/." 

Weir  {Major).  A  favourite  baboon 
of  Sir  Robert  Redgauntlet.  Sir  Robert's 
piper  went  to  the  infernal  regions  to 
obtain  the  knight's  receipt  of  rent,  which 
had  been  paid,  hut  no  receipt  could  be 
found.  The  knight  told  the  piper  that 
his  favourite  baboon  had  carried  it  off 
and  secreted  it  in  the  castle  turret.— .Sir 
Waller  Scott,  "Redgauntlet." 

Weissniehtw^o  {vice-neecJtt-vd).  I 
k:iow  not  where  ;  Utopia  ;  Kennaquhair  ; 
an  imaginary  place  in  Carlyle's  "Sartor 
Resartus."     {See  UTOPIA.) 

Welch  Main.  S-irae  as  a  "  Battle 
Eoyal."     (ifee  B.vTTLE.) 

Welch'er.  One  who  lays  a  bet,  but 
absconds  if  he  loses.  It  means  a  Welch- 
man,  and  is  based  upon  the  nursery 
rhyme,  "Taffy  was  a  Welshman,  Taffy 
was  a  thief." 

Well.  Dan.  Chaucer,  well  of  Englixh 
undi filed.  So  Geoffrey  Chaucer  is  spoken 
of  by  Spenser  in  the  "Faery  Queen,"  iv.  2. 

(1328-1400.) 

Well  of  St.  Keyne  {Cornwall).  The 
reputed  virtue  of  this  well  is  that  which- 
ever of  a  married  pair  first  drinks  it« 
waters  will  be  the  paramount  power  of 
the  house.  Southey  has  a  baUad  on  the 
subject. 

Well  of  Samaria,  now  called 
Nabltis,  is  seventy-five  feet  deep. 

Well  of  Wisdom.  This  was  the 
well  under  the  protection  of  the  god  Mi- 
mir  {q.v.).  Odin,  by  drinking  thereof, 
became  the  wisest  of  all  beings.— -Stwid*- 
navian  mythology. 

Well-beloved.  Charles  VI.  of 
France,  le  Bien-aime.     (1368,  1380-1422.) 

Well-founded  Doctor.  iEgid'ius 
de  Columua.    (*-1316.) 


WELLER. 


WESTMORELAND. 


949 


Weller  (-^m).  Pickwick's  factotum. 
His  wit,  fidelity,  archness,  and  wido- 
awakedness  are  inimitable.  —  Dickens, 
"  I'icl-u-irk  Papers." 

Tony  Weller.  Fatber  of  Sam,  Type 
of  tlie  old  stage-coach-man  ;  portly  in 
size,  and  dressed  in  a  broad-brimmed 
hat,  great-coat  of  many  capes,  and  top- 
boots.  His  stage-coach  was  his  castle, 
and  elsewhere  ho  was  as  green  as  a  sailor 
on  terra  firma. — Dickens,  "  Pickioick 
PajWS." 

Wellington.  A  rlhnr  Welle-ilei/,  duke 
of  W'vllihijtoii,  called  "The  Iron  Duke," 
from  his  iron  constitution  and  iron  will, 
(17t;9-lS.52.) 

Weilinrjlon's  horse,  Copenhagen.  (Died 
at  the  ajro  of  twenty-seven. ) 

Le  WellingtoR  des  Joaairs.  Lord 
Rivers  was  so  called  in  Paris. 

Le  Wflliiiffton  deg  Joueurs  lost  £23.i)00  at  «  sit'ini! 
brijiDiiiug  at  twelve  at  uiulit  and  eixliOK  ai  Kevea  the 
ful  owiug  woTlXiSii.—  Kiliitliur[ih  lUvieu)  (July.  l!i44j. 

Wells  {Somenelshire).  So  called 
from  St.  Andrew's  Well. 

Weno'nah.  Mother  of  Iliawa'h'a. 
Her  lover  Mudjekee'wis,  the  west  win<l, 
proved  false,  and  Wenonah  died.— Long- 
filluip,  "■  JI idwiUka." 

Werner  alias  KruiUTier,  alias  Count 
Sif'/fiidurf.  Ueing  driven  from  the  do- 
minion of  his  father,  he  wandered  about 
as  a  bepgar  for  twelve  years.  Count 
Stral'enheim,  being  the  next  heir,  hunted 
liim  from  place  to  place.  At  length 
Strarcnheim,  travelling  through  Silesia, 
was  rescued  from  the  ()(Ier  by  Ulric,  ami 
lotlged  in  an  old  palace  where  Werner 
had  been  lodging  for  some  few  days. 
Werner  robbed  Straletiheim  of  a  rouleau 
of  gold,  but  scarcely  ha<l  he  done  so  when 
he  recognised  in  Ulric  his  lost  son,  and 
chid  him  for  siiving  the  count.  Ulric 
murdered  Stral'enhoim,  and  provided  for 
his  father's  escape  to  Siegendorf  castle, 
near  Prague.  Werner  recovered  his  do- 
minion, but  found  that  his  son  was  a 
murderer,  and  imatcination  is  left  to  fill 
up  the  future  fate  of  both  father  and 
•on. — IJt/ron,  "'iVerner." 

Wer'ther.  The  sentimental  hero  of 
Proctho's  romance  called  "  The  Sorrows 
of  Worther." 

Werwolf  or  Were- Wolf  (French, 
lou/}-i;<irou).  A  bogie  who  roams  about 
devoiirinif    infants,     Bomotimos     under 


the  form  of  a  wolf  followed  by  dogs, 
sometimes  as  a  white  dog,  sometimes  as 
a  black  goat,  and  occasionally  in  an  in- 
visible form.  Its  skin  is  bullet-proof, 
unless  the  bullet  has  been  blessed  in  a 
chapel  dedicated  to  St.  Hubert.  This 
superstition  was  once  common  to  almost 
all  Europe,  and  still  lingers  in  Brittany, 
Limousin,  and  Auvergne.  In  the  fif- 
teenth century  a  council  of  theologians, 
convoked  by  the  emperor  Sigismund, 
gravelj'  decided  that  the  loup-garou  was 
a  reality.  It  is  somewhat  curious  that 
we  say  a  "  bug-bear,"  and  the  French  a 
"bug-wolf."  ("Wer-wolf"  is  Anglo- 
Saxon  tcer,  a  man,  and  wolf —a  man  in  the 
semblance  of  a  wolf.  "  Garou"  is  either 
we7--ou  or  war-ou,  as  in  "warlock;" 
ou  is  probably  a  corruption  of  ore,  an 
ogre.) 

*»*  Ovid  tells  the  story  of  Lycaon, 
king  of  Arcadia,  turned  into  a  wolf, 
because  he  tested  the  divinity  of  Jupiter 
by  serving  up  to  him  a  "  hash  of  human 
flesh.  " 

Herodotos  describes  the  Neuri  as  sor- 
cerers, who  had  the  power  of  assuming 
once  a  year  the  shape  of  wolves. 

Pliny  relates  that  one  of  the  family  of 
Antteus  was  chosen  annually,  by  lot,  to 
be  transformed  into  a  wolf,  in  which 
shape  he  continued  for  nine  years. 

St.  Patrick,  we  are  toM,  converted 
Vereticus  king  of  Wales  into  a  wolf. 

Wesleyan,  A  follower  of  John 
Wesley ;  a  Methodist  of  the  Wesleyan 
section. 

Wessex,  or  YVest  Suxon  Kinijilom, 
included  Hants,  Dorset,  Wilts,  Somerset, 
Surrey,  Gloucestershire,  and  Bucks. 

We.stern  (.\tiss  S<yphi'a).  The  lady- 
love  of  Tom  i ones.— Fielding,  "  Tom 
Joy.es." 

Squire  Western.  A  jovial  fox-hunting 
cotmtry  gentleman  of  the  olden  times. — 
Fitlding,  "  Tom  Jones." 

Westmoreland  {Land  of  t/ie  West 
J/oo)-i).  Geoffrey  of  NIonmouth  says  (iv. 
17)  th.at  Mar  or  M:i'rius,  son  of  Arvira 
gus,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Brutua 
the  Trojan  wanderer,  killed  Roriric,  a 
Pict,  and  set  up  a  monument  of  his  vic- 
tory in  a  place  which  ho  called  "  West- 
mar-laud,"  and  the  chronicler  adds  that 
the  "  inscription  of  this  stone  remains  tc 
this  day."     (Saxon,  W(stt)ioring-la?id.) 


960 


WETIIERELL. 


WHIG. 


Wcthercll  (FH-nhelh).  A  pseudo- 
nym adojjted  by  Miss  Susan  Warner,  an 
Aiiioricau  writer,  author  of  "  The  Wide, 
Wide  World,"  and  other  works. 

Weyd-monat.  The  Anyflo-Saxon 
name  for  Juno,  "  because  the  beasts  did 
tliou  icei/d  in  the  meadow,  that  is  to  say, 
go  and  food  there." —  Verttegan. 

Wf.  A  printer's  mark  to  indicate 
that  tlie  letter  marked  is  correct  but  of 
the  wrong  type.  W  means  "wrong," 
and/ "font,"    (^««  Font.) 

Whale.  Very  like  a  whale.  Very 
much  like  a  cock-and-bull  story ;  a 
fxuige.  Hamlet  ohatfs  Polo'nius  by  com- 
paring a  cloud  to  a  camel,  and  then  to  a 
weasel,  and  when  the  courtier  assents 
Hamlet  adds,  "  Or  like  a  whale ;"  to 
which  Polonius  answers,  "Very  like  a 
whale"  (iii.  2). 

Whalebone  (2  syl.).  White  as 
wha/ebnne.  Our  forefathers  seemed  to 
confuse  the  walrus  with  the  whale  ;  ivory 
w.as  made  from  the  teeth  of  the  walrus, 
and  "  white  as  whalebone"  is  really  a 
blunder  for  "white  as  walrus-bone." 

WTiarncliffe(2  8yl.V  A  WhamcUffe 
meeting  is  a  meeting  of  the  shareholders 
of  a  railway  company,  called  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  their  assent  to  a  bill 
m  I'arliament  bearing  on  the  company's 
railway  ;  so  called  from  lord  Wharu- 
cliffo,  its  originator. 

Wharton.      Philip   Wharton,  duke 

of  Nortkumhefland,  described  by  Pope 

in   the    "  Moral    Essays,"   in   the  lines 
beginning — 

Wharton,  the  icorii  and  wonder  of  our  days. 
A  most  brilliant  orator,  but  so  licen- 
tious that  he  wasted  his  patrimony  in 
drunkenness  and  self-indulgence.  He 
was  outlawed  for  treason,  and  died  in  a 
wretched  condition  at  a  Bernardino  con- 
vent in  Catalonia.    (1(!9S1731.) 


What  we  Gave  we  Have,  What 


Family." 

This  is  a  free  translation  of  Martial's 
distich — 

Extra  fortnnam  est  qu'dquid  donatur  tmioU 
Quas  deJiris,  sohis  semper  habchU  ope*. 

Whately,    archbishop    of    Dublin. 


nicknamed  a!  Oxford  "  The  White 
Bear,"  for  the  nide,  unceremonious  way 
in  which  he  would  trample  upon  an  ad- 
versary in  argument.     (1787-18G3.) 

Wheal  or  Iluel  means  a  tin-mine 
{Cormcall). 

Wheel.  Emblematical  of  St.  Catha- 
rine, who  was  put  to  death  on  a  wheel 
somewhat  resembling  a  chaff-cutter. 

St.  Dona'tus  bears  a  wheel  set  round 
with  litrhts. 

St.  Euphe'mia  and  St.  Willigis  both 
carry  wheels. 

St.  Quintin  is  sometimes  representod 
with  a  broken  wheel  at  his  feet. 

WTielps.  Fifthrato  men  of  war. 
Thus,  in  lIowcU's  letters  we  read,  "At 
the  return  of  this  fleet  two  of  the  whelpt 
were  cast  away  ;"  and  in  the  Travels  of 
Sir  W.  Brereton  we  read,  "  I  went  aboard 
one  of  the  king's  ships,  called  the  nmth 

wkelp,  which  is 215  ton  and 

tonnage  in  king's  books."  In  queen 
Elizabeth's  navy  was  a  ship  called  Lioa't 
Wlulp,  and  her  navy  was  distinguished 
as  first,  second  .  .  .  tenth  w/ulp. 

WTietstone.    (See  Accius  Navius.) 

Whig  is  from  Whiggam-more,  a  cor- 
ruption of  Ughani-more  (pack-sadiUe 
thieves),  from  the  Celtic  vgham  (a  pack- 
saddle).  The  Scotch  freebooters  were 
called  pack-saddle  thieves,  from  the 
pack-saddles  which  thej  used  to  employ 
for  the  stow.age  of  plunder.  The  mar- 
quis of  Argylo  collected  a  band  of  these 
vagabonds,  and  instigated  them  to  aid 
him  in  opposing  certain  government 
measures  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  and 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  all  who  op- 
posed  government  were  called  the  ^4  rgt/le 
iohi<igamors,  contracted  into  whigs.  {dee 
Tory.) 

The  south  west  count'ei  of  Scotland  have  seldom 
corn  enough  to  serve  them  all  the  year  round,  and 
tlie  northern  pans  proiliicin^  oiure  tbin  they  usei, 
ViMjsein  ihe  west  weni  in  sunnier  to  'uy  ai  Leith 
the  stores  that  came  from  ilie  north.  From  the  word 
ulng.jnm,  used  ill  driving  their  hor.-e«,  all  that  drove 
were  called  the  tchi'jgatnors,  con'ruclet  int^  uhi^u 
Now  in  ilie  year  before  the  news  came  down  of  duke 
Hamilton's  detea;,  ti.e  minislera  animated  the  r 
people  to  rise  and  march  to  Edinburgh;  and  they 
came  up.  marching  im  the  head  of  their  panahes. 
with  an  unheard-of  fury,  praying  and  preaching  all 
the  way  as  they  came.  The  marquis  of  Argyle  »n\ 
his  party  came  find  hfadtd  ihem,  they  being  about 
fl.i'du.  This  was  called  the  "  Wh'Kvamors' Innad;" 
and  ever  afier  th  .t.  all  who  opposed  ilie  court  came 
in  contempt  to  be  called  uhigs.  From  Scotland  the 
word  was  hrouRht  into  EnVland,  where  it  it  now 
one  of  our  unh:ippy  terms  of  diimuoa.— Bis'wp 
Uurnet, "  Own  TinieiT 


W'HIGISM. 


wniTB. 


951 


Whig'ism.  Tho  politic*)  t«neta  of 
the  whig?!,  which  may  be  broadly  stated 
to  be  political  and  religious  liberty. 
Certainly  bishop  Burnet's  assertion  that 
they  are  "  opposed  to  the  court"  may  or 
may  not  be  true.  In  the  reigns  of 
Charles  II.  and  his  brother  James,  no 
doubt  they  were  opposed  to  the  court, 
but  it  was  far  otherwise  in  the  reign  of 
William  III.,  George  I.,  &c.,  when  the 
iories  wore  the  anti-court  party. 

Whip.  lie  uhipp^d  round  ike  comer 
—  ran  round  it  quickly.  (Dutch,  wippen; 
Welsh,  i/'wipteio,  to  whip  ;  chwip,  a  quick 
9irt,  a  tlip. 

Jle  whipped  il  up  in,  a  ininute.  The 
allusion  is  the  hoisting  machine  called 
a  whip— i.e.,  a  rope  passed  through  a 
single  block  or  pulley,  and  attached  to 
the  yard-arm. 

Wliip'pera-in  (of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons). Those  who  hunt  up  the  mem- 
bers on  special  votes.  In  fox-hunting 
the  whippors-in  urge  on  the  lagging 
hounds. 

Whipping  Boy.  A  boy  kept  to 
be  wlii|i|)iMl  when  a  prince  deserved 
chastisement.  iluneo  Murray  stood 
for  Charles  I.,  Rarnaby  Fitzpatrick  for 
Edward  VI.  (Fuller,  "Cliurch  Ilistorv," 
ii.  342).  D'Ossat  and  Du  PerrJm, 
afterwards  cardinals,  were  whipped  by 
Clement  VIII.  for  llenii  IV.  of 
France. 

Whislters.  A  security  for  money. 
John  de  Castro  of  Portujjal,  having  cap- 
tured tho  castlo  of  Diu,  in  India,  bor- 
rowed of  the  inhabitants  of  Goa  1,000 
piHtolos  for  the  maintenance  of  his  fleet, 
and  gave  one  of  his  whiskers  as  security 
of  payment,  saying,  "All  the  gold  in 
the  world  cannot  equal  tho  value  of  this 
natural  on:ament,  which  I  deposit  in 
your  tinncis." 

WhisTcy.  Contracted  from  the 
Gaelic  ooflit-'fi-pai  (water  of  health). 
ITsqnebangh,  Irish  vi.ir;e-'a-ia;i/i  (water  of 
life);  eau  dr  n>.  French  (water  of  life). 

L.ti.  whisky  is  Lord  Lieutenant  whis- 
ky. Tho  duko  of  Hiehmoud,  who  wag 
lord  lieutenant  in  1807,  was  a  great  hu- 
morist and  bon  nntut.  One  day  he 
sent  to  Kinahan  and  Co.  for  samples  of 
tlieir  whisky,  fttid  having  made  his 
choice  requcHied  that  tho  vat  fcliMuld  be 
reserved  for  his  use.  Accordingly  it  was 
marked  with  L.L.  (lord  lioutonaut),  and 


the  same  quality  of  whisky  has  erer 
since  retainad  the  name. 

Whist.  Cotton  says  that "  the  game 
is  so  called  from  the  silence  that  is  to  be 
observed  in  the  play."  Dr.  Johnson  has 
adopted  this  derivation,  l)ut  Taylor  the 
Water-poet  called  the  game  \Vhisi,  to 
the  great  discomfiture  of  this  etjrmology. 

Whistle,  i'oii  may  whistle  for  thai. 
You  must  not  expect  it  The  reference 
is  to  sailors'  whistling  for  the  wind. 
"  They  call  the  winds,  but  will  thoy 
come  when  they  are  called?" 

Only  a  little  hour  a^o 

I  wa»  wh  ftlitig  »o  St.  Antonio 

For  a  capful  of  win!  to  till  onr  »ftfl. 

And  iiuteid  of  ■\  brenr  he  has  9«nt  a  gale. 

LoiifUlloU!,  "  Uoliien  Lfgend,"  f. 

Woi-th  the  whistle.  Worth  calling ; 
worth  inviting ;  worth  notice.  The  dog 
is  worth  the  pains  of  whistling  for.  Thus 
Hcywood,  in  one  of  his  dialogues  con- 
sisting entirely  of  proverbs,  says,  "  It  is 
a  poor  dog  that  is  not  worth  the  whist- 
ling."    Goneril  says  to  AU)any — 

I  have  been  worth  the  whistle. 

ahfiktspcare,  **  Kmi/  Lear^  1y.  J. 

You  must  whistle  for  more.  In  the  old 
whistle-tankards,  the  whistle  comes  into 
play  when  the  tankard  is  empty,  to  an- 
nounce to  the  drawer  that  more  liquor  is 
wanted.  Hence  the  e.xpressiou,  if  a  per- 
son wants  liquor  )i4  must  whiille  for  it. 

You  paid  too  dearly  for  your  whistle. 
You  paid  dearly  for  something  you  fan- 
cied, but  found  that  it  did  not  answer 
your  expectation.  The  allusion  is  to  a 
story  told  by  Dr.  Franklin  of  his  no[)hew, 
who  set  his  mind  on  a  common  whistle, 
which  he  bought  of  a  boy  for  four  times 
its  value.  Franklin  says  the  ambitious 
who  dance  attemlance  on  court,  the 
miser  who  gives  this  world  and  the  next 
for  gold,  the  libertine  who  ruins  his 
health  for  plca.<;uro,  the  girl  who  marri«s 
a  brute  for  money,  all  pay  "  too  much 
for  their  whistle." 

To  wet  one's  whistle.  To  take  a  drink. 
Wiii.stie  means  a  pipe  ([..atin,  fistula; 
Saxon,  hwistle),  hence  the  wincl-pipe. 

So  VM  birjolr  wbiilal  ctiII  ywet. 

tVi.iW.  f,  •■C'u...'tr6uri/  Talet.' 

Whistle  for  tho  Wind.    (Set  Cap- 

ruM..) 

\Vhal  fcalea  are  toM  on  I.aplaiiil'i  shore  t 
Uuw  whikile  rndi  bidi  lemp<  •'«  r-ar  I 

6ir  Waltrr  SnM,  "Koitlv,"  li.  11. 

White  donotos  purity,  simplicity,  and 
camiour;  innocence,  truth,  and  hope. 
The    ancient    Druida,  tho  priesta    of 


952        WHITE  BRETIIREM. 


WIIITE    LADIES. 


Jupiter,  and  indeed  the  priests  generally 
of  antiquity,  used  to  wear  white  vest- 
ments, as  do  the  clergy  of  the  Established 
Church  of  England  when  they  officiate 
in  any  sacred  service.  The  magi  also 
wore  white  robes. 

The  head  of  Osiris,  in  Egypt,  was 
adorned  with  a  white  tiara. 

The  victims  offered  to  Jupiter  were 
white ;  white  horses  were  sacrificed  to 
the  sun,  white  oxen  were  selected  for 
sacrifice  by  the  Dniids,  and  white  ele- 
phants are  held  sacred  in  Siam. 

H  To  prove  Hack's  white.  To  prove 
anything,  no  matter  how  absurd.  The 
original  meaning  cf  black  was  white  or 
wan,  preserved  in  the  word  blench.  Wan 
is  the  same  as  want,  and  means  deficient 
iu  colour  ;  and  this  synonym  gives  the 
key  to  the  word  black  as  a  negative 
term.  (Saxon,  bloc,  pale,  white ;  Swedish, 
blek,  bleached;  Danish,  hleg,  pale;  Greek, 
blax,  pale,  delicate.) 

*»*  Similarly,  good  may  be  proved  to  be 
had,  and  hut  to  be  cold,  thus; — Bad  =  S«/, 
Gothic  for  good,  whence  our  bet-ter. 
And  cald[us]  is  Latin  for  hot,  our  calid. 
If  bat  =  bad,  cald  =  cold. 

^  Knight  of  the  White  Moon.  Sampson 
Carrasco  assumed  this  character  and 
device,  in  order  to  induce  Don  Quixote 
to  abandon  knight-errantr3'-,  and  return 
home.  ^I'he  don  being  worsted,  returned 
home,  lingered  a  little  while,  and  died. — 
Ccvant'Js,  '^  Don  Quixote,"  pt.  II.,  bk.  iv. 
12,  &c. 

White  Brethren  or  \Vlute-clad 
B)  ethren.  A  sect  in  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  Mosheim  says  (bk.  ii., 
p.  2,  ch.  5)  a  certain  priest  came  from 
the  Alps,  clad  iu  white,  with  an  immense 
concourse  of  followers  all  dressed  in 
white  linen  also.  They  marched  through 
several  provinces,  following  a  cross 
borne  by  their  leader.  Boniface  X.  or- 
dered their  leader  to  be  burnt,  and  the 
multitude  dispersed. 

White  Caps.  A  rebellious  party  of 
loalous  Mahometans,  put  down  by  Kien- 
long,  the  Chinese  emperor,  in  1758. 

White  Cockade.  The  badge  worn 
by  the  followers  of  Charles  Edward,  the 
Pretender. 

"Wliite  Elephant.  King  of  the 
While  Elephant.  The  proudest  title 
borne  by  the  kings  of  Ava  and  Siam. 
In   Ate   the   w'ute  elephant  bears  the 


title  of  "lord,"  and  has  a  minister  of 
high  rank  to  superintend  his  household. 
To  have  a  white  ttlephant  to  keep.  To 
have  an  expensive  and  unprofitable  dig  • 
nity  to  support,  or  pet  article  to  take 
care  of.  For  example,  a  person  moving 
is  determined  to  keep  a  pet  carj)et,  and 
therefore  hires  his  house  to  fit  his  carpet. 
The  king  of  Siam  makes  a  present  of  a 
white  elephant  to  such  of  his  courtienj  as 
he  wishes  to  ruin. 

White  Feather.  To  sJioiv  the  white 
feather.  To  show  cowardice.  No  game- 
cock has  a  white  feathar.  A  white  fea- 
ther indicates  a  cross-breed  in  birds. 

Showing  the  white  feather.  Some  years 
ago  a  bloody  war  was  raging  between 
the  Indians  and  settlers  of  the  back- 
woods of  North  America.  A  Quaker, 
who  refused  to  fly,  saw  one  day  a  horde 
of  savages  rushing  down  towards  his 
house.  He  set  food  before  them,  and 
when  they  had  eaten  the  chief  fastened 
a  white  feather  over  the  door  as  a  badge 
of  friendship  and  peace.  Though  many 
bands  passed  that  house,  none  erver  vio- 
lated the  covenant  by  injuring  its  in- 
mates or  property. 

White  Friars.  The  Carmelites ;  bo 
called  because  they  dressed  in  white. 

Whitefnars,  London;  so  called  from 
a  monastery  of  White  Friars  which  for- 
merly stood  in  Water  Lane. 

Whitefriars.  A  novel,  by  Emma 
Robinson. 

White  Horse  of  Wantage  {Berk- 
shire), cut  in  the  chalk  hills.  This  horse 
commemorates  a  gveat  victory  gained  by 
Alfred  over  the  Danes,  in  the  reign  of 
his  brother  Ethelred  I.  The  battle  is 
called  the  battle  of  ^Escesdun  (Ash tree- 
hill).  The  horse  is  37i  feet  long,  and 
may  be  seen  at  the  distance  of  fifteen 
miles. — Dr.  Wise. 

An  annual  ceremony  was  once  held, 
oalled  "  Scouring  the  ^Vhite  Horse." 

White  House.  The  presidential 
mansion  in  the  United  States.  It  is  a 
building  of  freestone,  painted  white,  at 
Washington.     {See  Whitehall.) 

W  hite  Ladies  (Les  Dames  Blanches). 
A  species  of  fee  in  Normandy.  They 
lurk  iu  ravines,  fords,  bridges,  and  other 
narrow  passes,  and  ask  the  passenger  to 
dance.  If  they  receive  a  courteous  an- 
swer, well ;  but  if  a  refusal,  they  seize 
the  churl  aod  fling  him  into  a  ditch, 


I 


WHITE  ROSE. 


WHITEBAIT  DINNER.        903 


where  thorns  and  briars  may  servo  to 
teach  him  gontlt^ness  of  manners.  The 
most  famous  of  these  ladies  is  "  La  damo 
d'Apritrny,"  who  used  to  occupy  the  site 
of  tlie  present  Kue  St.  Quentin,  at 
Bayeux,  and  "  La  damo  Abonde."  "  Vo- 
cant  dom'inam  Ahun'dmm.  pro  eo  quod 
dom'ibus,quas  frequent;int,  ahundan'tiam 
bono'rum  tempora'lium  prasta're  putan- 
tur  non  al'iter  tibi  scnticnrlum  est  nequfi 
al'iterquam  quemad'modum  doillisaudi- 
visti." —  William,  of  Aii'^ergne  (124S). 
(Ste  Beuchta.) 

One  kind  of  tlK-ne  the  Italians  Fat  •  n«m»  : 
The  l"r?ii'-li  call  /•<•< ;  we  .<i/liilM  ;  anJ  ilic  sim'^ 
t>ii;riii  WhiU  Otnntt.  tuii  Mmiv  tiiat  tliem  I. are  seeu 
A  iuU  L<ioust  tame,  01  which  Ilahmidiis  queea. 
■'JlierurcliU,''  Tin.,  p.  507. 

White  Im'Ii/  of  Gorman  le<:eud.  A 
being  dr«-sspfi  in  white,  who  appears  at 
the  rastle  of  Gerninn  princes  to  forebode 
«.  death.  She  last  appeared,  it  is  said,  in 
\>^7'J.  just  prior  to  tlie  death  of  prince 
Waldemar.  She  carries  a  bunch  of  keys 
at  her  side,  and  is  always  dressed  in. 
white.  The  first  instance  of  this  appari- 
tion occurred  in  tlio  sixteenth  century, 
nnd  the  name  given  to  the  lady  is  Bcrtlia 
von  llosenlx>rg  (in  liolieniia). 

The  WhiU  Liidi/.  The  legrend  says 
that  Bertha  promised  the  workmen  of 
Neuhavis  a  sweet  soup  and  carj)  on  the 
completion  of  the  castle.  In  remem- 
brance thereof,  these  dainties  are  given 
to  the  poor  of  nolicniia  on  Maundy 
Thnrsday,  but  have  b'-.-n  discontinued. 

The  most  celebrated  in  Britain  is  the 
White  L'ldv  of  AveneC,  the  creation  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott. 

'J fie  White  Lady  of  Ireland.  Tne 
Bonshie  (q.v.). 

White  Rose.  The  House  of  York, 
whose  emblem  it  wa.s. 

While  Itoxf  of  Enqland,  So  Perkin 
Warbeck  or  Osbeck  was  always  addressed 
bv  .Mnrgari'l  of  I'.urguiidv,  bister  of  Ed 
ward  IV.    c-h:*:*.) 

The  White  Rote  of  Rah;/.  Cecily,  wife 
of  Bicliaril  duke  of  York,  and  mother  of 
K.ilward  IV.  and  Kichanj  III.  She  waa 
the  youngest  of  twenty-one  children. 

"White  Sheep  (Ai-lnin-lm).  A  tribe 
of  'I'trkoinans,  so  called  from  their 
itan'lardH.  The  .Sophive'an  dynasty  of 
I'ersia  was  founded  by  one  of  tliis  tribe. 

Wliite  Squall.  One  which  pro- 
duces  no  diminution  of  Ijirht,  in  contra- 
distinction to  a  hlitct  squall,  in  which  the 
clouds  are  black  and  heavy. 


White  Stone.  Days  marked  v>ilh  a 
white  stone.  JJays  of  pleasure;  days  to 
be  remembered  with  gratification.  Tbo 
Romans  used  a  wiiite  stone  or  piece  of 
chalk  to  mark  their  lucky  days  with  on 
the  calendar.  Those  that  were  unlucky 
they  marked  with  black  charcoal.  {See 
Ri';u.r,KTTEu  Day.) 

White  Surrey.  Tlio  horse  of  Rich- 
ard III. 

Ssdde  White  Surrey  f  )r  'he  field. 

White  Tinctiire.  That  prepara- 
tion which  the  alchemists  believed  would 
convert  any  ba.sor  moral  into  silver.  It 
is  also  called  the  Stone  of  the  Second 
Order,  the  Little  Elixir,  and  the  Little 
Magistorinra.     {See  Kkd  Tinxture.) 

White  Water-lot  us  {Pe-Uen-kaou). 
A  secret  society  which  greatly  disturbed 
the  empire  of  China  in  the  rcij^n  of  Kea- 
King.    (1796-1820.) 

White  Widow.  The  duchess  of 
Tyreonnel,  wife  of  Richard  Talbot,  lord- 
deputy  of  Ireland  under  James  II., 
created  duke  of  Tyreonnel  a  little  bef-^re 
the  king's  abdication.  After  the  death 
of  Talbot,  a  female,  supposed  to  be  his 
duchess,  supported  her.self  for  a  few 
days  by  her  needle.  She  wore  a  white 
mask  and  dressed  in  white. — Pennant, 
"London,"  p.  147. 

Whitebait  Dinner.  The  minis- 
tei'ial  dinner  that  announces  the  near 
close  of  the  parli.imentary  session.  Sir 
Robert  Preston,  M.P.  for  Dover,  first  in- 
vited his  friend  George  Rose  (secretary 
of  the  Treasury)  and  an  elder  brother  of 
the  Trinity  House  to  dine  with  him  at 
his  fishing  cottage,  on  the  banks  of 
Dagenham  lake.  This  was  at  the  close 
of  the  session.  Rose  on  one  occasion 
proposed  that  Mr.  Pitt,  their  mutual 
friend,  should  be  asked  to  join  them  ; 
viiis  was  done,  and  Pitt  promised  to  re- 
peat his  visit  the  year  following,  when 
other  members  swelled  tlio  p;irty.  This 
» ent  on  for  several  years,  when  Pitt 
suggested  that  tho  muster  should  bo  in 
future  nearer  town,  and  Greenwich  w.-m 
selected.  Lord  Camden  next  adviseil 
th.at  each  roan  should  pay  his  quota. 
'i'lie  dini»r  became  an  annual  feast,  and 
is  now  a  matter  of  course.  The  time  of 
meeting  is  Trinity  Monday,  or  as  near 
Trinity  Monday  as  circumstances  will 
allow,  and  therefore  is  near  the  close  of 
the  session. 


9b% 


WHITEbOYS. 


WIDOW  BIRD. 


wmteboys.  A  secret  acrarian  asso- 
ciation or^-aniscd  in  Ireland  about  the 
year  l?;''^  ;  so  called  Vjocaiise  they  wore 
wliito  sljirts  in  their  nitrlitly  expeditions. 
In  1787  a  new  as3ociati(jn  appeared,  the 
niemlicr.s  of  which  callod  themselves 
"  Ivirrht-boys."  The  Whiteboys  were 
orig-iiially  called  "  Levellers,"  from  their 
throwing  down  fences  and  levelling  en- 
closures.    (5e«  Levei.LKRs.) 

Whitehall  (London)  obtained  its 
name  from  the  white  and  fre.sh  appear- 
ance of  the  front,  compared  with  the 
ancient  buildings  in  York  Place. — Bray- 
lei),  " Londoniana."   (Set  White  House.) 

Wliitewashed.  Said  of  a  person 
who  has  taken  the  benefit  of  the  Insol- 
vent Act.  He  went  to  prison  covered 
with  debts  and  soiled  with  "  dirty  ways ;" 
he  comes  out  with  a  clean  bill  to  begin 
the  contest  of  life  afresh. 

Whitsunday.  White  Sunday.  In 
the  primitive  church,  the  newly-baptised 
wore  white  from  Easter  to  Pentecost,  and 
were  called  alba'ti  (white-robed).  The 
last  of  the  Sundays,  which  was  also  the 
chief  festival,  was  called  emphatically 
Domin'ica  in  Albis  (Sunday  in  WhiteJ. 

Another  etymology  is  Wit  or  \Vi:<dom 
Sunday,  the  day  when  the  Apostles 
were  filled  with  wisdom  by  the  H"Iy 
Ghost. 

This  day  Wit-«onday  is  cald. 
For  wisdom  and  ^rit  serene  faM. 
Was  roueii  to  thea]iostles  a.-i  this  day. 

Cam'jr.  Vnicer.  ilSS..  l)d.  i.  1,  ji.  :S1, 

Whittle  Down.  To  cut  away  with 
a  knife  or  whittle ;  to  reduce ;  to  en- 
croach. In  Cumberland,  underpaid 
schoolmasters  are  allowed  Wldttle-gail — 
i.t.,  the  privilege  of  knife  and  fork  at 
the  table  of  those  who  employ  them. 

The  Americans  "whittled  down  the 
royal  throne  ;"  "  whittled  out  a  common- 
wealth;" "whittle  down  the  forest 
trees;"  "whittle  out  a  railroad;" 
"whittle  down  to  the  thin  end  of  no- 
thing."    (Saxon,  hoytd,  a  large  knife.) 

We  hay?  whittle-l  down  cur  loss  exireniely.  ari 
will  rot  allow  a  mao  more  than  3;o  English  slain 
out  of  4,0uu.—  n'alpAt. 

Whole  Duty  of  Man.  Teuison, 
bishop  of  Liuooin,  says  the  author  was 
Dr.  Chaplin,  of  University  College,  Ox- 
ford.— Evelyn,  '■'' Diary." 

Thomas  Heame  ascribes  the  author- 
ship to  archbishop  Sancroft. 

Some  think  Dr.  Hawkins,  who  wroto 
the  iatroduction,  was  the  author. 


The  following  names  have  also  been 
BugfTf^sted  :  — Lady  Packington  (assisted 
by  Dr.  Fell),  archbishop  Sterne,  arch- 
bishop Woodhead,  William  Fulman, 
archbishop  Frewen  (president  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford),  and  others. 

Whom  the  Gods  Love  Die 
Young  (Herodotos).  Cited  in  "Don 
Juan,"  canto  iv.  12  (death  of  Ilaideo). 

Wicked  (2  8yl.),  in  connection  with 
toick,  like  the  French  mechant  with 
miclie.  This  seems  to  be  an  ecclesia-s- 
tical  allusion.  The  good  are  "  the  lights 
of  the  earth,"  the  evil  are  smouldering 
wicks.'  Wo  read  two  or  three  times  in 
the  Bible  that  the  "  candle  of  the  wicked 
shall  be  put  out."  (French,  meeker,  to 
smoke  with  brimstone.  "  Wick"  is  the 
Saxon  ireoce,  a  reed.  Set  Ps.  i. ;  compart 
Isa.  slii.  '6.) 

Wicked  Bible.    (-See  Bible.) 

Wicket-gate.  The  entrance  to  the 
road  that  leadoth  to  the  Celestial  City. 
Over  the  portal  is  the  inscription  — 
"Knock,  and  it  shall  be  opened  unto 
TOU." — Bumjan,  "Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Wicliffe  {John),  called  "  The  morn- 
in":  star  of  the  Reformation."  (1324- 
1334.) 

Wide'n03trils  (3syl.;  French,  Brin- 
guenarilles).    A  huge  giant,  who  subsisted 
on  windmills,  and  lived  in  the  island  of 
Tohn.      When  Pantagmel  and  his  fleet 
reached    this    island,  no  food  could   be    ' 
cooked  because  Widenostrils  had   swal-    | 
lowed    "every   individual    pan,    skillet,    | 
kettle,  frying-pan,  dripping-pan,  boiler,     ', 
and   saucepan    in   the   land,"  and   died 
from   eating  a  lump  of    butter.     Tohu    ; 
and   Bohu,    two   contiguous   islands   (in    ' 
Hebrew,  toil  and  confusion),  mean  landa    ( 
laid  waste  by  war.     The  giant  had  eaten    ■ 
everything,  so  that  there  "  was  nothing 
to  fry  vrith,"  as  the   French   say — i.e.,    ; 
nothing  left  to  live  upon. 

Widow  (in  "Hudibras").  The  relict  ' 
of  Aminidab  Wilmer  or  Willmot,  an  In-  ; 
dependent,  slain  at  Eds-ehill.  She  had  ' 
£200  left  her.  Sir  Hudibras  fell  in  love  ' 
with  her. 

Widow  Bird,  a  corruption  of  Why- 
daw  Bird ;    so  called  from  the  country    ' 
of  Whydaw   in   Western  Africa.      The   , 
blunder  is  perpetuated  in  the  scientific 
name  given  to  the  genus,  which  is  the 
Latin  Vu.i'Ha,  a  widow- 


WIDOW  BLACKACRE. 


WILD. 


956 


i      Widow  Blackacre.    A  perverse, 
bustliug,    niasculiiio,    pettifop:tring,    liti- 
;  giona  woman. —  W'ycherle^,    "  T/u  Plain 
,  Deakr." 

!  Widows'  Caps-    This  was  a  Roman 

'  custom.     Widows  wore  obliged  to  wear 

I  "  weeds "     for     ton      months.  —  Sineca, 

]  "JCpL'Ues,"  Ixv. 

Widows'  Pianos.  Inferior  instru- 
mcnta  sold  as  bargains ;  so  called  from 
'  the  ordinary  advertisement  announcing 
tliat  a  widow  lady  is  compelled  to  sell 
her  piano,  for  which  she  will  take  half- 
price. 

Widow's  Port.  A  wine  sold  for 
port,  but  of  quite  a  different  family. 
As  a  widow  retains  her  husband's  name 
after  the  husband  is  taken  away,  so  tliis 
mi.\ture  of  potato-spirit  and  some  in- 
ferior wine  retains  the  name  of  port, 
though  every  drop  of  port  is  taken 
from  it. 

We  have  all  tll•^^d  of  wliow's  port,  and  of  the  i^- 
■tiiiotivo  (Ireal  all  p^rious  irli  i  hwt  au7  respect  for 
thui/  licaltb  hart  for  iX.—  Tht  Tima. 

Wieland  (2  syl.).  The  famous  smith 
of  Scandinavian  fable.  Ho  and  Amilias 
had  a  contest  of  skill  in  their  handi- 
craft. Wieland's  sword  ck'ft  his  rival 
down  to  the  waist ;  but  so  sharp  was  the 
sword,  that  Amilias  was  not  aware  of 
the  cut  till  ho  attempted  to  stir,  when 
ho  divided  into  two  pieces.  This  sword 
was  named  Ba,hDung. 

Wifo  is  from  the  verb  to  weave. 
Saxon,  we/an;  Danish,  rcrrg ;  German, 
\rthen;  whence  xceih,  a  woman,  one  who 
works  at  the  distaff.  Woman  is  called 
the  diMaff.  Hence  Drydon  calls  Anno 
"  a  distatf  on  the  throne."  While  a  girl 
was  spinning  hi?r  wedding  clothes  she 
was  simply  a  spinster  ;  but  when  this 
task  was  done,  and  she  was  married,  slio 
became  a  wife,  or  one  who  had  already 
woven  her  allotted  task. 

Alfred,  in  his  will,  speaks  of  his  male 
and  female  dcsuundants  as  those  of  the 
ipear-iidt  and  those  of  the  tinwlU-side, 
a  distinction  still  observed  by  tho  Gor- 
oians ;  and  lieuco  the  etUgios  on  gr.ives 
of  spears  and  ipiudles. 

Wig.  Latin  pilaccn,  a  head  of  hair  ; 
Italian yiiiTuro',  Frcnt-h  ptmique,  whence 
prriwig,  oontractod  into  'wig. 

A  big  ieif/.  A  magnate.  Louis  XIV. 
\iaA  long  i!>'winj;  hair,  »ud  the  courtiers, 


out  of  compliment  to  the  young  king, 
wore  perukes.  When  Louis  grew  older 
he  adopted  the  wig,  which  soon  incum- 
bered the  head  and  shouMers  of  all  the 
aristocracy  of  England  and  France. 

An  yr  fa'  orer  the  clcu,'h  there  will  btf  hut  ae 
wig  left  in  tho  parinh.'ind  that's  the  minUtcr'i.— 
Sir  Walter  ScuU,  "  Tht  Anii'iwiry." 

Make  Wigs.  A  perukior,  who  fancied 
himself  "married  to  immortal  verse," 
sent  his  e['ic  to  Voltaire,  asking  him  to 
examine  it  and  give  bis  "  canclid  opinion  " 
of  its  merits.  The  witty  patriarch  of 
Femey  simply  wrote  on  the  MS.,  "  Make 
Wigs,  Make  Wigs,  Make  Wigs,"  and 
returned  it  to  tho  barber-poet.  (See 
'iVTOH— Stick  to  (he  Cow.)  • 

Wiga  (Saxon  "  warrior  ;  "  v,i(/,  wan. 
This  word  enters  into  many  names  of 
places,  as  Wigan  in  Lanca.shire,  where 
Arthur  is  siiid  to  have  routed  the  Saxotw. 

Wight  (Isle  of)  moans  probably 
channel  island  (Celtic,  gwy,  water;  gwytk, 
the  channel).  The  inhabiUints  used  to  ba 
called  Uuhtii  or  Gwythii,  the  inhabitants 
of  tho  channel  isle. 

Another  derivation  is  Jute  (a  preda- 
cious warrior),  whence  the  i.sland  was 
once  called  Ytaland  or  Gytaland,  the 
land  of  the  Ytas,  Gytas,  or  Jutes  ;  but 
Yta  and  Gyta  are  merely  other  forms  of 
gxcytha. 

Jsle  of  iVight,  according  to  the  famous 
"Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,"  is  so  called 
from  Wihtgar,  great  grandson  of  king 
Cerdic,  who  conquered  the  island.  All 
eponymic  names — that  is,  names  of  per- 
soils,  like  tho  names  of  placts,  are  more 
fit  for  fable  than  hi.story  :  as  Cissa  tu 
account  for  Ci.ssancoaster  (Chichester), 
I/orsa  to  account  for  Ilor.sted,  Hemjist  to 
account  for  Hengistbury,  liritlus  to  ac- 
count for  Britain,  and  so  on. 

Wig'wam'.  An  Indian  hut(i47nertco). 
Tho  Knistoucaux  word  is  xei/waum,  and 
tho  Algonquin  wiguiwaiLm. 

Wild  {JotiathaJi),  the  detective,  born 
at  Wolverhampton,  in  Stalford.'.hiro. 
He  brought  to  tho  gallows  thirty-five 
highwaymen,  twenty-two  housebreakers, 
and  ton  returned  convicts,  llewivs  him- 
self han^'Oil  at  Tyburn  for  housebreaking 
"  amidst  the  oxocrations  uf  an  enraged 
pojtulaco,  who  pelted  him  with  stones  to 
the  last  moment  of  hisexistouce."  (lt)S2- 
17'i5.)  Fielding  has  a  novel  entitled 
"Jonathan  Wild." 


956    WILD  AS  A  MARCH  HARE. 


WILE  AW  AT  TIME. 


Wild  as  a  March    Hare.      The 

liaro  in  spring,  after  one  or  two  rintrs, 
will  often  run  straight  on  end  for  several 
miles.  Tliis  is  especially  the  case  with 
the  buck,  which  therefore  affords  the 
best  sport. 

"Wild  Boar  of  Ardennes.  William 
de  la  Marok.— ^S't'r  Waller  ScoU,  "  QueiUin 
Dtinrard." 

Wild  Boar.  An  cmMom  of  warlike 
fury  and  merciless  brutality. 

Wild  Boy    of   Hameln   or  Man 

of  iXaliire,  found  in  the  fore.'it  of  Herts- 
wold,  Hanover.  He  walked  on  all  fours, 
climbed  trees  like  a  monkey,  fed  on 
gra.'s  and  leftves,  and  could  never  bo 
taught  to  articulate  a  single  word.  Dr. 
Arbutlinotand  lord  Monboddo  sanctioned 
tlie  notion  that  this  poor  boy  was  really 
an  unsophisticated  specimen  of  the  genus 
homo ;  but  Blumenbacb  sliowed  most 
conclusively  that  he  was  born  dumb,  of 
weak  intellect,  and  was  driven  from  his 
home  by  a  stepmother.  He  was  dis- 
covered in  172.")  ;  wa-s  called  Peter  the 
Wild  Boy;  and  died  at  Broadway  Farm, 
near  Berk  ham  pstead,  in  1785  (at  the 
supposed  age  of  seventy-three). 

Wild  Children. 

(1)  Peter  the  Wild  Boy.     (See  above.) 

(2)  Mdlle.  Lablanc,  found  by  tlie  vil- 
lagers of  Soigny,  near  Chalons,  in  1731 ; 
she  died  at  Paris  in  1780  (at  the  sup- 
posed age  of  sixty-two). 

(3)  A  child  captured  by  three  sports- 
men in  the  woods  of  Cannes  (France)  in 
1798.  (See  "  World  of  Wonders,"  pt.  is. , 
p.  61,  Correspondence.) 

Wild-goose  Chase.  A  hunt  after 
a  mare's-nest.  This  chase  has  two  de- 
fects :  First,  it  is  very  hard  to  catch  the 
goose;  and,  secondly,  it  is  of  very  little 
worth  when  it  is  caught. 

To  lead  one  a  mld-(/oose  chase.  To  be- 
guile one  with  false  hopes,  or  put  one  on 
the  pursuit  of  something  not  practicable, 
or  at  any  rate  not  worth  the  chase. 

Wild  Huntsman. 

The  German  tradition  is  that  a  spec- 
tral hunter  with  dogs  frequents  the  Black 
Forest  to  chase  the  wild  animals. — Sir 
Walter  Scott,  "  Wild  Huntsman." 

The  French  story  of  "  Le  Grand 
Vcneur"  is  laid  in  Fontainebleau  Forest, 
and  is  considered  to  be  "  St.  Hubert."— 
Father  3I(Uthieu. 

^he    English    name    is    "  Herae   the 


Hunter,"  who  was  once  a  keeper  in  Wind- 
sor Forest.  In  winter  time,  at  midnight, 
he  walks  about  Herne's  Oak,  and  blasts 
trees  and  cattle.  He  wears  horns,  and 
rattles  a  chain  in  a  "  most  hideous  man- 
ner."— "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  iv.  4. 

Another  IcgF-iid  is  that  a  certain  Jew 
would  not  KiifTer  Jesus  to  drink  out  of  a 
JKn-se-trough,  but  pointed  to  some  water 
in  a  hoof-priut  as  good  enough  for  "  such 
an  enemy  of  Moses,"  and  that  this  man 
is  the  "  Wild  Iluutsinan."— A'«/<;»  von 
Sc/iwarz,  Nordd.  Saij<u,  p.  A'M. 

Wild  Oats.  //«  M  towinrj  his  icHd 
oats — indultring  the  Inioyant  folly  of 
youth ;  living  in  youthful  dissipation. 
The  idea  is  that  the  mind  is  a  field  of 
good  oats,  but  these  pranks  are  wild  oats 
or  weeds  sown  amongst  the  good  seed, 
clioking  it  for  a  time,  ind  about  to  die 
out  and  give  place  to  genuine  com. 
The  corresponding  French  phrase  is  Jelei 
ses  premiers  feux,  which  reminds  us  of 
Cicero's  expression,  iVondtim  illi  d^ferbvti 
atiilescentia.     (See  Oats.) 

Wild  Women  ( Wilde  Fraula)  oi 
Germany  resemble  the  Elle-maids  of 
Scandinavia.  Like  them,  they  are  very 
beautiful,  have  long  flowing  hair,  and 
live  in  hills.     (See  Wcn'DEUBERO.) 

Wi  d'air  (Sir  Harry).  A  profligate 
in  Farquhar's  "  Constant  Couple." 

Wilde.  A  John  or  Johnny  Wilde  is 
one  who  wears  himself  to  skin  and  bone 
to  add  house  to  house  and  bam  to  barn. 
The  tale  is  that  John  Wilde  of  Roden- 
kirchen,  in  the  Isle  of  Riigen,  found  one 
day  a  glass  slipper  belonging  to  one  of 
the  hill-folks.  Next  day  the  little 
brownie,  in  the  character  of  a  merchant, 
came  to  redeem  it,  and  John  asked  as 
the  price  "  that  ho  should  find  a  gold 
dvicat  in  every  furrow  he  ploughed."  The 
bargain  was  concluded,  and  the  avari- 
cious hunks  never  ceased  ploughing 
morning,  noon,  nor  nigbt,  but  died 
withm  twelve  months  from  over-work. — 
Rilijen  tradition. 

Wildfire  ( Mad/je).The  crazy  daughter 
of  Old  Meg  Murdochson,  the  gipsy  thief. 
She  had  been  seduced  when  a  giddy  girl, 
and  the  murder  of  her  infant  had  turned 
her  brain. — Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  llearl  oj 
Mid-  Lotkiiin." 

Wile  away  Time  (not  While).  It  is 
the  same  wora  as  "  giiile,"  to  "  beyiUe 
the  time  "  {falter'e  lempiu). 


WILFRID, 


WILLIAM. 


837 


Wil'frid,  son  of  Oswald  WyclilTo,  a 

lad  after  the  type  of  Beattio's  Minstrel. 

He   was   3n   love   with   Matilda,  heir  of 

i    Hokeby's    knij^ht.      After    various    vil- 

'    lanies,    Oswald   forced   Matilda   to   ])ro- 

I    miso  to  marry  his  son.     Wilfrid  th.auked 

her,  and  fell  aead  at  her  feet.—  ^ir  Waller 

ikott,  "  Rokthu." 

St.  Wilfrid.  Patron  saint  of  bakers, 
boinp:  himself  of  the  same  craft.  (6^-1- 
709.) 

6V.  Wilfrid's  Xecdle.  A  narrow  passaire 
in  the  crypt  of  Ripon  catliodral,  built  by 
Odo,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  used 
to  try  wliother  viricins  deserve  the  name 
or  not.  it  is  aaid  that  none  but  virgins 
can  pass  this  ordeal. 

Wil'helm  Mei'ster  (2  syl.).  The 
first  true  German  novel.  It  was  by 
Goethe,  who  died  1832,  aged  eighty-three. 

William  (2  syl.;  in  "Jeru.salem 
,  Delivered  "),  archbishop  of  Orange.  An 
ecclesiastical  warrior,  who  besought  pope 
Urban  on  his  koees  that  ho  might  be 
sent  in  the  crusade.  Ho  took  400  armed 
men  in  his  train  from  his  own  diocese. 

William,  youngest  son  of  William 
Ihifus.  He  wore  a  casque  of  gold,  and 
was  the  leader  of  a  large  army  of  British 
bow. men  and  Irish  volunteers  in  the 
cru.sading  army.  —  Tasso,  "Jerusalem  De- 
livrfil,"  Ilk.  iii. 

*,*  English  history  teaches  that 
William  Kufus  was  never  married.  {Set 
Oltf.A.VDO  Foiuoso.) 

JUlled  Will.  William  lord  Howard, 
warden  of  the  Western  Marches.  (liJG3- 
1610.) 

Hit  Bilboa  Liable,  by  ilBr.limcD  t-\t, 
>l  uiiif  m  u  l<roa'l  aud  9tii<l>lr J  belt . 
Ileiioe.  Ill  ruile  pliraae,  ilic  boriiervri  atill 
CiilliJ  iioMr  llowar.l  •■  Udte.l  Will  • 
Sir  »'alur  scuU,'  Lay  of  t lit  Liul  i/iii»<reJ,"  t.  16. 

Si.  William  of  Aqidlaine  was  one  of 
the  soldiers  of  Charlemagne,  and  helped 
to  chase  the  Saracens  from  Languedoc. 
In  (408  ho  renounced  the  world,  and  died 
812.  He  is  usually  represented  aa  a 
mailed  soldier. 

St.  William  nf  AfalavalU  or  Maleval. 
A  French  nobleman  of  very  abandoned 
life ;  but  being  converted,  ho  went  aa 
pilgrim  to  Jerusalem,  and  on  his  return 
retired  to  the  desert  of  .Malavalle.  Ho  ia 
dopi;tod  in  a  lionodictiuo's  habit,  with 
■•rmour  lying  beside  him.     (Died  1157.) 

St.  W tl I iam  if  ,\l ,,iii /)(lier  \n  ropresentoii 
with  a  lily  growing  from  Lis  mouth,  with 
the  woxdn  .i  M  .Maria  in  gold  Utlora  on  it. 


St.  William  of  if  ante  l'ir<^ine  is  drawn 
with  a  wolf  by  his  side.     (Died  1142.) 

St.  William  of  yorwich  was  the  cele- 
brated child  said  to  have  been  crucified 
by  the  Jews  in  1137.  He  is  rejirosented 
as  a  child  crowned  with  thorns,  or  cruci- 
fied, or  holdinjr  a  hammer  and  nails  in 
his  hands,  or  wounded  in  Ids  side  with  a 
knife.     (.SVe  rolyoll)i<in,  Song  xxiv. : 

*,•  In  Percy's  "Reliques,"  bk.  L  .1, 
there  is  a  tale  of  a  lad  named  Hew,  son 
of  lady  Helen,  of  .Merry land  town(.Milan), 
who  was  allured  by  a  .lew's  daii^'hter 
with  an  apple.  She  stuck  him  with  a 
penknife,  rolled  him  in  lead,  and  cast 
him  into  a  well.  Laily  Helen  went  in 
search  of  her  boy,  and  the  child's  ghost 
cried  out  from  the  bottom  of  the  well  — 

Tl.e  lf.\d  is  wuiidruuA  lieavy,  uiithcr, 

'Ihc  well  is  woudiuiudeiii: 
A  ki'i'U  penknife  stieks  in  my  licrt ; 

A  wurd  J  duuiiae  bjieik."         {Hce  Hl'gb.) 

St.  William  of  lioeschUd  is  represented 
with  a  torch  Haming  on  his  grave.  (Died 
1203.) 

Si.  William  of  York  is  depicted  in 
pontificals,  and  bearing  his  archiepis- 
copal  cross.     (Died  1154.) 

William  II.  The  body  of  this  king 
was  picked  up  by  Purkess,  a  charcoal- 
burner  of  Minestead,  and  conveyed  in  a 
cart  to  Winchester.  The  name  of  Purkesa 
ia  still  to  be  seen  in  the  same  village. 

A  Mine?teai  ctrirl,  wliose  wonted  trad* 
V  as  liuniiiiu  cliurcual  in  Che  illade, 

Uuliitr(.t>.'lied  amid  llir  t^ior 
Tlie  II  un.ir..li  found  i  lud  in  liis  wain 
lie  raised,  and  lo  Si.  Swiihiu  a  fane 

Cuuvejred  the  bleeding  curse.      (»'  .S   /<>■««, 

William  III.  It  was  not  known  till 
the  discovery  of  the  correspondence  of 
Cardonnel,  secretary  of  Marlborovigh,  by 
the  Historical  MS.  Commi.ssion  in  18(39, 
that  our  Dutch  king  w.as  a  great  eater. 
Cardonnel,  writing  from  the  Hague, 
October,  1701,  to  uniler-secretary  Ellis, 
aays— "It  is  a  pity  his  m.ajesty  will  not 
be  more  temperate  in  his  diet.  Should 
I  oat  so  much,  and  of  the  same  kinds, 
I  dare  siiy  I  should  scarce  have  survived 
it  so  long,  and  yet  I  reckon  myself  none 
of  the  weakest  constitutions." 

U'iV/i<i?;i  uf  L'lvudes' lie  (2 syl.),  A  noted 
outlaw  and  famous  archer  of  the  "  north 
countrie."    (.Sc<  Clym  ok  thk  ('U)Uoh.) 

William  of  Stirburi/h  (tJuliclmus  Nou- 
brigeiisis),  monk  of  Newburgh  in  York- 
sliiru,  Biirnamed  Little,  and  somotinii's 
called  OulielmHS  Farru.t,  wrote  a  hi.'story 
in  live  books,  from  the  Coiupiost  to  111*7, 
edited    by    Thomas    lleame,   in    thro; 


958 


WILLIAM. 


WILTON. 


volumes,  octavo,  Oxford,  1719.  The 
Jiatiii  is  fTOO'l,  anrl  the  work  ranks  with 
that  of  Malmeshury.  'William  of  Nov7- 
bnrfrh  is  the  first  writer  who  rejects 
GeolTrey  of  Monmo\itli's  Trojan  descent 
of  the  old  Britons,  which  he  calls  a  "fig- 
ment made  more  alisurd  by  Gooffrey's 
impudent  and  impertinent  lies."  He  is, 
however,  quite  as  fabulous  an  historian 
as  the  "iiupudent"  Geoffrey.  (113(3- 
1-208.) 

Willinm,  king  of  Prussia  ana  e.nap. 
of  Germany,  is  called  Kaiser  Taitajfe. 

Willie-Wastle  (the  child's  game). 
Willie  Wastle  was  governor  of  llume 
castle,  Haddington.  When  Cromwell 
sent  a  summons  to  him  to  surrender,  he 
replied — 

Her.-  I,  Willie  Wastle. 
btanil  tirtn  iu  my  castle. 
And  all  the  d  c»  io  Uie  town 
Stia'ut  poll  U  illie  U'astle  dovra. 

Willoughby  {Sir  Huffh).  Sent  by 
queen  Elizabeth  to  discover  the  north- 
east passage.  He  sailed  in  command  of 
three  ships,  all  of  which  were  lost.  Sub- 
fcquently  voyagers  tried  the  north-west 
course. 

Such  was  llie  niitoii's  fate 
As  with  tiret  prow  (what  have  uot  Bntmis  Jarei  f) 
He  fur  the  passage  sought,  attempted  siuce 
So  much  iu  vaiu.  Thornaon, "  Winter.' 

"Willow.  To  wear  the  willow.  To  go 
into  mourning,  especially  for  a  sweet- 
heart or  bride.  Fuller  says,  "The  wil- 
low is  a  sad  tree,  whereof  such  as  have 
lost  their  love  make  their  mourning  gar- 
lands." The  psalmist  tells  us  that  the 
Jews  in  captivity  "  hanged  their  harps 
upon  the  willows  "  in  sign  of  mourning 
(cxxxvii.). 

"Willow  Garland.  An  emblem  of 
being  forsaken.  "  All  round  my  hat  I 
wear  a  green  willow."  So  Shakespeare  : 
"1  offored  him  my  company  to  a  willow- 
tree to  make  him  a  garland,  as  being 

forsaken"  ("Much  Ado  About  Nothing." 
li.  1.)  The  very  term  weeping  willow  will 
suflBca  to  account  for  its  emblematical 
character. 

"Willow  Pattern.  To  the  right  is 
a  lordly  mandarin's  country  seat.  It  is 
two  storeys  high  to  show  the  rank  aud 
wealth  of  the  possessor ;  in  the  fore- 
ground is  a  pavilion,  in  the  back-ground 
au  orange-tree,  and  to  the  right  of  the 
pavilion  a  peach-tree  in  full  bearing. 
The  er-t;it«  is  enclosd-i  by  an  elegant 


wooden  fence.  At  one  end  of  the  bridge 
is  the  famous  willow  -tree,  and  at  the 
other  the  gardener's  cottage,  one  storey 
high,  and  so  humble  that  the  grounda 
are  wholly  uncultivated,  the  only  green 
thing  being  a  small  fir-tree  at  the  back. 
At  the  top  of  the  pattern  (left-hand  side) 
is  an  island,  with  a  cottage  ;  the  grounds 
are  highly  cultivated,  and  much  has  been 
reclaimed  from  the  water.  The  two  birds 
are  turtle-doves.  The  three  figures  on 
the  bridge  are  the  mandarin's  daughter 
with  a  distaff  nearest  the  cottage,  the 
lovers  with  a  box  in  the  middle,  and 
nearest  the  willow-tree  the  mandarin  with 
a  whip. 

The  tradition.  The  mandarin  had  an 
only  daughter  named  Li-chi,  who  fell  in 
love  with  Chang,  a  young  man  who  lived 
in  the  island  home  represented  at  the 
top  of  the  pattern,  and  who  had  been 
her  father's  secretary.  The  father  over- 
heard them  one  day  making  vows  of  love 
under  the  orange-tree,  and  sternly  for- 
bade  the  unequal  match ;  but  the  lovers 
contrived  to  elope,  lay  concealed  for  a 
while  in  the  gardener's  cottage,  and 
thence  made  their  escape  in  a  boat  to 
the  island  home  of  the  young  lover.  The 
enraged  mandarin  pursued  them  with  a 
whip,  and  would  have  beaten  them  to 
death  had  not  the  gods  rewarded  their 
fidelity  by  changing  them  both  into  turtle- 
doves. The  picture  is  called  the  willow 
pattern  not  only  because  it  is  a  tale  of 
disastrous  love,  but  because  the  elope- 
ment occurred  "  when  the  willow  begins 
to  shed  its  leaves." 

"Willy-nilly.  Nolens  volens  ;  willing 
or  not.  V/ill-he,  nill-he,  where  nill  is  n' 
negative  and  will,  the  same  as  nolens  is 
n'-volens. 

Wil'mington,  invoked  by  Thomson 
in  his  "  Winter,"  is  Sir  Spencer  Compton, 
earl  of  Wilmington,  the  first  patron  of 
our  poet,  and  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons. 

■Wirted(.4me)i'fa;i).  Withered.  This 
is  the  Dutch  and  German  welken  (to  fade). 
Spenser  says,  "  When  ruddy  Phoebus 
'gins  to  weUc  in  west " — i.e.,  fade  iu  the 
west. 

"Wilton  {Ralph  de).  The  accepted 
suitor  of  lady  Clare,  daughter  of  the  earl 
of  Gloucester.  When  lord  Marmion  over- 
came De  Wilton  in  the  ordeal  of  battle, 
and  left  him  on  the  field  for  dead,  ladj 


WILTSHIRE. 


WIND   EGO. 


950 


Glare  tcck  refuge  in  Whitby  convent. 
Lord  Marmion,  wishing  to  secure  her 
lart,'e  estates,  forsook  his  betrothed,  lady 
Constance  of  Beverley,  and  proposed  to 
lady  Clare,  but  was  scornfully  rejected. 
Under  Marmion's  directions,  she  was 
removed  from  the  care  of  the  abbess  of 
St.  Hilda  to  Tantallon  Hall,  where  she 
encountered  De  Wilton,  who  had  been 
healed  of  bis  wounds,  and  had  returned 
from  the  Holy  Land,  whither  he  had  gone 
on  a  pilgrimage.  De  Wilton  was  knighted 
by  Dou^rlas,  and  married  lady  Clare. — 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  "Marmion." 

Wilt'shire  (2  syl.)  is  Wilton-sbire, 
Wilton  being  a  contraction  of  Wily-town 
(the  town  on  the  river  Wily). 

Win'chester.  According  to  the 
authority  given  below,  Winchester  was 
the  Camolot  of  Arthurian  romance. 
Hanmer,  referring  to  "King  Lear,"  ii.  2, 
says  Camelot  is  Queen's  Camel,  Somerset- 
shire, in  tl>e  vicinity  of  which  "  are  many 
large  moors  whore  are  bred  great  quan- 
titiee  of  geese,  so  that  many  other  filaces 
are  from  hence  suppUed  with  quills  and 
feathers."  Kent  says  to  the  Duke  of 
Cornwall  — 

OoiiB".  if  I  liaJ  you  upon  Saru'n  rbin, 
I'd  drive  ;e  c&<:kUDg  home  to  Oaoielot. 

With  all  due  respect  to  Hanmer,  it  seems 
far  more  probable  that  Kent  refers  to 
Camelford,  in  Cornwall,  where  the  duke 
of  Cornwall  resided,  ni  his  castle  of  Tin- 
tag'el.  He  says,  "  If  I  h.ad  you  ou 
Salisbury  plain  (where  geese  abound),  I 
would  drive  you  home  to  Tintatrel,  on 
the  river  Camol."  Thovigh  the  Camelot 
of  Shakespeare  is  Tintagcl  or  Camelford, 
yet  the  Camelot  of  King  Arthur  may  be 
Queen's  Camel ;  and  indeed  visitors  are 
Btill  pointed  to  certain  large  entrench- 
ments there  called  by  the  inhabitants 
"  King  Arthur's  I'alace." 

Sir  Ba'in  i  iworil  w  .a  put  tuto  marble  itone, 
•laU'liiK  >a  upiiulit  as  a  great  mtlUtuar.  aud  it 
iMiin  down  the  ttrcain  to  the  cily  '>f  Camelol— that 
in  ill  KDiillih,  W'mchealer.— ■■ //utory  0/  Pnnct 
Arthur,''  u. 

Winds.  Poelicul  naiiu's  o/llu  wind*. 
The  \urlJi  wind,  HoVeas ;  SirulJi,  Notus 
or  Austor;  Kast,  Eurus  ;  West,  Zephyr; 
NortJi-f<ut,  Arges'tes  ;  North-vest,  Cai'- 
ciafl  ;  South-fast,  Sirocco  or  Syrian  wind  ; 
SoulJi-vest,  Aferor  Af  ricus,  and  Lib'ycua, 
The  Tlira'iciaa  it  a  north  wind,  btit  not 
duo  north. 

Boreal  aiid  Cneiaa.  and  Ant'daa  louJ, 

And  Thrsf oias  rtud  the  «o'><U  aud  s«af  artam  ;. . 


Notue  and  Afer,  black  with  Ihiiiiderons  eloada, 
Yiom  S'  rn.lio'na.    Thwart  of  these,  af  tieroe. 

Forth  rui-h Kunii  and  Zephyr  .... 

Sirocco  aud  J  .beech;  j  '  I.ibi/oisl 

ilUton, "  r.iraditl  Lost,"  X.  a'j»-7'i6 

Special  winds. 

(1)  The  Etf.sian  Wi.xds  aro  yearly  or 
anniversary  winds,  answering  to  the  mon- 
soons of  the  E.ist  Indies.  The  word  was 
applied  by  Greek  aud  Roman  writers  to 
the  periodical  winds  of  the  Alediterra- 
nean.     (Greek,  el'os,  a  year.) 

(2)  The  Hahmattan.  A  wind  which 
blows  periodically  from  the  interior  parts 
of  Africa  towards  the  Atlantic.  It 
prevails  in  December,  January,  and  Feb- 
ruary, and  is  generally  accompanied  wth 
fog,  but  ia  so  dry  as  to  wither  vegetation 
and  cause  the  human  skin  to  peel  off. 

(3)  The  KHA.M.srN'.  A  fifty  days'  wind 
in  Egypt,  from  the  end  of  April  to  the 
inundation  of  the  Nile  (Arabic  for  fifty). 

(4)  The  MiSTHAL.  A  violent  north- 
west wind  blowing  down  the  Gulf  of 
Lyons ;  felt  particularly  at  Marseilles 
aud  the  south-east  of  Franco. 

(5)  The  Pampero  blows  in  the  summer 
season,  from  the  Andes  across  the  pam- 
pas to  the  sea-coast.  It  is  a  dry  north- 
west wind. 

(6)  The  Puna  Winds  prevail  for  four 
mouths  in  the  Puna  (table-binds  of  Peru). 
Tlie  mo.st  dry  and  parching  winds  of  any. 
When  they  prevail  it  is  necessary  to 
protect  the  face  with  a  mask,  from  the 
heat  by  day  and  the  intense  cold  of  the 
night. 

(7)  Sam'iel  or  Simoom'.  A  hot,  suCfo- 
eating  wind  that  blows  occasionally  in 
Africa  and  Arabia.  Its  approach  is  in- 
dicated by  a  redness  in  the  air.  (Arabic, 
samoom,  from  samma,  destructive.) 

(S)  The  Siuocco.  A  wind  from  North- 
ern Africa  that  blows  over  luly,  Sicily, 
kc,  producing  extreme  languor  and 
mental  debility. 

(9)  The  Soi.a'no  of  Spain,  a  south- 
east wind,  extremely  hot,  and  loaded 
with  fine  dust.  It  produces  great  un- 
easiness;  hence  the  proverb,  "Ask  no 
favour  during  the  Solano."  {See  Tradb 
Winds.) 

To  lake  or  have  tht  wind.  To  got  or 
keep  the  upper  hand.  Lord  liacon  use* 
the  phrase.  "  To  have  tho  wind  of  a 
ship  "  is  to  be  to  the  windward  of  it. 

"Wind  Egg.  An  egg  without  a  shell. 
The  cause  of  this  want  of  shell  is  th.-vt  the 
ben  was  wituiid  or  tlutlorcd  after  iinprejf- 


9C0 


WINDFALL. 


WINKLE, 


nation.  Dr.  Johnson's  notion  that  the 
wind  e^^'fj  does  not  contain  the  priuci}>le 
of  life  is  no  more  correct  than  the  snj>or- 
stition  that  the  lion  that  lays  it  was  im- 
pregnated, liko  the  "  Thracian  mares," 
hy  the  wind. 

Windfall.  Unexpected  lefracy; 
money  wliich  has  ccniio  de  ccelo.  Homo 
of  the  Enf^lish  nobility  were  forbidden 
by  the  tenure  of  their  estates  to  fell  the 
timber,  all  the  trees  being  reserved  for 
the  use  of  the  Royal  Navy.  Those  trees, 
however,  which  were  blown  down  were 
oxeej/ted,  and  hence  a  good  wind  was 
often  a  great  goil-seud. 

Windmills.  Don  Quixote  de  la 
Maucha,  ri<ling  through  the  plains  of 
iMontiel,  approached  thirty  or  forty  wind- 
mills, which  he  declared  to  Sancho  Panza 
"were  giants,  two  leagues  in  length  or 
more."  Striking  his  spurs  into  Rosi- 
nantt>',  with  his  lance  in  the  rest,  he 
drove  at  one  of  the  "  monsters  dreadful 
as  Typhwus."  The  lance  lodged  in  the 
sail,  and  the  latter,  striking  both  man 
ami  beast,  lifted  them  into  the  air, 
shivering  th(j  lance  to  pieces.  When 
the  valiant  knight  and  his  steed  fell  to 
the  ground  they  were  both  much  injured, 
and  Don  Quixote  declared  that  the  en- 
chanter Freston,  "  who  carried  off  his 
library  with  all  the  books  therein,"  had 
changed  the  giants  into  windmills  "out 
of  malice." — Cervantes,  "Don  Quixote," 
bk.  i.,  ch.  8. 

To  fiyld  with  windmills.  To  combat 
chimeras.  The  French  have  the  same 
proverb,  "  Se  battre  centre  des  moulins 
a  vent.'"  The  allusion  is,  of  course,  to 
the  adventure  of  Don  Quixote  referred 
to  above. 

To  have  windmills  in  your  head.  Fan- 
cies, chimeras.  Similar  to  "  bees  in 
your  bonnet"  (q.v.).  Sancho  Fanza 
says — 

Di'I  I  Dot  toll  yiTir  w<  rship  thoy  ^^ere  winlmills? 
trid  whocoulii  have  thmiKlit  ollierwise,  except  such 
IS  had  wmdmitls  in  their  head  1— Cervantes,  "Von 
litiixute,"  Ilk.  1.,  fh.  a 

Windmill  Street.  Wlien  Charnel 
chapel,  St.  Paul's,  was  taken  down  by  the 
Protector  Somerset,  in  1549,  more  than 
1,000  cart-loads  of  bones  were  removed 
to  Finsbury  Fields,  where  they  formed  a 
large  mound,  on  which  three  windmills 
were  erected.  It  was  from  these  mills 
thattho  street  obtained  its  name.—  I.eiyh 
Hunt. 


Window.  A  corruption  of  vnndur. 
(Welsh,  ywipit-dor.)  A  door  or  lattice  to 
let  in  the  wind  or  air. 


Wine.  The  French  say  of  wine  that 
makes  you  stupid,  it  is  vin  ddne  ;  if  it 
makes  you  maudlin,  it  x^vinde  cer/ (from 
the  notion  that  deer  weep) ;  if  quarrel- 
some, it  is  vin  de  lion  ;  if  talkative,  it  is 
t;t?i  de  pie  ;  if  sick,  it  is  vin  de  pore  ;  if 
crafty,  it  is  vin  de  renard  ;  if  rude,  it  i« 
vin  de  singe.     (See  helow.) 

Win  of  Ape  (Chaucer).  "  I  trow  that 
ye  have  drunken  win  of  ape" — i.e.,  wine 
to  make  you  drunk  ;  in  French,  vin  de 
sinrje.  There  is  a  Talmud  parable  v/hich 
says  that  Satan  came  one  day  to  drink 
with  Noah,  and  slew  a  lamb,  a  lion,  a 
pig,  and  an  ape,  to  teach  Noah  that  man 
before  wine  is  in  him  is  a  lamh,  when  he 
drinks  moderately  he  is  a  lion,  when  like 
a  sot  he  is  a  swine,  but  after  that  any 
further  excess  makes  him  an  ape  that 
chatters  and  jabbers  without  rhyme  or 
reason.    {See  above.) 

Wine-month  (Sa.rion,  Win-monath). 
The  month  of  October,thetimeof  vintage. 

Win'&itll.  The  same  as  St.  Boniface, 
the  apostle  of  Germany,  an  Anglo-Saxon, 
killed  by  a  band  of  heathens  in  755. 

Wing.  Wing  of  a  house,  wing  of  an 
army,  wing  of  a  battalion  or  squadron, 
kc,  are  the  side-pieces  which  start  from 
the  main  body,  as  the  wings  of  birds. 

Don't  try  to fiy  without  icings.  Attempt 
nothing  you  are  not  fit  for.  A  French 
proverb. 

Win'ifred  {St.).  Patron  saint  o/ 
virgins,  because  she  was  beheaded  by 
prince  Caradocfor  refusing  to  marry  him. 
She  was  Welsh  by  birth,  and  the  legend 
says  that  her  head  falling  on  the  ground 
originated  the  famous  healing  well  of  St 
Winifred  in  Flintshire.  She  is  usually 
drawn  like  St.  Denis,  carrying  her  head 
in  her  hand.  Holywell,  in  Wales,  is 
St.  Winifred's  Well,  celebrated  for  its 
"miraculous"  virtues. 

Winkin*.  He  ran  like  winhin'  —i.i., 
very  fast.  He  did  it  in  the  twinkling  oj 
an  eye,  or,  as  the  French  say,  dans  un 
din  d\eil  ;  Italian,  in  un  batter  cTocchio, 

Winkle  {Xatha7iiel).  A  cockney 
sportsman,  and  one  of  the  Pickwick  club. 
— Dickens,  "  Pickwick  Papers." 

Jiip  van  WinUe.     A  Dutch  colonist  of 


WLNT-MONATH. 


WIT. 


9«1 


New  York.  He  met  with  a  strnn»e  man 
in  a  ravine  of  the  Kaatskiil  Mountains. 
Rip  helps  him  to  carry  a  keg,  and  when 
they  reach  the  destination  Kip  sees  a 
numl  er  of  odd  c;  oatures  playing'  nine- 
pins, but  no  one  ntters  a  word.  Master 
vVin'.ile  seizes  the  first  opportunity  to 
take  a  sip  at  the  keg,  falls  into  a  stupor, 
and  sleeps  for  twenty  years.  On  waking, 
his  wife  is  dead  and  buried,  his  daughter 
is  married,  his  native  village  has  l)een 
remodelled,  and  America  has  become 
Independent.—  Wiuhinffton  Irvinij. 

Wint-moiiaih  {Wiml-month).  The 
Anglo-Saxon  name  for  November. 

"Winter,  Summer.  We  .say  of  an 
old  man,  "  His  life  has  extended  to  a 
hundred  winters ;"  but  of  a  blooming 
girl,  "She  has  seen  sixteen  summers." 

Winter's  Tale  (Shakespeare).  The 
story  is  taken  from  the  "  Plea.sant  His- 
tory of  Dorastus  and  Fawnia,"  by  Robert 
Greene.  Dorastus  is  called  by  Shake- 
speare Florizel  and  Doricles,  and  Fawnia 
is  I'erdita.  Leontes  of  the  "  Winter's 
Tale"  is  called  Egistus  in  the  novel, 
Polixcnes  is  called  Pandosto,  and  queen 
Ikmiiune  is  called  Bullaria. 

Wir'ral  (Clieshln),  where  are  "  few 
that  either  God  or  man  with  good  heart 
love."  —  "  iSi>'  Oaicayne  and  Iht  Green 
Kni://U." 

Wise  {The). 

.\i.UKKT  II.,  duke  of  Austria,  called 
rU  Liime  aiui  Wise.     (1289,  133013.58.) 

Alfonso  X.  or  IX.  of  Leon,  and  IV. 
of  Castile,  called  The  Wine  and  The  Aslro- 
nomer.     (l'2o3,  12.';2  12-5.) 

Aben-eska,  a  Sp.Tnish  rabbi,  born  at 
Toledo.     (1119-1174.) 

CiiAULES  V.  of  France,  called  Le  Swie. 
(1337,  regent  13.08-1360,  king  1361-1380.) 

CiiE-TSoli,  founder  of  the  fourteenth 
dynasty  of  China,  called  Ilou-pe-lae  itlie 
model  ruler),  and  his  sovereignty  T/ie 
Wise  (h.vernmetU.     (1278-1295.) 

C'<iMTK  DK  LAS  Cases,  called  Le  Sage. 
(1766  1842.) 

FuKDK.iurK,  elector  of  Saxony.  (1463, 
1544-1554.) 

John  V.  of  Brittany,  called  The  Oood 
and  WUe.     (1389,  139'.)-14-t2.) 

H  WUe  as  the  women  of  Mungret.  At 
Mungret,  near  Limerick,  was  a  famous 
moniiKtery,  and  one  day  a  deputation  was 
sent  to  it  from  Civshol  to  try  the  skill  of 
the  Mungrut  ticholars.  The  heads  uf  tlip 
2  !•■ 


monastery  had  no  desire  to  be  put  to 
this  proof,  so  they  habited  several  of  their 
scholars  as  women,  and  sent  them  forth 
to  waylay  the  deputation.  The  Cashol 
professors  met  one  and  another  of  these 
"  women,"  and  asked  the  way,  or  dis- 
tance, or  hour  of  the  day,  to  all  which 
questions  they  received  replies  in  Greek. 
Thunderstruck  with  this  strange  occur- 
rence, they  resolved  to  return,  saying, 
"  What  must  the  scholars  be  if  even  the 
townswomen  talk  in  Greek  !"        ^ 

Tl  Nathan  t/ce  Wise.  A  drama  by 
Lessing,  based  on  a  story  in  the  "  De- 
cameron."   (Day  X.,  Novel 'i.) 

Wise  Men  of  the  East.  The  three 
Magi  who  followed  the  guiding  star  to 
Bethlehem.  They  are  the  patron  saints 
of  travellers,    (^e*  Seven  Sages.) 

Wisest  Man  of  Greece.  So  the 
Delphic  oracle  pronounced  Soc'rates  to 
be,  and  Socrates  modestly  made  answer, 
"'Tis  because  I  alone  of  all  the  Greeks 
know  that  I  know  nothing." 

Wiseacre.  A  corruption  of  the  Ger- 
man loeissarjer  (a  wise  saycr  or  prophet). 
This,  like  the  Greek  sophism,  has  cpiite 
lost  its  original  meaning,  and  is  applied 
to  dunces,  wise  only  "  in  their  own 
conceit." 

Wishart  (George).  One  of  the  early 
reformers  of  Scotland,  condemned  to  the 
stake  by  Cardinal  Beaton.  While  the 
fire  was  blazing  .about  him  he  saiil :  "  He 
who  from  yon  high  place  beholdeth  me 
with  such  pride,  shall  be  brought  low, 
even  to  the  ground,  before  the  trees 
which  supplied  these  faggots  have  shed 
their  leaves."  It  was  March  when 
Wishart  uttered  these  wonls,  and  the 
cardinal  died  in  June.     (See  Summons.) 

Wishing-cap.  Fortuna'tus  had  an 
inexhaustible  purse  and  a  wishing-cap, 
but  these  gifts  proved  the  ruin  of  himself 
and  his  sons.  The  object  of  the  tale  ia 
to  show  the  vanity  of  human  prosperity. 

Wishing-rod  of  the  Nibelunu's  was 
of  pure  LTold.  Whoever  had  it  could  keep 
the  whole  world  in  subjection.  It  be- 
longed to  Siegfried,  but  when  the  "  Nibel- 
ung  hoard"  was  removed  to  Worms  this 
rod  went  also. 

And  therr-amoDK  win  lyinx  the  wlihlng-nxl  of  goln. 
Wh'.cli    vrlioao  could  diiiciTer  m^^lit   io   •ubjot-tlut) 

hold 
Al'    tlili  wide  wor'd  u  m.r'trr.  «itli  itli  'hat  dw«ll 

therein.     LeU»>m§  "  »  i/jtiuiigt  i-Lifd,'   it.  IIAC 

Wit.    T<,  wit,  that  is  to  say.    K  tran» 


062 


WITUU. 


WiVEb. 


lation  of  the  French  savoir.  Wit  is  the 
Anglo-Saxon  uitan  (to  know).  I  divide 
my  property  into  four  parts,  to  wit,  or 
tavoir,  or  namely,  or  thaX  is  to  tay 

Witch.  By  drawing  the  blood  of  n 
witch  you  deprive  her  of  her  power  of 
sorcery.  Glanvil  says  that  w>icn  Jane 
Brooks,  the  demon  of  Tedworth,  be- 
witched a  hoy,  his  father  scratched  her 
face  and  drew  blood,  whereupon  the  boy 
instantly  exclaimed  that  he  was  well 
again. 

Blood  will  I  draw  on  thee  ;  thou  art  a  witch. 
Shakespeare.  "  1  Henry  VI.,"  i.  5. 

Hammer  for  Wilclies  (Malleus  Malefi- 
carum).  A  treatise  drawn  up  by  Heinrich 
Institor  and  Jacob  Sprenger,  system- 
atising  the  whole  doctrine  of  witchcraft, 
laying  down  a  regular  form  of  trial,  and 
a  course  of  examination.  Innocent  VIII. 
issued  the  celebrated  bull  Summis  JJesi- 
derantes  in  1484,  directing  inquisitors 
and  others  to  put  to  death  all  practisers 
of  witchci-aft  and  other  diabolical  arts. 

*,*  Dr.  Sprenger  computes  that  as 
many  as  nine  millions  of  persons  have 
suffered  death  for  witchcraft  since  the 
bull  of  Innocent. —  "Life  of  Mohammed.''' 

Witch,  of  Endor.  A  divining  wo- 
man consulted  by  Saul  when  Samuel  was 
dead.  She  called  up  the  ghost  of  the 
prophet,  and  Saul  was  told  that  his  death 
was  at  hand  (1  Sam.  xxviii.  7-20). 

Witch-Hazel.  A  shrub  supposed 
to  be  efficacious  in  discovering  witches. 
A  forked  twig  of  the  hazel  was  made  into 
a  divining  rod  for  the  purpose. 

Witchcraft.  The  epidemic  demon- 
opathy  which  raged  in  the  fifteenth, 
oixteenth,  and  seventeenth  centuries. 

Witches' Sabbath.  The  muster  at 
night-time  of  witches  and  demons  to  con- 
coct mischief.  The  witch  first  anoirted 
her  feet  and  shoulders  with  the  fat  of  a 
murdered  babe,  then  mounting  a  broom- 
stick, distaff,  or  rake,  made  her  exit 
by  the  chimney,  and  rode  through  the 
air  to  the  place  of  rendezvous.  The 
assembled  witches  feasted  together  and 
concluded  with  a  dance,  in  which  they 
all  turned  their  backs  to  each  other. 

Witchflnder.  Matthew  Hopkins, 
who,  in  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  travelled  through  the  eastern 
counties  to  find  out  witches.  At  last  ; 
Hopkins  himself  was  tested  by  his  own 
rule.    Being  oast  into  a  river,  h«  floated,    I 


was  declared  to  be  a  wizard,  and  wap 
put  to  death.  (See  above,  IIam,mer  fat 
Wilclm.) 

Witliam.  Yon  were  bora,  I  suppou, 
at  Little  Wilham.  A  reproof  to  a  noodle. 
The  pun,  of  course,  is  on  little  wit 
Witham  is  in  Lincolnshire. 

I  will  he  sworn  she  wag  not  bom  at  Wittham,  foi 
Gaffer  G!bbii.-..Ea79  ehe  could  not  turnup  a  single 
lesson  like  h  Christiin.— 6'ir  Waller  ScoU.  "Heart 
0/  ilid-Lolhinn,"  ch.  zzxii. 

Withe  (1  syl.).  When  Delilah  asked 
Samson  what  woiild  effectually  bind  him, 
he  told  her  "  green  withes,"  but  when 
she  called  in  the  Philistines  he  snapped 
his  bonds  like  tow. 

It  seems  impossible  that  Samson  can  be  held  hj 
fuch  green  withes  [i.e.,  that  «  great  me-aturee^n  ot 
carried  bti  tiucli  petty  ehi/ta].—  The  Times- 

Wititterly  {Mr.),  of  Cadogan  Place, 
Sloane  Street.  His  Christian  name  was 
Henry.  He  went  about  all  day  in  a 
tremor  of  delight  at  having  shaken  hands 
with  a  lord,  and  was  in  the  seventh 
heaven  because  a  real  lord  had  promised 
to  be  his  guest. 

Mrs.  Wititterly  (Julia),  wife  of  the 
above,  A  lady  of  sweetest  insipidity, 
"  whose  soul  was  too  large  for  her  body." 
She  reclined  on  a  sofa  half  the  day  and 
studied  attitudes  of  gleeful  languor. 
Kate  Nickleby  was  her  companion,  and 
was  expected  always  to  be  well  and  in 
good  spirits  ;  why  else  was  she  paid  a 
salary  ?  Mrs.  Wititterly  had  her  husband'.= 
weakness  for  "lords."  Coarseness  in  a 
lord  became  in  her  eyes  mere  humour ; 
vulgarity  got  softened  down  into  eccen- 
tricity; and  insolence  to  "aristocratic 
ease."  Her  page  "  Bill"  she  called  Al 
phonse. — Dickens,  "  yicholas  Nickleby  " 

Witney  {Oxfordshire^  is  the  Saxon 
Witen-ey,  the  island  of  Wise-men— i.e.,  ot 
the  Witenagemotor  national  parliament. 

Wit'tington  or  Whittington.  Thrice 
lord  mayor  of  London  -in  1397,  1406, 
1419.  He  amassed  a  fortune  of  £350,000. 
(<SeeCAT.)  Generally  spelt  Whittington 

Bene,ath  this  storn^  lies  Wittintrton, 

Sir  Richard  rightly  namtd. 
Who  three  times  Lord  Mayor  scrreJ  In  l<ondoo 

In  which  he  ce'er  was  blamed. 
He  rose  from  imligence  to  wealth 

by  industry  and  that. 
For  lo !  he  scorned  to  gain  by  stealth 

Wha'  he  got  by  a  cat. 
Epiiaph  (destroyed  by  the  Fire  of  London). 

Wittoba,  in  Bombay  mythology,  is 
Crishna  or  Vishnu  incarnate. 

Wives  of  literary  n;on.  Tlie  followiiy; 


wo. 


WOLVKS. 


9*a 


were  unhappy  in  their  "  help- meets  :  "— 
Addison,  lord  Byron,  Dickens,  Dryden, 
Ailx^rt  Durer,  Ilaydn.  Hooker,  2.  Jonson, 
VV.  Lilly  (second  wife),  Milion,  Moli^re, 
More,  Scdliger,  Scblegel  (both  wives), 
Shakespeare,  :5nolley(fir8t  wife),  Socrates, 
Wycherley  (first  wife),  &c 

Wo.  Stop  (addressed  to  horses).  "Ho!" 
or"  lion!"  was  formerly  an  exclamation 
cominauding  the  kiiiuhts  at  tournaments 
to  ccadc  from  all  further  action. 

Scoll^rs,  »f  they  read  much  ofloTe,  bo  when  tliey 
once  fall  in  lore,  there  is  no  bo  with  thcni  till  tht:; 
have  tliclr  love.—'  CMer  of  CantfriAirit"  <lUi  8). 

Wodpn.  Another  form  of  Odin 
(q.v.).  The  worri  is  incorjionited  in  Wo- 
denshury  (Kent),  Weilens'tmry  (Suffolk), 
VVansdyke  (Wiltshire),  Wednesday,  k.c. 

Woful.  Knight  of  the  Woful  Coun- 
tenance. The  title  given  by  Sancho  Panza 
to  Don  Quixote  (bk.  iii.,  oh.  5).  After 
his  challenge  of  the  two  royal  lions  (pt. 
II.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  17)  the  adventurer  called 
himself  Kniyld  of  the  Liotu. 

Wokey.  Wicked  at  the  Witch  of 
Wohy.  Wokey-hole  is  a  noted  cavern 
in  Somersetshire,  which  has  given  birth 
to  as  many  weird  stories  a-s  the  Sybils' 
Cave  in  Italy.  The  Witch  of  Wokey  was 
metamorphosed  into  stone  by  a  "  lemed 
wight "  from  Gaston,  but  left  her  curse 
behind,  so  that  the  fair  damsels  of  Wokey 
rarely  find  "a  gallant."— /'ercy,  "  Re- 
Ivqnes,"  iii.  14. 

Wolf. 

Fenris.  The  wolf  that  scatters  venom 
through  air  and  water,  and  will  swallow 
Odin  when  time  .shall  be  more. 

^kiiU.  The  wolf  that  follows  the  sun  and 
moon,  and  will  swallow  them  ultiiXiately. 
— ikandinavian  mythology. 

"Wolves.  It  is  not  true  that  wolves 
were  extirp.ited  from  the  island  in  the 
reign  of  Edgar.  The  tradition  is  based 
upon  the  worls  of  William  of  .Maluios- 
bury  (bk.  ii.,  ch.  8),  who  says  tliat  the 
tribute  paid  by  the  king  of  Wales,  con- 
sisting  of  300  wolves,  ceased  after  the 
third  year,  because  "nullum  so  ultehus 
posse  invoni're  profe.^sus"  (because  ae 
oould  find  no  more — i.e.,  in  Wales) ;  but 
in  the  tenth  year  of  William  I.,  we  find 
that  Robert  de  Uinfranvillo,  knight,  held 
his  lordship  of  Riddlosdalo  in  Northum- 
berland by  service  of  defending  that 
part  of  the  kingdom  from  "wolvea.' 
In  the  forty-third  year  of   Ivlward   III., 


Thomas  Enganie  held  lands  in  Pitchley. 
Northamptonshire,  by  service  of  findin<» 
dogs  at  his  own  cost  for  the  destructiou 
of  "wolves"  and  foses.  Even  in  thji 
eleventh  year  of  Ht-jiry  VI.,  Sir  Robert 
Plumpton  held  one  bovate  of  land  in  the 
county  of  Notts  by  service  of  ''frighting 
the  wolves"  in.Shirewood  Forest. 

8lu-wolf  of  France.  Isabella  le  Bel, 
wife  of  Edward  II.  According  to  a  tra- 
dition she  murdered  the  king  by  burning 
his  bowels  with  a  hot  iron,  or  by  tearing 
them  from  his  body  with  her  own  hands. 

Slip-wolf  of  Fnnce.  witn  unrel'ntin^  rau^s, 
That  tcar'et  ibe  bowels  of  Hiy  mamleii  mite. 
'jT'iy,  ■'  The  li»rd.' 

The  Wolf.  So  Dryden  calls  the  Pres 
bytery  in  his  "  Hind  and  Panther." 

Onlieunelled  raace  in  tliy  I'olonian  p'«iu» 
A  bi Tcer  foe  the  insatiate  Wolf  remains. 

Pt  I. 

Ue  has  seen  a  wolf.  Said  of  a  person 
who  has  lost  his  voice.  Our  forefathers 
used  to  say  that  if  a  man  saw  .t  wolf 
before  the  wolf  saw  him  ho  became  dumb, 
at  least  for  a  time. 

Vox  quo<iT]e  Mcerim 
Jam  fu^-lt  ipiia  ;  lupi  31<erim  vide're  tirio'ren. 

yirjil.  Ec!.  it 

"  OiiryouD?  compan'on  has  Been  a  wulf."  sai  <  laJt 
Hanielii.e. "  ami  ho-s  lost  hi.,  tongue  id  couiiciiueuce.' 
—iki'U.  "  V"!">i»  Ihirward,"  oil.  xvilL 

To  see  a  wolf  is  also  a  good  sign,  inas 
much  as  the  wolf  was  dedicated  to  Odin, 
the  giver  of  victory. 

Jle  put  his  head  into  the  wolft  mouth. 
He  exposed  himself  to  needless  danger. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  fable  of  the  crane 
th.tt  put  its  head  into  a  wolfs  mouth  in 
order  to  extract  a  bone.  The  fable  is 
sometimes  related  of  a  fox  instead  of  u 
wolf.    (French.) 

To  cry  "  Wo'}/"  To  give  a  false  alarm. 
The  allusion  is  to  the  well-known  fable  of 
the  shepherd  lad  who  used  to  cry  "  Wolf  I" 
merely  to  make  fun  of  the  neighbours, 
but  when  at  last  the  wolf  came  no  one 
wouM  believe  him. 

In  Chinese  history  it  is  said  that  Yeu- 
w'lntr,  of  the  third  Imperial  dynasty,  was 
att.icliod  to  a  courte'-tkn  named  P;io-t8u, 
whom  he  tried  by  various  exjiedients  to 
make  laugh.  At  length  be  hit  upon  the 
following :  He  caused  the  tocsins  to  be 
ning  as  if  some  invaders  were  at  the  gates, 
Pao-tse  laughed  immoderately  to  see  the 
people  pouring  into  the  city  in  alarm. 
The  emperor,  seeing  the  success  of  his 
trick,  repeated  it  over  and  over  again 
but  at  !a.st  an   enemy   really  did   come 


964 


WOLff. 


WONDER. 


and  when  tlie  alarm  was  given  no  one 
paid  attention  to  it,  and  the  emperor 
was  slain   (B.C.  770).       (See  Amycl^ean 

SILKNCE.) 

To  keep  the  wolf  from  the  door.  To  keep 
out  hunger.  We  »ay  of  a  ravenous  person 
"  He  has  a  wolf  in  his  stomach,"  an  ex- 
pression common  to  tlie  French  and  Ger- 
mans. Tlius  mavijer  comme  un  Loup  is  to 
eat  voraciously,  and  nolfsmagen  is  the 
German  for  a  keen  appetite. 

Uark  as  a  wolf's  moutk.  Pitch  dark. 
Is  mouth  in  this  i.liinso  a  corruiiMon  of 
nioiitk  t     Wolf's- tuontb  is  January. 

Le  loup  ^iKiurra  dans  xa  jjeau.  As  a 
man  lives  so  will  ho  die. 

Auiur  vu  le  loup.  To  have  seen  the 
world. 

Wolf  in  music.  Applied  to  a  bad 
fifth,  or  to  the  interval  from  the  false 
octave,  obtained  by  the  fifths,  to  the 
tnie  one.  The  concords  in  such  instru- 
ments as  the  organ  and  pianoforte  cannot 
be  made  perfect,  because  the  interval  of 
a  tone  is  not  uniformly  the  same.  For 
instance,  the  interval  between  the  fourth 
and  fifth  of  the  major  scale  contains  nine 
v07iimas  or  parts,  but  that  between  the 
fifth  and  sixth  only  eight.  Tuners  gene- 
rally distribute  the  defects,  but  some 
musicians  prefer  to  throw  the  onus  on 
some  particular  keys.  A  squeak  made 
in  reed  instruments  by  unskilful  players 
is  termed  a  Goose. 

Wolf,  dul-e  of  Gascony.  One  of  Charle- 
magne'sknights, and  the  most  treacherous 
of  all,  except  Ganelon.  He  sold  his  guest 
and  his  family.  He  wore  browned  steel 
armour,  damasked  with  silver  ;  but  his 
favourite  weapon  wao  the  gallows.  He 
was  never  in  a  rage,  but  cruel  in  cold 
blood. 

It  was  Wolf,  duke  of  Gaeconr,  who  was  the  origi- 
nator of  the  plan  of  tjiug  wetted  rofes  rouu  1  the 
tcmiiles  of  his  pr:eonci8  to  ni:ike  their  eyelialis  start 
from  tlieir  eouketa.'  It  wai-  he  who  had  them  sewed 
)p  iu  ireiilil^'etiipped  hulU'  hides,  and  exposed  to 
Jbc  siiD  till  tlie  hides  iu  aliriukiiig  hroke  their  boi.es. 
— "  Cruqutmitaint,"  iiL 

Wolf  S-bane.  The  Germans  call  all 
poisonous  herbs  "banes,"  and  the  Greeks, 
mistaking  the  word  for  "beans,"  trans- 
lated it  by  hu'amoi,  as  they  did  "hen- 
bane "  (kiLos  ku'amos).  Wolf's-bane  is  an 
aconite  with  a  pale  yellow  Hower,  called 
therefore  the  ivhite-haue  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  t/«eaconite.  White-bean  would 
be  iu  Greek  leukos  hiumos,  which  was 
corrupted  into  lukos  kuamos  (vioU-he&u)  ; 
but   botanists,    seeing  the   al>surditv  of 


calling  aconite  a  "bean,"  restored  the 
original  German  veord  "bane,"  but  re- 
tained the  corrupt  word  lukos  (wolf),  and 
hence  the  ridiculous  terui  "wolf's- bane." 
— IJ.  Fox  Talbot. 

*,*  Tliis  cannot  be  correct:  (1)  bane  i» 
not  German;  (2)  I/uos  Ktutmos  would  be 
hog-bean,  not  hen- bane;  (3)  How  could 
Greeks  mistranslate  German?  The 
truth  is,  Wolf's-bane  is  so  called,  because 
meat  saturated  with  its  .juice  was  supposed 
to  be  a  wolf-poison. 

Wolf's  Head,  a  general  enemy; 
some  one  or  thing  obnoxious  t')  all. 

Any  une  who  dares  to  connect  him&elf  with  a  pub 
Ucatiuu  which  sins  iu  liiersuuitlitiesj,  finds  himself  a 
caput  tiipi'tium,  against  whom  every  mac  of  ever? 
ch^ss  and  party  are  I?)  williujf  to  raise  their  cudgel. 
—  The  Times,  Jauuary  12,  1870. 

Wolf  Men.  Giraldus  Cauibrensis 
tells  us  {Opei-a,  vol.  v,  p.  119)  thai 
Irislr.nen  can  be  "changed  into  wolves.'' 
Neunius  asserts  that  the  "descendants 
of  wolves  are  still  in  Ossory,"  and  they 
retransform  themselves  into  wolves  when 
they  bite. —  Wonders  of  Eri,  xiv. 

*,*  These  Ossory  men-wolves  are  of 
the  race  of  Laighue  Fxlaidh. 

Wolf-month,  or  Wolf-vumath.  The 
Saxon  name  for  January,  because  "  people 
are  wont  always  in  that  month  to  be  in 
more  danger  of  being  devoured  by  wolves 
than  in  any  other." — Verstcgan. 

Woman.  The  Rabbins  assert  that 
man  was  originally  formed  with  a  tail, 
but  that  Deity  cut  oflf  this  appendage  and 
made  woman  thereof.     T.  Moore  says— 

Every  hushand  remembers  th'  orii:iual  plan. 
And  knowing  his  wife  is  uo  more    tlian  his  tail, 
\v  hy,  lie — leaves  her  hehiud  tiim  as  much  as  be  can. 

The  Silent  Woman.  A  public-house 
sign,  being  a  woman  without  a  head. 
The  original  of  this  sign  was  a  woman 
denapitated,  and  called  the  Good  Woman. 

Wonder.  A  nine-days'  wonder. 
Something  that  causes  a  sensational 
astonishment  for  a  few  days,  and  is  tlien 
pl.aced  in  the  limbo  of  '•  things  forgot," 
Three  days'  amazement,  three  days'  dis- 
cussion of  details,  and  three  days  of  sub- 
sidence.    [See  Nine  ;  and  Skve.v,  p.  817.) 

^[  The  eighth  wonder  The  palace  uf  the 
Escurial  in  Toledo,  built  by  Felipe  II. 
to  commemorate  his  victory  over  the 
French  at  St.  Quentin.  It  was  dedicated 
to  San  Lorenzo,  and  Juan  Baptista  de 
Toledo,  the  architect,  took  a  gridiron 
for  his  model  — the  bars  being  repre 
sented  by  rows  or  files  of  buildings, 
and  the  handle  by  a  church.  It  has 
l,8t)0  rooms,  6,200  windows  and   doors. 


tVONDEll-WORKEU. 


WOODEN    SWORD. 


966 


80  staircases,  73  fountains,  48  wine-cel- 
lars, 51  bells,  and  8  organs.  Its  cir- 
cumference is  4.SU0  feet  (nearly  a  mile). 
Escurial  is  scorui  fern,  iron  dross,  be- 
cause its  site  is  tha-  of  old  iron  works. 

(.SwTUILKHlKS.) 

An  eiyluk  wonder ,  A  work  of  extra- 
ordinary meclianical  ingenuity,  such  as 
the  Great  Wall  of  China,  the  Dome  of 
Chnsroes  in  Madain,  St.  Peter's  of  Rome, 
the  Menai  Suspension  Bridge,  the  Thames 
Tunnel,  the  bridge  over  the  Niajrara, 
Eddystone  Lighthouse,  the  Suez  Canal, 
the  Haiiroad  over  Mount  Cenis,  the 
Atlnn'-  ('-.i-le,  kc. 

^  Tlif  Three.  Wonders  n/" Bahjl on. 
'1  he  Palace,  eight   miles  in   circum- 
ference. 

I'he  [lanprmc;  Gardens. 

The  Tower  of  liabel,  said  by  some 
Jewish  writers  to  bo  twelve  miles  in 
heig-ht !  Jerome  quotes  contemporary 
authority  for  its  beintr  four  miles  high. 
Strabo  states  its  height  to  have  been  660 
feet. 

Wonder-worker.  St.  Gregory,  of 
Koo-C;esare'a,  in  Pontus  ;  so  called  be- 
cause ho  ''recalled  devils  at  h:3  will, 
stayed  a  river,  killed  a  Jew  by  the  mere 
effort  of  his  will,  changed  a  lake  into 
solid  earthy  and  did  many  other  wondcr- 
hil  ihiutjb.'      {net  Thaumatukous.) 

Woo  or  IToo'e.     Stoji,  addressed  to  a 
horse.     The  Latin  word  olii  has  the  same 
moaning.     Thus  Horace  (Sat.  I.,  v.  12): 
'  Olie,  jam  8.ati8  est." 

Woo'ish,  when  addres.Ned  to  horses, 
means  "  fj'.-ar  to  the  left."  In  the  West 
of  England  they  say  Wmig — i.e.,  wag  off 
(Sixou,  wok,  a  bend  or  turn).  Woo'i.sn 
is  "  Move  off  ft  little." 

Woo-tee  Jjynasty.  The  eighth 
Imperial  dynasty  of  China,  established 
in  the  south  Liou-yu.  A  co>)liler,  having 
fcssassinatod  the  two  preceding  nionarchs, 
usurped  tlio  crown,  *nd  took  the  name 
of  Woo-tee  (l-ing  Woo),  a  name  assumed 
by  inatiy  of  his  folUwers. 

Wood.  KniglU  of  Ihf  Wood  or  Knu/ht 
vf  tilt  Muiors.  So  called  becausa  nis 
cm'  was  overspread  with  numerous 
small  mirror^  It  was  S  inipson  Cariusco, 
a  bachelor  of  letters,  who  ailoptc<l  the 
disguise  of  a  knight  under  the  hope  of 
overthrowing  Don  Quixote,  when  he 
would  hove  imposed  upon  him  the  i>enaltv 
)f  returriiuk.'  I"  hi^  Imme  for  two  years'; 


but  it  so  happened  that  Don  Quixote 
was  the  victor,  and  Cilrrasco's  scheme 
was  abortive.  As  Kiivihl  of  the  W/d/e 
Moon  Carrasco  again  challenged  tbf 
Man'chcgan  lunatic,  aad  overthrew  him  \ 
whereupon  the  vanquished  knight  was 
obliged  to  return  home,  and  quit  tho 
profession  of  knight-errantry  for  twelve 
months.  Before  the  term  expired  he 
died.—  Cervanten,  "Don  Quixote,"  pt.  II., 
bk.  i.  11,  &c  ;  bk.  iv.  12. 

Wood's  Halfpence.     A  penny 

coined  by  William  Wood,  to  whom 
George  I.  granted  letters  patent  for  the 
purpose.     (See  Duapier's  Letter.s.) 

Sir  W»lter'6[Sco't]rcalbrlirf  inSrotcli  one-rounl 
notes  may  bead»aii;ogeou»ly  ooDCr&sted  witli  ^wjfi'i 
forced  freiiiy  &bo>jt  ^^  ood'»  liallpeuM.  ni  ire  e5i>e' 
(ialiy  ikS  JSwifl  really  iiid  uiidcrsi.ioJ  the  dcl«i  ts  o( 
W.>od«  scheme,  and  Sir  W.iit-r  wni  al'S'jIuiely  ig- 
norant of  till!  currency  co'itrorersy  in  which  b< 
engaged.— 77«  7i«ifi. 

Wooden  Hoi'ue— 

At  Troy.  Virgil  tolls  us  that  Ulyssel 
had  a  monster  wooden  horse  made  after 
the  death  of  Hector,  and  gave  out  that 
it  was  an  offering  to  the  gods  to  secure 
a  prosi)erous  voyage  back  to  Greece. 
The  Trojans  dragged  the  horse  within 
their  city,  but  it  was  full  of  Grecian  sol- 
diers, who  at  night  stole  out  of  their 
place  of  concealment,  slow  the  Trojan 
guards,  opened  the  city  gates,  and  set 
file  to  Troy.     It  was  made  by  Epeios. 

Camhiifcans.  The '•  Arabian  Nights" 
tells  lis  of  ("ambusonn's  horse  of  brass, 
which  had  a  pin  in  the  neck,  and  on  turn- 
ing this  pin  the  horse  rose  into  the  air, 
and  transjiorted  the  rider  to  the  place 
he  wanted  to  go  to.     (ike  Clavii.eno.) 

Wooden  Spoon.  The  last  of  the 
honour  men,  i.e.  of  the  Junior  Ojitimes, 
in  the  Cambridge  University.  Some- 
times two  or  more  "  last "  men  are 
bracketed  together,  in  which  case  th* 
group  is  termed  the  spoon  bracket.  It 
is  said  that  these  men  are  so  called 
because  in  days  of  yore  they  were  pre- 
sented with  a  wooden  ?i)oon,  while  the 
other  honour  men  had  a  silver  or  golden 
one,  a  spoon  being  the  usual  prix  dt 
merite  instead  of  a  medal,  (iiee  WooDKB 
Wedoe.) 

Wooden  Sword.  To  wmr  lAi 
wooden  sirord.  To  overstand  the  market, 
or  keep  back  sales  by  asking  too  high  a 
price.  Fools  used  to  wear  wooden  sword* 
or  "  daggers  of  iath  " 


960 


WOODEN    WALL. 


Worse. 


Wooden  "Wall.  When  the  Greeks 
sent  to  I)el|>tii  to  ask  how  they  were  to 
defend  tliein.selves  aj^'.-iinst  Xerxes,  who 
had  inviiiled  their  country,  the  evasive 
answer  given  was  to  this  effect — 

Pnllns  hatli  urged,  nn<i  Zeu8,  llie  sire  of  all, 
llatli  Siifety  |irociiis''0  in  a  w  ■nden  w.'ill  ■ 
Seedtime  ainl  harvest,  weeping  sires  fliall  tell 
How  llioueaiiUE  fouKbl  at  8alaiiii8  and  fell. 

Wooden  Walh  of  Old  England.  The 
ships  of  war.  We  mu.st  now  say,  "  The 
Iron  Walls  of  Old  England." 

Wooden  Wedge.  Last  in  the 
classical  tripos.  V/hen  in  1824  the  clas- 
sical tiipos  was  instituted  at  Camliridgf, 
it  was  dchated  by  what  name  to  call  the 
last  on  the  li.st.  It  so  happened  that 
the  last  on  the  list  was  Wedgewood,  and 
the  name  was  accepted  and  moulded  into 
Wooden- wedge.    (6'e«  Wooden  Spoon.) 

Woodfall,  brotl-.er  of  the  Woodfall 
of  Junius,  and  editor  of  the  Morning 
Chronicle,  would  attend  a  debate,  and, 
without  notes,  report  it  accurately  next 
morning.  He  was  called  ^^c7norl/  Wood- 
fall.  (1745-1803.)  So  could  W.  Radcliffe. 

Woodwar'dian  Professor.  The 
professor  of  geology  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  This  professorship  wuj 
founded  in  1727  by  Dr.  Woodward, 

Wool-gathering-  Voter  witx  are 
gone  wooigatkeriag.  As  children  sent  to 
gat  lifTrwool  from  hedgps  are  absent  for  a  tri- 
vial purpose;  so  persons  in  a  "brown  study" 
are  absent-minded  to  no  good  purpose, 

WooL  Dyed  in  the  wool.  A  hearty 
pood  fellow,  like  cloth  which  is  wool-dyed 
[not  piece-dyed],  is  true  throughout  "  and 
will  wash  " — Americanism. 

Woollen. 

"Odious  :  in  woollen  I  'twould  a  siint  provoker' 
(Were  tlie  last  words  that  poor  Narcisiia  spt.ke). 
"  No  I  i'et  a  chn^Il!n^'  cliintz  and  Brussfls  lace 
Wrap  my  coUl  liml'S,  and  shade  my  lilele.«s  face. 
One  would  not  sure  be  frightful  when  one's  dead. 
And— Betty— give  the  i  hteUs  a  little  red." 

Fope,  "  Moral  Essai/8,"  Ep.  1. 

This  was  the  ruling  passion  strong  in 
death.  At  the  time  this  was  written  it 
was  compulsory  to  bury  in  woollen,  i 
Narcissa  did  not  dre.ad  death  half  so 
much  as  being  obliged  to  wear  flannel 
instead  of  her  fine  mantles.  Narcissa 
was  Mrs,  Oldfiold.  the  actress,  who  died 
1731. 

Woollen  Goods.    i5«  Linen'  Goods.) 

Woolsack.  To  sit  on  the  woolsack. 
To  be  Lord  Chancellor  of  England,  whose 
»eat  in  the  House  of  Lords  is  called  the 


woolsack.  It  is  a  large  square  bag  of 
wool,  without  back  or  arms,  and  covered 
with  red  cloth.  In  the  reign  of  ipieeij 
Elizabeth  an  Act  of  Parliament  was  passed 
to  prevent  the  exportation  of  wool ;  and 
that  this  source  of  our  national  wealth 
might  be  kept  constantly  in  mind,  wool- 
sacks were  phiced  in  the  House  of  Peers, 
whereon  the  judges  sat.  Hence  the  Lord 
Chancellor,  who  presides  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  is  said  to  "sit  on  the  woolsack," 
or  to  be  "  appointed  to  the  woolsack." 

Worcester  (Woosf-er).  A  con- 
traction of  Wicii-tcare-ceaster  (the  camp- 
town  of  the  Wicii  people).  Ware  means 
people,  and  Wicii  was  a  tribe  name. 

Worcester.  Cartulary  of  the  church, 
by  Homing,  published  by  He.arne  in  two 
volumes  8vo,  in  172-3.  This  was  compiled 
in  the  reign  of  the  Conqueror. 

Worcester  College  (Oxford), 
founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Coke,  of  Bentley, 
Worcestershire,  in  1714. 

W"ords.  Mony  words  ■mil  not  fill  a 
bushel.  Mere  promises  will  not  help  the 
needy.  If  we  say  to  a  beggar,  "  Be  thou 
filled,"  is  he  tilled? 

Good  words  butter  no  parsnips,  is  a  pro- 
verb of  the  .same  scope.  In  Scotland  an 
excellent  dish  is  mado  of  parsnips  and 
potatoes  beat«n  up  with  butter. 

Worldly- Wiseman  (Mr.).  One 
who  tries  to  persuade  Christian  that  it 
is  very  bad  policy  to  continue  his  jour- 
ney.— Bunyan,  "Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Worm.  To  have  a  tcorm  in  one'.' 
tongue.  To  be  cantankerous;  to  snari 
and  bite  like  a  mad  dog. 

Tiiere  is  one  easy  artifice 
That  stldom  has  been  known  to  miss  - 
To  euai  1  at  aU  things  right  or  wrong. 
Like  a  mad  doe  that  has  a  worm  iu's  lon..'ue< 
Samtiel  Butler,  "Upon  Modem  CriiiO'' 

Worms,  in  Germany,  according  to 
tradition,  is  so  called  from  the  Lindwurm 
or  dragon  slain  by  Siegfried  under  the 
linden  tree. 

Yet  more  I  know  of  Sieafried  that  well  your  e&i 

miy  hold. 
Beneath  the  linden  tree  he  slew  the  dnu;on  bold  ; 
Then  in  its  blood  he  bathed  him,  which  turned  t« 

horn  bis  skin. 
So  now  no  weapon  barms  him.  as  oft  hath  proret 

been.  "  yUie'ungen,"  st.  104. 

Worse  than  a  Crime,  it  was  a 
Blunder.  Said  by  Talleyrand  of  the 
murder  of  the  duo  d'Enghien  by  N» 
polooD  I, 


WORSHIP 


WBANGLER. 


967 


Wor'ship  moans  state  or  condition 
of  worth,  lience  the  terra  "  bis  worsiiip," 
meanina;  his  worthyship.  "  Thou  shalt 
have  worship  in  the  presence  of  them  that 
«it  at  meat  with  thee"  (Luke  xiv.  10) 
means  "Thou  shalt  h:iveworth-ship(ya.\ne 
or  appreciation)."  In  the  marriage  service 
the  man  says  to  the  woman,  "  With  my 
body  I  thee  worshij),  and  with  all  my 
worldly  goods  I  thee  endow" — that  is,  I 
confer  on  you  my  rank  and  dignities,  and 
endow  you  with  my  wealth  ;  the  woith- 
ship  attached  to  my  person  I  share  with 
you,  and  the  wealth  which  is  mine  is 
thine  also. 

Never  worship  the  gods  unshod.  So 
taught  Pjrthagoras,  and  he  meant  in  a 
careless  and  slovenly  manner.  (See 
lamblichus,  "  Protreptics,  Symbol  III." 

Worsted.  Yam  or  thread  made  of 
wool ;  so  called  from  Worsted  in  Nor- 
folk, now  a  village,  but  once  a  large 
market-town  with  at  least  as  many  thou- 
sand inhabitants  as  it  now  contains  hun- 
dreds.— Camden. 

Worthies.    (T/i>'  Mnc)    S.-r  p.  filS. 

%    The  i\ine  WtyrUdis  of  London. 

(1)  Sir  William  Walworth,  fishnioiig>M , 
who  stabbed  Wat  Tyler,  the  rebel.  Sii 
William  was  tmce  lord  mayor.  (1374 
13«0.) 

(2)  .■?(>  Ihnry  Pritchnrd.  who  (in  13.0(5) 
feasted  Edward  III., with  6000  followers; 
Edward,  the  Black  Prince;  John,  king  of 
Austria;  the  king  of  Cyprus  ;  and  David, 
king  of  Scotland. 

(3)  Sir  William  Sereno{-e,  who  fought 
with  the  Dauphin  of  France,  built  twenty 
almshouses  and  a  free  school.     (1418.) 

(4)  iSir  Thomw  White,  merchant  tailor, 
sou  of  a  poor  clcthler.  In  1.5.53  he  kept 
the  citizens  loyal  to  queen  Mary,  during 
Wyatt's  rebt'llion.  Sir  John  White 
founded  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  on 
the  spot  where  "two  elms  grew  from  one 
root.'' 

(ft)  Sir  John  lionham,  entrusted  wi\h  a 
valuable  cargo  for  the  Danish  market, 
and  made  conmiandor  of  th»  army  raised 
to  stop  the  progress  of  the  great  Solyman. 

(6)  Christophrr  Crolcer.  Famous  at  the 
siege  of  Uordi'KUX.  and  companion  of  the 
Bla<k  I'rince  wlien  he  helped  don  Pedro 
to  the  throne  of  Castile. 

(7)  ^'tr  John    llawkwood.     One  of   the 


Black  Prince's  knights,  and  immortalised 
in  Italian  history  as  "Giovanni  Acuti 
Cavidioro." 

(8)  Sir  Hugh  Caverhy.  Famous  for 
riddmg  Poland  of  a  monstrous  bear. 

(9)  Sir  Henry  iValererer,  generally 
called  "  Henry  of  Cornhill,"  who  lived  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  He  was  a  cru- 
sader, and  became  the  guardian  of 
"Jacob's  Well." 

The  chronicle  of  these  worthies  is  told 
fn  a  mixture  of  prose  and  verse  by  Richanl 
Johnson,  author  of  "The  Seven  Cham- 
pions of  Christendom  "  (1692). 

*,*  Among  these  nine  worthies  we  miss 
the  names  of  Whittington,  Gresham,  and 
Sir  John  Lawrence  (lord  mayor  in  1664), 
second  to  none. 

Wound-  Bind  (he  wound,  and gnaff 
the  weapon.  This  is  a  Rosicrncian  m<ixim. 
These  early  physicians  applied  salve  to 
the  weapon,  instead  of  to  the  wound, 
under  the  notion  of  n  magical  reflex  action. 
Sir  Kenelm  Digby  quotes  several  anec- 
dotes to  prove  this  sympathetic  action. 

Wra'ith.  The  spectral  appearance 
of  a  person  shortly  about  to  die.  It 
appears  to  persons  at  a  distance,  and 
forewarns  them  of  the  event — Highland 
superstition. 

Wrangler,  in  Cambridge  phrase,  is 
one  who  lias  obtiiined  a  place  in  the 
highest  mathematical  tripos.  The  first 
man  of  this  class  is  termed  the  senior 
wrangler ,  the  rest  are  arranged  accord- 
ing to  respective  merit,  and  are  called 
second,  third,  fourth,  &c.,  wrangler,  as  it 
may  be.  In  the  middle  ages,  when 
letters  were  first  elevated  to  respecta- 
bility in  modem  Europe,  college  exercises 
were  called  disputations,  and  those  who 
performed  them  disputants,  because  the 
main  part  consisted  in  pitting  two  men 
together,  one  to  argue  pro  and  the  other 
con.  Iq  the  law  and  theological  "schools" 
this  is  still  done  for  the  bachelor's  and 
doctor's  degrees.  The  exercise  of  an  op- 
ponent is  called  an  opponency.  Wrnng. 
ling  is  a  WDrd-battle  carried  on  by  twist- 
ing words  and  trying  to  obfuscHte  an 
opponent — a  most  excellent  term  for  the 
disputations  of  sclioolmen.  The  oppo- 
nency begins  with  a  thesis  or  ess.>j',  which 
mi'ans  "throwing  down  the  gauntlet," 
fioui  the  Greek  titAe'mi  (setting  together 
by  the  ears). 


968 


WRAXEN. 


WYOMING. 


Wrax'en.  Ovrrstrotchefl,  fitrained, 
rank.  Tliey  yn  to  srh'tol  all  the  wcelc,  and 
get  wraxen.  The  weeds  are  quite  wraxen. 
The  child  fell  and  wiaxea  his  ankle. 
(Danisli,  rrante,  peevish,  cross;  Saxon, 
lorcecun,  allied  to  ivreck  and  break.) 

Wrayburn  (Engmej.  A  gentle- 
man who  i)a\s  attention  to  I<izzie 
Hexniii. — Charles  Dickens,  "  Oicr  Mutual 
Friend." 

Wright  of  Iforwich.  Do  you 
know  Dr.  Wrv/ht  of  Norwich  f  A  reproof 
given  to  a  person  who  stops  the  decanter 
at  dinner.  Dr.  Wright,  of  Norwich,  was 
a  great  diner-out  and  excellent  talker. 
When  a  person  stops  the  bottle  and 
is  asked  this  question,  it  is  as  much  as  to 
say,  Dr.  Wri^-ht  had  the  privilegeof  doing' 
80  because  he  entertained  the  table  with 
his  conversation,  but  you  are  no  Dr. 
Wright  except  in  stopping  the  circula- 
tion of  the  wine. 

A  similar  reproof  is  given  in  the  Uni- 
versities in  this  way  :  The  bottle-stopper 
is  asked  if  he  knows  A  or  B  {any  name), 
and  after  several  queries  as  to  who  A  or 
B  is,  the  questioner  says  "  He  was 
hanged,"  and  being  asked  what  for,  re- 
plies "  For  stopping  the  bottle." 

Wl'Ong.  The  king  or  giieen,  can  do  no 
wrong. 

It  8'>ems  incredible  that  we  should  have  to  remind 
lord  Redesdaletiiat  the  sovereign  "can  do  no  wrong," 
limply  beiau-ie  the  Bovereiga  can  do  nothing  except 
by  and  with  the  a  ifice  and  consent  of  the  ministers 
01  the  cTowa.—The  Time*. 

Wronghead(<St)i'Vanci.«),  of  Bumper 
Hall.  A  country  squire  who  became 
member  of  Parliament  for  the  borough 
of  Guzzledown,  snder  the  hope  of  mend- 
ing his  fortune,  "  which  was  a  little  out 
of  elbows,"  by  obtaining  a  post  under 
Government.  He  came  to  London  with 
an  extravagant  vrife  and  silly  daughter, 
who  ran  him  into  frightful  expenses, 
and  would  both  have  been  ruined  if  a 
relative  named  Manly  had  not  befriended 
them.  —  Vanhrugh  and  Ciller,  "  Tht 
Provoked  Jliishand," 

Wul-wnllell.  The  death-song  of 
the  Turkish  women. 

Wulstan  (St.).  A  Saxon  bishop  of 
Worcester,  who  received  his  see  from 
Edward  the  Confessor.  Being  accused 
of  certain  offences,  and  ordered  to  resign 
bis  see,  he  planted  his  rrozier  in  the  shrine 


of  the  Confessor,  declaring  if  any  of  his 
accusers  could  draw  it  out  he  would 
submit  to  riisia-n  ;  a.s  no  one  could  do  so 
but  St.  Wulstan  himself,  his  innocence 
was  universally  admitted.  This  sort  of 
"miracle"  is  one  of  the  most  commoD 
of  legendary  wonders. 

Wunderberg  or  Underleg,  on  the 
great  moor  near  Salzberg,  the  chief  haunt 
of  the  Wild-women.  It  is  said  to  be  quite 
hollow,  and  contains  churches,  gardens, 
and  cities.  Here  is  Charles  V.  with  crown 
and  sceptre,  lords  and  knights.  His  grey 
beard  has  twice  encompassed  the  table 
at  which  he  sits,  and  when  it  has  grown 
long  enough  to  go  a  third  time  round  it 
Antichrist  will  appear. — German  super 
ttition.     (See  Bakbarossa.) 

Wursum.  Full  of  pus  or  matter 
A  corruption  of  the  Saxon  wurmsig,  full 
of  pus,  suppurated. 

Wyn-monath  ( Wine-month).  The 
Anglo-Saxon  name  for  October,  ttie 
month  for  treading  the  wine-vats.  In 
Domesday  Book  the  vineyards  are  per- 
petually mentioned. 

"Wynd.  Every  man  for  his  oini 
hand.,  as  Hinry  Wynd  Jongkt.  Every 
man  for  himself ;  every  man  seeks  his 
own  advantage.  When  the  feud  between 
Clan  Chattan  and  Clan  Kay  was  decided 
by  deadly  combat  on  the  North  Inch  of 
Perth,  one  of  the  men  of  Clan  Chattan 
deserted,  and  Henry  Wynd,  a  bandy- 
legged smith,  volunteered  for  half-a- 
crown  to  supply  his  place.  After  killing 
one  man  he  relaxed  in  his  efforts,  and 
on  being  asked  why,  replied,  "  I  have 
done  enough  for  half-a-crown."  He  was 
promised  wages  according  to  his  desert.s, 
and  fought  bravely.  A^^.er  the  battle 
he  was  asked  what  he  fought  for,  and 
gave  for  answer  that  he  fought  "  for 
his  own  hand;"  whence  the  proverb.— 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  Tales  of  a  Grand- 
father"  xvii. 

Wyo'ining  ^j  syl.).  In  177S  a  force 
of  British  provincials  and  Indians,  led  by 
Colonel  Butler,  drove  the  settlers  out  of 
the  valley,  and  queen  Esther  tomaliawked 
fourteen  of  the  fugitives  with  her  own 
hand,  in  revenge  of  her  son's  death. 
Campbell  has  founded  his  "  Gertrude  of 
Wyoming"  on  tliis  disaster,  but  erro- 
neously makes  Brandt  leader  of  the  ex- 
pedition, and  calls  the  place  Wyoming. 


YACOUb. 


iMfe 


X  on  beer-ca.'-ks  indicates  beer  which 
had  to  pay  ten  shillinifs  duty,  and  hence 
it  came  to  mean  beer  of  a  given  quality. 
Two  or  three  crosses  are  mere  trado- 
taarks,  intended  to  convey  the  notion  of 
twice  or  thrice  as  strong  as  that  which 
pays  ten  shillint^s  duty. 

Xamabu'gis.  Bonzes  of  Japan, 
who  serve  as  guides  to  the  pilgrims 
across  the  deserts. 

Xan'adu.  A  city  mentioned  in  the 
"  Kubla  Klian"  of  Coleridge.  This  poem 
is  borrowed  from  Purchas's  "  Pilgrimage," 
where  the  city  is  called  Xaindu. 

Xan'gi.  The  supreme  governor  of 
heaven  and  eaith. — Clunese  viijtkologi/. 

Xan'thos  (reddish  ydloid).  Achilles' 
wonderful  horse.  Being  chid  by  his 
ma.stcr  for  leaving  Patroclos  on  the  field 
of  Ijattle,  the  horse  turned  his  head  re- 
proachfully, and  tolrl  Achilles  that  ho 
also  would  soon  be  numbered  with  the 
dead,  not  from  any  fault  of  his  horse, 
but  by  the  decree  of  inexorableilestiny. — 
"/''«(/,"  six.     (Compare   Nunilicrs  xxii, 

•,*  Xanthos  and  Balios  (swift  as  the 
wind)  wore  the  olfspring  of  Podar;.'i''  tlip 
hiirpy  Aud  Zijphuros 

Xanthos,  the  river  of  Tro'is.  Elian  and 
Pliny  say  that  Homer  called  the  Sca- 
mandur  ".Xanthos"  or  the  "Gold-red 
River,"  because  it  coloured  with  such  a 
tinge  the  fleeces  of  sheep  washed  in  its 
waters.  Others  maintain  that  it  was  so 
called  because  a  hero  namo<l  Xanthos 
defeated  a  body  of  Trojans  on  its  banks, 
and  pushed  half  of  theiii  into  the  stream, 
as  in  the  battle  of  Blenheim  the  duke  of 
Marlborough  drove  the  French  into  the 
Danube. 

Xaiithua.  A  larire  shell  like  those  as- 
cribed to  the  Tritons.  The  volutes 
generally  run  from  right  to  left ;  and  if 
the  lu'lians  find  a  slull  with  the  volutes 
running  in  the  contrary  direction,  they 

CorsiHt  tliat  one  of   their  (rods   has  got 
itu  the  shell  for  concealment. 
Xantip'pe    <>r   Ximihi/i'/ie  (3  syl.). 
Wife  of  the  philosopher  Socrates.     Her 
huii  tiMiipiT  lniH  reudiTed  her  nntue  pro- 
/I'l  hial  for  a  coiijngiil  scold.     (.SVf  p.  2ilH.) 
H«  ihc  %'  foul  a>  wni  Kloreiitl'in'  I'lTe. 
An  ola  ai  Sylxl.  kuil  u  u.irnt  'lul  atrcwa 
Aj  ^tHfiie  '  Xaiilip.'T,  or  *  wurr.', 
Bli«  moTM  mr  i.ol. 

ShiktrpMirt,  "  Taming  oftK*  jJkmc." L 9. 

2     F    * 


Xenoe'ratea.  A  disciple  of  Plato, 
noted  for  his  continence  and  contempt 
of  wealth.     (B.C.  39ti-314.) 

Warme-l  l^y  such  ycithfiil  beauty,  the  Mvere 
Xeuocr&ti-s  wou.d  nut  have  mure  been  cliaste. 
"Orlando  yariiia  .,"  xL  %■ 

Xerxes  (2  syl.).  A'.Greek  way  of 
writing  the  Persian  Ksathra  or  Kshatra, 
a  royal  title  assumed  by  Isfundear,  son 
of  Gushtasp,  darawesh.    (Sx  Dakil's.) 

When  Xerxes  invaded  Greece  he  con- 
structed a  pontoon  bridge  across  the 
Dardanelles,  which  being  swept  away  by 
the  force  of  the  waves,  so  enrajjed  the 
Persian  despot  that  he  "  inflicted  three 
hundred  lashes  on  the  rebellious  sea,  and 
c;vst  chains  of  iron  across  it."  This  story 
is  probably  a  Greek  myth,  founded  on  the 
peculiar  construction  of  Xerxes'  second 
bridge,  which  consisted  of  three  hundred 
boats,  lashed  by  iron  chains  to  two 
ships  serving  as  supporters.  As  for  the 
scourging,  without  doubt  it  was  given  to 
the  engineers  and  not  to  the  waves. 

Xime'na.     The  Cid's  bride. 

Xin.     The  good  genii  of  (.'hiua. 

Xit.     Royal  dwarf  to  Edward  VI. 

Xit'ragup'ten.  The  secretary  of 
the  infernal  gods,  whose  office  it  is  to 
register  every  action  of  man  from  birth 
to  death.  When  any  one  dies  this  re- 
cording angel  opens  the  register  to  ascer- 
tain the  balance  of  merits  and  demerits, 
and  the  deceased  is  awardeii  his  place  in 
"after-life"  accordingly. — InilUin  my- 
tlcoiogy. 

Xoar'catn.  The  first  of  the  five 
paradises  of  the  Indians.  It  is  the  abode 
of  thirty-three  millions  of  the  gods  anr) 
forty-eight  millions  of  penitents.  The 
president  of  this  celestial  abode  is  De- 
Tau<liren. 

Xu'ry.  A  iloresco  boy,  servant  to 
Robinson  Crusoe. — iJe  Foi>,  "  Rol/iiaon 
Crusoe." 


Y.  A  letter  reseniV)ling  "  y  "  was  the 
Anglo-Saxon  character  for  th  (soft) ; 
hence  the  exprossiou  y«,  yt,  y»,  ko.,  for 
Uie,  Uiat,  this. 

Y.     "S**  Samian  (letter). 

Ya'coub  ebn  La'fth,  sumamod  ai 
Sotfitr  (the  bnizior),  bfc.Tuso  his  fathor 
followed  that  trade  in  SeiHtau,  woa  9ap' 


970 


VACU-MAMA. 


YELLOW   AND  GOLD. 


taia  of  a  banJit  troop,  raised  himself  to 
tho  sovereignty  of  Persia,  and  was  tbe  first 
independent  monarch  of  that  country  of 
the  Mahoruotan  faith.     (873-875.) 

Yacu-mama  (mother  of  waters).  A 
fabulous  sea-snake,  fifty  paces  long  and 
twelve  yards  in  girth,  said  to  lurk  in 
the  lagunes  of  South  America,  and  in 
tbe  river  Amazon.  This  monster  draws 
into  its  mouth  whatever  passes  within 
a  hundred  yards  of  it,  and  for  this 
reason  an  Indian  will  never  venture  to 
enter  an  unknown  laguue  till  he  has 
blown  his  born,  which  the  yacu-mama 
never  fails  to  answer  if  it  is  within  hear- 
ing. By  this  means  the  danger  appre- 
hended is  avoided.  —Dr.  Ilartwig. 

Yalioo.  A.  savage;  a  very  ill-man- 
nered person.  In  "  Gulliver's  Travels," 
the  Yahoos  are  described  as  brutes  with 
human  forms  and  vicious  propensities. 
They  are  subject  to  the  Houyhuhnms, 
or  horses  with  human  reason. 

Ya'ma.  Judge  of  departed  souls, 
the  Minos  of  the  Hindus.  He  is  repre- 
sented as  of  a  green  colour,  and  sits  on 
a  buffalo. 

Yamuna.  A  sacred  river  of  the 
Hindus,  supposed  by  them  to  have  the 
efficacy  of  removing  sin. 

Yankee.  A  corruption  of  "  English." 
The  word  got  into  general  use  thus  : 
In  1713  one  Jonathan  Hastings,  a  farmer 
at  Cambridge  in  New  York,  used  the 
word  as  a  puffing  epithet,  meaning 
genuine,  American-made,  what  cannot 
be  surpassed,  &c.,  as  a  "Yankee  horse," 
''  Yankee  cider,"  and  so  on.  The  stu- 
dents of  the  college,  catching  up  the 
term,  called  Hastings  "Yankee  Jona- 
than." It  soon  spread,  and  became  the 
jocose  pet  name  of  the  New  Englauder. 
Since  then  the  term  has  been  extended 
to  any  American  of  tbe  Northern  Stales. 
(Indian  corruption  of  Anglais  or  Eng- 
lish, thus :  Yengeet,  YeioyhU,  Yaiujkii, 
Yankea.) 

Yankee  Doodle  is  Nankee  Doodle 
(Oliver  Cromwell),  who  went  to  Oxford 
"with  a  single  feather  fastened  in  a 
macaroni  knot,"  whence  the  rhyme— 

Nxukea  Doodle  came  to  town  upun  liis  littl«  pony. 
Stuok  a  fsatlier  in  his  bat,  and  calkd  it  macaroni. 

The  brigade  under  lord  Percy  marcned 
out  of  Boston  playing  this  air  "  by  way 
of  contempt,"  but  were  told  they  should 


dance  to  it  soon  in  another  spirit.     It  if 
said  that  the  Persians  call  the  Americaoa 
Yanki  doon'iaA. 
Yar'mouth  Bloater.    A  red  her 

ring,  for  which  Yarmouth  is  verj'  famous. 
—"Lex  Balatrcmicum."    (.See  Capon.) 

Yawn.  Greek  chaino,  German 
gahnen,  Saxon  gyiiian  (oron.  wyan),  our 
yawn,. 

Yea,  Yes.  Yea  and  nay  are  in 
answer  to  questions  framed  in  the  affirm- 
ative, as— "Art  thou  a  prophet?"  Yea 
or  nay.  Yes  and  no  to  questions  framed 
in  the  negative,  as— "Art  thou  not  a 
prophet?"  Yes  or  no. — Oeorye  P.  Marsh, 
"Lectures  on  the  English  Language."  {See 
his  note  on  the  celebrated  passage  of 
Sir  Thomas  More,  who  rebukes  Tyndale 
for  using  no  instead  of  riay,  p.  422.) 

Year.  Anmis  Magnus.  The  Chal- 
daic  astronomers  observed  that  the  fixed 
stars  shift  their  places  at  about  the  rate 
of  a  degree  in  seventy-two  years,  ac- 
cording to  which  calculation  they  will 
perform  one  revolution  in  25,920  years, 
at  the  end  of  which  time  they  will  return 
to  their  "as  you  were."  This  revolution 
of  the  fixed  stars  is  the  "Annus  Zilagaus." 
The  Egyptians  made  it  30,000  years, 
and  the  Arabians  49,000.  (^Ve  Abul- 
hasan's  "Meadows  of  Gold.") 

TI  For  a  year  and  a  day.  In  law  many 
acts  are  determined  by  this  period  of 
time :  .^.«.,  if  a  person  wounded  does  not 
die  within  a  year  and  a  day,  the  offender 
is  not  guilty  of  murder  ;  if  an  owner 
does  not  claim  an  estray  within  the  same 
length  of  time,  it  belongs  to  the  lord  of 
the  manor ;  a  year  and  a  day  is  given 
to  prosecute  appeals,  &c. 

Yellow  and  Gold.  Saxon  geolo 
(yellow),  Italian  g^allo,  Old  German 
gelo,  or  gel,  Danish  gmd,  Icelandic  gull. 
our  gold  (yellow  metal). 

Yellow  indicates  jealousy,  inconstancy, 
and  adultery.  In  France  the  doors  of 
traitors  used  to  be  daubed  with  yellow. 
In  some  countries  the  law  ordains  that 
Jews  be  clothed  in  yellow,  because  they 
betrayed  our  Lord.  Judas  in  meJiasval 
pictures  is  arrayed  in  yellow.  In  Spain 
the  vestments  of  the  executioner  are 
either  red  or  yellow — the  former  to  in- 
dicate blood-shedding,  and  the  latter 
treason. 

Yellmo  ill  blazonry  is  gold,  the  symbol 
of  love,  coustancj.  and  wisdoin. 


rELLOVV   BOOK. 


YGGDRAblL. 


97.1 


Tellovi  in  Chrisliau  tymbolisni,  also 
gold,  is  emblematical  of  faith.  Kt. 
Peter  is  representeil  in  a  robe  of  a  golJen 
yellow  colour.  In  China  yellow  is  also 
tho  symbol  of  faith. 

Yellow  Book  of  Franco.  A  report 
drawn  up  by  government  every  year 
since  1861,  designed  to  furnish  historians 
with  reliable  information  of  the  state, 
external  and  internal,  of  the  French 
nation.  It  is  called  Yellow  from  the 
colour  of  its  cover. 

Yellow  Caps.  A  notable  insurrec- 
tion in  f.'hina,  in  the  reicfn  of  Han-Ung-teo 
(l(>S-lbO),  headed  by  Tchang-kco,  and  so 
called  from  the  caps  worn  by  the  rebels, 
which  were  all  of  tho  imperial  colour. 

Yellow^  Dwarf.  A  certain  (4ueen 
had  a  daughter  named  All-Faik,  of  in- 
comparable beauty.  One  day  the  queen 
went  to  consult  the  Desert- Fairi',  but 
being  weary  lay  down  to  rest,  and  fell 
asleep.  On  waking  she  saw  two  lions 
approaching,  and  was  greatly  terrified. 
At  this  juncture  the  Yellow  Dwarf 
arrested  her  attention,  and  promised  to 
save  her  from  the  lions,  if  she  would 
consent  to  give  him  Ai,l-Faii«  for  his 
bride.  The  queen  made  the  promise, 
ami  an  orange  tree  opened,  into  which 
the  queen  entered  and  escaped  the  lions. 
The  queen  now  sickened,  and  All- Fair 
went  to  consult  the  Desert- Fairy,  but 
like  her  mother  was  threatened  by  the 
lions,  and  promised  to  be  the  dwarf's 
bride  if  he  would  contiive  her  escape. 
Next  morniiit,'  she  awoke  in  her  own 
room,  and  found  on  her  fiui^or  a  ring 
made  of  a  single  red  hair,  which  could 
not  be  got  off.  The  princess  now 
sickened,  and  the  -States  resolved  to 
give  her  in  marriage  to  the  powerful 
King  of  the  Gold  .Mines.  On  the  day  of 
espuusals  the  Yellow  Dwarf  came  to 
claim  his  bride,  carrieii  her  off  on 
hid  Spanish  cat,  an<l  confined  her  in 
Steel  Casile.  In  the  meant  iiue  tho 
Desert  Fairy  made  the  king  of  tho  Gold 
Minos  her  cji[)tive.  One  day  a  nior- 
maid  appeared  to  the  captive  king,  car- 
ried him  to  Steel  Castle,  and  gave  him 
&  sword  m.ade  of  one  entire  diamond. 
Thus  armed,  the  king  went  in  and  was 
first  encountered  by  fuur  sphinxes,  then 
by  six  dragons,  then  by  twenty-four 
nymphs.  All  tliose  he  elow  with  the  syren 
sword,  and  then  came  to  tho  princcsii. 
Uere  he  dropped   Lis  sword,  which  the 


Yellow  Dwarf  took  possession  of.  The 
Yellow  Dwarf  now  made  the  king  his 
captive,  and  asked  if  he  would  give  up 
the  princess.  "No,"  said  the  king; 
whereupon  the  dwarf  stabbed  him  to  the 
heart;  and  the  princess,  seeing  him  fall, 
threw  herself  upon  the  dead  body  and 
died  also. — Coanlest  I/Anois,  "Fairy 
Tales." 

Yellow  Jack.  The  flag  displayed 
from  lazarettos,  naval  hospitals,  and 
vessels  in  quarantine.   {See  Union  Jack.) 

Yellowley  {Mr.  TriploUmus).  Th€ 
experimental  agriculturist. — .Sir  Waltei 
Hcotl,  "The  Pirate." 

Mislresf  Baf<i)  [Barbara]  YellowUy. 
Sister  of  Mr.  Triptolemus,  and  his  house- 
kee{)er. 

Old  Jau<p'  I  Yellowley.  Father  of  the 
above, 

Ye'raen.  Arabia  Felix.  Felix  is  a 
mistranslation  by  Ptolemy  of  Yemen, 
which  means  to  tho  "right" — i.e.,  of 
Mecca.     {See  Stuny  Auabia.) 

Beautiful  are  tbe  maida  t"Kt  glide 

Oa  Bummer-uiex  through  YemcD'a  dalea. 

Tliormit  Moon,  "  /"'ire- 1'  ort/ttp/^er*." 

Ye  til -Hounds.  Dogs  without 
heads,  said  to  be  the  spirits  of  unbap- 
tised  children,  which  ramble  among  the 
woo<ls  at  night,  making  wailing  noises. 
— Devoiuhire. 

Yezd  (1  syl.).  Chief  residence  of 
the  Fire-worshippers.  Stejjhen  says 
they  have  kept  the  sacred  fire  alight 
above  3,000  years,  without  surtering  it 
to  go  out  for  a  second.  The  sacred  fire 
is  on  the  mountain  AtorQuedah(.l/(i/i«iou 
of  Ike  Fire),  and  he  who  ilies  away  from 
the  mountain  is  deemed  unfortunate.— 
Persia. 

i'roni  Yrnl'9  e'emal  "  Mansion  of  the  Fire," 
Where  Agri  sauU  id  drcan  s  or  lic/veu  ezi'ire. 
Tlwmu  i/o.ire.  ••  LuUa  Hfokh."  pt-  i. 

Ygg'drasil'.  The  ash-tree,  whose 
roots  run  in  three  directions:  one  to  tlie 
Asa-gods  in  heaven,  one  to  the  Frost- 
gifint.s,  and  tlin  third  to  the  under-world. 
Uud'-r  each  root  is  a  fountain  of  wonder- 
ful virtues.  in  the  tree,  which  drops 
honey,  sit  an  eagle,  a  squirrel,  and  four 
stags.  At  the  root  ln-s  th-'  M.T|ieiit 
Nitlihoggr  gnawing  it,  whili'  the  sqiiirn-l 
liatatoskr  runs  up  and  down  to  6ow  Blrife 
between  tlie  eagli^  nt  tli»  top  and  the 
ScrpouU — Scaiidiiiuvian  mijtliolugy. 


Lord  Lutton.  -  Uarvld,-  bk.  TlJI- 


&r2. 


YMIR. 


YOUNG   ITALY. 


Y'mir.  The  personification  of  Chaos, 
or  the  first  create<i  he'wg,  produced  by 
the  antagonism  of  heat  and  cold.  He 
is  called  a  giant,  and  was  nouriBhpd  by 
the  four  milky  streams  wliich  (lowed 
from  the  cow  Aedhuin'la.  While  he 
slept,  a  man  and  woman  grew  out  of  his 
left  arm,  and  sons  from  his  feet.  Thus 
was  generated  the  race  of  the  frost-gianta 
{/{riml/iursar). 

Odin  and  his  two  broitiers  slew  Ymir, 
and  threw  his  carcase  into  the  Ginuun'ga- 
gap  (abyss  of  abysses),  when  his  blood 
formed  the  water  of  the  earth,  his  gore 
ll.e  ocean,  his  bones  the  mountains,  his 
teeth  the  rocks,  his  skull  the  heavens, 
his  brains  the  clouds,  his  hair  plants  of 
every  kind,  and  his  eyebrows  the  wall 
of  defence  against  the  giants. — ^iean- 
dhiavian  viytlwloijy. 

Yn'iol.  An  earl  of  decayed  fortune, 
father  of  Enid,  ousted  from  his  earldom 
by  his  nephew  Ed'yrn,  son  of  Nudd, 
called  the  "  Sparrow-hawk."  When 
Edyrn  was  overthrown  in  single  combat 
by  prince  Geraint',  he  was  compelled  to 
reatore  the  earldom  to  Yn'iol. —  Tenri'jion, 
"  lihllx  of  the  King  "  {F.idd). 

Yo'ke  (1  syl.).  Greek  suyon,  Latin 
jugutn,  French  jcmg,  Dutch  jM/t,  German 
ioch,  Saxou  yeoc  (pron.  yoc),  our  yoie,  &c. 

To  piisi  under  the  yoke.  To  suffer  the 
disgrace  of  a  vanquished  army.  The 
Romans  made  a  yoke  of  three  spears  — 
two  upright  and  one  resting  on  them. 
When  au  army  was  vanquished,  the  sol- 
diers had  to  lay  down  their  arms  and 
pass  under  this  archway  of  spears. 

Yor'ick.  The  King  of  Denmark's 
jester,  '•  a  fellow  of  iutiuite  jest  and  most 
excellent  fancy"  (-'Hamlet,"  v.  1).  In 
"  Tristram  Shandy,"  Sterne  introduces  a 
■clergyman  of  that  uame,meant_for  himself. 

York,  when  it  was  Saxon,  was  called 
Sflroc,  and  the  legend  is  that  a  duke 
of  Etfroc  being  drowned  at  the  foot  of 
the  wall  caused  this  name  to  be  given 
to  the  city.  South  wark  Wall  was  also 
called  the  Effroc  Wall  or  Stone. —  Victor 
Hugo,  "L'lfomme  qui  Bit,"  pt.  II.,  bk. 
di.  I. 

York  is  Eure-tcic  (pron.  Vorric),  and 
means  the  town  on  the  Eure,  now  called 
the  Oase.  The  Romans  Latinised  the 
word  Enre  or  Ein-e  into  "  Evora "  or 
"  Ehora,"  and  tcic  into  "  vicum  ;"  whence 


Ebora-vicum,  contracted  into  Eho^acum. 
The  Saxons  restored  the  older  word. 

York  Stairs  (London),  by  Inigo 
Jones.  The  only  remains  left  of  the 
splendid  mansion  of  the  Buckinghams. 
The  site  is  part  of  the  precincts  of  a 
palace  belonging  to  the  bishops  of  Nor- 
wich. It  then  passed  to  Charles  Brandon, 
duke  of  Suffolk,  then  to  the  archbishops 
of  York,  then  to  the  crown,  then  to  the 
duke  of  Buckingham,  who  rebuilt  it. 
The  second  duke  of  Buckingham  pulled  it 
down,  andconverted  itintothe  five  street^ 
kc,  called  respectively,  "George,"  •' V^il- 
Hers,"  "Duke,"  "Of,"  "  iiuckingham." 
The  gate  leading  to  the  Thames  is  the 
only  part  of  this  mansion  which  remains. 

Yorkshire.  Fse  Yorkshire  too.  I 
am  as  deep  as  you  are,  and  am  not  to 
be  bamboozled.  The  north-countrymen 
are  proverbially  "long-headed  and  can- 
nie."  A  tale  is  told  of  a  Yorkshire  rustic 
under  cross-examination.  The  counsel 
tried  to  make  fun  of  him,  and  said  to 
him,  "  Well,  farmer,  how  go  calvts  at 
York?"  "Well,  sir,"  said  the  farmer, 
"on  four  legs,  and  not  on  two."  "Si- 
lance  in  the  court ! "  cried  the  baffled  big- 
wig, and  tried  again.  "Now,  farmer — 
remember  you  are  on  your  oath—  are 
there  as  many  fools  as  ever  in  the  \\'est 
Riding?"  '"Well,  no,  sir,  no;  we've 
got  our  share,  no  doubt ;  but  there  are 
not  so  many  as  when  you,  were  there." 

Young  Chevalier.  Charles 
Edward  Stuart,  the  second  Pretender. 
(1720-1788.) 

Yoiing  England.  A  set  of  young 
noblemen  and  aristocratic  gentlemen 
who  tried  to  revive  the  formality  and 
court  manners  of  the  Chesterfield  school. 
They  wore  white  waistcoats,  patronised 
the  pet  poor,  looked  down  upon  shop- 
keepers, and  were  altogether  Red-Tape 
Knights.  Disraeli  has  immortalised 
their  ways  and  manners,  but  scarcely  a 
caput  mortuum,  of  their  folly  now  remains. 

Young  Germany.  4  literary 
school  heaaed  by  Heinrich  Heine,  whost 
aim  was  to  liberate  politics,  religion,  and 
manners  from  the  old  couventiouaJ 
trammels. 

Young  Italy.  A  league  of  Italian 
refugees,  who  associated  themselves  with 
the  French  repulilican  party,  called  the 
Cliarloniierle  Uemocratique  {q.r  \.     It  wa§ 


VSOLDfi. 


YVETOT. 


978 


organised  at  Marseilles  by  Mazzini,  and 
its  chief  object  was  to  diffuse  republican 
principles. 

y  solde  or  Ysonde.  Daughter  of  the 
queen  of  Ireland.  Sir  Tristram,  being 
wounded,  was  cured  by  Ysolde,  and  on 
his  return  to  Cornwall  gave  bis  uncle 
such  a  glowing  description  of  the  young 
princess,  that  he  sent  to  ask  her  hand  in 
marriage.  Ysolde  married  king  Mark  of 
Cornwall,  but  entertained  a  criminal  pas- 
sion for  the  nephew.  This  attachment 
being  discovered  by  the  king,  he  banished 
Tristram  from  Cornwall.  Sir  Tristram 
went  to  Wales,  where  he  performed 
prodi^ries  of  valour,  and  his  uncle  in- 
yited  him  back  again.  The  giiilty  inter- 
course being  repeated.  Sir  Tristram  was 
banished  a  second  time,  and  went  to 
Spain,  Ermonie,  and  Brittany.  In  this 
last  place  he  met  with  Ysolt  of  the  While 
Uatid,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Brittany, 
whom  he  married.  After  many  mar- 
vellous exploits  he  was  severely  wounded, 
and,  being  toM  that  no  one  could  cure 
him  but  Ysolde,  he  sent  a  messenger 
to  Cornwall,  and  told  him  if  the  queen 
consented  to  accompany  him  he  was  to 
heist  a  white  flag.  The  queen  hastened 
to  succour  her  lover,  b\it  Ysolt  told  her 
husband  that  the  vessel  was  coming  with 
a  bluck  sail  displayed.  Sir  Tristram,  in 
an  atrony  of  despair,  fell  on  his  bod  and 
instantly  expired.  Soon  as  Ysolde  heard 
thereof,  she  flung  herself  on  the  corpse 
and  died  also.  King  Mark  buried  the 
I  wo  in  one  grave,  and  planted  over  it 
a  rose-bush  and  vine,  which  so  inter- 
mingled their  branches  as  they  grew  up 
lliat  no  man  could  separate  them. 

Ysolt  of  llie  While  Hand.  Daughter 
of  the  duke  of  Brittany  and  wife  of  Sir 
Tribtram.     {Sue  above.)     AUo  \.^i)iili. 

Yue-Laou,  in  Chinese  mjrthology, 
is  the  old  man  of  the  moon,  who  unites 
with  a  silken  cord  all  predestined 
couples,  after  which  nothing  can  pre- 
rent  their  union. 

Yugtl.  A  mundane  period  of  years, 
four  of  which  have  already  passed, 
making  up  an  ai,'i,'re).cato  of  four  million 
Holar  years,  lu  the  first  period  men 
wore  innocent  and  free  from  disease,  in 
the  second  their  life  was  shortened  by 
one-quarter.  In  the  tirst  period  devotion 
«rai"  man's  object,  in  the  second  ipiriluai 


himcUdge,  in  the  third  sao'ifice.  Com- 
pare the  Hindu  legend  with  the  account 
given  in  Genesis. 

Yule  (1  syl.).  Christmastime.  The 
word  means  "  The  festival  of  the  Sun," 
kept  at  the  winter  solstice,  when  the 
new  year  or  sun  was  ushered  in.  Odin, 
"the  sun,"  was  called  " Jul-vatter"— 
i.e.,  Yule  father.  (Saxon,  ^«^«/,  "the 
Sun-feast;"  Danish,  )!(u/;  Swedish,  oel, 
with  the  article  "j ; '  Breton,  heol,  the 
sun ;  Welsh,  h&ul.) 

Yule-log.  A  g^-eat  log  of  wood  laid 
in  ancient  times  across  the  hearth-tire 
on  Christmas  Eve.  This  was  "done  with 
certain  ceremonies  and  much  merry- 
making. 

Yum'boes(2syl.).  Fairies  of  African 
mythology,  atiout  two  feet  high,  of  a 
white  colour,  and  dressed  like  the  people 
of  Jalott".  Their  favourite  haunt  is  the 
range  of  hills  called  The  Taps. 

When  PTMjIni's  shades  o'er  Goree's  isle  ext«n(l. 
Til'!  uimble  Vuinboes  fmrn  "  The  Paps  "  descend, 
tlily  approach  the  natives'  but--,  and  steal 
With  secret  hand  the  poumle'l  coos  cios  meil- 

KeightUv,  "Fairtf  MvthMon." 

Y'ves,  Si.  (1  syl).  Patron  saint  of 
lawyers,  being  himself  a  lawyer.  As  he 
used  his  knowledge  of  the  law  in  defend- 
ing the  oppressed,  he  is  called  in  Brittany 
"  The  poor  man's  advocate." 

Y'veto't  (pron.  Eve-t6).  Tht  King 
of  Yvtloi.  Yvetot  is  a  town  in  Nor- 
mandy, and  the  king  referred  to  is  the 
lord  of  the  town,  called  roi  d' Yvelot 
in  old  chronicles.  The  tradition  is  that 
Clotaire,  son  of  Clovis,  having  slain 
Gaulthier,  lord  of  Yvetot,  before  the 
high  altar  of  Soisaons,  made  atonement 
by  conferring  the  title  of  king  on  the 
heirs  of  the  murdered  man. 

II  ttalt  un  roi  dTretot 

Peu  cunuu  nam  I'histoire; 
Be  Icvnut  lard,  re  coucbaut  tOL, 

DoniHiit  fort  Men  anus  i;lou'e, 
Kt  cuMfounC-  D»r  Jeaiinet-JD 
I>'un  simple  b'iDDet  de  colon. 

I>it-on. 
Oh  I  oh  I  oh  :  oh  I  ah  I  ah  I  ah  ■  ah  I 
<tuel  bon  p«t it  roi  c''6Ult  U '.  li !    i '. 

Ucru!,j;.--  :o  u    inCol'tlsU-J 

A  lilni  there  wm,  *  rot  d'  Yretot  clept. 

Hut  lilllc  liiifiwTi  In  ilory  ; 
Went  auon  tu  U-d   till  dRylitrht  lUpt, 

And  aountlly  wiiliuut  ginry. 
Hli  n.yal  bn>w  lu  outtnn  c»i) 
Would  Juinet.when  h*  took  hU  nap, 

Ka«mp. 
Oh  I  oh  I  oh  I  Ob  1  alli  I  ah  t  ah  I  ah  I 
A  Umau«  kini  be  I  U I  Ul  la  I 


674 


zabiaN. 


iELlCA. 


Za'bian.  The  Zahiau  world  of 
fan/lion.  'J'lie  world  of  fashion  that  wor- 
Bhips  the  Btare,  or  men  and  women  of 
notoriety.  A  Zabian  is  a  worshipper  of 
tho  sun,  moon,  ami  stars.  The  Chaldees 
and  ancient  Persians  were  Zabians. 

Tills  ia  thf*  new  meteor,  admired  with  so  muih 
(!c»otiun  hy  the  Zal>i»u  world  of  ta.ahion.— Belgravia, 
.■Jo.  1. 

Zachari'a.  One  of  the  throe  Ana- 
baptists who  inchiced  John  of  Leyden 
to  join  the  revolt  in  Westphalia  and 
Holland.  John  was  proclaimed  "the 
Prophet-King."  On  the  arriral  of  the 
emperor  with  his  army,  the  Anabaptists 
betray  their  dtipe  ;  but  when  they  enter 
the  hanquet-hall  to  arrest  him,  perish  in 
the  burning  palace. — Meyerbeer,  "  Le 
I'rophiU  [an  opera). 

Zacoc'ia.  King  of  Mozam'bec. 
Camoens,  in  his  "Lusiad,"  says  that  he 
received  Vasco  da  Gama  and  his  men 
with  great  hospitality,  believing  thetn 
to  be  Mahometans,  but  the  moment  he 
discovered  that  they  were  Christians  all 
his  kindness  turned  to  the  most  rancorous 
hate.  He  tried  to  allure  them  into  am- 
bushj  but  failing  in  this,  sent  to  Gama  a 
pilot  to  conduct  the  fleet  to  Momba'ze  (2 
gyl.),  where  the  whole  party  would  have 
been  killed  or  reduced  to  slavery.  This 
treachery  failed  also  because  Venus 
drove  the  fleet  in  a  contrary  direction 
by  a  storm.  The  faithless  pil6t  lastly 
attempted  to  nm  the  ships  upon  hidden 
rocks,  hut  the  Nereids  came  to  the  rescue, 
and  the  pilot  threw  himself  into  the 
sea  to  escape  the  auger  of  the  Portu- 
guese adventurer. — Camoens,  "  Lusiad,'' 
bks.  i.,  ii. 

Zad'kiel  (3  syl.).  Angel  of  the  planet 
Jupiter. — Jcirisk  mijthology. 

Zadkiel.  The  nom  de  plume  of  lieu- 
tenant Morrison,  author  of  the  "  Pro- 
phetic Ahnauac." 

Za'doc,  in  Diyden's  satire  of  "  Ab- 
salom and  Achit<<phel,"  is  designed  for 
S.i.ncroft,  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Zakari'ja  ibn  Mviliammed,  sur- 
oamed  Kazwlni,  from  Kaswln,  the  place 
of  his  birth.  De  Sacy  calls  him  "Tho 
PUuy  of  the  East."     (l'200-r283.) 

Zal.  Son  of  S^m  Nerimln,  exposed 
on  .Mount  L,iourz,  because  he  was  born 
\Nith  white  hair,  and  therefore  supposed 


to  be  tho  offspring  of  a  deor.  He  was 
brought  up  by  the  woiiilurful  bird 
Seemurgh  (q.v.),  and  when  claimed  by 
his  father,  received  from  the  foster-bird 
a  feather  to  give  him  insight  into  fu- 
turity.—  Persian  mythology. 

Za'nes.  The  statues  dispersed  about 
the  grounds  on  which  the  public  gamei 
of  Greece  were  celebrated.  They  wore 
the  produce  of  fines  imposed  on  tho8« 
who  infringed  the  regulations. 

Zano'ni.  Hero  of  a  novel  so  called, 
by  lord  Lytton.  Zanoni  is  supposed  to 
possess  the  power  of  communicating  with 
spirits,  prolonging  life,  and  producing 
gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones. 

Zan'yj  more  correctly  Znmiy.  It  is 
tho  Latm  sanna  (a  grim:icf),  whence 
Sannio,  the  buffoon  in  the  Kuiuan  mimes. 
(Italian,  Zanni.') 

Zapoletes.  The  Swiss,  in  Mere's 
Utopia,  described  as  half-savages  hired 
as  mercenaries  by  the  Utopians. 

Zaramilla.  Wife  of  Tinac'rio,  king 
of  Micomicon,  a  hundred  days'  journey 
rrom  Lake  Meo'tis.  The  king  was  told 
that  his  daughter  would  succeed  him, 
but  would  be  dethroned  by  the  giant 
Pandafilando,  and  would  flee  to  Spain, 
where  she  would  meet  a  knight  to  redress 
her  wrongs. — Cervantes,  "Jjon  Quixote," 
bk.  iv.  3. 


A   novel    by   Madame    La 


Zayde. 

Fayette. 

Zel.     A  Moorish  instrument  of  musio. 

Where,  some  hour-  since,  was  heard  the  swell 
Of  trumpet,  aud  ilie  clash  of  zeL 

Thomas  Mooie,  "i'lre-Wurshippers." 

Zel'ica  was  in  love  with  Azim.  Azim 
left  his  native  Bokha'ra  to  join  the  Per- 
sian army,  and  was  taken  captive  by  the 
Greeks.  Report  said  "be  was  dead;" 
Zel'ica  lost  her  reason,  joined  the  haram 
of  the  Veiled  Prophet  as  "one  of  the 
elect  of  Paradise,"  and  became  "priestess 
of  the  Faith."  When  Azim  joined  the 
prophet's  band,  Zelica  was  appointed  to 
luro  him  to  his  destruction  both  of  body 
and  soul.  They  meet — Azim  tells  hor 
to  fly  with  him,  but  she  tells  him  she  is 
the  prophet's  bride,  and  flees  from  hie 
embrace.  Aiter  the  death  of  the  pn.phet 
Zelica  puts  on  his  veil,  and  Azim,  think- 
ing he  sees  the  prophet,  rushes  oa  hor 
and  kills  her. —  Thomas  Moore,  "  Veiltd 
Prophft  of  Khorassan."     (LaHa  Roolch.^ 


ZELOTES. 


ZINEUKA. 


975 


Zelo'tes  (3  syl.)  or  Skarii  wero  pious 
assassins  among  the  Jews,  wlio  imposed 
on  themselves  the  task  of  killing  all  who 
broke  the  Mosaic  law. — Mishnah,  "San- 
kednm,"  ix.  6. 

Simon  Zelotr<wM  prohftbly  a  disciple  of  Judu 
the  Gaulon.tc,  leader  of  a  party  of  the  Kenaim 
'Slcarii).  -lUrMn,  "  Life  of  Jesui,   \x. 

Zem,  the  sacred  well  of  Mecca.  Ac- 
cording to  Arab  tradition,  this  is  the 
very  well  that  was  shown  to  Hagar  when 
Ishmael  was  perishing  of  thirst.  Mecca 
is  built  round  it. 

Zen'chis  Khan  (great  chief).  A  title 
assumed  in  1206  by  Temoudin,  a  Persian 
rebel,  in  the  presence  of  100  tribes. 
His  progress  was  like  that  of  a  destroying 
angel,  and  by  his  sword  Persia  became 
part  of  the  vast  JNIogul  empire. 

Zend-Aves'ta.  The  great  work  of 
Zoroaster  or  rather  Zarathustra,  the 
.Mede,  who  reformed  the  Matrian  religion. 
It  is  tlie  Avesta  or  "  Living  Word," 
written  in  the  Zend  language  (B.C.  490). 
Some  say  Zend  means  "paraphrase," 
and  that  Zoiid-A vesta  is  equivalent  to 
the  Parsee  Scripture  and  paraphrase  or 
commentary. 

Zeuelophon,  a  corruption  of  Penel- 
opkon.  The  beggar-maid  loved  by  king 
C/'ophe'tua. 

The  tnafcnanimonii  and  most  lllus'ra>e  kinn 
Coplietuasei  eyeui>untlir  prrnlci'iusand  iDduhilaMe 
betiKar  /.enel'ipbon  —  Shakui>*i.irt,  "Lovii  Lab  i\iT§ 
Lotl,''ii.  1. 

Zephon  {searcher  of  tecreU).  The 
cherub  dispatched  by  Gabriel  to  find 
Satan,  after  his  flight  from  hell.  Ithu- 
riel  goes  with  him.— Jlilton,  "Paradise 
Lost." 

Zeph'yr.  The  west  wind,  the  son 
of  i+Vohis  and  Auro'ra,  and  the  lover  of 
Flora.  —  Roman  mytliology. 

Zerbi'no  (in  *'  Orlando  Furioso "). 
8ou  of  the  king  of  Scotland,  and  intimate 
friend  of  Orlando. 

Zerli'na.  A  rustic  beauty  about  to 
be  mia-rioil  to  Masctto,  when  Don  Gio- 
vanni pnictisos  on  her  credulity,  anil 
iniluces  her  to  boliovo  that  ho  intended 
to  make  her  a  fine  laily. — Motart,  "Dun 
Giovanni"  {un  opera). 

Zero.  The  0  in  arithmetic,  &c. 
Probably  e:oro,  an  Italian  form  of  the 
Hebrew  «(>r  (a  girdle),  being  the  horaldio 
girdle  and  buckle. 


Zeus  (1  syl.).  The  Grecian  Jupiter. 
The  word  means  the  "  living  one." 
(Sanskrit  DJaiu,  heaven ;  Latin  Jur 
piter.) 

Zeux'is  (2  syl.),  a  Grecian  |iair.ter, 
is  said  to  have  painted  some  grapes  so 
well  that  the  birds  came  and  pecked  at 
them. 

E'en  ai  poor  birds,  deoeired  with  painted  Krspei, 
Do  surfeit  by  the  eye,  and  pine  the  maw. 

Shakaptart," Venxu  and  Adonii" 

Zif.  Hypothetical  stock,  entered  in 
"salted  accounts"  to  give  a  colourable 
balance  "to  the  good."  (Hebrew,  tipUr, 
a  book.)—  Vidocq,  " Les  Volevrs,"  vol.  ii., 
pp.  81.  87. 

Ziz.  A  prodigious  cock,  which  stands 
with  its  feet  on  the  earth  and  touches 
heaven  with  its  head.  When  its  wings 
are  spread  it  darkens  the  stm,  and  causes 
a  total  eclipse.  This  cock  crows  before 
the  Lord,  and  delighteth  him. — Baby- 
lonish Talmud. 

Zim  and  Jim.  His  house  was 
made  a  habitation  for  Zim  and  Jim,  and 
every  unclean  thing  ("Godly  Man's  Por- 
tion," 1()63).  The  marginal  reading  of 
Isa.  xiii.  21,  22,  explains  Zim  to  be  wild 
beasts,  and  Jim  jackals. 

Zimri,  in  Dryden's  "Absalom  and 
Achitophel,"  is  the  second  duke  of 
Buckingham.  Like  the  captain  who 
conspired  against  Asa,  king  of  Judab,  he 
"  formed  parties  and  joined  factions," 
but  pending  the  issue  "he  was  drink- 
ing himself  drunk  in  the  house  of  Arza, 
steward  of  his  house"  (1  Kings  xvi.  9). 

Some  of  ih«  chiefs  uere  princes  in  the  landi 
In  the  tirst  rank  of  these  di<l  Zimri  stand  ; 
A  man  so  variuus  that  he  setmed  lo  b« 
Nctono,  but  all  mnnkind's  i-pitumd 
Stiff  in  opinions,  iilways  in  the  wron?. 
Was  cverytUiii,''by  starts,  and  nothing  long. 
/•f.  I. 

Zinca'li.  Gipsies  ;  so  called  in  Spain 
from  Sinte  or  Siud  (India)  and  calo 
(black),  the  supposition  being  that  tbay 
came  from  Hindustan,  which  no  doubt 
is  true.  The  Persian  Zangi  means  ao 
Ethiopian  or  Egyptian, 

Zin'dikites  (3  syl.).  An  heretica 
Mahometan  sect,  who  disbelieve  in  God, 
the  resurrection,  and  a  future  life.  They 
think  that  the  world  is  the  production 
of  four  eternal  elements,  and  that  man 
is  a  microcosm  of  the  world. 

Zineu'ra,  in  the  "Decameron"  of 
Bocoarcio  (/?rty  11.,  Novell),  is  the  Imo- 
gen of  Khiikritpoaru's  "CynilKtliue."     lo 


»76 


ZIO.V. 


^ULFAQAR 


male  attire  Zineura  assumed  the  name 
of  Sicum'uo  da  Finali?,  and  Imogen  of 
Fide'lij  Zineura's  husband  was  Bernard 
Lomellin,  and  llio  villain  was  Aml^rosu. 
Imogen's  husband  was  Posthnnius  Leo- 
natus,  and  the  villain  lachimo.  In 
Shakespeare,  the  British  king  Cymbe- 
line  takes  the  place  assigned  by  Boccaccio 
to  the  sultan. 

Zion.  iJaiighter  of  Zion.  Jerusalem 
or  its  inhabitants.  The  city  of  David 
stood  on  Mount  Zion.  Zion  and  Jeru- 
saleni  were  pretty  rnuch  in  the  same 
relation  to  each  other  as  Old  and  New 
Edinburgh. 

Zist.  Se  tronver  eiiire  le  zist  et  le  z^st. 
To  be  in  a  quandary,  in  a  state  of  perfect 
bewilderment.  Also,  to  shilly  shally. 
"  Zest "  is  anything  of  no  value,  as  Cela 
nt  vaut  pai  lui  zexl.  It  is  not  worth  a  fig. 
"Zist"  is  the  same  word  slightly  varied. 

Zobeide  ("2  syl.).  A  lady  of  Bagdad, 
whose  history  is  related  in  the  "  Three 
Calenders."  The  kalif  Haroun -al-Ras- 
chid  married  her. —  ^'Arabum  jViffhts." 

Zo'diae.  An  imaginary  belt  or  zone 
in  the  heavens,  e-xtr-nding  about  8  de- 
grees each  side  of  the  ecliptic. 

Siffns  of  die  Zodiac.  The  zodiac  is 
divided  into  twelve  eqnal  parts,  pro- 
ceeding from  west  to  east ;  each  part  is 
30  degrees,  and  is  distintrnished  by  a 
sign.  Beginning  with  "Aries,"  we  have 
first  six  nortUtm  and  then  six  southern 
sig^BS— i.e.,  six  on  the  north  side  and  six 
on  the  south  side  of  the  equator  ;  be- 
ginning with  "  Capricornus,"  we  have 
six  ascending  and  then  six  descending 
signs— i.e.,  six  which  ascend  higher  and 
higher  towards  the  north,  and  six  which 
descend  lower  and  lower  towards  the 
south.  The  six  northern  signs  are  Aries 
(the  ram).  Taunts  (the  bull),  Ge7nini{the 
twins),  spring  signs ;  Canca-  (the  crab), 
Leo  {tbe  lion),  Viryo(th.e  virgin),  summer 
signs.  The  six  southern  are  Libra  (the 
balance),  Scorpio  (the  scorpion),  Sagil- 
la'riiis  (the  archer),  autumn  signs ;  Capri- 
conuu  (the  goat),  A  qua'rius  (the  water- 
bearer),  and  Pisces  (the  fishes),  winter 
signs.    (Greek,  20-on,  liv^1g  creatures.) 

Oiir  Tenial  siptis  the  Uam  t>ejr1ns. 

Then  dines  the  lli'ii.,  ill  May  the  Twins  ;— 

The  Crab  iii  June,  uexi  Leo  shines. 

And  ViHoo  euils  tlie  U(»rlhern  si^is. 

Tlie  Balakci  brings  Hutuinnal  fntits, 

Th«  Scorpio!!  stingy,  the  archer  sho<.ts  ;— 

li«c«niber'«  Goat  briiigs  Wintry  Mast, 

AqCARiua  r&in,  the  Klsh  come  luu         E.  C-  B. 

Zohar.     The  name  of  a  Jewish  book 


containing  cabalistic  expositions  of  the 
"  books  of  Moses." 

Zoilism.  Harsh,  ill-tempered  criti- 
cism ;  80  called  from  Zoilos  {f.v.). 

ZoiloB  (Latin,  Zmhis).  The  sword  of 
Zoilos.  The  pen  of  a  critic.  Zoilos  was 
a  literary  Tliersi'tes,  shrewd,  witty,  and 
spiteful.  He  was  nicknamed  llom^ro- 
mastix  (Homer's-scourge),  because  he 
mercilessly  assailed  the  epics  of  Homer, 
and  called  the  companions  of  Ulysses  in 
the  island  of  Circe  "weeping  porkers" 
(clioirid'ia  kkiiorda).  He  also  flew  at 
Plato,  Isoc'rates,  and  other  high  game, 

Zollverein  is  ZoH-Verein  (customs- 
union),  a  commercial  union  of  German 
states,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a 
uniform  tariff  of  duties.     (Beg\m  1819.) 

Zo'phiel  (2  syl.).  An  angelic  scout 
of  "swiftest  wing."  The  word  means 
"  God's  spy."—  Mdlon,  "  Paradise  LosL" 

Zoraida  (3  syl.).  Datiirhter  of 
Agimora'to  of  Algiers,  who  becomes  a 
Christian  and  elopes  with  Ruy  Perez  de 
Viedma,  an  officer  of  Leon.  The  stjry 
is  told  in  an  ejiisode  of  "  Don  Quixote," 
called  "The  Captive's  Life  and  Adven- 
tures" (bk.  iv.,  ch.  9-11). 

Zoraide  (3  syl.)  or  Zoraida.  Th\i 
name  of  a  yacht  belonging  to  the  squad- 
ron at  Cowes.  This  name  is  taken  from 
Rossini's  "  Zoraidi  et  Goradin," 

Zorphee  (2  syl.).  A  fairy  in  the 
romance  of  "Am'aiiis  de  Gaul." 

Zlllal.  That  stream  of  Paradise, 
cle.ar  as  crystal  and  delicious  as  nectar, 
which  the  "  spirits  of  the  just  made 
perfect "  drink  of. 

ZuleiTia.  Daughter  of  Giaffir,  pacha 
of  Aby'dos.  She  is  all  purity  and  love- 
liness. Her  intelligence,  joyousness, 
undeviating  love,  and  strict  regard  to 
duty  are  beautifully  portrayed.  She 
promises  to  flee  with  Selim  and  become 
his  bride  ;  but  her  father,  Giaffir,  shoots 
her  lover,  and  Zuleika  dies  of  a  broken 
heart. — Bip-on,  "Bride  of  Abydos." 

Zuleika.     The  wife  of  Joseph. 

It  is  less  costly  than  the  others,  und  it  is  reiiiarhahle 
that  altlongh  his  wife's  name,  Ziileik»  (accoiduiij  to 
tuklition),  is  inserted  in  the  certificates  given  to  nil- 
jruus.  no  grave  having  that  name  is  shown. 

Tht  Times  (Report  of  the  visit  of  the  prino* 
of  Wales  to  the  mosque  of  Hebrou). 

Zulfd'gar.     All's  sword. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL     APPENDIX. 


AbboU.,  Rev.  Edwin,  D.D.  (b. 

London,  1838).  "  Shakespearian  (Tram- 
roar"  0869),  "Bible  Lessons"  (1872), 
"Cambridge  Sermons"  (1875),  "Con- 
cordance to  Pope"  (1875),  "Through 
Nature  to  Christ "  (1877),"  Bacon  and 
Essex"  (1877),  "Phiiochristiis"  (1878), 
"Onesimiis"  (1882),  "  Flatland  "  (1884), 
"Francis  Bacon"  (1885),  "The  Kernel 
and  the  Hnsk  "  (1887).  Ldited  "  Bacon's 
Essays"  (1876). 

A'Bpckett,  Arthur  W.  (b.  Ham- 
mersmith, October  25th,  1844).  "  Fallen 
ainiini:  Thit'ves"  (1S70),  "Our  Holiday 
in  the  Highlands"  (187G),  "The  Ghost 
of  Greystone  Grange  "  (1877),  with  Bnr- 
nand,  "  The  Doom  of  St.  Quorce  "  (1875), 
"  The  Shadow  Witness  "  ( 1 87(i).  Plavs  : 
"L.  S.  D."(1872),"  About  Town  "(1873), 
"On  Strike  "  (1873).  Edited  (Jhnoworm 
and  Tomahiiwk,  and  has  pul>lished  an 
edition  of  Gilbert  A'Becketl's  "  Comic 
Blacksione  "  (1887). 

A'Beckett,  Gilbert  Abbot  (b. 
1811  ;  d.  Boulogne,  Aug.  80th,  18.56). 
More  than  thirty  plays.  "The  Qiiiz- 
zioloL'y  of  the  British  Drama"  (1846), 
"Comic  Blafkstoiio "  (1.S46),  "Comic 
Hi-^tory  of  England  "  (1847-48),  "The 
Comic  History  of  Rome"  (1852).  Ho 
edited  I<'if/nro  in  London  and  'I'Uc  Squib, 
and  contributed  much  to  various 
journals. 

Abercrombie,  John,  M  D.  (b. 
Aberdeen,  Nov.  11th,  1781:  d  Edinburgh, 
Nov.  14lh,  1814).  "Inipiiries  concerning 
the  Intellectual  Powers  and  the  Investi- 
gation of  Truth  "(1S:}()),  tlie  "  Philosophy 
of  the  Moral  Peeiintrs"  (lS:i3),  and 
Kovoral  medical  treatises. 

Addison,  Joseph  (b.  Milston,  Wilt- 
shiro,  May  1st,  lf)72  ;d.  Holland  House, 
Juncl7th,171'.')-  "'J'hcCan)i)aign''(17fl4), 
"  Remarks  on  Several  Parts  of  Ituly " 
(170;'.),  "Present  State  of  the  War" 
(1707),  "Poems"  (1712),  "Five  Whig 
Examiners  ' (1712),  "  Gate  "  (1713),  "  Es- 


say Concerning  the  Error  in  Distributing 
Modern  Medals  "  (1715),  "  Poems  to  the 
Princess  of  Wales  and  Sir  Godfrey 
Kneller"  (1716),  "Freeholder"  (1722), 
"  Dissertations  on  the  most  celebrattM 
Roman  Poets  "  (1718),  "  Notes  upon  the 
Twelve  Books  of  Paradise  Lost  "  (1710), 
"Dialogues  upon  the  Usefulness  of 
Ancient  Medals"  (1726),  "Ode  to  Dr. 
Thomas  Burnet  "  (1727),  "  Divine 
Poems"  (1728),  "On  the  Evidence  of  the 
Christian  Reliirion"  (1730),  and  "Dis- 
courses on  Ancient  and  Modem  Learn- 
ing" (1739).  Wrote  for  Steele's  Tatlcr 
(1709),  and  274  out  of  635  numbers  of 
Spectator  {yiW— VI).  His  "Works  "were 
published  in  1705  wi'h  a  "Life"  by 
Tickell.  The  best  edition,  Greene's 
(New  Vork  and  London,  1854).  For 
Biography,  sec  Johnson's  "Lives  of  the 
Poets,"  the  "Lives"  by  Steele  (1724), 
Sprengel  (1810),  Lucy  Aikin  (1843), 
El  win  f  1857),  and  the  "  Addisouiana  "  of 
Sir  Richard  Phillips.  For  Criticism,  see 
Macaulay's  "  Kssays,"  JefTrey's  "  Es- 
says," Hazlitt's  "  Condc  Writers," 
Thackeray's  "Humourists  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century,"  and  Leslie 
Stephen's  "  Hours  in  a  Library." 

.ffilfric  of  Canterbury  (d.  1006). 
"  A  Latin  Grammar,"  a  translation  of 
Donatus  and  Priscian,  "A  Collodion  of 
Homilies,"  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Old  and 
New  Tistamciits,"  in  addition  to  which 
works  ho  transl;itcil  the  Heptateuch. 
See  Wright's  "  Biographia  Bntannica." 

Aide,  Hamilton.  "Carr  of  Car- 
lyon"  (1862),  "Mr.  and  Mrs.  Faulcon- 
bridge"  (1864),  "The  Romance  of  the 
Scarlet  Leaf  and  other  Poems"  (1865), 
"The  Marstons"  (1868).  "In  that  State 
of  Life"  (1871),  "Morals and  Mysteries" 
(1872),  "  Ponruddockc "  (1873),  "Poet 
and  Peer"  (1880),  "Introduced  to  So- 
ciety" (1884).  Ho  has  also  written  the 
words  to  many  songs. 

Ailred  of  Rievaulx  (b.  1109,  d. 
1166).     "  Life    of    Edward    Confessor," 


978 


BTBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


"Rattlo  of  the  Standard,"  "  De  Genero- 
sitate  et  Moribus  et  Morte  Regis  David," 
"Life  of  St.  Margaret  of  Scotland," 
"  Story  of  a  Nun,"  "  Life  of  St.  Ninian," 
"  De  Miraciilis  HagustaldensisEcclesiit!," 
"Homilies,"  "  Specuhim,"  "Compen- 
dium Charitati.s,"  "  De  Spirituali  Ami- 
citia,"  "  De  Institutione  Inclusarum," 
"  Epistles,"  "  De  Natura  Animie," 
"  Fasciculus  Frondium." 

Ainsworth,  William.  Francis, 
M.D.  (b.  Exeter,  Nov.  9th,  1807). 
"  Researches  in  Assyria,  Babylonia,  &c." 
(18-58),  "  Travels  and  Researches  in 
Asia  Minor,  Mesopotamia,  &c."  (1842) ; 
"Travels  in  the  Track  of  the  Ten 
Thousand  Greeks  "  (1844),  &c. 

Ainsworth.  William  Harrison 

(b.  Feb.  4th,  180.5;  d.  Jan.  3rd,  1882). 
''Sir  John  Chiverton  "  (1826),  ,'j  Rook- 
wood"  (1834);  "Crichton"  (1837); 
"Jack  Sheppard"  (1839);  "Guy 
Fawkes,"  "  Old  St.  Paul's  "  (1841) :  "  The 
Miser's  Daughter,"  "Windsor  Castle," 
"St.  James's,"  "Lancashire  Witches" 
(1848);  "The  Star  Chamber"  (1854); 
"The  Flitch  of  Bacon,"  "Ballads,  Ro- 
mantic, Fantastical,  and  Humorous " 
(1855);  the  "Spendthrift"  (1856); 
"  Mervyn  Clitheroe  "  (1857)  ;  the  "Com- 
bat of  the  Thirty"  (a  poem),  "  Oving- 
dean  Grange  "  (1860);  "The  Constable 
of  the  Tower"  (1861) ;  the  "  Lord  Ma}'or 
of  London  "  (1862)  ;  "  Cardinal  Pole  " 
(1863)  ;  "  John  Law,  the  Projector " 
(18S4)  ;  the  "Constable  de  Bourbon" 
(1866):  "Old  Court,"  "The  Spanish 
Match  ■'  (1867);  "Myddleton  Pomfret  " 
(1868);  "HilarySt.  Ives"  (1870);  "Old 
St.  Paul's"  (1871);  "The  Good  Old 
Times"  (1873);  "Merry  England" 
(1874) ;  "  Preston  Fight  "  (1875) ;  "  The 
Goldsmith's  Wife  "  (1875) ;  "  Chetwynd 
Calverley"  (1876);  and  "Beatrice 
T3'ldesley"  (1878).  Edited  Bentley's 
and  Xcic  31o»(/ih/. 

Aird,  Thomas  (b.  Bowden,  Rox- 
burghshire, Aug.  28th,  1802  :  d.  Dum- 
fries, 1876).  "  Religious  Character- 
i.stics"  (1827),  the  "Old  Bachelor  in 
the  Old  Scottish  Village"  (1848),  the 
"  Devil's  Dream,"  the  "  Captive  of  Fez  " 
and  other  poems  (1856  and  1878,  with 
"Life'").  VAVited  })t(mfne.'>  Berald.  See 
Gilfillan's  "Literary  Portraits." 

Airy,  Sir  George  B.,  K.C.B. 
(b.  Alnwick,  June  27th,  1801).     "  Astro- 


nomical Observations"  (Cambridge,  9 
vols.,  1829— .38),  "Gravitation"  (1834), 
"  Ipswich  Lectures  on  Astronomy " 
(1849),  "Trigonometry"  (18.5.5),  "Errors 
of  Observation "  (1861),  "The  Invasion 
of  Britain  by  Julius  Crnsar "  (1865), 
"Sound"  (1869),  "Magnetism"  (1870), 
&c.  Has  contributed  important  papers 
to  the  transactions  of  several  scientific 
societies. 

Akenside,  Mark,  M.D.  (b.  New- 
castle, Nov.  9th,  1721  ;  d.  London,  June 
23rd,  1770).  "An  Epistle  to  Curio" 
(1744)  ;  "  Pleasures  of  the  Imagination  " 
(1744) ;  2nd  edition,  with  the  Poems 
(1772) ;  Poetical  Works,  including  un- 
published fragment  (1804)  ;  "  Ode  to 
Lord  Huntingdon"  (1743);  "  Ode  to 
Country  Gentlemen  of  England  "  (1757) ; 
"  Ode  to  the  Late  Thomas  Edwards " 
(1763)  ;  "  Notes  on  the  Postscript  of  a 
Pamphlet  entitled  '  Observations,  Ana- 
tomical, &c."'  (1758);  "Oratio  Har- 
veiana"  (1760)  ;  "De  Dysentaria  Com- 
mentarius  "  (1764)  ;  "  De  Ortu  et  Incre- 
mento  Fcetus  Humani"  (1744).  Lives 
by  Johnson,  Bucke,  Dyce. 

Ale  nek.  Sir  Rutherford  (b.  Lon- 
don, 1809).  "Notes  on  the  Medical 
History  of  the  British  Legion  of  Spain  " 
(1838),  "Elements  of  Japanese  Gram- 
mar" (1861),  "  The  Capital  of  the 
T3'coon "  (1863),  "  Familiar  Dialogues 
in  Japanese"  (1863),  "Art  in  Japan" 
(1878). 

Aleuin  (b.  York,  735 ;  d.  Tours, 
May  19th,  804).  Works:—  (1)  The 
"  Commentaries  on  the  Scriptures," 
consisting  of  "  Questions  and  Answers 
on  the  Book  of  Genesis;"  "Comments 
on  the  Penitential  Psalms,"  on  the 
"Song  of  Solomon,"  and  on  the  "Book 
of  Ecclesiastes  ;"  the  "  Interpretationes 
Nominum  Hebraicum  ;"  and  the  "  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Gospel  of  St.  John," 
and  on  the  "  Three  Epistles  of  St. 
Paul."  (2)  The  "Dogmatic  Writings." 
including  the  treatises  "De  Fide  Tri- 
nitatis  et  De  Processione  Spiritus 
Sancti,'*  and  the  books  "  Against  Felix  " 
and  "Eiipandus. "  (3)  The  Liturgic 
Works  :  the  "  Liber  Sacraraentorum," 
the  treatise  "De  Psalmorum  LTsu,"  the 
"Officia  per  Ferias,"  and  the  tracts 
!  "De  Virtutibus  et  Vitiis''  and  "De 
'  Anirare  Ratione.''  To  these  are  added 
"  Lives  of  St.  Martin  of  Tours,"  of  "  St. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


079 


Richarins,"  of  "  Wilbrord,"  and  of  "  St. 
Vedastus,"  the  latter  of  which  was  merely 
corrected  and  edited  by  Alcuin  from  an 
older  writer;  and  four  treatises,  "Do 
Grammatica,"  "  Do  Orthopraphia,"  "  De 
Rhetorica  et  Virtutibns,"  and  "  De  Dia- 
lectica,"  The  complete  "  Works  "  were 
published  by  Andre  Duchesne  under  the 
Latinised  name  of  "Andreas  Queree- 
tanus  "  in  l'J17,  and  again,  in  1777,  by 
Frobenius,  Prince-Abbot  of  St.  Emme- 
ram,  at  Ratisbon.  A  list  of  the  editions 
of  the  separ.ite  works  will  be  found  in 
Wright's  "  Biographia  Britannica  Lite- 
raria."  For  Biography,  sec  the  "Life," 
written  in  829  and  printed  in  the 
editions  of  the  "  Works  "  in  the  "  Acta 
SS.  Ord.  S.  Bened."  of  Malnllon,  in  the 
collection  of  Siuius,  and  in  the  "  Acta 
Sanctorum  "  of  the  Bollandists  ;  also  the 
sketch  by  Mabillon  ;  the  ''Life  "  by  Fro- 
benius, prefixed  to  his  edition ;  and  tlie 
"Life"  by  I'rofessor  Lorenz,  of  Halle 
(1829),  translated  into  English  by  Jane 
Mary  Sleo  (1837). 

Aldhelm  (b.  656,  d.  709).  "^nig- 
mata,"  "  De  Laude  Virginitate."  Bio- 
graphies by  William  of  Malmesbury 
and  Fariciiis  of  Abingilon.  See  also 
Bode's  "  Ecclesiastical  History  "  and 
Wright's  "Biographia  Britannica." 
Works,  1844. 

Aldrlch,  Henry,  D.D.  (b.  West- 
minster,  1647 ;  d.  Oxford,  Dec.  14th, 
1710).  "Artis  LogiciM  Compendium" 
(1*)92),  and  "  Elementa  Architecturse 
Civilis  ad  Vitruvii  Votorumque  Dis- 
cii)linnm  ot  Hecentiornm  pnc^ertim  ad 
Paladii  Kxempta  Probation  Concinnata  " 
(translated  1789). 

Alexander  of  Hales  [Halensis] 
(d.  124.')).  "Summa  Theologiaa  Quadri- 
nartitaj"  (1481—82),  "Super  Tertium 
Sontcntiarum  "  (147.>),  "Commentaries" 
(1491!).  .^p  Kcrchingor's  "ClavisTheo- 
logiii"  sen  Iloportorinm  in  Summam 
Alcxandri  do  Hales  "(ir>02).  Best  edition 
of  "  Summa,"  Cologne,  1622. 

Alexander,  WUliam,  first  Earl  of 
Stirling  (1).  l.'iso,  d.  ICtH).  "Aurora" 
(lti(»l)  ;  "  Mon.nrchicko  Tragedies": 
" ( 'rics\i8,"  "Darius,"  "The  Aloxan- 
drivans,"  "Julius  Cn-sar"  (1607)  ;  "  Ko- 
croations  with  the  Muses"  (16.57).  See 
Waipolo's  "  Royal  and  Noblo  Authors." 


Alford,  Henry,  D.D.  (b.  London, 
1810;  d.  .Jan.  12th,  1871).  "Poems  and 
Poetical  Fragments"  (1831) ;  "The  School 
of  the  Heart  and  other  Poems  "  (1835) ; 
"The  Abbot  of  Muchelnaye  and  other 
Poems"  (1841);  "Chapters  on  Poetry 
and  Poets"  (1841);  "The  Doctrines  of 
Redemption"  (1842—43);  "Sermons" 
{]8.';4— .'>7);  "Village  Sermons"  (1846)  ; 
"Plea  for  Queen's  English"  (1864). 
Edition  of  the  Greek  Testament  (1844— 
52).     "  Life  "  (1873). 

Alfred,  King  of  England  (b.  Wan- 
tage, Berk.shire,  849;  d.  Oct.  27th.  901). 
Translated  into  English  Bede's  "Eccle- 
siastical History,"  Orosius's  "  Universal 
History,"  Bcsthius's  "  De  Consolatione 
PhilosophiiT!,"  and  Grecory  I.'s  "  Pa^toral 
on  the  Care  of  the  Soul."'  "Biograi)hies" 
bySpelman  (1678),  Powell  (1634),  Bick- 
nell  (1777),  and  by  Thomas  Hughes, 
M.P.,inthe  Sundiy  LUmiri/,  See  also 
Wright's  "  Biographia  Britiinnica." 

Alison,    Archibald,     Rev.    (b. 

Edinburgh,  1757  ;  d.  Edinburgh,  1839). 
"  Essay  on  the  Nature  and  Principles  of 
Taste"  (1790),  "Sermons"  (1814—15), 
and  a  "Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Writings 
of  Lord  Woodhouselee "  (1818).  See 
Lord  Jeffrey's  "Essays,"  and  Sinclair's 
"Old  Times  and  Distant  Places." 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald,  Bart.  (b. 
Kenley,  Shropshire,  1792,  d.  May,  1867). 
"History  of  Europe,  from  the  French 
Revolution  of  1789  to  the  Accession  of 
Napoleon  III."  (1839-42);  "Principles 
of  Population"  (1840)  ;  "  Free  Trade  and 
Fettered  Currency"  (1847);  a  "Life  of 
the  Dnke  of  Mariborough"  (1848); 
"  Essays  :  Historical,  Political,  and  Mis- 
cellaneous" (1850);  and  other  works. 
See  the  Qnarlerbj  Review,  vols.  Ixx.,  Ixxii., 
Ixxiii.,  Ixxvi.  ;  the  Kdiiiburc/h  Review, 
vol.  Ixxvi.;  the  Westminsltr  Rcvieic,  vol. 
xli.;  and  the  Ifoi-lh  American  Review, 
vols,  viii.,  X.,  xi.,  xx. 

Allen,  Charles  Grant  (i\  in 
Canada,  1848).  "  Physiological  yEstho- 
tics  "  (1877),  "Tho  Colour  Sense  "  (1879), 
"The  Evolutionist  at  Large"  (1881), 
"  Colin  Clout's  Calond.ar  "  (b^S.'?),  "  Phi- 
listia"  (1884).  "Flowers  and  their 
Pedigrees"  (1885),  "Charles  Darwin" 
(1885),  "nabylon"(1885),  "  For  Maimio's 
Sako"  (1886),  "In  AllSha.los"  (1S86), 
"Tho  Beckoning  Hand"  (1887).     Has 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


also    contributed    to  the   Cornhill  and 
other  magazines. 

Allen,  John, M.D.  (b  Red  ford,  near 
Edinhurj^h,  1770;  d.  Holland  House, 
April  3rd,  1843).  "  Iliustrations  of 
Hume's  Essay  on  Necessity "  (1795), 
"  Rise  and  Growth  of  the  Royal  Prero- 
gative in  Ene^land  "  (1S30),  "  Vindication 
of  the  Independence  of  Scotland  "  (1833). 
Translated  "  Cuvier's  Animal  Economy  " 
(1801).  Biography  in  Brougham's  "Hist. 
Sketches." 

Allinpham,  William  (b.  Bally- 
shannon,  1828).  "  Poems  "  (1850) ;  "Day 
and  Night  Songs"  (1854);  "The  Music 
Master  and  other  Poems"  (1857) ;  edited 
Fraser's  Mnr/mine;  "  Choicest  British 
Bahads  "  (1864) ;  "Fifty  Modern  Poems  " 
(1865) ;  "  Laurence  Bloomfield  in  Ire- 
land" (1869);  "In  Fairy  Land  (1870)  ; 
"  Songs,  Ballads,  and  Stories  "  (1877) ; 
"The  Fairies"  (1883);  "Evil  May- 
Day"  (1883)  ;  "Asbhy  Manor"  (1883); 
and  "  Rhymes  for  the  Young"  (1887). 

A ndrewes.  Lancelot  (b.  London, 
1555;  d.  Winchester,  March  27th,  1625). 
Reply  to  Bellarmine's  treatise  against 
Kin^' James  I.'s  "Defence  of  the  Right 
of  Kings  "(1609);  "Manual  of  Devotion  " 
in  Greek  and  Latin,  translated  by  Dean 
Stanhope.  "  Works  "  (1589—1610)  ;  se- 
lected "  Sermons  "  (1868) ;  "Manual  for 
the  Sick,"  edited  by  Canon  Liddon 
(1869). 

Arbuthnot,  John,  M.D.  (b.  Ar- 

buthnot,  near  Montrose,  1^75  ;  d.  Hamp- 
stead,  Feb.  27th,  1735).  "An  Examina- 
tion of  Dr.  Woodward's  Account  of  the 
Deluge  "  (1697) :  "  An  Essay  on  the  Use- 
fulness of  Mathematical  Learning  ;  " 
"  A  Treatise  concerning  the  Altercation 
or  Scolding  of  the  Ancients  ; "  "  The  Art 
of  Political  Lying;"  "Law  is  a  Bottom- 
less Pit,  or  the  History  of  John  Bull " 
(1713);  "Tables  of  Ancient  Coins"  (1727) 
"Works  "(1650-51).  '' 

Argyll,  Duke  of,  George  Douglas 
Campbell  (b.  1823).  "  Letter  to  the  Peers 
from  a  Peer's  Son"  (1842);  "Duty  of 
Immediate  Legislative  Interposition  in 
Behalf  of  the  Church  of  Scotland" 
Ir^.V'  "L«"er  to  Dr.  Chalmers" 
im    ' '  "  P^'esbytery  Examined  "  (1848) ; 

The  Heien  of  Law  "(1866) ;  "Primeval 
Man"  (1S69);  "The  History  and  Anti- 
quities of  lena  "  (1870) ;  "Administration 


of  Lord  Dalhousie"  (1865);  "The  Pa- 
tronage Act"  (1874);  "On  the  Relation 
of  Landlord  and  Tenant  "  (1877) ;  "  The 
Eastern  Question,  from  the  Treaty  of 
Paris  to  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  and  to  the 
Second  Afghan  War "  (1879) ;  "  The 
Prophet  of  San  Francisco  "  in  the  Xiiie- 
teenth  Centun/  (1884);  "The  Unity  of 
Nature  "  (1884) ;  "  Scotland  As  it  Was 
and  As  it  Is  "  (1887). 

Arnold,  Arthur  (b.  May  28th, 
1833),  has  written  two  novels,  "  Hever 
Court"  (1867)  and  "Ralph"  (186.3); 
"The  History  of  the  Cotton  Famine" 
(1864);  "Letters  from  the  Levant" 
(1868) ;  "  Through  Persia  by  Caravan  " 
(1877);  "Social  Politics"  (1878):  "Free 
Land  "  (1880).     Edited  Echo. 

Arnold,  Edwin  (b.  June  10th,  1832). 
"  Griselda,  a  Drama  "  (1856) ;  "  Poems, 
Narrative  and  Lyrical  "  (18o3)  ;  "  Educa- 
tion  in  India"  (1860);  "The  Feast  of 
Belshazzar "  (Newdigate  Prize,  1852) ; 
"  The  Hitopades'a,"  a  translation  (1861) ; 
"A  History  of  the  AHmiuistration  of 
India  under  the  late  Marquis  of  Dal- 
housie "  (1864)  ;  "  The  Poets  of  Greece  " 
(1869) ;  translation  of  "  Hero  and  Lean- 
der"  (1873);  "The  Indian  Song  of  Songs  " 
(1875);  "The  Light  of  Asia"  (1879); 
"Pearls  of  Faith"  (1883);  "Indian 
Idylls"'  (1883);  " The  Secret  of  Death  " 
(1885)  ;  "  The  Sonj  Celestial  "  (1885). 
He  has  edited  the  I)aily  Telegraph  and 
contributed  to  periodical  hterature. 

Arnold,  Matthew,  D.C.L.  (b. 
Laleham,  1822;  d.  1888).  "Cromwell" 
(Newdigate  Prize,  1843)  ;  "  The  Straved 
Reveller"  (1848)  ;  "Empedocles  on  Etna 
and  other  Poems"  (1852);  "Poems" 
(1854) ;  "Merope"  (1858)  ;  "  Lectures  on 
Translating  Homer"  (1861—62);  "A 
French  Eton,  or  Ed'ication  and  the  State" 
(1864)  ;  "Essays  in  Criticism"  (1865); 
"  The  Study  of  Celtic  Literature  "  (1867) ; 
"Schools  and  Universities  on  the  Con- 
tinent"  (1868);  "New  Poems"  (1868); 
"Culture  and  Anarchy"  (1869);  "St. 
Paul  and  Protestantism "  (1870)  ; 
"Friendship's  Garland"  (1871);  "A 
Bible  Reading  for  Schools "  (1872) ; 
"Literature  and  Dogma"  (1873); 
"Higher  Schools  of  Germany"  (1874); 
"God  and  the  Bible"  (1875);  "Last 
Essays  on  Church  and  State"  (1877); 
"Mixed  Essays"  (1879);  "Irish  Es- 
says      (1882);    and      "Discourses    in 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


981 


America"    (1886).      An   edition   of    his 
"  Poems  "  was  published  ia  1877.     For 
Criticism,     see    "Essays,"    by    W.     C.    i 
Roscoe  ;  "  My  Study  Windows,"  by  J.    I 
R.  Lowell  ;  A.  C.  Swinburne's   "  Essays 
and  Studies  ;  "  Ilutton's  "  Essays  ;  "  the 
Bishop  of  Derry  in  "Dublin   Lectures    ' 
on  Literature,  Science,  and  Art ;  "  "  The    | 
Life  and  Letters  of  A.  H.  ClouKh,"  vol.    | 
i.;  the  Qiairtcrlif  Bevieiv,  kynl,  18b9,  and    ' 
Oct.,  18(J8 ;  the  If ''eat  minster  Eevietr,  July, 
18G3  ;  the  Edinburgh  Review,  April,  1861) ; 
the  Contemporary  Review,  vol.  xxiv. 

Arnold,  Thomas,  D.D.  (b.  West 
Cowes,  17J'5 ;  d.  Fox  How,  Amble- 
side, July  12th,  1842).  "History  of 
Rome,"  "The  Later  Roman  Common- 
wealth" (184.5);  "Sermons"  (1845). 
Edited  "  Thucydides."  Biographies: 
Stanley's  (1844),  Warl^oise's  (1859).  See 
Keauder's  "Arnold's  Theology." 

Asi'ham,  Poger  (b.  Kirkby  Wisko, 
1515  ;  d.  Dec.  15t;8).  "  Toxophihis,  the 
Scliolo  of  t^hootinge  "  (1544)  ;  "  A  Report 
and  Discourse  of  the  Affaires  and  State 
of  Oermany,  and  the  Emperor  Charles 
his  Court  during  certaiue  yeares  (1550 — 
52)"  (1.552)  ;  "The  Scholemaster"  (1570)  ; 
"Apologia  pro  Coena  Dominica  contra 
.Missam  et  eius  Prestigias"  (1577); 
"  Epi^tolaru^l  Libri  Tres  "  (1578).  Eng- 
lish "  Works  "  were  collected  1701,  with 
"  Life  "  by  Dr.  .Johnson  ;  again  edited 
by  Dr.  (!iles  in  180.').  S  v  also  Grant's 
"  Do  Vita  et  Ob.  Rogcri  Aschaini  "  and 
Hartley  Coleridge's  "Northern  Wor- 
thies." 

Ashmole,  Eliaa  (b.  Lichfield,  May 
23rd,  1C17;  d.  May  18th.  1G92).  "Thea- 
trum  (Jhemicum  l-!ritannicum "  (1652); 
"  Fa.sci'ulus  f 'homicns  "  (1654);  "The 
Way  to  Bliss"  (1058);  "The  Institu- 
tion, Laws,  and  CeremonieB  of  the  Most 
Noble  Order  of  the  Garter  "  (1672)  :  and 
"  Anti<|uitieR  of  Berkshire"  (1719). 
"Memoirs"  (1717). 

Asser.  John  (d.  910).  "  Annales 
Rerum  Gesttriim  .li^llfredi  Magni  (1574'), 
best  ed.  Oxford,  1722.  Crit.  :  Pauli's 
"  Alfred  the  Great  "  (Bohu,  1857). 

Athelnrd  of  Bnth  (circa  1120). 
"  Do  Kodeni  et  Divurso,"  "  De  Sio  et 
non  Sic,"  "  Qiuestiones  Nntiirales," 
"  Ri'gulo)  Abaci,"  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
AR'r(ilnl>(>,"  "  Prol'lemata,"  "  Do  Septcm 
ArtibuH  Liberalibus,"  "  A  Treatise  on  the 


Compotus,"  "Liber  Magistri  Adelardi 
Bathomensis  qui  dicitur  Mappae  Clavi- 
cula." 

Atherstone,  Edwin  (b.  1788,  d. 
1872).  "  Last  Days  of  Hercuianeum  " 
(1821),  "  Midsummer  Day's  Dream  " 
(1822),  "  The  Fall  of  Nineveh  "  (1828, 
1830,  1847),  "Sea-kings  of  England" 
(1830),  "  The  Handwriting  on  the  Wall  " 
(1858),  "  Israel  in  Egypt  "  (1861). 

Atterbury,  Francis.  D.D. ,  Bishop 
of  Rochester  (b.  Milton  Keynes,  Bucks, 
March  6th,  1062  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  15lh, 
1732).  "Considerations  on  the  Spirit 
of  Martin  Luther"  (1087),  "Sermons" 
(1740),  "  Absalom  and  Achitophel  Lati- 
nised "  (1682);  "Works"  (1789-98), 
"Private Correspondence"  (1768),  "Epis- 
tolary Correspondence"  (1783),  "  Atter- 
buryana  "  (1727).  Biographies:  Stack- 
house's  (1727).  "Memoirs"  (1723)  and 
"  Memoirs  and  Correspondence  "  (1869). 

Aubrey,  John  (b.  Easton  Piers, 
Wiltshire,  March  12th,  1026  ;  d.  Oxford, 
Juno  7th,  1697).  "  Natural  History  and 
Antiquities  of  Surrey"  (1719),  "Miscel- 
lanies "  (1696),  "  Letters  and  Lives  of 
Eminent  Men"  (1813),  "History  of 
Wiltsliire"  (1821),  "  .Mmutts  of  Lives  in 
Athena;  Oxonienses,"  repuMished  sepa- 
rately in  1813.  Biography  by  Britton 
(1845). 

Austen,  Janp  (b.  Steventou,  Hamp- 
sliire,  Dec.  16th.  1775  ;  d.  Winchester, 
July  24th,  1817).  "  Sense  and  Sensi- 
bility "  (1811),  "  Pride  and  Prejudice  " 
(1812),  "  Mansfichl  I'ark "  (1814), 
"  Emma"  (1816),  "Northnnger  Atibey  " 
(1818),  "Persuasion"  (1818),  "Lady 
Jane  "  (1872).  Life  prefixed  to  "  North- 
anger  Al>bey  "  and  Memoir  by  Ansten- 
Leigh  (1870).  6'tr  also  "Jane  Austen's 
Letters,"  edited  by  Lord  Brabourne. 

Austin.  Alfred  (b.  Devonshire, 
1835).  "  Randolph  "  (1854),  "The  Sea- 
son''  (1801),  "The  Human  Tragedy" 
(1862  and  1876),  "An  Artist's  iroof" 
(1804),  "Won  by  a  Head  "  (1865),  "A 
Vindication  of  Lord  Byron"  (18691, 
"The  P.ietry  of  the  Ferii.d "  (1870), 
"The  Golden  Age  "(1871 1,  "  Intirkirios" 
(1872),  "  Rome  or  Death  "  (1873),  "  .Ma- 
donna's  Child"  (1S73),  "The  T.iwer  of 
Babel  "  (1874),  "  Lezko  tlio  Bastard  " 
(1877),  "Sivonaroia"  (1881),  "Solilo- 
quies in  Song  "  (1882),  "  At  the  Gate  of 


982 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


the  Convent "  (1885).  Edits  the  National 
Meview. 

Austin,  Sarah  (b.  Norwich,  1793  ; 
d.  Weybridge,  Aug.  8th,  18G7).  "  Cha- 
racteristics of  Goetho  "  (183a)  ;  "  Frag- 
ments from  the  German  Prose  Writers  " 
(18-41);  "National  Education"  (1839); 
"Sketches  of  Germany  "  (1854) ;  "  Selec- 
tions from  the  Old  Testament  "  (1833) ; 
"  Letters  on  Girls'  Schools  "  (1857);  and 
translations  of  "  The  Story  without  an 
End"  (1856),  "  Ptanke's  History  of  the 
Popes,"  and  his  "  History  of  the  Refor- 
mation in  Germany."  Sec  Macaulay's 
Essay  in  the  Eihnburyh  livview  for  1840. 

A  y  t  o  u  n ,  'Williani  Edmon- 
stoune  (b.  Edinburgh,  1S13  ;  d.  Edin- 
burgh, 1865).  "  The  Life  and  Times  of 
Richard  I.,  King  of  England"  (1840); 
"Lays  of  the  Scottish  Cavaliers" 
(1849);  "  Bothwell  "  (1856) ;  "  Firmilian  " 
(1854)  ;  "  Norman  Sinclair  "  (1861) ;  "  A 
Nuptial  Ode  on  the  Marriage  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales"  (1863);  "The  Glen- 
mutchkin  Railway  "and  "  How  I  became 
a  Yeoman,"  tales  from  Blackwood 
(1858).  Wrote  half  of  "  Bon  Gaultier 
Ballads"  (1854),  and  edited  "  Ballads  of 
Scotland  "  (1858).  Biography  by  Martin 
(1867). 

B 

Ba.bbige.  Charles  (b.  Teignmonth, 
Dec.  26th,  1792;  d.  Oct.  18th,  1871). 
"Letter  to  Sir  H.  Davy"  (1822),  "  Dif- 
ferential Calculus  "  (1816),  "  Decline  of 
Science"  (1830),  "As.«uranre  of  Life" 
(1826),  "Economy  of  Manufactures" 
(1832),  "Table  of  Logarithms"  (1826), 
"Ninth  Bridgewater  Treatise"  (1837), 
"  Turning  and  Planing  Tools  "  (184(5), 
"  Passages  from  the  Life  of  a  Philoso- 
pher "  (1S64),  "The  Great  Exhibition" 
(1851). 

Bahington.  Charles  C.  (b.  Lud- 
low, 1808).  "  Ancient  Cambridgeshire  " 
(1851)  ;  "  Flora  of  Channel  Islands " 
1839)  ;  "  Manual  of  British  Botany  " 
(1843) ;  "  Flora  in  Cambridgeshire " 
(I860)  ;  "  The  British  Rubi  "  (1869)  ; 
"  History  of  St.  John's  College  Chapel, 
Cambridge  "  (1874). 

Bacon,  Boger  (b.  Ilchester,  1214  ; 
d.  Oxford,  June  11th,  1292).  "Opus 
Maj\is  "  (1733) ;  "Speculum  Alcbemise" 
(1541)  ;  "  Do  Potestate  Artiset  Naturte  " 


(1542).  "Opus  Minus,"  "Opus  Ter- 
tiura,"  &c.,  in  "  Works  "  (Brewer,  1859). 
Biographies  :  Siebert's  "  Lchen  "  (1861); 
Charles's  "  Vio  "  (1861). 

Bacon,  Francis,  Lord  Verulam 

(b.  London,  Jan.  22nd,  1561  ;  d.  1626). 
"  Essays  "  (1597, 1612,  1624) ;  "  Advance- 
ment of  Learning"  (1605)  ;  "  De  Sapieu- 
tia  Veterum  "  (1609) ;  "  Novum  Orga- 
num  "  (1620)  ;  "  History  of  the  Reign  of 
Henry  VII.  "  (1623)  ;  "  De  Augmentis 
Scientiarum  "  (1623) ;  "  Apophthegms  " 
(1625);  "Sylva  Sylvarum,"  "New 
Atlantis,"  "  Historia  Ventorum."  Po-st- 
humously  published  :  "Elements  of  the 
Law  of  England"  (1636);  "History  of 
the  Alienation  Office."  Biojfraphies : 
Rawley's  (1825) ;  Mallet's  (1740)  ;  Birch's 
(1763) ;  Basil  Montagu's  (1825) ;  Macau- 
lay's  "Essays;"  Hepworth  Dixon's 
(1862) ;  Kuno  Fischer's  (translated  1857); 
Remusat's  "Vie"  (1857).  Best  edition, 
with  Letters  and  Life,  Spedding's  (1S70). 
"  Novum  Or!»-anum,"  with  notes,  eilited 
by  Fowler  (1878).  .SVe  Abbot's  "Bacon 
and  Essex,"  1877. 

Bage,  Robert  (b.  Darley,  near 
Derby,  Feb.  29th,  1728  ;  d.  Sept.  1st, 
1801).  "Mount  Heneth  "  (1781)  ;  "  Bar- 
ham  Downs  "  (1784)  ;  "  The  Fair  oyrian  " 
(1787)  ;  "James  Wallace  "  (1788)  ;  "  Man 
as  He  is"  (1792);  "  Hermstrong  :  or, 
Man  as  He  is  Not "  (1796).  Bios^raphy 
in  Sir  W.  Scott's  "Novelist's  Library." 

Bflgehot,  Walter  (b  1826,  d  1877). 
"The  English  Constitution"  (1867); 
"Physics  and  Politics,"  "Lombard 
Street"  (1873);  and  "  Essays  on  Silver" 
(1877);  "Literary  Studies,"  edited  by 
Hutton,  with  "  Memoir"  (1878)  ;  "  Eco- 
nomic Studies"  (1880).  Edited  Tlu 
Economist. 

Bailey,  Philip  James  (b.  Not- 
tingham, April  22Qd,  1816).  "  Festus  " 
(1839),  "The  Angel  World"  (1850), 
"The  Mystic"  (1855),  "The  Age" 
(1858),  "  The  International  Policy  of 
Great  Powers"  (1862),  "The  Universal 
Hymn  "  (1867). 

Bailey,  Samuel  (b.  Sheffield,  1791 ; 
d.  there,  Jan.  ISth,  1870).  "Es.-ays  on 
the  Philosophy  of  the  Human  ^Jind " 
(1855,  1858,  and  1863),  "Value"  (1825), 
&c. 

Baillie,  Joanna  (b.  Bothwell,  1762 ; 
d.  Hampstead,  Feb.  23rd,  1851).  "  Playa 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDEX. 


98S 


on  the  Passions  "  (1708,  1802,  1812,  and 
1836);  "  iliscellaueous  Plays"  (180i)  ; 
"  The  Family  Legend  "  (1810);  "  Metrical 
Legends"  (1821);  "  Fugitive  Verses  " 
(1823)  ;  "Metrical  Legends  of  Exalted 
Characters,"  and  "  A  View  of  the  General 
Tenor  of  the  New  Testament  regarding 
the  Nature  and  Dignity  of  Jesus  Christ." 
"  Works,"  with  a  "  Life  "  (1853). 

Bain,  Alex.,  liL.D.  (b.  Aberdeen, 
1818).  "The  Senses  and  the  Intellect" 
(1855)  ;  "The  Emotions  and  the  Will" 
(1859) ;  "  The  Study  of  Character  "  (1861) ; 
"  A  Manual  of  English  Composition  and 
Rhetoric  "  (1866) ;"  "  Mental  and  Moral 
Science  "  (1868) ;  "Logic"  (1870);  "A 
Higher  English  Grammar"  (187-) ;  "Mind 
and  Body  "  (1873) ;  "  Companion  to  the 
Higher  English  Grammar"  (1874);  "The 
Science  of  Education"  (1870);  "James 
Mill:  a  Biography"  (1882);  "John 
Stuart  Mill  :  A  Criticism "  (1882)  ; 
"Practical  Essays"  (1884).  Edited 
James  Mill's  "  Analysis  of  the  Human 
Min.l  "  (1869),  Crete's  "  Minor  Works  " 
(1873),  and  Grote's  "  Plato"  (1885). 

Baker,  Henry  (b.  1703,  d.  1774). 
"  An  Invocation  to  Health "  (1722), 
"  Original  Poems  "  (1725—26),  "  Medulla 
Poetarum  Romanorum  "  (1737),  "  The 
Microscope  made  Easy  "  (1743),  "Natu- 
ral History  of  the  Polype  "  (1743),  "  Em- 
ployment for  the  Microscope"  (1753), 
"The  Universe"  (1727). 

Bak«='r,  Sir  Kichard  (b.  Sitting- 
hurst,  Kent,  about  1568;  d.  London, 
Feb.  18th,  1644).  "Chronicles  of  the 
Kings  of  England"  (1641),  translated 
"  Malvezzi's  Discourses  on  Tacitus" 
(1642),  "Theatrum  Redivivum  "  (1661). 

Baker,  Sir  Sam.  White  (h.  1821). 
"  Tlio  Hitlo  an.l  Itoun.l  in  Ceylon  "  (1853), 
"  Eight  Years'  Wauderinfrs  in  Ceylon  " 
(18.55),  ''The  Albert  N'Yanza"  (1866), 
"The  Nile  Tributaries  of  Abyssinia" 
(1871),  "Ismailia"  (1874),  ic. 

Baldwin.  William  (b.  circa  1518). 
Part  of  "  Mirrour  for  Magistrates" 
(1559)  ;  "  Moral  Philosophy  "  (1547)  ; 
"  The  Canticli^s  or  Balades  of  Solomon, 
ill  motro "  (1549);  "  Funeralles  of  Ed- 
ward VI."  (15G0). 

Ballantine,  James  (b.  1808,  d. 
1877).  ''The  G.iborlun/.io's  Wallet" 
(1H43).    "The    Miller    of    Deanhaugh" 


(1844),  "  Stained  Glass  "  (1845),  "  Orna- 
mental Art"  (1847),  "Poems"  (1856), 
"Songs"  (1865),  "Whistle  Binkie " 
(new  edition,  1878),  "  Life  of  David 
Roberts  "  (18G6),  "  LiUas  Lee  "  (1872). 

Bancroft,  Richard,  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  (b.  Farn worth,  Lan- 
cashire, Sept.,  1544  ;  d.  Lambeth,  Nov. 
2Qd,  16111).  "Survey  of  the  Pretended 
Holy  Discipline"  (1593),  "Dangerous 
Proceeding's  under  Pretence  of  Reforma- 
tion "  (1593).  See  Hook's  "  Lives  of  the 
Archbishops." 

Bancroft,  Thomas  (b.  circa  1600). 
"  The  Glutton's  Fever  "  (16-53),  "  Epi- 
grams and  Epitaphs"  (1639),  "The 
Heroioal  Lover"  (1658),  part  of  "  Lachry- 
mco  Musarum  "  (1650). 

Banks,  Mrs.  George  I.inrasus 

(b.  1S21).  "  Ivy  Leaves  "(1844);  "God's 
Providence  House"  (1865)  ;  "  Daisies  in 
the  Grass  "  (1865) ;  "  Stung  to  the  Quick  " 
(1867);  "The  Manchester  Man"  (1S76) ; 
"Glory"  (1877);  "Caleb  Booth's  Clerk  " 
(1S78) ;  "  Ripples  and  Breakers  "  (1878) ; 
"  Wooers  and  Winners  "  (1880) ;  "  For- 
bidden to  Marry  "  (1883) ;  "  In  His  Own 
Hand  "  (18S5). 

Banks,  John.  "  The  Rival  Kings  " 
(1677),  "  The  Destruction  of  Troy"  (1679), 
"Virtue  Betrayed"  (1682),  "The  Un- 
happy Favourite"  (1682),  "The  Island 
Queens"  (1684),  "'fhe  innocent  U-ur- 
per  "  (1694),  "  Cyrus  the  Great "  (1696). 

Barbauld,  Anna  Letitia  (b. 
Kil)Wort,h  Harcourt,  Leicestershire,  June 
2(Jth,  1743  ;  d.  March  9th,  18'25).  "  Mis- 
cellaneous Poems  "  (1773) ;  "  .Miscel- 
laneous Pieces  in  Prose"  [with  her 
brother.  Dr.  Aikin]  (1773) ;  "Early  Les- 
sons for  Children  "  (1774)  ;  "  Hymns  in 
Pros3  "  (1774) ;  "  Devotional  Pieces,  com- 
posed from  the  Psalms  and  the  Book  of 
Job"  (1775) ;  "A  Poetical  Epistle  to  Mr. 
Wilberforce  on  the  Rejection  of  the  Bill 
for  the  Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade " 
(1790);  "Remarks  on  Gilbert  Wako- 
tjeld's  Inquiry  into  the  Expediency  and 
Propriety  of  Public  and  Social  Worship" 
(1792)  ;  "  K.veiiings  at  Home  "  [with  Ur. 
Aikiul  (1792 — 95);  "Selections  from 
the  Spectator,  Taller,  Guardian,  and 
FrtthoUler"  (1804);  "A  Life  of  Samuel 
Richardson  "  (1805)  ;  an  edition  of  "  The 
British  Novelists"  (1810)  ;  "The  Female 
Spectator"  (1811)  ;  and  "  Eighteen  Hun- 


984 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


drofl  and  Eleven  "  (1812).  Works  with 
"  Memoir "  by  Lucy  Aikia  in  1827. 
"Letters  and  Notices"  by  Breton  ap- 
peared in  1874. 

Barbour,  John  (b.  131(j,  d.  March 
i:3th,  laiifj).  "The  Book  of  the  Gestes 
of  Kins'  Robert  Bruce,"  and  also,  accord- 
ing to  Bradshaw,  frag'ments  of  a  "  Troy- 
Book  "  and  nearly  40,000  lines  of  "  Lives 
of  Saints."  Hee  Irvint^'s  "  Lives  of  the 
Scottish  Poets,"  Wright's  "  Biographia 
Poetica,"  Ellis's  "  Sjiecimens,"  Warton's 
"English  Poetry,"  and  Campbell's  "  Es- 
says on  English  I'oetry."  Best  editions 
of  the  "  Brus,"  that  of  1820  and  that  of 
the  Spalding  Club  (185G). 

Barclay,  Alexander  (b.  1476,  d. 
1,552).  "Shyp  of  Folys  "  (1.509),  "The 
Castle  of  Labour"  (1506),  "The  Mirror 
of  Good  Manners  "  (n.  d.,  2nd.  ed.,  1570), 
"  Eclogues  "  (n.d.),  "  An  Introductory  to 
Wryto  and  Pronounce  French  "  (1521), 
"  Cronycle  Compyled  by  Salust  "  (n.  d.). 

Barham,    Bichard    Harris    (b. 

Canterbury,  1788 ;  d.  London,  June 
17th,  1845).  "My  Cousin  Nicholas," 
"  Ingoldsby  LegeniJs "  (1840),  part  of 
"Gorton's  Biog.  Diet."  Biography  by 
his  son  (1870). 

Baring-GoulrJ,  Rev.  Sabine  (b. 

Exeter,  1834).  "  The  Path  of  the  Just " 
(1854)  ;  "  Ireland  :  its  Scenes  and  Sagas  " 
(1861);  "  Post  -  Mediicval  Preachers" 
(1865);  "furious  Myths  of  the  Middle 
Ages"  (1866—67);  "The  Silver  Store" 
(1868);  "The  Book  of  Were-Wulves " 
(1869) ;  "  Curiosities  of  the  Olden  Time" 
(1869) ;  "  In  Exitu  Israel,"  a  novel  (1870); 
"The  Origin  and  Develoj>ment  of  Reli- 
gious Belief"  (1870);  "The  Golden 
(iate  "  (1870)  ;  "  The  Lives  of  the  Saints  " 
(1872);  "Difficulties  of  the  Faith" 
(1874)  ;  "  The  Lost  and  Hostile  Gospels  " 
(1874);  "Yorkshire  Oddities"  (1874); 
"Some  Modern  Ditficulties"  (1875); 
"  Life  of  the  Rev  R.  S.  Hawker"  (1876)  ; 
"  The  Mystery  of  Suffering "  (1877)  ; 
"Germany,  Past  and  Present"  (1879); 
"The  Passion  of  Christ  "  (1885)  ;  "  Our 
Parish  Church"  (1885);  "The  Birth  of 
Jesus"  (1885)  ;  "  Nazareth  and  Caper- 
naum "  (1886) ;  "  Germany "  (1886)  ; 
"I'he  Way  of  Sorrows"  (1887).  In 
addition  to  the  above  works  he  has  writ- 
ten  the   following   novels  :   "  Mehalah  " 


(1880)  ;  "John  Herring  "  (1883)  ;  "  Court 
Koyal  "  (1886) ;  "  Red  .Spider  "  (1887). 

Barker,  Edmund  H.  (b.  Hollym, 
Yorkshire,  Dec.  22ud,  1788  ;  d.  London, 
March  21st,  1839).  "Classical  Recrea- 
tions" (1812),  "Parriana"  (1828—29), 
"  Aristarchus  Anti  -  Blomtieldianus" 
(1820).  Edited  Stephen's  "  Thesaurus  " 
(1816-28). 

Barnes,  Barnabv  (b.  1569,  d. 
1607).  "  The  Praise  of  Musike  "  (1586), 
"Parthenophil  and  Parthenophe"  (1593), 
"Spiritual  Sonnets"  (1595),  "Four 
Books  of  Offices"  (1606),  "The  Devil's 
Charter"  (i6ii7).  iSee  "  Athenae  Oxo- 
nienses,"  Brydges's  "Restituta,"  Ellis's 
"Specimens,"  W.  C.  Hazlitt's  "Early 
English  Literature." 

Barnes,  Rev.  William,  (b.  Bagber, 
Dorfetsbire,  1810;  d.  1886).  "Poems 
of  Rural  Life  in  Dorset  Dialect"  (1844); 
"  Grammar  and  Glossary  of  the  Dorset 
Dialect  "  (1864) ;  "  Philological  Gram- 
mar" (1854) ;  "  Tiw,  or  a  View  of  the 
Roots  and  Stems  of  English "  (18*32) ; 
"An  Anglo-Saxon  Delectus"  (1849); 
"Notes  on  Ancient  Britain"  (1858); 
"  Views  of  Labour  and  Gold  "  (1859)  ; 
"Early  EuKJand"  (1859);  "Rural 
Poems  in  common  English"  (1862). 

Barnfield,  Piehard  (b.  1574). 
"The  Affectionate  Shepherd,  conta'ning 
the  Complauit  of  Diiphnis  for  the  Love 
of  Ganymede"  (1594);  "Cynthia,  with 
Certaine  Sonnets,"  and  the  "  L-^gend  of 
Cassandra"  (159.5)  ;  "The  Kncomion  of 
Lady  Pecunia  ;  or,  the  Praise  of  Money  " 
(1598)  ;  and  "  Poems,''  reprinted  by 
James  Boswell,  an  i  including  "  Remarks 
by  the  late  Edmund  Malore"  (1816). 
See  Warton's  "English  Poetry." 

Baron,  Bobert  (b.  1631).  "  Eroto- 
paignion,  or  the  C>prian  Academy" 
(It)  IS) ;  "  An  Apologie  for  Paris  "  (ln49) ; 
"  Pocula  Castalia,  &c."  (1650)  ;  "  Mirza" 
(1647). 

Barrinston,  Sir  Jonah  (b  1767; 
d.  Versailles,  1834).  "  Personal  Sketches 
of  His  Own  Time"  (1830),  "Historic 
Anecdotes  relative  to  the  Union  "  (18i^9 
-35),  "Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Irish 
Nation  "  (18  <3).  Memoir  in  third  edition 
of  "Sketches"  (1869). 

Barrow,  Isiaf,  D.T).  (b.  London, 
Oct.,  1630;  d.  London,  May  4th.  1677). 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


985 


"Euclidis  Elementa"  (1055),  "  EucluHs 
Data"  (l'J75),  "  Lectiones  Opticte" 
(1669),  "Lectiones  Geometricte"  (1670), 
"Archimedis  Opera"  (1675),  "  Theo- 
dosii  Opera"  (1675),  "  Lectio  de  Sph.-cra 
et  Cylindro  "  (1678),  "  Lectiones  Mathe- 
maticje"  (1783),  "  Opuscula  Latina " 
(1687).  Theolopioal  worlds  first  publistied 
by  Tillotson  (168:i)  ;  best  edition,  1818. 
Best  edition  of  mathematical  wori<s, 
1861.  "Selected  Writings"  (1806). 
*e  Hill's  "Life." 

Barry,  Alfred,  D.D.  (b.  1826). 
"  Introduction  to  Old  Testament " 
(1856),  "Sermons  for  Boys"  (1868), 
'I'he  Boylo  Lectures  for  1870,  "  What  is 
Natural  Theology  ?  "  (1877),  "Sermons 
preached  at  Westminster  Abbey  "  (1881), 
"Life  of  Sir  C.  Barry,  R.A."  (1867). 

Barton,  Bernard  (b  London,  Jan. 
31st,  1784  ;  d.  Feb.  19th,  1819).  "  Metri- 
cal Effusions"  (1812),  "Poems  by  an 
Amateur"  (1818),  "Poems"  (1820), 
"Napoleon  and  other  Poems"  (1822), 
"  The  Reliquary  "  (1830),  "  Household 
Verses"  (1845),  "Selected  Poems" 
(1849).  Gurney's  "Memoir"  (1847). 
"  Poems  and  Lettcrp,  with  his  Daughter's 
Memoir"  (1853). 

Bastian,  Henry  Charlton,  M.D. 

(b.  Truro,  April  26th,  1837).  "  Modes 
of  Origin  of  Lowest  Organisms  "  (1871), 
"The  Beginnings  of  Life"  (1872), 
"Evolution  and  the  Origin  of  Life" 
(1874),  "Clinical  Lectures  on  Paralysis 
from  Brain  Disease  "  (1875). 

Bastwifk.  John,  M.D.  (b.  1593, 
d.  1648).  "FIagelluraPontificis"(]641), 
"  Apologeticus  ad  Pncsules  Anglicanos" 
(1630). 

Baxf-.er,  Andrew  (h.  1680,  d.  17.50). 
"  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  the  Hum.an 
Soul  "  (.'{rd  cd.  1745),  "  Appendix  to  the 
Inquiry  "  (1750). 

Baxter,  Richard  (b.  Rowton, 
Shropshire,  Nov.  12th,  1015  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, Dec.  8th,  1091).  "Aphorisms 
of  Justification"  (1049);  "The 
Saint's  Everlasting  Rest  "  (1049) ;  "  Call 
to  the  Converted "  (1657) ;  "  Now 
or  Never"  (1663);  "The  Reformed 
Liturgy"  (1061);  "The  Poor  Man's 
Family  Book  "(1674);  "  Paraphrase  of 
the  New  Testament  "  (1685);  "  Mothodus 
ThcologitB     Christianie"     (1681);    "A 


Christian  Directory"  (1673)  ;  "Catholic 
Theology  "  (1675);  "Episcopacy  "(1681); 
"  Life  of  Mrs.  Baxter  "  (1681);  "  Univer- 
sal Redemption"  (1694)  ;  "Reasons  for 
the  Christian  Religion  "  (1667)  ;  "  Uni- 
versal Concord  "  (1658)  ;  "  Gildas  Silvia- 
nus  ;  or,  the  Reformed  Pastor  "  (1056)  ; 
"  Confessions  of  Faith  "  (1655)  ;  "  A  Life 
of  Faith"  (1670);  "Church  History  of 
Government  of  Bishops  "  (1680)  ;  "  I'octi- 
cal  Fragments"  (16S1)  ;  "Certainty  of 
the  World  of  Spirits  "  (1691).  Biot^ra- 
phies :  Sylvester's  "  Reliquiaj  Bax- 
terianre "  (1696),  and  Life  pretixod  to 
Orme's  edition  of  Baxter's  works  (1830), 
"  Abridgment  of  Baxter's  History  of  his 
Life  and  Times"  (1713),  and  Life  (1865). 

Bayly,    Thomas    Haynes     (b. 

1797,  d.  1839).  Thirty-six  dramatic 
pieces,  and  "  Kindness  in  Women " 
(1837),  "  Parliamentary  Letters,"  "Weeds 
of  Kitchery"  (1837),  &c.  "Poetical 
Works  "  with  Memoir  (1844). 

Bayne,  Peter  (b.  Foddertv,  1830). 
"The  Christian  Life"  (1855),  "Essays 
in  Biographical  Criticism  "  (1857 — 58), 
"Life  of  Hugh  Miller"  (1870),  "Days 
of  Jezebel"  (1872),  "  Testimony  of  Christ 
to  Christianity  "  (1SG2),  "  The  Church's 
Curse  and  Nation's  Claim "  (1868), 
"  The  Chief  Actors  in  the  Puritan  Revo- 
lution "  (1878),  "Lessons  from  my 
Master"  (1879),  "Two  Great  pjielish- 
w()men"  (1880),  and  "Martin  Luther" 
(1887).  Edited  Glasgow  CommonmaHh, 
Jidinhuygk  Witness,  the  Dial,  the  Weclli/ 
Jievieic. 

Baynes,   Thomas    Spencer, 

IjIj.D.  (b.  Wellington,  Somersetshire, 
March  24th,  1823;  d.  1887).  "Port 
Royal  Logic"  (1851),  "New  Analytic  of 
Logical  Forms"  (185U).  Edited  Encyclo- 
pmlia  Britannica. 

Beaconsfield.iEarlof.  -S^cDisraeli, 
Benjamin. 

Beale,  Lionel  Smith,  M.D.  (I^- 
London,  1828).  "  Life  Theories  "  (1871), 
"The  Mystery  of  Life"  (1871).  Edits 
Archives  of  Medicine. 

Beattie,  James  (b.  Laurencekirk, 
Kincardineshire,  Oct.  25th,  1735  ;  d. 
Aug.  18th,  18(i3).  "  Poems  and  Transla- 
tions "  (17()0),  "Judgment  of  I'uns" 
(1765),  "  Essay  on  Truth  "  (177(1),  "  The 
Minstrel"  (1771    and    1774),   "Essays" 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


(1776),  "  DisRortations  "  (1783),  "Evi- 
dences of  Christianity"  (1786),  "Ele- 
ments of  Moral  Science"  (1790—93). 
Works,  with  Forbes's  Life  (1806). 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (Beau- 
mont, h.  Grace  Dieu,  Leicestershire,  1586, 
(1.  161G  ;  Fletcher,  b.  1.576,  d.  1625) 
together  wrote  "The  Woman  Hater" 
(1607),  "Cupid's  Revenge"  (1615), 
"The  Scornful  Lady"  (1616),  "A  King 
and  No  King"  (1619),  "The  Maid's 
Trage.ly"  (1619),  "Philaster"  (1620), 
"Monsieur  Thomas"  (1639),  "Wit 
without  Money"  (1639),  "The  Corona- 
tion" (1640).  Works  (1660);  bestedition, 
1843.  Beaumont  himself  wrote  "  Para- 
phrase of  Ovid's  Salmacis  and  Herma- 
phroditus  "  (1602),  "  A  Masque  "  (1613), 
"Poems"  (1640),  and  another  set  of 
Poems  (1653).  >See  Campbell's  "Speci- 
mens," Hallam's  "Literature,"  Collier's 
"Dramatic  Poetry,"  Lamb's  "Speci- 
mens," Hazlitt's  "Age  of  Elizabeth," 
Leigh  Hunt's  "Imagination  and  Fancy" 
and  "  Selections,"  Macaulay's  "  Essays," 
Ward's  "Dramatic  Literature,"  Minto's 
"  Characteristics  of  English  Poets." 

Beche,  Sir  Henry  T.  de  la  (b. 

London,  Feb.  10th,  1796;  d.  April  1.3tb, 
1855).  "Discovery  of  a  New  Fossil 
Animal "  (1823) ;  "  Geology  of  Jamaica  " 
(1826);  "Classification  of  European 
Rocks"  (1828);  " Geological  Manual  " 
(1831);  "Theoretical  Geology"  (1834); 
"  Geology  of  Cornwall,  Devon,  and 
West  Somerset"  (1839);  "Geological 
Observer  "(1851). 

Beckford,  William  (b.  1760 ;  d. 
Bath,  May  2nd,  1844).  "  Memoirs  of  Ex- 
traordinary Painters  "  (1780) ;  "  Dreams, 
Incidents,  Sec."  (1783);  "Vathek" 
(English  1784,  French  1787);  "Italy" 
(1834);  "  Recollections  of  an  Excursion 
to  the  Monasteries  of  Alcobaca  and 
Batalha  "  (1835).  See  Redding's  "  Fifty 
Years'  Recollections." 

Beddoes,     Thomas,    M.D.    (b. 

Shifnall,  Shropshire,  1760;  d.  1808). 
"  Translation  of  Spallanzani's  '  Disser- 
tation on  Natural  History'"  (1784); 
"  Translation  of  Bergman's  '  Elective 
Attractions  '  "  (1785) ;  "  Chemical  Ex- 
periments" (1790);  "  Alexander's  Expe- 
dition to  the  Indian  Ocean "  (1792)  ; 
"History  of  Isaac  Jenkins"  (1793); 
"  Observations  on  Demonstrative  Evi- 
dence "  (1792)  ;  "  A  Word  in  Defence  of 


Bill  of  Rights  against  Gagging  Bills " 
(1795)  ;  "  Public  Merits  of  Mr.  Pitt " 
(1796) ;  "Cure  of  Calculus,  &c."  (1792) ; 
"  Contributions  to  Medical  Knowledge 
from  the  West  of  England"  (1799)  ;  "On 
Consumption  "  (1799) ;  "  Hygeia  "  (1801— 
1802) ;  "  On  Fever"  (1807) ;  "  Advice  to 
Husbandmen  in  Harvest "  (1808).  Edited 
Cullen's  "Translation  of  Bergman's 
Physical  Essays." 

Beddoes,    Thomas   Lovell   (b. 

Clifton,  July  20th,  1803  ;  d.  Basle,  .Jan. 
26th,  1849).  "Thelmprovisatore"(1821); 
"TheBride'sTragedy"  (1822);  "Death'.s 
Jest  Book ;  or,  the  Fool's  Tragedy  "  (1850) ; 
"  Poems  "  (1851)  with  "  Memoir." 

Bede  (b.  672,  d.  735),  "The  'Vener- 
able." List  of  Works  in  Wright's  "Bio- 
graphia  Literaria  Britannica "  and  in 
Allibone's  "Dictionary  of  English  and 
American  Authors."  Complete  edition 
in  1610.  Dr.  Giles,  in  1843,  published 
original  Latin,  with  a  new  English  trans- 
lation of  the  Historical  Works  and  a 
Life  of  the  author.  For  Biography,  sec 
also  his  own  ''  Ecclesiastical  History  " 
and  the  accounts  by  Simon  of  Durham, 
William  of  Malmesbury,  Baronius,  Ma- 
billon,  Stevenson,  and  Gehle  (1838). 

Beesly,  Edward    Spencer    (b. 

Feckenham,  Worcestershire,  1831). 
Translated  Comte.  "Catiline,  Clodius, 
and  Tiberius  "  (1878),  &c. 

Behn,  Aphra  (b.  Canterbury,  1642  ; 
d.  London,  April  16th,  1689).  "The 
Forced  Marriage  "  (1671),  "The  Amorous 
Prince"  (1671),  "The  Dutch  Lover" 
(1673),  "Adelazar"  (1677),  "  The  Town 
Fop  "(1677),  "The  Rover"  (1677),  "The 
Debaucliee"  (1677),  "  Sir  Patient  Fancy  " 
(1678),  "The  Feigned  Courtesans" 
(1679),  "The  Rover"  (part  ii.,  1681), 
"The  City  Heiress"  (1682),  "The  False 
Count"  (1682),  "The  Roundheads" 
(1682),  "The  Young  King"  (1683), 
"  Poems  "  (1684),  "  Miscellany  "  (1685), 
"The  Lover's  Watch"  (168"6),  "The 
Lucky  Chance"  (1687),  "The  Emperor 
of  the  Moon"  (1687),  "Lycidus"  (1688), 
"The  Widow  Ranter"  (1690),  "The 
Younger  Brother"  (169t)),  Histories 
and  Novels  (1698,  eighth  edition  with 
Life  1735).  Works  (1871).  See  Ward's 
"Dramatic  Literature,"  Kavanagh's 
"Women  of  Letters,"  Jeaffreson's 
"Novelists,"  Forsyth's  "Novelists." 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


987 


Beke,      Charles     Til  stone     (b. 

London,  Oct.  loth.  1800  ;  d.  July  31st, 
1874).  "  Origines  mi.lic.i;  "  (1834),  •'  Nile 
aud  its  Tri'mtaries  "  (1847),  "  Sources  of 
the  Nile"  (1848),  "  Memoiro  JustiHcatif 
des  P^res  Paez  et  Lobe"  (Par.  1848), 
"  The  British  Captives  in  Abyssinia " 
(1867). 

Bellendea   (Ballantyne),  John 

(b.  circa  1190  ;  d.  Rome,  ir>50).  "  Topo- 
graphy of  Scotland"  (1.577),  "  Proheme 
of  the  Cosmog-raphie."  Translated 
Boece's  "Scotorum Historic"  (153G),  and 
first  five  books  of  Livy,  both  reprinted 
1821  -  22. 

Bellenden,  William  (16th  cen- 
tury). "Cicoronis  Princeps"  (l(lti8) ; 
"  Ciceronis  Consul,  Senator,  Scnatusque 
Romanus,"  "  De  Statu  Prisci  Orbis " 
(IRl-**)  ;  "  Epithalamium  on  the  Marriage 
of  Charles  I."  (1G25) ;  "  De  Tribus  Lu- 
minibus  Ronianorum  Libri  Sexdeceni " 
(1653);  I'.cllendenus  de  Statu"  (1787), 
the  latter  being  a  collection  of  the  three 
first-mentioned  tracts. 

Bennett,  W.  Cox  (b.  Greenwich, 
1820).  "Poems"  (1850),  "Verdicts" 
(1852),  "War  Songs  "(1855),  "Collected 
Poems"  (1862),  "Songs  for  Sailors" 
(1873),  &c. 

Bentham,  Jeremy  (b.  London, 
Feb.  1.5th,  1748  ;  d.  1832).  "  Fragment 
on  Government"  (1776),  "The  Hard 
Labour  Bill"  (1778),  "Principles  of 
Morals  and  Legislation"  (1780),  "  Useful- 
ness of  Chemistry  "  (1783),  "  Defence  of 
Usury"  (1787),  "Panopticon"  (1791), 
"  Draft  of  a  Code  for  Judicial  Establish- 
ment in  France"  (1791),  "Political  Tac- 
tics" (1791),  "Emancipate  your  Colo- 
nies "  (1793),  "  Supply  without  Burden" 
(1796),  "  Pauper  Management  "  (1797), 
"  Traiti's  de  Legislation  Civile  et  Penalo  " 
(1802),  "Two  Letters  to  Lord  Pelham" 
(180,;),  "Plea  for  the  Constitution" 
(180.3),  "Scotch  Reforms"  (1808), 
"Chrestrmathia"  (1816-17),  "Parlia- 
mentary Reform  Catechism"  (1817), 
"Coditicalion  and  Public  Instruction" 
(1817),  "Swear  Not  nt  All"  (1817), 
"Springs  of  Action  "(1817),  "  Church  of 
Englandism  "  (1818),  "Radical  Reform 
Bill"  (181<t).  "The  King  atrainst  Sir  C. 
Wolselcy"  (1820),  "The  Kmg  against 
Edmonds"  (1820),  "Restrictive  and 
Prohibitory  Commercial  System  "  (1821^ 
"  Art  of  Packing  Special  Juries  "  (1821), 


"Tracts  relative  to  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese Affairs"  (1821),  "Liberty  of  the 
Press  "  (1821),  "  Letter  to  Count  Toreno" 
(1822),  "  Not  Paul,  but  Jesus  "  (1823), 
"Truth  riTKiis  Ashurst  "  (1823),  "  Book 
of  Fallacies"  (1824),  "Mother  Church 
relieved  by  Bleeding"  (1825),  "Rationale 
of  Reward"  (1825),  "Peel's  Magistrates' 
Salarv  Bill  "  (1824),  "Indications respect- 
ing L'ord  Elgin  "  (1825,  Postscript  1826), 
"Rationale  of  Judicial  Evidence" 
(1827),  "Codification  Proposal"  (1871). 
Biography  in  Bowring  and  Burton's 
edition  of  Works  (1843).  See  Burton's 
"  Bentbamiana  "  (1838). 

Bentley,  Richard,  D.D.  (b.  Oul- 
ton,  Wakefield,  Jan.  27th,  1662  ;  d.  July 
14th,  1742).  "Dissertation  on  the 
Epistles  of  Phalaris  "  (1699),  "  Discursus 
on  Latin  Metres  "  (1726),  "  Remarks  on  a 
Late  Discourse  on  Freethinkiug  "  (1743), 
"Sermons"  (1809).  Edited  numerous 
classics.  Biography  by  Monk  (1S30) 
and  by  Jebb  (1884).  "  Correspondence  " 
(1842).  Works  (1856).  &e  De  Quincey's 
Essay. 

Berkeley,  George,  BishopofCloyne 
(b.  Kilcrin,  Kilkenny,  March  12th,  1G84  ; 
d.  Oxford,  Jan.  14th,  1754).  "An  At- 
tempt to  demonstrate  Arithmetic  with- 
out Algebra  and  Geometry"  (1707), 
"  New  Theory  of  Vision  "  (1709),  "  Prin- 
ciples of  Human  Knowledge "  (1710), 
"Three  Dialogues  "  (1713),  "Principle 
of  Motion"  (1721),  "  Alciphron  "  (1732), 
"Siris"  (1747).  Biographies  by  Prior 
(1784),  Wright  (1843),  and  Eraser,  with 
"Commonplace  Book,"  in  complete 
Works  (1871). 

Besant,  Walter  (b.  Plymouth, 
1838).  "  Studies  in  Early  French  Poetry  " 
(1868);  with  Professor  Palmer,  "Jeru- 
salem" (1871);  "The  French  Humour- 
ists "  (1873),  "  Ready-Money  Mortiboy  " 
(1872),  "The  Golden  Butterfly"  (1871), 
"  The  Monks  of  Thelema"  (1878),  "By 
Celia's  Arbour"  (1878),  "  'Twas  in  Tra- 
falgar's Bay  "  (1879),  "  The  Seamy  Side  " 
(1880),  "The  Ten  Years'  Tenant" 
(1881),  "The  Chaplain  of  the  Fleet" 
(1881).  The  above  novels  were  v.-ritten 
in  conjunction  with  J.  Rice.  Mr.  Besant 
has  written  nlone,  "  The  Hevolt  of  Man  " 
(1882),  "All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of 
Men"  (1882),  "The  Captiin'.s  Room" 
(1883),  "Life  of  E.  H.  Palmer"  (1883), 
"  All  in  a  Garden  Fair  "  (1883),  "  Read- 


988 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


ings  in  Rabelais"  (1883),  "Dorothy 
Forster"  (1884),  "The  Art  of  Fiction" 
(1884),  "  Uncle  Jack  "  (1885),  "Children 
of  Gibcon"  (188(j),  "The  World  went 
Ycry  well  then  "  (1887). 

Bickerstaff,  Isaac  (b.  Ireland, 
1735  ;  (].  circa  1800).  "  Love  in  a  Vil- 
laf^e"  (1762),  "Maid  of  the  Mill" 
(1765),  "Lionel  and  Clarissa"  (1708), 
and  many  other  plays. 

Black,  William  (b.  Glasgow,  1841). 
"love  or  MarriaRo"  (18^7),  "In  Silk 
Attire"  (1869),  "Kilmeny"(l«7n),  "The 
Monarch  of  Mincing  Lane  "  (1871),  "A 
Daughter  of  Heth "  (1»71),  "Strange 
Adventures  of  a  Phaeton"  (1872),  "A 
Princess  of  Thule"  (1873),  "  The  Maid 
of  Killeena"  (1874),  "Three  Feathers" 
(1875),  "Madcap  Violet"  (1876),  "Lady 
Silverdale's  Sweetheart  "  (187ii),  "Green 
Pastures  and  Piccadilly"  (1877),  "Mac- 
leodof  Dare"  (1878),  "White  Wings" 
and  "  Sunrise"  (1880),  "That  Beautiful 
Wretch"  (1881),  "  Shandon  Bells"  (1883), 
"Yolande"  (1883),  "Judith  Shake- 
speare "  (1884),  "White Heather" (1885), 
"The  Wise  Woman  of  Inverness,  &c." 
(1885),  "Sabina  Zembra"  (1887). 

Blackburn, Henry  (b.  1830).  "Tra- 

velline:  in  Spain  "  (188G)  ;  "ThePyrenees" 
(1867)"";  "Artists  and  Aral.is"  (1868); 
"  Breton  Folk  "  (1880) ;  "  Randolph  Cal- 
decott :  a  Personal  Memoir  of  his  Early 
Art  Career  "  (1886).  "  Academy  Notes," 
and  "  Grosvenor  Notes  "  every  year. 

Blackie,  John  Stuart  (b.  Glas- 
gow, 180!)).  "  Pronunciation  of  Greek" 
(1S52),  "  Lays  and  Legends  of  Ancient 
Greece"  (1857),  "Three  Discourses  on 
Beauty  "  (1858),  "  Lyrical  Poems  "  (1860), 
"  Homer  and  the  Iliad  "  (1866),  "  Demo- 
cracy "  (1867),  "Mnsa  Burschicosa " 
(1869),  "  War  Songs  of  the  Germans  " 
(1870),  "  Four  Phases  of  Morals  "  (1871), 
"Lays  of  the  Highlands  and  Islands" 
(1872),  "Self-Culture"  (1873),  "  Hor» 
Hellenicaj"  (1874),  "Songs"  (1876), 
"The  Wise  Men  of  Greece"  (1877), 
"The  Natural  History  of  Atheism" 
(1877),  "Self-Culture"  (1877),  "Lay 
Sermons"  (1881),  "Altavona"  (1882), 
"The  Wisdom  of  Goethe"  (1S83). 
Translated  "  Faust"  (1834),  "^schylus" 
(1850). 

Blaeklock,   Thomas,   D.D.    (b. 

Annan,   1721 ;  d.  Edinburgh,  July  7th, 


1791).  "  Poems  "  (1754),  &c  "  Collected 
Poems,"  with  "Life"  (1793). 

Blacknnorp,     Sir    Hichard     (b. 

Wiltshire,  circa  1650  ;  d.  Oct.  8th,  1729). 
"  Prince  Arthur"  (1C95),  "  King  Arthar  " 
(1697),  "Creation"  (1712),  &c.  See 
Johnson's  "Lives." 

Blacktnore,  Richard  Doddridece 

(b.  Longworth,  Berkshire,  1825).  "The 
Fate  of  Franklin  "  (1860) ;  "  The  Farm 
and  Fruit  of  Old  "  (part  of  the  Georgics, 
1862);  "  Clara  Vaughan  "  (1864);  "  Cra- 
dock  Nowell"  (18^)6);  "  Lorna  Doone  " 
(1869)  ;  "  The  Maid  of  Sker  "  (1872) ; 
"Alice  Lorraine"  (1875);  "  Cripp?,  the 
Carrier"  (1876) ;  "  Erenia"  (1877) ;  "  Mary 
Anerley  "  (1880);  "Christowel"  (1881); 
"Tommy  Upmore "  (1882);  "Spring- 
haven"  (1887).  Translated  the  Georgics 
(1871). 

Blackstone,  SirWilliam,  LL.D. 

(b.  London,  July  10th,  17-23;  d.  Feb. 
14th,  1780).  "Great  Charter  "  (1759), 
"Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England  " 
(1765),  "Tracts"  (1771),  "Reports  of 
Cases"  (1781),  "Life"  (1782). 

Blair,  Hugh,  D.D.  (b.  Edinburgh, 
April  7th,  1718;  d.  Dec.  27th,  1799). 
"  Ossian "  (1763),  "Sermons"  (1777), 
"Rhetoric"  (1783). 

Blake,  William  (b.  London,  1757 : 
d.  August  12th,  1828).  "Poetical 
Sketches"  (1783),  "  Songs  of  Innocence  " 
(1789),  "Boole  of  Thiel"  (1789), 
"America"  (1793),  "Songs  of  Expe- 
rience" (1793),  "Gates  of  Paradise" 
(1793),  "  Vision  of  the  Daughters  of 
Albion"  (1793),  "Jerusalem"  (1804), 
"Europe"  (1794),  "Book  of  Ahania " 
(1795),  "Urizen"  (1800),  "Mi.'ton" 
(1804).  Biographies  :  Gilchrist's  (1863, 
enlarged  1881);  Swinburne's  "Essay" 
(1868);  Rossetti's  in  "  B.'s  Poems" 
(1866). 

Blakey,  Robert  (b.  1795,  d.  1878). 
"  History  of  Moral  Science "  (1833), 
"The  History  of  the  Philosophv  of 
Mind"  (1848),  "History  of  Political 
Literature  "  (1855).  Also  wrote  several 
works  on  Angling,  among  them  "The 
Rivers  of  England  and  Wales. " 

Blessington,  Countess  of  (b  near 
Clonmel,  Sept.  1st,  1789  ;  d.  Paris.  June 
4th,  1849).  "The  Idler  in  Italy," 
"  Country    Quarters."     "  Conversations 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


989 


with   Byron"  (1832),    &c.      "Life,"  by 
Madden  (1855). 

Blomfifeld,  C.  J.  (b.  1786) ;  d.  1857). 
"  Posthumous  Tracts  of  Por.son,"  "  Ad- 
versaria Porsoni,"  "A  Dissertation  upon 
the  Traditional  Knowledf^e  of  a  Promised 
Redeemer"  (1819),  "Five  Lectures  on 
the  Gospel  of  St.  John"  (1823),  "A 
Letter  on  the  Present  Neglect  of  the 
Lord's  Day  "  (1830).  Edited  Caliimachus 
and  .lEsehyhis. 

Bloomfield,  Robert  (b.  Honiton, 
Suffolk,  17(j«i ;  d.Sliefford,  Bedfordshire, 
August  litth,  18-23).  "The  Farmer's 
Boy"  (1800),  "Rural  Tales  and  Ballads" 
(1802),  "Good  Tidings"  (1804),  "Wild 
Flowers"  (1806),  "  Jliscellaneous  Poems" 
(1806),  "The  Banks  of  the  Wye"  (1811), 
"Works"  (1814),  "May  Day  with  the 
Muses"  (1822),  "Remains"  (1824). 
Selected  Correspondence  (1870). 

Boece,  Hector  (b.  Dundee,  circa 
1465  ;  d.  1536).  "  Vitre  Episcoporum 
Murthlasensium  et  Aberdonensium " 
Q522),  "Scotorura  Histori:e"  (1526). 
See  Irving's  "  Literary  Scotchmen." 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  St.  John, 
Viscount,  (b.  Battersea,  Oct.  1st,  1678  ; 
d.  Dec.  r2th,  1751).  "  Dissertation  on 
Parties"  (1735),  "Letters on  Patriotism" 
(1749),  "On  the  Study  of  History" 
(1752).  Selected  Correspondence  (1788). 
Biography  :  Macknight's  (1865). 

Borrow.  George  (b.  Norfolk,  1803 ; 
d.  1881).  "  The  Zincali ;  or,  An  .Account 
of  the  Gipsies  of  Spain"  (1841);  "The 
Bible  in  Spain"  (1843);  "  Lavengro  : 
the  Scholar,  the  Gipsy,  and  the  Priest" 
(1851);  "The  Romany  Rye"  (1857); 
"  Wild  Wales  "  (1862) ;  "  Romano  Lavo 
Lil"  (1874). 

Boston,  Thomas  (b.  Dvinse,  March 
7th,  1676  ;  d.  May  20th,  173-2).  "  Human 
Nature  in  its  Fourfold  State "  (1720), 
"The  Crook  in  the  Lot"  (1805),  &c. 
"Works"  (1853). 

Boswell,  James  (b.  Edinb\irgh,Oct. 
29ih,  1710  ;  d.  London,  Juno  19th,  1795).    | 
"  Account  of  Corsica  "  (1768),   "Essays    i 
in    Favour    of    the    Corsicans "  (1769),    j 
"  Jo\irnal  of  a  Tour  to  the  Hebriiies  with 
Dr.  Johnson  "  (17Si),  "  Life  of  Johnson  " 
(1791),  "  Letters  lo  Kev.  W.  J.  Temple" 
(1856),  "Boswelliana"  (1874). 


Bowles, Rev.  "William  Lisle  (b. 

King's  Sutton,  Northamptonshire,  Sept. 
24th,  1762  ;  d.  Salisbury,  April  7th,  1850). 
"Fourteen  Soimets "  (1789),  "Poems" 
(1798—1809),  "The  Spirit  of  Discovery" 
(lSli5),  "  The  Missionary  of  the  Andes" 
(1815).     "  Collected  Poems  "  (1855). 

Boyd,  Rev.  Andrew  Kennedy 
HutehinFon  (b.  Auchinleck,  Nov. 
1825).  "  Recreations  of  a  Country 
Parson "(1859),  "LeisureHoursinTown," 
&c. 

Boyle,  Charles,  Earl  of  Orrerv  (b. 
Chelsea,  1676 ;  d.Aug.  28th,  1731).  Edited 
"  Epistles  of  Phalaris  "  (1695). 

Boyle,  Hon.  Robert  (b.  Lismore, 
Jan.  25th,  1626;  d.  London,  Dec.  30th, 
1692).  "Physiological  Essays"  (1661), 
"The  Usefulness  of  E.vperimental  Na- 
tural Philosophy"  (1663),  &c.  Works, 
with  Life  and  Correspondence  (1744). 

Braddon,    Mary   Elizabeth  (b. 

London,  1837).  "La^iy  Audley's  Secret" 
(1862),  "  Aurora  Floyd  "  (1863)"  Fenton's 
Quest"  (1871),  "To  the  Bitter  End" 
(1872),  "Dead  Men's  Shoes"  (1876^ 
"Joshua  Haggard's  Daughter"  (1876), 
"Weavers  and  Weft"  (1877),  "An 
Open  Verdict"  (1878),  "Vixen"  (1879), 
"The  Cloven  Foot"  (1879),  "The  Story 
of  Barbara"  (1880),  "Just  as  I  am " 
(1880),  "Asphodel"  (1881),  "Mount 
Royal"  (188-2),  "Phantom  Fortune" 
(1883),  "The  Golden  Calf"  (1883), 
"  Ishmael"  (1884),  "  Wyllard's  Weird  " 
(1885),  "One  Thing  Needful"  (1886), 
"Mohawks"  (1386),  " Like  and  Unlike " 
(1887).     Edited  Belyravia. 

Bradley,  Rev.  Edward  (b.  Kid- 
derminster, 1827).  "  Adventures  of  Ver- 
dant Green"  (1853),  "  Gleucrepgan  " 
(1861),  "TheCurateof  Cranston  "  (1862), 
"  A  Tour  in  Tartan  Land  "  (1863),  "  The 
White  Wife"  (1864),  "The  Rook's 
Garden  "  (1S65),  "  Mattins  and  Muttons  " 
(1866),  icc. 

Breton,  Nicholas  (b.  1555,  d. 
1624).  A  writer  of  songs,  which  were 
published  in  miscellanies  such  as  "  Eng- 
land's Helicon,"  "Davison's  Rhapsody," 
and  the  "Passionate  Piltrrim."  His 
best-known  lyric  is  "  Phyllida  and 
Corydon." 

Brewer.  The  R<=v.  John 
Sherren  (b.  1810,  d.  1879).  "Monu- 
meata  Franciscana  "  (185S),  "  Calendar 


990 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


of  Letters  and  Papers,  Foreign  and 
Domestic,  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  VIII." 
(1862,  &c.),  "The  Reign  of  Henry  VIII." 
Has  also  edited  Fuller's  "  Church  His- 
tory of  Britain"  (1845),  "Roger  Bacon's 
"Opus  Testirum  "  and  "Opus  Minus" 
(185!^),  and  the  Carte  and  Carew  Papers 
relating  to  Ireland  (1867). 

Brewster,  Sir  David,  LL.D.  (b. 

Jedburgh,  Dec.  11th,  1781  ;  d.  Feb. 
10th,  18u8).  "  Depolarisation  of  Light  " 
(1813),  "  Polarisation  of  Light  by  Re- 
flection "  (1815),  "On  the  Production  of 
Polarising  Structure  by  Pressure  "(1816), 
"The  Laws  of  Polarisation"  (1818), 
"  The  Kaleidoscope  "  (1819),  "  Elliptical 
Polarisation"  (1830),  "Optics"  (1831), 
&c.     Life  (1869). 

Britton,  John  (b.  Kingston-St.- 
Michael,  Wiltshire,  July  7th,  1771  ;  d. 
Jan.  1st,  1857).  "  The  Beauties  of  Wilt- 
shire "  (1801),  "The  Cathedral  Antiqui- 
ties of  England"  (1814-35),  &c. 

Brome,  Alexander  (b.  1620,  d. 
1666),  "  The  Cunning  Lovers  "  (1654), 
"Songs"  (1660),  "  Covent  Garden  Drol- 
lery "  (1672),  &c. 

Brontes,  The,  together,  "  Poems  by 
Currer,  Ellis,  and  Acton  Bell  "  (1846).— 
Charlotte  (b.  Thornton,  Yorkshire, 
April  21st,  1816  ;  d.  March  31st,  1855)  ; 
"Jane  Eyre"  (1847),  "Shirley"  (1849), 
"Villette"  (1852),  "The  Professor" 
(1856).  Life  by  Gaskell  (1857).  See 
"Charlotte  Bronte,"  by  Reid  (1877), 
Swinburne's  "  Notes  on  Charlotte 
Bronte"  (1877),  and  "Charlotte  Bronte," 
by  Birrell  (1887).— Emily  (b.  ibid.)  1818, 
d.  1848)  :  "  Wuthering  Heights"  (1847). 
—Anne  (b.  ibid.  1820,  d.  1849).  "  The 
Tenant  of  Wildfell  Hall,"  "Agnes  Grey  " 
(1847). 

Brooke,  Henry  (b.  1706,  d.  1783), 
"The  Fool  of  Quality"  (1760,  1770,  and 
1777  ;  in  1804,  with  Kingsley's  "Life"). 

Brooke,  Rev.  Augustus  Stop- 
ford  (b.  Dublin,  1832).  "  Life  of 
Frederick  Robertson  (1865),  "Theology 
in  the  English  Poets "  (1874),  "Primer 
of  English  Literature"  (1878),  "Milton" 
(1879),  four  vols,  of  "Sermons"  (1868  — 
77).  Has  also  published  an  edition  of 
Turner's  "  Liber  Studiorum  "  (1882),  and 
Meryon's  "  Etchings"  (1887). 

Brooks,  Charles  Shirley  (b. 
Brill,  t^xfordshire,   1816 ;  d.  Feb.  23rd, 


1874).  "Aspen  Court"  (1855),  "The 
Silver  Cord"  (1841),  "The  Gordian 
Knot"  (1858),  "Sooner  or  Later" 
(1868),  "Poems  of  Wit  and  Humour" 
(1875),  &c.     Was  editor  of  Fuuch. 

Brougham,  Henry  (Baron 
Brougham  and  Vaux,  b.  Edinburgh, 
Sept.  19th,  1778  ;  d.  Cannes,  May  7th, 
1868).  "  Colonial  Policy  of  the  European 
Powers,"  "  Discourses  of  Natural  Theo- 
logy" (1835),  "Speeches"  (1838),  "Dis- 
sertations on  Subjects  of  Science"  (1839), 
"  Statesmen  of  the  Time  of  George  III." 
(1839-43),  "Political  Philosophy" 
(1840),  "  Albert  Lunel  "  (1844),  "Men 
of  Letters  and  Science "  (1845),  "  The 
Revolution  in  France"  (1849),  "Dia- 
logue on  Instinct"  (1849),  "Analytical 
View  of  Newton's  Prineipia"  [with 
Routh]  (1855),  "  Contributions  to  the 
Edi)thur(jh  Rei-ieti' "  (ISol).  <SViC' Biblio- 
graphy of  his  writings  (1873),  Works 
(1868),  Autobiography  (1871). 

Broughton,  Rhoda  (b.  1837). 
"Not  Wisely,  but  Too  Well"  (1866); 
"  Cometh  up  as  a  Flower  "  (1867)  ;  "  Red 
as  a  Rose  is  She  "  (1870)  ;  "  Good-bye, 
Sweetheart "  (1872)  ;  "  Nancy  "  (1873)  ; 
"Joan"  (1876);  "Twilight  Stories" 
(1879);  "Belinda"  (1883);  "Doctor 
Cupid  "  (1886). 

Brown,  John,  M.D.  (b.  Sept., 
1810;  d.  May  11th,  1882).  "RabandHis 
Friends"  (^n Hone  Subsecivce,  1858— 6'J). 

Brown,  Thomas  (b.  Kirkmabreck, 
Kirkcudbrightshire,  Jan.  9th,  1778 ;  d. 
London,  April  2nd,  1820).  "Observa- 
tions on  the  Zoonomia  of  Dr.  Darwin " 
(1798),  "  Inquir}- into  Cause  and  Effect " 
(1818),  "  Lectures  on  Philosophy"  (1820). 
Life  by  Welsh  (1825). 

Brown,  Thomas  (d.  1704).  Works 
(1707-8).  "  Beauties  of  Thomas  Brown" 

(1808). 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas  (b.  London, 
Oct.  19th,  1605  ;  d.  Oct.  19th,  1682). 
"Religio  Medici"  (1642),  "Pseudodoxia 
Epidemica  ;  or.  Inquiry  into  Vulgar 
Errors"  (1616),  "  Hydriotaphia  "  (16.58), 
"The  Garden  of  Cyrus"  (1658),  "Trea- 
tise on  Christian  Morals"  (1756,  with 
Life  by  Johnson).  Works  (1686,  new 
edition,  1836). 

Browne,  William  (b.  Tavistock, 
Devonshire,  1590  ;  d.    Ottery  St,  Mary, 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


991 


Devonshire,  1645).  "Britannia's  Pas- 
torals" (1613,  1016),  "The  Shepherd's 
Pipe"  (1614),  "The  Inner  Temple 
Masqno"  (l')20).  Works  (1772,  new 
edition,  1868). 

Browning,  Elizabeth  Barrett 

(b.  London,  1809 ;  d.  Florence,  June  29th, 
18G1).  "The  Battle  of  Marathon," 
"  Essay  on  Mind,  and  other  Poems " 
(1826),  "  Prometheus  Bound,  translated, 
with  Poems"  (1833),  "The  Seraphim" 
(1838),  "The  Romaunt  of  the  Page" 
(1839),  "Poems"  (1844),  "Sonnets 
from  the  Portuguese,"  printed  in  the  2nd 
edition  of  her  "  Poems"  (1850),  "Casa 
Guidi  Windows  "(1851),  "Aurora Leigh" 
(1856),  "  Poems  before  Congress  "  (1860), 
"  A  Curse  for  a  Nation  "  (1861),  "  Last 
Poems"  (1862),  "The  Greek  Christian 
Poets  "  (1863).  Works  (1864— 66).  i-ee 
her  "  Letters"  (1877),  Memoir  by  Sted- 
man,  Selden's  "Portraits  de  Femmes" 
(1877). 

Browning,  Robert  (b.  Camber- 
well,  1S12).  "Pippa  Passes"  (1842), 
"  Paracelsus"  (1S35),  "  Strafford"  (1837), 
"Sordello"  (183SV  "The  Blot  in  the 
'Scutcheon"  (1843),  "King  Victor  and 
King  Charles,"  "  Dramatic  Lyrics," 
"Return  of  the  Druses,"  "Colombo's 
Birthday,"  "Dramatic  Romances,"  "The 
Soul's  Errand,"  "  Christmas  Eve  "  (1850), 
"  Men  and  Women  "  (18.55),  "  Romances 
and  Lyrics  "  (1845),  "  A  Soul's  Tragedy  " 
(1846),  "Dramatis  Personse "  (1864), 
"The  Ring  and  the  Book"  (1868), 
"  Balaustion's  Adventure"  (1871), 
"Prince  Hohonstiel-Schwangau "  (1871), 
"Fifine  at  the  Fair"  (1872),  "Red 
Cotton  Nightcap  Country"  (1873),  "Aris- 
tophanes' Apology"  (1875),  "The  Inn 
Album"  (1875),  "  Pacchiarotto  "  (1876), 
"Agamemnon  of  yEschylus  "  (1877),  "  La 
Saisiaz,"  "The  Two  Poets  of  Croisio  " 
(IH7H),  "Dramatic  Idyls"  (1879-80), 
"Jocoseria"  (188;j),  "  Ferishtah's  Fan- 
cies" (1884),  "  Parleyings  with  Certain 
People  "  (1887).  Sec  "  Essays  on  Brown- 
ing "  by  Nettleship  (1868),  and  McCrie's 
"Religion  of  our  Literature;"  F.  J. 
Furnivall's  "A  Hrowning  Hihliography," 
"The  Hrowning  Society  Papers;"  Mrs. 
Orr's  "Handbook  to  Browning;"  Mr. 
Symons'  "An  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Browning"  (1886). 

Bruce,  Michael  (b.  Kinnosswood, 
Kinross  shire,  March  27th,  1746  ;  d.  July 


6tb,  1767).  Poetical  Works  (1770).  See 
Grosart's  edition,  with  Memoir  (1886). 

Buchanan,  George  (b.  Killearn, 
Stirlingshire,  Feb.,  1506;  d.  Sept.  2Sth, 
1582).  "  Rudimonta  Gramraatica"  (1550), 
"  Franciscanus  "  (1564),  "  Admonition  to 
the  Lordis  Maintenaris  of  the  King's 
Authoritie  "  (1571),  "  Do  Maria  Scotornm 
Regina"  (1572).  "  Baptistes "  (1578), 
"  Jepthes  "  (1554),  "Dialogus  de  Jure 
Regni"  (1579),  "Rerum  Scoticorum 
llistoria"  (1582),  *' Paraphrasis  Psalmo- 
rum  Poetica  "  (1569),  "  De  Prosodia  " 
(1600).  Life  by  Irving  (1807).  Works 
(1725). 

Buchanan,  Eobert  (b.  Aug.  18th, 

1841).  "  Undertones  "  (1860),  "  Idyls  of 
Inverljurn"  (1865),  "London  Poems" 
(1806),  "Napoleon  Fallen  "  (1871),  "  The 
Laod  of  Lome  "  (1871),  "The  Drama  of 
Kings"  (1871),  "The  Fleshly  School  of 
Poetry"  (1872),  "Master  Spirits" 
(1873),  "Balder  the  Beautiful"  (1877), 
"God  and  the  Man"  (1881),  "A  Child  <.t 
Nature"  (1881),  "The  Martyrdom  of 
Jladeleino"  (1882),  "Ballads  of  Life, 
Love,  and  Humour  "  (1882),  "  Love  me 
for  Ever"  (1883),  "Annan  Water" 
(188.3),  "The  New  Abelard"  (1884), 
"Foxglove  Manor"  (1884),  "Matt" 
(1885),  "  Stormy  Waters  "  (1885),  "The 
Master  of  the  Mine"  (1885),  "  A  Look 
round  Literature"  (1887).  With  C. 
Gibbon,  "Storm-Beaten."  Plays:  "The 
Witchfinder,"  "A  Madcap  Prince," 
"  Sophia,"  &c.     Works  (1874). 

Buckingham,  George  Villiers, 
Duke  of  (l>.  Wallingford,  J.an.  3'"*th, 
1627  ;  d.  Kirkby  Moorside,  April  16th, 
1688).     "The  Rehearsal"  (16/1),  &c. 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas  (b,  1821, 
d.  1862).  "History  of  Civilisation  in 
Europe,"  vol.  i.  (1857),  vol.  ii.  (1861)  ; 
"  Miscellaneous  and  Posthumous  Works" 
(1872).  See  J.  H.  Stirling's  "Buckle, 
his  Problem  and  his  Metaphysics "  in 
Xurth  American  Jicricir  (1872). 

Bunyan,  John  (b.  Elstow,  Bedford, 
1(!28;  d.  London,  Aug.  31st,  1688). 
"Sighs  from  Hell"  (1650),  "Gospel 
Truths  Opened"  (1656),  "The  Holv 
City"  (166.5),  "Grace  Abounding' 
(1666),  "Justification  by  Christ "  (1671), 
"  Dofence  of  Justification "  (1672), 
"Water  Bapti.sm "  (1673),  "The  Pil- 
grim's Progress"    (1678,   1684),    "Life 


992 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


and  Death  of  Mr.  Badman"  (1680), 
"The  Holy  War"  (1684),  "The  Barren 
Fi^-Troo"  (1683),  "  I  he  Pharisee  and 
Publican"  (1685),  "The  Jerusalem 
Siuner  Saved"  (1688).  Works  (1853). 
Bioo-raphies  by  Southoy,  Macaulay, 
Ivimey  (1809)  ;  Philip  (1839)  ;  Fronde 
(1880). 

Burgon,  Very  Rev.  John  Wm. 
(b.  18l!l;d.  1888).  "Life  and  Times 
of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham  (1839) ;  "  Petra  " 
(184G);  "Oxford  Reformers"  (1854); 
"Historical  Notice  of  the  Colleges  of 
Oxford  '  (1857) ;  "  Inspiration  and  In- 
terpretation "  (1861) :  "Treatises  on  the 
Pastoral  Office  "  (1864) ;  "  Ninety-one 
Short  Sermons  "  (1867)  ;  "  Disestablish- 
ment the  Nation's  Formal  Rejection  of 
God  and  Denial  of  the  Faith"  (1868); 
"The  Protests  of  the  Bishops  aj^ainst 
Dr.  Temple's  Consecration "  (1870)  ; 
"  The  Athanasian  Creed  to  be  retained 
in  its  Entirety,  and  Why  ?  "  (1872) ;  "  A 
Plea  for  the  Study  of  Divinity  at  Oxford" 
(1875) ;  "The  Prayer  Book,  a  Devotional 
Guide  and  Manual "  (1876) ;  "  Divergent 
Ritual  "  (1881) ;  ' '  The  Revision  Revised  " 
(1883). 

Burke,  Edmund  (b.  Dublin,  Jan. 
12th,  1728  or  1729  ;  d.  Beaconsfield,  July 
9th,  1797).  "Vindication  of  Natural 
Society"  (1756),  "The  Sublime  and 
Beautiful"  (1757),  "Present  State  of 
the  Nation"  (1769),  "Thoughts  on  the 
Present  Discontents"  (1770),  "  Reflec- 
tions on  the  French  Revolution  "  (1790), 
"Appeal  from  the  New  to  the  Old 
Whigs"  (1791),  "Letter  to  a  Noble 
Lord"  (1795),  "Letters  on  a  Regicide 
Peace"  (1796),  "Observations  on  the 
Conduct  of  the  Minority"  (1797),  &c. 
Works  (1801);  Select  Works  (1874). 
Correspondence  (1817).  Best  Biogra- 
phies :  Macknight's  (1858—60),  Morley's 
(1S67,  Sketch  1879). 

Burnaby,  Colonel  P.  G.  (b.  1842, 
d.  1885).  "A  Ride  to  Khiva"  (1876), 
"  On  Horseback  through  Asia  Minor " 
(1877),  "A  Ride  across  the  Channel" 
(1882),  "Our  Radicals"  (1886).  Life 
by  R.  K.  Maun. 

Bumand,  Francis  Cowley  (b. 

1837).  "  Happy  Thoughts,"  "  Sensation 
Novels,"  "The  New  Sandford  and  Mer- 
ton,"  "  Reminiscences  of  the  Cambridge 
A.D.C.  Has  contributed  both  to  Fun 
and  Funch,  the  latter  of  which  he  edits, 


and  has  written  several  burlesques  and 
some  successful  comedies. 

Burnet,,  Gilbert,  Bishop  of  Salis- 
bury (b.  Edinburgh,  Sept.  18th,  1643; 
d.  March  17th,  1715).  "  History  of  the 
Reformation"  (1679,  1681,  1715),  "His- 
tory of  My  Own  Time  "  (1724),  &c.  Life 
by  Le  Clerc  (1715)  and  Flaxman. 

BurnettjMrs. Frances  Hodgson 

(b.  1849).  "  Surly  Tim  "  (1872),  "  That 
Lass  o'  Lowrio's  "  (1877),  "  Theo  "  (1877), 
"Lindsay's  Luck"  (1878),  "Kathleen" 
(1878),  "Jael's  Daughter"  (1879), 
"Haworth's"  (1879),  "The  Tide  of 
Moany  Bar"  (1879),  "  Louisiana"  (1S80), 
"A  Fair  Barbarian "  (1881),  "Through 
One  Administration"  (1883),  "  Vaga- 
bond ia"  (1884),  "Little  Lord  Fauntle- 
roy  "  (1886). 

Burns,  Robert  (b.  Ayr,  Jan.  25th, 
1759 ;  d.  Dumfries,  July  21st,  1796). 
"Poems"  (1786).  Complete  Works, 
Currie  (1800).  Best  edition  of  Poems, 
Douglass  (1877—79).  Bibliography  by 
McKie  (1875).  See  Nichol's  monograph 
(1879). 

Burton,  John  Hill,  LL.D.  (b. 
Aberdeen,  Aug.  22nd,  1809  ;  d.  1882). 
"  Political  and'Social  Economy  "  (1849), 
"  Benthamiana "  (1838),  "The  Scot 
Abroad"  (1864),  "The  Book-Hunter" 
(1862),  "The  Cairngorm  Mountain" 
(1864),  "Life  and  Correspondence  of 
Hume "  (1846),  "  Lives  of  Lovat  and 
Forbes"  (1847),  "History  of  Scotland 
from  the  Earliest  Period"  (1867),  "His- 
tory of  Scotland  from  the  Revolution  " 
(1853),  "Reign  of  Queen  Anne  "  (1880), 
kc. 

Burton,  Robert  (b.  Lindley,  Lei- 
cestershire, Feb.  8th,  1576;  d.  Jan. 
25th,  1639).  "  Anatomy  of  Melancholy  " 
(1621),  "Philosophastor"  [with  Poemata] 
(1662). 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis 
(b.  1821).  "Sindh"  (1851),  "A Pilgrim- 
age to  El  Medinah  and  Meccah"  (1856), 
"  First  Footsteps  in  E.  Africa"  (1856), 
"  The  Lake  Regions  of  Central  Africa" 
(1860),  "  The  City  of  the  Saints  "  (1861), 
"The  Nile  Basin"  (1864),  "Wit  and 
Wisdom  from  West  Africa"  (1865), 
"  Explorations  of  the  Highlands  of 
Brazil"  (1869),  "Zanzibar"  (1872), 
"Etruscan  Hologna"  (1876),  "Sindh 
Revisited  "  (1877),  "  Camoens,  his  Life 
and  his  Lusiads  "  (1881),  "  The  Book  of 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


993 


the  Sword  "  (1884) .  Has  translated  and 
published  privately  "The  Thousand 
Nights  and  a^Night  "  (1885). 

Butler,  Joseph,  Bishop  of  Durham 
(b.  Wantage,  Berkshire,  ISIay  18th,  1692  ; 
d.  Bath,  June  16th,  1752).  "Sermons"' 
(1726),  "'Analogy  of  Keligion"  (1736). 

Butler,  Samuel  (b.  Strensham, 
Worcester,  1612  ;  d.  1680).  "Hudibras" 
(1663,1664,1678);  "Posthumous  Works" 
(many  spurious,  1715);  "Remains" 
(1759) ;  "  Works  "  (1861).    Life  (1849). 

Butler,    Sir  ■William   Francis 

(b.  1838).  "A  Narrative  of  the  His- 
torical Events  connected  with  the  Sixty- 
ninth  Regiment"  (1870),  "The  Great 
Lone  Land"  (1872),  "The  Wild  North 
Land"  (1873).  "In  Akinfoo "  (1874), 
"Far  Out"  (1881),  "Red  Cloud,  the 
Solitary  Sioux  "  (1882). 

Byron,  George  Gordon  Noel, 
Lord  (b.  London,  .Ian.  22nd,  1788;  d. 
Missolonghi,  April  19tb,  1824).  "Hours 
of  Idleness"  (1807);  "Poems"  (1808) ; 
"English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers" 
(1809) ;  "The  Curse  of  Minerva"  (1812); 
"  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage  "  (cantos 
i.  and  ii.  in  1812,  canto  iii.  in  1816, 
and  canto  iv.  in  1818)  ;  "  The  Waltz  " 
(1813);  "The  Giaour"  (1813);  "The 
Bride  of  Abydos "  (1813)  ;  "  Ode  to 
Napoleon  Buonaparte"  (1814);  "The 
Corsair  "  (1814) ;  "  Lara  "  (1814)  ;  "  He- 
brew Melodies  "  (1815);  "The  Siege  of 
Corinth  "and  "  Parisina  "  (1816)  ;  "  The 
Prisoner  of  Chillon  "  (1816)  ;  "  Manfred" 
(1817)  ;  "  The  Lament  of  Tasso  "  (1817)  ; 
"  Monody  on  the  Death  of  the  Right 
Hon.  R.  B.  Sheridan"  (1817)  ;  "Beppo" 
(1818);  "Mazeppa"  (1819);  "Don 
Juan  "  (cantos  i.  and  ii.  in  1819,  iii.,  iv., 
and  V.  in  1821,  cantos  vi.,  vii.,  and  viii. 
in  1823,  cantos  ix.,  x.,  xi.,  xii.,  xiii ,  and 
xiv.  in  1823,  cantos  xv.  an<i  xvi.  in  1824) ; 
"A  Letter  to  John  Murray  on  the  Rev. 
W.  L.  Bowles's  Strictures  on  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  I'opo"  (1821);  "Marino 
Falioro  " and  "The  Prophecy  of  Dante  " 
(1821);  "  .Sardanapalus,"  "The  Two 
Foscari,"  and  "  Cain  "  (1821)  ;  "Werner" 
(1822);  "The  Vision  of  Judgment" 
(1822);  "Heaven  and  Earth"  (1822); 
"The  Island"  (1823);  "The  Age  of 
Bronze  "  (1823) ;  canto  i.  of  the  "  Mor- 
gante  Maggioro  di  Messer  Luigi  Pulci," 
translated;  "The  Deformed  Trans- 
formed" ( 1 824) ;  "Parliamentary  Speeches 

2g 


in  1812  and  1813  "  (1824).  The  following 
is  a  list  of  the  principal  publications 
which  have  appeared  in  connection  with 
the  life  of  the  poet :—"  Remarks,  Criti- 
cal and  Moral,  on  the  Talents  of  Lord 
Byron,  and  the  Tendencies  of  Don  Juan, 
b}'  the  Author  of  '  Hypocrisy,  a  Satire  '  " 
[C.  Colton]  (1819)  ;  "Memoirs,  Historical 
and  Critical,  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Lord  Byron,  with  Anecdotes  of  some  of 
his  Contemi)oraries  "  (1822) ;  "  Lord  By- 
ron's Private  Correspondence,  including 
his  Letters  to  his  Mother,  written  from 
Portugal,  Spain,  Greece,  and  other  parts 
of  tlie  Mediterranean  ;  published  from 
the  originals,  with  Notes  and  Observa- 
tions," by  A.  R.  C.  Dallas  (1824)  ;  "Re- 
collections," by  A.  R.  C.  Dallas  (1824)  ; 
"Conversations  with  Lord  Byron,  noted 
during  a  Residence  with  his  Lordship  at 
Pisa  in  the  Years  1821  and  1822,"  by 
Thomas  Medwin  (1824)  ;  "  Letters  on  the 
Character  and  Poetical  Genius  of  Lord 
Byron,"  by  Sir  Kgerton  Brydges  (1824) ; 
"  Lord  Byron,"  by  Madame  Louise—  Sw. 
Belloc  (1824)  ;  "Anecdotes  of  Lord 
Byron,  from  Authentic  Sources,  with 
Remarks  illustrative  of  his  Connection 
with  the  Principal  Literary  Characters 
of  the  Present  Day  "  (1825)  ;  "  The  Last 
Days  of  Lord  Byron,  with  his  Lordship's 
Opinions  on  various  Subjects,  particularly 
on  the  State  and  Prospect  of  Greece," 
by  William  Parry  (1825) ;  "  Lord  Byron 
en  Italie  et  en  Grfece  ;  ou,  Aper^u  de  sa 
Vie  et  de  ses  Ouvrages,  d'apr^s  des 
Sources  authentiques,"  by  the  Marquis 
de  Salvo  (1825)  ;  "  Narrative  of  Lord 
Byron's  Voyage  to  Corsica  and  Sardinia, 
1821"  (1825)  ;  "A  Short  Narrative  of 
Lord  Byron's  last  Journey  to  Greece,  ex- 
tracted from  the  Journal  of  Count  Peter 
Gamba "  (1825)  ;  "  Correspondence  of 
Lord  Byron  with  his  Friends,  including 
his  Letters  to  his  Mother,  written  in 
1809,  1810,  and  1811,"  edited  by  A.  R. 
C.  Dallas  (1825);  "Life,"  by  J.  Gait 
(1825) ;  "  An  Inquiry  into  the  Moral 
Character  of  Lord  Byron,"  by  J.  W, 
Simmonds  (1826)  ;  "  Memoir,"  by  Sir  H. 
Bulwer  (1826)  ;  "  Life,"  by  W.  Lake 
(1826)  ;  "Lord  Byron  and  some  of  his 
Contemporaries"  (1828)  ;  "  Life,"  by  Sir 
Egerton  Brydges  (182.S^  ;  "  Memoirs  of 
Lord  Byron,"  by  G.  Clinton  (1828)  ; 
"  Life,  Letters,  and  Journals,"  edited  by 
Moore  (1830)  ;  "Conversations  with  Lord 
Byron,"  by  Lady  Blessington  (1831)  ; 
"  Life,"   by  Armstrong    (18'tG) ;    "  The 


994 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Tnie  Story  of  Lady  Byron's  Life,"  by 
Mrs.  Beecher-Stowe  (1867);  "Medora 
Loigh,"  by  Dr.  Mackay  (ISfJH)  ;  "  Recol- 
lections of  Lord  Byron, "by the  Countess 
Guiccioli  (1870)  ;  "  Life,"  by  Karl  Elze 
(1871);  "Trelawney's  Recollections" 
(new  ed.  1879)  ;  "  Life,"  by  Nicholl 
(1881)  ;  "The  Real  Lord  Byron,"  by  .J. 
Cordy  Jeaffreson  (1882).  See  .Jeffrey's 
"Essays;"  Hazlitt's  "Spirit  of  the 
Age  "  and  "  English  Poets  ;  "  Macaulay's 
"  Essays  ;  "  Swinburne  s  preface  to  a 
"  Selection  from  the  Poems  ;  "  Sir  Henry 
Taylor's  preface  to  his  own  "  Poems  ;  "' 
Brimley's  "Essays;"  W.  M.  Rossetti's 
preface  to  an  edition  of  the  "  Poems  ; " 
Kingsley's  "Miscellanies;"  QiMrterh/ 
Review  for  July,  1868. 


C 

Caedmon  (d.  circa  680).  "  Para- 
phrase "  (1655)  ;  best  editions — Thorpe's 
(1832),  Grein's  (1857—63),  Bouterwek's 
(1849- 5i).  See  Watson's  "  Gcdrnon, 
the  First  English  Poet"  (1875). 

Calverley,  Charles  Stuart   (b. 

1S33,  d.  1881).  "Verses  and  Trans- 
lations"' (1862),  "A  Verse  Translation 
of  Theocritus"  (1869),  "Fly  Leaves" 
(1872).  See  W.  J.  Sendall's  "The 
Literary  Remains  of  C.  S.  C." 

Camden,  William  (b.  London, 
May  2nd,  1551;  d.  Chislehurst,  Nov.  9th, 
162-3).  "  Britannia  "  (1586-1607)  ;  "  In- 
stitutio  Grfecie  Grammatices  Compen- 
diaria"  (1597);  "Anglica,  Hibernica, 
Normanica,  Cambrica,  a  VeterisScripta" 
(1604)  ;  "Remains  concerning  Britain  " 
(1005)  ;  "Reges,  Reginas,  Nobiles,  etalii 
in  Ecclesia  Collegiata  B.  Petri  West- 
monasterii  Sepulti,  usque  ad  annum 
1606"  (1606)  ;  "  Annales  Rerum  Angli- 
carum  et  Hibernicarum  reguante  Eliza- 
betha  ''  (1615)  ;  "A  Description  of  Scot- 
land "  (1695);  and  some  minor  works. 
For  Biography,  see  '*  Guillehni  Camdeni 
et  lUustrium  Virorum  ad  (t.  Camdeniim 
Kpistohv,"  published  by  T.  Smith  in 
1691;  Wood's  "  Athenie  Oxonienses," 
the  "  Biographia  Britannica,"  and 
Gough's  edition  of  the  "  Britannia." 

Campbell,  John,  Baron  (b.  1781, 
d.  1861).  "  Reports  of  Cases  Determined 
at  Nisi  Prius"  (1807—16),  "Letter  to 
Lord  Stanley  "  (1837),  "Speeches  at  the 
Bar  and   House  of  Commons"   (1842), 


"  Lives  of  the  Chancellors  and  Keepers 
of  the  Great  Seal  of  England  "  (1 845-48), 
"  Lives  of  the  Chief-J  ustices  of  England" 
(1849-57),  "Shakespeare's  Legal  Ac- 
quirements." See  "Life  of  John  Camp- 
bell," by  Hon.  Mrs.  Hardcastle. 

Campbell,  Thomas  (b.  Glasgow, 
July  27th,  1777  ;  d.  Boulogne,  June  15th, 
1844).  "Pleasures  of  Hope"  (1799), 
"  Poems"  (1803),  "Annals  of  Great  Bri- 
tain'*  (1806),  "Gertrude  of  Wyoming" 
(1809),  "Specimens  of  the  British 
Poets"  (1819-48),  "Theodoric"  (1824), 
"  Life  of  Mrs.  Siddons  "  (1834),  "  Letters 
from  the  South"  (1837),  "Life  of  Pe- 
trarch" (1841),  "The  Pilgrim  of  Glen- 
coe"  (1842),  "Frederick  the  Great" 
(1843),  "History  of  Our  Own  Times" 
(1843),  "A  Poet's  Residence  in  Algiers" 
(1845).  "  Life  and  Letters,"  by  Beattie 
(1849);  "Literary  Reminiscenees  of 
Thomas  Campbell,"  bv  Cyrus  Redding 
(18.59). 

Carew,  Thomas  (b.  Gloucester- 
shire, circa  1589  ;  d.  1639).  "  Ccelum 
Britannicum "  (1634),  &c.  "Works" 
(1824). 

Carlyle,  Thomas  (b.  Ecclefechan, 

Dumfriesshire,  Dec.  4th,  1795  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, Feb.  5th,  1881).  Brewster's  "  Edin- 
burgh Encyclopjedia"  (1820  —  23),  articles 
on  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu,  Mon- 
taigne, Montes(juieu,  ^lontfaucon.  Dr. 
Moore,  Sir  John  Moore,  Necker,  Nelson, 
Netherlands,  Newfoundland,  Norfolk, 
Northamptonshire,  Northumberland, 
Mungo  Park,  Lord  Chatham,  William 
Pitt ;  in  The  Xeic  Edinbitrgh  Review 
(1821—22)  papers  on  Joanna  Baillie's 
"Metrical  Legends"  and  Goethe's 
"Faust;"  translation  of  "  Legendre's 
Geometry,''  with  essa.v  on  "Proportion" 
(1824)  ;  '•  Schiller's  Life  and  Writings  " 
(1823— "2-5)  ;  a  translation  of  Goethe's 
"Wilhelm  Meister"  (1824);  "German 
Romances :  Specimens  of  the  Chief 
Authors,  with  Biographical  and  Critical 
Notices  "  (1827)  ;  essays  in  various  re- 
views and  magazines,  republished  in  the 
Mmellanies  (1827—37)  ;  "Sartor  Resar- 
tus"  (1833-34);  "The  French  Revolu- 
tion" (1837);  "Chartism"  (1839); 
"Heroes  and  Hero-Worship"  (1840); 
"P.ast  and  Present"  (1843);  "Oliver 
Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches,  with 
Elucidations  and  a  Connecting  Narra- 
tive" (1845) ;  "Latter-Day  Pamphlets" 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


995 


(1850)  ;  articles  in  The  Examiner  (1848) 
on  Louis  Philippe  (March  4th),  Repeal  of 
the  Union  (April  'i'Jlh),  Legrislation  for 
Ireland  (May  13tli)  ;  articles  in  The 
Spectator  (1848)  on  Ireland  and  the 
British  Chief  Governor,  and  Irish  Regfi- 
ments  (of  the  New  Era)  (May  13th)  ; 
The  Death  of  Charles  Buller,  in  Ihe 
Examiiicr  (December  2nd,  1S48)  :  "  Lifo 
of  John  Sterling "  (18ol)  ;  "  Life  of 
Friedrich  II."  (18(35);  "Shooting  Nia- 
gara  and    after/"    in    Mavmilhui's 

Afa'/<izi»e  for  1867;  and  "On  the  Choice 
of  Books  "  (18(i6).  In  1875  Mr.  Carlyle 
puVjlished  a  small  volume  on  the  "  Early 
Kings  of  Norway,  and  the  Portraits  of 
John  Knox."  For  Biography,  .sf^'  Horne'r 
"  Spirit  of  the  Age  ;  "  the  preface  to 
"The  Choice  of  Books;"  "  Remini- 
Bcences"  (1881);  Wvlie's  "  Life  "  (1881); 
Fronde's  "Life  of  Carlyle"  (1882-84); 
"  Letters  and  Memorials  of  Jane  Welsh 
Carlyle"  (1883)  ;  "The  Correspondence 
of  Thomas  Carlyle  and  P..  W.  Emerson," 
edited  by  C.  E.  Norton  (188'J)  ;  Norton's 
"Letters  of  Carlylo  "  (1887).  See  also 
"  Lives,"  by  Moucure  D.  Conway,  H.  J. 
Nicholl,  and  Richard  Garnett,  and  D. 
Masson's;  "Carlyle,  Personallyandin  his 
Writings"  (1885) ;  "Essays,"  by  George 
Brimley ;  Greg's  "Literary  and  Social 
.ludgments;"  Morley's  "Critical  Mis- 
cellanies ; "  Qnarterbj  Review  for  July, 
1865;  Jf'eiitminHtcr  Review  for  January, 
1865  ;  British  and  Fonign  Review  for 
October.  1843,  by  Giu.seppe  Mazzini  ;  J. 
Russell  Lowell's  "My  Study  Windows;" 
;uid  .Mozley's  "  Essays  "  (1878). 

Carpenter,  Williain  Benjamin, 

M.D.jLIj.D.  (b.  Bristol,  1813;  d.  1885). 
"Principles  of  Human  Physiology" 
(1S46),  "Animal  Physiology"  (1847), 
"Mechanical  Physiology"  (1847),  "The 
Microscope  and  its  Revelations  "  (1856), 
"  The  Physiology  of  Temi)urance"  (1853), 
"The  Principles  of  Comparative  Phy- 
siology" (1854),  "Principles  of  Mental 
Physiology"  (IS 7 4),  &c. 

Carroll,  Lew^is,  pseudonym  of  Rev. 
C.  L.  Doilgson  (b.  1»33).  "  Alice's  Ad- 
venturesin  Wonderland"  (186S),  "Phan- 
tasmagdria"  (1869),  "  Alice  Through  the 
Looking-CilaRs "  (1872),  "The  Hunting 
of  the  Snark"  (1S76),  "Doublets" 
(1879),  "  Euclid  and  his  .Modern  Rivals  " 
(187y),  "  Rhyme/  and  Reason?  "  (1883), 
"A  Tangled  Tale"  (1886),  "The  Game 
of  Logic  "(1887). 


CartwriKht,  William  (b.  1611; 
d.  Oxford,  1643).  "The  Royal  Slave" 
(1639);  "The  Ordinary"  (1651),  &c. 
"  Comedies  and  Poems  "  (1651). 

Cary,  Henry  Francis  (b.  1772, 
d.  1814).  "  Inferno  of  Dante,  with  an 
English  Translation  in  Blank  Verse '' 
(18U6);  "Translation  of  the  Inferno, 
Purgatorio,  and  Paradise "  (1813)  ; 
"  Lives  of  the  Ensrlish  Poets,  from  John- 
son to  Kirke  White"  (1846);  "The  Early 
French  Poets  "  (1847).  Mr.  Cary  also 
translated  the  "  Birds"  of  Aristophanes 
and  the  "Odes  "of  Pindar.  &<;"  Me- 
moirs of  the  Rev.  H.  F.  Cary,"  by  his 
sou. 

Cary,  IiUCius,  second  Viscount 
Falkland  (b.  1610  ;  d.  at  battle  of  New- 
bury, 1643).  "Speeches"  (1640), 
"Draft  of  a  Speech  of  Episcopacy" 
(1644),  "  Discourse  upon  the  Infalli- 
bility of  the  Church  of  Rome  "  (1645), 
&c. 

Chalmers,  George  (b.  Fochabers, 

Morayshire,  1742  ;  d.  May  31st,  1825). 
"Caledonia"  (1807—24),  "Lives"  of 
Defoe  (1786),  Ruddimau  (1794),  Allan 
Ramsay  (1800),  kc. 

Chalmers,  Fev.  Thomas,  D.D. 

(b.  Anstruther,  March  17th,  1780;  d. 
Edinburgh,  May  30th,  1847).  "  Extent 
and  Stability  of  the  National  Resources  " 
(1808),  "Astronomical  Discourses" 
(1816),  "Political  Economy"  (1832), 
"  Adaptation  of  Nature  to  the  Constitu- 
tion of  Man"  (18:53),  kc.  "Lifo"  by 
Hanna  prefixed  to  Works  (1849). 

Chapman, George  (b.  nearllitchin, 
Hertfordshire,  1557  or  1559  ;  d.  1634), 
wrote  "Skiauuktos,  the  Shadow  of  Night" 
(1595);  "Ovid's  Ban.juet  of  Sense" 
(1595)  ;  "  The  Shield  of  Achilles"  (1596) ; 
"The  Blinde  Beggar  of  Alexandria" 
(1598)  ;  "  An  numerous  DayesMytth" 
(1599);  "All  Fooles"  (1605);  "East- 
ward Hoe"  (1605)  ;  "  Monsieur  d'Olive" 
(16(K))  ;  "  The  Gentleman  Usher"  (1606); 
"  Hussy  d'Ambois  "  (1607)  ;  "  The  Con- 
spiracie  and  Tragedie  of  Charles,  Duke 
of  Byron  "  (1608)  ;  "  Euttiymi;e  Raptus  ; 
or,  tlie  Tearos  of  Peace"  (1609)  ;  "May 
Day  "  (1611)  ;  "  An  Epicede,  or  Funeral! 
Song,  on  the  most  Dis.istrous  Death  of 
Henry,  Prince  of  Wales"  (1612)  ;  "The 
Widowes  Teares "  (1612);  "The  Revenge 
of    Bussy    d'Ambois"     (16j7)  ;     "The 


996 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Memorable  Maske  of  the  Two  Honorable 
Houses  or  Inns  of  Court  "  (1G14)  ;  "  An- 
dromefla  Liherata ;  or,  the  Nuptials  of 
Porseus  and  Andromeda"  (1614)  ;  "  Eu- 
genia ;  or,  Trno  Nobilities  Trance " 
(1614)  ;  "  Two  Wise  Men  and  all  the  rest 
Foolea "  (1619)  ;  "Pro  Vero  Autumni 
liachrymie,  to  the  Memor3'  of  Sir  Horatio 
Vere"  (10'22)  ;  "A  Justification  of  the 
Stranj^e  A  ction  of  Nero,  being:  the  Fifth 
Satire  of  Juvenal,  translated"  (1629)  ; 
"Cfosar  and  Pompey"  (1631);  "The 
Ball,"  "The  Tragedie  of  Chabot,  Ad- 
miral! of  France"  (1639)  ;  "Revenge 
for  Honour  "  (1654)  ;  "  The  Tragedie  of 
Alphonsus,  Emperor  of  Germany " 
(1654)  ;  and  "  The  Second  Maiden's 
Tragedy."  He  also  published  transla- 
tions of  Homer  (1596),  Musseus  (1616), 
and  Hesiod  (1612).  Chapman's  Works 
were  edited,  in  1874,  by  R.  H.  Shepherd. 
For  Biography  and  Criticism,  see  Wood's 
"Athenae  Oxonienses,"  Langbaine's 
"  Dramatick  Poets,"  Warton's  "  Eng- 
lish Poetry,"  Campbell's  "English 
Poets,"  Hazlitt's  "Age  of  Elizabeth," 
Hallam's  "Literature  of  Europe,"  and 
Swinburne's  introduction  to  the  Works 
(1875).  He  has  been  panegyrised  by 
Waller,  Pope,  Dr.  Johnson,  Godwin, 
Lamb,  and  Coleridge. 

Chatterton,  Thomas  (b.  Bristol, 
Nov.  20th,  1752  ;  d.  London,  Aug.  25th, 
1770),  wrote  various  pieces— ascribed  by 
him  to  one  Thomas  Rowley — which  were 
first  published  in  a  collective  form  by 
Thomas  Tyrwhitt,  in  1777,  under  the 
title  of  "  The  Poems  supposed  to  have 
been  written  at  Bristol  by  Thomas 
Rowley  and  others  in  the  Fifteenth 
Century,  with  an  Introductory  Account 
of  the  several  Pieces,  and  a  Glossary." 
This  was  followed,  in  1778,  by  "  Chatter- 
ton's  Miscellanies  in  Prose  and  Verse," 
and,  in  1784,  by  a  "  Supplement  to  the 
Miscellanies  of  Thomas  Chatterton."  Of 
the  bitter  and  protracted  controversy 
that  arose  upon  the  question  of  the 
authenticity  of  the  Poems,  an  account  is 
given  in  Kippis's  "Biographia  Britan- 
nica ;  "  a  list  of  the  principal  pamphlets 
published  in  the  course  of  the  dispute 
being  contained  in  Lowndes's  "  Biblio- 
grapher's Manual  "  under  the  heading  of 
"  Rowley."  Editions  of  the  Poems  were 
issued  in  1803,  1842,  1865,  and  1871 ;  but 
see  "  Poetical  Works  liy  Thomas  Chat- 
terton,with  Essay  on  the  Rowley  Poems," 


by  Rev.  Walter  Skeat,  and  "  Memoir  " 
by  Edward  Bell  (1875).  For  Biography, 
see  the  "  Lives"  by  Gregory  (1789),  Dix 
(1837),  Davis  (1809),  Martin  (lS6.'i), 
Wilson  (1869),  and  Masson  (1875).  For 
Criticism,  see  the  Essays  V)y  Tyrwhitt, 
Southey,  Warton,  Campbell,  Scott, 
Masson,  and  Wilson. 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey  (b.  about  1340  ; 
d.  Westminster,  1400),  was  author  of 
the  following  works  : — "  The  Canterbury 
Tales  ;  "  "  The  Court  of  Love  ;  "  "  The 
Parlement  of  Briddes  ;  or,  the  Assembly 
of  Foules  ;  "  "  The  Boke  of  Cupid.  God 
of  Love  ;  or,  the  Cuckow  and  the  Night- 
ingale ;  "  "  The  Flower  and  the  Leaf  ;  " 
"  Troylus  and  Cresseyde  ;  "  "  Chaucer's 
A,  B,  C  ;  "  "  Chaucer's  Dream  ;  "  "  The 
Boko  of  the  Duchesse ; "  "Of  Queue 
Anelyda  and  the  False  Arcite;"  "The 
House  of  Fame;"  "The  Legende  of 
Goode  Women  ;  "  "  The  Romaunt  of  the 
Rose;"  " The  Complaynt  of  a  Loveres 
Lyfe ; "  "The  Complaynt  of  Mars  and 
Venus;"  "A  Goodly  Ballade  of  Chau- 
cer ;  "  and  "A  Praise  of  Women."  His 
minor  poems  are:  — "The  Compleynte 
of  the  Dethe  of  Pite,"  "  Ballade  de  Vilage 
Sauns  Peynture,"  "  Ballade  sent  to  King 
Richard,"  "  The  Compleynte  of  Chaucer 
to  his  Purse,"  "  Good  Counseil  of  Chau- 
cer," "Prosperity,"  "A  Ballade," 
"L'Eavoy  de  Chaucer  a  Scogan," 
"  L'Envoy  de  Chaucer  a  Bulcton," 
"jEtas  Prima,"  "  Leaulte  Vault 
Richesse,"  "  Proverbes  de  Chaucer," 
"  Roundel,"  "  Virelai,"  "  Chaucer's  Pro- 
phecy," "  Chaucer's  Words  unto  his  own 
Scrivener,"  and  "  Oratio  Galfridi  Chau- 
cer." These  two  lists,  at  any  rate,  repre- 
sent the  poems  attributed  to  Chaucer 
by  the  earlier  editors.  Later  critics 
deny  his  claim  to  such  poems  as  "The 
Court  of  Love,"  "  The  Flower  and  the 
Leaf,"  and  "  Chaucer's  Dream."  Works 
of  Chaucer  were  first  printed  in  1532  ; 
followed  by  editions  in  1542,  1561 
(Stowe),  1598  (Speght),  1721  (Urry), 
1775  (Tyrwhitt),  1822  (Singer),  1845 
(Sir  H.  Nicolas),  and  1855  (Bell).  Edi- 
tions have  been  published  by  Professor 
Childs  in  America,  and  by  D.  Morris  in 
the  "  Aldine  Poets."  A  Biography  of 
the  poet  is  given  by  all  his  editors,  and  a 
"Life'  has  been  written  by  Godwin. 
See  also  "  Illustrations,"  by  Todd  (1810) ; 
"  Poems  of  Chaucer  .Modernised,"  by 
Wordsworth,  Leigh   Hunt,   Home,  Bell, 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


997 


and  others,  with  "  Life "  by  Schmitz 
(1841) ;  "  'J  he  Riches  of  Chaucer,"  with 
a  Memoir  hy  Charles  Cowdcn  Clarke 
(1835) ;  "  Tales  from  Chaucer  in  Prose," 
"Chaucer's  England,"  by  Matthew 
Browne  ;  the  Memoir  by  Skeat,  prefixed 
to  Bell's  edition  (1878)  ;  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Chaucer  Society,  pansim  ; 
Warton's  "English  Poetrj' ;  "  Hazlitt's 
"English  Poets;"  Cam])beirs  "English 
Poets ;  "  Coleridge's  "  Table  Talk  ;"  J.  R. 
Lowell's  "My  Study  Windows  ;  "  Minto's 
"English  Poets;"  K issuer's  "Essays 
on  Chaucer;"  Lindner's  "Essay  on 
Chaucer's  Alliteratious." 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of,  Philip  Dor- 
mer Stanhope  (b.  London,  Sept.  22nd, 
1694  ;  d.  March  24th,  1773).  "  Letters 
to  his  Son,  Philip  Stanhope,"  which, 
together  with  several  other  "  Pieces  on 
Varioxis  Subjects,"  were  first  published 
in  1774.  In  addition  to  his  "  Miscella- 
neous Works,"  published  with  "  Jlemoirs 
of  his  Life "  by  Dr.  Maty  in  1777,  are 
included  "Miscellaneous  Pieces  and 
Characters  ;  "  "  Letters  to  his  Friends  ; " 
"  The  Art  of  Pleasing  ;  "  "  Free  Thoughts 
and  Bold  Truths;"  "The  Case  of  the 
Hanover  Forces,  with  Vindication  and 
Further  Vindication;"  "The  Lords' 
Protest;"  "Letter  to  the  Abbe  de 
Ville  ;  "  and  "  Poems."  Selections  from 
the  Works  were  published  in  1874.  His 
Letters  were  edited  by  Earl  Stanhope  in 
1845.  See  Mrs.  Oliphant's  "Historical 
Sketches  of  the  Reign  of  George  II.," 
Hayward's  "Biographical  Essays," 
Quartcrlij  Iteview  for  1845,  and  M. 
Sainte-Beuve's  "  Causeries  de  Lundi." 

Chillingw^orth,  William  (b.  Ox- 
ford, Oct.,  1602  ;  d.  Jan.  30th,  1644). 
"  Religion  of  Protestants  a  Way  to  Salva- 
tion "  (1638).  Works,  with  "Life"  by 
Birch,  1742  ;  best  edition,  1838.  See  Prin- 
cipal Tulloch's  "  Rational  Theology  in 
England,"  Hunt's  "  Ili.'itory  of  Religious 
Thought, "  Wood's ' ' Athense  Oxonienses, " 
Fuller's  "Worthies,"  Mazeaux'  "Histori- 
cal and  Critical  Account  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  William  Chillingworth,"  and 
Chcynell's  "  Chillingworthii  Novissima." 

Churchill,  Charles  (b.  Westmin- 
ster, Feb.  1731  ;  d.  Boulogne,  Nov.  4th, 
1764).  "The  Rosciad"  (1761);  "An 
Apology  to  the  Critical  Revrewers " 
(1761);  "Night,  an  Epistle"  (1761); 
''The  Ghost  "  (1762) ;    "The  Prophecy 


of  Famine"  (1763);  "An  Epistle  to 
William  Hogarth"  (1763);  "The  Con- 
ference "  (1763);  "The  Duellist  "  (1763)  ; 
"The  Author"  (1764);  "Gotham" 
(1764)  ;  "The  Candidate"  (1764) ;  "The 
Farewell"  (1764)  ;  "The  Times  "  (1764) ; 
"Independence"  (1764);  "The  Jour- 
ney;" and  the  "Dedication  to  Churchill's 
Sermons."  Works  in  1770.  See  the 
edition  of  1804,  with  "An  Authentic 
Account  of  his  Life,"  by  W.  Tooke.  See 
Campbell's  "  English  Poets,"  Cowper's 
"  Letters,"  Forster's  "  Essays,"  and  the 
introductory  essay,  by  Hannay,  prefixed 
to  the  "  Aldine  Edition"  of  the  poems 
(1867). 

Gibber,  Colley  (b.  London,  1671  ; 
d.  Dec.  12th,  1757).  "Love's  Last 
Shift ;  or,  the  Fool  in  Fashion  "  (1695)  ; 
"Woman's  Wit"  (1697);  "Xerxes" 
(1699)  ;  "The Careless  Husband"  (1704) ; 
"The  Nonjuror"  (1717).  "Works" 
(1721).  See  his  "Apology  for  His  Own 
Life"  (1740). 

Clarendon,  Earl  of,  Edward  Hyde 
(b.  Dinton,  W^ilts,  Feb.  IStb,  1608  ;  d. 
Rouen,  Dec.  9th,  1674).  "  Tho  History 
of  the  Rebellion  and  Civil  Wars  in  Eng- 
land, to  which  is  added  an  Historical 
View  of  the  Affairs  of  Ireland"  (1702); 
"The  History  of  the  Rebellion  and  Civil 
War  in  Ireland"  (1720)  ;  "The  Life  of 
Edward,  Earl  of  Clarendon,  Lord  High 
Chancellor  of  England,  and  Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Oxford,  being  a 
Continuation  of  the  History  of  the  Grand 
Rebellion,  from  the  Restoration  to  his 
Banishment  in  1667,  written  by  Himself" 
(1759);  "Brief  View  and  Survey  of  the 
Dangerous  and  Pernicious  Errors  to 
Chiirch  and  State  in  Hobbes'  'Levia- 
than'" (1676);  "Essay  on  an  Active 
and  Contemplative  Life,  and  Dialogue  on 
Education  and  the  Respect  duo  to  Ago  " 
(1764-95);  "Religion  and  Policy,  and  the 
Countenance  and  Assistance  each  should 
give  to  tho  other"  (1811);  "Essays, 
Moral  and  Entertaining,  on  the  various 
Faculties  and  Passions  of  the  Human 
Mind"  (1815);  "The  Natural  History 
of  the  Passions."  For  Biography,  see 
Wood's  "Athena)  Oxonienses;"  "An 
Historical  Inquiry  respecting  the  Cha- 
racter of  Edward  Hyde,  F-arl  of  Claren- 
don," by  the  Hon.  Agar  Ellis  (1827);  and 
the  "Life  of  Clarendon,"  bv  T.  II. 
Lister:  Hallam's  "Literary  History;" 
Macaulay's  "  History  ;  "  and  Campbell's 


908 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


"Lord  Cbanccllors."  The  Clarendon 
Press  edition  of  "The  Robellion  in  Enjif- 
land,"  with  Warlmrton's  Notes  (1849); 
"State  Papers"  (1707,  1773,  178G). 

Clarke,  Charles  Cowden  (b.  En- 
field, Dec.  ir,th,  17S7;  d.  March  13th, 
1877).  "  Shakespeare  Characters,  chiolly 
Subordinate"  (1863);  "Tales  from 
Chaucer"  (1833) ;  "Moliore  Characters" 
(1865),  &c.  See  "Recollections  of  Charles 
and  Mary  Cowden  Clarke  "  (1878). 

Clarke,  Mary  Cowden  (b.  June, 
1809).  "A  Complete  Concordance  to  the 
Works  of  Shakespeare"  (1845);  "The 
Advei)tures  of  Kit  Bam, Mariner"  (1848) ; 
"The  Girlhood  of  Shakespeare's  He- 
roines" (1850);  "The  Iron  Cousia" 
(1854)  ;  "World-Noted  Women  "  (1857); 
"Many  Happy  Returns  of  the  Day:  a 
Birthday  Book"  (1860);  "Trust  and 
Remittance"  (1873);  "A  Rambling 
Story  "  (1874).  Edited  (with  her  husband) 
"  Cassell's  Illustrated  Shakespeare  " 
(1865—69  ;  new  form,  1874). 

Clarke,  Samuel.D.D.  (b.  Norwich, 
Oct.  11th,  1675  ;  d.  May  17th,  1729). 
"Sermons"  (including  those  on  "The 
Being  and  Attributes  of  God  "  and  "The 
Evidences  of  Natural  and  Revealed  Re- 
ligion ")  ;  "A  Paraphrase  of  the  Four 
Evangelists  ;  "  "  Three  Practical  Essays 
on  Baptism,  Confirmation,  and  Repent- 
ance ;  "  "  An  Exposition  on  the  Church 
Catechism  ;  "  "A  Letter  on  the  Immor- 
tality of  the  Soul;"  "Reflections  on 
Toland's  '  Amyntor  ; '  "  ''  The  Scripture 
Doctrine  of  the  Trinity;"  "Several 
Tracts  relating  to  the  Subject  of  the 
Trinity;"  "Papers  on  the  Principles  of 
Natural  Philosophy  and  Religion  ;"  "A 
Letter  on  Velocity  and  Force  in  Bodies 
in  Motion  ;  "  all  included  in  the  collected 
edition  of  Clarke's  "Works,"  published 
in  1738  under  the  editorship  of  Benjamin 
Hoadley,  Bishop  of  Winchester.  See 
the  "Lives"  by  Hoadley  and  by  Whiston 
(1748). 

Clarkson,  Thomas  (b.  Wishech, 
Cambridgeshire,  JIarch  2Sth,  1760  ;  d. 
Sept.  26th,  1846).  "  History  of  the  Rise, 
Progress,  and  Accomplishment  of  the 
Abolition  of  the  African  Slave  Trade," 
published  in  1808,  besides  numerous 
essays  on  the  same  subject. 

Cleveland,  John  (b.  1613,  d.  1659). 
"Character     of    a    London     Diurnal" 


(1644);  "Monumentum  Regale"  (1640) ; 
"Poems"  (1659),  &c.   Works,  with  "Life" 

(1687). 

Clifford,  W.  K.  (b.  1S45,  d.  1879). 
"Elements  of  Dynamics"  (1878) ;  "See- 
ing and  Thinking"  (1879);  "Lectures 
and  Essays,"  edited  by  Leslie  Stephen 
and  W.  H.  Pollock,  with  a  Memoir 
(1879);  "The  Common  Sense  of  the 
Exact  Sciences"  (1885). 

Clough,  Arthur  Hugh  (b.  Liver- 
pool, .Jan.  1st,  1819  ;  d.  Floronee,  Nov. 
13th,  1861).  "  The  Bothie  of  Tober-na- 
Vuolich,  a  [^ong  Vacation  Pastoral"(1848); 
"Dipsychus;"  "Amours  de  Voyage;" 
"MariMagno;"  "  Ambarvalia"(1840);  a 
translation  of  the  "Lives"  of  Plutarch. 
"  Poems  and  Prose  Remains,"  edited  by 
Mrs. Clough  (1869);  "  Poems  and  Essays," 
with  "  Life  "  by  J.  A.  Symonds  (1871) ; 
S.  Waddington's  "  Arthur  Clough :  a 
Monograph"  (1883).  Sre  "Memoir,"  by 
F.  T.  Palgrave,  prefixed  to  the  "Poems" 
(1863);  "Essays,"  by  R.  H.  Hutton  ; 
Quarterly  Review  for  ISfJO  ;  Coiilemporari/ 
Renew  for  1869  ;  Jfricmi/lan's  Mafiaziii", 
vols.  vi.  and  xv.,  and  CoyiihUl  for  1866. 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power  (b.  Dec. 
4th,  1822).  "  Essays  on  the  Pursuits  of 
Women"  (1863);  "Broken  Lights:  Pro- 
spects  of  Religious  Faith"  (1864) ;  "Cities 
of  the  Past"  (1864);  "Religious  Duty" 
(1864);  "Studies  of  Ethical  and  Social 
Subjects"  (1865);  "Darwinism  in 
Morals"  (1872);  "Moral  Aspects  of 
Vivisection  "  (1877),  &c. 

Cobbett,  William  (b.  Famham, 
Surrey,  March  9th,  1762  ;  d.  Ash,  near 
Farnham,  June  18th,  1835).  "The 
Works  of  Peter  Porcupine  '  (1801)  ; 
"The  Political  Register"  (1802-35); 
"  A  Histoi-y  of  the  Reformation  "  (1810) ; 
"  A  Year's  Residence  in  the  United 
States"  (1818-19)  ;  "An  English  Gram- 
mar, in  a  Series  of  Letters  to  his  Son  " 
(1819);  "Cottage  Economy;"  "Rural 
Rides  in  England;"  "Curse  of  Paper 
Money;"  "Advice  to  Young  Men;" 
"  A  Legacy  to  Parsons  ;  "  and  other 
works.  A  selection  from  his  political 
writings  was  published,  with  a  "  Life," 
by  his  son,  in  1837.  See  the  "  Life  "  by 
Huish  (1835),  by  Smith  (1878). 

Cockburn,  Henry  Thomas, 
Lord  (b.  Edinburgh,  Oct.  26th.  1779  ;  d. 
Bonaly,  near  Edinburgh,  April  26th.  1854). 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


999 


"The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Lord 
Jeffrey"  (18o2) ;  "Memorials  of  his 
Times"  (1856),  of  which  a  Iditioual 
volumes  appeared  in  1874  ;  "  Correspon- 
dence "  (1874). 

Coke,  Sir  Edwrard  (b.  Mileham, 
Norfolk,  1551  ;  d.  Sept.  3rd,  1633). 
"The  Institutes,"  the  first  part  of  which, 
originallypublishedinli)28.  was  reprinted 
in  1823  and  1832  as  "  The  Institutes  of 
the  Laws  of  England :  or,  a  Commen- 
tary upon  Littleton  by  Lord  Coke,  re- 
vised and  corrected,  with  additions  of 
Notes,  References,  and  proper  Tables, 
by  Francis  Hargravo  and  Charles  Butler, 
including  also  the  Notes  of  Lord  ILde 
and  Lord  Chancellor  Nottingh.am,  with 
additional  Notes  by  Charles  Butler,  of 
Lincoln's  Inn."  The  second  part  of  "'i'he 
Institutes,"  containing  a  commentary  on 
Magna  Charta  and  an  exposition  of  many 
ancient  and  other  statutes,  appeared  in 
1642  ;  the  third  part,  concerning  high 
treason  and  other  pleas  of  the  crown 
and  criminal  causes,  in  1C44,  and  the 
fourth  part,  concerning  the  jurisdiction 
of  courts,  in  the  .same  year.  "  The  Book 
of  Entries"  (1614);  "Reports  from  14 
Elizabeth  to  13  James  I."  (]6()l)-16): 
"The  Compleat  Copyholder;"  "Read- 
ing on  27  Edsvard  the  Fir.st,  called  the 
Statute  da  Finibus  levatis ;"  and  "  A 
Treatise  on  Bail  ami  Mainprize,"  the 
last  three  being  published  in  1764. 

Colenao,  John  William,  D.D. 

(b.  Jan.  2Uh,  1M4  ;  d.  June  2i>th,  1883). 
Several  works  on  .arithmetic  and  algebra  ; 
"  Village  Sermons  "  (1M53)  ;  "  Ton  Weeks 
in  Natal  "  (1855) ;  a  translation  of  "  The 
Epistle  to  the  Romans"  (1861);  "The 
I'entateuch  and  Book  of  .loshua  criticallj' 
examined"  (1862—72) ;  "N.atal  Sermons" 
(1866)  ;  and  a  criticism  on  "The  Speaker's 
Commentary"  (1871);  " Lectures  on  the 
Pentateuch"  (1873).  He  also  wrote  a 
Zulu  gramm.ar  and  dictionary. 

Coleridge,  Hartley  (1>.  Clovedon, 
17i)()  ;  d.  Aiiiblesido.  ISt'.l).  "Worthies 
of  V'orkshire  and  Lancashire.  '  His 
"Poetical  Remains"  and  "  Kssays  and 
Marginalia"  .appeared  in  1851,  with  a 
"Memoir"  by  his  brother,  the  Rev. 
Derwent  Coleridge.  .See  Afacmi/lan'.i 
Af(i{j(r:iue,  vol.  v. 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor  (b. 
Ottery  St.  ^iilry,  Devonshire,  Oct.  2l8t, 
1772;    d.    Highgate,   July  25th,   L834). 


"The  Fall  of  Robespierre"  (1794); 
"Poems"  fl701);  "Conciones  ad  Popu- 
lum"  (1795);  "The  Friend"  (1812); 
"Remorse"  (1813);  "Christabel"  (1816); 
"The  Ancient  Mariner"  (17S3);  "  Bio- 
graphia  Literaria"  (1817);  "Lay  Ser- 
mons" (1816—17);  "Zapolya"  (1818); 
"Aids  to  Reflection"  (182.'.);  "Table 
Talk"  (1835);  and  "Remains"  (1836). 
.See  the  "Life"  by  Oilman  (1838);  the 
"Reminiscences"  by  Cottle  (1847); 
and  edition  of  "Poems  and  Dramas" 
(1878);  H.  D.  Traill's  Biography  in  the 
Ei/f/lis/i  Men  of  Letters  Series  ;  "  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge  and  the  Romantic 
School."  by  Alois  Brandl,  translated  by 
Lady  Ea.stlake  (1887).  For  Criticism,  see 
Shairp's  "  Studies  in  Poetry,  "Swinburne's 
"  Essays  andStudies."  Hazlitt's  "  English 
Poets,"  Hunt's"  Imagination  and  Fancj-," 
Quarterli/  Review  for  1868,  and  Westmin- 
ster Rerifiv  for  1868.  See  also  Carlyle's 
"  Life  of  Sterling,"  Coleridge's  own 
"Biographia  Literaria,"  "Specimens  of 
Coleridge's  Table  Talk,"  Lamb's  "Let- 
ters," Chorley's  "Authors  of  England." 

Colet,  John  (b.  1466  ;  d.  Sept.  16th, 
1 51 0).  "  Rudimenta  Grammatices,  Epis- 
toJa'  .ad  Erasmum,"  &;c.  See  Biographies 
by  Knight  (1724),  and  by  Erasmus  in  the 
"  Phoenix,"  ii. 

Collier,  Jeremy  (b.  Sept.  23rd, 
1650:  d.  April  2(;th.  1726).  "A  Sliort 
View  of  the  Immor.ality  and  Profaneness 
of  the  English  Stage  "  (16i»8) ;  "An  Eccle- 
siastical History  of  Great  Britain,  chietly 
of  England,  from  the  first  planting  of 
T'hristi.anity  to  the  End  of  the  Reign  of 
King  Charles  the  Second,  with  a  brief 
Account  of  the  Affairs  of  Religion  in 
Ireland,  collected  from  the  best  ancient 
Histori.ans '■  (1708) ;  "The  Great  Histo- 
rical, Geographical,  Genealogical  Dic- 
tionary" (1701);  "Essays  upon  Several 
Moral"  Subjects"  (16P7  —  1705)  ;  and 
"  Discourses  on  Practical  Subjects." 

Collier,  John  Payne  (b.  .lan.  1 1th. 
1 781) ;  d.  Sept.  1 7th,  1 883).  " The  Poetical 
Decameron  "  (1820),  "  The  Poet'.t  Pilgrim- 
age "  (1822),  an  edition  of  Do<l8ley'8 
"Old  Plays"  (1825),  "History  of  Dra- 
matic Poetry"  (1831),  "  Now  Facts  re- 
garding the  Life  of  Shakespeare  "  (1835), 
editions  of  Shakespeare's  Works  (1842 
and  1853),  "  Memoirs  of  Actors  in  the 
Plays  of  .Shakespeare"  (1846),  an  edition 
of  the  "  Works  of  Spenser  "  (1862),  and  a 


1000 


Bibliographical  appendix. 


"Bibliographical  Account  of  Rare  Books" 
(1866).  Reproductions  of  some  of  our 
curious  old  classic  works,  begun  in  1 866. 

Collins,  Mortimer  (b.  Plymouth, 
1827  ;  d.  1S76).  "  Summer  Songs"  (1860), 
"The  Inn  of  Strange  Meetings,  and 
other  Poems"  (1871),  and  "The  Secret 
of  Long  Life  "  (1871),  "  Mr.  Carrington," 
"Marquis  and  Merchant,"  "The  Ivory 
Gate"  (1869),  "The  Vivian  Romance," 
"Who  is  the  Heir?"  (1865),  "Miranda" 
(1873),  "Sweet  Anne  Page,"  "Two 
Plunges  for  a  Pearl  "  (1872),  "  Squire  Sil- 
chester,"  "  Transmigration,"  "  Frances," 
"Princess  Clarice,"  "Sweet  and  Twenty  " 
(1874),  "  From  Midnight  to  Midnight," 
"A  Fight  with  Fortune,"  and  "Black- 
smith and  Scholar."  See  his  "Life'' 
(1877). 

Collins,  William  (b.  Chichester, 
Dec.  25th,  1721  ;  d.  June  12th,  1756). 
"Persian  Eclogues  and  Odes"  (1742), 
"  Verses  to  Sir  Thomas  Hanmer  on  his 
Edition  of  Shakespeare's  Works"  (174-)), 
"Odes  on  several  Descriptive  and  Alle- 
goric Subjects"  (1747),  and  "  An  Ode 
occasioned  by  the  Death  of  Mr.  Thom- 
son "  (1749).  Poetical  Works,  with 
Memoir  by  Langhorne,  in  1765  ;  with  a 
prefatory  essay  by  Mrs.  Barbauld,  in 
1797  ;  with  "  Life  "  by  Dr.  Johnson,  in 
1798 ;  with  biographical  and  critical 
notes  by  Dj'ce,  in  1827  ;  with  a  Memoir 
by  Sir  Harris  Nicolas,  in  1830  ;  with  a 
Memoir  by  Moy  Thomas,  in  1858. 

Collins,     William    Wilkie    (b. 

London,  Jan.,  1824).  "Antonina;  or, 
the  Fall  of  Rome"  (1850);  "Basil" 
(1852) ;  "  Mr.  Wray's  Cash-box  "  (1852) ; 
"  Hide  and  Seek  "  (1854) ;  "  After  Dark, 
and  other  Stories  "  (1856)  ;  "  The  Dead 
Secret"  (1857)  ;  "The  Queen  of  Hearts" 
(1859)  ;  "  The  Woman  in  White  "  (1860) ; 
"  No  Name  "  (1862) ;  "  My  Miscellanies" 
(1863);  "Armadale"  (1866);  "The 
Moonstone"  (1868);  "Man  and  W^ife  " 
(1870);  "Poor  Miss  Finch"  (1872); 
"  Miss  or  Jlrs.  ?  and  other  Stories " 
(1873);  "The  New  Magdalen"  (1873); 
''The  Law  and  the  Lady  "  (1875)  ;  "  Two 
Destinies"  (1876);  "Haunted  Hotel" 
(1879);  "Little  Novels"  (1887);  two 
plays,  "The  Lighthouse"  and  "The 
Frozen  Deep,"  with  a  dramatic  version 
of  "The  Moonstone;"  and  "Rambles 
beyond  Railways ;  or,  Notes  on  Corn- 
wall "  (1851). 


Colman,  George,  the  Elder  (b. 
Florence,  1733  ;  d.  1794).  "  Polly  Honey- 
comb "  (1760),  "The  Jealous  Wife" 
(1761),  "  The  Clandestine  Marriage  " 
(in  conjunction  with  Garrick,  1766) ;  a 
translation  of  Horace's  "  De  Arte 
Poetica  "  (1783),  &c.  See  "  Random  Re- 
cords "  (1830),  by  his  son  George  (b.  Oct. 
21st,  1762  ;  d.  Oct.  26th,  1836). 

Colquhoun,  Archibald  Ross  (b. 

1848).  "Across  Chryse"  (1883),  "The 
Truth  about  Tonquin  "  (1884),  "Amongst 
the  Shans  "  (1885),  "Burmah  and  the 
Burmese"  (1885). 

Combe,  George  (b.  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  21st,  1788;  d.  Aug.  14th,  1858). 
"Essays  on  Phrenology  "  (1819)  ;  "The 
Constitution  of  Man  "  (1828) ;  "  A  Sys- 
tem of  Phrenology  "  (1836)  ;  "  Notes  on 
the  United  States"  (1841);  "Phreno- 
logy applied  to  Painting  and  Sculp- 
ture ; "  "  The  Relation  of  Science  to 
Religion  ;  "  "  Capital  Punishment  ;  " 
"  National  Education  ;  "  "  The  Currency 
Question."  See  "Life"  by  C.  Gibbon 
(1878). 

Combe,  William  (b.  1741,  d.  1822). 
"The  Diaboliad"  (1777),  "  The  Life  of 
Napoleon  :  a  Hudibrastic  Poem  "  (1805)  ; 
"TheTourof  Dr.  Syntax  "  (1813),  "The 
English  Dance  of  Death"  (1815),  "The 
Dance  of  Life"  (1817). 

Congrreve,  William  (b.  Stafford, 
Feb.,  1670;  d.  Jan.  19th,  1729).  "The 
Old  Bachelor"  (1693),  "The  Double 
Dealer  "  (1694),  "Love  for  Love  "  (1695), 
"The  Mourning  Bride"  (1697),  "The 
Way  of  the  World"  (1700),  and 
"  Poems  "  (1710).  Editions  of  his  Works 
appeared  in  1710  andin  1840,  an  introduc- 
tion being  written  to  the  latter  by  Leigh 
Hunt.  "  Memoirs  of  the  Life,  Writings, 
and  Amours  of  William  Congreve  "  were 
published  by  Charles  Wilson  in  1730. 
See  Thackera3''s  "  English  Humorists," 
Johnson's  "  Lives  of  the  Poets,"  and 
Macaulay's  "Essays," 

Constable,  Henry  (b.  1556,  d.  ? ). 
"  The  Forestof  Fancy  "  (1579) ;  "  Diana" 
(1592).  Wrote  four  sonnets  in  Sidney's 
"Apology  for  Poesy"  and  several  in 
"England's  Helicon." 

Conw^ay,  Hugh,  pseudonym  of  F. 
Fargus  (b.  1840,  d.  1885).  "Called 
Back"  (1883),  "Dark  Days"  (1884), 
"A  Family  Affair"  (1885),  and  several 
posthumous  novels. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1001 


Cook,  Dutton  (b.  1832,  d.  188-3). 
"Paul  Foster's  Daughter"  (1861), 
"Hobson's  Choice"  (lS6d),  "Over  Head 
and  Ears"  (1868),  "  Doubleday's 
Children "  (1875).  Ho  was  for  many 
years  a  dramatic  critic,  and  published 
some  volumes  of  collected  essays  on 
theatrical  subjects. 

Cooper,  Thomas  (b.  Leicester, 
March -iSth,  1805).  "The  Purgatory  of 
Suicides"  (1845),  "Wise  Saws  and 
Modern  Instances  "  (1845),  "  The  Baron's 
Yule. Feast"  (1846),  "The  Condition  of 
the  People"  (1846),  "The  Triumphs  of 
Perseverance"  (1847),  "  The  Triumphs  of 
Enterprise  "  (1847),  "  Alderman  Ralph  " 
(185:J),  "The  Family  Feud"  (1854), 
"The  Bridge  of  History  over  the  Gulf 
of  Time"  (1871),  "The  Verity  of  Christ's 
Resurrection "  (1875),  &c.  Edited  in 
1849  Tlie  Plain  f>,,eaker,  and  in  1850 
Cooper's  Journal.  See  his  Autobiography 
(1872).     Poetical  Works  (1878). 

Cornwall,  Barry.  See  Procter, 
Bryan  Waller. 

Coverdale,  Milea  (b.  Coverham, 
Yorkshire,  1488;  d.  May  20th,  1567). 
"Translation  of  Bible"  (1535).  Works 
(1844).    iSee  Eadie's  "  English  Bible." 

Cowley,  Abraham  (b.  London, 
1618  ;d.  July  28th,  1667).  "Poetical 
Biossomes  "  (1633) ;  "  Naufragium  Jocu- 
lare,  ComcEdia"  (1638) ;  "Love's  Riddle, 
a  Pastoral  Comedy  "  (1638)  ;  "A  Satyr 
against  Separativity  "  (1642)  ;  "  A  Satyr  : 
the  Puritan  and  the  Papist "  (1643)  ; 
"The  Mistresse  :  or,  Severall  Copies  of 
Love  Verses"  (1647);  "Four  Ages  of 
Englaud"  (1648);  "The  Guardian,  a 
Comedie "  (1650);  "Ode  upon  the 
Blessed  Restoration  and  Returne  of 
Charles  the  Second"  (1660)  ;  "A  Pro- 
position for  the  Advancement  of  Experi- 
mental Philosophy"  (1661);  "A  Vision 
concerning  his  late  Pretended  Highness, 
Cromwell  the  Wicked"  (1661);  "  Plan- 
tarum  Libri  duo  "  (16()2)  ;  "  Verses  upon 
Several  Occasions"  (1663);  "Cutter  of 
Coleman  Street,  a  f  !omedy "  (1663) ; 
"  Poemata  Latina"  (1668);  and  "A 
Poem  on  the  l.ato  Civil  War"  (1679). 
His  "  Prose  Works,  including  his  Essays 
in  Prose  anil  Verse,"  appeared  in  1826. 
His  select  Works  were  edited  by  Bishop 
Hurd  in  1772—77.  His  complete  Works, 
with  "Life"  by  Bishop  Sprat,  1688.  ike 
Johnson's  "  Iiives  of  the  Poets." 

2g* 


Cowper,  William  (b.  Great  Berk- 
hampstead,  Hertford,  Nov.  26th,  1731  ; 
d.  Dereham,  Norfolk,  April  25th,  1*800). 
"  Anti-Thelypthora  "  (1781);  "Table 
Talk,"  "Truth,"  "Expostulation,"  and 
"The  Progress  of  Error"  (1782); 
"John  Gilpin,"  a  ballad  (1782) ;  "The 
Task"  (1784);  "Tirocinium"  (1784); 
a  translation  of  Homer  (1791) ;  Gay's 
"Fables"  in  Latin  and  "The  Cast- 
away" (1799).  An  edition  of  hisAVorka 
was  edited  by  Southey,  and  includes  his 
"  Life,"  Poems,  Correspondence,  and 
Translations  complete.  See  also  Poems, 
edited  by  Dr.  John  Johnson  (1808); 
"  The  Works  and  Correspondence,  with 
Life,"  by  Grimshawe  (1836) ;  "Poems and 
Translations,"  with  "Life,"  by  the  Rev. 
H.  F.  Cary(1839) ;  "Poems,"with  "Life," 
by  Sir  Harris  Nicolas  u  and  the  editions 
of  the  Poems  by  Bell,  Willmott,  Benham 
(the  "Globe  "  edition),  and  C.  C.  Clarke 
(1872).  For  additional  Biography,  see 
the  "Life"  by  John  Corry  (1803)  ;  the 
"  Life  and  Posthumous  Writings,"  by 
William  Hayley  (1803) ;  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Earlv  Life  of  William  Cowper,  written 
by  Himself"  (1816)  ;  and  the  "Life"  by 
Thomas  Taylor  (1835) ;  also  Cheever's 
"Lectures  on  Cowper"  (1856). 

Cox,  Rev.  Sir  George  "William 

(b.  1827).  "  Poems,  Legendary  and  His- 
torical "  (1850);  "Tales  of  Ancient 
Greece  "  (1868)  ;  "  The  Mytholoery  of  the 
Aryan  Nations  "  (1870) ;  "A  History  of 
Greece  "  (1874) ;  "  British  Rule  in  India  " 
(1881),  &;c.  He  also  edited,  with  W.  T. 
Brande,  a  "Dictionary  of  Science, 
Literature,  and  Art." 

Crabbe,  George  (b.  Aldborough, 
Suffolk,  Dec.  24th,  1754  ;  d.  Trowbridge, 
Wiltshire,  Feb.  8th,  1832).  "Inebriety" 
(1775),  " The  Candidate "  (1779),  "The 
Library  "  (1781),  "  The  Village  "  (1783), 
" The  Newspaper "  (1785),  "The  Parish 
Resrister"  (1807),  "The  Borough "(1810), 
"  Tales  in  Verse  "  (1812),  "  Tales  of  the 
Hall"  (1819),  "Variation  of  Publick 
Opinion  as  it  respects  Religion  "  (1817), 
"  Outlines  of  Natural  Theology  "  (1840), 
and  "Posthumous  Sermons"  (1850). 
Life,  by  his  son,  in  1838.  For  Criticism, 
sec  Jeffrey's  and  Roscoo's  Essays. 

<^rai'k,  George  Ijillie  (b.  Fifeshiro, 
1793;  d.  June,  1866).  "A  History  of 
English  Literature  "  (1844)  ;  "A  Manual 
of  English  Literature  ;  "  "A  History  of 


1002 


-BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


the  Origin  of  tho  English  Language  ;  " 
"Spenser  and  his  Poetry;"  "Bacon: 
his  Writings  and  Philosophy"  (1846); 
"Tho  Engrlish  of  Shakespeare  ; "  "Tho 
Pursxiit  of  Knowledge  under  Difficulties  " 
(18:31)  ;  "  A  History  of  British  Commerce 
from  the  Earliest  Time  ;"  "  The  Romance 
of  the  Peerage"  (1850),  &c. 

Cranmer,  Thomas  (b.  Aslacton, 
Nottinghamshire,  July  2nil,  1489  ;  d. 
Oxford,  July  21st,  155G).  "  Catechis- 
mus,  that  is  to  say,  a  Shorte  Instruction 
into  Christian  Religion  for  the  singular 
Commoditie  and  Profyte  of  Children  and 
yong  People"  (1548);  "A  Defence  of 
the  true  and  Catholike  Doctrine  of  the 
Sacrament,  with  a  confutation  of  sundry 
Errors  concernyng  the  same  "  (1550)  ; 
"  An  Answer  unto  a  Crafty  and  Sophisti- 
cal Cavillation  devised  by  Stephen  Gard- 
ner, Byshop  of  Winchester,  agaynst  the 
trewe  and  Godly  Doctrine  of  the  moste 
holy  Sacrament"  (1551);  "A  Confuta- 
tion of  Unwritten  Verities,  both  bi  the 
holye  Scriptures  and  most  auncient 
Autors"  (1558),  &c.  "Works"  edited 
by  the  Rev.  H.  Jenkyns  (1834),  and  by 
the  Rev.  J.  C.  Cox,  for  the  Parker  Society. 
AVe  Hook's  "  Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of 
Canterbury,"  the  "Lives"  by  Strype 
(1694),  Gilpin  (1784),  Todd  (1831),  J.  M. 
Norton  (1863),  and  Cox  (1844) ;  and 
"Vindication  of  Cranmer's  Character," 
by  D'Aubigne  (1849.) 

Crashaw,  Richard  (b.  London, 
circa  1616  ;  d.  circa  1650).  "  Epigram- 
roala  Sacra"  (1634),  "Steps  to  the 
Temple"  (1646),  &c.     Works  (1858). 

Crawford  and  Balcarres,  Earl 

of,  Alexander  William,  Lord  Lindsay  Cb. 
Oct.  16th,  1812  ;  d.  1S80).  "Letters  on 
Egypt"  (1838),  "The  Evidence  and 
Theory  of  Christianity"  (1841),  "Pro- 
gression by  Anta'^onism "  (1846), 
"  Sketches  of  the  History  of  Christian 
Art"  (1847),  "The  Lives  of  the  Lind. 
says"  (1849),  "The  Case  of  Gorham 
V.  the  Bishop  of  Exeter"  (1850),  "Scep- 
ticism and  the  Church  of  England" 
(1861),  "(Ecumenicity"  (1870),  "Argo" 
(1876),  &c. 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  (b.  1812,  d. 
187S).  "  The  Rise  and  Progress  of  the 
British  Constitution"  (1853),  "The  Fif- 
teen Decisive  Battles  of  tho  World "' 
(1851),  "  The  History  of  the  Ottoman 
Turks "   (1854—56),    "The    History    of 


England  from  the  Earliest  to  the  Pre- 
sent Time  "  (1869—70),  "  The  Imperial 
and  Colonial  Institutions  of  tho  Britannic 
Empire  "  (1872). 

Croker,  John  Wilson  (b.  Galway, 
Dec.  2(ith,  1780  ;  d.  Moulsey,  Hampton 
Court,  .\ugu.st  10th,  1857).  "  Familiar 
Epistles  on  the  Irish  Stage"  (1803),  "An 
Intercepted  Letter  from  Canton  "  (1805), 
"Songs  of  Trafalgar  "  (1806),  "A  Sketch 
of  Ireland,  Past  and  Present "  (1807), 
"The  Battle  of  Talavera "  (1809),  "The 
Battle  of  Albuera "  (1811),  voluminous 
contributions  to  the  Quarterbj  Redew, 
and  annotated  edition  of  Boswell's  "Life 
of  Johnson." 

Croker,    Thomas    Crofton    (b. 

1798,  d.  1854).  "  Researches  in  the 
South  of  Ireland"  (1824),  "The  Fairy 
Legends  and  Traditions  of  Ireland " 
(1825), . ' '  Legends  of  the  Lakes  "  (1828), 
"Daniel  O'Rourke "  (1828),  "Barney 
Mahoney"  (1832),  "My  Village  versus 
Our  Village"  (1832),  "The  Popular 
Songs  of  Ireland"  (1839),  "The  Tour  of 
M.  Boullaye  le  Gour  in  Ireland"  (1844). 

Crowe,  Mrs.  Catherine  (b.  1800, 
d.  1876).  "Susan  Hopley "  (1841), 
"Men  and  Women"  (1843),  "Lily 
Dawson  "  (1847),  "  Pippie's  Warning  " 
(1848),  "The  Night  Side  of  Nature" 
(1848),  "Light  and  Darkness"  (1850), 
"  Adventures  of  a  Beauty  "  (1852),  "  The 
Last  Portrait "  (1871). 

Cruden.  Alexander  (b.  Aberdeen, 
May  31st,  1700  ;  d.  Islington,  Nov.  1st, 
177").  "A  Complete  Concordance  to 
the  Holy  Scriptures  "  (1737);  "A  Scrip- 
ture Dictionary :  or,  Guide  to  the  Holy 
Scriptures"  (1770),  kc. 

Cudworth,  "Ralph,  D.D.  (b.  Aller, 
Somerset,  1617 ;  d.  Cambridge,  June 
26th,  1688).  "The  True  Nature  of  the 
Lord's  Supper"  (1642),  "The  Union  of 
Christ  and  the  Church  Shadowed"  (1642), 
"The  True  Intellectual  System  of  the 
Universe"  (1678),  "  A  Treatise  concern- 
ing Eternal  and  Immutable  ^lorality " 
(1731).  See  the  "Life"  by  Birch,  and 
Tulloch's  "Rational  Theology  in  Eng- 
land. ' 

Cumberland,  Richard  (b.  Cam- 
bridge, Feb.  19th,  1732  ;  d.  London,  May 
7th,  ISll).  "  The  West  Indian"  (1771); 
"  The  Wheel  of  Fortune;"  "The  .Jew;" 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1003 


and  "  The  Fashionable  Lover ;"  three 
Novels,  entitled  "Arundel"  (1789), 
"Henry"  (1795),  and  "John  de  Lan- 
caster;" and  some  poems,  "Calvary: 
or,  the  Death  of  Christ"  (1792);  "The 
Exodiad"  (1807—8);  and  "Retrospec- 
tion" (1811);  "Anecdotes  of  Eminent 
Spanish  Painters"  (178"2)  ;  "The  Ob- 
server" (1785).  Posthumous  Dramatic 
Works,  edited  by  Jaiisen,  in  1813. 
The  "Memoirs  of  Richard  Cumberland, 
written  by  Himself,"  appeared  in  180(). 

Ctmnineham,  Allan  (b.  Black- 
wood, near  Dumfries,  178^  ;  d.  Oct.  29th, 
1842).  "  Memon-s  of  Mark  Macrabin,the 
CaraoroniaD  ;"  "Sir  Marmaduke  Max- 
well ;"  "  Traditional  Tales  of  the  English 
and  Scottish  Peasantry  ;"  "  Paul  Jones  ;" 
"Sir  Michael  Scott;"  "Lord  Roldan  ;" 
"The  Maid  of  Elvar ;"  "  Lives  of  Emi- 
nent British  Painters,  Sculptors,  and 
Architects  ;  "  "  A  Life  of  David  Wilkie  ;" 
and  an  edition  of  Burns,  with  memoir. 
"Poems  and  Songs"  edited  by  Peter 
Cunnin^^'ham  in  1847.  <S'c'e  his  "  Life  "  by 
David  Hogg  (1875). 

Cunningham,  Peter  (b.  Pimlico, 
April  7th,  LSlti  ;  d.  May,  1869).  "A 
Handbook  to  London," a  "Life  of  Drum- 
mond  of  Hawthomden,"  a  "  Handbook 
to  Westminster  Abbey,"  a  "  Life  of 
Inigo  Jones,"  "  Modern  London,"  a 
"  Memoir  of  J.  M.  W.  Turner,"  and 
"The  Story  of  Nell  Gwynne;"  besides 
editions  of  "The  Songs  of  f;ngland  and 
Scotland,"  Campbell's  "Specimens  of 
the  English  Poets,"  the  Works  of  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  Johnson's  "Lives  of  the 
Poets,"  Massinuer's  Works,  and  the 
"  Letters"  of  Horace  Walpole. 


Balling  and  Bulwer,  liord  (b. 

1804,  d.  1872).  "  Odo  on  the  Death  of 
Napoleon"  (1822).  "The  Autumn  in 
Greece  "  (1S2G),  "The  Monarchy  of  the 
Middle  Clas8e.s"  (1834),  "  A  Life  of  Lord 
Byron"  (183.5),  "  Historical  Characters  " 
(1867),  "  Life  of  Lord  Palraerston  '  (1871 
—74),  "  Sir  Robert  Peel  "  (1874). 

Daniel,  Samuel  (b.  Taunton,  1562  ; 
d.  Beckingtou,  near  Frorao,  Somerset- 
shire, Oct  14th,  1619).  "  Doliaand  Rosa- 
mond "  (1592) ;  "  The  Civil  Wars  between 
the  Two  Houses  of  I.Ancaster  and  York" 
(1595—1609) ;  "  Philotas  ; "  "  Cleopatra  " 


(1599);  "Hymen's  Triumph"  (1615), 
&n.  Works  in  1623.  For  Biography,  see 
Wood's  "  Athenaj  Oxonienses,"  Ritson's 
"  Bibliographia  Poetica,"  and  Collier's 
"Dramatic  Poetry."  For  Criticism,  5ec 
Campbell's  "Specimens  of  the  English 
Poets." 

D'Arblay,  Madame  (b.  Lynn 
Regis,  1752;  d.  Bath,  1840).  "Evelina" 
(1778),  "Cecilia"  (1782),  "Edwin  and 
Elgitha"  (1795),  "Camilla"  (1796),  "The 
Wanderer :  or.  Female  Difficulties " 
(1814)  ;  and  "  Memoirs  of  Dr.  Charles 
Burney'^  (1832).  Her  "Diary,"  edited 
by  her  niece,  was  published  in  1846. 
For  Biography  and  Criticism,  see  Jeatfre- 
son's  "  Novels  and  Novelists  ;  "  Miss 
Kavanagh's "Englishwomen of  Letters ;" 
and  Macaulay's  "  Essays." 

Darwin,    Charles   Robert    (b. 

Feb.  12th,  1809 ;  d.  April  19th,  1882). 
"  Journal  of  Researches  in  various  Coun- 
tries visited  by  H.M.S.  Beagle  in  1831 — 
36  ;"  "  The  Structure  and  Distribution  of 
Coral  Reefs"  (1842)  ;  "  Geological  Ob- 
servations on  Volcanic  Islands  "  (1844)  ; 
"Geological  Observations  on  South 
America"  (1846);  "Monograph  of  the 
Family  Cirrhipedia"  (1851);  "The 
Fossil  Lepodidaj  of  Great  Britain" 
(1855);  "The  Origin  of  Species  by 
means  of  Natural  Selection "  (1859)  ; 
"Fertilisation  of  Orchids"  (1862); 
"Domesticated  Animals  and  Cultivated 
Plants :  or,  the  Principles  of  Variation, 
Inheritance,  Reversion,  Crossiue',  Inter- 
breeding, acd  Selection  under  Domesti- 
cation "  (1867) ;  "  The  Descent  of  Man, 
and  Selection  in  Relation  to  Sex  "(1871) ; 
"The  Expression  of  Emotion  in  Man 
and  Animals  "  (1872)  ;  "  Movements  and 
Habits  of  Climbing  Plants"  (1875); 
"  Insectivorous  Plants"  (1875) ;  "  Klfects 
of  Cross-Fertilisation  in  Plants  "  (1876) ; 
"  Formation  of  Vegetable  Mould"(1881). 
iSec  Krause's  "  Charles  Darwin,  und 
scin  Verhaltniss  zu  Deutschland  "  (1SS5); 
acd  "Lives"  by  J.  G.  Romanes  (1882), 
Grant  Allen  (1885),  and  T.  G.  Bettany 
(1887). 

Parwin,  EraBmus  (h.  Elton,  Not- 
tinghamshire, Dec.  12th,  1731  ;  d.  Derby, 
August  18th,  1802).  "The  Botanic 
Garden"  (1791);  "  Zoonomia  :  or,  the 
Laws  of  Organic  Life"  (1794-96) ;  "A 
Plan  for  the  Conduct  of  Female  Educa- 
tion in  Boarding  Schools"  (1797) ;  "Phy- 


1004 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


tologia :  or,  the  Philosophy  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Gardening  "  (1799) ;  "  The 
Temple  of  Nature  :  or,  the  Origin  of 
Society"  (1803);  and  "The  Shrine  of 
Nature."  "  Works  "  in  1809.  "Memoirs, 
with  Anecdotes  and  Criticisms,"  by  Miss 
Seward  in  1804;  Krause's  "Erasmus 
Darwin  "  (translated,  1829). 

Dasent,  Sir  George  "Webbe  (b. 

St.  Vincent,  1820).  "The  Prose  or 
Younger  Edda"  (1842);  "  Theophilus 
Eutychianus,  from  the  original  Greek,  in 
Icelandic,  Low  German,  and  other  Lan- 
guages" (1845);  "The  Norseman  in 
Iceland"  (1855);  "Popular  Tales  from 
the  Norse,  with  an  Introductory  Essay" 
(1859);  "The  Story  of  Gisli,  from  the 
Icelandic  "  (1866)  ;  "  Annals  of  an  Event- 
ful Life"  (1870);  "Three  to  One" 
(1872);  "Jest  and  Earnest"  (1873); 
^' Tales  from  the  Fjeld  "  (1873) ;  "Half 
a  Life  "  (1874);  and  "  The  Vikings  of  the 
Baltic  "  (1875). 

Daveuant,  Sir  "William  (b.  Ox- 
ford, 1605 ;  d.  London,  April  7th,  1668). 
"The  Tragedy  of  Albovine,  King  of  the 
Lombards"  (1629);  "  The  Cruel  Brother  " 
(1630);  "The  Just  Italian"  (1630); 
"The  Temple  of  Love"  (1634);  "The 
Triumphs  of  the  Prince  d'Amour " 
(1635) ;  "  The  Platonick  Lovers"  (1636) ; 
"The  Witts"  (1636);  "Britannia 
Triumphans  "  (1637)  ;  "  Madagascar,  and 
other  Poems"  (1638);  "  Salmacida 
Spolia"  (1639);  "The  Unfortunate 
Lovers  "  (1643) ;  "  London,  King  Charles, 
his  Augusta,  '  or  City  Royal  "  (1648) ; 
"Love  and  Honour"  (1649);  "  Gondi- 
bert,  an  Hei-oic  Poem"  (1651);  "The 
Cruelty  of  the  Spaniards  in  Peru  "  (1658) ; 
"  A  Panegyric  to  his  Excellency  the 
Lord  Gonerall  Monek"  (1659);  "The 
History  of  Sir  Francis  Drake  "  (1659) ; 
"A  Poem  on  his  Sacred  Majesties  most 
happy  Return  to  his  Dominions  "  (1660)  ; 
"The  Siege  of  Rhedes"  (1663);  "The 
Rivals"  (1668);  and  "The  Man'a  a 
Master"  (1668).  His  Works  were  printed 
collectively  in  1672 — 73.  See  Wood's 
"Athense  Oxonienses." 

Davidson,    Samuel,    D.D.    (b. 

Ballymena,  1807).  "Sacred  Hermeneu- 
tics"(1843),  "The  Ecclesiastical  Polity 
of  the  New  Testament"  (1848  and  1858), 
"  An  Introduction  to  the  New  Testa- 
ment"  (1848),  "The  Irterpretation  of 
the    Bible"  (1856),   "The    English   Old 


Testament  Version  Revised"  (1873),  an 
English  version  of  Tischendorf's  "  New 
Testament"  (1875),  "The  Canon  of  the 
Bible"  (1877),  and  "The  Doctrine  of 
Last  Things  "  (1882), 

Davies,  John  Llewelyn  (b.  Chi- 
chester, Feb.  26th,  1826),  has  translated, 
conjointly  with  Dr.  Vaughan,  "  The  Re- 
public "  of  Plato  ;  edited  the  Epistles  to 
the  Ephesians,  Colossians,  and  Phile- 
mon ;  and  written  "Morality  according 
to  the  Sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper  " 
(1865),  "  The  Manifestation  of  the  Son  of 
God"  (1864),  "The  Gospel  and  Modern 
Life  "  (1869),  "Theology  and  Morality" 
(1873),  "  Warnings  against  Superstition  " 
(1874),  &c. 

Davies,  Sir  John  (b.  Westbury, 
Wiltshire,  1570 ;  d.  Dec.  7th,  1626). 
"Orchestra"  (1596),  "Hymns  of  As- 
trea"(1599),  '' Nosce  Teipsum  "  (1599), 
"Discovery  of  the  Cause  why  Ireland 
has  never  been  subdued  until  this 
Reign"  (1612),  &c.  Poetical  Works 
(1876). 

Defoe.  Daniel  (b.  London,  1661;  d. 
London,  1731).  "  Presbytery  Rough- 
drawn"  (1683),  "A  Tract  against  the  Pro- 
clamation of  the  Repeal  of  the  Penal 
Laws"  (1687),  "A  Tract  upon  the  Dis- 
pensing Power"  (1689),  "  Essay  on  Pro- 
jects "  (1697),  "  The  True-Born  English- 
man "  (1701),  "  The  Shortest  Way  with 
Dissenters"  (1702),  "A  Hymn  to  the 
Pillory"  (1703).  "Jure  Divino  "  (1706), 
"  A  History  of  the  Union "  (1709), 
"  Reasons  against  the  Succession  of  the 
House  of  Hanover"  (1713),  "Appeal  to 
Honour  and  Justice"  (1715),  "Robinson 
Crusoe"  (1719),  "Captain  Singleton" 
(1720),  "  Duncan  Campbell "  (1720), 
"  Moll  Flanders  "  (1721),  "  Colonel 
Jack  "  (1722),  "Journal  of  the  Plague  " 
(1722),  "  Memoirs  of  a  Cavalier  "  (1723), 
"  Roxana  "  (1724),  "  New  Voyage  round 
the  World  "  (1725),  "  The  Life  of  Cap- 
tain Carleton "  (1728),  &c.  Works  in 
1841.  "  Life,  and  Recently-discovered 
Writings,"  by  Lee,  in  1869.  See  also 
the  Biographies  by  Chalmers  (1790),  Wil- 
son (1830),  Forster  (1855),  and  Chad- 
vrick  (1859).  For  Criticism,  see  Foster's 
"  Essays,"  Masson's  "  British  Novelists," 
Kingsley's  introduction  to  his  edition  of 
"  Robinson  Crusoe,"  Roscoe's  "Essays," 
Lamb's  "  Works,"  Scott's  "  Biogra- 
phies," Stephen's  "  Hours  in  a  Library," 
and  Minto's  monograph  (1879). 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDLX. 


1005 


Dekker,  Thomas  (V«.  circa  1570  ; 
d.  1637).  "  Phaeton  "  (1597),  "  Old  For- 
tunatus"  (1600),  "Shoemaker's  Holiday" 
(1600),  "  Satiro-mastix "  (1602),  &c. 
Works  (1873). 

Denham,  Sir  John  (b.  Dublin, 
1615;  d.  March,  1668).  "Cooper's  Hill," 
a  poem  (1642);  and  "The  Sophy,"  a 
traa:edy  (1642).  Poems  and  Translations 
collected  in  1709  and  1719.  See  Wood's 
"  AthensB  Oxonienses  "  and  Johnson's 
"  Lives  of  the  Poets." 

De  Vere,  Aubrey  Thomas  (b. 

1814).       "The     Waldenses"      (1842) 
"Searches    after    Proserpine"    (1843) 
"Enp:lish  Misrule  and  Irish  Misdeeds' 
(1848)  ;      "  Poems,     Miscellaneous    and 
Sacred"    (1853);    "The    Church    Esta- 
blishment  of    Ireland  "    (1867)  ;    "  The 
Churcli  Settlement  of  Ireland "   (1868) 
"  The  Legends  of  St.   Patrick"  (1872) 
"  Legemls  of  the  Saxon  Saints  "  (1879) 
"Constitutional     and    Unconstitutional 
Political    Action "    (1881)  ;    "  Foray    of 
Queen    Meade,    and   other    Legends  of 
Ireland's  Heroic  Age"  (1882). 

Dibdin.Thomas  Frognall,  D.D. 

(b.  Calcutta,  1776 ;  d.  Nov.  18th,  1847). 
"  Poems"  (1797)  ;  "An  Introduction  to 
the  Knowledge  of  Rare  and  Valuable 
Editions  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
Classics"  (1803) ;  "  Bibliomania,  or  Book 
Madness"  (1811);  "  Bibliotheca  Spen- 
seriana "  (1814);  "The  Bibliographical 
Decameron :  or,  Ten  Days'  Pleasant  Dis- 
course upon  Illuminated  Manuscripts, 
&c."  (1817);  "Sermons"  (1820—25); 
"The  Bibliographical,  Antiquarian,  and 
Picturesque  Tour  in  Franco  and  Ger- 
many" (1821);  "  ^des  Althorpianre  " 
(1822);  "The  Library  Companion" 
(1824) ;  "  La  BoUe  Marianne  :  a  Tale  of 
Truth  and  Woo"  (1824);  "Sunday 
Library  "  (1831)  ;  "  Bibliophobia  " 
(1832);  "A  Bibliographical,  Anti- 
quarian, and  Picturesque  Tour  in  the 
Northern  Counties  of  England  and  of 
Scotland "  (1838) ;  and  editions  of  the 
works  of  Ames,  Sir  Thomas  More, 
Thomas  a  Kempis,  F^nelon,  and  others. 
See.  his  '■  Reminiscences  of  a  Literary 
Life  "  (1836). 

Dickens,  Charles  (b.  Landport, 
Hampshire,  Feb.  7th,  1812  ;  d.  Gadshill, 
June  9lh,  1870).  "Sketches  by  Boz " 
(1836)  ;  "The  Pickwick  Papers"  (1836); 
"Sunday  under  Three  Heads"   (1836); 


"  The  Strange  Gentleman  "  (1836) ;  "  The 
Village  Coquettes"  (1836) ;  "OliverTwist" 
(1838)  ;  "  Nicholas  Nickleby  "  (1838) ; 
"The  Old  Curiosity  Shop"  (1840); 
"  Barnaby  Rudge  "  (1840);  "American 
Notes"  (lSi2)  ;  "Martin  Chuzzlewit" 
(1843);  "A  Christmas  Carol  "  (184.3); 
"The  Chimes"  (1844);  "  Dombey  and 
Son  "  (1846)  ;  "  The  Haunted  Man  " 
(1847);  "David  Copperfield"  (1849); 
"The  Child's  History  of  Enjrland  "  (1851) ; 
"  Bleak  House  "  (1852) ;  "  Hard  Times  " 
(1854) ;  "  Little  Dorrit  "  (1855)  ;  "  A 
Tale  of  Two  Cities "  (1859) ;  "  Hunted 
Down"  (1860);  "The  Uncommercial 
Traveller"  (1860) ;  "  Our  Mutual  Friend" 
(1864) ;  "The  Holiday  Romance"  (1868); 
''Great  Expectations"  (1858);  "The 
Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood,"  iinfini.shed 
(1870)  ;  "  Speeches  "  (1871)  ;  and  various 
Christmas  numbers,  or  portions  of 
Christmas  numbers,  in  All  Ike  Vear 
Round.  "Letters"  (1879).  For  Bio- 
graphy, see  "A  Story  of  his  Life,"  by 
Theodore  Taylor  (1870) ;  the  "  Life  "  by 
R.  S.  Mackenzie  (1870) ;  and  the  "  Life" 
by  John  Forster,  completed  in  1873; 
"Charles  Dickens,"  by  Mary  Dickens 
(1885);  and  T.  Marzial's  Biography(1887). 
See  also  "Sketch,"  by  G.  A.  Sala ; 
"Yesterdays  with  Authors,"  by  J.  T. 
Fields.  For  Criticism,  nee  "Essays" 
by  George  Brimley  ;  George  Stott,  in 
The  Contemporary  Review  for  February, 
1869  ;  Jeaflfreson  s  "  Novels  and  Novel- 
ists; "  Masson's  "Novelists  and  their 
Styles  ;  "  Buchanan's  "Master  Spirits  ;" 
Home's  "New  Spirit  of  the  Age  ;" 
Th4  Westminnter  Review  for  July,  1864, 
and  April,  1865;  and  Canning's  "Philo- 
sophy of  Charles  Dickens"  (1880). 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  "Wentworth 

(b.  1843).  "  Greater  "Britain  »  (1868); 
"The  Fall  of  Prince  Florostan  of  Mo- 
naco "  (1874)  ;  "  The  Eastern  Question  " 
(1878);  "European  Politics"  (1887). 
Has  edited  "  The  Papers  of  a  Critic  "  by 
his  grandfather. 

Disraeli,  Benjamin,  Earl  of  Bea- 
consfield  (b.  London,  December  21st, 
1804;  d.  London,  April  19th,  1881). 
"Vivian  Grey"  (1826  and  1827);  "The 
Voyage  of  Captain  Popanilla  "  (1828) ; 
"  The  Young  Duke  "  (1831)  ;  "  Contarini 
Fleming  "  (1832) ;  "The  Wondrous  Tale 
of  Alroy"  (1833)  ;  "The  Rise  of  Iskan- 
der"  (1833)  ;  "Ixion  in  Heaven  "  (1833); 
"The     RevBlutionary     Epic"     (1834); 


1006 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


"Vindication  of  the  English  Consti- 
lution"  (1835);  "Letters  of  Runny- 
mede"  (1835);  "Henrietta  Temple" 
(1837);  ''Venetia"  (1837);  "Alarcos," 
a  tragedy  (1839);  "Coningsby:  or, 
the  New  Generation"  (1844);  "Sybil: 
or,  the  Two  Nations"  (1845);  "Tail- 
ored :  or,  the  New  Crusade"  (1847)  ; 
"  Lord  Georcre  Bentinck,  a  Political  Bio- 
graphy "  (1851);  "Church  and  Queen: 
Speeches"  (1865);  "Constitutional  Re- 
f6rm:  Speeches"  (1866);  "Parliamentary 
Reform:  Speeches"  (1867);  "Speeches 
on  Conservative  Policy"  (1870);  "  Lo- 
thair"  (1871);  "Address  at  Glasgow 
University"  (1873);  and  "  Endymion  " 
(1881).  See  "  Life"  by  O'Connor  (1879), 
Brat>^es  (1880),  Clarigny  (1880),  Foggo 
(1881);  McCarthy's  "History  of  Our 
Own  Time"  (1878—80);  Clayden's  "Eng- 
land under  Lord  Beaconsfield  "  (1879)  ; 
and  "The  Selected  Speeches  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield,"  edited  by  T.  E.  Kebbel. 

D'Israeli,  Isaac  (b.  Enfield,  1766  ; 
d.  Bradenham  House,  Bucks,  1848). 
"A  Poetical  Epistle  on  the  Abuse  of 
Satire"  (1789)  ;  "A  Defence  of  Poetry" 
(1790);  "Vaurien"(1797);  "Romances" 
(1799);  "Narrative  Poems"  (1803); 
''  Flim-Flams"  (1805) ;  "  Despotism  :  or, 
the  Fall  of  the  Jesuits"  (1811) ;  "The 
History  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  "  (1813) ; 
"The  Genius  of  Judaism"  (1833); 
"The  Crisis  Examined"  (1834);  and  a 
few  others,  besides  his  better-known 
works,  "  The  Curiosities  of  Literature  " 
(1791,  1793,  1823);  "The  Calamities  of 
Authors"  (1812);  "The  Quarrels  of 
Authors"  (1814);  "The  Literary  Cha- 
racter" (1816)  ;  and  "The  Literary  and 
Political  Character  of  James  I."  (1816). 
"  Life,"  by  his  son,  in  library  edition  of 
the  "  Curiosities." 

Dixon,  William  Hepworth  (b. 

Newton  Heath,  Yorkshire,  .June  30th, 
1821;  d.  December,  1879).  "John 
Howard,  a  Memoir  "  (1849)  ;  "  A  Life  of 
William  Peun"(1851);  "Robert  Blake, 
Admiral  and  General,  at  Sea "  (1852) ; 
"The  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon" 
(1860);  "The  Holy  Land  "  (1865) ;  "New 
America"  (1867);  "Spiritual  Wives" 
(1868);  "  Free  Russia"  (1870)  ;  "  Her  Ma- 
jesty's Tower"  (1871)  ;  "The  Switzers" 
a872);  "Two  Queens"  ^1873);  "White 
Conquest"  (1875) ;  "Diana,  Lady  Lyle" 
(1877);  "Ruby  Grey"  (1878);    "Royal 


Windsor"    (1878);     "British    Cyprus"   ■ 
(18^9).     Edited  the  Athetueum.  % 

Dobell,  Sydney  (b.  near  London, 
1824;  d.  Nov.  14th,  1874).  "The 
Roman  "  (1850)  ;  "Sonnets  on  the  War  " 
(with  Alex.  Smith,  1853);  "Balder" 
(1854);  "England  in  Time  of  War" 
(1856)  ;  "Parliamentary  Reform"  (186.5) ; 
"England's  Day"  (1871);  "Thoughts 
on  Art,  Philosophy,  and  Religion  "  (1876); 
"Poetical  Works"  (1875).  "Life"  (1878); 
John  Nichol's  "Introductory  Notice  and 
Memoirs  to  the  Poetical  Works  of  Sydney 
Dobell." 

Dobson,  Austin  (b.  1840).  "Vig- 
nettes in  Rhyme"  (1873),  "Vers  de 
Societe"  (1873),  "Proverbs  in  Porce- 
lain" (1877),  "The  Life  of  Fielding"  in 
the  English  Men  of  Lettem  Scries,  "  The 
Life  of  Hogarth''  (1879),  "  Old-World 
Idyls"  (1883),  "At  the  Sign  of  the 
Lyre"  (1885),  "The  Life  of  Steele" 
(1886). 

Doddridge,    Philip,     D.D.    (b. 

London,  June  26th,  1702 ;  d.  Lisbon, 
Oct.  26th,  1751).  "Some  Remarkable 
Passages  in  the  Life  of  Colonel  James 
Gardiner"  (1747)  ;  "The  Rise  and  Pro- 
gress of  Religion  in  the  Soul"  (1750); 
"The  Family  Expositor"  (1760);  "A 
Course  of  Lectures  on  the  principal  Sub- 
jects in  Pneumatolog}',  Ethics,  and  Di- 
vinity"  (1794);  and  "Sermons  on  va- 
rious Subjects  "  (1826").  "  Memoirs,"  by 
Job  Orton  (1766) ;  "  Life,"  in  18-31. 

Donne,  John,  D.D.  (b.  London. 
1573;  d.  March  31st,  1631).  "The 
Pseudo  -  Martyr"  (1610);  "Conclave 
Ignatii :  or,  Ignatius,  his  Conclave " 
(1611);  "An  Elegy  on  the  Untimely 
Death  of  the  Incomparable  Prince  Henry" 
(1613) ;  "  Devotions  upon  Emergent  Oc- 
casions, and  Severall  Steps  in  my  Sick- 
ness" (1624);  "An  Anatomy  of  the 
World  "  (1625) ;  "  Polydoi-on  :  or,  a  Mis- 
cellania  of  Morall,  Philosophical,  and 
Theological  Sentences " (1631)  ;  "Death's 
Duell  "  (1632) ;  "A  Sheaf  of  Miscellany 
Epigrams"  (1632) ;  "Juvenilia:  or,  Cer- 
taine  Paradoxes  and  Problems"  (1633) ; 
"  Bia  Thanatos  "  (1644) ;  "  Essays  in  Di- 
vinity" (1651);  "Letters  to  Severall 
Persons  of  Honour"  (1651);  and  other 
"Works,"  collected  in  1635,  and  repub- 
lished with  a  "Memoir"  by  Dean  Al- 
ford.  in  1839.  "Sermons,"  with  a 
"  Life  "  by  Izaak  Walton,  in  1640—49. 


bibuographicAl  appendix. 


1007 


Doran,  John,  LIj.D.  (b.  1807 ;  d. 
Jan.  25th,  1878).  "History  and  Anti- 
quities of  the  Town  and  Borough  of 
Reading"  (1835);  "  Filia  Dolorosa. 
Memoirs  of  the  Duchess  of  Angouleme  " 
(1852);  Anthon's  "Anabasis  of  Xeno- 
phon  "  (1853);  "A  Life  of  Dr.  Young" 
(1854);  "Table  Traits,  and  Something 
on  Them  "  (185-1)  ;  "  Habits  and  Men  " 
(1855);  "Lives  of  the  Queens  of  the 
House  of  Hanover"  (1855);  "Knights 
and  their  Days"  (1856);  "  Monarch s 
retired  from  Business"  (1857);  "The 
HiKtorv  of  Court  Fools  "  (1858) ;  "  New 
Pictures  and  Old  Panels"  (ISaU)  ;  "The 
Last  .Journals  of  Horace  Walpole"  fl859) ; 
"  Lives  of  the  Princes  of  Wales"  (I860) ; 
"  A  Memoir  of  Queen  Adelaide  "  (1861) ; 
'"ITieBentley  Ballads"  (1861);  "Their 
Majesties'  Servants "  (1863)  ;  "Saints 
and  Sinners :  or.  In  Cliurch  and  About 
It"  (1868);  "A  Lady  of  the  La.st  Cen- 
tury—Mrs. Elizabeth  Montague  "  (1873); 
"'Mann'  and  Manners  at  the  Court  of 
Florence,  1740  —  1786  "  (1S75) ;  "  London 
in  Jacobite  Times  "  (1878) ;  "  Memories 
of  our  Great  Towns"  (1878) ;  and  others. 
Edited  Nota  and  (Queries. 

Douglas,  Gawin  (b.  1475,  d. 
1522).  "The  Palice  of  Honour"'  (1.501, 
published  15.53) ;  a  translation  of  Virgil's 
"iEneid''  (1513,  puhlished  1553). 

Drayton,  Michael  (b.  Hartshill, 
near  Atherston,  Warwickshire.  1563  ;  d. 
1631).  "  Polyolbion  "  (1612-22; ;  "  The 
Barons'  Wars;"  "England's  Heroical 
Epistles;"  "The  Man  in  the  Moone;" 
"  Endimion  and  Phoebe  ;"  "  Idea;"  "  The 
Shepherd's  Garland  ;  "  "  Matilda  ;  " 
"Mortimeriados  ;  "  "TheOwle;"  "  llie 
Battle  of  Agincwirt"  (1627);  "The 
Muses  Elizium  ;  "  "Piers  Gavestou  ;  " 
"Nymphidia,  the  Court  of  Fairy;"  and 
other  Works,  collected  in  1752,  with  "  An 
Historical  Ks.say  on  his  Life  and  Writ- 
incs."  A'<«  Hooper's  edition  of  Complete 
"Works"  (1876). 

Drummond,  William  (b.  Haw- 
thomdon,  near  Edinburgh,  Dec.  13th, 
1585  ;  d.  Dec.  4th,  1640).  "  The  Cypress 
(Jrovo  ;"  "Tears  on  the  Death  of  Me- 
liades"  (161.'{) ;  "Poems:  Amorous, 
Funerall,  Divine,  Pa!<t<jrall,  in  Sonnets, 
Songs,  Sextains,  Madrigals"  (1616); 
"  For  the  Feasting,  a  Panegyric  on  the 
King's  most  Excellent  Majestie  "  (1617)  ; 
"  Floures  of    Sion  "   (1623);    "Poiemo- 


Middinia,  carmen Macaronicum  "(?  1684) ; 
and  "  The  History  of  Scotland  from  the 
Year  1423  untill  the  Year  1542  "  (1655). 
His  "Conversations  with  Ben  Jonson  " 
(1619),  edited  in  1842  by  David  Laing, 
who  also  wrote  a  "  Memoir"  of  the  poet 
in  the  fourth  volume  of  "  Archajologia 
Scotica.'  See  the  "Memoirs"  by  Cun- 
ningham (1823)  and  Masson  (1873). 

Dryden,  John  (b.  Aldwincle,North- 
amptonshire,  Aug.  9th,  1631  ;  d.  May 
1st,  1701).  "  Heroic  Stanzas  on  the 
Death  of  Oliver  Cromwell  "  (1658)  ; 
"Astnea  Redux"  (1660);  "To  His 
Sacred  Majesty  "  (1661) ;  "  To  my  Lord 
Chancellor  "  (1662) ;  "  The  Wild  Gallant" 
(1663);  "The  Rival  Ladies"  (1663); 
"The  Indian  Queen"  (with  Sir  Robert 
Howard,  1664)  ;  "The  Indian  Emperor " 
(1665);  "Annus  Mirabilis "  (1667); 
"  E.ssiiy  of  Dramatic  Poesie"  (1667); 
"Secret  Love"  (1067);  "Sir  Martin 
Marr-all"  (1067) ;  "All  for  Love"  (1668)  ; 
"  An  Evening's  Love  "  (1668)  ;  "  Tyran- 
nic Love  "  (lG69j ;  "  Of  Heroick  Plays  " 
and  "  The  Conquest  of  Granada  "  (1672)  ; 
"Marriage  a  la  Mode"  (1672);  "The 
Assignation  "  (1672)  ;  "  Amboyna  " 
(1673);  "The  State  of  Innocence  and 
the  Fall  of  Man"  (1674);  "  Aurenge 
Zebe  :  or,  the  Great  Jlogul "  (1675) ; 
"CEdipus"  (1679) ;  "  Limherham"  (1679); 
"Epistles  of  Ovid"  (1679);  "The 
Spanish  Friar"  (1681);  "Absalom  and 
Achitophel"  (1681);  "The  Medal:  a 
Satire  against  Sedition  "  (1681)  ;  "  Mac- 
Flecknoe  "  (1682);  "  Pleligio  Laici  " 
(1682)  ;  "  The  Duke  of  Guise  "  (1682)  ; 
"Albion  and  Albanus  "  (1685) ;  "Thre- 
nodia  Augustalis "  (1685);  "The  Hind 
and  the  Panther"  (1687);  "Britannia 
Rediviva"  (1 689) ;"  Don  Sebastian  "( 1690) ; 
"Amphitrjon  "  (1690);  "  King  Arthur  " 
(1691) ;  "  Cleomenes  "  (with  Thomas 
Southern,  1692);  "Love  Triumphont" 
(1694);  a  "Translation  of  Virgil" 
(1697);  "Alexander's  Feast"  (1697); 
"Fables"  (1700);  and  other  works, 
including  translations  and  editions. 
The  dramatic  works  have  been  fre- 
quently reprmtcd,  and  editions  of  the 
poems  published  by  Bell  and  Christie. 
For  Biography,  stc  the  "  Lives  "  by  Scott, 
Hooper,  anil  ^lalone  ;  for  Criticism,  Bell, 
Christie,  Scott,  Hazlitt's  "  English 
Poets,"  Campbell's  "  Specimens," 
Clough's  "Life  and  I^etters,"  Lowell's 
"Among    my    Books,"  Masson's    "  Es- 


1008 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX, 


1 


says,"  and  Ward's  "Dramatic  Litera- 
ture." 

Duflf,  Mountstuart  Elphin- 
Stone  Grant  (b.  1820).  "Studies  on 
European  Politics"  (18GG)  ;  "A  Glance 
over  Eurojie"  (18G7)  ;  "A  Political 
Survey"  (1868)  ;  "East  India  Financial 
Statement"  (1869);  "Elgin  Speeches" 
(1871);  "Expedit  Laboremus"  (1872); 
"Notes  of  an  Indian  Journey  "  (1876); 
"Miscellanies,  Literary  and  Political" 
(1879). 

Dufferin,  JBarl  of,  Frederick  Tem- 
ple Blackwood  (b.  1826).  "  Narrative  of 
a  Journey  from  Oxfonl  to  Skibbereen" 
(1848)  ;  "Letters  from  High  Latitudes  " 
(I860);  "The  Honourable  ImpulsiaGush- 
ington;"  "Irish  Emigration  and  the 
Tenure  of  Land  in  Ireland;"  "Contri- 
bution to  an  Inquiry  into  the  State  of 
Ireland,"  kc. 

Dugdale,   Sir    William    (b.    at 

Sbustoke,  Warwickshire,  Sept.  12th,  1605  ; 
d.  Feb.  10th,  1686).  "Antiquities  of 
Warwickshire"  (1656);  "The  Ancient 
Use  of  Bearing  Arms"  (1682);  "Memoirs 
of  the  English  Laws"  (1666);  "  Monas- 
ticon  Anglicanum  "  (1655 — 73,  new  edi- 
tion 1846).  Autobiography  in  second 
edition  of  his  "History  of  St.  Paul's" 
(1658),  and  with  Journal  and  Correspon- 
dence (1827). 

Dunbar,  William  (b.  in  Lothian, 
circa  1 460 ;  d.  circa  1520).  ' '  The  Gol  dyn 
Targe,"  "The  Thrissil  and  the  Rose," 
&c.     Works  (1834). 

Duncan,  Peter  Martin  (b.  1836). 
"The  Great ExtinctQuadrupeds" (1866); 
"The  Beginners  of  Life  "  (1866) ;  " The 
Transformation  of  Insects  "(1870);  "The 
Insect  World"  (1872);  "Scientific  Re- 
sults of  the  Second  Yarkand  Mission  " 
(1878) ;  "  A  Memoir  on  the  Echinoder- 
mata  of  the  Arctic  Sea  to  the  West  of 
Greenland "  (1S81).  Has  also  edited 
Cassell's  "  Natural  History"  (1876—82), 
and  Sir  Charles  Lyell's  "  Student's  Ele- 
ments of  Geology  "  (1885). 

D'Urfey.  Thomas  (b.  Exeter, 
1630  ;  d.  1723),  wrote  twenty-six  plays 
(a  list  of  which  is  given  in  Lowndes's 
"Bibliographer's  Manual");  "Butler's 
Ghost :  or,  Hudibras,  the  Fourth  Part, 
with  ReHectious  upon  these  Times " 
(1682)  ;  "  Archerie  Revived  :  or,  the 
Bowman's  Excellence :  an  Heroic  Poem  " 


(1676);  "The  Progress  of  Honesty:  a 
Pindarique  Poem"  (1681);  "Songs" 
(1687)  ;  "  Collins'  Walk  throtigh  London 
and  Westminster,  a  Poem  in  Burlesque  '' 
(1690);  "Satires,  Elegies,  and  Odes" 
(1690);  "Stories,  Moral  and  Comical" 
(1691);  "Tales,  Tragical  and  Comical" 
(1704)  ;  "  A  Collection  of  New  Ballads" 
(1715) ;  "  The  Merry  Mu.sician  "  (1716)  ; 
"New  Operas"  (1721)  ;  and  "The  Eng- 
lish Stage  Italianized,  in  a  new  Dramatic 
Entertainment  called  Dido  and  yEneas  " 
(1727).  His  Dramatic  Works  appeared 
in  a  collective  form  in  1676—1709.  His 
poetical  pieces  were  published  in  six 
volumes,  in  1719—20,  under  the  title  of 
"  Wit  and  Mirth  :  or,  Pills  to  Purge 
Melancholy,"  and  have  since  been  re- 
printed. 

Dyce,  the  Rev.  Alexander  (b. 

1798,  d.  1869).  "  Select  Translations  of 
Quintiis  Smyrnaeus"  (1821);  "Speci- 
mens of  the  English  Poetesses  "  (1823)  ; 
"Recollections  of  the  Table  Talk  of 
Samuel  Rogers"  (1858).  Is  chiefly 
known  for  his  excellent  editions  of  Mar- 
lowe, Peele,  Greene,  Webster,  Middle- 
ton,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  &c. 


E 
Eadie,  John,  LL.D.  (b.  Alloa, 
1813;  d.  Glasgow,  1876),  edited  "The 
Bible  Cyclopaedia  "  and  published  Com- 
mentaries on  several  of  St.  Paul's 
Epistles;  "Divine  Love:  Doctrinal, 
Practical,  and  Experimental;"  "Paul 
the  Preacher  ;  "  "  'fhe  Classified  Bible  ;" 
"Dictionary  of  the  Bible  for  Young 
Persons  ;  "  and  a  "  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish Bible  "  (1877).  See  his  "Life  "  (1878). 

Eastlake,  Sir  Charles  Lock  (b. 

Plymouth,  1793  ;  d.  Florence,  Dec.  23rd, 
1865).  ' '  Materials  for  a  History  of  Oil 
Painting"  (1847),  "  Contributions  to  the 
Literature  of  the  Fine  Arts  "  (1848).  He 
also  edited  Kugler's  "Handbook  of 
Painting" (1843),  and  translated  Goethe's 
"Theory  of  Colours"  (1840). 

Edge\?Forth,  Maria  (b.  Hare 
Hatch,  Berkshire,  Jan.  1st,  1767  ;  d. 
Edgeworthstown,  Longford,  Ireland, 
May  21st,  1849).  "Collected  Works" 
in  1825.  The  edition  of  1856  includes 
"Moral  Tales,"  "  Popular  Tales,"  "Be- 
linda," "Castle  Rackrent,"  "Essay  on 
Irish    Bulls,"  "The  Noble    Science    of 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1009 


Self-Justification,"  "  Eunice,"  "  The 
Dun,"  "Tales  of  Fashionable  Life," 
"Patronage,"  "Comic  Dramas,"  "Leo- 
nora," "Letters  for  Literary  Ladies," 
"Harrington,"  "Thouchta  on  Bores," 
"Ormond,"and  "Ellen."  IBe.sidos  these, 
Miss  Kdpeworth  published  "  Early  Les- 
sons for  Children  ;  "  "  Tlie  Parent's  As- 
sistant ;  or,  Storie.s  for  Children  ; " 
"Harry  and  Lucy;"  "Little  Plays  for 
Younpf  People  ;  "  and  "  Orlandino  ;  "  .ind 
concluded  the  Memoirs  of  her  father, 
Richard  Lovell  E<lgeworth.  See  her 
Memoir  by  Mrs.  Edgeworth  (1867). 

Edwards,  Amelia    Blandford 

(b.  18.31).  "  My  Brother's  Wife  "  (18'..^); 
"Hand  and  Glove"  (1859)  ;  "Barbara's 
History"  (18(54)  ;  "  Half  a  Million  of 
Money  "  (1865) ;  "  Miss  Carew  "  (1865)  ; 
"  Debenham's  "Vow"  (1870);  "In  the 
Days  of  my  Youth  "  (1873)  ;  "  M.  Mau- 
rice "  (1873);  "Untrodden  Peaks" 
(1873);  "A  Thousand  Miles  Up  the 
Nile  "  (1877)  ;  "  Lord  Braciconbury  " 
(1880).  Has  published  many  articles  on 
Egj'ptolopy,  and  has  translated  M.  Mas- 
pero's  "  L'Archdologie  Egyptienne." 

Eliot,  George,  Mrs.  Cross,  nee 
Marian  Evans  (b.  about  1820  ;  d.  Dec. 
22nd,  1S80),  besides  translations  of 
Strauss's  "Life  of  Jesus"  (1846)  and 
Feuerbach's  "  E.-^sence  of  Christianity  " 
(1853),  she  published  —  "Scenes  of 
Clerical  Life  (1858),  "Adam  Bede " 
(1859),  "The  Mill  on  the  Floss" 
(1860),  "Silas  Marner "  (1861),  "  Ro- 
niola"  (1863),  "Folix  Holt"  (1866), 
"Mid.llemarch"  (1871—72),  "Daniel 
Deronda"  (1876),  "  Impressions  of  Theo- 
phrastus  Such"  (1879),  "The  Spanish 
Gypsy  "  (1868),  "  The  Legend  of  Jubal  " 
(1874).  See  R.  H.  Ilutton's  "Essays" 
and  "The  Beauties  of  George  Eliot." 
For  Biography,  sec  Mathildo  Blind's 
"  (tcorgo  Eliot"  in  the  Emiuoit 
Wumrn  Sirie.t,  and  "  George  Eliot's 
Journal  and  Letters,"  edited  by  J.  W. 
Cross. 

Elliott,  Ebenezer  (b.  near  Rothor- 
ham,  March  17th,  1781 ;  d.  near  Barnsloy, 
Dec.  1st,  18111).  "Corn-Law  Rhymes" 
n8:n-4G),  &c.  Works  (1876).  "Life" 
by  Scarlo.  .See  Carlylo's  "  Essay  on  the 
Corn- Law  Rhymes  "  and  Autobiographic 
Sketoh  in  At/uxomn  of  Jan.  12th,  1850. 

Etherege,  Sir  George  (b.  Oxford- 
shire, 1636  ;  d.  Ratisbon,  16114).      "The 


Comical  Revenge :  or.  Love  in  a  Tub " 
(1664);  "She  Would  if  She  Could" 
(1668)  ;  "  The  Man  of  Mode  :  or.  Sir 
Fopling  Flutter"  (1676)  ;  "  The  Trial  of 
the  Poets  for  the  Bays."  "Works" 
in  1704.  For  Biography,  see  the  "  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica"  and  T/ie  Fortnighlly 
Reriev,  first  .series. 

Evelyn,  John  (b.  Wotton,  Surrey, 
Oct.  .31st,  1620  ;  d.  Feb.  2nth,  1706). 
"Sylva"  (1664);  "Terra"  (1675); 
"  Mundus  Muliebris  "  (1690) ;  "  Diary  " 
(1818  and  1857,  new  edition  1859). 

Ewing,  Juliana  Horatia  Orr 

(b.  1842,  d.  1885).  "  The  Brownies  and 
other  Tales  "  (1870) ;  "A  Fiat  Iron  for  a 
Farthing  "  (1873)  ;  "A  Great  Emergency, 
and  other  Tales"  (1877) ;  "We  and  the 
Worid"  (1881);  "Old-fashioned  Fairy 
Tales"  (1882);  "Jackanapes"  1884); 
"  The  Story  of  a  Short  Life  "  (1885). 


Falconer,  William  (b.  Edinburgh, 

Fob.  lUh,  1732  ;  d.  at  sea,  1769).  "The 
Shipwreck"  (1762),  "The  Marine  Dic- 
tionary" (1769),  "The  Demagogue" 
(1765).  See  the  Kev.  J.  Mitford's  preface 
to  the  Aldine  edition  of  his  Poems, 
"  The  Lives  of  the  Scottish  Poets,"  and 
Laing's  "  Lives  of  Scottish  Authors." 

Faraday,  Michael,  D.C.L.    (b. 

Stoke  Newington,  Sept.  22nd,  1791  ;  d. 
Hampton  Court,  August  25th,  1867). 
"Chemical  Manipulation"  (1827),  "Ex- 
perimental Researches  on  Electricity," 
&c.  See  Tyndall's  "  Faraday  as  a  Dis- 
coverer" (1869),  and  his  "Life  and 
Letters"  (1870). 

Parquher,  George  (b.  London- 
derry, 1678;  d.  1707).  "Love  and  a 
Bottle  "  (1698)  ;  "  The  Constant  Couple" 
(1700);  "Sir  Harry  Wildair "  (1701); 
''The  Incon.stant"  (1703);  "The  Stage 
Coach"  (1704);  "The  Twin  Rivals" 
(1705) ;  "  The  Recruiting  Officer"  (1706)  ; 
and  "The  Beaux'  Stratagem"  (1707). 
"Works"  in  1714.  The  comedies  were 
edited,  with  a  critical  introd<iction,  by 
Ijoigh  Hunt.  See  also  Ilazlitt's  "Comic 
Writers  "  and  Ward's  ' '  Dramatic  Litera- 
ture." 

Farrar,  Frederick  William, 
D.D.  (b.  Bombay,  1S31).  "  Origin  of 
Language;"    "Chapters  on   Language" 


1010 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


(1865);  '"Hie  Fall  of  Man,  and  other 
Sermons  "  (1805) ;  "  A  Lecture  on  Public 
School  Education"  (1867);  "Seekers 
after  God"  (1869)  ;  "Families  of  Speech" 
(1870);  "The  Witness  of  History  to 
Christ "  (1871) ;  "  The  Silence  and  Voices 
of  God"  (1873)  ;  "The  Life  of  Christ" 
(1874) ;  "Marlborough  Sermons"  (1876) ; 
*'  Eternal  Hope  "  (1878) ;  "  Saintly 
Workers"  (1878)  ;  "The  Life  and  Work 
of  St.  Paul"  (1879)  ;  "  Mercy  and  Judg- 
ment" (1881);  "Early  Days  of  Chris- 
tianity "  (1882) ;  •'  Solomon  "  (1887);  also 
some  stories  of  school  life. 

Pawcett,  Henry  (b.  1833,  d.  1881). 
"A  Manual  of  Political  Economy ;"  "  The 
Economic  Position  of  the  British  La- 
bourer; "  "Pauperism,  its  Causes  and 
Remedies:"  "Speeches;"  and  "Free 
Trade  and  Protection  "  (1878),  &c.  Sec 
"Life  of  Henry  Fawcett,"  by  Leslie 
Stephen  (1S85). 

Ferguson,  Sir  Samuel  (b.  1810, 
d.  1886).  "The  Cromlech  on  Howth  " 
(1864)  ;  "  The  Lays  of  the  Western 
Gael"  (1865);  "Congal,  a  Poem  in  Five 
Books  "(1872);  "Leabhar  Breac"  (1876); 
"  Poems  "  (1880) ;  "  Shakespearian  Bre- 
viates"  (1882);  "The  Forging  of  the 
Anchor  "  (1883). 

Perrier,  James  Prederick  (b. 

Edinburgh,  Nov.,  1808;  d.  June  11th, 
1864).  "  Institutes  of  Metaphysics  :  the 
Theory  of  Knowing  and  Being  "  (1854)  ; 
"Lectures  on  Greek  Philosophy"  (1864). 
Edited  Works  of  Professor  Wilson. 

Perrier,  Susan  Edmonston  0^- 

Edinburgh,  17S2  ;  d.  Nov.  7th,  1854). 
"  Marriage  "  (1818) ;  "  The  Inheritance" 
(1824);  and  "Destiny:  or,  the  Chief's 
Daughter  "  (1831).    "  Works  "  in  1841. 

Pielding,  Henry  0'-  near  Glaston- 
bury, April  22nd,  1707;  d.  Lisbon,  Oct. 
8th,  1754).  "  The  Adventures  of  Joseph 
Andrews"  (1742);  "A  Journey  from 
this  World  to  the  Next"  (1743)  ;  "The 
History  of  Jonathan  Wild  '  (1743)  ; 
"The  History  of  Tom  Jones"  (1749); 
"Amelia"  (1751);  the  following  drama- 
tic pieces :  "Love  in  Several  Masques  ;" 
"The  Temple  Beau;"  "The  Author's 
Farce  ;"  "The  Coffee-house  Politician;" 
"Tom  Thumb;"  "The  Modem  Hus- 
band;" "The  Mock  Doctor;"  "The 
Miser;"  "The  Intriguing  Chamber- 
maid;"    "Don    Quixote   in    England;" 


"  Pasquin  ;"  "The  Historical  Register;" 
"  The  Wedding  Day  ;"  and  various  mis- 
cellaneous works,  including  "Essays  on 
the  Characters  of  Man  '  and  "A  Journal 
of  a  Voyage  to  Lisbon."  Collected 
editions  of  his  writings  appeared  in  1743. 
1762,  and  (edited  by  Roscoe)  1848.  His 
novels  were  published,  with  an  introduc- 
tion by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  1821,  in 
Ballantj'ne's  "  Novelist's  Library."  For 
Biography  and  Criticism,  iiee  the  "  Lives  " 
by  Murphy  and  Lawrence  ;  Lady  M. 
VVortley  Montagu's  "Letters;"  Jesse's 
"Celebrated  Etonians;"  Thackeray's 
"  Lectures  on  the  Humorists  ;"  Masson's 
"  Novelists  and  their  Styles;"  and  Dob- 
son's  "  Fielding"  in  the  English  Meu  of 
Letters  Series. 

Finlay,  George,  IjIj.D.  (b.  Scot- 
land, 1799:  d.  Jan.  26th,  1875). 
"Greece  under  the  Romans"  (1843); 
"  History  of  the  Byzantine  Empire " 
(1852);  "History  of  the  Byzantine  and 
Greek  Empires "  (1854);  "History  of 
Greece,  from  its  Conquest  by  the  Cru- 
saders to  its  Conquest  by  the  Turks" 
(1851)  ;  "History  of  Greece  under  Otho- 
man  and  Venetian  Dominion"  (1854); 
"History  of  the  Greek  Revolution" 
(1861). 

Pitzgerald,  E.  (b.  1809,  d.  1883). 
Published  translations  of  ' '  Six  Dramas 
of  Calderon"  (1853),  the  "Agamem- 
non," "  Omar  Khayyam  and  Salamftn 
and  Absal  ;  "  and  wrote  "  Euphranor, 
a  Dialogue  on  Youth ;  "  "  Polonius,  a 
Collection  of  Wise  Saws  and  Modem 
Instances." 

Pleeknoe,  Kiehard  (d.  1678). 
"  Hierothalamium  :  or,  the  Heavenly 
Nuptials  of  our  Blessed  Saviour  with  a 
Pious  Soule  "  (1626) ;  "  The  Affections  of 
a  Pious  Soule  unto  our  Saviour  Christ" 
(1640);  "  Miscellania :  or.  Poems  of  all 
Sorts"  (1653);  "A  Relation  of  Ten 
Years'  Travells  in  Europe,  Asia,  Affrique, 
and  America"  (1654);  "Love's Dominion" 
(1654);  "The  Diarium  or  Journal,  di- 
vided into  twelve  jomadas  in  burlesque 
Rhime or  Drolling  Verse"  (1656);  "Enig- 
maticall  Characters,  all  taken  from  the 
Life  "  (1658) ;  "The  Marriage  of  Oceanus 
and  Britannia"  (1659);  "Heroic  Por- 
traits" (1660);  "Love's  Kingdom,  a 
Pastoral  Trage  -  Comedy,  with  a  Shi  rt 
Treatise  on  the  English  Stage  "  (1664) ; 
"  Erminia  :    a  Trage-Comedy "    (1665); 


BIBLIOG  RAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1011 


"  The  Damoiselles  a  la  Mode,  a  Comedy" 
(16(>7) ;  "  Sir  William  Davenant's  Voyage 
to  tho  other  World  '"  (1(J68),  &c. 

Fletcher,  Giles  (b.  1588  ;  d.  Alder- 
ton,  Suffolk,  1623).  "Christ's  Victory 
and  Triumph  "  (1610).     Works  (1876). 

Fletcher,  John  (b.  Rye,  Sussex, 
Dec,  157f;  d.  16-25).  "The  Elder 
Brother  ;"  "  The  Spanish  Curate  ;"  "  The 
Humorous  Lieutenant ;  "  "  The  Faithful 
Shepherdess  ;"  "  Boadicea  ;"  "  The  Loyal 
Subject;"  "Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a 
Wife  ;  "  "  The  Chances  ;  "  "  The  Wild- 
goose  Chase  ;  "  "A  Wife  for  a  Month  ; '" 
"The  Captain;"  "The  Prophetess;" 
"Love's  Cure:"  "Women  Pleased;" 
"  The  Sea  Voyage  ;  "  "The  Fair  Maid  of 
the  Inn;"  "  Tho  Two  Noble  Kinsmen  " 
(supposed  to  have  been  revised  bj' 
William  Shakespeare);  "The  False 
One;"  "The  Lover's  Progress"  and 
"The  Noble  Gentleman"  (which  are 
supposed  to  have  been  written  with 
Shirley);  "Love's  Pilgrimage;"  "The 
Night  Walker;"  "The  Queen  of  Co- 
rinth ;  "  "  The  Maid  in  the  Mill  ;  "  "  The 
Nice  Valour ;  "  a  nTm)l)er  of  plays  written 
in  conjunction  with  Beaumont,  for  which 
nee  Bkaumont  and  Fiktimkr.  Sec  the 
"Life"  by  Dyce.  W.  B.  Donne's 
"  Essays  on  tho  Drama,"  and  Ward's 
"  Dram.atic  Literature." 

Fletcher,  Phineas  O^-  Wanbrook, 
Kent,  April,  l.ISS ;  d.  1650)  "The 
Locustes"  (1627),  "Sicelides"  (1631), 
"The  Purple  Island"  (1633),  &c. 

Poote,  Samuel  0'-  Truro,  1719;  d. 
Dover,  Oct.  21st,  1777).  "The  Auction 
of  Pictures"  (1748);  "  Taste  "  (1752) ; 
"The  Englishman  in  Paris"  (1753); 
"The  Knights"  (1754);  "The  English- 
man returned  from  Paris"  (17.56)  ;  "The 
Author"  (1757);  "The  Minor'*^  (1760); 
"Tho  Orators"  (1762);  "The  Lyar " 
(1762)  ;  "The  Mayor  of  Oarrat"  (1764)  ; 
"The  Patron"  (1764);  "Tho  Commis- 
sary "  (1765) ;  "  Prelude  on  Opening  the 
Theatre"  (1767);  "The  Lame  l.,ovor" 
(177U);  "Piety  m  Pattens"  (1773);  "The 
Bankrupt"  (1776);  "The  Devil  upon 
Two  Sticks"  (1768);  "The  Maid  of 
Bath"  (1771);  "Tlie  Nabob"  (1772); 
"The  Cozeners"  (1774);  "The  Capu- 
chin "  (1776) ;  "A  Trip  to  Calais  "(1778)  ; 
"Tho  Tryal  of  Samuel  Footo  "  (1763); 
"The  Diversions  of  the  Morning  "  (1747) ; 
"Lindamira"  (1805)  ;  "  Tho  Slanderer ;" 


and  "The  Young  H}pocrite."  "Dra- 
matic Works  "  in  1778.  For  Biography, 
see  the  "Life"  by  Cooke  (1805), 
Davies's  "Life  of  Garnck,"  Boswell's 
"Life  of  .Johnson,"  the  "  Biographia 
Dramatica,"  and  Forster's  "Essays.' 

Forbes,  James  David,  D.CX. 

(b.  Edinburgh,  April  20th,  1809  ;  d.l8G8). 
"Ti-avels  through  the  Aljis  of  Savoy" 
(1843),  "Norway  and  its  Glaciers" 
(18.03),  "Tour  of  Mont  Blanc"  (1855), 
"  The  Theory  of  Glaciers  "  (1859).  Life 
by  Principal  Shairp  and  others  (1873). 

Ford,  John  (b.  Ilsington,  N.  Devon, 
l.^SG  ;  d.  Ilsington,  1640).  "The  Lover's 
Melancholy  "  (1629)  ;  "  'Tis  pity  She's 
a  Whore"  (1633)  ;  "  The  Broken  Heart" 
(1633);  "Perkin  Warbeck "  (1634); 
"The  Fancies,  Chaste  and  Noble" 
(1638);  "The  Lady's  Trial"  (1639); 
"Love's  Sacrifice"  (1633);  "Beauty  in 
a  Trance  "  (1653)  ;  "The  Sun's  Darling" 
(1657);  "Witch  of  Edmonton"  (with 
Dekker  and  Rowley) ;  "The  Royal  Com- 
bat; "  "An  111  Beginning  has  a  Good 
End;"  "The  Fairy  Knight"  (with 
Dekker)  ;  "  A  Late  Murther  of  the  Sonne 
upon  the  Mother  "  (with  Webster)  ;  and 
"The  Bristowe  Merchant"  (with  Dek- 
ker). "Works,"  1869.  &e  Swinburne's 
"Essays  and  Studies,"  Minto's  "Eng- 
lish Poets,"  Ward's  "  Dramatic  Litera- 
ture." 

Forster,  John  (b.  Newcastle,  1812  ; 
d.  Feb.  1st,  1876).  "Statesman  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  England"  (1831—34)  ; 
"  A  Life  of  Oliver  Goldsmith  "  (1848) ; 
"Biographical  and  Historical  Essays" 
(1859);  "The  Arrest  of  the  Five  Mem- 
bers by  Charles  the  First"  and  "  De- 
Ijates  on  tho  Grand  Remonstrance  '' 
n860) ;  "Sir  .lohn  Eliot,"  a  biography 
(1864)  ;  "  Walter  Savage  Landor,"  a  bio- 
graphy (1868);  "The  Life  of  Charles 
Dickens*'  (1872—74);  and  "A  Life  of 
.Jonathan  Swift "  (unfinished),  (1876). 
Edited  the  JJaili/  ^'a^s  (1846)  and  tho 
yi.»rtH(m«- (1847—58). 

Foster,  John  (b.  Halifax,  Sept.  17th, 
1770 :  d.  Staplcton,  near  Bristol.  Oct.  15lh, 
1S13).  "Essays,  in  a  Series  of  Lettoi-s 
to  a  Friend"  (1805);  "On  the  Evils 
of  Popular  Ignorance"  (1819)  ;  followed 
by  other  works,  tho  chief  one,  "Contri- 
butions. Biographical.  Literary,  and 
i*hilo.so))hical,  to  tho  Jiclectir  jieviftr" 
(1840).      Selected  Works  in  Bohn's  Stan- 


1012 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


dard  Library.  See  "The  Life  and  Cor- 
respondence of  John  Foster,"  by  Dr. 
Ryland  ;  also  the  "Life  "  by  Shepherd. 

Fox  or  Foxe,  John  (b.  Boston, 
1517  ;  d.  l.'JS?),  wrote  "De  Non  Plecten- 
dis  Morto  Adulteris  Consnltatio  "  (1548), 
"  De  Ccnsurft,  sen  Excommunicatione 
Ecclesiastica  "  (1551),  "  De  Christo 
Triumphante "  (15ol),  "Tables  of 
Grammar"  (1552),  "Acts  ami  Monu- 
ments of  the  Church  "  (1562),  and  many 
other  works,  for  a  list  of  which  see 
Wood's  "  Athenpe  Oxonienses."  See 
also  Churton's  "Life  of  Nowell," 
Fuller's  "Church  History,"  and  other 
authorities. 

rreeman,  Edward  Augustus, 
D.C.Ij.  (b.  Harborne,  Staffordshire, 
1823).  "Church  Restoration"  (1846); 
"A  History  of  Architecture"  (1849)  ; 
"  An  Essay  on  Window  Tracery"  (1850); 
"The  Architecture  of  Llandaff  Cathe- 
dral" (1851)  ;  "The  History  and  Con- 
quests of  the  Saracens"  (1856);  "An- 
cient Greece  and  Medireval  Italy "  in 
"  Oxford  Essays  "  (1858) ;  "  The  History 
and  Antiquities  of  St.  David's,"  with 
Rev.  W.  BasilJones  (1860) ;  "The  His- 
tory of  Federal  Government  "  (1863)  ; 
"  The  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest " 
(1867—76);  "Old  English  History  for 
Children "  (1869)  ;  "  The  Cathedral 
Church  of  Wells"  (1870);  "Historical 
Essays"  (1871—2—3);  "Growth  of  the 
English  Constitution"  (1872);  "The 
Unity  of  History"  (1872) ;  "  Comparative 
Politics"  (1873);  "Disestablishment 
and  Disondowment"(1874)  ;  "Historical 
and  Architectural  Studies "  (1876)  ; 
"The  Ottoman  Power  in  Europe  "  (1877)  ; 
"  The  Roign  of  William  Rufus  "  (1881) ; 
"  Some  Impressions  of  the  United 
States"  (1883);  "The  English  People 
in  their  Home"  (1884) ;  "  The  Practical 
Bearing  of  General  European  History  " 
(1884). 

Frere,  John  Hookham  (b.  1769, 
d.  1841).  Contributed  to  the  famous 
Aiili- Jacobin,  in  which  he  wrote,  among 
other  jcux  d^esprit,  "  The  Loves  of  the 
Triangles,"  <and,  with  George  Canning, 
"The  Needy  Knife-Grinder."  He  also 
published  a  tran.slation  of  Aristophanes 
(1840),  and  a  work  called  "Theocritus 
Restitutus."  Sec  "The  Works  of  the 
Right  Hon.  J.  H.  Frere,"  vrith  a  Memoir 
by  Sir  Bartle  Frere  (1871). 


Friswell,  James  Haln  (b.  New- 

port,  1827;  d.  1878).  "Life  Portraits 
of  Shakespeare,"  "The  Gentle  Life" 
(1864),  "The  Better  Self,"  "Other 
People's  Windows,"  "  One  of  Two," 
"Out  and  About,"  "About  in  the 
World,"  "  A  Man's  Thoughts,"  "  Varia," 
"Francis  Spira,  and  other  Poems,"  be- 
sides editions  of  Sidney,  Montaigne, 
A'Kempis,  and  others. 

Froude,  James  Anthony, 
XjIi.D.  (b.  Dartington,  Devonshire, 
April  23rd,  1818),  contributed  to  "  The 
Lives  of  the  English  Saints,"  and  has 
published  "  The  Shadows  of  the  Clouds" 
(1847),  "The  Nemesis  of  Faith  "  (1849), 
"The  History  of  England  from  the  Fall 
of  VVolsey  to  the  Death  of  Elizabeth " 
(1856 — 70),  three  series  of  "  Short 
Studies  on  Great  Subjects"  (1869,  1872, 
and  1877),  "The  English  in  Ireland  in 
the  Eighteenth  Century"  (1871—74), 
"Julius  Cajsar"  (1879),  "Bunyan" 
(1880),  "Thomas  Carlyle  :  a  History  of 
the  First  Forty  Years  of  bis  Life " 
(1882),  "  Carlyle's  Reminiscences" 
(1883),  "Letters  and  Memorials  of 
Jane  Welsh  Carlyle"  (1884),  "Oceana" 
(1886). 

Fuller,  Thomas  (b.  1608 ;  d.  Au?. 
16th,  1661).  "David's  Hainous  Sinne, 
Heartie  Repentance,  Heavie  Punish- 
ment," a  poem  (1631)  ;  "  The  Historie 
of  the  Holy  Warre"  (1639-40—42-47 
— 51);  "The  Holy  and  Profane  States " 
(1642—48—52—58) ;  "  Good  Thoughts  in 
Bad  Times"  (1643);  "Good  Thoughts 
in  Worse  Times"  (1646);  "Mixt  Con- 
templations in  Better  Times"  (1660); 
"Andronicus  :  or,  the  Unfortunate  Poli- 
tician" (1649) ;  "  A  Pisgah-sight  of  Pales- 
tine "  (1650)  ;  "  The  Church  History  of 
Britain  from  the  Birth  of  Christ  to  1648" 
(1656);  "The  Appeal  of  Injured  Inno- 
cence "  (1659) ;  "  The  History  of  the 
Worthies  of  England  "  (1662)  ;  "  Abel 
Redivivus  :  or,  the  Dead  yet  Speaking" 
(1651),  &c.  (fee.  "  A  Selection  from  the 
Writings  of  Fuller  "  was  made  by  Arthur 
Broome  (1815)  ;  see  also  Charles  Lamb's 
"Works"  and  Basil  Montagu's  "Selec- 
tions." There  are  "Lives  "of  Fuller  by  A. 
T.  Russell  (1844)  and  J.  E.  Bailey  (1874). 


Qairdner,  James  (b.  1828).  "His- 
toria  Regis  Henrici    Septimi       (1858), 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1018 


"  Letters  and  Papers  illustrative  of  the 
Reigns  of  Richard  III.  and  Henry  VII." 
(1861-63),  "The  Houses  of  York  and 
Lancaster"  (187-1),  "Historical  Collec- 
tions of  a  London  Citizen  "  (1876),  "Life 
and  ReiKn  of  Richard  III."  (1878], 
"Three  Fiftoenth-Century  Chronicles" 
(1880),  "Studies  in  Eni.dish  History," 
with  James  Spedding  (1881).  Has  also 
edited  the  "  Paston  Letters  "  (1872—75). 

Gait,  John  (b.  In-ine,  Ayrshire, 
May  2nd,  1779  ;  d.  Greenock,  April  11th, 
1839).  "Annals  of  the  Parish"  (1821), 
"Sir  Andrew  Wylie"  (1822),  "The 
Entail"  (1S23),  &c.  &.■€  "  Autobio- 
praphy "  (1833),  "  Literary  Life  and 
Miscellanies  "  (1834),  and  Delta's  "  Me- 
moir." 

Galton,  Francis,  F.R.S.  (b.  1822). 
" The  Teletype  "  (1850)  ;  "The  Art  of 
Travel"  (1855);  "Vacation  Tourists" 
(1861);  "  Meteorosraphica "  (IS63)  ; 
"  Hereditary  Genius  "  (1869)  ;  "  Ehglish 
Men  of  Science,  their  Nature  and  Nur- 
ture "  (1874);  "Inquiries  into  Human 
Faculties"  (1883);  "Record  of  Family 
Faculties"  (1884), 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson  (b. 
1829).  "The  History  of  England  from 
the  Accession  of  James  I.  to  the  Disgrace 
of  Chief  Justice  Coke  "  (1863),  "  Prince 
Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage " 
(1869),  "  England  under  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham  and  Charles  I."  (1878), 
"  The  Personal  Government  of  Charles 
I."  (1877),  "The  Fall  of  the  Monarchy 
of  Charles  1."  (1879),  "The  History  of 
the  Civil  War,"  vol.  i.  (1886).  Has 
edited  for  the  Camden  Sjciety  "  The 
Fortescue  Papers  "  (1871),  "  The  Hamil- 
ton Papers"  (1880),  &c. 

Garth,  Sir  Samuel  (b.  Bolam, 
Yorkshire,  circa  1660;  d.  London,  Jan. 
18th,  1718).  "  The  Dispensary  "  (1699), 
iic.    iSee  Johnson's  "Lives." 

Gascoigne,  Qeoree  (b.  1530.  d. 
1577).  Works  first  pulilished  in  1589, 
as  "  The  Fleasaiintost  Works  of  George 
Gascoigno,  F.s(i\iiro ;  nowlyo  conipyled 
into  One  Volume  ;  that  is  to  say,  his 
'Flowers,  Herbes,  Weedes,'  'The 
FruitoB  of  Warre,'  '  The  Comedy  called 
Supposes,'  '  The  Tnvjredy  of  locasta,' 
'The  Steele  Classe,'  '  The  ('otnplaynt  of 
Philomoiie,'  'The  Story  of  Fordinando 
Jeronimt,'     and      '  The     Pleasures     at 


Kenilworth  Cattle.'"  See  Warton's 
"  History  of  English  Poetry." 

Qaskell,  Elizabeth  Cleghorri 
(b.  1810,  d.  1865).  "Mary  Barton" 
(1848),  "Moorland  Cottage"  (1850), 
"Crawford"  (1853),  "Ruth"  (1853), 
"  North  and  South  "  (1855),  "  Memoir 
of  Charlotte  Bronte"  (1857),  "Cousin 
Phyllis  "  (1857),  "  Right  at  Last "  (1860), 
"Silvia's  Lovers"  (1863). 

Gay,  John  (b.  near  Barnstaple, 
1688;     d.     London,    Dec.     4th,    1732). 

Rural  Sports"  (1711),  "The  Shepherd's 
Week  "  (1714),  "Trivia"  (1715),  "What 
d'ye  Call  It?"  (1715),  "Three  Weeks 
after  .Marriage"  (1715),  "Fables"  (1726), 
"Beggar's  Opera  "  (1727),  &c.  Lives  by 
Coxe  (1796)  and  Owen  (1804). 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  (d.  1154). 
"Chronicon,  sive  Historia  Britonum," 
first  printed  in  1508,  translated  by  Aaron 
Thompson  in  1718,  and  edited  by  Dr. 
GUes  in  1842, 

Gibbon,     Edward     0'-    Putney, 

April  27th,  1737  ;  d.  Jan.  16th,  1794). 
"  The  History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of 
the  Roman  Empire  "  (1776—88),  "  Essais 
sur  r Etude  de  la  Litt^rature  "  (1761), 
"Antiquities  of  the  House  of  Bruns- 
wick," and  other  miscellaneous  works, 
published,  with  Memoir,  in  1799,  under 
the  editorship  of  John,  Lord  Sheffield. 
The  Autobiography  was  afterwards 
edited  by  Dean  Milman  (1839).  Oee 
Memoir  by  J.  C.  Morison  (1879). 

Giffbrd,  William  (b.  Ashburton, 
Devonshire,  April,  1756;  d.  London, 
Dec.  3]8t,  1826).  "  Baviad "  (1794), 
"Mseviad"  (1795),  &c.  Autobiography 
prefixed  to  his  translation  of  "Juvenal." 

Gladstone,  'William  Ewart  (b. 
Liverpool,  Dec.  29th.  1809).  "The  SUte 
considered  in  its  Relations  with  the 
Church"  (1838);  "Church  I'rinciples 
considered  in  their  Results"  (1841); 
"  Remarks  on  recent  Commercial  Legis- 
lation "  (1845) ;  "  Letters  to  the  Earl  of 
Aberdeen  on  the  .State  I'rosecutions  of 
the  Neapolitan  (ioveniment  "  (18.50-51)  ; 
"  Studies  on  Homer  and  the  Homeric 
Ago"  (18.58);  " Wcdi,'woo<l :  an  Address" 
(1863)  ;  "  Ancient  tireeco  :  an  Address  " 
(1865)  ;  "  A  Chapter  of  Autobiography" 
(1868);  "Ou  'Ecce  Homo"'  (1868); 
"  Juvoutus  Mundi :  Gods  and  Men  of  the 


1014 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Heroic  Age  in  Greece"  (1869);  "The 
Vatican  Decrees  "  (1874) ;  "Vaticanism'' 
(1875)  ;  "Rome  and  the  Latest  Fashions 
in  fleligion  "  (1875) ;  "  Homeric  Synchro- 
nism "  (187G)  ;  "The  Turk  in  Europe" 
(1876) ;  "  Lessons  in  Massacre  "  (1877)  ; 
"Gleanings  of  Past  Years"  (1879); 
"  The  Irish  Question "  (1886)  ;  and 
various  pamphlets  and  magazine  articles. 
See  "Political  i'ortraits,"  reprinted  from 
the  Daily  NewR  ;  R.  H.  Hutton's 
"Sketches  of  Contemporary  States- 
men ;  "  "  Life  "  by  Bamett  Smith  (1879) ; 
and  H.  W.  Lncy's  "Diary  of  Two  Par- 
liaments" (1885).  See  also  Macaulay's 
"Essays." 

Godwin,  Mary.     See  Wollstone- 

CKAFT. 

Godwin,  'William  (b.  Wisbech, 
Cambridgeshire,  March  3rd,  1756 ;  d. 
London,  April  7th,  1836).  "Sketches 
of  History  "  (1784),  "Political  Justice  " 
(1793),  "Caleb  Williams "  (1794),  "Life 
of  Lord  Chatham,"  "Cloudesley,"  "Da- 
mon and  Delia,"  "Deloraine,"  "The 
Enquirer,"  "The  Genius  of  Christianity 
Unveiled,"  "On  Population"  (1820), 
"The  Herald  of  Literature,"  "The  His- 
tory of  the  Commonwealth  of  England," 
"Imogen,"  "Lives  of  the  Necro- 
mancers" (1834),  "  Maudeville,"  "Life 
of  Geoffrey  Chaucer"  (1803),  "St. 
Leon,"  and  "Thoughts  on  Man."  He 
also  published  a  IVlemoir  of  his  wife  in 
1798.  See  the  "Life"  by  Kegan  Paul 
(1876),  and  Leslie  Stephen's  "  Hours  in 
a  Library." 

Goldsmith,  Oliver  (b.  Pallas, 
Longford,  Ireland,  Nov.  10th,  1728 ;  d. 
London,  April  4th,  1774).  "  The  Vicar 
of  Wakefield  "  (1766) ;  "  The  Citizen  of 
the  World'  (1760—62);  "Essays" 
(1758-65);  "The  Bee"  (1759);  "An 
Enquiry  into  the  Present  State  of  Polite 
Learning"  (1759);  "Biographies" 
(Bolingbroke,  1770 ;  Thomas  Parnell, 
1768  ;  Voltaire,  1759  ;  Richard  Nash) ; 
"  The  Traveller :  or,  a  Prospect  of 
Society"  (1764);  "The  Deserted  Village" 
(1770)  ;  "  The  Hermit :  a  Ballad  "(1766) ; 
"Retaliation:  a  Poem"  (1774);  "The 
Good-Natured  Man"  (1768);  "She 
Stoops  to  Conquer  "  (1773) ;  "'The  Cap- 
tivity :  an  Oratorio ; "  some  miscella- 
neous poems,  and  various  compilations, 
including  "  Memoirs  of  a  Protestant 
condemned  to  the  Galleys  of  France  for 


his  Religion  ;  "  "  History  of  England  in 
a  Series  of  Letters  from  a  Nobleman  to 
his  Son  ;"  "A  Survey  of  Experimental 
Philosophy;"  " A  Short  English  Gram- 
mar ;  "  a  translation  of  a  French  "  His- 
tory of  Philosophy  ;  "  a  collection  of 
"Poems  for  Young  Ladies;"  another 
collection  called  "Beauties  cf  English 
Poetry  ;  "  a  "  Roman  History  ;  "  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Earth  and  of  Animated 
Nature  ;  "  a  "  History  of  England  ;  "  a 
"  History  of  Greece  ;  "  a  translation  of 
Scarron's  "  Comic  Romance  ; "  and  con- 
tributions to  The  GeatUiiiaiix  Journal, 
The  Ladi/s  Ma.'jazine,  The  Wextminsler 
3Iagazine,  The  Public  Ledger,  The  Busy 
Body,  The  Critical  Review,  The  Monthly 
Rerieu-,  and  The  British  Magazirie.  His 
Life  has  been  written  bv  Sir  James  Prior 
(1837),  John  Forster  (1848),  W.  Irving 
(1849),  and  W.  Black  (1879). 

Gosse,  Edmund  W.  (b.  1849). 
"  On  Viol  and  Flute  "  (1873)  ;  "  King 
Erik  "  (1876)  ;  "  The  Unknown  Lover  " 
(1878)  ;  "  Studies  in  the  Literature  of 
Northern  Europe"  (1879);  "New 
Poems"  (1879)  ;  "A  Selection  of 
English  Odes"  (1881)  ;  "Gray,"  in  the 
English  Men  of  Letters  Series  (1882)  ; 
"A  Memoir  of  Cecil  Lawson"  (1883); 
"  A  Critical  Essay  on  George  Tinworth" 
(1883)  ;  "  Seventeenth  Century  Studies  " 
(1883)  ;  "  The  Works  of  Thomas  Gray  " 
(1884);  "Firdausi  in  Exile"  (1885); 
"From  Shakespeare  to  Pope"  (1885); 
"Sii-  W.  Raleigh"  (1886). 

Gosson,  Stephen  (b.  Kent,  1554; 
d.  London,  1623).  "Captain  Mario" 
(1577),  "  The  Schoole  of  Abuse  "  (1579), 
"The  Ephemerides  of  Phialo "  (1579), 
"  Plays  confuted  in  Five  Actions  "  (1581), 
"Praise  at  Parting,"  "  Catiline's  Con- 
spiracies," and  other  vcorks.  For  Biogra- 
phy, see  Wood's  "  Athence  Oxonienses." 

Gower,  John  (b.  1325  ?,  d.  1402). 
"Speculum  Meditantis,"  in  French; 
"  Vox  Clamantis,"  in  Latin  ;  "  Confessio 
Amantis,"  in  English.  The  latter  work 
was  printed  by  Caxton  in  1493.  The 
others  have  never  been  printed.  See 
Warton's  "  History  of  English  Poetry." 

Graham,  James  (h.  Glasgow, 
April  22nd,  1765 ;  d.  near  Glasgow, 
Sept.  14th,  1611).  "The  Sabbath" 
(1&04),  kc. 

Grant,  James  (b.  Edinburgh,  Aug. 
1st,  1822  ;  d.  1886).     "  The  Romance  of 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1015 


War :  or,  Highlanders  in  Spain  "  (184G)  ; 
"  Highlanders  of  IJolgium  "  (1847);  "The 
Adventures  of  an  Aide-de-Camp  "  (1848) ; 
"  Memoirs  of  Kirkcaldy  of  Grantre " 
(184{t);  "Walter  Fenton"  (IS.'iO)  ; 
"  Edinburgh  Castle  "  (1850) ;  "  Both- 
weli  :  or,  the  Days  of  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots"  (18ol) ;  "Memoirs  of  Sir  John 
Hepburn,  Marshal  of  France,  and 
Colonel  of  the  Scots  Brigade"  (ISol); 
"Jane  Seton  :  or,  the  King's  Advocate" 
(1853)  ;  "  I'hilip  KoUo  :  or,  the  Scottish 
Musketeers"  (1854);  "Frank  Hilton: 
or,  the  Queen's  Own"  (1855);  "The 
Yellow  Frigate  "  (1855)  ;  "  The  Phantom 
Regiment"  (1856)  ;  "  Harry  Ogilvie  :  or, 
the  Black  Dragoon  "  (185G) ;  "  Laura 
Everingham  "  (1857)  ;  "Memoirs  of  the 
Marquis  of  Montrose"  (1858)  ;  "Arthur 
Blaue  :  or,  the  Hundred  Cuirassiers " 
(1858)  ;  "  The  Cavaliers  of  Fortune " 
(1858)  ;  "  Lucy  Arden  :  a  Tale  of  1715  " 
(1859  ;  "  Legends  of  the  Black  Watch  " 
(1859);  "Mary  of  Loraine"  (1860); 
"  Oliver  Ellis  :  or,  the  Fusiliers  "  (1861)  ; 
"  Dick  Rodney  :  or,  the  Adventures  of 
an  Eton  Boy  "  (1861) ;  "The  Captain  of 
the  Guard"  (1862);  "The  Adventures 
of  Rob  Roy"  (1863);  "  Letty  Hyde's 
Lovers"  (1863);  "Second  to  None" 
(1864);  "The  King's  0»vn  Borderers" 
(1865);  "The  Constable  of  France" 
(1866)  ;  "The  White  Cockade  :  or,  Faith 
and  Fortitude"  (1867)  ;  "  First  Love  and 
I^ist  Love"  (1S68)  ;  "The  Secret  Dis- 
patch" (1868)  ;  "The  Girl  he  Married" 

(1869)  ;    "Jack  Manly,  his  Adventures  " 

(1870)  ;  "  Udy  Wedderburn's  Wish  " 
(1870);  "Only  an  Ensign"  (1871); 
"Under  the  Red  Dragon"  (1871); 
"  Brilish  Biittles  on  Land  and  Sea " 
(1873);  "Shall  I  Win  Her?"  (1874); 
"  Fairer  than  a  Fairy  "'  (1874)  ;  "  One  of 
the  Six  Hundred"  (1876);  "  Morley 
Ashtou "  (1876);  "Six  Years  Ago" 
(1877);  "  Casfiell's  History  of  India;" 
and  other  works. 

Qr«v,  ThomaB  (b.  London,  Dec. 
26th.  171');  d.  Cambridge,  July  30th, 
1771).  "Odoon  a  Distant  Prospect  of 
Kton  College  "  (1742)  ;  "  Ode  on  Spring," 
"  Hymn  to  Aaversity."  "  Elegy  written 
in  a  Country  Churchyard  "  (1751)  ;  "The 
Alliance  of  Education  and  Govemmont," 
"  Odo  to  Vicissitude,"  "  The  Progress  of 
Poesy,"  and  "The  Bard  "  (1757)  ;  "Ode 
on  the  Instillation  of  the  Duko  of  Graf- 
ton to  the  Chaocellorship  of  the  Univer- 


sity of  Cambridge  "  (1769)  ;  and  some 
minor  pieces.  His  poems  have  been 
edited  by  (Jilbert  Wakefield  (1786),  Mit- 
ford  (183')— 43),  Moultrie  (184.5),  E.  W, 
Gosse  (1884),  and  several  others.  The 
standard  Biography  is  that  by  Mason, 
published  in  1778.  There  is  another  by 
Gosse,  in  the  English  Men  of  Letters 
Series.  For  Criticism,  see  .Johnson's 
"  Lives  of  the  Poets,"  Hazlitt's  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  English  Poets,"  Roscoe's 
"  Essays,"  Drake's  "  Literary  Hours," 
Brydges's  "  Censura  Literaria,"  and 
other  works. 

Green,  John  Richard  (b.  1837, 
d.  1883).  "  A  Short  History  of  the 
English  People"  (1874),  "  A  History  of 
the  Euglish  People"  (1877—80),  "The 
Making  of  England  "  (1882),  "  The  Con- 
quest of  England  "  (1884). 

Greene,  Robert  (b.  Norwich,  1560 ; 
d.  Sept.  3rd,  I.')92).  A  full  catalogue  of 
this  writers  works  may  be  found  in 
Lowndes's  "  Bibliographer's  JIanual." 
Romances — "  Pandosto,  the  Triumph  of 
Time :  or,  the  History  of  Doraustus  and 
Faunia"  (1588);  "The  History  of  Ar- 
basto.  King  of  Denmark  "  (1617) ;  "A 
Pair  of  Tiirtle  Doves  :  or,  the  Tragicall 
History  of  Bellora  and  Fidelio  "  (1606); 
'•  Menaphon  "  (1587).  Autobiography— 
"(rreene's  Never  Too  Late"  (1590); 
"  Greene's  CJroat's- worth  of  Wit,  bi.ught 
with  a  Million  of  Repentance"  (1592)  ; 
"Greene's  Vision"  (1.592);  "  The  Re- 
pentance of  Robert  Greene  "  (1592)  ; 
"F.irewell  to  Folly"  (1591).  Plays— 
"The  Honourable  Historic  of  Frier 
Bacon  and  Frier  Bongay  "(1.594) ;  "The 
Historic  of  Orlando  Furioso "  (1594); 
'Comical  Historioof  Alphonsus.  King  of 
Arragon  ;  "  "A  Looking-Glas.se  for  Lon- 
don and  England  "  (with  Lodge,  1594)  ; 
"The  Scottish  Historic  of  James  IV." 
(1598) ;  "  Mammilia  "  (1593).  Mi.scolla- 
neous— "The  Myrrour  of  Modestie " 
(1584);  "Morando"  (1584)  ;  "Euphues, 
his  Censure  to  Philautus"  (1587)  ;  "  Peri- 
mcdes,  the  BUacksmith  "  (1588)  ;  "  Alci- 
d;i  "  (158^)  ;  "The  Spanish  M.asquerado" 
(1589).  For  Biography  and  Criticism,  «« 
Collier's  "Poetical  Decameron"  and 
"Dramatic  Poetry,"  Campbell's  "Speci- 
mens of  the  English  Poets,"  Hazlitt's 
"  Age  of  Elizabeth,"  Dyce's  edition  of 
(Jroene's  Works,  lirydtro-i's  "  (Censura 
Literaria,"  Boloe's  "Anecdotes,"  Rit-oon'tt 
"  Bibliographia  Poetioa,"  Wood's  "  Fasti 


1016 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Oxoiiienses,"  The  Retrospective  Review, 
aud  the  "  bhakospeare  Library." 

Greg,    William    Rathbone    (b. 

180:»,  (i:  1881).  "  Essays  on  Political 
and  Social  Science  ;  "  "  Enigmas  of  Life  " 
(1872)  ;  "  Literary  and  Social  Judg- 
ments ;  "  "  Political  Problems;  "  "  The 
Creed  of  Christendom "  (3rd  edition, 
(1873);  "  The  Great  Duel,  its  Meaning 
and  Results;"  "Truth  versus  Edifica- 
tion ;  "  "  Why  are  Women  Redundant?  " 
(1869);  "Rocks  Ahead:  or.  Warnings 
of  Cassandra  "  (1874)  ;  "  Mistaken  Aims 
and  Attainable  Ideals  of  the  Artisan 
Class"  (1876);  "Literary  and  Social 
Judgments"  (1877);  "Miscellaneous 
Essays"  (1881-82). 

Qreville.  Fulke  (b.  1556,  d.  1628). 
"  The  Life  of  the  Renowned  Sir  Philip 
Sidney"  (published  1652)  ;  "A  Letter  to 
an  Honourable  Lady;"  "A  Letter  of 
Travell ;  "  "  Cajlica,  a  Collection  of  109 
Songs  ;  "  "A  Treatise  on  Human  Learn- 
ing, in  15  Stanzas  ;  "  "  An  Inquisition 
upon  Fame  and  Honour,  in  86  Stanzas  ;  " 
"A  Treatise  on  Wars,  in  68  Stanzas;" 
"Alaham,"  a  tragedy;  "Mustapha,"  a 
tragedy.  Some  of  his  poems  appeared 
in  "England's  Helicon."  His  "Re- 
mains "  were  published  in  1670. 

Grote,  George  (b.  Clay  Hill, 
Beckenham,  Nov.  17th,  1794;  d.  London, 
June  18th,  1871).  "The  Essentials  of 
Parliamentary  Reform"  (1831),  "The 
History  of  Greece"  (1846—56),  "Plato 
and  other  Companions  of  Sokrates" 
(1865),  "  A  Review  of  Mill's  Examination 
of  Sir  W.  Hamilton"  (1868),  "  Aristotle  " 
(1872).  See  the  "Life"  by  his  wife 
(1873),  and  "  Minor  Works"  (1873). 


H 

Habington,  William  (b.  1605,  d. 
1645).  "  Castara  "  (1634) ;  ''  The  Qneene 
of  Arason  "  (1664)  ;  "  History  of  Ed- 
ward IV,,  King  of  England"  (1640), 

Haggard.  Rider  (b.  1856).  "  Cete- 
wayo  and  his  White  Neighbours  "  (1882), 
"  Dawn  "  (1884),  "  The  Witch's  Head  " 
(188.5),  "  King  Solomon's  Mines"  (1885), 
"She"  (1886),  "Jess"  (1887),  "Allan 
Quaterraain"  (1887), 

Haklnyt,  Bichard  (b.  1553,  d. 
1616).    Voyages  published  in  the  follow- 


ing order  :— (1)  "  Divers  Voyages  touch- 
ing the  Discoverie  of  America  and  the 
Lands  adjacent  unto  the  Same  "  (1582)  ; 
(2)  "Foure  Voyages  unto  Florida" 
(1587);  and  (3)  "The  Principal  Naviga- 
tions, Voyages,  Traffiques,  and  Dis- 
coveries of  the  English  Nation,  made  by 
Sea  or  over  Land,  to  the  most  remote 
and  farthest  distant  quarters  of  the 
Earth"  (1589).  Of  these  a  new 
edition  was  published  in  1809 — 12, 
followed  by  a  supplementary  volume  in 
1812,  containing  several  Voyages  which 
Hakluyt  had  recommended  for  publica- 
tion. For  biographical  and  bibliographi- 
cal particulars,  see  the  "  Biographia 
Britannica,"Oldys's  "Librarian,"  Wood's 
"  Athenae  Oxonienses,"  and  Lowndes's 
"  Bibliographer's  Manual," 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew  (b.  Alderley, 
Nov.  1st,  1609 ;  d.  Dec.  25th,  1676). 
"History  of  the  Pleas  of  the  Crown" 
(1678),  &c, 

Halea,  John  (b.  1584,  d.  1656). 
"The  Golden  Remaines "  (1659).  No- 
thing of  John  Hales,  called  The  Ever- 
Memorable,  was  published  during  his 
lifetime. 

Hall.  Joseph  (b.  Bristow  Park, 
Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  July  1st,  1574 ;  d. 
Hiirham,  Norwich,  Sept,  8th,  1656). 
"  Virgidemiarum  "  (1597),  "Sermons," 
"Characters  of  Virtues  and  Vices." 
Works  (1837).  Biography  by  Pratt, 
Jones,  and  Morris  (1846).  Criticism  in 
Hannay's  "Satire  and  Satirists,"  and 
Warton's  "  English  Poetry." 

Kallam,  Henry  (b. Windsor,  1777; 
d.  Penshurst,  Jan.  21st,  1859).  "View 
of  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages" 
(1818),  "  Constitutional  History  of  Eng- 
land" (1827),  "An  Introduction  to  the 
Literature  of  Europe  "  (1837 — 39),  and 
various  essays  in  The  Edhiburgh  Review. 
See  sketch  of  his  "  Life  "  by  Dean  Milman, 
in  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society," 
vol.  X, 

Hamerfon,  Philip  Gilberfc  (b. 

Laneside,  Shaw,  Lancashire,  Sept.  10th, 
1834).  "A  Painter's  Camp  in  the  High- 
lands "  (1862),  "Contemporary  French 
Painters  "  (1867),  "  Etx^hing  and  Etchers" 
(1868),  "  Wenderholme "  (1869),  "The 
Intellectual  Life"  (1873),  "Life  of 
Turner "  (1878),  "Modern  Frenchmen" 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1017 


(1878),    "The    Graphic    Arts"    (1882), 
"  Human  Intercourse  "  (1884). 

Hamilton,  Sir  William  (b.  Glas- 
gow, March  3rd,  1791  :  d.  185C),  author 
of  "  Discussions  on  Pliilosophy  "  (lS.")'2l  : 
of  an  edition  of  Raid,  with  notes  and 
dissertations  (1846) ;  and  of  lectures  ou 
metaphysics  and  lopic.  published  by  Pro- 
fessors Mansel  and  Veitch  in  185!»— GO. 
See  Veitcb's  "  Memoirs"  and  Ueberweg's 
"  History  of  Philosophy." 

Hannay,  James  (b.  1827,  d.  1873). 
"Biscuits  and  Grog  "  (1848),  "  A  Claret 
Cup"  (184S),  "King  Dobbs "  (1848), 
"  Hearts  are  Trumps "  (1849),  "Singleton 
Fontenoy  "  (1850),  "  Sketches  in  Ultra- 
marine "  (1853),  "  Satire  and  Satirists  " 
(1854),  "Eustace  Conyers "  (1855), 
"  Essays  from  the  Quarterly  "  (1801),  "A 
Course  of  English  Literature"  (1866), 
and  "Studies  on  Thackeray"  (1869). 
Edited  T/i^  Edinburgh  Courant. 


Hardy,  Thomas  (b 

"  Under  the  Greenwood 
"A  Pair  of  Blue  Eyes' 
from  the  Madding  Crowd  ' 
Hand  of  I'^tholherta ' 
Iletum  of  the  Native " 
Trumpet  Major  "  (1880),  ' 
(1881),  "Two  on  a  Tower' 
Mayor  of  Castleroaine  " 
Woodlanders"  (1887). 


June  2,  1840). 
Tree"  (1872), 
(1873),  "Far 
'  (1874),  "The 
(1876),  "The 
(1878),  "The 
'  A  I^Aodicean  " 
'  (18H2),  '•  The 
(1886),    "The 


Hare,  Augustus  John  Cuthbert 

(b.  1834).  "  Epitaphs  from  Country 
Churchyards  "  (IS.W),  "  Walks  in  Rome  " 
(1871),  "Memorials  of  a  Quiet  Life" 
(1872),  "  Wanderings  in  Spain  "  (1873), 
''Days  near  Rome"  (1875),  "  Cities  of 
Northern  and  Central  Italy "  (1876), 
"  Walks  in  I/jndon  "  (1878),  "  Cities  of 
Southern  Italy  and  Sicily"  (1883), 
"Cities  of  Central  and  Northern  Italy  " 
(1884). 

Harrington,  James  (K  lOii,  d. 
1677).  "Oceana"  (16.56);  "Essay  on 
Virgil  "  (1658) :  "  A  Translation  of  Four 
Docks  of  tho.-Eneid"  (V\WJ).  The  best 
collected  edition  of  Harrington's  works 
is  that  published  by  Hollis  in  1771. 

Harrington,  Sir  John  (h.  l.';61, 
d.  1612).  "Orlnndo  Furioso,  translated 
into  lloroiciil  Kntrlish  Vorso  "  (l.'iOl); 
"The  Motrtmorphosis  of  Aj.ix  "  (]5!>6); 
"Tho  Englishman's  Doctor;  or,  the 
School  of  Salerne  "  (1609)  ;  "  The  most 


eleeant  and  witty  Epigrams  of  Sir  J.  H." 

(1615). 

Harrison,  Frederic  (b.  London, 
Oct.  18th,  1831).  "Tho  Meaning  of 
Hi.story  "  (1862),  "  England  and  France  " 
(18G6),  "  Questions  for  a  Reformed  Par- 
liament "  (1867),  "  Order  and  Progress" 
(1875),  a  translation  of  Corate's  "  Social 
Statics"  (1875),  "The  Present  and  tho 
Future  "  (1880),  "  Martial  Law  in  Cabul  " 
(1880),  "  Lectures  on  Education  "  (1883), 
"On  the  Choice  of  Books "  (1886). 

Hartley,  David  (b.  Aug.  3oth, 
1705  ;  d.  Bath,  Aug.  25th,  1757). 
"Observations  on  Man"  (1748,  new 
edition  1791,  with  "  Life  "  by  his  son). 

Hawker,    Robert  Stephen   (b. 

1805,  d.  1875).  "Ecclesia"  (1841), 
"  Echoes  from  Old  Cornwall  "  (1845), 
"The  Quest  of  the  Sangrail  "  (1864), 
"  Cornish  Ballads  "  (1869),  "  Footprints 
of  Former  Men  in  Cornwall"  (1870). 
Sec  Baring-Gould's  "Vicar  of  Mor- 
wentow"  and  F.  G.  Lee's  "  Life  of  R. 
S.  Hawker." 

Hayward,  Abraham  (b.  1803,  d, 
1884).  "The  Art  of  Dining"  (1852); 
"Biographical  and  Critical  Essays" 
(1858);  "The  Letters  and  Remains  of 
Mrs.  Piozzi"  (1861);  "Selections  from 
the  Diary  of  a  Lady  of  Quality  "  (1864) ; 
"(Joethe,  a  Biographical  Sketch"  (1877) ; 
"  Short  Rules  of  Modern  Whist"  (1878) ; 
"  Sketches  of  Eminent  Statesmen  and 
Writers"  (1880).  He  also  translated 
Goethe's  "Faust"  (1883),  edited  the 
Lata  Mngazitie,  and  contributed  con- 
stantly to  the  Editihurnh  and  Qiiartcrh/ 
Reviews.  See  his  "  Corre.spondence  *' 
(1886). 

Hazlitt,  William  (b.  Maidstone, 
April  10th,  1778;  d.  Sept.  18th,  18.30), 
wrote  "  An  F^ssay  on  tho  Principles  of 
Human  Action"  (1805);  "Free  Thoughts 
on  Public  Affairs"  (1806);  "  A  Reply  to 
Malthus"  (1807);  "The  Eloquence  of 
tho  British  Senate"  (1807);  "A  Now 
Grammar  of  tho  EnglisliTonjrtie '.' (1810); 
"  Memoirs  of  Thomas  Holcroft"  (1816); 
"Characters  of  Sh.ikespenre's  Plavs" 
(1817);  "Tho  Round  Table"  (1817)  :  "  A 
View  of  tho  English  Stage  "  (1818):  "  Lec- 
tures on  tho  Enplish  Poets"  (1818); 
' '  Lectures  on  the  English  Comic  Writers  " 
(1819);  "Political  Essays"  (1819); 
"  Table  Talk  "  (1821) ;  "  I^tnres  on  the 


1018 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Dramatic  Literature  of  the  At^e  of  Eliza- 
beth" (1S21);  "Characteristics  in  the 
Manner  of  Rochefoucauld's  Maxims" 
(1S23);  "Liber  Amoris:  or,  the 
Now  Pygmalion"  (1823):  "Notes 
of  a  Journey  throug^h  PVance  and 
Italy"  (182o)  ;  "  The  Spirit  of  the  Age  ; 
or.  Contemporary  Portraits"  (1825)  ; 
"  Select  Poets  of  Great  Britain  "  (1825)  ; 
"The  Plain  Speaker;  or,  Opinions  on 
Books,  Men,  and  Things"  (1820) ;  "The 
Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte"  (1828)  : 
"  Conversations  with  .James  Northcote  " 
(1830)  ;  and  "  A  Life  of  Titian  "  (1830). 
Seethe  "Life"  by  his  grandson  (1867), 
and  the  "  Literary  Remains,"  with  the 
first  Lord  Lytton's  introduction,  and 
Stephen's  "  Hours  in  a  Library." 

Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond  (b.  near 
Rochester,  1703;  d.  July  23rd,  1875). 
"  Rouo-h  Notes  on  the  Pampas  "  (1826), 
"  A  Life  of  Bruce  the  Traveller  "  (1830), 
"  Bubbles  from  the  Brunnen  of  Nassau  " 
(1833),  "The  Emigrant"  (1846),  "The 
Defenceless  State  of  Britain"  (1850),  "A 
Faggot  of  French  Sticks"  (1851),  "A 
Fortnight  in  Ireland"  (1852),  "Descrip- 
tive Essays"  (1857),  "The  Horse  and 
his  Rider"  (1860),  and  "The  Roval 
Engineer  "  (1860). 

Heber,  Reginald,  Bishop  of  Cal- 
cutta (b.  Malpas,  Cheshire,  April  21st 
1783;  d.  1820).  "Poems"  (1812),  "The 
Personality  and  Office  of  the  Christian 
Comforter "  (1815),  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Jeremy  Taylor,  and  numerous 
essays  in  The  Quarterly  licrUtr,  besides 
bis  Newdigate  prize  poem,  called  "  Pales- 
tine." See  his  ".Journal,"  the  "Life" 
by  his  widow  (1830),  "The  Last  Days  of 
Heber,"  by  Thomas  Robinson,  and  the 
Memoirs  by  Potter  and  Taylor. 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur  (b,  1817;  d. 
London,  March  7th,  1875).  "  Thoughts 
in  the  Cloister  and  the  Crowd  "  (1835)  ; 
"  Essays  wTitten  in  the  Intervals  of 
Business"  (1841)  ;  "  King  Henry  II.," 
an  historical  drama  (1H43)  :  "  Cathe- 
rine Douglas,"  a  tragedy  (1843)  ;  "The 
Claims  of  Labour"  (1845);  "  Friends  in 
Council  "  (1841,  1859) ;  "  Companions 
of  my  Solitude"  (1851) ;  "  A  History  of 
the  Spanish  Conquest  of  America '' 
(1855—61);  "Oulita,  the  Serf"  (1858); 
"  Realmah  "  (1869)  ;  "  Life  of  Pizarro  " 
(1869);  "Casirair  Maremma"  (1870); 
"Brevia  :  short  Essays  and  Aphorisms" 


(1870);  "Conversations  on  War  and 
General  Culture"  (1871);  "Thoughts 
upon  Government"  (1871);  "Life  of 
Cortez"  (1871);  "Ivan  de  Biron  " 
(1874)  ;  and  "Social  Pressure"  (1874). 

Hemans,  Felicia  Dorothea  (b. 

1794,  d.  1S35.)  "  Early  Blo.ssoms  of 
Si)ring  "  (1808)  ;  "  England  and  Spain  : 
or,  Valour  and  Patriotism"  (1808) ;  "  The 
Domestic  Aftections"  (1812)  ;  "  Restora- 
tion of  the  Works  of  Art  in  Italy"  (1817) ; 
"  Modern  Greece  "  (1817) ;  "  Meeting  of 
Wallace  and  Bruce"  (1819);  "The 
Sceptic"  (1820);  "Dartmoor"  (1821): 
"Welsh  Melodies"  (1822);  "Siee-e  of 
Valencia"  (1823);  "The  Forest  Sanc- 
tuary" (1826);  "Records  of  Woman" 
(1828);  "Songs  of  the  Affections" 
(1S:]0);  "National  Lvrics "  (1834); 
"  Hvrans  of  Childhood"  (1834) ;  "  Scenes 
and'Hymnsof  Life"  (1834);  "Poetical 
Remains"  (1836). 

Henry,  Matthew  (b.  Broadoak, 
Whitchurch,  Shropshire,  1662  ;  d.  Nant- 
wich,  .June  22nd,  1714).  "An  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments," 
"  Life  of  the  Rev.  Philip  Henry  "  (1696\ 
"Discour.se  concerning  Meekness" 
(1698),  "The  Communicant's  Com- 
panion"' (1704),  "Direction  for  Daily 
Communion  "  (1712),  and  "The  Pleasant- 
ness of  a  Religious  Life  "  (1714).  Sec  the 
"  Lives  "  by  Tong  and  Williams. 

Herbert,  George  (b.  Montgomery 
Castle,  April  .3rd,  1593  ;  d.  Bemerton, 
1632).  "The  Temple"  (1631),  "The 
Country  Parson "  (1652),  &c.  See  the 
"Lives"  by  Izaak  Walton  (1670)  and 
Duyckinck  (1858)  ;  also  the  edition  of 
his  Works,  with  a  Memoir,  by  A.  B. 
Gro-sart  (1875). 

Herrick,  Robert  (b.  London,  1591; 
d.  Oct.  15th,  1674).  "Noble  Numbers, 
or  Pious  Pieces  "  (1647).  The  remainder 
of  his  writings  appeared  in  1648  under 
the  title  of  "  Hesperides.'"  .SV^  the 
"Complete  Poems,'"  edited  by  A.  B. 
Grosart  (1S77).  and  the  "  Selection."  bv 
F.  T.  Palgrave  (\^1T). 

Herschel,  Sir  John  Frederick 
William  (b.  1792,  d.  1871).  "A  Pre- 
liminary Discourse  on  the  Study  of 
Natural  Philosophy"  (1830);  "A 
Treatise  on  Astronomy"  (1833);  "Re- 
sults of  Astronomical  Observations  made 
during  the  Years  1834—38,  at  the  Cape 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDEX. 


1019 


of  Good  Hope"  (1847);  "Outlines  of 
Astronomy"  (1849);  "A  Manual  of 
Scientific  Enquiry"  (1849);  "Essays 
from  the  Edinburgh  and  Quartcrli/ 
Reviews"  (1857). 

Heyw^ood,  John  (b.  North  Mims, 
Hertfordshire,  1506;  d.  Mechlin,  1565). 
Works  :-  "  The  Play  of  Love  "  (1533)  ; 
"  A  Mery  Play  betweene  Johan  the  Hus- 
band, Tyb  the  Wife,  and  St.  Johan  the 
Prestyr"  (1533);  "A  Mery  Play  be- 
tweene  the  Pardoner  and  the  Frere,  the 
Curate  and  Neybour  Prattle"  (1533); 
"  Of  Gentylnes  and  NoViylyte,  a  Dya- 
lopue "  (1535);  "A  Dialogue,"  &c. 
(1546);  "The  Spi.ler  and  the  Flie " 
(1.55b-)  ;  "  A  Brcefe  Balet  "  (15.57)  :  "  The 
Play  called  the  Foure  P's  "  (1569)  ;  "  A 
Balade,"  &;c.,  in  MS.  Harl.  ;  "  Dialotrue 
of  Wit  and  Folly,"  in  Fairholt's  edition  ; 
"  Poetical  Dialogue,"  &c.,  in  MS.  Harl., 
Brit.  Mus.  ;  "A  Description  of  a  Most 
Noble  Ladye,"  in  MS.  Harl.  An  edition 
of  the  Works  was  printed  in  1562.  Sec 
also  Warton's  "  Ent^dish  Poetry,"  Rit- 
son's  "  Bihliographia  Poetica,"  Wood's 
"Athena;  O.xonionsos,"  Ellis's  "Speci- 
mens of  Early  Enerlish  Poets,"  and  Col- 
lier's "  History  of  Dramatic  Poetry." 

Hobbea,  Thomas  (b.  Malmesbury, 
April  .5th,  1588;  d.  Dec.  4th,  1679). 
"  The  Wonders  of  the  Peak,"  a  poem 
(163'));  "De  Give"  (1646);  "Human 
Nature"  (1650)  ;  "De  Corpore  Politico" 
(16.5(1)  ;  "Leviathan  "  (1651)  ;  "  Liberty 
and  Necessity"  (1654);  "Decameron 
Physiologicum "  (1678);  "The  Behe- 
moth," a  free  translation  of  .Aristotle's 
"Rhetoric;"  a  translation  of  Homer 
into  English  verse  ;  and  his  own  "  Life"  in 
Latin  verse  (1672).  Sec  also  the  "Life  " 
by  Blackbume  (1681).  A  complete  col- 
lection of  his  Works  was  published  by 
Sir  W.  Molesworth  (1842-4.5). 

Hogg,  James  (b.  Forest  of  Ettrick, 
Selkirkshire,  .Tan.  25t.h,  1772  ;  d.  Altrive, 
Nov.  21st.  ls;-!5).  "  The  Mistakes  of  a 
Night"  (1794),  "Verses"  (ISOl),  "The 
Mountain  Bard "  (1807),  "The  Queen's 
Wake"  (1813),  "Madoc  of  the  Moor," 
"The  Pilgrims  of  the  Sun,"  "  The  Poetic 
Mirror,"  "  Qtieen  Hynde,"  and  other 
poems ;  together  with  the  following 
prose  works:— "The  Brownie  of  Bods- 
beck,"  "  Winter  Evening  Tales,"  "The 
Three  Perils  of  Man,"  "The  Three 
Perils  of  Women,"  "  The  Altrive  Tales," 


"  The  Confessions  of  a  Justified  Sinner," 
"  Lay  Sermons,"  and  "A  Life  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott." 

Holinshed,  Raphael  (d.  about 
1580).  "  Chronicle  of  Englande,  Scot- 
lande,  and  Irelande "  (1577).  Modern 
edition  (1807-8). 

Home,  John  (b.  1724,  d.  1808). 
"Douglas"  (1757);  "Agis"  (1758); 
"The  Siege  of  Aquileia"  (1760);  "The 
Fatal  Discovery"  (1769);  "Alonzo" 
(1773);  "Alfred"  (1778). 

Hood,  Thomas  (b.  London,  May 
23rd,  1799  ;  d.  London,  1845).  "Odes  and 
Addresses  to  Great  People,"  with  J.  H. 
Reynolds  (1825)  ;  "  The  Plea  of  the  Mid- 
summer Fairies,  and  other  Poems" 
(1827)  ;  "  National  Tales  "  (1827) :  "  The 
Epping  Hunt"  (1829);  "TylneyHall" 
(1834);  "ComicAnnual"(  1830  to  1839); 
"Hood's  Own"  (1838—39);  "Up  the 
Rhine  "  (1840) ;  and  "  W^himsicalities  " 
(1843 — 44).  The  "  Poems,"  and  "  Poems 
of  Wit  and  Humour,"  are  published  in 
a  collected  form.  For  Biography,  h'c 
his  Literary  Reminiscences  in  "Hood's 
Own,"  and  the  "Life"  by  Hood's  son 
and  ilaughter. 

Hook,    Theodore    Edward    (b. 

London,  Sept.  22nd,  1788:  d.  London, 
Aug.  24th,  1841).  "Sayings  and 
Doings"  (1824,  1825.  1828);  "  Ma.^- 
well  "  (1830) ;  "  Gilbert  Gurney  "  (1835); 
''Gurnoy  Married"  (1837);  "Jack  Brag" 
(1837);  "  Births,  Deaths,  and  Marriages  " 
(1839)  ;  "  Precepts  and  Practice  "  (1840); 
"  Fathers  and  Sons  "  (1840)  ;  and  "  Pere- 
grine Bunco  ;  "  also  several  plays,  includ- 
ing "Peter  .and  Paul  "and  "  Killing  No 
Murder."  His  "  Life  of  Sir  David  Bainl" 
in  1832.  Edited  John  Bit  1 1  and  .■\V(f 
Monthhj.     "  Life  "  by  Barham  (1848). 

Hooker,  Richard  (b.  1553,  d. 
1600).  "  On  the  Laws  of  Ecclesiastical 
Polity,"  bks.  i.— iv.  (1593),  bk.  v.  (1597), 
bk.  vii.  (1017),  bks.  vi.  and  vjii.  (1648). 
Rov.  .lohn  Keble  published  an  excellent 
edition  of  Hooker  in  1836. 

Home,  George.  Bishop  of  Norwich 
(b.  Otham,  Kent,  Nov.  1st  1730;  d. 
iJath,  Jan.  17th,  1792).  "  Comment-iry 
of  the  P.s.ilms"  (1776),  &c.   "  Life  "  (1795). 

Home,    Richard    Hen  gist    (b. 

London,  1803;  d.   1884).      "Cosmo  de 


1020 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Medici"  (1837);  "The  Death  of  Mar- 
lowe "  (183S) ;  "  Exposition  of  the  False 
Medium  and  Barnsrs  exclndinp  Men 
of  Genius  from  the  Public"  (1838); 
"Gregory  the  Seventh,"  a  trag^edy 
(1840);  "A  Life  of  Napoieon  "  (1841); 
"Orion,  an  Epic  Poem"  (1843);  "A 
New  Spirit  of  the  Afje  "  (1844) ;  "Bal- 
lads and  Romances"  (184(5);  "-Judas 
Iscariot"  (1848);  "The  Dreamer  and 
the  Worker"  (1851);  "Undeveloped 
Characters  of  Shakespeare  ;  "  "  Austra- 
lian Facts  and  Prospects  ;  "  and  "  Laura 
Dibalzo  "  (1880).  See  "  Letters  of  E.  B. 
Browning  to  R.  H.  Home  "  (1877). 

Houghton,  Richard  Monekton 
Milnes,  Baron  (b.  isop,  d.  1885). 
"Memorials  of  a  Tour  in  Greece" 
(1833);  "Memorials  of  a  Residence  on 
the  Continent"  (1838);  "Poems  of 
Many  Years"  (1838);  "Poetry  for  the 
People"  (1840);  "Poems,  Legendary 
and  Historical  "  (1844)  ;  "  Keats's  Life, 
Letters  and  Literary  Remains  "  (1848)  ; 
"  Boswelliana  "  (1855) ;  "  Monographs, 
Personal  and  Social"  (1873);  "Essays 
on  Reform  "  (1867). 

Howard,  Henry,  Earl  of  Surrey 
(h.  circa  1518 ;  d.  London,  Jan.  19th, 
1547).  Best  editions  of  Poetical  Works  : 
Nott's  (1815),  and  the  Aldine  volume, 
with  Memoir  (1831). 

Howe,  John  (b.  Loughborough, 
Leicestershire,  May  17th,  1630  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, April  2nd,  1706).  "The  Living 
Temple  "(1676—1702),  "The Redeemer's 
Tears"  (1685);  "The  Calm  and  Sober 
Inquiry  concerning  the  Possibility  of  a 
Trinity  in  the  Godhead  "  (1695),  "  The 
Blessedness  of  the  Righteous,"  "The 
Redeemer's  Dominion  over  the  Invisible 
World,"  "Delighting  in  God  "  (1700). 
See  the  "Lives"  by  Calamy,  Hunt 
(1823),  and  Rogers  (1836). 

Howell,  James  (b.  1594,  d.  1666). 
"  Dendrologia  :  or,  the  Vocall  Forest  " 
(1640) ;  "  Instructions  for  Forraine  Tra- 
veir^  (1642);  "  Epistote  Ho-elianfe  " 
(1645—55) ;  "  A  Perfect  Description  of 
the  People  and  Country  of  Scotland  " 
(1649) ;  "  Londinopolis,  an  Historicall 
Discourse  or  Perlustration  of  the  City  of 
London  and  of  Westminster"  (1657); 
"  Poems  upon  Divers  Emergent  Occa- 
sions" (1664).  See  "Athenoc  Oxo- 
nienses,"  "  Biographia  Britannica,"  and 
Hallam's  "  Literature  of  Europe." 


Howitt,  Tffary  (b.  Uttoxeter,  1«0  ■; 
d.  188H).  "The  Seven  Tfmptations," 
"Wood  Leigh  ton,"  "I  he  H'ir  of  West 
Wnyland,'"  "  The  Dial  of  Love,"  "  Lilies- 
lea, '  "Stories  of  Stapleford,"  "The  Cost 
of  Caergwyn,"  &c.  She  has  also  trans- 
lated into  linglish,  Andersen's  "Impro- 
visatore,"  and  all  the  works  of  Frederika 
Bremer. 

Howitt,     "Williain     (b.     Heanon, 

Derbyshire,  1795  ;  d.  1879).  "  The  Book 
of  the  Season  "  (1831) ;  "The  History  of 
Priestcraft  "  (1833) ;  "  The  Rural  Life 
of  England"  (1837);  "  Student  Life  in 
Germany  "  (1841) ;  "  The  Rural  and  Do- 
mestic Life  of  Germany"  (1842)  ;  "The 
Aristocracy  of  England"  (1846)  ;  "The 
Haunts  and  Homes  of  British  Poets " 
(1847):  "  The  Man  of  the  People  "  (1860); 
"The  Ruined  Castles  and  Abbeys  of 
England"  (1861);  "The  History  o'f  the 
Supernatural  "  (1863)  ;  "  The  Mad  War 
Planet,  and  other  Poems  "  (1871),  "tc. 

Howson,  The  Very  Rev.  John 
Saul  (b.  1816,  d.  1885).  "  The  Life  and 
Epistles  of  St.  Paul,"  with  W.  J.  Conv- 
beare  (1852) ;  "  Tlie  Miracles  of  Christ"" 
(1871—77) ;  "Chester  as  It  Was"  (1872); 
"  The  River  Dee,  its  Aspect  and  History" 
(1875) ;  "  Horse  PetrinjE  "  (1883). 

Hughes,  Thomas  (b.  Oct.  20th, 
1823).  "Tom  Brown's  School  Days" 
(1856) ;  "  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford  "  (1861) ; 
"The  Scouring  of  the  White  Horse" 
(1858);  "Alfred  the  Great"  (1869); 
"The  Memoirs  of  a  Brother"  (1873); 
"  Our  Old  Church  "  (1879)  ;  "The  Man- 
liness of  Christ"  (1879);  "Memoir  of 
Daniel  Macmillan  "  (1882)  ;  "  A  Manual 
for  Co-operators  "  (1881)  ;  "  Gone  to 
Texas  "  (1884)  ;  and  sundry  miscellanies. 

Hume.  David  (b.  Edinburgh,  April 
26th,  1711  :  d.  Edinburgh,  Aug.  26tb, 
1776).  "Treatise  of  Human  Nature" 
(1738)  ;  "  Essays,  Moral,  Political,  and 
Literary"  (1741—42);  an  "Inquiry 
concerning  Human  Understanding" 
(1748)  ;  an  "  Inquiry  concemina:  the 
Principles  of  Morals"  (1751)  ;  "  Political 
Discourse"  (1751);  "The  History  of 
England"  (1754,  1756,  1759,  and  1761)  ; 
and  the  "  Natural  History  of  Religion  " 
(1755).  See  the  "  Autobiography," 
edited  by  Adam  Smith  (1789)  ;  and  the 
"Lives"  bv  Pratt  (1777),  Dalrymple 
(1787).  Ritchie  (1807),  and  Hill  Burton 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1021 


(1846).  "  Philosophical  Works  "  (1875). 
See  Huxley's  monograph  (1879). 

Hunt,  James  Henry  Leigh  (1). 
Southgate,  Mi.ldlesex.  Oct.  19th,  1784; 
d.  Aug.  28th.  1859).  "  The  Feast  of  the 
Poets"  (1814);  "The  Descent  of 
Liberty  "  (1815)  ;  "  Bacchus  in  Tuscany" 
(1816)";  "Hero  and  Leander "  (181(3); 
"  Francesca  da  Rimini  "  (1816)  ;  "  Ultra- 
Crepidarius "  (1819);  "  Amyntas " 
(1820) ;  "  Recollections  of  Lord  liyron  " 
(1823):  "Sir  Ralph  Esher"  (1832); 
"Captain  Sword  and  Captain  Pen" 
(1839) ;  "  A  Legend  of  Florence " 
(1840) ;  "  The  Palfrey  "  (1842) ;  "  Chris- 
tianism  "  (1846)  ;  "  Men,  Women,  and 
Books"  (1847);  "The  Town"  (1848); 
"Autobiography"  (1850);  "The  Re- 
ligion of  the  Heart"  (1853)  ;  "Stories 
in  Verse"  (1855);  "The  Old  Court 
Suburb"  (1855);  "Table  Talk;"  "A 
Jar  of  Honey  from  Mount  Hybla;" 
"  A  Tale  for  the  Chimney  Corner  ;  " 
"Wishing  Cap  Papers;"  and  "  A  Day 
by  the  Fire."  He  was  also  the  com- 
piler, with  notes,  of  "  Wit  and  Hu- 
mour"  and  "Imagination  and  Fancy." 
Edited  Tli^  Examiner  (1808—21);  T/ie 
Literani  Examiner  (1817)  ;  Tlie  hvlicatur 
(1819-21)  ;  The  Companion  (1828) ;  The 
Tiitler  (1830—32)  ;  Tlie  London  Journal 
(1834—35);  and  The  Rcfector.  For 
Biography,  if*  the  "Life  and  Letters" 
by  his  son ;  Hawthorne's  "  Our  Old 
Home;"  Grundy's  "Pictures  of  the 
Past,"  &c.  See  also  Alexander  Smith's 
"  Drcamthorpe." 

Hutcheeon.  Francis,  LIj.D.  (b. 

Drumalig,  Saintfiold,  Countv  Down,  Aug. 
8th,  1694  ;  d.  Aug.  8th,  1746).  "  Am  In- 
quirj'  into  the  Original  of  our  Ideas  of 
Beauty  and  Virtue"  (1725)  ;  "An  Essay 
on  the  Nature  and  Conduct  of  the  Pas- 
sions, with  Illustrations  of  the  Moral 
Sense"  (1728);  "  Philosophiae  Moralis 
Institutio  Compen<liaria  "  (1742)  ;  "Re- 
flections on  Laughter"  (1750)  ;  and  "  A 
System  of  Moral  Philosophy"  (1755). 
•SVr  the  "  Life  "  by  Leechman  (175.5). 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry,  LTj.D. 

(1..  Ealing,  May  4th.  1825).  "Man's 
Place  in  Naturo  "  (186j)  ;  "  Lectures  on 
Comparative  Anatomy  "  (1864)  ;  "  Les- 
sons on  Klement.iry  Physiology  "  (1866)  ; 
"  The  Classification  of  Animals  "  (1869)  ; 
"  l.ay  Sermons,  Addresses,  and  Reviews" 
(1870)  ;     "  Critiques    and     Addresses " 


(1873)  ;  "  Elementary  Biology  "  (1875)  ; 
"  American  Lectures  and  Addres-ses  " 
(1877) ;  "  Hume  "  (1879) ;  "  The  Cray- 
fish" (1881).      ■ 


Ingelow^,  Jean  (b.  Boston,  about 
1830).  "  Tales  of  Orris  "  (1860)  ;  "The 
Round  of  Days"  (1861);  "Poems" 
(1862) ;  "  A  Story  of  Doom,  and  other 
Poems"  (1867);  "  Mopsa  the  Fairy" 
(1869);  "  Little  Wonder-horn  "  (1872); 
"Off  the  Skelligs"  (1873);  "Fated  to 
be  Free  "  (1876),  "  Don  John  "  (1876), 
"Sarah  de  Berenger"  (1880),  "The 
Hia-h  Tide  on  the  Coast  of  Lincolnshire  " 
(1S83). 

Ingoldsby,  Thomas.  See  Barbam, 
Richard  Henry. 


James   I.  of  England  (b.  Edin- 
burgh, June  19th,  1566 ;  d.  March  27th, 
1625).       "  Essays  of  a  Prentice   in   the 
Divine  Art  of  Poesie"  (1584),  "  Majesty's 
Poetical    Exercises"    (1591),  "  Deinono- 
logie"  (1597),  "Basilikon  Doron"  (1599), 
'    "Triplici  Nodo  Triplex  Cuneus  "  (1605), 
'    "  Remonstrance  for  tfie  Right  of  Kings  " 
I    (1615),    "  A  Counterblaste  to  Tobacco  " 
;    (1616).  Prose  Works  (1616).  ,SVe  A rber's 
reprints  ;  also  "  Lives  "by  Wilson  (1653), 
Sanderson  (1656),   Harris  (1753),  Laing 
(1804),     Thompson     (1825)  ;      Nichol's 
"  Progresses,   &c.,  of  James  I."  (1829) ; 
D'Israeli's    "  Inquiry  into  the   Literary 
and    Political    Character   of  James    I." 
(1S16)  ;  and  Gardner's  "  History  of  Eng- 
land from  the  Accession  of  James  I." 

James  I.  of  Scotland  (b.  Dun- 
fermline, 1391  :  d.  Perth,  Feb.  20th, 
1437).  "The  King's  Quhair"  (1783), 
"  Christis  Kirk  on  the  Green,"  and 
"  Peblis  to  tlie  Play."  See  "  Lives  "  by 
Wilson  and  Chalmers  (1830). 

James,  George  Payne  Rains- 
ford  (b.  London,  1801  ;  d.  Venice,  Juno 
9th,  1860).  About  180  novels—"  Riche- 
lieu "(1825),  "Darnley"  (1830),  ic, 
and  a  few  historical  works. 

Jameson,  Mrs.  (b.  Dublin,  May 
19th,  1797  ;  d.  March  17th,  18ti0).  "  The 
Loves  of  the  Poets"  (1829);  "Cele- 
brated   Female     Sovereigns"    (1831); 


1022 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


"  Characteristics  of  ShakesiJcare's  Wo- 
men "  (1832);  "Beauties  of  the  Court 
of  Charles  II."  (1833)  ;  "  Winter  Studies 
and  Summer  Rambles  in  Canada"  (1838) ; 
"Lives  of  the  Early  Italian  Painters" 
(181.J)  ;  "  Memoirs  and  Essays  "  (1846)  ; 
"  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art "  (1848)  ; 
"  Legends  of  the  Madonna  "  (1852)  ; 
"  A  Commonplace  Book  of  Thoughts, 
Memories,  and  Fancies"  (18.54);  "The 
Diary  of  an  Ennuyde "  (18.56),  &c. 
"  Life  "  (1878). 

Jeffrey,  Francis,  Lord  (b.  Edin- 
burgh, Oct.  23rd,  1773  ;  d.  Edinburgh, 
Jan.  26th,  1850).  Edited  Edinhuryh 
Review  from  1803  to  1829.  "  E.ssays  " 
(1843).  -SVr  bis  "  Life  "  (with  "  Letters  ") 
liy  Lord  Cockburn  (1852). 

Jerrold,  Douglas  Williatri   (b. 

London,  Jan.  3rd,  1803;  d.  June  8th, 
1857).  "Black-eyed  Susan"  (1829); 
"The  Rent  Day"  (1832);  "Men  of 
Character"  (1838)  ;  "Cakes  and  Ale" 
(1841);  "The  Story  of  a  Feather" 
(1843);  "Mrs.  Caudle's  Curtain  Lec- 
tures" (184.5);  "Punch's  Complete 
Letter  Writer"  (1846);  "The  Chro- 
nicles of  CloverEook  "  (1846) ;  "  A  Man 
made  of  Money"  (1849);  "The  Cats- 
paw  "  (1850) ;  "  Retired  from  Business  " 
(1851)  ;  and  "A  Heart  of  Gold"  (1854). 
His  "Works"  were  published  in  a 
collected  form.     "  Life  "  (1858). 

Johnson,    Samuel,    LL.D.    (b. 

Lichfield,  Sept.  ISth,  1709  ;  d.  London, 
Dec.  13th,  1784).  "  London  "  (1738)  ; 
"The  Life  of  Richard  Savage"  (1744); 
••  Miscellaneous  Observations  on  the 
Tragedy  of  Hamlet,  with  Remarks  on 
Hanmer's  Edition  of  Shakespeare" 
(1745) ;  "  The  Vanity  of  Human  Wishes" 
(1749) ;  "Irene  "  (1749) ;  "Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language"  (1775);  "  Ras- 
sel.as"  (1759);  "A  Visit  to  the  He- 
brides" (1773);  and  "The  Lives  of  the 
Poets"  (1779-81)  ;  besides  writing  The 
Llhr,  a  weekly  essay  in  The  Vniversal 
Chronick  (175S— 60),  and  nearly  the 
whole  of  The  Uninhle):  His  edition  of 
Shakespeare  appeared  in  1765.  See  the 
"Lives"  by  Towers  (1786),  Hawkins 
(1787),  Boswell  (1791),  Anderson  (1795), 
and  Russell  (1847);  also  Carlyle's  "  Es- 
says." Leslie  Stephen's  monograph 
(1878),  Matthew  Arnold's  introduction 
to  the  "  Lives  of  the  Poets  "  (1879)  • 
Birkbeck     Hill's     "  Dr.     Johnson,    his 


Friends  and  his  Critics  "  (1879) ;  and  the 
same  author's  edition  of  "  Bos  well's 
Life  of  Johnson  "  (1877). 

Jonson,  Ben  (b.  Westminster,  1574  ; 
d.  Aug.  6th,  1637).  "  Every  Man  in  his 
Humour"  (1596);  "Every  Man  out  of 
his  Humour"  (1-599);  "Cynthia's 
Revels"  (1600);  "The  Poetaster" 
(1601) ;  "  Sejanus  "  (1603)  ;  "  Eastward- 
Hoe  "  [with  Chapman  and  Marston] 
(1605);  "Volpone"  (1605);  "Epicene; 
or,  the  Silent  Woman"  (1609);  "The 
Alchemist  "  (1610) ;  "  Catiline  "  (1611) ; 
"Bartholomew  Fair"  (1614);  "The 
Devil's  an  Ass"  (1616);  "The  Forest" 
(1616) ;  "The  Staple  of  News  "  (1625)  ; 
"  The  New  Inn  "  (16-30) ;  "  The  Magnetic 
Lady  "  (1632) ;  and  "  The  Tale  of  a  Tub" 
(l'>33) ;  besides  his  unfinished  pastoral, 
"The  Sad  Shepherd"  (1637);  various 
"  Masques  ;  "  "  Underwoods  ;  '•  "  Tim- 
ber ;  "  a  "  Grammar  ;  "  and  many  mis- 
cellaneous poems  and  translations.  See 
Lowndes's  "  Manual."  His  works  were 
published  in  1616—31,  1640,  1641,  1692, 
1716,  1756,  1816  (Gifford),  1838  (Proctor), 
1875  (Cunningham).  See  the  "  Bio- 
graphies"  by  Chetwood  (1756),  Gifford 
(1816),  Proctor  (1838),  Cunningham  and 
Bell  (1870),  and  J.  A.  Symonds  (1887); 
and  Criticism  by  the  two  latter,  Hazlitt 
("Comic  Writers"),  and  Leigh  Hunt 
("  Wit  and  Humour,"  "  Imagination 
and  Fancy,"  and  "Men,  Women,  and 
Books"). 


Kaye,  Sir  John  ■William  (b.  Lon- 

don,  1814 ;  d.  July  24th,  1876).  "  His- 
tory of  the  War  in  Afghanistan  "  (1851); 
"The  Administration  of  the  East  India 
Company"  (1853)  ;  biographies  of  "  Lord 
Metcalfe"  (1854),  "  Sir  George  Tucker  " 
(1854),  and  "Sir  John  Malcolm"  (18.56)  ; 
"Christianity  in  India"  (1859);  "A 
History  of  the  Sepoy  War,  1857-58" 
(1864-76)  .;  "Lives  of  Indian  Officers" 
(18()7)  ;  and  "Essays  of  an  Optimist" 
(1870). 

Keats,  John  (b.  London,  Oct.  29th, 
1795;  d.  Rome,  Feb.  27th,  1820).  Pub- 
lished "Poems"  (1817);  "Endymion" 
(1818);  and  "Hyperion"  (1820).  Set 
the  "Life"  by  Lord  Houghton  (1848), 
Colvin's  "Keats"  in  the  E>i(jHxh  Men 
of  Letters  Series  (1887),  and  W.  M. 
Rossetti's   "Keats"  (1887).     For  Criti- 


BlBLIOGRAl'HICAL  APPENDIX. 


1023 


cism,  see  Jeffrey's  "Essays,"  Ros- 
setti's  edition  of  the  "  Poeins,"  and 
•Buxton  Forman's  ''  Poetical  Works  and 
other  Writings  of  John  Keats"  (1883). 
iSee  his  '"Letters  to  Fanny  Browne" 
(1879),  and  Owen's  "  Keats,  a  Study  " 
(1879). 

Keble,  John  (b.  Fairford,  Glouces- 
tershire, April  2.5th,  179- ;  d.  Bourne- 
mouth, March  29th,  1865).  "The 
Christian  Year "  (1827),  "  De  Poeticie 
Vi  Medica"  (1844),  "LyraInno3entiuni  " 
(184(5),  '•  Sermons"  (1848),  "Life  of 
Bishop  Wilson "  (18b.3),  "  Letters  of 
Spiritual  Guidance  (1870),  "Occasional 
Papers"  (1877),  &c.  >'«"  Life"  b)' Sir 
■f.  T.  Coleridge,  Shairp's  "Studies,"  and 
Miss  Yonge's  "  Musings  on  the  Christian 
Year." 

Kinglake,  Alexander  'William. 

(b.  1811)  "Eothen"  (1844),  and  •' A 
History  of  the  War  in  the  Crimea  "  (1863 

—77). 

Kingsley,  Charles  (b.  Holne, 
Dovonohire,  Juno  12th,  1819;  d.  Evers- 
ley,  Jan.  23rd,  1875).  "The  Saint's 
Tragedy"  (1846);  "Yeast"  (1848); 
"Village  Sermons"  (1849);  "Alton 
Locke"  (18.')0);  "Cheap  Clothes  and 
Nasty"  (1850);  "Phaeton"  (18;)2)  ; 
"  Hypatia  "  (18.)3) ;  "  Westward  llo  !  " 
(18.W);  "Glaucus"  (185.5);  "The 
Heroes  :  or,  Greek  Fairy  Tales  "  (1856) ; 
"  Alexandria  and  her  Schools  "  (1857)  ; 
"Two  Years  Ago"  (1857):  "Andro- 
meda"; "Miscellanies"  (1859) ;  "The 
Water  Babies"  (1863);  "The  Roman 
and  the  Teuton:  Lectures"  (1864); 
"  What,  then,  does  Dr.  Newman  Mean  /" 
(1864);  "  Heroward,  tho  Last  of  the 
English"  (1866);  "The  Ancien  Re- 
gime "  (1867)  ;  "  The  Hermits  "  (1868) ; 
"  Madam  How  and  Lady  Why"  (1870); 
"At  Last"  (1871):  "" Prose  Idylls" 
(1873);  "Plays  and  Puritans"  (1873); 
"  Health  and  Education  "  (1874) ;  "  The 
Limits  of  Exact  Science  as  applied  to 
History  ;  "  and  several  volumes  of  "  Ser- 
mons." See  tho  "  Life  "  by  Mrs.  King.slev 
(1876). 

Kingsley,  Henry  (b.  Holne,  Devon- 
shire, 18:W;  d.  May  24th,  18761  "Austin 
Elliot;"  "The  Boy  in  Grey;"  "GeolTrcv 
1  lamlyn  "  (1 8r.9)  ;  ' '  The  Harveys ;  " 
"Hetty,  ami  other  Stories;"  "rhe 
Hillyars  and  tho  Burtons;"  "Hornby 
Mills,    and  other  Stories;"  •'•  Leightou 


Court;"  "The  Lost  Child ;  "  "Made- 
moiselle Mathilda;"  "Number  Seven- 
teen ;  "  "  Oakshott  Castle  ;  "  "  Old  Mar- 
garet ;  "  "Ravenshoe  "(1861) ;  "  Reginald 
Hetheredge  ;  "  "  Silcoto  of  Silcotes;" 
"Stretton;"  "Valentin;"  "Tales  of 
Old  Travel ;  "  "Fireside  Studies  ;  "  and 
other  works. 

Knowles,  James  Sheridan  (b. 

Cork,  May  12th,  1784  ;  d.  Torquay,  Dec, 
1862).  Wrote  "  Leo  :  or,  the  Gipsy  ;" 
"  Brian  Boroihme"  (1814);  "  Caius  Grac- 
chus "  (1815) ;  "  The  Hunchback  "  (1832); 
"  The  Love  Chase"  (1837) ;  --The  Wife" 
(1833) ;  "  Virginius  "  (1828)  :  "  William 
Tell"  (1825);  "  The  Beggar's  Daughter 
of  Bethnal  Green  "  (1828) ;  "  Alfred  the 
Great  "  (1831) ;  "Woman's  Wit"  (1838)  ; 
•'  Maidof  Mariandorpt"  (18:58);  "  Love," 
"  John  of  Procida  "  (1840);  "  Old  Maids  " 
(1841)  ;  "  The  Rose  of  Arragon  "  (1842) ; 
and  "The  Secretary"  (1843).  All  but 
the  first  two  of  these  were  published 
in  three  volumes  in  1841.  The  Works 
were  reprinted  in  1863. 

Knox,  John  (b.  Gifford,  East 
Lothian,  1505;  d.  Nov.  24th,  1572',. 
"Tho  First  Blast  of  the  Trumpet  against 
the  Monstrous  Regiment  of  Women " 
and  a  "  History  of  the  Reformation  of 
Religion  within  the  Realm  of  Scotland." 
"Life"  by  Smeaton  (1579),  McCrie 
(1812),  Niemeyer  (1824),  Laing  (1847), 
and  Brandos  (1863).  See  also  Lorimer's 
"John  Knox  and  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land." 

Kyd,  Thomas  (of  uncertain  date). 
"  Cornelia,"  a  tragedy  (1594)  ;  the 
fust  part  of  "  leronimo  "  (1605)  ;  "  The 
Spanish  Tragedy :  or,  Ilieronomo  is 
Mad  Again  "'  (1599).  Sec  Collier's  "  His- 
tory of  English  Dramatic  Literature." 


Lamb,  Charles  (b.  London,  Feb. 
18th,  177!)  ;  d.  Edmonton,  Dec.  27th, 
1834).  "Poems "  (with  Coleridge,  1797), 
^"  Rosamond  Gmy  "  (1798),  ".lohn  Wood- 
vil  "  (1801), -'Specimens  from  Dramatic 
Poets,"  "  Advontiu-es  of  Ulysses  "  (1807), 
"  Essays  of  Rlia  "  (1823),  "  Last  Es-says" 
and  "Popular  Fallacies"  (18:?3).  With 
his  sister  Mary,  "Mrs.  Leicester's 
School;"  "Tales  from  Shakespeare" 
(1806),  "Poetry  for  Children"  (1809). 
Works  (1876).    A  new  edition  of  Lamb  8 


1024 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Works  was  published  by  A.  Ainger 
in    1883 — 4.     See  Talrourd's  "Letters" 

11837) ;  "  Fiiifil  Memorials  of  Charles 
.anib  "  (1818) ;  Procter's  "  Memoir  " 
(18UG)  ;  and  A.  Ainger's  "Lamb"  in 
the  English  Men  of  Letters  Scfies. 

Landon,  Letitia  Elizabeth   (b. 

Chelsea,  1802  ;  d.  Oct.  15th,  1839).  "The 
Fate  of  Adelaide  "  (1820)  ;  "  The  Impro- 
visatrice,  and  other  Poems"  (1824) ;  "The 
Troubadour"  (1825);  "The  Venetian 
Bracelet"  (1829);  "The  Lo&t  Pleiad" 
(1829);  "Frai.cisca  Carrara"  (1834); 
''The  Vow  of  the  Peacock"  (1835); 
"  Ethel  Churchill  "  (1837),  and  "Duty  and 
Inclination"  (1838).  "Life"  with  literary 
remains  by  Laman  Blanchard  in  1841. 
Poems  edited  by  W.  B.  Scott  in  1873. 

Ijandor,  Walter  Savage  (b. 
Ipsley  Court,  Warwick,  Jan.  30th,  1775  ; 
d.  Florence,  Sept.  17th,  1864).  "Poems" 
(1795);  "Gebir"  (1798) ;  "  Count  Julian" 
(1812);  "Idyllia  Heroica"  (1820); 
''Imaginary  Conversations"  (1824 — 29); 
" Latin  Poems  "  (1824) ;  "The  Examina- 
tion of  William  Shakespeare  "  (1834)  ; 
"  Pericles  and  Aspasia"  (1836);  "Letters 
of  a  Conservative  "  (1836)  ;  "Satire  on 
Satirists  "  (1836);  "  Puntameron  ;  or.  In- 
terviews of  Messer  Giovanni  Boccaccio 
and  Messer  Francese  Petrarcha"  (1837) ; 
"  Giovanna  of  Naples,"  "Andrea  of 
Hungary,  "  Fra  Ruperto  "  (1840—41); 
"  Hellenics  "  (1847)  ;  "  Last  Fruit  off  an 
Old  Tree"  (1853);  "Dry  Sticks  Fag- 
goted "  (1858)  ;  and  other  works  edited 
by  Forster,  with  "Life"  (1876).  See 
also  Sidney  Colvin's  "  Laudor  "  (1881). 

Lane,  Edward  William  (b.  1801, 
d.  1876).  "The  Manners  and  Customs 
of  the  Modern  Egyptians  "  (1836)  ;  "A 
Translation  of  the  Arabian  Nights" 
(1838—40);  "  Selections  from  the  Koran  " 
(1843);  "Arabic  Lexicon"  (1863—74); 
"Arabian  Society  in  the  Middle  Ages  " 
(1883). 

Lang,  Andrew  (b.  1844).  "Ballads 
and  Lyrics  of  Old  France"  (1872); 
"  XXII.  Ballades  in  Blue  China  "  (1880); 
"XXXII.  Ballades  in  Blue  China" 
(1881) ;  "  The  Library"  (1881) ;  "  Helen 
of  Troy  "  (1882) ;  "  Custom  and  Myth  " 
(1884)  ;  "Khymes  a  la  Mode  "  (1885)  ; 
"In  the  Wrong  Paradise"  (1886); 
"Books  and  Bookmen"  (1887).  Has 
translated  Theocritus  and  Bion,  and  col- 


laborated in  translating  both  the  "  Iliad  " 
and  "  Odyssey  "  of  Homer, 

Lan^land,  William  (temp.  Ed- 
ward III.).  "The  Vision  of  Piers  Plow- 
man "  (Skeat's  edition,  1869). 

Lardner,  Dionysius,  LL  D.  (b. 

Dublin,  April  3rd,  1793;  d.  Naples, 
April  29th,  1859).  "Handbook  of 
Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy " 
(1851—53);  "The  Museum  of  Science 
and  Art"  (1854-56),  &c.  Edited  the 
"Cabinet  Cyclopa;dia  "  (1829—46), 

Latham,  Robert  Gordon  (b.  Bit- 

lingborough,  Line,  1812;  d.  188s ).  Has 
published  "Natural  History  of  the  Va- 
rieties of  Man"  (1850);  "Man  and  his 
Migrations"  (1851);  "  The  English  Lan- 
guage "  (1851);  "  Descriptive  Ethnology" 
(1859)  ;  an  edition  of  "  Johnson's  Dic- 
tionary "  (1870) ;  "  Russian  and  Turk  " 
(1878),  kc. 

Latimer,  Hugh  (b.  Thurcaston, 
Leicestershire,  about  1491  ;  d.  Oxford, 
Sept.,  1555).  Was  the  author  of  a  "  Ser- 
mon on  the  Ploughers  "  (1549),  "  Seven 
Sermons  before  Edward  VI.,"  "Seven 
Sermons  on  the  Lord's  Prayer,"  and 
"Sermons  preached  in  Lincolnshire." 
Editions  of  these  appeared  in  1562  and 
1571  ;  later,  in  1825  and  1845.  See 
the  Biographies  by  Gilpin  (1780),  Wat- 
kins  (1824) ,  and  Demaus  ( 1 869) ;  Tulloch's 
"  Leaders  of  the  Reformation,"  and 
Froude's  "History  of  England,"  chap, 
iv.  A  "Life"  and  selections  in  vol.  iL 
of  "The  Fathers  of  the  Church." 

Layamon  (beginning  of  13th  cen- 
tury). "The  Brut,"  best  edition.  Mad- 
den's  (1847). 

Lecky,  William  FdwardHf^Tt- 
pole  (b.  Dublin,  March  26th,  1838). 
"  Leaders  of  Public  Opinion  in  Ireland  " 
(1861),  "  History  of  Rationalism"  (1865), 
"History  of  European  Morals"  (1869), 
"  History  of  England  in  the  18th  Cen- 
tury" (1878-87). 

Lee,  TTathaniel  (b.  1655,  d.  1692). 
"Nero"  (1675);  "The  Rival  Queens" 
(1677);  "Theodosius"  (1680);  "The 
Princess  of  Cleves  "  (1689) ;  "The  Mas- 
sacre of  Paris  "  (1690)  ;  "Brutus;" 
"  Mithridates ;  "  and  other  plavs  pub- 
lished in  18:34.  Helped  Drvden  in 
"The  Duke  of  Guise." 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1025 


IjMghton.  "Robert,  Archbishop  (b. 
E.Hnburgb,  1613  ;  d.  London,  Juno  2'ith, 
IGSl).  "  Prajlectiones  'J'heologic;e  ;  " 
'■  Commentary  on  First  of  Peter,"  &c. 
"Lives  "and  editions  of  the  Works  by 
Pearson  (1828),  West  (1871).  See  Burnet's 
"History  "  and  Coleridge's  "  Aids." 

Lemon,  Mark  (b.  1809,  d.  1870). 
Edited  Punch,  and  wrote  "  I'lie  En- 
chanted Doll"  (1849);  "A  Christmas 
Hamper"  (18.59);  "Wait  for  the  End" 
(1863) ;  "  Loved  at  Last  "  (1804) ;  "  Falk- 
ner  Lyle  "  (1866)  ;  besides  several  other 
novels,  over  si.\.ty  dramatic  pieces,  and 
"  The  Jest  Book."  See  Joseph  Hatton's 
"  With  a  Show  in  the  North." 

T  ever,  Charles  James  (b.  Dublin, 
Aus.  3Ut,  1809 ;  d.  Trieste,  Jnnelst,  1872). 
"The  Adventures  of  Harrv  Lorrequer" 
(18:59);  "Charles  O'M.alley"  (1841);  "Jack 
Hinton  "  (1842)  ;  "  Tom  Burke  of  Ours  " 
(1844) ;  "The  O'Donoghue  "  (1845) ;  "The 
Kniglit  of  G Wynne  "  (1847);  "Boland 
Cashel  "  (1849) ;  "  The  Daltons  "  (1852)  ; 
"The  Dodd  Family  Abroad"  (1854); 
"The  ]\Iartins  of  Cro' Martin  "  (1856); 
"  The  Fortunes  of  Glencore  "  (1857) ; 
"Davenport  Dunn"  (1859);  "  Barrintc- 
ton  "  (1863) ;  '•'  Luttrell  of  Arran  "  (1865) ; 
"A  Day's  Bide  '  (1863)  ;  "Tony  Butler" 
(1865)  ;  "  Sir  Brooke  Fosbrooke  "  (1866) ; 
"The  Bramleighs  of  Bisho])'s  Folly" 
(1868) ;  "  That  Boy  of  Norcott's"  (1869)  ; 
"  Pa<il  Gosslett's  Confessions"  (1871); 
"  Lord  Kiltrobbin  "  (1872),  &c.  Ace  the 
"  Life  "  (1879).  Edited  The  JJitblin  Cui- 
rersUy  Magazine. 

Lewes.  George  Hem y(b.  London, 

Aj.iil  ISth,  1817;  d.  Nov.  30lh,  1878). 
"  Biojjrapliical  History  of  Philoso[)hy" 
(1847  ;  remodelled  and  enlar;^ed  edition, 
1867);  "Kanthorpe:  a  Tale"  (1847); 
"The  Spanish  Drama— Lope  de  Vega  and 
Caideron"  (1848);  "Rose,  Blanche,  and 
Violet"  (184^j  ;  ".\  Life  of  Robesinerre" 
(185(t)  ;  "The  Noble  Heart,"  a  tragedy 
(1850)  ;  "  Comte's  Philosophy  of  the 
Sciences"  (1859);  "Life  of  Goethe" 
(1859);  "Seaside  Studios"  (1859) ;  "Phy- 
Biology  of  Common  Life"  (1860); 
"Studies  in  Animal  Life"  (1861); 
"Aristotle"  (18(51);  "Problems  of 
Life  and  Mind"  (1M73-76)  ;  and  "Phy- 
sical Basis  of  .Mind"  (1877).  Edited 
The  Leadtr  and  The  Fortuiijhtl  n 
Jieview. 

2» 


Lewis, Matthew  Gregory,  called 

Monk  Lewis  (b.  1775,  d.  ISIS).  "The' 
Monk,"  a  romance  (1795);  "The 
Castle  Spectre,"  a  drama  (1797) ; 
"Tales  of  Wonder"  (ISOl);  "The 
Bravo  of  Venice"  (1804);  "  Homantic 
Tales  "  (1808),  besides  many  plays  and 
translations  from  the  German.  See 
"  Lewis's  Life  and  Correspondence " 
(1839). 

Lewis,   Sir  George  Cornewall 

(b.  London,  April  21st,  1806;  d.  April 
13th,  1863).  "  Remarks  on  the  Use  and 
Abuse  of  Political  Terms"  (1832) ;  "Lo- 
cal Disturbances  in  Ireland  and  the 
Irish  Church  Question"  (1836);  "Glos- 
sary of  riorefordshii'e  Provincial  Words" 
(lSo9)  ;  "Essay  on  the  Origin  and  For- 
mation of  the  Romance  Languages" 
(183!*) ;  "Essay  on  the  Government  of 
Dependencies"  (1841);  "  Essaj-  on  the 
Influence  of  Authoritj'  in  Matters  of 
Opinion  "  (184!*)  ;  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
Methods  of  Observation  and  Reasoning 
in  Politics"  (ISoO)  ;  "An  Inquiry  into 
the  Credibility  of  Early  Roman  History ;" 
"  Our  Foreign  Jurisdiction  and  the  Ex- 
tradition of  Criminals;"  "Letters"  in 
1870.  He  translated  BiJckh's  "Public 
Economy  of  Athens,"  MuUer's  "His- 
tory of  Creek  Literature,"  and  Miiller's 
"  Dorians."  Sec  Bagehot's  "Biographi- 
cal Studies." 

Leyden,  Jolin  (b.  Denholm,  Rox- 
burghshire, Sept.  8th,  1775  ;  d.  Batavia, 
Aug.  21st,  1811).  "Discoveries  and  Sei- 
tlements  of  Europeans  in  Northern  and 
Western  Africa"  (1799);  edited  "  Tlio 
Complaynt  of  Scotland"  (1801-2);  and 
contributed  to  Lewis's  "  Tales  of  Wonder  " 
and  Scott's  "Border  Minstrels}'."  His 
"Poetical  Remains"  were  published, 
with  a  "'  Life  "  by  the  Rev.  James  Mor- 
ton, in  1819;  his  "Poems  and  Ballad.s," 
with  a  Memoir  Viy  Walter  Scott,  in  1858  ; 
but  see  "Works"  with  "Life"  (1875). 

Lillo.  G-eorge  (b.  Feb.  4ih,  16!"i3  ; 
d.  Se]>t.  3rd,  1739).  '•George  Barnwell" 
(1731),  '•  The  Fatal  Curiosity,"  and 
"  Anien  of  Feversham."  His  "  Work.>--," 
in  177*',  with  "  Life  "  by  Tliomas  Davies. 

Lindsay,  Sir  David  (b.  probably 
,at  (iannylton,  East  Li)tliian,  1490;  d. 
1.555).  "The  Dreme "  (1528),  "  Tho 
Complaynt  of  tlie  King's  Papingo " 
(153ti),  "  Tho  TesUimcnt  of  the  I'apingo" 
(1530),  "Ane   Pleasant   Satyro   wf   the 


1026 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Three  Estat is  "  (1540),  "The  Historieof 
RfHiyor  William  Moklrum  "  (1550),  "The 
Moiiarehie"  (15.')3),  and  soino  minor 
works,  first  collectcil  in  15()8.  Poetical 
Works,  with  Life,  by  Gcor{,'o  Chalmers 
in  1806;  hut  the  complctest  edition  is 
Lainy's  (1S79).  "The  Rcj^ister  of  Arms  " 
(1542),  with  plates  (1822). 

LiriKard,  John,  D.D.  (b.  Winches- 
ter, Feb.  5tli,  1771;  d.  Hornby,  L.an- 
cisliire,  July  17th.  18.^1).  "  Antiquities 
of  the  Ani,'lo-Saxon  Church"  (1806,1810, 
and  1844):  a  "  History  of  England" 
(1819,  1830,  and  1840).  See  Canon 
Tierney's  Memoir  prefi.xod  to  last  volume 
of  sixth  edition  of  the  History  (1855). 

Linton,  Mrs.  Lynn  (b.  1822). 
"Witch  Stories"  (1801):  "The  Lake 
Country"  (ISiii):  "  Ourselves"  (1870)  ; 
"Joshua  Davidson"  (1874):  "Pa- 
tricia Kemball  "  (1875);  "  The  Atone- 
ment of  Loam  Dundas "  (1876);  "The 
Worl.l  AVcll  Lost"  (1877);  "Under 
which  Lord"  (187i^)  :  ''The  Girl  of  the 
Period"  (1883):  "The  Autobiography 
of  (Jhristophor  Kirkland"  (1885);  "Pas- 
ton  Carew  "  (1S8G). 

Livingstone,  David  (b.  1813,  d. 
1873).  "  Missionary  Travels  and  Pe- 
searchos  in  South  Africa"  (1857); 
"  Narrative  of  an  Expedition  to  the  Zam- 
besi ami  its  Tributaries  "  (18'J5).  "  Last 
Journals,"  edited  by  Picv.  H.  Waller 
(187't).  See  Stanley's  "How  I  found 
Livingstone." 

Locke,  John  (b.  Wrington,  Somer- 
setshire, Aug.  29th,  1G32 ;  d.  Gates, 
Essex,  Oct.  2Sth,  1704).  "A  Letter  on 
Toleration"  (1689)  ;  "A  Second  Letter 
on  Toleration"  (1690);  "Two  Treatises 
on  Government"  (1690);  "An  Essay 
concerning  Human  Understanding" 
(1690);  "The  Inspiration  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures"  (1690);  "  A  Third  Letter  on 
Toleration"  (1692)  ;  "Thoughts  concern- 
ing Education"  (1693);  "The  Reason- 
ableness of  Christianity"  (1695);  "On 
the  Conduct  of  the  Understanding  ;" 
"E.\amination  of  Malebranche  ;"  "  Ele- 
rcentsof  Natural  Philosophy;"  "Thoughts 
on  Reading  and  Study  ;"  "  Essay  for^the 
Understanding  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles  bv 
consultmgSt.  Paul  himself;"  and  some 
mmor  works,  included  in  the  edition  of 
the  "Works"  published  in  1777.  His 
Life  has  been  written  by  Le  Clerc  (1713^ 
Lord  King  (1829\  and  Fox-Bourne  (1876)'. 


See  also  the  essay  by  J.  A.  St.  John,  pre- 
fixed to  the  "  Philosophical  Works," 
published  in  184-3. 

Locker,  Fraderiek  (b.  1821). 
"London  Lyrics"  (1857).  Edited  "Lyra 
Elegantiarum "  (1867).  "Selections" 
from  his  works  appeared  in  1S65 ;  a 
volume  of  "  Patchwork  "  in  1879. 

Loekharb,  John  Gibson  (b.  Cara- 

busnethan,  Lanarkshire,  1794 ;  d.  Ab- 
botsford,  Nov.  2.5th,  1854).  "Peter's 
Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk"  (along  with 
Wilson,  1819) ;  "Ancient Spanish  Ballads" 
(1821) ;  "Valerius"  (1821)  ;  "K-ssays  on 
Cei-vantes"(1822);  "Adam  Blair" (1822); 
"Reginald  Dalton "  (1823);  "Matthew 
Wald  "  (1824) ;  "  Life  of  Burns"  (1828)  ; 
and  "  Life  of  Scott "  (1837—39).  Edited 
The  Quarterlji  lle.vitw.  See  Dr.  R.  Shelton 
Mackenzie's  "Memoir  of  John  Gibson 
Lockhart,"  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  "The 
Noctes  Ambrosiante  "  (New  York,  1855). 

Loekyer.   Joseph  Norman  (b. 

Rugby,  May  17th,  183G).  "  Elementary 
Astronom}',"  "Solar  Physics"  (1873); 
"The  Spectroscope  and  its  Applications  " 
(1873) ;  "  Primer  of  Astronomy  "  (1874); 
"  The  Education  of  Our  "  Working 
Classes"  (188-3).     Edits  Nature. 

Lodge,  Thomas  (b.  1555,  d.l6-2o). 
"  Reply  to  the  Schoole  of  Abu.se  "  (1579 
—SO);  "An  Alarm  against  Usurers" 
(1584) ;  "Scillaj'sMetamorpho.sis"  (1589); 
"  Rosalynde"  (1590) ;  "  Catharos"  (1591) ; 
"  Euphues'  Shadow"  (1592);  "Phillis" 
(1-593);  "William  Longbeard"  (1593); 
"The  Wounds  of  Civi'U  War"  (1594); 
"  A  Looking-Glasse  for  London  and  Eng- 
land "  (with  Eobert  Greene,  1594)  :  "A 
Fig  for  Momus"  (1595)  ;  "The  Divel  Con- 
jured"  (1596);  "Wit's  Miserie  and  the 
World's  Madnesse "  (1596) ;  and  others. 
See  Haxlitt's  "  Handbook  to  Early  Eng- 
lish Literature,"  Collier's  "  Dramatic 
Poetry"  and  "Poetical  Decameron," 
Wood's  "Athenas  Oxonienses,"  Beloe's 
"Anecdotes  of  Literature,"  Ritsson's 
"  Bibliographia  Poetica,"  Brydges's 
"CensuraLiteraria,"^e^/-o.'(/;erti'c6^f'r/eir, 
and  the  Shakespeare  Society's  publica- 
tions for  1853. 

Lovelace,  Richard  (b.  Kent,  1618 ; 
d.  London.  1658).  "  Lucasta  :  Odes, 
Sonnets,  Songs,  &c."  (1649) ;  and  some 
posthumous  pieces  (1659).  Also.  "Tbe 
Scholar,"  a  comedy ;  and  "The  Soldier." 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1027 


a  tragedyi'l*j4'J\neit.herof  wliieli  is  extant. 
'•  Poems"  were  edited  in  1S04  by  Carew 
Hazlilt.  Si'e  Wood's  "x\thenre  Oxonien- 
8os"  and  Morlcy's  "The  King  and  the 
Commons." 

Lover,  Samuel  (li.  1797,  d.  1S6S). 
"  Legends  and  Stories  of  Ireland"  (1832); 
"Songs  and  Ballads"  (183y)  :  "  Kory 
O'.Moro "  (1837);  "Handy  Andv,  an 
Irish  Tale"  (1842);  "Metrical  Tales" 
(18G»)).  See  B.  Bernard's  "Samuel 
Lover." 

Lubbock,  Sir  John  (b.  1834). 
"  rrcbistoric  Times  as  illustrated  by 
Ancient  Remains  and  the  Mannei's  and 
Customs  of  Modern  Savages"  (1865); 
"The  Origin  of  C'ivilis;ttion  and  the 
Primitive  Condition  of  Man "  (1870)  ; 
"On  the  Origin  and  Metamorphosis  of 
Insects"  (1873);  "Monograph  on  the 
Tliysanura  and  Collembola"  (1873); 
"  Our  British  Wild  Flowers  considered 
in  their  Kelation  to  Insects"  (1873); 
"A  Voliune  of  Scientific  Lectures" 
(1870) ;  "  Fifty  Years  of  Science  "  (1882); 
"Ants,  Bees  and  Wasps  "  (1882)  ;  "  The 
Pleasures  of  Life  "(1887). 

Lyderate.  John  (b.  Suffolk,  not  later 
than  137n;  d.  IJtJii).  "The  Hystory, 
Sefrc,  and  Destruccvon  of  Troyc  "  (1513) ; 
"The  Story  of  Thebes"  (1501);  "The 
Falls  of  Princes"  (149i)  ;  and  several 
minor  works,  including  "The  Werke  of 
Sapience;"  "The  Lyf  of  our  Ladye ;" 
"The  C'horlo  and  the  By)de  ; "  "A 
Lytell  Treatise  of  the  Hor.sc,  the  Shepe, 
and  the  Goos  ;"  "  Proverbes  ;"  "The 
Temple  of  Glass;"  and  "The  Cronycle 
of  all  the  Kynges  Names."  The  minor 
Works  were  edited  for  the  Percy  Society 
in  1S42.  .^Vf  Warton's  "English  Poetry" 
and  Morlcy's  "  Engli.sh  Writers." 

Lvel),  Sir  Charles  (b.  1797,  d. 
187.T).  "Principles  of  Geology"  (1830 
—33);  "Elements  of  Geology"  (18:38); 
"Tn-xvels  in  North  America"  (1845); 
"A  Second  Visit  to  the  United  States  " 
(1849) ;  "  The  Anti.piity  of  Man  "  (18(33). 
He  also  contributed  many  papers  to  the 
transactions  of  scientific  societies.  <SVv 
Kathleen  LvcU's  "  Life  and  Letters  of 
Sir  Charles  Lyell"  (1881). 

Lyly,  or  Lilly.  John  (b.Kcnt,1553  ; 
d.  Nov.  ItJiM;).  "  Kuphuos :  The  .\na- 
tomy  of  Wit  '  (I')?!');  "  Euphues  and 
bis  England"  (158(1);   "Alexander  and 


Campaspe  "  (1584) ;  "Sapho  and  Phao" 

(1591)  ;  "P.ap  with  a  Hatchet"  (1.589); 
"Endymion,theManintheMoon"(lo9".:i; 
"  Euphues' Shadow"  (1592) ;  "Galathca" 

(1592)  ;  "  Midas  "  (1592) ;  "  Mother 
Bombie"  (1594):  "The  Woman  in  tlie 
Moon"  (1597);'  "The  Maydes  Meta- 
morphoses" (ItiOO) ;  "Loves  Metatr.or- 
phosis  "  (1601) ;  "Six  Court  Comedies" 
(1632);  and  "Euphues  and  Lucilla " 
(1716).  For  Bicgrapby,  see  Collier's 
"History  of  Dramatic  Poetry"  and  W. 
C.  Hazlitt's  "Handbook  to  Early  Enar- 
lish  Poetry."  For  Criticism,  Hazlitt's 
"Age  of  Elizabeth,"  Hallam's  "Litera- 
ture of  Europe,"  Lamb's  "Specimens  of 
English  Dramatic  Poets,"  Coleridge's 
"Keniains,"  H.  Coleridge's  "  Notes  and 
Marginalia."  An  edition  of  Lyly's  dra- 
matic works  was  edited  by  F.  \V.  Fair- 
holt  in  1S5S.  Exact  reprint  of  "Eu- 
phues" by  Arber. 

Lytton,  Lord  (Edward  George  Earle 
Lytton  Bulwer-Lytton,  b.  May,  1805  ;  d. 
Jan.  18th,  1873).  "Ismael,  with  other 
Poems"(lS20);  prize pocmon  "Sculpture" 
(1825);  "Weeds  and  Wild  Flower.^,  "poem; 
(1826; ;  "  O'Neill :  or,  the  Rebel'  (1827) ; 
"Falkland  "  (1827) ;  I'elham  :  or,  the  Ad- 
ventures of  a  Gentleman  "  (1827)  ;  "  Tho 
Disowned  "  (1828)  ;  "  Devcreus  "  (1829) ; 
"Paul  Clifford"  (1830);  "The  Siamese 
Twins,  and  other  Poems"  (1831);  "Eu- 
gene Aram  "  (1831) ;  "Godolphin  "  (1833) ; 
"England  and  tho  English"  (1833); 
"The  Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine"  (1834); 
"The  Ljist  Days  of  Pompeii"  (1834); 
"The  Crisis,"  a  pamphlet  (1834)  ;  "The 
Student,"  cssavs  (1835) ;  "  Rienzi,  tho 
Last  of  the  Tribunes"  (1835);  "Tho 
Duchess  de  la  Vallicre,"  a  play  (1836)  ; 
"Athens,  its  Rise  and  Fall"  (1836); 
"Ernest  Maltravers"  (1837);  "Alice: 
or,  the  Mysteries "  (1838) ;  Leila :  or, 
the  Siege  of  Granada,"  and  "Calderon, 
the  Courtier"  (1838);  "Tho  Lady  of 
Lyons,"  a  play  (1838);  "Richelieu,"  a 
play  (1839) ;  "The  Sea  Captain,"  a  plav 
(1839)  ;  "Money,"  a  plav  (184l») ;  "Ni.i!h"t 
and  Morning"  (1841)  ;  "Zanoni"  (1842): 
"  Eva  "  and  "The  Ill-omened  Marriage" 
(1812)  ;  "  Poems  and  Ballads  of  Schiller," 
translated  (1844);  "Tho  Last  of  tho 
Barons "  (1843)  ;  "  C'oufesfions  cf  a 
Water  Patient"  (18i5);  "The  New 
Tinion "  (1815);  "  Lucreii.a  :  or,  tlio 
Children  of  the  Night"  (1817);  "  King 
Arthur"    (1848);     "The    Caxtons :    a 


1028 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Family  Picture"  (1849);  "Harold,  tbo 
Last  of  tbo  Saxons"  (1850);  "Not  ao 
]{ad  ns  wo  Spein,"  a  play  (1851)  ;  "My 
Novel :  or.  Varieties  of  P]iiglish  Life " 
(1853);  "What  wiil  ho  do  with  it?" 
(1858);  "A  Stranpe  Story"  (1S(J2) ; 
"  Caxtoniana  :  or,  Essays  on  Life,  Lite- 
rature, and  Manners"  Q863) ;  "The 
Lo-t  Tales  of  Miletus"  (18««) ;  "The 
Itightful  Heir,"  a  play  (1868);  "Wal- 
pole"  (18G!»)  ;  "The  Comiof?  Race" 
(1871);  "The  Parisians"  (1873);  "Ke- 
iielm  Chilliiigley"  (1873);  and  "Pansa- 
niiis  the  Spartan  "  (1876).  An  edition  of 
his  "Dramatic  Works"  appeared  in  18G3, 
of  his  "Poems"  in  l^tia,  and  of  his 
"Miscellaneous  Prose  Works"  in  1808. 
Ilis  "Novels"  are  published  in  numerous 
editions.  For  Bioprraphy,  aee  the  "Me- 
moir" prefixed  by  Robert,  Lord  Lytton, 
to  his  father's  "Speeches"  (1874),  and 
"The  Life,  Letters  and  Literary  Re- 
mains of  Edward  Buhver,  Lord  Lytton," 
by  his  son  (1883).  For  Criticism,  sec 
"Essays"  by  George  Brimley,  "Essays 
on  Fiction"  by  Nassau  \V.  Senior, 
"Essays"  by  \V.  C.  Roscoe,  Quarter! t/ 
Rivieu-  for  January,  1865,  Blackwood' s 
Magazine  for  March,  1873. 

Lytton,  Lord  (Edward  Roberb 
Bulwer  -  Lytton,  b.  Nov.  8th,  1831) 
"Clytemnestra,  and  other  Poems" 
(1855);  "The  Wanderer"  (1859)  ;  "  Lu- 
cile  "  (ISCO) ;  "  Julian  Fane  :  a  Memoir  " 
(1861);  "The  Ring  of  Amasis  "  (1863): 
"Poetical  Works  of  Owen  Meredith  ' 
(1867);  "Chronicles  and  Characters" 
(1868);  "Orval:  or,  the  Fool  of  Time" 
(1869);  and  "Fables  in  Song"  (1874); 
also,  in  conjunction  with  Julian  Fane, 
"  Taniiluiuser :  or,  the  Battle  of  the 
Bards"  (1861);  "  Glenaveril :  or,  the 
Metamorphoses"  (1885).  In  1883  he 
published  a  life  of  his  father. 


M 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babinp- 
ton.  Lord  (b.  Rothley  Temple,  Lei- 
cestershire, Oct.  25th,  1800;  d.  Ken- 
sington, bee.  28th,  1859).  Wrote 
several  papers  in  Kuii/ht's  Qunrierhi 
Magazine  (lS2:}-24)  ;  "Essays"  in  TUe 
J'jdinbmgh  llerierr  (1825—44) ;  "  Lays  of 
Ancient'Rome  "  (1842) :  "  History  of  Eng- 
land '  (unfinished,  1849—55-61);  bio- 
graphies in  "The  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica"    (1857  —  58);    "Speeches,"    and 


various  miscellanies.  His  Life  has  been 
written  by  Dean  Milman  (1862),  the  Rev. 
Frederick  Arnold  (1862),  Sir  G.  O.  Tre- 
velyan  (1876),  and  J.  C.  Morison  in  the 
F.iK/lish  Men  of  Letters  Series.  Sir  (}. 
().  Trevelyan  has  also  published  "  Selec- 
tions "  from  his  writings  (1876).  .Sec 
also  the  "  Correspondence  of  Macvey 
Na])ier"(1879). 

McCarthy,  Justin  (b.  Cork,  Nov. 
1830).  "Paul  Massie"  (1866);  "The 
Watordale  Neighbours"  (1867);  "My 
Enemy's  Daughter"  (1869);-  "Ladv 
Judith"  (1871) ;  "A  Fair  Saxon  "  (1873)'; 
"  Linley  Rochford  "  (1874) ;  "  Dear  Lady 
Disdain"  (1875);  "Miss  Misanthrope" 
(1877);  "Donna  Quixote"  (1879);  "A 
History  of  Our  Own  Times  "  (1878—80) ; 
"Con  Amore"  (I8811)  ;  "  The  Comet  of 
a  Season"  (1881)  ;  "Maid  of  Athens" 
(1883);  "The  History  of  the  Four 
Georges"  (1884);  "The  Right  Honour- 
able," written  in  conjunction  with  Mrs, 
Campbell  Praed  (188  >).  Has  been  con- 
nected with  several  journals,  especially 
the  iJcili/  JVews. 

MaeDonald,  George  (b.  Huntly, 
Aberdeenshire,  1825).  "Within  and 
Without'  (1855);  "Poems"  (1857); 
"The  Hidden  Life,  and  other  Poems" 
(1864)  ;  and  "The  Disciple,  and  other 
Poems"  (1868).  Fiction: — "Phantasies" 
(1858);  "David  El^inbrod "  (1862); 
"Adela  Cat  heart "  (1864)  ;  "The  Por- 
tent" (1864);  "Alec  Forbes,  of  How- 
glen"  (1865);  "Annals  of  a  Quiet 
Neighbourhood"  (1866)  ;  "Guild  Court" 
(1867);  "Dealings  with  the  Fairies" 
(1867)  ;  "  The  Seaboard  Parish  "  (1867) : 
"Robert  Falconer"  (1868);  "Ranald 
Bannerman's  Boyhood"  (1869);  "At 
the  Back  of  the'North  Wind"  (1870); 
"The  Princess  and  the  Goblin"  (1871)  : 
"The  Vicar's  Daughter"  (1872);  "Wil- 
frid Cumbermede"  (1872)  ;  "Gutta 
Percha  Willie"  (1873);  "Malcolm" 
(1874) ;  "  St.  George  and  St.  Michael  " 
(1875);  "The  Wise  Woman"  (1875); 
"Thomas  Wingfold,  Curate"  (1876); 
"  The  Marquis  of  Lossie"  (1877)  :  "Paul 
Faber"  (1878);  "Sir  Gibbie"  (187&)  ; 
also  "  Unspoken  Sermons"  (1866) ;  "  Eng- 
land's .\ntiphon "  (1868)  ;  "The  Miracles 
of  our  Lord"  (1870)  ;  and  "Exotics,"  a 
series  of  translations  (1876). 

Mackav,     Charles,    LLD.    (b. 

Perth.  1812).      "Poems"  (1834),  "Me- 


BIBLIOGR.APHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1020 


moirs  of  Extraordinary  Popular  Delu- 
sions" (1841),  "The  Salamandrine" 
(181.2),  "Legends  of  the  Isles"  (1845), 
"Voices  from  the  Mountains"  (1846), 
"Town  Lvrics"  (1847),  "Eireria"  (ISoO), 
"The  Lump  of  Gold"  (185(i),  "Under 
Green  Leaves"  (1857),  "A  Man's 
Heart"  (1800),  "Studies  from  the  An- 
tique and  Sketches  from  Nature"  (1864), 
"Under  the  Blue  Sky"  (1871).  "Lost 
Beauties  of  the  EnglishLangua£re"(1874), 
and  other  works.  A  collected  edition  of 
his  Poems  appeared  in  1876.  He  was 
editor  of  the  Glasgow  Argus  from  1844 
to  1S47.  See  his  "  Forty  Years'  Recol- 
lections "  (1876). 

Mackenzie,  Henry  (b.  Edinburgh, 
174.');  d.  Jan.  14lh,  1S:'.1).  "The  Man 
of  Fetlmg"  (1771),  "The  Man  of  the 
World"  (1773),  ".Julia  de  Roubigne" 
(1777),  besides  contributing  to  The  M In-oy 
(1778),  Tkc  Lonngn-  (178.5),  and  the 
"Transactions  of  the  Koyal  Society  of 
Edinburgh."  He  also  published  a  volume 
of  translations  and  drauiatic  pieces  in 
1791,  a  "Life  of  Blacklock"  in  ]7J»3, 
and  a  "Life  of  John  Home  "  in  1812. 
"  Works  "  in  1808. 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James  (b.  Al- 

dourie,  Invcrness-shirc,  Oct.  21tli,  1765  ; 
d.  London,  May  30th,  1832).  "The 
Regency  Question"  (1788):  "  Vindiciio 
Gallic.x'"  (1791);  contributions  to  TIte 
Moiilh/i/  Jlenao  (1796)  ;  "  On  the 
Study  of  the  Law  of  Nature  and 
Nation?  (1799);  "The  Trial  of  John 
Peltier,  Es,)."  (1803);  a  "  Di.=sertation 
on  Ethical  Philosophy  "  (1830) ;  a  "  His- 
tory of  England  "  (1830—32) ;  "History 
of  the  Reformation  in  Encland  in  1688" 
(1834);  a  "Life  of  Sir  Thomas  Jlore" 
^1844);  and  other  publications.  His 
miFccllaneoua  Works  were  published  in 
three  volumes  (1846).  His  "Memoirs" 
were  edited  by  his  son  Robert  in  1835. 

Macleod,  Worman,  D.D.(b,  famp- 
bclltown,  June  .3rd,  1.S12  :  d.  (;ias;iow, 
June  16th,  1872).  "The Old  Lieutenant 
and  his  Son,"  "The  SUrlinp,"  "Wee 
Davie,"  "The  OoM  Thrc.id  and  Other 
Stories,"  "Eastward,"  "  Peeps  at  the 
Far  Ea.st,"  "Reminiscences  of  a  High- 
land Parish,"  "Simple  Truths  spoken  to 
Working  People,"  and  some  fugitive 
sermons.  See  the  "Life  '  written  by  his 
brother  (1876),  also  W.  E.  Gladstone's 
"Gleanings  of  Past  Years"  (1878—79), 


MacmiHan,  The  Etv.  Hugh  (b. 

18.33).  "First  Forms  of  Vegetation" 
(186i)  ;  "  Hible  Teachings  in  Nature" 
(1866);  "Holidays  on  High  Lands'' 
(1869) ;  "  The  True  Vine"  (1871) ;  "The 
Ministry  of  Nature  "  (1871) ;  "  The  Gar- 
den and  the  City"  (1872);  "  Sunglints 
in  the  Wilderness  "  (1872) ;  "  The  Sab- 
bath of  the  Fields"  (1876) ;  "Our  Lord's 
Three  Risings  from  the  Dead  "  (1876)  ; 
"  Two  Worlds  are  Ours  "  (1880) ;  "  The 
Marriage  in  Cana  of  Galilee "  (1882) ; 
"The  Riviera"  (1885);  "The  Olive 
Leaf  "  (1886). 

Macpherson,  Jamrs  (b.  17-38,  d. 
1796).  "The  Highlander"  (1758); 
"  Fragments  of  Ancient  Poetry  "  (1760) ; 
"  Fingal,  on  Ancient  Poem,  in  Six 
Books,  composed  by  Ossiau  "  (1762)  ; 
"Temora,  an  Ancient  Epic  Poem,  in 
Eight  Books,  composed  by  Ossian" 
(1763);  "Introduction  to  the  History 
of  Gre.at  Britain  and  Ireland"  (1771); 
"The  Iliad  of  Homer,  translated  into 
English  Prose"  (1773). 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  J.  Sumner 
(b.  1822;  d.  1888).  "Roman  Law  and 
Legal  Education  ■'  (1856);  "Ancient 
Law"  (1861);  "Village  Commtmities 
in  the  East  and  in  the  West"  (1871) ; 
"  The  Early  History  of  Instittitions " 
(1875) ;  "  Dis.sertations  ou  Early  Law 
Customs"  (1883). 

Mallet,  David  (b.  Crieff,  Perth- 
shire.  1700;  d.  London,  April  21st,  1765). 
"William  and  Margaret  "  (1727),  "The 
Excur.sion"  (1728),  "  Eurydice  "  (1731), 
"Verbal  Criticism"  (1733),  "  Mustapdia" 
(1739),  a  "Life  of  Bacon"  (1740), 
"Amyntor  and  Theodora"  (1747), 
"Truth  in  Rhyme"  (1761),  and  "Elvira" 
(1763).  "Poetical  Works  "  in  Anderson's 
"  British  Poets." 

Malory,  Sir  Thomas.  "The 
Byrtb,  Lif,  and  Actes  of  Kyng  Arthur" 
(1485,  printed  by  Caxton).  This  popular 
romance  has  been  several  times  re- 
printed, Sir  Edward  Strachcy's  edition 
in  the  {Jlobo  Library  being  the  most 
convenient. 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert  (b. 
near  Dorking,  1766;  d.  I)o;\  29th. 
1834).  An  unpublished  pamphlet,  "The 
Crisis"  (1792\  "  E.ssay  on  the  Principle 
of  Population"  (1798,  1803).  "An  In- 
quiry into  the  Nature  and   Progress  of 


10£0 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Rent"  08\r>),  "Principles  of  Political 
Economy"  (1820),  &c.  "  Lifo  "  by  Dr. 
'Otter  in  18:i<J. 

Mandeville,    Sic   John    (b.  St. 

Alhans,  Hertfordsbiro,  1300  ;  d.  Lu'ge, 
Nov.  Utb,  1372).  "The  Voyaige  and 
Travailo,  which  trcatcth  of  the  Way  to 
the  Hicni.^alem,  and  of  the  Marvayles 
of  Inde,  with  other  Islands  and  Coun- 
Iricf,"  written  in  1350,  in  French,  in 
Latin,  and  in  vulvar  Knjiflish,  and  printed 
in  Italian  at  Milan,  in  1 480.  Best  edition, 
183!».  See  Morlcy's  "English  Writers," 
L,i. 

Manning,  Hei*.ry  Edward  (b. 
Totteridpe,  Hertfordshire,  July  15th, 
1808).  "The  Rule  of  Faith"  (1838); 
"  Holy  Baptism  "  (1813) ;  "The  Unity  of 
the  Church"  (1845)  ;  "Oxford  Univer- 
sity Sermons"  (1845);  "Thoughts  for 
those  that  Mourn  "  (18.50) ;  "The  Grounds 
of  Faith"  (185.3);  "The  Temporal  So- 
vercignty  of  the  Popes  "  (186it)  ;  "  The 
Blessed  Sacrament,  the  Centre  of  In- 
scrutable Truth"  (18G4);  "The  Work- 
ings of  the  Holy  Spirit"  (1864)  ;  "The 
Temporal  Mission  of  the  Holy  Ghost" 
(1SG5)  ;  "The  Reunion  of  Christendom" 
(1866);  "The  Temporal  Power  of  the 
Pope"  (1866);  "England  .and  Christen- 
dom" (1867);  "The  (Ecumenical  Coun- 
cil" (1869);  "The  Vatican  Council" 
(1870);  "The  Dremon  of  Socrates" 
(1872) ;  "The  Vatican  Decrees"  (1875). 

Mansel,    Henry    Longueville, 

D.D.  (b.  Cosgrove,  Northamptonshire, 
Oct.  6th,  1820  ;  d.  Cosgrove,  .July  31st, 
1871).  "Demons  of  the  Winds,  and 
other  poems"  (18.38);  Aldrich's  "  Logic, 
with  Notes"  (1840);  "Prolegomena 
Logica"  (1851);  "The  Philosophy  of 
Kant"  (18,56);  an  article  on  "Meta- 
physics in  the  eighth  edition  of  "  En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica"  (1857);  "The 
Limits  of  Religious  Thought,"  being  the 
"Bampton  Lectures"  for  1858  ;  "Meta- 
physics :  or,  the  Philosophy  of  Con- 
sciousness" (1S!jO)  ;  "Lectures  on  His- 
tory "  (1861-62) ;  "  The  Witness  of  the 
Church  to  the  Promise  of  Clirist's  Com- 
ing "  (1864) ;  "  The  Philosophy  of  the 
Conditioned  "  (1866) ;  and  otiier  works. 

MapeP,"Walter  (b.  1143?  d.  1210?). 
"I)e  NiigisCuri.alium,"  and  other  works, 
reprinted  in  1841,  anion^-  "  Tlio  Latin 
Poems  commonly  attributed  to  Walter 
Mapes,'"  published  by  the  Camden  So- 


ciety, and  edited,  with  a  "  Memoir,"  by 
Wright.  (SVv  "  English  Writers,"  I.,  ii., 
and  Warton's  "  English  Poetry,"  i., 
ii.,  iii. 

Marlowe,  Christopher  (b.  Can- 
terbury, Feb.,  1564 ;  d.  Deptford,  .Juno 
16th,  i.5i)3).  "  Tamburlaino  the  Great, 
Part  the  First"  (1590);  "  Taraburlaine 
the  Great,  Part  the  Second  "  (1590) ; 
"  The  Tragicall  History  of  Dr.  Faustus" 
(1604);  "The  .Jew  of  Malta"  (1633); 
"  Edward  the  Second  "  (1594);  "  Dido  " 
(with  T.  Nash,  1594);  "Hero  and 
Leander"  (completed by  Chapman,  1598); 
"Ovid's  Elegies  "  (translated  about  1596); 
"First  Book  of  Lucan"  (translated  1600); 
and  "The  Massacre  at  Paris."  For 
Biographical  Notices  of  Marlowe,  see  J 
"Athenre  Cant.abrigienses :"  Beard's 
"Theatre  of  God's  Judgments"  (1597) ; 
Meres'  "Palladis  Tamia"  (1.598); 
Vaughan's  "  Golden  Grove,  moralised  in 
three  books"  (1600);  Dyce's  "Edition' 
of  the  Work.s,"  and  Robert  Bell's  "In- 
troduction to  the  Poems."  See  also 
for  Criticism,  Hallam's  "Literature  of 
Europe,"  Lamb's  "Dramatic  Poets," 
Leigh  Hunt's  "Imagination  and  Fancy," 
Hazlitt's  "Poets  and  Comic  Writers" 
and  "Age  of  Elizabeth,"  Campbell's 
"Specimens  of  the  English  Poets,"  W. 
C.  Hazlitt's  "  Handbook  to  Early- English 
Literature,"  and  the  "  Life  "  prefixed  to 
the  edition  of  the  "  Works  "  by  Lieut.- 
Colonel  Cunningham. 

Marryat,  Captain  Frederick  (b. 

London,  July  10th,  1792  ;  d.  Langham, 
Norfolk,  Aug.  2nd,  1848).  "Frank 
Mildmay:  or,  the  Naval  Officer"  (1829); 
"The  King's  Own"  (18:'.0)  ;  "Newton 
For^ter"  (1832)  ;  "Peter  Simple"  (1834); 
"Jacob  Faithful"  (1834);  "The  Pacha 
of  many  Tales"  (1835);  "Japhet  in  Search 
of  a  Father"  (1836)  ;  "Mr.  Midshipman 
Easy"  (1836);  "The  Pirate  and  the 
Three  Cutters  "  (1836)  ;  "  Snarley-yow  " 
(1837):  "The  Phantom  Ship"  (1839); 
"A  Diary  in  America"  (1839);  "011a 
Podrida"  (1840);  "Poor  J.ick  "  (1840); 
"Masterman  Ready"  (1841);  "Joseph 
Rushbrook  "  (1841);  "Perciv.al  Keene  " 
(1842);  "Monsieur  Violet"  (1842);  "The 
Settlers  in  Canada"  (1843);  "The  Pri- 
vateer's Man"  (1844);  "The  Mission: 
or,  Scenes  in  Africa"  (1845);  "The 
Children  of  the  New  Forest"  (1847); 
"  The  Little  Savage  "  (1847) ;  and  "  Va- 


BIBLlOGEAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1031 


lerie"  (1849).  His  "Life"  has  been 
written  by  his  daughter  Florence  (1872). 

Marston,  John  (h.  1575,  d.  after 
l(>:j:5).  "  The  .Scourge  of  Villanie " 
(10!».S):  '-The  Metamorphosis  of  Pig- 
maiion's  Iniap;e"  (151)8);  "Antonio  and 
Jlellida"'  (ItiO'i) ;  "Antonio's  Kevenj^o" 
(1G(I2);  "The  Malcontent"  (1G(>4) ; 
"  Eastward-Hoe  I  "  in  conjunction  with 
Chapman  and  Jonson  (1605) ;  "  The 
J  )ntch  Courtezan  "  (1605) ;  ' '  Parasitaster : 
or,  the  Fawn  "  (IG0(5)  ;  "  Tlie  Wonder  of 
Women"  (1606);  "What  you  Will" 
(1607) ;  "The  Insatiate  Countess"  (1613) ; 
and  several  minor  imblications.  His 
"Works"  were  edited  by  Bowles  in 
1764,  by  Halliwell  (with  "  Life  ")  in  18.^6, 
and  by  Gilford.  See  also  Vv'ood's  "Atliensu 
O.xonienses,"  Warton's  "Ens^lish  Poetry," 
Rit^on's  "  Bibliographia  i'oetica,"  T/w 
JMiospcclire  J{erinr,  Lamb's  "  Works,'' 
Hazlitt's  "Age  of  Pllizabeth,  "  and  Leigh 
Hunt's  "  Imagination  and  Fancy." 

Marston,  Philip  Bourke  (b.  1850, 
d.  1S87).  "Song  Tide"  (1871);  "All 
ill  Ail"  (1875);  "" Wind-voices  "  (1884); 
"  For  a  Song's  Sake  and  other  Stories'' 

(1887). 

Marston,  "Westland  (b.  Boston, 
.).an.  30th,  1820).  "The  Patrician's 
D.aughter  "  (1841),  "  The  Heart  and  the 
World"  (1847),  &c.  Dramatic  and  Poetic 
Works  (1.S76). 

Martin,  Sir  Theodore,   LTj.D. 

(b.  Edinburgh,  1816).  With  Professor 
Aytoun,  the  "Bon  Gaulticr  Ballads" 
(1854) ;  "  Poems,  Original  and  Selected  " 
(186H)  ;  "Life  of  Aytoun"  (1867); 
"The  Life  of  the  Prince  Consort" 
(1874—80);  and  the  translator  (with 
Aytoun)  of  "  Poems  and  Ballads  of 
(Joelho  "  (1858);  of  a':hlenschlager's 
"  Correpgio  "  and  "Aladdin"  (1854  and 
1S57),  of  Horace's  "Odes"  (I860),  the 
"Poems"  of  Catullus  (1861),  Dante's 
"  Vita  Nuova"  (1^62),  (Joethe's  "Faust" 
(the  first  ])art  in  1865,  the  second  in 
1M86) ;  Hartz's  "  King  Kc^nu's  Daughter  " 
and  Heine's  "  Poems  "  (1S78) ;  "Sketch 
of  the  Lift)  of  Princess  Alice  "  (1885). 

Martinean,  Harriet  (b.  Norwich, 
.(unc  12lli,  1SII2 ;  d.  Aniblv-sido,  Juno 
27th,  1876).  "Devotional  K.Kcrcisos  for 
the  Use  of  Young  Per.sons"  (1823)  ; 
"  Cliri.stm.as  Day  "  (1824);  "The  Friend" 
(1825) ;  "  i'riuciplo  and  I'ructico"  (1826;; 


"  The  Rioters"  (1826) ;  "  The  Tum-Out" 

(1827)  ;  "Traditionsof  Palestine"  (1830); 
"Illustrations  of  Taxation"  (1834); 
"Poor  Laws  and  Paujjers"  (1834); 
"Society  in  America"  (1837);  "  Retro- 
spectof  Western  Travel  "(1838)  ;  "Deer- 
brook"  (183it);  "The  Hour  and  the 
Man  "  (1840) ;  "  Life  in  the  Sick  Kooni : 
Essays  by  an  Invalid"  (1843);  "Letters 
on  Mesmerism"  (1845);  "Forest  and 
Game  Law  Tales  "  (1845);  "The  Billow 
and  the  Rock"  (1846);  "Eastern  Life, 
Pa.st  and  Present  "  (1847);  "History  of 
p]ngland  during  the  Thirty  Years'  Peace, 
1816-46"  (1849—50)  ;  "  Introduction  to 
the  History  of  the  Peace  from  18(Xl  to 
1815  "(1851);  "The  Laws  of  Man  s  Nature 
and  Development"  (with  Atkinson,  1851) ; 
a  condensation  of  the  "  Philosophic  Posi- 
tive "  of  Comte  (1853);  "Household 
Education"  (1.S.54);  "Complete  Guide  to 
the  Lakes"  (1S54)  ;  "The  Factory  Con- 
troversy" (1855);  "A  History  of  the 
American  Compromise"  (1856)  ;  "  British 
Rule  in  India  '  (1857)  ;  "  Corporate  Tra- 
dition and  National  Rights "  (1857) ; 
"Local  Dues  on  Sbi[)ping"  (1857); 
"England  and  her  Soldiers"  (1859); 
"Endowed  Schools  in  Ireland  "  (1859)  ; 
"Health,  Husbandry,  and  Handicraft" 
(1861) ;  "Biographical  Sketches"  (1872), 
&c.  .SVe  her  "  Autobiography  "  (1877) ; 
and  "  Life  "  by  ^Irs.  Fenwick  Jliller. 

Martinean,    James,    LL.D.  (b. 

Norwich,  April  21st,  1S05).  "The  Ra- 
tionale of  Religious  Inijuiry "  (1837), 
"Hymns  of  the  Christian  Church  and 
Home"  (LS40),  "Endeavours  after  the 
Christian  Life"  (1843,  1847),  "Miscel- 
lanies "  (1852),  "  Studies  of  Christianity" 
(1858),  "Essays"  (18'i9),  "Hymns  of 
Praise  and  Prayer"  (1874),  "Religion 
and  Modern  Materialism  "(1874),  "Hours 
of  Thought"  (1876),  "Ideal  Substi- 
tutes for  God  "  (1878),  "  Essays,  Philo- 
sophical and  Theological"  (1879),  "A 
Study  of  Spinosa"  (1882),  "Types  of 
Ethical  Theory  "  (1885). 

Marvell,  Andrew  (b.  Winestead, 
Holdcrness,  Nov.  15tli,  1620  :  <1.  Aug. 
12th,  1678).  "The l!ehear.sal Transported" 
(1672),  "Mr.  Smirko"  (1674),  "An  Ac- 
co»mt  of  the  (Jrowth  of  Popery  and 
Arbitrary  Govcrnuieii tin  England "(1678), 
"Miscellaneous  I'oonis  "  (l(>f<l ),  and  "A 
Seasonable  Argument."  "  Works,"  with 
"Life"  by  Cooko,  in  1772,  and  by 
Thoaip.sou  iu  1776. 


1032 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX, 


Meson,  'William,  poet  (b.  Hull, 
17-2r>  ;  <1.  York,  April  7Ui,  1797).  "Isis" 
(1748) ;  "  Klfrida"  (17.^3) ;  "Odes  on  In- 
rlcpondcnco"  {n^<6):  "Memory,  Melan- 
cliol)-,  and  the  Fall  of  Tyranny  "  (1756) ; 
"Caractacus"  (1759);  "An  Heroic 
Epistle  toSir  William  Chambers, Knijrht" 
(1773);  "The  Knglish  Garden  "  (1772- 
1782).  Ill  1775  eilited  Poems  of  Gray, 
with  "Memoirs  of  his  Life." 

Massey,  Gerald  (b.  Tring.  Hert- 
fordshire, May  'iDth,  1828).  "Poems 
and  Chansons  "  (184<i) ;  "  Voices  of  Free- 
doni  and  Lyrics  of  Lovo"  (1SU»)  ;  "The 
Ballad  of  Babe  Christabe),  and  other 
Poems"  (1855)  ;  "Craifjcrook  Castle,  and 
other  Poems"  (185'));  "Havelock's 
March,  and  other  Poems"  (18G1)  ; 
"  Shakespeare's  Sonnets  and  bis  Private 
Friends"  (IS^f!)  ;  "A  Tale  of  Eternity, 
ar.d  other  Poems  "  (1869). 

Massinger,  Philip  (b.  Salisbury, 
1581;  d.  London,  March,  1(338).  "The 
Virgin  Martvr  "  (1622)  ;  "The  Duke  of 
Milan"  (162:j) ;  "  The  Bondman"  (1624); 
"The  Roman  Actor"  (1629);  "The 
Rencgado"(1630);  "The  Picture"  (1630); 
"The  Emperor  of  the  East  "  (16:^2)  ; 
"The  Fatal  Dowry"  (1632)  ;  "  The  Maid 
of  Honour  "  (1632) ;  "  A  New  Way  to  Pay 
(Jid  Debts"  (1633);  "The  Great  Duke 
of  Florence"  (1636);  "The  Unnatural 
Combat"  (1639);  "Alexius:  or,  the 
Chaste  Lover"  (1639);  "The  Fair  An- 
choress of  Pausilippo "  (1640);  "The 
Noble  Choice"  (1653)  ;  " '1  he  Wandering 
Lovers"  (1653);  "  Philcuzo  and  Hippo- 
lyta"  (1653);  "The  Spani.sh  Viceroy" 
(1G53)  ;  "Minerva's  Sacrifice"  (1653); 
"Believe  as  you  List"  (1653);  "The 
Guardian"  (1655);  "A  Very  Woman" 
(1655);  "The  Ba.shful  Lover"  (1655); 
^'The  City  Madam"  (1659);  "Antonio 
and  Vullia'  (1660);  "The  Tvrant" 
(1660):  "Fast  and  Welcome"  (1660); 
"The  Old  Law  ;  "  "  The  Judge  ;  "  "  The 
Honourof  Women  ;"  "The  Forced  Lady ;" 
"  The  Woman's  Plot ;"  "  The  Parliament 
of  Love;"  "The  Unfortunate  Piety;" 
"The  Tragedy  of  Cleander  ;"  "The 
Orator  ;"  "The  King  and  the  Subject ;" 
and  other  pieces.  The  "Works"  of 
Massinger  were  edited  by  Gifford  and 
Lieut. -Colonel  Cunningham  (cheap  edi- 
tion, witli  the  addition  of  the  recovered 
"Believe  as  yon  List,"'  1874).  "Some 
Account  of  his  Life  and  Writings" 
was  published    by    Thomas    Davies    in 


1850.  .SVe  also  the  introduction  to  the 
edition  of  the  "Dramatic  Works,"  by 
Hartley  Coleridge  (1859). 

MaaqoD,  David  (b.  Aberdeen,  De-. 

2nd,  1822).  "Essays,  Biographical  and 
Critical,  chiefly  on  Ena-Hsh  Poets"  (1856); 
"The  Life  of  John  Milton"  (six  vols., 
1858—79)  ;  "  British  Novelists  and 
their  Styles"  (1859);  "Recent  British 
Philosophy"  (1865);  "Drummond  of 
Hawthornden"  (1873);  "The  Three 
Devils  —  Milton's,  Luther's,  and 
Goethe's"  (1874);  "  De  Quincoy"  in 
the  Jiv/lisli  Jim  of  Letters  .Vo'Vs  (1878); 
"A  Memoir  of  "  Goldsmith "  (1879). 
Edited  Cambridge  "  Milton  "  (1874). 

Maurice,    Frederick    Denison 

(b.  Aug.  29th,  ISC']  ;  d.  April  1st,  1872). 
"Eustace  Conyers,"  "Subscription  no 
Bondage,"  "The  Kingdom  of  Christ" 
(1842),  "History of  Moral  and  Phy.sical 
Philosophy"  (1853-62),  "  Theologiciil 
Essays"  (1854),  "  Patriarchs  and  Law- 
givers of  the  Old  Testament"  (1855), 
"The  Bible  and  Science"  (1863),  "The 
Kingdom  of  Heaven"  (1864),  "Conflict 
of  Good  and  Evil"  (1865),  "The  Com- 
mandments" (1866),  "Christian  Ethics" 
(1867),  "The  Conscience"  (1868),  "Social 
Morality"  (1869),  "The  Friendship  of 
Books"  (1873),  &c.  Sec  "The  Life  of 
F.  Maurice,"  edited  by  his  sou  F. 
Maurice  (1884). 

Maxwell,  James  Clerk  (b.  1831, 

d.  1879).  "  The  Stability  of  the  Motion 
of  Saturn's  Rings"  (1859)  ;  "  The  Kine- 
tic Theory  of  Gases,"'  "Faraday's 
Lines  of  Force,"  "Theory  of  Heat" 
(1871);  "A  Treatise  on  Electricity  and 
J\Iagnetisra"  (1873);  "The  Electrical 
Researches  of  the  Hon.  Henry  Caven- 
dish," "Matter  and  Motion."  Sec  his 
""Life  "  by  Prof.  Campbell  and  W.  Gar- 
nett  (1882). 

Maxwell,  5=ir  William  Stirling 

(b.  Kenmure,  1818  ;  d.  Jan.  1.5th,  1878). 
"  Songs  of  the  Holy  Land  "  (1847),  "An- 
nals of  the  Artists  of  Spain"  (1848), 
"  The  Cloister  Life  of  Charies  V."  (1852>, 
"Velasquez"  (1855),  "  Soliman  the 
Magnificent"  (1877),  "Life  of  Don 
John  of  Austria  "  (1883),  &c. 

May,  Thom'iB  (b.  Mayfield,  Sussex, 
1594  ;  d.  Nov.  30th,  1650).  "The  Heir" 
(1622);  "Antigone"  (1631);  "The 
Reigne   of    King    Henry    the    Second" 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1033 


(lo33) ;  "The  Victorious  Reig^ne  of  Kins: 
Edward  tbe  Third  '  (16:35) ;  "Cleopatra  " 
(1639;;  "Julia  Affrijipina,  Emprcsso  of 
Rome"(lt53J*)  ;  "SuppIementuniLucani" 
;1640) ;  "  The  History  of  the  Parliament 
of  Enpfland  which  began  November  3, 
1640  "(1(347)  ;  "A  Breviary  of  the  His- 
tory of  the  Parliament  of  Enj^land " 
[lt}'r,0);  "The  Old  Couple"  (16p8)  ; 
translations  of  Virj^il's  "  Georgics," 
Lucan's  "  Pharsalia,"  some  of  Martial's 
'•Epigrams,''  Barclay's  "Argeuis,"  and 
some  other  works.  See  T/ie  JVnc  Monthl;/ 
Magazine,  vol.  ii. 

May,     Si"*    Thomas     Erskine, 

D.U.L.  (b.  }S1:>,  d.  1886).  "A  Treatise 
on  the  Law,  Privileges,  Proceedings,  and 
Usage  of  I'arliament  "  (1844);  "Consti- 
tutional History  of  England  .since  the 
Accession  of  George  III."  (1861-63.  1871); 
"Democracy  in  Europe:  a  History"' 
(.1877),  &c. 

Melville,  G.  J.  White  (b.  1821  : 
d.  Dec.  5th,  1878).  "  Digby  Grand" 
(1853),  "General  Bounce"  (1854),  "Kate 
Coventry"  (1S56),  "Tbe  Interpreter" 
(1858),  "Holmby  House"  (1860),  "Good 
for  Nothing  "  (1861),  "Tilbury  Nogo  " 
(1861),  "Market  Harborou^h "  (1801), 
"The  Gladiators"  (1863),  "Brookes  of 
Bridlemere"  (1H64),  "The  Queen's 
Maries"  (1864),  "Cerise"  (1865),  "Bones 
and  I  "  (1868),  "The  White  Rose"  (1868), 
"M.  or  N."  (1869),  "Contraband"  (1870), 
"Sarchedon"  (1871),  "Satanella"  (1872), 
"The  Tnie Cross"  (1873).  "Uncle  John" 
(1874),  "Sister  Louise"  (1875),  "  Kater- 
felto  "  (1875),  "Rosine"  (1876),  "Roy's 
Wife  "  (1878),  and  "  Black  but  Comely  " 
(1879). 

Meredith,  George  (b.  ILamp.shire, 
about  182S).  "Poems"  (1851);  "The 
Shaving  of  Shagpat  '  (1855);  "Farina: 
a  Legend  of  Cologne"  (1857);  "The 
Ordeal  of  Rich.ard  Fovoril "  (18.5i))  ; 
"Mary  Bertrand"  (1860);  "Evan  Har- 
rington" (1861)  ;  '•  Modern  Love:  Poems 
and  Ballads"  (1862);  "  Kmilia  in  Eng- 
land "  (1864)  ;  "  Rhoda  Fleming"  (1865) ; 
"Vittoria"  (1866);  "Adventures  of 
Harry  Richmond  "(1^71) ;  "Be.auchamp's 
Career"  (1875);  "The  Egoist"  (1871»); 
"Tragic  Comedians"  (1881);  "  I'oems 
and  Lyrics  of  tho  Joy  of  Eartli "  (1883)  ; 
"  Dinna  of  tho  Crosswavs ''  (1885); 
"Poems  and  Ballads  "  (18S7\ 
•J  11* 


Merep.  Frannin  (d.  1646).  "The 
Sinners  (Juide"  (15!)6)  ;  "God's  Arith- 
metick  "  (1507)  ;  "  Granada's  Devotion  " 
(1598)  ;  and  "  Palladis  Tamia,  Wit's 
Treasury  "  (1598),  being  the  second  part 
of  "Wit's  Commonwealth"  (1597).  See 
W^ood's  "  Athenje  O.xonienses." 

MiddletoD,  Conyere,  T>.D.  (b. 
Richmond.  Yorkshire.  Dec.  '_'7lh,  16S3  ; 
d.  July  28th,  1750).  "  A  iletbod  for  the 
Management  of  a  Libnary"  (1723) ;  "  A 
Letter  from  Rome  "  (1729) ;  "A  Disser- 
tation on  tho  Origin  of  Printing  in  Eng- 
land "  (1735)  ;  "  The  History  of  the  Life 
of  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  "  (1741)  ;  "  Tho 
Letters  of  Cicero  to  Brutus,  and  of 
Brutus  to  Cicero"  (1743);  "A  Free 
In(|uiry  into  Miracles"  (1749).  His 
"  Works  "  were  collected  in  1752. 

Middleton.  Thomas  (b.  1570;  d. 
July,  1627).  "Tho  Wisdom  of  S'>louion 
Paraphrased"  (1597);  "Blurt,  Master 
Constable :  or,  the  Spaniard's  Night 
Walkc  "  (1602);  "  Michaelmcs  Termo  " 
(1607) ;  "  Patient  Grissel  "  (1607)  ;  "Tho 
Phoenix  "  (1607) ;  "  Four  Fine  Gallants  " 
(1607)  ;  "The  Familie  of  Love"  (1608)  ; 
"A  Mad  World,  Mv  Masters"  (1608); 
"A  Tricke  to  Catch  the  Old  One" 
(16i:8) ;  "Account  of  Sir  Robert  Shorley" 
(1609);  "The  Triumphs  of  Truth" 
(1613;  ;  "The  Triumphs  of  Honour  anil 
Industry "  (1017);  "  Civitatis  Amor" 
(1616) ;'"  A  Fair  Qmirrel  "  (1617)  ;  "Tho 
Triumphs  of  Love  and  Antiquity  "  (1619^; 
"The  Masque  of  Heroes"  (1619);  "A 
Courtly  Ma.^ciue"  "(1620);  "The  Suu  in 
Aries"  (1621);  "The  Triumplis  of 
Honour  and  Virtue "  (1622) ;  "  Tho 
Triumphs  of  Intcirrity "  (1623);  "Tho 
Game  at  Cbesso"  (1624);  "The 'Triumphs 
of  Health  and  Prosperity  "  (1626) ;  '•Tiio 
Cha.st  Mayd  in  Cheape-si<le  ; "  "The 
Widow;"  "The  Changeling"  (1653); 
"TheSj)anish  Gipsie"  (1653);  "The  Old 
Law  ;''  "  More  Dissemblers  besides  Wo- 
men "  (1657) ;  "Women  beware  Women  " 
(lt;57)  :  "No  Wit,  no  Help  like  a  Wo- 
man's "  (1657);  "Tho  IMayor  of  Qiiin- 
borough  "  (1661)  ;  "  -•Vnythingfora  Quiet 
Life"  (1662);  '-The" Witch"  (177!<) ; 
and  other  works.  Tho  "Works"'  of 
J.Iiddleton  were  eilite<l  in  1840,  with 
"some  Account  of  tl>o  .Vuthor.  an<l 
Notes,"  by  tho  Rov.  Alexander  Dye. 
For  Criticism,  .'i:*"  Hazlitt'.s  "  Elizabethnn 
Literature  "  and  Lamb's  "  Specimon.s  of 
Dramatic  Poets,"' 


1034 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Mill,  James (h.  Northwater  Bridge, 
Montrose,  April  Oth,  1773  ;  d.  Kensing- 
ton, June  2;3rcl,  lS:3(i).  "  Essay  on  the 
Inipoliuy  of  a  {.'ountry  in  the  Exporta- 
tion of  Grain "  (1804)  ;  a  translation, 
with  notes,  of  Villers'  "  Essay  on  Luther 
and  the  Reformation"  (180o)  ;  a  "  His- 
torv  of  iJritish  India"  (1817  —  18); 
"  Elements  of  Political  Economy  "  (1821 
— 22) ;  "  Analysis  of  the  Phenomena  of 
the  Human  Mind"  (1829);  "The  Prin- 
ciples of  Toleration  "  (1837),  &c.  Sec 
Bain's  "James  Mill,  a  Biography"  (1882). 

Mill,  John  Stuart  (K  London, 
May  2iitli,  l.S^irj  ;  d.  Avignon,  May  8th, 
1S73).  ••System  of  Logic"  (1813); 
"  Essays  on  Some  Unsettled  Questions 
in  Political  Economy"  (1844);  "Prin- 
ciples of  Political  Economy "  (184S) ; 
"An  Essay  on  Liberty"  (18.58) ;  "  Disser- 
tations and  Discussions"  (18.59  —  67); 
"Thoughts  on  Parliamentary  Reform" 
(1859) ;  "  Considerations  on  Representa- 
tive Government;"  "Utilitarianism" 
fl862);  "Autjuste  Comteand  Positi^nsm" 
(1865)  ;  an  ••  E.xamiuation  of  Sir  William 
Hamilton's  Philosophy"  (18o5) ;  "The 
Subjection  of  Women"  (1867);  "Ad- 
dress to  the  Students  of  St.  Andrews  " 
(1867) ;  "  England  and  Ireland  "  (18uS) ; 
"  The  Irish  Land  Question  "  (1870) ;  and 
"Nature,  and  other  Essays"  (1874). 
Sue  his  "Autobiography"  (1873)  and 
Bain's  "Personal  Recollections"  (1882). 
For  Criticism,  fee  Taine's  "English  Litera- 
ture," vol.  iv.  ;  Ribot's  "Contemporary 
English  Psychology ;  "  and  Courtney's 
"Metaphysics  of  .Tohn  Stuart  Will" 
(1879). 

Miller,  Hugh  (b.  Cromarty,  Oct. 
10th,  1802;  d.  Portobello,  Dec.  23rd, 
1856).  Wrote  "  Poems  written  in  the 
Leisure  Hours  of  a  .Journeyman  Mason  " 
(18^29) ;  "  Scenes  and  Legends  in  the 
North  of  Scotland"  (1834);  "The  Old 
Red  Sandstone  "  (1841) ;  "  First  Impres- 
sions of  England  and  its  People  "  (1S47); 
"Footprints  of  the  Creator"  (IS.oO)  ; 
"  Afy  Schoolsand  Schoolmasters"  (1854); 
"  The  Testimony  of  the  Rocks  "  (1857) ; 
"The  Cruise  of  the  7>,  .'.vv"  (1858);  "The 
Hejidship  of  Christ  ;  "  "  Edinburgh  and 
its  Neighbourhood ; "  "  Tales  and 
Sketches  ;  "  a  "  Sketch-book  of  Popular 
Geology  ;"  and  "  Miscellaneous  Essays." 
Edited  T/ic  Jl'ifiie.ss.  His  complete 
*'  W^orks "  have  been    published    in    a 


uniform  shape.  "Life  "  by  Peter  Bayne 
(1870). 

Milman,  Henry  Hart,  D.D.  (b. 
London,  Feb.  10th,  1791  ;  d.  Sept. 
24th,  1868).  "The  Apollo  Belvedere  " 
(1812);  "  Alexander  Tumuium  Achillis 
invisens"  (1813):  "Fazio"  (1815); 
"Samor"  (1818):  "The  Fall  of  .Jeru- 
salem" (18-20);  "The  Martyr  of  Antioch"' 
(1822) :  "  Belshazzar  "  (1822) :  "  Poems" 
(1826):  "Anne  Boleyn  "  (18-26);  "The 
Office  of  the  Christian  Teacher  Con- 
sidered" (1826)  ;  "The  Character  and 
Conduct  of  the  Apostles  Considered  as 
an  Evidence  of  Christianity  "  (18"28)  : 
a  "History  of  the  Jews"  (1829-.30|  ; 
"  Nala  and  Dam.ayanti,"  and  other 
translations  from  the  Sanscrit  (1834)  ; 
a  "  Life  of  E.lward  Gibbon  "  (1839) ; 
a  "  History  of  Christianity  "  (1840)  ;  a 
"  Life  of  Horace,"  prefi.Ked  to  an  edition 
of  his  "  Works  "  (1849) :  a  "  History  of 
Latin  Christianity"  (1854  —  55);  and 
various  coutributions  to  T/tc  Quarlvrh/ 
Itfviciv,  which  have  been  republished  in 
1870. 

Milner,   Jo3eph  (b.   Leed.«,    Jan. 

2nd,  1774:  d.  Hull,  Nov.  15th,  1797). 
"History  of  the  Church  of  Christ" 
(1794). 

Milton,  John  (b.  London,  Dec.  9th, 
1608 ;  d.  London,  Nov.  8th,  1674). 
Written  before  1632  :  — first  four  "  Fami- 
liar Epistles;"  "  Prolusiones  qun?dam 
OratoriiBe  ;  "  fii-st  seven  pieces  in  "Ele- 
giarum  Liber;"  first  six  of  "Svlvarnm 
Liber;"  "On  the  Death  of  a  Fair  L;- 
fant"  (1626);  "Vacation  Exercise" 
(1628) ;  "  Hymn  on  the  Nativity  "  (1629); 
"  On  the  Passion  ;  "  "  On  Time  :  "  "  On 
the  Circumcision  :  "  "  At  a  Solemn 
Musick  "  (16:30) :  "  Song  on  May  M^^rn- 
ing  "  (16:30) :  '■  On  Shakespeare  "  (16:30); 
"  On  the  University  Carrier ;  "  "  Another 
on  the  Same  :  "  *'  Epitaph  on  the  Mar- 
chioness of  Winchester:"  "Sonnet  on 
Twenty-third  Birthday"  (16:31).  Be- 
tween 1632  and  1637  :— three  of  "  Fami- 
liar Epistles:"  "Sonnet  to  the  Night- 
ingale :  "  "  L" Allegro  :  "  "  11  Penseroso  :  " 
"  Arcades  "  (163:3) ;  "  Comus  "  (16:34  : 
"  Lvcidas  "  (1637).  After  travels  abroa.l 
(16:37):— "Of  Reformation;"  "  Of  Pre- 
latical  Episcopacy;"  "The  Reason  of 
Church  Govei*nment  urged  ag.ainst  Pre- 
lacy ;  "  "Animadversions  against  the 
Remonstrant's     Defence;"     "Apology 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1035 


against  a  Pamphlet  called  '  A  Modest 
Confiita'  ion,'  "  ko.  After  marriage  with 
Maiy  Powell  (1643) :  "  Doctrine  and  Dis- 
ciplihe  of  Divorce  "  (1G14) ;  "Judgment 
of  Marliu  Bncer  touchin?  Divorce" 
(translated  extracts) :  "  On  Education  ;" 
"  Areopagitica  ""(I'iil):  "Tetrachordou" 
(16-15) ;  "  Colasterion  "  (1645) :  "  Tcmire 
of  Kings  and  ^lagistrates  ;  "  "  Observa- 
tions on  Articles  of  Peace"  (1049); 
"  Ikonoclastes  "  (1G49) ;  "  Pro  Populo 
Anglicano  Defcnsio  "  (1G51) ;  "  Defeusio 
Sccunda  "  (li3o4) ;  "  Authoris  pro  se  De- 
fonsio  contra  Alcsandrum  riorum  ;  " 
"  Ecclesiasten  ;  "  ■'  Authoris  ad  Alexan- 
dri  Jlori  Supplenientum  Pesponsio " 
(lt)5.">).  His  twenty  years  of  polemical 
writing  close  with  "  A  Treatise  of  Civil 
Power  iu  Ecclesiastical  Causes  ;  "  "Con- 
siderations touching  the  Means  to  re- 
move Hirelings  out  of  the  Church ;  " 
"  Letter  to  a  Friend  concerning  Piuptures 
of  the  Commonwealth  ;  "  "  Ready  Way 
to  establisli  a  True  Commonwealth  ;  " 
"Brief  Notes  upon  a  late  Sermon,  en- 
titled, 'The  Fear  of  God  and  the  Kii^g.'  " 
After  his  pardon  by  the  Oblivion  Act, 
and  his  tliird  marriage  (1664)  :—"  Acci- 
dence Commeuc't  Grammar  ; "'  "  History 
of  Britain  ;  "  "  Artis  Logiccc  Plenior  In- 
stitutis  ;  "  "  Of  True  Religion  :  "  "Epist. 
Fam.  Liber  Unus  ;  "  ''Brief  History  of 
Moscovia  ;  "  "  Liter;)!  Senatus  Angli- 
cani ;  "  "  De  Doctrina  Ciiristiana  ; "' 
"Paradise  Lost"  (1667);  "Paradise 
Regained  "  (1671) ;  "Samson  Agonistes" 
(1671) ;  translation  of  "  Declaration  of  the 
Poles  on  the  Election  of  Sobieski,"  with 
"  Epifet.  Fam."  and  "Acad.  Exercises" 
(1674).  He  edited  two  .MSS.  of  Raleigh's 
--"The  Cabinet  Council"  (1658)  and 
"  Aphorisms  of  State  "  (1661).  A  Com- 
monplace Book  and  a  Latin  Essay  and 
Latin  Verses,  presumed  (on  almost 
conchisive  proofs)  to  bo  by  Milton,  edited 
for  Camden  Society  (1876). 

More  tlian  LVt  editions  of  Milton  pub- 
lished. Concordances  by  Prendergast 
(Madra.s,  1857— 5f>)  and  Cleveland 
(London,  1867).  <SVv  Mas.son's  "Life  of 
Milton  "  (5  vols.,  1858—50),  his  accurate 
edilion  of  Miltons  Poetical  Works 
(1874);  "Milton  und  seine  Zcit,"  by 
Stern  (Leip.,  vols,  i.,  ii.  to  be  completed); 
Stopford  Brooke's  "Milton"  ["Classical 
Writers  "]  (lS7!i);  and  the  monograph  in 
"  Men  of  Loiters,"  by  Pattison  (lS7it). 
Facsimile  of  "  Paradise  Lost,"  by  Elliot 
Stock  (1S77). 


Minot,  Iiawrence  (circi  1350). 
''■  Poetical  Works  "  (1825). 

Mitford,  John  (b.  Richmond, 
Surrey,  Aug.  13th,  1781  ;  d.  B-nhall, 
April  27th,  1856).  Editor  of  (UatUmaa's 
iiu'jaziiie  (1834—50),  and  of  many  vol.=. 
of  the  Aldine  Poets.  "  Miscellaneous 
Poems"  (185S).  ,s'ee  Geatl'iaans  Maga- 
zinc  for  duly,  1859. 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell  (b.  Aires- 
ford,  Hampshire,  Dec.  16th,  1787;  d. 
near  Reading,  Jan.  loth,  1855).  "Chris- 
tine" (ISll),  "Poems  on  the  Female 
Character"  (1812),  "  Watlington  Hill" 
(1812),  "Julian"  (1823),  "Our  Village" 
(1824),  "Foscari"  (1826),  "  Rienzi " 
(1828),  "Charles  the  First,"  "American 
Stories  for  Young  People"  (1832), 
"  Lights  and  Shadows  of  American 
Life"  (1832),  "Relford  Regis"  (1835), 
"Coinitry  Stories"  (1837),  '•Recollec- 
tions of  a  Literary  Life"  (l':551),  "Ather- 
ton  and  other  Tales  "  (1854),  and  other 
works.  For  Biographj',  see  Miss  Mit- 
ford's  "Life  and  Letters,"  edited  by 
Harness  au<l  L' Estrange  ;  "Letters," 
edited  by  Henrj'  F.  Chorley  ;  and  the 
"Life  and  Letters  of  Charles  Boner." 

Mitford,  William  (b.  London,  Feb. 
10th,  1744;  d.  Feb.  Sth,  1827).  "  Trea- 
tise on  the  Military  Force,  and  particu- 
larly on  the  Militia  of  this  Kingdom  " 
(1774):  "History of  Greece"  (1784,  17!lO, 
17!t7,  1808,  1818);  "  Observations  on  the 
History  and  Doctrine  of  Christianity  " 
(1823):  and  an  "  Inquiry  into  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Harmony  in  Language  and  of 
the  Mechanism  of  Verse,  Modern  and 
Ancient"  (1774),  &e  the  Life  prefixed 
by  Lord  Redesdalo  to  "  History  "  (182S»). 

Mivart, St. George.  F.B.S.  "The 
Genesis  of  Species  "  (1871) :  "  Lessons  in 
Elementary  Anatomy"  (1872);  "Man 
and  A]>cs"  (1873);  "Contemporary 
Evolution  "  (1876) ;  "  Lessons  in  Naluro 
as  Manifested  in  Mind  and  Matter '' 
(1876);  "Tho  Cat"  (18S1);  "Nature 
and  Thought"  (1883);  "Philosophical 
Catechism"  (1881). 

Moir,  David  Macbeth  (b.  Mussel- 
burgh, near  Edinburgh,  Jan.  .">th,  17i'8  ; 
d.  Dumfries,  .Inly  6th,  1851).  "Tho 
Bombardment  of  Algiers,  and  other 
Poems  "  (ISIS) :  "  The  Legtnd  of  Gcne- 
vi6vo,  and  other  Tales "  (1824):  "The 
Autobiography     of     Mansio    Waugh " 


103G 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


(1828) :  "  Outlines  of  the  Ancient  His- 
tory of  Me<licine"  (18:51);  "Domestic 
Verses  "  (lSi:3):  and  "Sketches  of  the 
Poetical  Litoratnro  of  the  Past  Half-Cen- 
tury "  (18r>]).  "Works"  edited,  with  a 
Memoir,  by  Thomas  Aird  (1852). 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley 

(I).  London,  l<i89 ;  d.  London,  August 
'21st,  171)2).  "Town  Eclo.i,'ues "  (1710), 
kc.  Letters  first  printed  hy  Captain 
Clcland  in  U'i'j,  with  additional  volume 
(forced?)  in  1707.  "Poetical  Works" 
(1708);  "Works,  includin;?  her  Corre- 
spondence, Poems,  and  Essays,  with 
^lenioirs  of  her  Life,"  were  edited  by 
D.vllaway  in  1803,  and  reached  a  sixth 
edition  In  1817.  In  1830,  her  Lettori 
and  Works,  with  introduction  by  Lady 
Louisa  Stewart;  the  third  edition,  in 
1801,  includiuij  additions,  notes,  and 
a  new  memoir  by  W.  Moy  Thomas. 

Montgomery,  Alexander  (b. 
Hazolhead  Castle,  Ayrshire,  1510  ;  d. 
lOO").  "The  Cherrie  and  the  Slae" 
(1597),  "The  Mindes  Melody"  (1005), 
and  "The  Flj'tiny  betwixt  Montgomerie 
and  Pohvart"  (1029).  Plis  Poems  were 
pnl)lished  with  biographical  notices  by 
David  Irving,  LL.D.,  in  1821. 

Montgomery,  Florence  (b.  1847). 
"  A  Very  JSiinplo  Story  "  (1807)  ;  "  Mis- 
understood "  (1809);  "Thrown  Toge- 
ther" (1872);  "Thwarted"  (18741; 
"Wild  Mike  and  his  Victim"  (1875); 
"Soaforth  "  (1878)  ;  "  Peggy,  and  other 
Tales  "  (1880) ;  "  The  Blue  Veil"  (1883); 
"Transformed"  (1886). 

Montgomery,  James  (b.  Irvine, 
Ayrshire,  Nov.  4th,  1771  ;  d.  Sheffield, 
April  ;5(itli,  1854).  "The  Wanderer  of 
Switzerland,  and  other  Poems  "  (1806) ; 
"The  West  Indies,  and  other  Poems" 
(1810);  "Prison  Amusements;"  "The 
World  before  the  Flood"  (1813); 
"Thoughts  on  Wheels"  (1817):  "The 
Climbinu'  Poy's  Soliloquy;"  "Green- 
land "  (1819);  "  Songs  of  Zion  "  (1822) ; 
"The  Christian  Poet"  (1825);  "The 
Pelican  Island"  (1827);  "Lectures  ou 
Poetry  an<l  General  Literature"  (1833) ; 
"A  Poet's  Portfolio"  (18:55);  "The 
Christian  Ps-ilmist"  (1852);  and  "Origi- 
nal Hymns  for  Public,  Private,  and 
Social  Devotion  "  (1853).  His  Life  has 
been  written  by  J.  W.  King(1858),  and  his 
"  Memoirs,  including  Selections  from  his 
Correspondence,  Ivonn-^ins  in   I'roso  and 


Verse,    and    Conversations    on    Various  | 

Subjects,"  were  published  by  John  Hol- 
land and  James  Everett  in  1854 — 56.  iSee 
al.so  his  "  Life  and  Times  "  by  Ellis  (1804). 
For  Criticism,  see  Gilfillan's  "Literary 
Portraits,"  Jeffrey's  "  Essays,"  and. 
"  Critical  Essays  "  by  A.  K.  H.  B. 

Moore,  Thomas  (b.  Dublin,  May 
28th,  1779;  d.  Sloperton  Cottage,  near 
Devize.s,  Feb.  20th,  1852).  "0<io  to 
Nothing;  "  "  Odes  of  Anacreon  "  (1800) ; 
"Poetical  Works  of  the  late  Tliomas 
Little"  (1801);  "Odes  ind  Epistles" 
(1806);  "Intolerance  and  "Corrup- 
tion" (1808);  "The  S^'eptic"  (1809): 
"M.P.  :  or,  the  Blue  Stocking"  (1811); 
"  Intercepted  Letters  :  or,  the  Twopenny 
Postbag"  (1811);  "National  Airs" 
(1815);  "The  World  at  Westmin.ster " 
(1816);  "Sacred  Songs"  (1816);  "Lalla 
Rookh  "  (1817) ;  "The  Fudge  Family  in 
Paris;"  "Tom  Crib:  his  Memorial  to 
Congress"  (1819);  "Rhymes  for  the 
Road"  (1820);  "Fables  for  the  Holy 
Alliance"  (1820);  "Loves  of  the 
Angels"  (1823);  "Memoirs  of  Captain 
Rock  "  (1824) ;  "  Life  of  R.  B.  Sheridan" 
(1825);  "History  of  Ireland"  (1827); 
"Travels  of  an  Irish  Gentleman  in 
Search  of  a  Religion"  (1827);  "The 
Epicurean"  (1827);  "Odes  upon  Cash, 
Corn,  and  Catholics"  (1828);  "Life  of 
Byron"  (18:30);  "Life  of  Lord  Edward 
Fitzgerald"  (18:31);  "  Alciphron  "(18:39): 
and  some  miscellaneous  "  Prose  anil 
Verse  "  (1878).  See  "  Moore's  hitherto 
Uncollected  Writings  "  (1877).  For  Bio- 
graphy, see  Earl  Russell's  eflition  of  the 
"Diary"  (1852— 50),  and  the  Life  by  R. 
H.  Montgomery  (1850).  For  Criticism, 
see  Hazlitt's  "English  Poets"  and 
"Spirit  of  the  Age,"  Jeffrey's  "Es.says," 
W.  C.  Roscoe's  "Essays,"  and  W.  M. 
Rossetti's  introduction  to  the  Poems. 

More,  Hannah  (b.  Stapleton,  Feb. 
2ud,  1745;  d.  Clifton,  Sept.  7th,  1833). 
"The  Search  after  Happiness"  (1773): 
"The  Inflexible  Captive"  (1774); 
"Percy"  (1777);  "The  Fatal  False- 
hood "  (1779) ;  "  Sacred  Dramas  "  (1782) ; 
"  Florio  :  a  Tale  for  J'ine  Gentlemen  and 
Fine  Ladies"  (1786);  "The  Bas  Bleu: 
or.  Conversation"  (1786);  "Thoughts  on 
the  Importance  of  the  Manners  of  the 
Great  to  General  Society  "  (1788) ;  "An 
Estimate  of  the  Religion  of  the  Fixshion- 
able  World"  (1790);  "  Village  Politics" 
(1793) ;  "The  Modern  System  of  Female 


BiBLiOGUAPMlCAL  AtPENDI^i; 


1037 


Education  "  (1709) ;  "  Ccblobs  in  Search 
of  a  Wife"  (ISOy) ;  "Practical  I'iety" 
(1811);  "Cliristian  Morals"  (1813); 
"Stories  for  tiie  Middle  Ranks  of 
Society  "  (1818) ;  "  Talcs  for  the  Common 
People"  (1818);  "Moral  Sketches  of 
Prevailing  Opinions  and  Manners " 
(1819);  "Bible  Rhymes"  (1821);  and 
many  otlicr  works.  Her  "  Poetical 
Works"  appeared  in  18'29.  Her  complete 
works  were  publislied  in  eleven  volumes 
in  1830,  and  again,  with  Memoir  and 
Notes,  in  18.')3.  Her  Life  has  been 
written  by  Shaw  (1802).  Itoberts  (1834), 
Thompson  (1838),  and  Smith  (1844). 
Sre  "  Letters  to  Zachary  Macaulay  " 
(18t)0). 

More,  Henry  (b.  Grantham,  Oct. 
12th,  1614;  d.  Sept.  1st,  KiST).  "Psy- 
chodia"  (1642),  "  Philosophical  Poems  " 
(1047),  "Philosophical  Writings."  con- 
taining "  An  Antidote  against  Atheism," 
"  Enthus-iasmusTriumpliatus,"  "  Letters 
to  Des  Cartes,"  "  Immortalit.y  of  the 
Soul,"  "Conjectura  Cabalistica  "  (1662) ; 
"Theological  Works,"  containing  "  An 
Exi)]anation  of  the  Crand  Mystery  of 
Godliness,"  "An  ItKjnir}'  into  the  Mys- 
tery of  Iniquity,"  "A  Prophetical  Ex- 
jiosition  of  the  Seven  Chiuxhes  in  Asia," 
"A  Discourse  of  the  (irotmds  of  Faith 
in  Points  of  Religion,"  "An  Antidote 
against  Idolatry,"  and  "Some  Divine 
Hymns"  (1708);  "Divine  Dialogues," 
containing  "Disquisitions  concerning 
the  Attributes  and  Providence  of  Cod  " 
(1743),  "Discourses  on  Several  Texts  of 
Scripture"  (1692),  "Enchiridion  Ethi- 
cum "  (1G08),  and  "Enchiridion  Meta- 
physicum  "  (1671).  The  Life  of  More 
was  published  by  R.  Ward  in  1710.  Sec 
Tulloch's  "Rational  Theology  and  Chris- 
tian Philosophy  in  the  XVIIth  Century," 
and  Vaughan's  "Half-hours  with  the 
Mystics." 

More,  Sir  Thomas  (b.  London, 
1478  ;  d.  London,  July  6tli,  l.')3.')).  "The 
Sergeant  and  the  Frcre  ;  "  "  Utopia"  (in 
Latin,  first  eil.  l.'iUJ);  "  The  Supplycacyon 
of  Soulys  against  the  Supplycacyon  of 
Hegg.ars ;  "  "A  Dyalogue  of  Syr  Thomas 
More,  Knyghte,  wherein  ho  troatyd 
divers  matters,  as  of  the  Veneration  and 
Worshyp  of  Ymagcs  an.l  Relyques, 
praying  to  Sayntys,  and  goyng  on  Pyl- 
grymago,  wyth  many  othero  tbyngs 
touch ying  the  pestylont  Sect  of  Luther 
and  Tyndale,   by  the  tone   bygone   in 


Saxony,  and  bv  the  tother  l.ibour'd  to  be 
brought  into  "England"  (1529);  "The 
Confutacyrn  of  Tyndale's  Answere" 
(1.532);  "The  Second  Parte"  of  ditto 
(l.'>33) ;  "The  Debellacyon  of  Salem  and 
Bizance "  (1.^33);  "The  Apologye  of 
Syr 'J'homas  More, Knyghte"  (1.533);  "  A 
Letter  Impugnynge  the  erronyouse 
wrytyng  of  John  Fryth  again.st  the 
Blessed  Sacrament  of  the  A^i'.tarc " 
(l.')33)  ;  "The  Ans-werto  the  First  Part 
of  the  poysoned  Booke  whyche  a  name- 
less Heretike  (John  Frith)  hath  nao'ed 
the  Supper  of  the  Lord  "  (1.534)  ;  "  Uto- 
pia :  wiittcn  in  Latine,  by  Syr  Thomas 
More,  Knyghte,  and  translated  into  Eng- 
lishe  by  Raphe  Robynson  "  (1.551) ;  "  A 
Dialogue  of  Comfort  against  Tribulation" 
(1.5o3) ;  "A  Treatise  to  receave  the 
Blessed  Body  of  our  Lord  Sacramentally 
and  Virtually  both  "  (1572)  ;  "The  His- 
toric of  the  pittiful  Life  and  unfortunate 
Death  of  King  Edward  V.  and  the  Duke 
of  York,  his  brother,  with  the  Trouble- 
Fome  and  Tyrannical  Government  of  the 
Usurpation  of  Richard  IH.  and  his 
miserable  End;"  and  "The  Book  of 
the  Fayre  Gentlewoman,  Lady  Forttine." 
The  English  works  of  Sir  Thomas  Jloro- 
Wire  pui)lished  in  1557,  the  Latin  works 
in  1.565  and  1566.  The  foUowint.'- are  the 
Biographical  Authorities: — "The  Life 
and  Death  of  Sir  Thomas  More,"  by  hi.s 
grandson,  Cresacre  More  (1626)  ;  "Life," 
by  his  son-in-law,  W.  Roper  (tliird 
edition,  1626)  ;  "  Tho.  Mori  Vita  ct 
Exitus,"  by  J.  Hoddenlon  (1<:52) ; 
"Tomaso  Moro,  Grand  Cancellario 
dTnghilterra  "  (1675)  ;  "  Vita  Thoniaj 
Mori,"  by  Staplcton  (1G89) ;  "Life  of 
Sir  Thomas  More,"  by  Fcrdinando  War- 
ner (1758);  "Memoirs  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,"  by  Cayley  (ISOS)  ;  "Thomas 
Morus,  Lord  Chancelier  du  Royaumo 
d'Angleterre "  (1833);  "Life  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,"  by  Emily  Taylor  (1834)  ; 
"  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  More,"  by  Sir 
.lames  Mackintosh  (1844)  ;  "The  House- 
hold of  Sir  Thomas  More"  (1851) ;  "  Lifo 
of  Sir  Thomas  More."  in  Wonisworth's 
"  Eccle.'-iasticul  Biogra|)hy,"  and  Lord 
Campbell's  "  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chan- 
cellors." Fac-simile  of  first  edition  of 
"  Utopia,"  by  Arl)er. 

Morgan,  Lady  (b.  Dublin,  1783  ;  d. 
London,  April  13th,  1859).  "  I'oems  " 
(1797);  "Tho  Wild  Irish  Girl"  flSUl); 
"The  Novice  of  St.  Dominick  "  (1806); 


1038 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


<"J'ho  Lay  of  an  Irish  Harp"  (1807); 
"  Patriotic  Sketches  of  Ireland  "  (1807) ; 
"Woniiin;  or,  Ha  of  Athens"  (1800); 
"St.  Clair"  (1810);  "The  Missionary  " 
(lain;  "0'l).)nnell"  (IMl);  "France 
in  1816"  (1817);  "Florence  MacCarthy" 
(181S);  "Life  and  Times  of  Salvador 
Kosa"  (1824);  "Absenteeism"  (1825); 
"The  O'Brians  and  the  O'Flahertys " 
(1827);  "The  Book  of  the  Boudoir" 
(182!));  "France  in  1820-30"  (1830); 
"Dramatic  Scenes  from  Heal  Life" 
(18:?3);  "The  Princess"  (183/J) ; 
"Woman  and  her  Master"  (1840); 
"The  Book  without  a  Name  "  [in  con- 
junction with  her  liushand,  Sir  T.  C. 
Morgan,  MA).]  (1841);  "  Liixima,  the 
Proiihctc^s"  (1850);  and  "Passages 
from  my  Autobioo-raphy "  (1859).  A'tr 
W.  J.  Fitzpatrick's  "Lady  Morgan" 
(ISfiii). 
Morison,  J.  Cotter  (b.  1831;  d. 

1888).  "Life  and  Timns  of  8t.  Ber- 
nard "(!8G'^),  "  Irish  Grievances  Shortly 
Stated"  (18GS),  "(iibbou  "  (1878),  "Ma- 
cau lay  "  (1882),  "The  Service  of  iMaii  " 
(1887). 

Morle7.  Henty  (b.  London,  1822). 
"Sunrise  in  Italy,  and  other  Poems" 
(1848);  "How  to  make  Home  Un- 
he,tlthy"  (1850);  "A  Defence  of  Igno- 
rance "  (1851) ;  the  Lives  of  Palissy  the 
Potter  (1852),  Jerome  Cardan  (1854), 
Cornelius  Agrippa  (1S5G),  and  Clement 
Marot  (1870);  "  Memoirs  of  Bartholomew 
Fair  "  (1857);  "  Fairy  Tales  "  (1859, 1860, 
1881);  "English  Writers"  (1864-67); 
"  Journid  of  a  London  Playgoer  "  (1866)  ; 
"Tables  of  Fngli^h  Literature  "  (1870) ; 
"A  First  Sketch  of  Lnglish  Literature  " 
(1873) ;  "  English  Literature  in  the 
lleign  of  Victoria"  (1881);  and  "  English 
Writers,"  vol.  i.  (1887) ;  besides  editing 
"  King  and  Commons "  (1868),  T/ir 
Sptcdtlor  (1868),  "Cassell's  Library  of 
English  Literature,"  and  "  Cassell's 
National  Library." 

Morley,  John  (b.  Blackburn,  1838). 
"Edmund  Burke"  (1S67,  Sketch  1870), 
"  Critical  Miscellanies  "  (1871-77),  "  Vol- 
taire "(1871),  "  Kousseau "  (1873),  "The 
Struggle  for  National  Education  "  (1873), 
"  On  Compromise  "  (1874),  "  Diderot  and 
the  Encyclopedists  *'  (1878),  "  Cobden  " 
(1881).  He  edited  The  Mornhi',  Star, 
TheFortiujIithiRcnar,  Pall  Mall  Gazcllr, 
and  Macmillaii's  Maffnzinc,  as  well  as 
the  English  3Icii  of  Letters  Series. 


Morris,  Lewifl  (b.  Carmarthen; 
18.33).  "Songs  of  Two  Worlds"  (1872, 
1874,  and  1875);  "The  Epic  cf  Hades" 
(1876-77);  "Gwen"  (1870) ;  "The  Ode 
of  Life"  (1880);  "Songs  Unssung" 
(1833);  "Gyeia"(1886). 

Morris,  Bichard  (b.  Southwark, 
Scjit.  8th,  1S33).  "The  Etymology  of 
Local  Names"  (1857),  "Historical  Out- 
linos  of  English  Accidence "  (1872), 
"  Elementary  Lessons  in  Historical  Eng- 
lish Grammar"  (1874),  and  "  A  Primer 
of  English  Grammar "  (1875),  besides 
editions  of  old  English  works,  such  as 
"The  Pricke  of  Conscience,"  "The 
Ayenbite  of  Tnwit,"  "Sir  Gawayne  ;ind 
the  Green  Knight,"  and  the  like.  He 
has  also  edited  the  poems  of  Chaucer 
and  Si^enser. 

Morris,  William  (b.  1834).  "  The 
Defence  of  Guenevere "  (1858);  "The 
Life  and  Death  of  Jason  "  (1867)  ;  "  The 
Earthly  Paradise  "  (1868—70) ;  "  Trans- 
lations from  the  Icelandic"  (1869); 
"The  Story  of  Grettir  the  Strong" 
(1869);  "Love  is  Enough"  (1872); 
"Three  Northern  Love  Stories  "  (1875) ; 
"  The  Story  of  Sigurd  the  Volsung  and 
the  Fall  o"f  the  Niblungs"  (1876);  a 
translation  of  the  " /Eneid  "  of  Virgil 
(1876);  a  translation  of  the  "Odyssey" 
(1887).  For  Criticisms,  see  Stcdman's 
"Victorian  Poets,"  Swinburne's  "Es- 
says and  Studies,"  Forman's  "  Living 
Poet?,"  £di>i/)/(rffh  lieview  (1871), 
(j/K/rtrr!//  Review  (1872),  Westminster 
Ji'erieir  (1868),  and  BhiehwoocVs  Maga- 
r/w(lS60). 

Motherwell,  William  (b.  Glas- 
gow, Oct.  13th,  1707;  d.  Nov.  1st, 
1835).  "  The  Harp  of  Eonfrewsbire  " 
(1810) ;  "  Minstrelsy,  Ancient  and 
Modern,  with  an  Historical  Introduc- 
tion"  (1827);  "Poems,  Narrative  and 
Lyrical  "  (1832) ;  and  "Poetical  Works," 
enlarged,  with  Memoir,  in  1849. 

Moultrie,  John  (b.  1800,  d.  1874). 
"^ly  Brother's  Grave,"  "  Laj's  of  the 
English  Church,"  "The  Dreani  of  Life" 
(1843),  and  other  poems.  Poems,  with 
Memoir,  by  Prebendary  Coleridge,  in 
1876.  Edited  "Poetical  Pemains "  of 
Sidney  Walker,  with  ilemoir. 

Mozley,  James  Bowlin?,  D.D  , 

Professor  of  Divinity  at  Oxford  (b.  Lin- 
colnshire,  1813;     d.   Jan.    4th,    1878). 


Bibliographical  appendix. 


103d 


"Tlio  Doctrine  of  Predcstuiation " 
(185-)),  "The  Doctrine  of  Baptismal 
Regeneration  "  (ISofi),  "  The  Baptismal 
Controversy  "  (1S62),  "  Subscription  to 
the  Articles"  (18iW),  '-On  Miracles" 
(IStj.O),  "Sermons"  (187*5),  "Essnys" 
(1878),  &c. 

Muller,Friedrich  Max  fb.  1823). 
"The  Rif,'-Veda,  with  Sajaua's Commen- 
tary "  (]S49 — 74)  ;  "  A  Survey  of  Lan- 
guages (lS5o);  "Essay  on  Compara- 
tive Mythology"  (lSo8);  "History  of 
Sanskrit  Literature"  (1859);  "Lectures 
on  the  Science  of  Language  "(1861—  64) ; 
"Chins  from  a  German  Workshop" 
(1868-70);  "On  Missions"  (1873): 
"  The  Origin  and  Growth  of  Religions,  as 
illustrated  by  the  Religions  of  India  " 
(1878) ;  "  Biographical  Essays  "  (1883) ; 
"  The  Science  of  Thought "  (1887).  Has 
also  edited  "The  Sacred  Books  of  the 
East"  (1875-8.".). 

Muloch,  Dinah  Maria  (Mrs.  Craik) 
(1).  Stuke-upoii-Trent,  1826;  d.  1888). 
"The  Ogilvies"  (18 19) ;  "  Olivo  "  (18.50) ; 
"The  Head  of  the  Family"  (1851); 
"Agatha's  Husband"  (185-2)  ;  "John 
Halifax,  Gentleman  "  (1857) ;  "  A  Noble 
Life"  (1866);  "The  Woman's  King- 
dom" (1870);  "  Hannah"  (1871);  "The 
Laurel  Bush  "(1877) ;  "  A  Life  for  a  Life  " 
(1S.5!));  "Mistress  and  Maid"  (1863); 
"  C'hristian's  Mistake  "  (1865) ;  "Studies 
from  Life"  (186!');  "  Sermons  out  of 
Churcli  '  (1875) ;  "A  Legacy"  (1878): 
"An  Unsentimental  Journey  in  Corn- 
wall "  (18Sti),  &c.  Poems  in  1872.  .SVe 
Aorl/,  JjiiiisI,  y.Vvfeic  (1858). 

Munday,  Anthony  (b.  ].';53,  d. 
1633).  "The  Mirror  of  Mutability" 
(1.579);  "The  English  Roman  Life" 
(15S2) ;  "A  Banipiet  of  Daiulic  Con- 
ceits" (158S);  "  Tiic  Triumphs  of  Re- 
united Britain"  (16't5)  ;  "  Chryso- 
thriambiis"  (1611). 

Murphy,  Arthur  (b.  1730,  d.  1805). 
"Tho^  Upholsterer,"  a  farce  (1758); 
"The  Orphan  of  Ciiina,"  a  tragedy 
(1758);  "All  in  the  Wrong,"  a  comedy 
(1761);  "The  Citizen,"  a  farce  (1763); 
"  Tlio  Grecian  Daughter,"  a  tragedy 
(1772);  "Know  your  own  Mind,"  a 
Comedy  (1778)  ;  "Tiie  Way  to  Keep 
Him,"  a  comer)y(l7H5).  Besides  the  above 
dramas,  Murphy  wrote  "An  Essay  on 
the  Ijifeaud  tJcnius  of  Samuel  Johnson" 
(1792),    and   translated    Tacitus    (1793) 


and  Sallust  (1807).     Sec  Foote's  "  Life 
of  Murphy." 

Myers.  Ernest.  "  The  Puritans  " 
(1X69);  "Poems"  (1877);  "Defence 
of  Rotte,  and  other  Poems"  (ISSO)  ; 
"Judgment  of  Prometheus"  (1886). 
Has  also  trat slated  Pindar,  and  col- 
laborated in  the  translation  of  the 
"Iliad." 

Myers,  Frederic  "W.  H.  "Saint 
Paul "  (1867),  "  Poems  "  (1870), 
"Wordsworth"  in  the  F.iKjVtsli  Men- 
of  Letter  Series  (1881),  "Renewal  of 
Youth"  (1882),  "Essays"  (1883), 
"  Phantoms  of  the  "  Living"  (1886). 


N 

Wapier,  Lieut.  -  General  Sir 
■William  Francis  Patrick  (b.  Cas- 

lletown,  1785;  d.  I860).  "  History  of 
the  Peninsular  War  "  (1828-40)  ;  "  The 
Conquest  of  Scinde "  (1845);  "His- 
tory of  Sir  Charles  James  Napier's 
Administration  of  Scinde"  (1851)  ;  "Life 
and  Opinions  of  General  Sir  Charles 
James  Napier"  (1857).  See  Lord  Aber- 
dare's  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Sir  W. 
Naiiier  "  (1862). 

Wash,  Thomas  (b.  Lowestoft,  Suf- 
folk, 1.567  ;  d.  circa  1600).  "  Plaino 
Perccvall,  the  Peace-Maker  of  England  ;" 
"Martin's  Months  Minde "  "(1589); 
"  Papi)o  with  a  Hatchet  "  (15>9  .') ;  "  The 
Returue  of  the  Renowned  Cavaliero  Pas- 
quiil  of  England"  (1589);  "  Tlie  Ana- 
tomie  of  Absurditie"  (1589) ;  "PasquU's 
Apologie  "  (1590);  "Pierce  Pennilesse, 
his  Suplication  to  the  Divell  "  (1592) ; 
"  Strange  Newcs  of  the  Intercepting 
certaine  Letters"  (1592) ;  "Apologie  of 
I'ierce  Pennilesse"  (1592);  "Christ's 
Tcares  over  Jerusalem  "  (1593) ;  "  Dido," 
with  Christopher  Marlowe  (1594) ;  "  The 
Unfortunate  Traveller "  (1594)  ;  "The 
Terrors  of  the  Night  "  (1594) :  "  Havo 
with  yon  to  Saffron  Walden "  (1.596); 
"  Nashe's  Lenten  Stuffe "  (1599) ; 
"Summer's  Last  Will  and  Testament" 
(160(1)  :  "The  Returne  of  the  Knight  of 
the  Post  from  Hell  "(1606);  and  other 
works.  See  the  sketch  of  his  Life  by 
Collier,  prefixed  to  the  edition  of  "  Pierco 
Peunilesso,"  published  in  1842. 

Newman,  Francis  William  (b. 

London,  June  27th,  1805).  "The  Human 


1010 


i;il5LiOC;llAPHlOAL  AP1'EN1)I>J. 


Soui  :  its  yoirovvs  and  Aspirations " 
(ISA'.*)  ;  "  I'iiascs  of  Faith  :  Passages 
from  My  Own  Creed"  (1850);  "A 
Churcliof  the  Future"  (18/54) ;  "Theism  : 
Doctrinal  and  Practical  "  (1858);  "Mis- 
cellanies: Academical  and  Historical" 
(18t)!») ;  "  A  Libyan  Vocabulary  "  (1882) ; 
"A  Christian  Commonwealth"  (1883); 
"  liobilius :  or,  Kobiuson  Crusoe  in 
Laiin  "  (1884) ;  and  many  other  works. 

Newman,    John  Henry,   DD. 

(b.  London,  Feb.  21st,  1801).  "  Parochial 
Sermons"  (18^58 — 14);  "Sermons  on 
Subjects  of  the  Day"  (1844);  "The 
Theory  of  Religious  Belief "  (1844) ; 
"  The  Development  of  Christian  Doc- 
trine "  (1846) ;  "  Loss  and  Gain  :  the 
Story  of  a  Convert  "  (1818) ;  "  The  Office 
and  Work  of  Universities"  (1854—56); 
"Sermons  Preached  on  Various  Occa- 
sions "  (1857) ;  "  Apologia  pro  Vita  Sua  " 
(1864);  "The  Dream  of  Gerontius" 
(1865);  "Poems"  (1868);  "The  Gram- 
mar of  Assent  "  (1870) ;  and  "Mr.  Glad- 
stone's '  Expostulation  '  "  (1875).  »SVe 
Foylni(jhUy  Riuiew for  1877. 

Newton,  John  (b.  London,  July 
24th,  1725;  d.  Dec.  31st,  1807).  "Car- 
diphonia  :  or,  Utterance  of  the  Heart" 
(1781);  "Messiah:  Fifty  Expository 
Discourses"  (1786);  and,  with  Cowper 
the  poet,  the  "  Olney  Hymns." 

Newton,  Sir  Isaac  (b.  Wools- 
thorpe,  Lincolnshire,  Dec.  2.)th,  1642; 
d.  Kensington,  March  20th,  1727). 
"  Principia  Philosophiai  Naturalis 
Mathematica"  (16871  "  Quadrature  of 
Curves"  (1700),  "Opticks"  (1704), 
"Arithmetica  Universalis  "  (1707), 
"Analysis  per  Quantitatum  Series" 
(1711),  "Do  Mundi  Systemate  "  (1728), 
"Chronology  of  Ancient  Kingdoms" 
(1728),  "  Observations  on  the  Prophecies 
of  Daniel"  (1733),  "The  Method  of 
Fluxions  and  Analysis  by  Infinite  Series  " 

il736),  and  other  works,  published  by 
5ishop  Horsley  in  177i1— 85,  under  the 
title  of  "Opera  qu;c  extant  Omnia." 
The  Life  of  Newton  has  been  written  by 
Fontonelio  (1728),  Frisi  (1778),  Biot 
(1822),  De  Morgan  (1833),  Whewell 
(1836),  and  Sir  David  Brewster  (1853  and 
1855).  His  "  Correspondence  with  Pro- 
fessor Cotes"  appeared  in  1850.  Best 
edition  of  "  Principia,"  1871. 

Nichols,  John  (h.  Islington,  Feb. 
2nd,  1745;  d.  Nov.  26tb,  1826).    "Brief 


Memoirs  of  Mr.  Bowycr  "  (1778) ;  "  Bio. 
graphical  Anecdotes  of  William  Ho- 
garth "  (1781)  ;  "Anecdotes  of  Bo7'yor 
and  many  of  his  Literary  Friends  ' 
(1782);  "The  Progresses  and  Public 
Processions  of  Queen  Elizabeth"  (1788 
—  1807);  "The  Histor}'  and  Antiquities 
of  the  Town  and  County  of  Leicester  " 
(1795 — 1815);  "  Literarv  Anecdotes  of 
the  Eighteenth  Century  "  (1812—15)  ; 
"  Illustrations  of  the  Literary  History 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century  "  (1817-58) ; 
"  Progresses,  Processions,  and  Magnifi- 
cent Festivities  of  King  .James  the  First, 
&c."  (1828) ;  editions  of  the  Letters  of 
Sir  Richard  Steele  and  Bishop  Atter- 
bury  :  "The  Bihliotheca  Topographica 
Britannica"  (1780—1800);  and  other 
works,  a  list  of  which  may  be  read  in 
The  Gentlemaii's  Magazine  for  December, 
1826.  See  in  that  number  a  Memoir  of 
John  Nichols,  by  Alexander  Chalmers. 

Nicolas,  Sir  Nicholas  Harris 

(b.  Cornwall,  March  10th,  1709:  d.  near 
Boulogne,  Aug.  3rd,  1848).  "Life  of 
"William  Davison"  (182.3),  "Notitia 
Historica  "  (1824),  "  A  Synopsis  of  the 
Peerage  of  England  "  (1825),  "  Testa- 
menta  Vetusta  "  (1826),  "  History  of  the 
Town  and  School  of  Rugby ""  (1827), 
"Lives  of  Tzaak  Walton  and  Charles 
Cotton  "  (1837),  "  History  of  the  Orders 
of  Knighthood  of  the  British  Empire  " 
(1842),  and  "Life  and  Times  of  Sir 
Christopher  Hatton "  (1847).  Edited 
The  liitiospectirf  lieview,  and  certain  of 
the  Aldine  Poets. 

Norris,  "W.  E.  "  Heaps  of  Money  " 
(1877),  "xMdIle.  de  Mersac "  (1880), 
"Matrimony"  (1881).  "  Thirlhy  Hall  " 
(1S83),  "No  New  Thing"  (1885),  "A 
Man  of  his  Word  "(1885),  "Adrian 
A'idal"  (1885),  "My  Friend  Jim" 
(1886),  "  A  Bachelor's  Blunder " 
(1886). 

North,  Boger  (b.  1650,  d.  1733). 
"Lives  of  the  Right  Hon.  Francis 
North,  Baron  of  Guildford,  Sir  Dudley 
North,  and  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Dr.  John 
North"  (1742—44);  "  Examen  :  or,  an 
Enquiry  into  the  Credit  and  Veracity  of 
a  Pretended  Compleat  Hi.storv  of  Eng- 
land "  (1740)  ;  "A  Discourse  on  the 
Study  of  the  Laws  "(1824);  and  "Me- 
moirs of  Musick,"  edited  by  Dr.  Rim- 
b=vult  in  1846. 


EIBLlOGRArHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1041 


Norton,  The  Hon.  Mrs.  Caro- 
line Bliaabeth  S.,  Lady  Maxwell 
(b.  about  18(18  ;  d.  1877).  "The  Dandie's 
Rout  "  (182.T);  "  The  Sorrows  of  llosalie  " 
(1S29)  ;  "The  I'lidyin?  One"  (1831): 
"  Tlie  Co'iuettc,  and  Other  Stories" 
(18:3-1);  "The  Wife  and  Woman's  Re- 
ward "( 1 81  v'l ) ;  "The  Dream,  and  other 
Poems"  (1810);  "The  Child  of  the 
Islands"  (l^-loi  ;  "Aunt  Carry's  Bnllads" 
(1847);  "  The  Martyr"  (184c»)";  "A  Resi- 
dence in  Sierra  Leone"  (184!*)  ;  "Tales 
and  Sketches  in  Prose  aud  Verse  "  (1850 
— identical  with  '•  The  Cotpiettc  ")  ; 
"Stuart  of  Dunlealh  "  (ISal )  ;  "  English 
Laws  of  Custom  and  Warriag-e  for 
Women  of  the  19th  Century"  (1854); 
"  Letter  to  the  Queen  on  the  Marriage 
and  Divorce  Bill  "  (1855) ;  "  The  Lady 
of  La  Garave  "  (lSt!2) ;  "Lost  and 
Sived"  (18d3)  ;  "Old  Sir  I)out,das " 
(ISei?) ;  "  The  Rose  of  Jericho  "'  (1870). 

Norton,  Thomas  (b.  Sharpcnhoe, 
Bedfordshire,  15:'.2  ;  d.  1584).  Trans- 
lation of  Calvin's  "Institutes"  Cl^di); 
Three  Acts  of  "  Ferrex  and  Porrex." 


0 

Occam,  William  of  (!>•  Ockham, 
Survey,  1J7<I  ;  d.  Munich,  Ai>ril  7th, 
1347).  "  Di'putatio  inter  Clericutu  et 
l^Iilitom  "  (1475);  "  Dialogonun  libri 
septeni  adversus  hifreticos  ;  et  Tractatus 
de  dogmatibus  Johannis  XXII."  (147<))  ; 
"Opus  nonaj^'inta  dicrum  et  dialo^ri, 
compendium  erroruni  contra  Johannem 
XXI  I."  (1481);  "  Scriptum  in  primum 
librum  sentenciarum,  in  quo  theolou-ica 
simul  et  arcium  atquo  philosoplijie  dog- 
mata usijue  ad  principia  resolvuutur stilo 
clarissimo  facili  et  apto"  (1483) ;  "Quod- 
libeta  septeni"  (1487);  "Tractatus 
Lopicic  divisus  in  tres  partes"  (1488); 
"Ccntiloiiuium  Thcologicum  "  (1494); 
"  Qua'stiones  et  Dccisiones  in  quatuor 
libros  Sententiarum "  (149."))  ;  "  Ex- 
positio  aurea  super  totam  artem  V'eterem, 
continons  hosco  tractatus  "  (1496)  ;  and 
"Siiinma  totins  logicio  "  (1498)  For  a 
list  of  Occam's  other  works,  nee  .Tocher's 
"Gelehrten  Lexicon  ;"  .«<;calsoHanr^air8 
"  La  Philosophio  Scholastiquo "  (1848), 
and  Harper's  "The  School  "  (1880). 

Occleve,  Thomas  (b.  about  1370). 
English  translation  of  "  Do  Rcginiine 
Principnm,"  and  minor  pieces,   printed 


by  George  Mason  in  179G.  See  Warton's 
"History;"  also  Morley's  "English 
Writers,"  ii.  1  ;  Ritson's  "  Bibliographia 
Poetica  :  "  and  Ellis's  "  Specimens  of 
the  English  Poets." 

Ogilby,  John  (b.  Edinburgh.  1600  ; 
d.  Ki7D).  Translations  of  "The  ..Encid  " 
(1(349),  "yEsop's  Fables"  (l()51\  "The 
Iliad"  (1660),  and  "The  Odyssey" 
(1661). 

Oliphant,  Laurence  (b.  1829;  d. 
lS8-<).  ".\  Journey  to  Katniaudhu."  "  The 
Russian  Shores  of  the  Black  Sea  "  (1853), 
"  Jlinnesotii  and  the  Far  West "  (1855), 
"  The  Transcaucasian  Campaign  under 
Omer  Pasha"  (1856),  "Earl  of  Elgin's 
Mission  to  China  and  Japan  in  1857—59  " 
(I860),  "Patriots  and  Filibusters" 
(1861),  "Incidents  of  Travel,"  "Picca- 
dilly" (1870),  "Landof  Gilcad"  (1881), 
"Tracts  and  Travesties"  (1882), 
"  Altiora  Peto  "  (1883),  "  Sympneu- 
mata"  (188.")),  "Episodes  in  a  Life  of 
Adventure"  (1887). 

Oliphant,    Mrs.    Margaret   (b. 

Liverpool,  about  1828).  '■  .Mrs.  Margaict 
Maitland"  (1849)  ;  "  Merkland  "  (1851)  ; 
"  Adam  Graeme  of  Mossgrav  "  (1852)  ; 
"Harry  Moir"  (18.53);  "Magdalen 
Hepburn"  (1854)  ;  "  Lilliesleaf  "  (1855 1  ; 
"  Zaideo "  (1856);  "  Katio  Stewart" 
(1856);  "The  Quiet  Heart"  (1856); 
"  Chronicles  of  Carlingford  "  (including 
"Salem  Chapel,"  "The  Perpetual 
Curate,"  "The  Rector,"  "  Mrs.  Marjori- 
banks,"  and  "  Phcebe  Jin)ior  ")  ;  "Agnes" 
(1866)  ;  "The  Brownlows"  (1868) ;  "The 
Minister's  Wife  "  (1869) ;  "  John  "  (1870); 
"  Three  Brothers  "  (187(^) ;  "  A  Son  of  the 
Soil"  (1870)  :  "Squire  Arden  "  (1871); 
"Ombra"  (1872);  "At  his  Gates" 
(187-2);  "Innocent"  (1873);  "M.av" 
(1873) ;  "  A  Hose  in  June  "  (1874) ;  "  For 
Love  and  Life"  (1874);  "Valentino 
and  his  Brothers  "  (1875) ;  "  The  Curate 
in  Charge"  (1876);  "Carita"  (1877); 
"Mrs.  Arthur"  (1877):  "Young  Mus- 
grave  "  (1877) :  "The  I'rimrose  Patli  " 
(1878),  and  "Within  the  Precincts" 
(18710;  besides  Memoirs  of  Edward 
Irving  (1862),  Francis  d'Ass-isi  (1870), 
and  Montalcnibert  (1872).  "Historical 
Sketches  of  the  Reign  of  George  II.'' 
(18(i9),  "TheMakersof  Florence  "(1876), 
"  Dante  "  (1877),  "  Dre-ss  "  (1878),  "  Ho 
that  Will  Not  when  ho  May"  (1880),  "  A 
Literary    History   of    England,    1710 — 


1042 


BIHLIOGRAJPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1825  "  (18S-2).  "  In  Trust  "  (1882),  "  The 
Lndios  Lin.lores "  (1883).  "It  was  a 
liov-er  an.l  his  Lass  "  (18S3),  "  Hester" 
(1884),  "The  Wi/anl's  Son"  (1884), 
"Sir  Tom"  (1884),  "Madam"  (LSSo), 
"Two  Stones  of  the  Seen  ami  the  Un- 
seen" (1885),  "A  Country  Gentleman 
and  Ills  Farm  "  (188G). 

Opie,  Amelia  (b.  1769,  d.  1853). 
"Tho  Danjjers  of  Coquetry;"  "The 
Father  and  the  Daughter  "  (1801)  ;  "  An 
Elepy  to  the  IMeniory  of  the  Duke  of 
Ijcdford"  (1802)  ;  "Adelire  Mowbray" 
(1804) ;  "Simple  Tales  "  (1806),  &c. 

Otway,Thoinas(b.Trotton,Sussey, 
]\larch  :3rd,  Iti.")!  ;  .1.  London,  April  14th, 
1G85).  "Alcibiades"  (lG7o),  "Don 
Carlos  "  (1675),  "  Caius  Marius"  (1680), 
"The  Orphan "  (1(580),  "Venice  Pre- 
served "  (1682),  "  Titus  and  Berenice," 
"  Friendship  in  Fashion,"  and  "  The 
Soldier's  Fortune."  His  Works  in  1813, 
with  Life.  For  Criticism,  see  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  "  Es-say  on  the  Drama  "  and  E. 
W.  Gosse  in  The  Covnidll  (Due,  1877). 

Ouida  (Louisa  de  la  Piamee). 
"Ariadne,"  "Cecil  Castlemaine's  Gage," 
"Chandos,"  "A  Dog  of  Flanders," 
"Under  Two  Flags"  (1868),  "Puck" 
(18G0),  "  Folle-Farine,"  "Friendship," 
"Held  in  Bondage,"  "Idalia"  (1867), 
"  In  a  Winter  City,"  "  Pascarcl  "  (1873), 
"  Sigma,"  "  Str.athmore,"  "  Tricotrin," 
"Two  Little  Wooden  Shoes"  (1874), 
"Moths"  (1880),  " Pipi.strello  and  other 
St  ries"  (1880),  "A  Village  Commune  " 
(1881),  "In  M.aremma"  and  "  Bimbi  " 
(1882),  "Wanda"  and  "Frescoes" 
(1883),  "  Princess  Napr.axine "  (1884), 
"  A  House  Party  "  (18SG),  "  Othamar  " 
(1887). 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas  (b.  1581, 
d.  IGl:;).  '•  A  Wife  "'  (H314)  ;  "  Charac- 
ters "'  (1614),  "Observations  on  his 
Travels  upon  tho  State  of  the  Seventeen 
Provinces  as  they  stood  Anno  Dom. 
1009"'  (162G),  '-Cramms  fallen  from 
King  James's  Table :  or,  his  Table- 
Talk  "  (1715). 

Owen,  John,  D.D.  (b.  1G16 ;  d. 
FaliDg,  Aug.  24th,  1683).  "  The  Display 
of  Arminianism"  (1642);  "Communion 
with  God"  (1657);  "Exposition  of  the 
Epistle  to  the  Hebrews  "  (16*;8) ;  "On 
Justification  "  (1677) :  "SalusElectorum, 
Sanguis  Jesu  :  or,  the  Death  of  Death  in 


the  Pcatli  of  Christ;"  "Dlatriba  do 
Divina  .histitia  ;  "  "Doctrine  of  the 
Saint's  Perseverance  explained  and  con- 
firmed ;  "  "  Viudiciae  Evangelica; ;  " 
"Mortification  of  Sia  by  Believers;" 
"On  the  Divine  Original,  Authority, 
Self-evidencing  Light  ana  Power  of  the 
Scriptures;"  "On  the  Nature,  Ptise 
and  Progress,  and  Study  of  True  Theo- 
logy "(1661);  "Animadversions  on  'Fiat 
Lux';"  "  Indv.-elling  Sin;"  "A  Dis- 
course of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  "  "'  Christo- 
logia,"  "Works,  with  Life,"  in  1826.  A 
Memoir  had  appeared  in  1720. 

Owen,  EicharrJ,  C.B.  (b.  Lan- 
caster, July  20th,  1804;.  "Odonto- 
graphy" (1840—45),  "Lectures  on  the 
Invertebrate  Animals"  (1846),  "  History 
of  British  Fossil  ]\lammals  and  Birds  " 
(1846),  "Parthenogenesis"  (1849), 
"History  of  British  Fossil  Reptiles" 
(1849—51),  "  Pahcontology "  (1860), 
"  Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy," 
"The  Archetype  Skeleton,"  "Fossil 
Reptiles  "  (1884),  &c. 

Owen,  Robert  (I).  Newton,  Mont- 
gomeryshire, May  14th,  1771;  d.  l!;58). 
"Now  Views  of  Society  "  (1812). 

Owen,    Robert    Dale   (b.   New 

Lanark,  1804;  d.  1377).  "System  of 
Education  at  Now  Lanark"  (1824): 
"Moral  Physiology"  (1831);  "Personalty 
of  God".Tnd  "Autlieuticity  of  the  Bible" 
(1832);  "Footfalls  on  the  Bouudaiv  of 
Another  World"  (1860);  "Tho  Debat- 
,ible  Laud"  (1872);  '-Threading  My 
Way  :  an  Autobiography  "  (1874). 

I 

Paine,  Thomas  (b.  Thetford.  Nor- 
folk,  Jan.  20th,  1737  ;  d.  New  York.  June 
Sth,  1809).  "Common  Sense"  (1776), 
"The  American  Crisis" (1776— 83),  "  The 
Rights  of  Man " (1791-  92),  and  "The  Age 
of  Reason"  (1792  and  1796).  His  Life 
was  written  bv  "  Francis  Rydys  "  (George 
Chalmers)  (1791),  Richard  Cariile  (1819), 
Oldys  (1791),  Cheetham  (1809),  Rickman  , 
(1814),  Sherwin  (1819),  Harford  (1820), 
and  Vale  (1853).  See  The  Xorth  Amerkaii 
lierieir,  vol.  Ivii.  Works,  Boston,  1856; 
Political  Works,  London,  1875. 

Palev.  'William  (b.  Peterborough, 
July,  1743 ;  d.  May  ^oth,  1805).     "  Prin- 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1043 


ciples  ©f  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy  " 
(1785),  "Hone  Paulina)"  (I7n0),  "A  View 
of  tlio  Evidences  of  Christianity"  (1794), 
"  Natural  Theolooy  "  (1803),  "  Sermons  " 
(ISOS),  "  Reasons  fur  Contentment," 
and  "The  Clerfryman's  Companion  in 
VisitinjT  the  Sick.'"'  Works  (1S15),  with 
Life  ;  Memoirs  by  G.  VV.  Meadley  in 
180!». 

Palgrave,  Sir  Francis  (b. London, 
July,  1788;  d.  Hampstead,  July  tJtli, 
1861).  '•  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons  " 
(1831);  "  The  Tli.se  and  FroRress  of  the 
EnglLsh Commonwealth"  (18;<2):  ''Pvotuli 
Curia;  Regis"  (1835);  "The  Ancient 
Kaler.dars  and  Inventories  of  His 
Majesty's  Exchequer  "  ( 1836)  ;  "  Truths 
and  Fictions  of  the  Middle  Ages:  the 
Mercliant  and  the  Friar  "  (1837)  ;  "  The 
History  of  Norrnandy  and  of  England" 
(18.">1— .07),  and  other  works. 

Palgrave,   Francis   Turner  (h. 

London,  Sept.  2Sth,  1S24),  edited  "Tiie 
Golden  Treasury  of  ICnglish  Songs  and 
Lyrics"  (1S()1),  "Idylls  and  Songs" 
(1854),  "Essays  on  Art"  (18ij6), 
"Ilymus"  (1867),  "Five  Days'  Futer- 
tainiTicnts  at  Wentwortli  (Jrange  "  (1868), 
"Lyrical  Poems"  (1871),  "A  l^vric 
Garland"  (1874),  "The  Treasury  of 
Lyrical  Poems"  (187')),  "The  Vision 
of  England "  (ISSI),  "  Chrys-omela,  a 
Selection  from  the  Poems  of  Robert 
Herrick "  (1>'77)-  Ho  lias  also  edited 
the  poem?  of  Clough  (I'^'i^),  Keats 
(1884),  and  Wordsworth  (ISs.'i). 

Palgrave,  William  GifFord  (b. 

182(;;  (I.  1SS8).  "Personal  Niirrativc  of 
;i  Year's  Journey  through  Ccntial  and 
Eiistcru  Arabia"  (18G2 — (!3),  '•llermauu 
Agha"  (1872),  "  Es.s:iys  on  I'^astern 
Questions"  (1872),  "ijiitch  Guiana" 
(187C).  lias  contributed  much  to  peri- 
oiiiciU  literature. 

Palmer,  Edward  Henry  (h.l840), 
d.  1882).  "  The  Desert  of  the  Exodus" 
(1871).  "History  of  Jerusalem"  (1871), 
"  Ar;d)ic  (Jrammar"  (1874),  "  History  of 
iho  .lowish  Nation"  (1871),  "Persian- 
English  Dictionary"  (1876),  ''Poems  of 
Beha-cd-din  Zohcir"  (1876—77),  "  Ha- 
roun  Alraschid  "  (1880),  "  Koran  "  (1880), 
Was  also  for  some  time  a  journalist. 

Parnel],  Thomas  (h.  Dublin,  1679 ; 
d.  Chester,  July,  1717).  "The  Life  of 
Zoilus,"  &c.     Poems,  with  miscellaneous 


Prose  Works  and    Life  by    Goldsmith 

(1773). 

Parr.  Samuel,  LIj.D.  (b.  Harrow, 
Jan.  15th,  1747;  d.  March  6th,  1825). 
"Prcfatio  ad  Bellendenum  do  Statu 
Prisci  Orbis"  (1788);  "Lctterfrom  Ireno- 
l)olis  to  the  Inhabitants  of  Elcutlicro- 
jiolis  "  (17S'2j ;  "Characters  of  the  Late 
Right  Honourable  Charles  James  Fox, 
selected  and  in  part  written  by  Philo- 
patris  Varvicencis"  (ISOW),  &c.  "Aphor- 
isms, Opiniors,  and  ReHe'-tions  of  the 
late  Dr.  S.  Parr"  were  published  in 
1826;  "  Bibliotlieca  Parriana  :  a  Cata- 
logue of  the  Library  of  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Parr,  LL.D.."  in  1827;  "Parriana:  or, 
Notices  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Parr.  LL.D., 
collected  and  in  part  written  by  E.  H. 
Barker,  Esq.,"  in  1828— 29 ;  and  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  Rev.  Samuel  I'arr,  LL.D.," 
by  the  Rev.  William  Field,  in  1828.  In 
the  same  year  appeared  an  edition  of  his 
Works,  "  with  Memoirs  of  his  Life  and 
Writings,  and  a  selection  from  his  Cor- 
respontlenco,  by  John  Johnstone,  M.D." 

Pater,  Walter  H.  (b.  1839). 
"  Studies  in  the  History  of  the  Re- 
naissance"  (1873)  ;  "The  Renaissance" 
(1875)  ;  "  Marius  the  Epicurean " 
(1885)  ;  "  Imaginary  Portraits"  (1887). 

Patmore,  Coventry  Kea-^say 
Dighton  (b.  Woodford,  Essex,  Jidy 
2nd,  1823).  "Poems"  (1841),  with  ad- 
ditions in  1853,  under  the  title  of 
"Tamerton  Church  Tower,  and  other 
Poems;"  "The  Angel  in  the  Ho>ise," 
in  four  parts— "Tho  Betrothal  "  (1851), 
"Tlio  Espousal"  (1856),  '-Faithful  for 
Ever"  (186(1),  and  "Tho  Victories  of 
Love"  (18(J2) ;  besides  "The  Unknown 
Eros"  (1877).  A  selection  from  his 
jioems  has  been  published  by  Richard 
Garnett,  entitled  "Florilegium  Amantis" 
(18710. 

Pavn,  James  (b.  1830).  "Tho 
Lost  Sir  Ma-ssingberd"  (1864),  "A 
County  Family"  (1860),  "A  Perfect 
Treasure  "  (1860),  "  Like  Father,  Like 
Son"  (1870),  "At  her  Mercy"  (1874), 
"  Less  Black  than  we're  Painted  " 
(1878),  "Bv  Proxy"  (1878),  "What  ho 
Cost  Her'"'  (1878),  "High  Spirits" 
(1870),  "Under  One  Roof"  (1870), 
"  Two  Hundred  Pounds  Rew.<ird"  (188(i), 
"A  Confidential  Agent"  (1880),  "A 
Grape  from  a  Thorn"  (1881),  "For 
Cash    Only"    (1882)      "Some    Priv.ate 


1044 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


I 


Views"  (1SS2),  "Literary  Recollec 
tions  "  (18S4),  &c. 

Peacock,  Thomas  Love  (b.  Wcy- 

niontli,  IZS'i;  d.  1S'3()).  "  Hoaillon<? 
Hall"  (ISir.);  "Melinconrt"  (IMZ)  ; 
"  lUiododaplinc  "  (LSIS);  "  NiLclitmarc 
Ablmy  "  (1818)  ;  "Mai.l  Marian  ''(1822); 
"The  Misfortuues  of  Elpliin"  (1829); 
"rrotchot  Castle"  (18:jl) ;  "  Gryil 
Gran,<,'e  "  (18()0). 

Peele,  George  (b.  l.)52,  d.  lo98?). 
"The  Arraii^'nnicnt  of  Paris"  (1584), 
"The  Device  of  tlie  Pageant"  (1585), 
"An  E'jloguo  Gratulatorie  "  (1589),  "A 
Farewell  "  (1589),  "  Polyhymnia"  (159ft), 
"Descensus  Astrrerc"  (1591),  "The 
Hunting  of  Cupid"  (1591),  "King  Ed- 
ward the  First"  (1598),  "The  Honour  of 
the  Carter"  (1593),  "The  Battle  of 
Alcazar"  (1594),  "  The  Old  Wives' Tale  " 
(1595),  "'The  Love  of  King  David  and 
Fair  Bethsabe"  (1599),  "  Historie  of 
Two  Valiant  Knights"  (1599),  "  Merrie 
Conceited  Jests"  (1(527),  "The  Turkish 
Mahomet  and  Hyren  the  Faire  Greek." 
"  Life"  by  Dyce,  prefixed  to  Works,  in 
1828.  For  Criticism,  see  Campbell's 
"Specimens  of  the  English  Poets," 
Lamb's  "  Dramatic  Poets,"  Collier's 
"  Dramatic  Poetry,"  &c. 

Pepys,  Samuel  (b.  Brampton, 
Huntingdonshire,  Feb.  23rd,  1633  ;  d. 
May  2Gth,  1703).  "  Memoirs  relating  to 
the  State  of  the  Royal  Navy  of  Ensrland" 
(lG9ft).  "  Diary  "  edited  by  Lord^Brav- 
brooke  in  1825  ;  best  edition,  1879. 
The  "Life,  Journals,  and  Correspon- 
dence "  of  Pepys  published  in  1841. 

Percy.  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Dro- 
more  (b.  Bridgnorth,  Shropshire,  April 
13th,  1728 ;  d.  Dromore,  Ireland,  Sept. 
30th,  1811).  "  Rcliques  of  Ancient  Eng- 
lish Poetry"  (17d5)  ;  translation  of 
Mallet's  "Northern  Anti<]iiities"  (1770) ; 
"  Five  Pieces  of  Runic  Poetry,  trans- 
lated" (1763) ;  "The  Songs  of  Solomon, 
translated,  with  a  Commentarv"  (17(i4); 
"The  Hermit  of  "W.arkwortli "  (1771); 
"  A  Key  to  the  New  Testament"  (1779); 
and  "An  Ess.ay  on  the  Oriarin  of  the 
English  Stage  "  (179.3).  The  "  Reliques" 
were  edited  by  Hales  and  Furnivall  in 
1868. 

•  Philips,  Ambrose  (b.  Leicester- 
shire, Ui71  :  d.  London,  June  Sth,  1749). 
"Pastorals"  (1708),  "A  Poetical  Letter 


from  Copenhagen"  (1709),  "Persian 
'Tales"  (1709),  "The  Dislrcst  Mother" 
(1712),  "The  Briton"  (1722),  "Hum- 
phrey,  Duko  of  Gloucester"  (1722),  and 
"Poems"  (1748).  Edited  The  ' Free- 
ihiiiker.     "  Life"  by  Dr.  Johuson. 

Pinkerton.  John  (b.  Edinburgh, 
Feb.  17th,  1758;  d.  Paris,  March  10th, 
1S2G).  "Scottish  Tragic  Ballads" 
(1781);  "Essay  on  Medals"  (1782); 
"Ritnes"  (1782);  "Select  Scottish 
Ballads"  (1783);  "Letters  on  Litera- 
ture" (1785)  ;  "  Ancient  Scottish  Poems" 
(1786);  "A  Dissertation  on  the  Origin 
and  Progress  of  the  Scythians  or  Goths  " 
( 1787) ;  "  Vit£B  Antiquie  Sancto.-um,"  &c. 
(1789) ;  "An  Enquiry  into  the  History  of 
Scotland"  (1789);  "The  Medallic  His- 
tory of  England  to  the  Revolution " 
(1790) ;  "  Scottish  Poems"  (1792)  ;  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Antiquities,  &c.,  of 
Western  Scotland"  (1793);  "  Ichono- 
graphia  Scotica  "  (1797) ;  "  The  History 
of  Scotland  from  the  Accession  of  the 
House  of  Stuart  to  that  of  Mary  "  (1797); 
"The  Scottish  Gallery  "  (1799) ;  "  Wal- 
poliana  ;  "  "Modern  Geography  ;  "  "  Re-' 
collections  of  Paris;"  "Petralogy;" 
an  edition  of  Barbour's  "Bruce;"  and 
other  works.  "Literary  Correspond- 
ence "  (1830). 

Plauehe,  James  Robinson  (b. 

1796,  d.  1880).  "Lavs  and  Legends  of 
the  Rhine  "  (1826-27)  ;  "  Descent  of 
the  Danube  from  Ratisbon  to  Vienna  " 
(1828);  "History  of  British  Costume" 
(1S34) ;  "Regal  Records:  Coronation  of 
Queens  "  (1838)  ;  "  Souvenir  of  the  Bal 
Costume"  (1842);  "Pursuivant  at 
Arms  ;  or,  Heraldry  Founded  upon 
Facts"  (1851);  "Corner  of  Kent:  or, 
some  Account  of  the  Parish  of  Ash-next- 
Sandwich  "  (1864).  He  also  contributed 
largely  to  periodical  literature,  and  wrote 
almost  200  extravaganzas  and  other 
dramatic  pieces. 

Plumptre,    The     Very     T?ev. 

Edward  Hayes  (b.  1S21).  "Things 
Old  and  New"  (1844),  "Sermons  At 
King's  College"  (1859),  "  Lazarus  and 
other  Poems"  (1864).  "Master  and 
Scholar  "  (1866),  "  Christ  and  Christen- 
dom "  (1S67),  "  The  Spirits  in  Prison  " 
(1884),  "  The  Commodia  and  Canzon- 
niere  of  Dante  "  (1886).  Has  translated 
Sophocles  (1866)  and  ^schylus  (1870). 


< 


I 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


10-15 


Pope.  Alexander  (b.  Loudon,  May 

21st,  16S8  ;  d.  Twickenham,  May  mth, 
nU),  "  Pastorals  "  (17n!)) ;  "  An  Essay 
on  C^riticism  "  (1711) ;  "  Tho  Rape  of  the 
Ix)ck  "  (1711  and  1714) ;  "  The  Messiah  " 
(1712);  "The  Temjilo  of  Fame"  (1712); 
"Prologue  to  Cato  "  (1713);  "Windsor 
Forest"  (1713);  "  Odo  for  St.  Cecilia's 
Day"  (1713);  "  Narrative  of  Dr.  Robert 
Norris,  concerninif  the  Stranj^o  and  De- 
plorable Frenzy  of  J.  D.  (John  Dennis)  " 
(1713);  "Elegy  to  the  Memory  of  an 
Unfortunate  Lady"  (1717);  "Epistle 
from  Eloisa  to  Abelard"  (1717)  ;  "Three 
Hours  after  Marriage;"  translation  of 
the  "Iliad"  (1715-20);  edition  of 
Shakespeare  (1725) ;  translation  of  the 
"Odyssey"  (1725 — 26);  "Letters  to 
Cromwell"  (1726);  "Treatise  on  the 
Bathos  "  (1727) ;  "  The  Dunciad  "  (1728) ; 
contributions  to  The  Grub  Sheet  Joamul 
(1730-37);  "Epistle  on  Taste"  (1713); 
"Essay  on  Man"  (1732-31);  "Moral 
Essays"  (1732— ?.5);  "Epistle  to  Ar- 
butliDot"  (1735);  "  Corresjiondence " 
(1735  and  1736);  "  [nutations  of  Horace" 
(1733-4-7);  "Epilogue  to  the  Satires" 
(1738);  "The  New  Dunciad"  (1742 
—  1743).  Best  edition  of  Works, 
Elwin'.s.  See  also  tho  editions  by  A. 
W.  Ward  (186!>),  Mark  Puttison  (1869), 
Cowden  Clarke  (1873),  and  Rossetti 
(1873),  with  biographies;  "Concord- 
ance to  Pope's  Works,"  liy  Abbot 
(1875);  and  "Pope"  (1880).  For 
Criticism,  st-e.  Johnson's  "  Lives  of  the 
Poets,"  Hazlitt's  "  Englisli  Poets,"  De 
Quincey's  "Leaders  of  Literature,  "Sainte 
Beuvo's  "Causeries,"  Taine's  "  English 
Literature,"  Stoiilien's  "Hours  in  a  Li- 
l>rary,"  and  his  '■  Pope"  ("Men  of  Let- 
ters"), aCerman  "Life"  by  Deetz  (Leip- 
zic,187G),  and  Lowell's  "Study  Windows." 

Person,  Bicliard  (b.  East  Ruston, 
Norfolk,  Dec.  25th,  175!» ;  d.  London, 
Sept.  28th,  1808).  "  Letters  to  Mr. 
Archdeacon  Travis"  (17'.M)) ;  oilitions  of 
the  "Hecuba"  (17it7);  "Orestes" 
(17i»S);  "Phccnissie"  (1799);  "Medea" 
(1801);  and  other  publications  collected 
by  Monk  and  Hloomlichl  in  the  "Adver- 
saria" (1812),  by  Dobrco  in  tho  "Not;e 
in  Aristophanem  "  (1820),  by  Kidd  in 
the  "  Tracts  and  Miscellaneous  Criti- 
cisms "  (1815) ;  tho  whole  forming,  with 
his  "Photii  Gracum  Lexicon  "  and  "An 
Imperfect  Outline  of  his  Life  "  by  Kidd, 
tlic  Hx  volumes  of  '•■  Opera  Philologica  ct 


Critica."  See  also  "  Porsoniana"  (1814) ; 
"A  Short  Account  of  the  late  Mr. 
Richard  Porson,"'  by  the  Rev.  Stephen 
Weston  (1808);  "A  Narrative  of  tho 
last  lUne.ss  and  Death  of  Richard  Por- 
son," l)y  Dr.  Adam  Clarke  fl«0S)  ;  '-A 
Vindication  of  the  Literary  Character  of 
the  late  Professor  Porson,"  by  L'rito 
Cantabrigiensis  (Dr.  'I'urton,  Bi^ho[)  of 
VAy)  (1827);  "The  Life  of  Richard 
Porson,"  by  the  Rev.  J.  Selby  Watson 
(1861);  and  Aiken's  "Athena.'um." 

Porter,  Anna  Maria  (b.  1780;  d. 
Bristol,  June  21st,  1832).  "Artless 
Tales  "  (1793) ;  "  Octavia  "  (179S) ;  "Tho 
Lakes  of  Killarney  "  (1804) ;  "A  Sailor's 
{friendship  and  a  Soldier's  Love"  (1805); 
"The  Hungarian  Brothers"  (1807); 
"  Don  Sebastian  "  (1809) ;  "  Ballads, 
Romances,  and  other  Poems"  (1811); 
"The  Recluse  of  Norway"  (1814); 
"  Walsh  ColviUe  "  (1819) ;  "  The  Feast  of 
St.  Magdalen"  (ISIS);  "The  Village  of 
Mariendorpt"  (1821);  "The  Kr.ight  of 
St.  John"  (1S21);  "Roche  Blanche" 
(1822) ;  _"  Tales  round  a  Winter  Hearth" 
(in  conjunction  with  her  sister,  Jane)  ; 
"Honor  O'llara"  (1826);  "  13arony  " 
(1830)  ;  and  other  works. 

Porter,  Jane  (b.  Durham,  1776  ; 
d.  Bristol,  May  24th,  1850).  "  Th.-jddeus 
of  Warsaw"  (1803);  "Tho  Scottish 
Chiefs"  (1810);  "The  Pastor's  Fire- 
side "  (1815)  ;  "  Duke  Christian  of  Lune- 
bcrg"(1824);  "Coming  Out,"  and  "Tho 
Field  of  Fortv  Foot.steps  "  (1828); 
"  Tales  round  a  Winter  Hearth  "  (in  con- 
junction with  her  sister,  Anna  Maria), 
(1826);  "Sir  Edward  Seawai-d's  Narra- 
tive ;"  and  other  works. 


Praed,  "Wintlirop  Mackworth 

I  (b.  London,  Jnlv  26Lh,  1802;  d.  July 
15th,  183SI).  ''Poems"  (1864),  with 
Memoir  by  Derwent  Coleridge. 

Price,  Richard,  D.D.  (b.  Lhui- 
gcinor,  (ilaniorg.mshire,  Feb.  23rd,  1723  ; 
d.  March  lUth,  1791).  "Review  of  the 
I'rincipal  (Questions  and  Ditlic\illies  in 
Morals"  (1758);  three  dissertations  on 
"Prayer,"  "Miraculous  Evidences  of 
C!liristianity,  "  and  "  On  the  licasons  for 
Expecting  that  virtuous  men  shall  meet 
after  death  in  a  state  of  happiness " 
(1767);  and  "A  Free  Discussion  of  tho 
Doctrines  of  Materialism"  (1778).  .S'« 
tho  "  Life"  by  Morgan  (1815). 


1046 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Priest.Uy,    Joseph,    LTj.D.    (1>. 
Fio'.dUead,     near    Leeds,     ^larch    KJth, 
17;i:{;  d.  FoIj.  <Jth,  l.'5(l4).       "Tho  Scrip- 
turo  Doctrine  of  lleniission,"  "Lectures 
on  tlio  Tlieory   of  Laiifruago   and   Uni- 
versal   Graininar"    (17<i"2) ;    "Chart    of 
Biography"  (1705);  "The  History  and 
Present  State  of  Electric  Science,  witii 
Orifirinal  Observations"  (17'>7);   "Rudi- 
ments  of    English    Grammar"    (17')!t)  ; 
" Theolosical    Repository"    (1700—88); 
"  The  History  and  Present  State  of  Dis- 
coveries relating  to  Vision,   Light,  and 
Colours"  (177"2):   "Institutes  of  Natural 
and  Revcaletl  Religion"  (17V2);  "Exami- 
nation of  Reid,  Beattie, c'tc."  (1774) ;  "Ex- 
periments and  Observations  on  Different 
Kinds  of  Air"  (1774);    "The  Doctrine 
of     Philosophical     Necessity"     (1777); 
"Lectures   on   Oratory  and   Criticism" 
(1777) ;  "Dis(]nisitions  relating  to  Matter 
and  Spirit"    (1777);    "A    Harmony   of 
the    Evangelists,    in     Greek"     fl777)  ; 
"Observations    on   Education"   (1778); 
"  Letters  to  a  Philosophical  Unbeliever  " 
(1781  —  87);   "A  History  of  Corruptions 
of  Christianity "  (1782);   "A  History  of 
Early  Opinions  concerning  Jesus  Christ" 
(178ti)  ;     "Lectures    on     History     and 
General    Policy"    (1788);    "A   General 
History  of  the  Christian  Church  to  the 
Fall   of    the  Western   Empire"   (1790); 
"Discourses  on   the  Evidences   of    Re- 
vealed Religion"   (1794);    "An  Answer 
to  Mr.  Paine's  'Age  of  Reason '  "  (1795) ; 
"A   Comparison    of    the   Institutes    of 
Moses  with  those  of  the   Hindoos  and 
other    Ancient    Nations"    (1799):     "A 
General  History  of  the  Christian  Church 
from  the  Fall  of  the  Western  Empire  to 
the  Present  Time  "(1802);    "Notes  on 
all    the    Books    of    Scripture"    (1803); 
"The  Doctrines  of  Heathen  Philosophy 
compared   with    those    of    Revelation " 
(1804) :  and  other  "  Works"  included  in 
the  2(j-volumo  edition  published  with  a 
"  Life  "  bv  .J.  Towill  Rutt,  in  1823.     See 
also  the  '■  Life"  by  John  Corry  (1805), 
which   includes    "Critical   Observations 
on  his  Works,"  an<l  the    "  Memoirs  of 
Dr.  Joseph  Priestley,  to  the  year  179.5, 
written  by  himself,  with  a  continuation 
to  the  Time  of  his  Decease,"  by  his  son 
Joseph  Priestley,  and  "Observations  on 
his  \\ritings,"  bv  Thomas  Cooper  and 
William  Christie"  (180(3-7). 

Prior,    Matthew    (b.    July   21s^ 
IGiJl:    d.    Wunpole,   Sept.   IStb,  1721). 


"The  City  and  Country  Mouse"  (1087) 
(with  Halifax);  "Carmen  Seculare  ' 
(1700);  and  other  works,  a  collecto  1 
edition  of  which  appeared  in  1718. 
"Poems"  elited,  v\rith  biographical  and 
critical  introductions,  by  Dr.  .Johnson 
(1822),  John  Mitford  (183.5),  and  George 
Gilfillan  (18.57).  "  Memoirs"  and  "  Sup- 
plement "  to  Poems  in  1722. 

Proctor,    Adelaide     Anne    (b. 

London,  Oct.  30th,  1825  ;  d.  London. 
Fel>.  2ud,  1S'j4).  "  Legends  and  Lyrics  " 
(1858).  .?)(?«  the  "Memoir"  prefixed  to 
her  Poems  by  Charles  Dickens  (186G). 

Proetor,  Bryan  Waller  (b.  "Wilt- 
shire or  London,  Nov.  21st,  1787  ;  d. 
London,  Oct.  4th,  l>ili).  "  D.'-araatic 
Scenes"  (1819),  "A  Sicilian  Story" 
(1820),  "Marcian  Colonna"  (1820), 
"Mirandola,"  aplay  (1821),  "The  Flood 
of  Thessaly"  (1822),  "Effigies  Poeticoe," 
"  English  Songs  "  (1832),  "  Essays  and 
Tales  in  Prose"  (1851),  besides  "Bio- 
graphies" of  Kean  and  Lamb.  Edited 
Shakespeare  and  Ben  Jonson.  See  Miss 
Martineau's  "Biographical  Sketches" 
and  his  "Autobiography"  (1877). 

Proctor,  Kichard  Anthony  (b. 

March  23rd,  1837;  d.  1888).  "Saturn 
and  its  System  "  (18G5)  ;  "  Handbook  of 
the  Stars,  and  Gnomonic  Star  Atlas" 
(1866) ;  "Constellation Seasons"  (1867)  ; 
"Half-Hours  with  the  Stars"  (1869;  : 
"Other  Worlds  than  Ours"  (1870,; 
"  The  Borderland  of  Science  "  (1870) ; 
"Transits  of  Venus"  (1874);  "The 
Universe  and  Coming  Transits  "  (1874)  ; 
"Wages  and  Wants  of  Science  Workers" 
(1876)  ;  "Myths  and  Marvels  of  Astro- 
nomy" (1877);  "Pleasant  Ways  in 
Science"  (1878);  "Rough  Ways  made 
Smooth"  (1879)  ;  "  EasyStar  Lessons  " 
(1881);  "Familiar  Science  Studies" 
(1882);  "Chance  and  Luck"  (1887). 
Is  the  editor  of  Kn^'julcdgc. 

Prynne,  "William  (b.  Swainswick, 
Somersetshire,  1600 ;  d.  London,  Oct. 
24th,  1669).  "  Histrio  -  Mastix  :  the 
Player's  Scourge,  or  Actor's  Tragedie  " 
(1633);  "Newes  from  Ipswich"  (1637); 
"  The  Antipathic  of  the  English  Lordly 
Legacio  both  to  reg.all  Monarchy  and 
CivillUnity"  (1641):  "A  Pleasant  Purge 
for  a  Roman  Catholic  to  evacuate  his 
EviU  Humours"  (1642);  "Pride's 
Purge"  (1648) ;  "Records  of  the  Tower:" 
"Parliamentary  Writs,"  &c.      See  voj. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPEXDIX. 


1047 


iii.  of  Howell's  "  State  Trials  and  Docu- 
ments relating  to  William  Prynne/'  &c. 
(Camden  Souiety,  1877). 

Purcbas,  Samuel  (b.  'Ihaxtcd, 
Essex,  1577 ;  d.  Loudon,  Sept.  30th, 
1(526).  "Purehas,  his  Pilgrimaj^e  :  or, 
Relations  of  the  World,  and  the  Re- 
ligions oViserved  in  all  Ages  and  Places 
discovered  from  the  Creation  to  this 
Present"  (1()13) ;  '' Microcosmus  :  or, 
the  Historic  of  Man"  (Hil!',)  ;  "The 
King's  Tower  and  Triiiniphaiit  Arch  of 
London"  (lf>2\'l;  '•  llaklytus  I'ost- 
humus  :  or,  Purcbas  his  Pilgrimes,  con- 
tayning  a  History  of  the  World,  in  Sea 
Voyages  and  Lando  'J'ravcls,  by  Eng- 
lislimen  and  others  "  (1025— 2G). 

Pueey,      Ed  war.:!      Bouverie, 

D.D.  (b.  ISOO:  d.  Sept.  Kith,  1882). 
"The  Doctrine  of  the  Real  Presence 
Vindicated"  (1855);  "A  History  of 
the  Councils  of  the  Church "  (1857) ; 
"  Sermons  Preached  before  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford"  (1859  and  1872): 
"The  Minor  Prophets,  with  Commen- 
tary" (18ii2— 67):  "Daniel  the  Prophet" 
(1S(J4) ;  "  The  Church  of  England  a  Por- 
tion of  Christ's  One  Holy  Catholic 
Church"  (1865):  "Un- Science,  not 
Science,  Adverse  to  Faith"  (187.S): 
"  Advice  on  Hearing  Confession  "  (1878) ; 
"Parochial  Sermons;"  "What  is  of 
Faith  as  io  Everlasting  Punishment" 
(188())  ;  "Sermons  for  the  Church's 
Seasons"  (188!);  "  I'rivate  Pravers " 
(188:i).     Edite<l  "  Tracts  for  the  Times." 

Puttenhatn,  George  (b.  circa 
15.50).  "Partlieniades"  (I57!i),  "Arte  of 
Engli.sh  Poe.Hie  "  (158!*) ;  both  reprinted, 
with  Memoir  of  the  Aiithor  by  Hazle- 
wood,  in  1811.  Facsimile  of  the  "Arte" 
l)y  Arbcr  (186.9). 

Pye,  H«>Tiiy  JnniGS  (b.  London, 
17^5;  d.  18i:i).  "  Tlio  Progress  of  Ue- 
finement"  (1783);  "Shooting"  (1781); 
"  A  ( 'ommentary  illustrating  the  I'octics 
of  Aristotle,  by  E.v.amples  taken  chieHy 
from  the  Modern  Poets"  (17'.»2)  ;  "Al- 
fred" (1801);  and  "Comments  on  the 
Commentators  of  Shakespeare"  (1807); 
"Poom8"(1810). 

Q 

Quor'es,  Francis  (b,  Romford, 
Es.sox,  15!»2;  d.  Ser-t.  8th,  16t4).     "A 


Feast  for  Wormes  "  (1620) ;  "Pentnlogia  : 
or,  the  Quintessence  of  Meditation" 
(1620);  "  Iladassa :  or,  the  History  of 
Queen  Esther"  (1621);  "  Argalus  and 
Parthenia"  (1621):  "Job  Militant,  with 
Meditations  Divine  and  Moral  "  (1621)  : 
"Sion's  Elegies  wept  by  Jercmio  the 
Prophet"  (1624) ;  "  Sion's  Sonnets  Sung 
by  Solomon  the  King,  and  )>eriphras'd  " 
(1625);  "Divine  Poems"  (16:5(i) ;  "Di- 
vine Fancies"  (16:V2'i  ;  "  Emtdems,  Di- 
vine and  Moral ''  (1635)  ;  "'  Hieroglyphics 
of  the  Life  of  Man"  (163S) ;  "The 
Shepherd's  Oracles"  (1644);  "The 
Virgin  Widow"  (1649);  "Enchiridion, 
containing  Institutions  Divine,  Contem- 
plative, Practicall,  Moral,  Eihical,  Eco- 
nomical, Political  '  (1652),  iScc. 

Qaincey,  Thomas  de  (b.  Man- 
chester, Aug.  ]5th,  1785;  d.  Edinburgh, 
Dec.  8lh,  l8."-i)).  "  Works  "^  (18.53)  :-  i., 
"Autobiographic  Sketches  ;"  ii.,  "Auto, 
biographic  Sketches,  with  Recollections 
of  the  Lakes;"  iii.,  "' jNIiscellanies,  chielly 
Narrative;"  iv.,  "  Jliscellanics  ;  "  v., 
"  Confessions  of  an  English  Opium 
p:ater"  (1822);  vi.,  "Sketches,  Critical 
and  Biographic  ;  "  vii.,  Studies  of  Secret 
Records,  Personal  and  Historic;"  viii., 
"Essays,  Sceptical  and  Anti-Sceptical; 
or,  Problems  neglected  or  misconceived  ;" 
is.,  "Leaders  in  Literaturo,  with  a 
Notice  of  Traditiouiil  Errors  affecting 
Them  ;"  x.,  "  Cla.<?sic  Records,  Reviewed 
and  Deci(.hered  :"  xi.,  "Critical  Sugges- 
tions on  Style  and  Rhetoric,  with  Cerman 
Tales  ;"  xii.,  "  Speculations,  liiterary  and 
Philosophic,  with  German  Tales  ;"  xiii., 
"Speculations,  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophic ;"  and  xiv.,  "  Letters  to  a  Yoimg 
Man  whoso  Education  has  been  Neg- 
lected." Much  more  complete  edition 
by  Ticknor  and  FieUl,  of  Boston,  U.S., 
in  twenty  volumes.  For  Biography,  see 
his  "  Antobioiiraphy,"  Miss  Martincau's 
"Biographical  .Sketches,"  his  "Life" 
by  Pago  (1877),  and  Prof.  Masson  in  tho 
EiK/Ush  Melt  of  I.tUffg  iScrit'x.  I'ur 
(.'riticisni,  xei'  Stirling's  "Essays"  and 
Stephen's  "  Hours  in  aLilTary.'' 


R 

Eadeliffe,  Anne  (l>.  London,  July 
f'th,  1761;  d.  London,  Feb.  7th,  1823). 
"Tho  Castles  of  Athiin  and  Dunbavno  ' 
(17^0);  "TheSilicianRom.ance"  (17!'"); 
"Tho  Romance  of  tho  Forest"  (l/^'l)  ; 


1&I8 


IJIIILIOURAPHICAL  AITENDIX. 


"Tho  Mysteries  of  U-luIplx. "  (1794); 
•"  A  .louriiey  tl.iovi^'h  Ilollaixl  "  (1795)  ; 
"Tlio  Itiiliaii"  (171)7);  "(iastou  do 
Blon.lovillo  "  (1826) ;  and  "  Poems  " 
(1834).  For  Biopraphy  and  Criticism, 
see  Scott's  "  Hioffraphies,"  Dunlop's 
"History  of  Fiction,"  Kavan.isfti's  "Wo- 
men of  Letters,"  and  Jcalfreson's 
"  Novels  and  Novelists." 

Raloi^h,  Sip  Walter  (1>.  Hayes, 
Devonshire,  1m2;  d.  London,  Oct.  •JDtli, 
1(J1S).  "The  Discovery  of  the  Larg-e, 
Beautiful,  and  Hich  Empire  of  Guiana" 
(ir)!)6)  ;  "  X  History  of  the  World" 
(1614);  "Advice  to  his  Son,"  &c. 
"Works"  in  17'j1  and  18-29.  For  Bio- 
praphy,  sf-e  the  "Lives"  by  Whitehead, 
Oldvs,  Birch,  Cayley  (ISUo),  Thomson 
(18:30),  Tytler  (1S:J3),  Napier  (1857),  St. 
John  (1868),  and  Edwards  (1870);  also, 
D'Isr.ieli's  "Curiosities  of  Literature" 
and  Kinprsloy's  "Miscellanies."  For  Cri- 
ticism, sec.  The  J'Jdiabiirf/li  Jitview,  vol. 
Ixxi.,  and  Hannah's  edition  of  the 
'  Poems  "  (1875). 

Ram^hy,  Allan  (h.  LeadhilLs, 
Lanarkshire,  Oct.  15th,  1686  ;  d.  Edin- 
bnriih,  .Jan.  7th,  175Si.  "Poems" 
(1721),  "  Fables  and  Tales  "  (1722),  "  The 
Monk  and  the  Miller's  Wife"  (1723), 
"  Health,"  "Tea-Table  Miscellany,"  and 
"  Evergfreen  "  (1724) ;  "The  Gentle  Shep- 
herd "  (1725) ;  "Thirty  Fables  "  (1730) ; 
"  Scot.s  Proverbs"  (1736).  "Works," 
with  "Life"  (1S77). 

Rimsay,  Edward  Bannermati, 

liL.D.  (1).  Aberdeen,  Jan.  31it,  17'.>3  ; 
d.  Edinburgh,  Dec.  27th,  1872).  "  Hemi- 
uiscences  of  Scottish  Life  and  Character  " 
(1857).  .Vet  "vMemoir "  by  Profes.sor 
Cosmo  Innes,  preK.xed  to  twenty-third 
edition  of  "  Reminiscences  ;"  and  "Me 
morials  and  Recollections"  by  C.  Rogers 
(1873). 

Randolph,  Thomas  (b.  Newnham, 
Northamptonshire,  1605;  d.  March  I7tl), 
1(>:J5).  "  Aristippus :  or,  the  Jovial 
Philosopher"  (1630);  "The  Jealous 
Lovers  "  (1632) ;  "  Coru/lianum  Dolium" 
(1638);  "  Amyntas  :  or,  the  Impossible 
Dowry"  (1638):  "Hey  for  Honesty" 
(1651);  and  '•  Poems,"  published  with 
"The  Muses'  Looking-Glass "  and  his 
other  works  (1668).  "  Dramatic  Works," 
oilited  by  W.  Carew  Ha/.litt  il875).  See 
Wood's  "Athena;  O.xonienses ''  and  The 
Jictruffpecl lit  /iVi'ViP,  vi.,  61  —  87- 


I 


Rawlinson,  The  Rev.  George 

(b  1815).  "New  V^ersion  of  Hero- 
dotus" (l;58-62);  "The  Five  Groat 
Monarchies  of  the  Ancient  E.astern 
World"  (1862);  "Manual  of  Ancient 
History"  (1SG9);  "The  Si-xth  Great 
Oriental  Monarchy"  (1873);  "The 
Seventh  Great  Oriental  Monarchy " 
(187G);  "The  Historvof  Ancient  Egypt" 
(1881);  "  The  Reliirions  of  the  Ancient 
World  "  (1882) ;  "  Earypt  and  Babylon  " 
(1885).  Has  also  written  expositions  of 
several  books  of  tho  Old  Testament. 

Reade,  Charles,  D.C.L.  (b.  1814, 

d.  1884).  "Peg  Woffin^'ton"  (lS52j; 
"  Chiistie  Johnstone"  (1853);  "It  is 
never  too  Late  to  Mend  "  (1857) ;  "The 
Course  of  True  Love  never  dois  run 
Smooth  "  (1857) ;  "  Jack  of  all  Trades  " 
(1858);  "  Love  Me  Little, Love  Me  Lon;  " 
(18.59);  "White  Lies"  (1860);  "The 
Cloister  and  the  Hearth  "  (1861)  ;  "Hard 
Cash  "  (186.3) ;  "  Griffith  Gaunt  "  (1866) ; 
"  Foul  Pla}',"  with  Dion  Boucicault 
(1869);  "Put  Yourself  in  his  Place" 
(1870) :  "A  Terrible  Temptation"  (1871); 
"A  Simpleton"  (1873);  "The  Wander- 
ing Heir  "  (1875) ;  "A  Hero  and  Martyr" 
(ld76) ;  "A  Woman-Hater"  (1877)  ;  and 
"A  Perilous  Secret"  (1883);  be- 
sides the  following  dramas:  "Gold" 
(1850) ;  "Two  Loves  and  a  Life"  (1854)  ; 
"Tne  King's  Rivals"  (1854);  "  Ma.«ks 
and  Faces"  (with  Tom  Taylor,  1854)  ; 
"Foul  Play"  (with  Boucicault,  1868); 
"The  Wandering  Heir"  (1875);  "The 
Scuttled  Ship  "  (1877) ;  "  Drink  "  (1879) ; 
and  "  Love  and  Money  "  (18S3). 

"Reevf,  Clara  (b.  Ipswich,  1733 ; 
d.  Ipswich,  Dec.  3rd,  1803).  "Poems" 
(1769);  "The  Ph(enis "  (1772);  "The 
CJhampion  of  Virtue  :  or,  the  (.)ld  Eng- 
lish Baron"  (1777);  "The  Progress  of 
Romance  "  (1785) ;  "  The  Two  Monitors ;" 
"  TLie  E.xile  :"  "  The  School  for  Widows;" 
"Plans  of  Education;"  and  "The  Me- 
moirs of  Sir  Roger  de  Clarendon."  ,See 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  "Biographies"  and 
Jeaffreson's  "Novels  and  Novelists  " 

Beid,  Mayne  (b.  Ulster,  1818:  d. 
London,  Oct.  22nd,  1.S83)  "The  Rifle 
Hangers"  (1849),  "The  Scalp  Hunters" 
(18.50),  "The  Bov  Hunters"  (18.52), 
"The  Young  Voyagers"  (18.53),  "The 
White  Chief"  (1S55),  "The  Qu.ad- 
roon"  (1856),  "The  War  Trail" 
(1858),    "The   Wild   Huntress"    (1861), 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1049 


"The  Cliff  aitnbers"  (1864),  'The 
HcadlcFS  Horseman  "  (1865),  "Afloat  in 
tho  Forest"  HStiG),  "The  Guerilla 
Chief  "  (1867^  "  Tho  Child  Wife  "  flStiS), 
"TheCa-stawavs"  (1870),  "The  Finger 
of  Fate"  (1872),  "The  Death  Shot" 
(1873),  and  "The  Flag  of  Distress" 
(1876),  &c. 

Beid.  Thomas  (h.  Strachan,  Kin- 
cardiueshire,  April  20th,  1710;  d.  Glas- 
gow, Oct.  7th.  17'J6).  "  Essay  on 
Quantity  "  (174-5),  "  An  Inquiry  into  the 
Human  Miml  on  the  Principles  of  Com- 
mon Sense"  (1761),  "The  Logics  of 
Aristotle"  appended  to  Lord  l\ames's 
"Sketche.s  of  the  History  of  Man" 
(1773),  "  E.ssays  on  the  Fntelle-tual 
i'owers  of  Man  "  (1785),  and  "  Essays  on 
the  Active  Powers  of  the  Human  Mind" 
(1788).  "  Works,"  with  Dissertation 
and  Notes,  by  Sir  William  Hamilton, 
and  with  a  "Life"  by  Dugald  Stewart, 
in  184(5.  For  Criticism,  ten  Priestley, 
Dugald  Slewait,  lirown,  Royer  Collard, 
Cousin,  Professor  Eraser,  and  McCosh. 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua  (b  Plymp- 
t-on,  Devonsiiire,  July  ItJth,  1723;  d. 
Feb.  23rd,  17!'2).  "  Discourses  on  Paint- 
ing" (1771) ;  three  contributions  to  "The 
Idler,"  some  notes  to  Mason's  translation 
of  Du  Frosnoy's  "Art  of  Painting,"  and 
"Notes"  on  a  tour  tlirough  Flanders 
and  Holland.  "Literary  Works"  in 
171»7,  with  "Life"  by  Malone.  "Life" 
by  Northcote,  in  1813;  bv  Farrington, 
in  1819;  ly  Cotton,  in  1856;  and  by 
Jycslio  and  Taylor,  in  1865.  .SVe  also 
Stej'hen's  "  English  Children,  as  painted 
by  lieynolds"  (LS'jti) ;  and  Dr.  Hamil- 
ton's "Catalogue  Kaisonnu  "  (1875). 

Rlcardo,  David  (h.  London,  April 
1  nth,  177-  ;  d.  Gatcomb  Park,  (Jloucester- 
shire,  Sept.  IDh,  1823).  "Tho  High 
Price  of  HuUion  a  proof  of  iho  Deprecia- 
tion of  Bank  Notes"  (180!t);  "On  the  I 
Intluenccof  a  Low  Price  of  Corn  on  the 
Profits  of  Stock"  (1.S15);  "Proposals 
for  an  Economical  and  Secure  Currency" 
(1816)  ;  "Princi])lesof  Political  Economy 
and  Taxation"  (1817);  "On  Protection  to 
Agriculture"  (1>'22);  and  a  "Plan  for 
tho  Ei-tiibli.shment  of  a  National  Bank" 
(1824).  "Works,"  with  "Life"  by  J.  R. 
McCulloch  (1846). 

Richard  of  Cirencester  (d.  1402). 
"  Historia  ab  Hcngistaafl  annum  1348  ;  " 
"  Do  Situ  Britanniic,"  with  Life,  in  1809, 


now  one  of  tho  "  Six  Old  English  Chroni- 
clrs "  in  Bohn's  Antiiiuarian  Library 
(1848).  S<c  Mayor's  "  Kicardi  de  Circn- 
castria  Speculum  .Historiale  de  Gestis 
Regum  Anglise"  (Public  Record  Series, 
1863,  1869). 

Richardson,  Samuel  (b.   Derbj-- 

shire.  1689  ;  d.  July  4th,  1761).  "  Nego- 
ciations  of  Sir  Tliomas  Roe  in  his  Em- 
bassy to  the  Ottoman  Porte  "  (1740), 
"Pamela"  (1741),  "Clarissa  Harlowe  " 
(171.'^),  "Sir  Charles  Grandison  "  (1754), 
and  No.  97  of  Dr.  Johnson's  "Ranibltr." 
Comi)lete  Works,  with  Life  (1811),  Cor- 
respondence (1804).  For  Criticism,  see 
Masson's  "Novelists  and  their  Styles," 
Scott's  "Novelists  and  Dramatists," 
Hazlitt's  "Comic  Writers,"  Taine's 
"English  Literature,"  and  Stephen's 
"  Hours  in  a  Library." 

RiddeU,  Charlotte  E.L-.  (b.l837). 
"The  Moor  and  the  Fens"  (1858); 
"George  Leith "  (1864);  "Maxwell 
Drewett"  (1865);  "The  Race  for 
Wealth"  (186(3):  "  Far  above  Rubies" 
(1S67);  "Austin  Friars  "  (1870);  "  Home, 
Sweet  Home"  (1873);  "The  Ruling 
Passion"  (1876);  "The  Mystery  in  Palace 
Gardens"  (1880);  "A  Struggle  for 
Fame  "  (1883) ;  "  Mitre  Court  "  (1885), 
&c. 

Ritson,  Joseph  (b.  Stockton,  Oct. 
2nd,  1752;  d.  Sept.  3rd,  1803).  "Eng- 
lish Songs"  (1783),  "Ancient  Songs" 
(1790),  "  Ancient  Popular  Poetry  "(1791), 
"An  English  Anthology"  (1703-94), 
"Scottish  Songs"  (1794),  "  Robin  Hood 
Poems"  (1795),  "  Mi  net's  Poems" 
(1795),  "  Bibliographia  Poetica"  (1802), 
"Northern  Garlands"  (1810),  "(jam- 
mer Gurton's  Garland''  (1810),  "The 
Caledonian  Muse"  (1821),  "  A  Life  of 
King  Arthur"  ('1825),  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Celts  or  Gauls  (1827),  "  .\imals  of  the 
Caledonians"  (1828),  "Fairy  Tales" 
(18"1).  "Life  and  Letters,"  by  Sir 
Harris  Nicolas  (1833). 

Robertson,  Frederick  William 
(b.  London,  Feb.  3rd,  1816  ;  d.  Brii;hton, 
Aug.  14th,  1853).  '-Sermons  '(1855-73), 
"  Expository  Lectures  on  St.  Paul's 
Epistles  to  the  Corinthians  "'  (18."i9),  "Aa 
Analysis  of  Mr.  Tennyson's  '  In  Merao- 
riam  '  "  (1862),  "Lectures  and  Addresses 
on  Literary  and  Social  Subjects  ''  (1858), 
and  "  Notes  on  Genesis "  (lfc77).  "Life" 
by  Rev.  Stopford  A.  Brooke  (1865). 


1050 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Eobertson,    William,  D  D.  (h. 

IJorthwi.tU,  Mi.lloUiian,  S^i.t.  VM>,  1721; 
(1.  .(iiiio  lltli,  1711"-).  '''The  History  of 
Slo11:iiw1  liming tho  Rcifjnsof  Queen  Alary 
and  (if  Kin;i  J.imcs  VI.,  till  his  Accession 
to  the  Crown  of  England"  (175!*,  and, 
with  additions  ;ind  corrections,  1787); 
"Tho  History  of  the  Ileifpi  of  the  Em- 
peror Charles  V.,  with  a  View  of  the 
I'ronfrcss  of  Society  in  Europe,  from  the 
Subversion  of  tho  Roman  Empire  to  tho 
I'CLrinning  of  the  Sixteenth  Century" 
(170i');  "The  History  of  America" 
{1777,  and,  with  additions  and  correc- 
tions, 1788)  ;  and  "An  Historical  Dis- 
i|uisition  concerning  the  Knowledge 
which  tho  Ancients  had  of  India,  atidthe 
Progress  of  Trade  with  that  Country 
])rior  to  tho  Discovery  of  the  Passage  to 
it  by  the  (!'ape  of  Good  Hope"  (1791). 
Works,  with  Life,  by  Bishop  Gleig,  in 
1828.  "  Account  of  tho  Life  and  Writ- 
ings of  William  Robertson,  D.D.,"  by 
Dugald  Stewart  (ISOl).  Sec  also 
Brougham's  "  Men  of  Letters  of  the  Time 
of  George  III." 

Robinson,  A.  Mary  F.  (b.  Leam- 
ington, Feb.  27th,  18.57).  "A  Handful 
of  Honovsuckle"  (1878) ;  "  The  Crowned 
Hippolytus"  (1880):  "Emilv  Bronte" 
(Kss:3);  "  Arden"  (1883)  ;  "New  Arca- 
dia, and  other  Poems  "  (1884). 

Robinson,    Henry    Crabb    (b. 

Bury  St.  Edmimds,  Mav  13th,  1775  ; 
d.  London,  Fob.  oth,  1867).  "Diary, 
Reminiscences,     and     Correspondence " 

(18(i>l). 

Boehester,  Earl  of,  John  Wilmot 
(b.  Ditchley,  Oxfordshiro,  April  10th, 
1017;  d.  .July  2()lh,  16SU).  "Poems" 
(1G80),  "  Valentinian"(16S5),  "Letters" 
(1G97),  "Works"  (1701»).  ,SVe  Burnet's 
"  Pas.sagos  of  the  Life  and  Death  of 
John,  Earl  of  Rochester." 

Rogers,  Henry  (b.  about  1814  ;  d. 
Aug.  20th,  1877).  "Essays  from  T/>e 
Kdinhimih  Reru'r"  (RS.'iO,  with  additions 
ill  1874) ;  "The  Eclipse  of  Faith  "(1852); 
"Life  of  Thomas  Fuller"  (18.=)6)  ;  "Rea- 
son .and  Faith"  (ISCG)  ;  "  Ess.ays  from 
(.'(iod  Woyds"  (18HS)  ;  "Theolofficiil 
Controversies  of  the  Time"  (1874);  "The 
Snpcrhum.an  Origin  of  the  Bible"  (1874)  ; 
and  "Selections  from  the  Correspon- 
dence of  R.  E.  H.  Greyson." 

Rogers.  Samuel  (b.  Nowington 
Gicen,  neir  London,  July  :30th,  17G3;  d. 


London,  Dec,  18th,  1S5.5).  "The  Scrib- 
bler "  in  The  (jeidlcnwas  Muriaziiu ; 
"  Ode  to  Superstition,  and  other  Poems  " 
(1786);  "The  Pleasures  of  Memory" 
(1792) ;  "  An  Epistle  to  a  Friend  "  i'1798); 
"Columbus"  (1812)  ;  ".Tacfiueline " 
(1814);  "Human  Life"  (1819):  and 
"  Italy  "  (1822).  "  Recollections  of  tho 
Table  Talk  of  Samuel  Rogers,  Esq.,  with 
a  Memoir  of  his  Life,"  in  18.56,  and 
further  "Recollections,"  editecl  by 
William  Sharpc,  in  18.59.  See  Ilayward's 
"  Biographical  and  Critical  Ess.ays,"  fir.st 
series;  Roscoe's  "  Essaj's ;  "  Jeffrey's 
"  Essays  ;  "  "  Hazlitt's  "  English  Poets  ;" 
Lockhart's  "  Life  of  Scott,"  chaps.  Ixii., 
Ixxvi.  ;  and  Martineau's  "Biographical 
Sketches." 

Romanes.  J.  G.  (b.  1818).  "  Men- 
tal Evolution  "  (1878) ;  "  Animal  Intelli- 
gence "  (1882);  "The  Star-fish,  Jelly- 
fish and  Sea-Urchins  "  (188.5)  ;  "  Charles 
Darwin,  his  Character  and  Life " 
(1882) ;  "  The  Scientific  Evidences  of 
Orijanic  Evolution"  (1S83)  ;  "Mental 
Evolution  in  Animals  "  (1883). 

Roscoe,  William  (b.  Liverpool, 
March  8th,  17-53 ;  d.  Liverpool,  Juno 
30th,  1831).  "The  Life  of  Lorenzo  di 
Medici,  the  Magnificent"  (179.5),  "The 
Life  and  Pontificate  of  Leo  the  Tenth  " 
(1805),  "  On  the  Orisfin  and  Vicissitudes 
of  Literature  "  (1817),  &c.  "  Life  "  by 
his  son  (1833). 

Roscommon,  The  Earl  of  (b. 
1663,  d.  1684).  "  Translation  of  Horace's 
Art  of  Poetry  "  (1683);  "Essay  on  trans- 
lated Verse"  (1684).  His  verses  were 
published  in  Johnson's  Collection  of  the 
Poets,  and  a  collection  of  his  "  Works" 
was  published  in  1700. 

BossettJ,   Christina  Georgina 

(b.  London,  Dec,  18-30).  "Goblin 
Market,  and  other  Poems"  (18G2)  ; 
"  The  Prince's  Progress,  and  other 
Poems"  (1866);  "Commonplace  and 
other  Short  Stories"  (1870);  "  Sing- 
Song  :  a  Nursery  Rhyme- Book  "  (1872) ; 
"Speaking  Likenesses"  (1874);  "An- 
nus Domini  :  A  Praver  for  every 
Day  in  the  Year"  (1874);  "Seek  and 
Find "  (1879)  ;  "  Short  Studies  of  the 
Renedicite"  (1879);  "Called  to  the 
Saints"  (1881);  "Letter  and  Spirit"' 
(1883);  "Time  Flies"  (188-5).  Poems 
collected  in  1875. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


lOol 


Eossetti,  Dante  Gflbriel  (!'■  1828; 
d.  Ai-ril  Dlh,  li^S2).  "Poems"  (1870); 
"Tlio  Pearly  Italian  I'octs"  (1861)  |  repro- 
duced in  lfi7;i as  "Dante and  his  Circle"], 
"  Ballads  and  Sonnets  "  (ISSl).  Edited 
The  O'irni.  For  lii();/raphy,  x<r  William 
Sharp's  "D.  G.  Itossetti  "  (1882)  and 
Joseph  Knitclit's  "Life"  (1887^.  .'See 
Htcdman's  "  Victorian  Poets,"  Swin- 
bnrno's  "  Es'says  and  Studies,"  and  For- 
nian's  '■  Livinjj  Poets." 

Eossetti,  Maria  Franc- sea  (b. 

Lnndon,  Feb.  17tli,  1827;  d.  N<jv.  24th, 
1870).  "The  Shadow  of  Danto  "  (1871), 
&c. 

Rossetti,  William  Michael  (b. 
London,  about  18:V2).  "Dante's  Hell, 
Translated"  (18()ri)  ;  "'Criticisms  on 
Swinburne's  Poems  and  Ballads"  (18CG) ; 
"  Fine  Art  :  chiefly  C'ontemporary 
Notices"  (18(i7).  lias  edited  Wake's 
"  Poetiis,"  with  "Memoir"  (bSOO)  ; 
Walt  Whitman's  "Poems"  (1SG8)  ; 
and  Moxon's  "I'octs,  with  short  l]io- 
gra])hios.  ' 

Bowe,  'Nichola'i  (b.  Little  Bar- 
ford,  Bedfordshire,  107.3;  d.  Dec.  (ith, 
1718).  "The  Aniliitious  Stejimother" 
(170(1),  "Tamerlane"  (1702),  "  The  Fair 
I'enitent"  (170:5),  "The  Biter"  (170o) 
"  Uly.sses"  (1707),  "  The  Kovnl  Convert'^ 
(1708),  "Jane  Shore,"  (171:'-),  "Lady 
Jane  Grey"  (171;")),  and  other  works 
printed  with  the  Plays.  His  edition 
of  Shakespeare  appeared  in  1709,  bis 
translation  of  Lucan's  "I'lnrsalia"  in 
1718. 

Bowley,  William  (of  uncertain 
date).  "  The  Travailes  of  the  Ent,dish 
Brothers"  (l'i07):  wiUi  .Fohn  Day,' "A 
Kair Quarrel  "  (lin7) ;  with  ■!.  Middloton, 
"  A  New  Wonder,  a  Woni.an  Never  Ve.\t" 
(16:52);  "All's  Lost  by  Lust"  (103:5); 
"A  Match  at  Midnight"  (H):l:3)  ;  "A 
Shoemaker  aCJontleman  "  (Hi:58)  ;  "  The 
Birth  of  Merlin"'  (1002);  "The  Fool 
without  Book  ;"'  "A  Knave  in  Print:  or, 
One  for  Another  ; "'  "  The  NoneSuch  ;  " 
"The  Hooke  of  the  Four  Honoured 
Loves;"  "The  Parliament  of  (jOve." 
The  la.st  five  plays  have  never  been 
published.  William  Rowley  also  wrote 
a  panii)hlot,  "  A  Search  for  Money" 
(ItiO'.i),  and  collaborated  with  M-assin^^cr, 
Middloton,  kc,  in  several  other  plays. 

Ruskin,  John,  LIi.D.  (b.  London, 
Feb.,  1811)).     "Salsotto  mid  Elophanta, 


a  Poem"  (1839);  "Modem  Painters  ' 
(181:5—1860);  "The  Seven  Lamps  of 
Architecture"  (1849);  "  PravL'aphael- 
ism  "  (18o0) ;  "  Notes  on  the  Academy  " 
(18.5:3—60);  "The  Stones  of  Venice" 
(18.')1  — S.'i) :  "  Notes  on  the  Construction 
of  Sheepfolds"  (18;">1);  "The  Kinp  of 
Golden  River"  (IS.'il):  "Two  I'alhs" 
(1854);  "  Lectures  on  Architecture  and 
Paiutinfr"  (1854) ;  "  The  Opening  of  the 
Crystal  Palace  "  (18.04);  "  On  the  Nature 
of  Gothic  Architecture  "  (1854);  "(Jiotto 
and  Lis  Works  "  (1855)  ;  "  The  llarbours 
of  England"  (1856) ;  "Notcson  the  Tur- 
ner Collection  "  (1857);  "The  Political 
Economy  of  Art  "  (1858) ;  "  The  Cam- 
bridue  School  of  Art"  (1858);  "Ele- 
ments of  Perspective  "  (1859);  "  DccRra- 
tion  and  Manufacture  "  (18,19);  "Unto 
this  Last  "  (1862)  ;  "  Ethics  of  the  Dust" 
(1865);  "Sesame  and  Lilies"  (1866); 
''  The  Study  of  Architecture  in  our 
Schools"  (1865)  ;  "The  Crown  of  Wild 
Olive  "  (1866) ;  "  Time  r.nd  Ticc  by  Wear 
ai  1  Tyno"  (1868)  ;  "The  Quecn"of  the 
a'.-;  "the  CJreek  Myths  of  Cloud  <nnd 
Storm"  (1869);  "Lectures  on  Art" 
(1S7I1);  "Aratra  Pentclici  :  "The  Ele- 
ments of  Sculpture"  (1872);  "  Tho 
Eagle's  Nest  "  (1872) ;  "  ^lichael  Angelo 
and  Tintoret  "  (1872) ;  "  Ari.adne  Floren- 
tina"  (1872);  "Love's  Meinie  "  (1873); 
"Val  d'Arno "  (1874);  "Proserpina" 
(1875—76);  "Frondes  Agrostcs;  Read- 
ings in  .Modern  Painters  "  (1875) ;  "Dou- 
calien  "  (1876) ;  "Mornings  in  Florence  " 
(1877);  "The  Laws  of  Fesole"  (1877); 
edition  of  Xenophon's  "  P^conomics,"  and 
"  Notes  on  tho  Turner  Collection  ''(1878); 
"Annotated  Catalogue  of  the  Works  of 
Hunt  and  Pro\it"  (1879);  "The  Lord's 
Prayer  and  tho  Church"  (1880);  and 
"  Fors  t'lavigcra."  "  Bil)liography  of 
Ruskin,"  by  Shepherd  (1878);  "Selec- 
tions from  the  Writings  of  Ruskin "' 
(1871)  ;  "  Elements  of  English  Prosody  " 
(1880) ;  "Arrows  of  the  Chace"  (1880) ; 
"Fiction  Fair  and  Foul"  (1880); 
"  Lectures  on  the  Art  of  England " 
(188:5):  "Tho  Pleasures  of  P:ngland " 
(1881) :  "  Sir  Herbert  Edwards  "  (1885)  ; 
"  Pra-tcrita"  (1885-87);  "Hortus  In- 
cbisus"  (1.SS7). 


Saokville,  Thoma",  Earl  of  Dorset 
.and  Lord  I5uckhurst  (l>.  Buckluir.st, 
Su.sscx,   15:36 ;  d.   London,    April  VJlh, 


1052 


lilBLlOGRAPttlCAL  APPENDIX, 


HJ08).  "  Tlio  Induction  "  to  "  The  Mirror 
for  Magistrates"  and  (witii  Thomas 
Norton)  "  Tlio  Tragedy  of  Gorbodiic." 
/SVr  Wood's  Atheniu  Oxonicnsis,"  also 
Cooper's  "  Athene  Cantabrigienses," 
and  Lloyd's  "  Worthies."  Works  in 
185'.>.  For  Criticism,  nee  Wharton's 
"  Kn":lish  Poetry,"  Hazlitt's  "  Apfo  of 
l'Ji;iaboth,"  and  Schlegel's  "Dramatic 
Literature."  Sec  also  Skcat's  "Speci- 
mens," and  Cooper's  "  Memoir,"  preti.ved 
to  the  Shakespeare  Society's  edition  of 
"  Oorboduc." 

Sal  a,  Qeorcre  Augustus  (b.  Lon- 
don, 1828).  "The  Seven  Sons  of  !\Lim- 
nion,"  "Captain  Dangerous,"  "Quite 
Alono,"  "The  Two  Prima  Donnas,  and 
other  Stories  ;"  "  Twice  round  the  Clock" 
(IS:')!!) ;  "  IJroakfast  in  Bed,"  "  Gaslight 
and  Daylight,"  "  Under  the  Sim,"  and 
iihor  essays;  besides  "  America  in  the 
Midst  of  tiio  War,"  "  Two  Kings  and  a 
Kaiser,"  '"A  Journey  due  North," 
"  Dutch  Pictiu-es,"  "  From  Waterloo  to 
the  Peninsula,"  "Rome  and  Venice," 
"William  Hogarth,"  "Paris  Herself 
Again"  (1879),  "America  Revisited'' 
(1882),  "A  Journey  due  South  "  (188.5). 
First  editor  of  Tiiitplf  JIkt,  ami  for  many 
years  a  contributor  to  the  Daihj  Tdc- 
ijraph  and  HUinlrakd  London  2\cwx,  to 
which  latter  ho  contributed  the  well- 
known  "Echoes  of  the  Week." 

Sandys,  George  (b.  1577,  d.  1613). 
"  A  Relation  of  a  Journey  Begun  A.U. 
1*510"  (liil;"));  "The  Metamorphoses  of 
Ovid  Englished,  Mytholot'iz'd  and  Re- 
presented in  Figures  "  (1621) ;  "  A  Para- 
)ilirase  upon  the  Psalmes  of  David " 
(KiKi)  ;  "  A  Paraphraf-o  upon  the  Divine 
Poems"  (li!:j8)  ;  "A  Paraphrase  upon 
the  Song  of  Solomon  "  (1641)  ;  "Christ's 
Passion"  (1640).  6Vt' "  Athenie  Oxon- 
ienses." 

Savage,  Richard  (b.  London.  Jan. 
lOtI),  li;;i,S;  d.  Bristol,  July  31st,  1743). 
"  Love  in  a  Veil"  (1718),  "The  B.astard" 
(172S),  "The  Wanderer"  (17-29),  &c.  Si-e 
Johnson's  "  Lives  of  the  Poets."  Works 
collected  in  1775. 

Scott,  Sir  Walter  (b.  Edinburgh, 
Aug.  I'nh,  1771  :  d.  Abbotsford,  Sept. 
21st,  1832).  Translation  of  Biirger's 
"Ballads"  (1796);  a  version  of  Goethe's 
"  Goetz  von  Berlichingen  "  (1799); 
"The  Eve  of  St.  John,"  "  Glenfinlas," 
and  "  The  Grey  Brothers  "  (1800) :  "  The 


Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border" 
(1H02-3);  "The  Lay  of  the  Last  Min- 
strel" (180,5);  "Ballads  and  Lvrical 
Pieces"  (1800);  "  Marmion "  (1808); 
"  The  Ladv  of  the  Lake"  (1810)  ;  "  The 
Vision  of  Don  Roderick  "  (1811)  ; 
"  Rokeby  "  (1812)  ;  "  The  Bridal  of 
Triermain  "  (1813) ;  "  Waverley"  (1814)  ; 
"The  Lord  of  the  Isles"  (1815);  "The 
Field  of  Waterloo"  (181.5)  ;  "Guy  Man- 
nering"  (1815);  "Paul's  Letters  to  his 
Kinsfolk"  (1815);  "The  Antiquary" 
(1816);  "Old  Mortality"  (1816);  "The 
Black  Dwarf"  (1816);  "Harold  the 
Dauntless  "  (1817) ;  "  Rob  Roy  "  (1817)  ; 
"The  Heart  of  Midlothian"  (1818); 
"The  Bride  of  Lammermoor  "  (1819); 
"The  Legend  of  Montrose"  (1819); 
"Ivanboe"  (1819);  "The  Monastei-y" 
(1820);  "The  Abbot"  (1820);  "  Kenil- 
worth"  (1821);  "The  Pirate"  (1821); 
"The  Fortunes  of  Nigel"  (1^22); 
"Halidon  Hill"  (1822);  "  Peveril  of 
the  Peak"  (1822);  "  Quentin  Durward" 
(1823);  "St.  Ronan's  Well"  (1823); 
"  Redgauntlet  "  (1824);  "The  Be- 
trothed "  (1825) ;  "  The  Talisman  " 
(1825) ;  "  Lives  of  the  Novelists  "  (1825); 
"Woodstock"  (1826);  "The  Life  of 
Napoleon  "  (1827)  ;  "  The  Two  Drovers  " 
(1827);  "  The  Highland  Widow"  (1827) ; 
"The  Surgeon's  Daughter"  (1827); 
"Tales  of  a  Grandfather"  (1827-30); 
"The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth"  (1828); 
"  Anne  of  Geierstein  "  (1829);  "  Letters 
on  Demonology  and  Witchcraft"  (1830); 
a  "History  of  Scotland"  (1829-30); 
"The  Doom  of  Devorgoil "  (1830) ;  "Au- 
chindrane"  (1830);  "Count  Robert  of 
Paris"  (1831)  ;  and  "Castle  Dangerous" 
(1831);  besides  editions  of  Dryden 
(1808),  Swift  (1814),  Strutt's  "  Queenhoo 
Hall"  (1808);  Carleton's  "  Memoirs  of 
the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession " 
(1808),  "  Memoirs  of  the  Earl  of  Mon- 
mouth" (1808),  "Original  Memoirs 
written  during  the  Great  Civil  Wars," 
"The  State  Papers  and  Letters  of  Sir 
Ralj.h  Sadler"  (1809),  "The  Somers 
Tracts  "  (1809—15),  and  "  Paul's  Letters 
to  his  Kinsfolk"  (1815);  "Border  Anti- 
quities of  Scotland"  (1818),  "Letters  of 
MalachiMalagrowther'(1826),  and  '-Sir 
Tristram,"  a  romance  (1804).  For  Bio- 
graphy, sec  Life  by  Lockhart  (1837-39), 
Gimilan(1870),  Rossetti  (1870),  Chambers 
(1871).  and  Hutton  (1878).  See  also 
Hazlitt's  "Spirit  of  the  Age,"  Jeffrey's 
"Essays,"  Keble's  "Occa.sional  Papers," 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1053 


Carlyle's  "Essays,"  Senior's  "Essays 
on  Fiction,"  Masson's  "Novelists  and 
their  Styles,"  JeafTreson's  "  Novels  and 
Novelists,"  Taino's  "  English  Litera- 
ture," Steiihen's  "Hours  in  a  Library," 
jNIortiiner  Coliins's  introduction  to  the 
Miniature  Edition  of  the  Poems,  and  F. 
T.  Palgrave's  preface  to  the  Globe  Edi- 
tion, ^ee  "  Scott  Dictionary,"  by  JIary 
Rogers,  Now  York  (1879),  and  Canning's 
"Philosophy  of  the  VVaverley  Novels." 

Scott,  Thomas  (b.Braytoft,Spi!sbj', 
Lincolnshire,  Feb.  16th,  1747  ;  d.  Aston 
Sandford,  liuckinghamshire,  Ajtril  liith, 
1821).  "The  Force  of  'J'rnth  "  (1799) ; 
"  Essays  on  the  Most  Important  Subjects 
of  Religion  "  (1793) ;  "  Sermons  on  Select 
Subjects"  (179*))  ;  a  "Commentary"  on 
the  Uible  (1796)  ;  "Vindication  of 
the  Inspiration  of  Scripture"  (179G)  ; 
"  Remarks  on  the  Refutation  of  Calvin- 
ism by  G.  Tomlino,  Bishop  of  Carlisle" 
(1812);  and  "A  Collection  of  the  (Quo- 
tations from  the  Old  Testament  in  the 
New,"  in  The  Christian  Ohxen-er  for  1810 
and  ISll.  Works,  edited  by  his  son, 
in  1823-5;  Life  and  his  "Letters  and 
Papers,  with  Observations,"  in  1824. 

Sedlev,  Sir  Charles  (b.  1G39,  d. 
1701).  "The  Mulberry  Garden  "  (KJGS)  ; 
*'  Antony  and  Cleopatra  "  (lti77) ;  "  Bei- 
lamira"  (1687);  "Beauty  the  Con- 
queror :  or,  the  Death  of  Mark  Antony  " 
(1702)  ;  "The  Grumbler"  (1702) ;  "The 
Tyrant  King  of  Crete  "  (17tl2).  All  the 
above  are  dramatic.  His  complete 
works,  including  his  plays,  poems,  songs, 
&c.,  were  published  in  17U2. 

Seelev,  John  Pobert  (b.  1S34). 
"Ecce  Homo"  (1866);  "  Livy,"  l)k.  1 
(1806);  "  Lectures  and  Essays  "  (1870)  ; 
"  Life  and  Times  of  Stein  "  (1879) ; 
"Natural  Religion"  (1882);  "The 
Expansion  of  England"  (1883);  "A 
Short  History  of  Napoleon  "  (1886). 

Selden,  John  (b.  Salvington, 
Sus.sex,  Sept.  16th,  l')S4  ;  d.  London, 
Nov.  30th,  16r)4).  "England's  Epino- 
niis"  (1010);  "  .lani  Anglorum  facies 
altera''  (1610);  "  Tlie  Duello:  or, 
Sini,do  Combat"  (IGIO);  Notes  to 
Drayton's  "  Polyolbion  "  (1613) ;  "Titles 
of  Honour  "  (1614);  "  Analecton  Anglo- 
Britannicon"  (161.'));  "Do  Diis  Syris" 
(1617)  ;  "  The  History  of  Tithes  "  (1618); 
"Marmora  Arnndelliana  "  (1G28);  "Do 
Succossionibus "  (1631);     "  Maro  Clan- 


sum"  (1635);  "  De  Jure  Naturali  et 
(ientium  juxta  Disciplinam  Hebncorum" 
(1640);  "Table  Talk"  (1689).  ^Ve  the 
Lives  by  Wilkins  (1726),  Aikin  (1811 1, 
and  Johnson  (183."))  ;  also  Hannay's 
"  Essays  from  2'he  Quartcrhj." 

Senior,  Nass^au  William  (b.  1790, 
d.  ]S(;4).  "An  Outliuo  of  the  .Science 
of  Political  Economy"  (18::;6)  ;  "A 
.lournal  kept  iu  Turkey  and  Greece 
(1859);  "Suggestions  on  Pop.dar  Edu- 
cation" (1861 ) ;  "  Biographical  Sketche-! " 
(1863);  "Essays  on  Fiction"  (1864); 
"  Historical  and  Philosophical  Essays  " 
(1865);  "Conversations  with  Thiers, 
Guizot,  and  other  Distinguished  Persons 
during  the  Second  Empire"  (1878). 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of,  Anthony 
Ashley  Cooper  (b.  London,  Feb.  26ih, 
1671;  d.  Naples,  Feb.  15th,  1713). 
"Enquiry  concerning  Virtue"  (1699)  ;  "A 
Letter  concerning  Enthusiasm  "  (1708) ; 
"  Sensus  Comn.unis"  (1709) ;  "Soliloipiy  : 
or,  Advice  to  an  Author  "  (1710)  ;  "An 
Inquiry  conceining  Virtue  or  Merit  '' 
(1699);  "Moralists:  a  Philosophical 
Rhapsody  "  (1709)  ;  "Miscellaneous  Re- 
flections "  (1714) ;  and  "The  Judgment 
of  Hercules  "  (1713) ;  forming  the  seven 
treatises  of  his  "  Characteristics  of  Men. 
Manners,  Opinions,  and  Times "  (1711). 
He  also  wrote  "  Several  Letters  by  a 
Noble  Lord  to  a  Young  Man  at  the  Uni- 
versity "  (1716) ;  and  "  Letters  to  Robert 
Molesworth,  Esq.,  with  Two  Letters  to 
Sir  John  Cropley  "  (1721).  See  Gizycki's 
"  Philosophic  Shaftesburys  "  (Leip,1876). 

Shakespeare,  William  (b.  Strat- 
ford-upon-Avon, 1564  ;  d.  Stratford,  A  pril 
26th,  1616).  Furnivnir.s  order  :  —  Fii(ST 
Pkriod  :  (/  1588—94)  :  "  Love's  Labour's 
Lost"  (?  1.588-9);  "The  Comedy  of 
Errors"  (?  1589);  "A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream"  (?  1590-1)  ;  "Two 
(lentlemen  of  Verona"  (?  1590—1); 
"  Romeo  and  .Juliet "  (1591  —  3) ;  "  Venus 
and  Adonis"  (159.3);  "The  R.ape  of 
Lucrece  "  (1593—4);  "The  Pas-sioiiato 
Pilgrim"  (.'  1589-99);  "Rich.ard  H." 
(/  1593);  1,  2,  3  "  Henry  VI."  {i  1.W2- 
4);  "Richard  III."  (M594).  Skcund 
PiMiion  (':  lf)95— KiOl)  :  "King  John" 
(M595)  ;  "The  Merch.ant  of  Venice" 
{i.  \hm)  ;  "The  Taming  of  the  Slircw  " 
(?  1596-7);  1  "Henry  IV."  (1696-7); 
2  "Henry  IV.''  (1597—8)  ;  "The  Merry 
"\Vivo8of  Windsor"  (1.598 -P);  "Henry 


1054 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


V."  (1599) ;  "  Mueli  Ado  al.ont  Notliinp: " 
(1599-1(300);  "  As  You  Like  it "  (1000) ; 
''Twelfth  NiK-ht"  (1001);  "All's  Well 
that  Ends  Well"  (10(»1— -2);  "Sonnets" 
(?  1592— 1008).  TuiiiD  Pi:moD  (1001  — 
1008):  '-Julins  Ca-sar "  (1001);  "  Ham- 
lot "  (1G02 — 3) ;  "  Measure  for  Measure  " 
(?  160-i) ;  "  Othello"  (?  1G04) ;  "  Macbeth" 
(1605-G);  "ICing  Lear"  (16C5-6); 
^'Troilus  and  Cressida "  (?  l(J0G-7); 
"Antony  and  Cleopatra  "(?  1G06— 7) ; 
"Coriolanus"  (HGOT  — 8);  "Timon  of 
Atheus  "  (':  1G07— 81.  Fourth  Peuiod 
(1009-1013):  "Pericles"  (1G08— 9)  ; 
"The  Tempest"  (1609-10);  "  Cymbe- 
line"  (HGIO);  "The  Winter's  Tale" 
(1611);  "Henry  Vllf."  (1612-13). 
Shakespeare's  name  has  also  been  more 
or  less  connected  with  "Arden  of  Fever- 
sham"  (1592);  "The  Tsvo  Noble  Kins- 
men" (before  161G) ;  "A  Lover's  Com- 
plaint" (1609);  "Sir  Thomas  More" 
(written  about  1590);  "Sir  John  Old- 
cxstle"  (IGOO)  ;  "The  Passionate  Pib 
grim"  (1599);  "Titus  Andronicus" 
(1594);  "Edward  III."  (1596);  and 
"A  Yorkshire  Tragedy"  (IGOS).  First 
folio,  1623  ;  third,  166i.  The  leading 
editions  by  Rowe  (1709"),  Pope  (1720), 
Theobald  (1733),  Hanmer  (1741—6;, 
Warburtou  (1747),  Blair  (1753),  Johnson 
(176')),  Capell  (1767 — 8),  Johnson  and 
Steeveus  (1773),  Bell  (ihe  Stage  Edition, 
1774i,  Ayscough  (1784),  Nichols  (1786  — 
90),  Miloue  (1790),  Boydell  (18t>2),  John- 
son, Stccvens,  and  Reed  (1803),  Cbalraers 
(180.5),  Bowdler  (the  "Family"  Edition, 
1818),  Harness  (1825),  Singer  (1826), 
Campbell  (183S),  Knight  (1838-43), 
Proctor  (1839—43),  Collier  (1841),  Haz- 
Htt(18.51),Halliwen-Phillipps  (1851—53), 
Hudson  (1852—57),  Collier  (1853),  Halli- 
well-Phillipps  (1853—61),  Llovd  (1856), 
Dyce  (1857),  Grant-White  (1857— GO), 
Staunton  (1858-60),  Mary  Cowden 
Clarke  (1860),  Carruthers  and"  Chambers 
(18611,  Clark  and  Wright  ("Globe" 
Edition,  1863-6,  and  Clarendon  Pi-ess 
Select  Plays),  Dyce  (1860—8),  Keight- 
ley  (1867),  Hunter  (separate  plays, 
1869 — 73),  Moberlv  (separ.ite  plav?, 
1872—3),  Bell  (1875\  and  Delias  and 
Fumivail  ("Leopold  "  Edition,  1877). 
The  Biographies  of  Shakespeare,  besides 
those  contained  in  the  above-mentioned 
editions,  are  by :— Gentlemnn  (1774), 
Wheler  (1806),  '  Britton  (1S14\  Drake 
(1817  and  1828),  Skottowe  1824 1.  Wheeler 
(1824).  Moucreiff  (1824i,  Harvey  (1825), 


Symmonds  (1326),  Neill  (1861),  Fullom 
(1861),  and  Kenney  (1864).  For  foreign 
Biography,  see  Guizot,  "Shakespeare" 
(1841),  Delias,  "  Der  Mythus  von 
William  Shakespeare"  (Bonn,  18.51) 
and  Grant-White  (Boston,  U.S.,  1805), 
For  Criticism,  S'-e,  in  addition  to  tho 
above  editions  and  biographic?.  Abbot's 
"Shakespearian  Grammar,"  Bathurst's 
"Shakespeare's  Versification,"  Brown's 
"  Sonnets  of  Shakespeare,"  Bucknill's 
"Mad  Folk  of  Shakespeare,"  S.  T.  Cole- 
ridge's "Literary  Remains"  and  "  Bio- 
graphia  Literaria,"  Hartley  Coleridge'n 
"  Notes  and  Marginalia,"  Conn's  "Shake- 
speare in  Germany,"  Courtenay's  "  Com- 
mentaries on  Shakespeare,"  Craik'.s 
"  English  of  Shakespeare,  '  De  Quincey's 
"Essays,"  Donee's  "Illustrations  of 
Shakespeare,"  Dowden's  "  ilind  and  Art 
of  Shakspere,"  Farmer's  "Learning  of 
Shakespeare,"  Fletcher's  "  Studies  of 
Shakespeare,"  HaUam's  "  Literary  His- 
tory," Hazlitt's  "  Characters  of  Shake- 
spear's  Plays,"  "English  Poet,',"  and 
"  Comic  Writers."  Heraud's  '"  Inner  Life 
of  Shakspere,"  Leigh  Hunt's  "  Imagina- 
tion and  Fanc}%"  Hudson's  "Art  and 
Characters  of  Shakespeare,"  Ingleby's 
"Complete  View  of  the  Shakespearian 
Controversy  "  (1861),  Ingram  (in  "  Dublin 
Afternoon  "Lectures,"  1863),  Jameson's 
"Characteristics  of  Shakespeare's  Wo- 
men," Lamb's  "Works,"  Langbaine's 
"Dramatick  Poets, "Lowell's "Among my 
Books,"  Ma^inn's  "Shakespeare Papers," 
Massey's  "  Shakspeare's  Sonnets  and 
his  Private  Friends,"  Mrs.  Montagu's 
"  Genius  of  Shakespeare,"  Richardr^on's 
"Essays  on  Shakespeare's  Characters," 
Reed's  "Lectures,"  Rnshton's  "Shak- 
speare's Euphuism"  and  "  Shakspeare 
a  Lawyer,"  Ruskin  (in  "  Dublin  After- 
noon Lectures,"  1869),  Simpson's 
"Philosophy  of  Shakespeare's  Sonnets," 
Walker's  "  Versification  of  Shake- 
speare," and  Wordsworth's  "Shake- 
speare's Knowledge  and  Use  of  the 
Bible."  .S'.<3  also  French's  "  Sh.ake- 
speareana  Genealogica"  (1869),  Fris- 
weirs"Life  Portraits  of  Shakespeare," 
Green's  "Shakespere  and  the  Emblem 
Writers,"  Inyleby's  "  Shakspere  Allusion 
Books."  and  bis  "Shakspere,  the  Man 
and  the  Book "  (1877),  W.  C.  Hazlitt's 
"Shakespeare  Jest  Books" and  "Shake- 
speare's Library,"  Mrs.  Cowden  Clarke's 
"Concordance  to  Shakespe.are,"  and 
Schmidt's  "Shakespeare  Lexicon,"  and 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


I0&5 


the  various  publications?  of  the  Shake- 
speare and  New  Shakspere  Societies. 
Amon^  foreign  authorities  on  Shake- 
speare maybe  mentioned  the  biograpiiies 
by  Moratin  (Spanish,  ITSt'i),  and  Buchon 
(Dutch,  182  J).  France  has  yielded, 
besides  the  Lives  by  Hugo,  Guizot  ^1 821), 
ViUemain  (1810),  Pichot  (1841),  and 
Chasles  (1851),  Taine's  "  History  of  Eng- 
lish Literature,"  Mezifere's  "Shake- 
speare, ses  CEuvres  et  ses  Critiques, " 
Lacroix's  "  Intiuence  do  Shakspeare  sur 
le  Th<?{ltre  P'ran(,ais,"  and  Eeymond's 
'•Corneille,  Shakespeare,  et  Goethe." 
From  Germany  we  have  Goethe's 
"Shakespeare  und  Kein  Ende,"  the 
"Shakespeare  Jahrbuch,"  Gerviuus's 
"Commentaries,"  Schlegel's  "Dra- 
matic Art  and  Literature,"  Ulrici's 
"Dramatic  Art  of  Shakespeare," 
Friesen's  "  Altengland  und  William 
Shakspere,"  Hebler's  "  Aut'siitze  liber 
Shakcsjieare,"  Tschischwitz'  "Shak- 
spere -  Forschungen,"  Benedix's  "Die 
Shakespearomanic,"  Ludwig's  "Sh-^ke- 
Rpcare  Studien,"  Iliitscher's  "Shake- 
speare in  seinen  hochsten  Charakter- 
gebilden,"  Riimelin's  "  Shakespeare- 
Stndien,"  Kreyssig's  "Shakspeare- 
Fragen."  Hertzherg's  "Shakespeare's 
Dramatische  Werke,"  V^ehse's  "Shake- 
speare als  I'rotestivnt,  Politiker,  P>ycho- 
log,  und  l)if:hter,"  P'lathe's  "Shakspeare 
in  seiner  Wirkliclikeit,"  Delius's  "Der 
Mvthus  von  W.  Shakespeare,"  Simrock's 
"  Die  Quelion  des  Shakespeare,"  and  the 
"Jahrbuch  der  Deutscheu  Shakespeare 
Gesellscliaft." 

Shelley.  Mrs.  Mary  (b.  1797,  d. 
18.'>1).  "Frankenstein"  (1818).  "  Val- 
per«a  "  (1823),  "  The  Last  Man  "  (1824), 
"  I'erkin  Warbeck  "  (18iO),  "  Lodore  " 
(ISSf)),  "Falkncr"(lS:i7),  and  "Rambles 
in  Germany  and  Italy"  (1844).  Edited 
her  husband's  "  Poems,"  with  biographi- 
cal notes,  in  1839. 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe  (b.  Field 
Place,  Sussex,  Aug.  4th,  17'.»2:  d.  Gulf 
of  Spezzia,  July  Stb,  1S22).  "  Zastrozzi  " 
(1809) ;  "St.  Irvyne"  (1818) ;  the  greater 
part  of  "Original  Poetry  by  Victor  and 
Cazire"  (1810) ;  part  of '  'PosthumousFrag- 
ments  of  Margaret  Xicholson  ;  "  "  The 
Necessity  of  Atheism  ;  "  "  Queen  Mab" 
(1813) ;  "  Alastor  :  or,  the  Spirit  of  Soli- 
tnde"  (181(J);  "The  Revolt  of  Islam" 
(1818);  "Rosalind  and  Helen"  (1818); 
"Julian  and  Maddalo"   (1818);    "The 


Cenci"(1819);  "Peter  Bell  the  Third" 
(1819);  "(Edipus  Tyi-annus  :  or,  Swell- 
I    foot  the  Tyrant"   (182(1)  ;   "The  Witch 
<    of    Atlas"     (1820);      "Epipsychidiou  "* 
1    (1821);     "Adonais"   (1821);     "Prome- 
I    theus     Unbound"     (1821);     "Hellas" 
(1821).      iice   also    "The    Shelley    Pa- 
pers"   (about    181,'));      "Remarks    cu 
I    Mandeville   and    Mr.   Godwin"    (1816); 
I    "The   Coliseum"    (about    1819) ;  and  a 
'    translation    of     Spinoza's      "  Tractatus 
I    Thcologico-Politicus "   (1820);  "Essays, 
Letters  from  Abroad,  Translations,  and 
j    Fragments,"  edited    by    Mrs.   Shelley; 
!    "Tlic    Shelley    Memorials,"    edited  "by 
Lady  Shelley:  and  R.  Garnelt's  "  Relics 
'    of  Shelley."     For  Biography,  .«(«  Hogg's 
!    "  Life  of  Shelley  ;  "  Trelawney's  "  Recol- 
j    lections  of  the  Last  Days  of  Shelley  and 
i    Byron  ;  "  Medwin's  "  Life  of  Shelley  ;  " 
I    articles   by  T.   L.   Peacock   in   /'>•(!«<.>■'.< 
M(u/(i:uie  for    1858    and    18*50 ;    Leigh 
Hunt's  "Autobiography,"  "Correspon- 
dence," and  "Lord  Byron  and  some  of 
his  Contemporaries  ;"  "  Shelley,  by  One 
who  knew  him"  (Thornton  Hunt),  in  T/ie 
Atlantic   Monthlii  for    February,    1863; 
R.  Carnett  in  MacmiUau'g  Magazine  for 
June,  1860  ;  "  Shelley  and  his  Writings," 
by    C.    S.    Middleton ;    Moore's     "Life 
of  Lord  Byron  :  "  and  the  Memoirs  by 
W.  M.  Rossetti,  J.  Addiiigton  Symoiids 
(1S78),  andBarnett  Smith  (1877),  "The 
Real    Shellev,"    by    J.   C.    JeaflFreson 
(1880) ;  Rossetii's  "  Memoir  of  Shelley  " 
(1886) ;  Dowden's  "  Life  of  P.   B.  Shel- 
ley "  (1886).     See  the  Criticism  by  A.  C. 
Swinburne,  in  "  Essays  and  Studies  ;  "  by 
De  Quincey,  in  his  ••  Kssays,"  vol.  v.  ;  by 
Professor  Masson,  in  "  Wordsworth,  Sliel- 
ley,  Keats,  and  other  Essays  ;  "  by  II.  R. 
Hutton,    in   his    "Essays;"    and    Leigh 
Hunt's  "  Imagination  and  Fancy."    Best 
editions  of  "Poems,"  Buxton  Forman'.s 
(1876-77),  and  Rossetti's  (1878).     Prose 
Works,  edited  by  Forman  (1880).      Kvc 
also  the  publications  of  the  "Shelley 
Society." 

Shenstone,  William  (b.  Hales 
Owen,  Shro)ishire,  Nov.  18th,  1714  ;  d. 
Fel).  11th,  1763).  "Poems  upon  Several 
Occasions"  (1737);  "The  Schoolmis- 
tress" (1737  and  1742);  "  Es.says  on  Men 
and  Manners."  "Works"  in  1764— 69. 
"  Recollections  of  some  Particulars  in 
his  Life,"  by  William  Seward,  in  178S. 
See  Gillillan  s  edition  of  "Poems,"  with 
"Memoir"  (1S54). 


ior)<i 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


Sheridan,  "Richard  Brinsley  (b. 

Dul.lin,  Dec.  3Utli,  U.'il  ;  li.  Lfindon, 
•July  Ttli,  ISilG).  "The  Rivals"  (177'>)  ; 
"St.  Patrick's  Dav  :  or,  tho  Scheminj? 
Lieutenant"  (177o) ;  "Tlie  Dneniia " 
(177i'>) ;  "The  School  for  Scandal"  (1777) ; 
"A  Trip  to  Scarlwrouph  "  (1777) ;  "  The 
Stranger"  (17yS);  "The  Critic:  or,  a 
Tragedy  Rehear.=ed"  (1779);  and  "  Fi- 
zarro  "  (1799).  His  Dramatic  '•  Works," 
with  a  critical  essay  by  Loigb  Hunt,  in 
ISK),  in  Holm's  Library  in  1818,  and  by 
Browne  (187:5).  "Life,"  by  Thomas 
Moore  (1825),  Watkins  (1817),  and  Browne 
(1873).  /SVe  8th  of  Hazlitt's  "Lectures 
on  tho  Comic  Writers,"  and  "  Sheridan 
and  his  Times"  (1859). 

Sherlock.  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don (b.  London,  1(578;  d.  Fulhara,  July 
ISth,  17(j1).  "  The  Use  and  Intent  of  Pro- 
phecy in  the  Several  Ages  of  the  World  " 
(172n) ;  "The  Trial  of  tho  Witnesses  of  the 
Bcsnrrection  of  Jesus"  (1729);  "_L)is- 
conrscs  at  the  Temple  Church  "  (1751). 
"Works,"  in  1830. 

Shirley,  James  (b.  London,  Sept. 
]3lh,  ir.9G;  d.  London,  Oct.  29th,  1G66). 
"  Tiie  Wedding"  (1G29) ;  "The  Grateful 
Servant "  (l(i30) ;  "The  Schoole  of  Com- 
plement "(1(531) ;  "The  Changes"  (1032)  ; 
"A  Contention  for  Honour  and  Riches  " 
(1633) ;  "The  Wittie  Faire  One  "  (1633); 
" The  Triumph  of  Peace"  (10:33);  "The 
Bird  in  a  Cage"  (1633);  "The  Night 
WalKers"  (corrected  from  Fletcher, 
1G:33);  "The  Tniytor"  (1035);  "The 
Lady  of  Pleasure"  (1637) ;  "  'I'he  Young 
Admirall "  (1637)  ;  "  the  Example  " 
(16:37);  "Hide  Parke"  (1637)  ;  "The 
Gamester"  (1037):  "The  Koval  Master" 
(1038); "The Duke'sMistris"(1638);  "The 
Maides  Revenge  "  (1639) ;  "  The  Tragedie 
of  Chabot,  Admiral  of  Franco  "  (1639)  ; 
"The  Ball"  (1639);  "The  Arcadia" 
(1640);  "The  Humorous  Courtier" 
(KilO);  "Tho  Opportunitie "  (1610); 
"St.  Patrick  for  Ireland"  (1640); 
"Loves  Crueltie"  (1640);  "The  Con- 
stant Maid "  (1640) ;  "The Coronation  (?)" 
(1040);  "The  Triumph  of  Beautie " 
(1040);  "The  Brothers  '  (1652);  "The 
Sisters  "  (1652)  ;  "The  Doul)tful  Heir" 
(1052) ;  "  Tlie  Imposture"  (1652)  ;  "The 
CanUnal"  (1652);  "The  Court  Secret" 
(1653);  "Cupid  and  Death"  (165:3); 
"The  General"  (1053);  "Love's  Vic- 
tory"  (165:3);  "Tho  Politician"  (1655); 
•'Tli<?   Ooijtleuiqn   of  Venice"  (1655); 


"The  Contention  of  Ajax  and  Achilles" 
(1659) ;  "  Honoria  and  Mammon  "  (1659) ; 
and  "Andromana"  (attributed  to  Shirley, 
1000).  Also,  "Eccho:  or,  the  Infor- 
tunate  Lovers"  (1618);  "Xarcis.sus,  or 
the  Self  Lover  "  (1646) ;  "  Via  ad  Lati- 
nam  Linguam  Complanata "  (1649)  ; 
"  Grammatica  Anglo  -  Lalina  "  (1651); 
"The  Rudiments  of  (Grammar  "  (1650)  ; 
and  "An  Essay  towards  an  Universal 
and  Rational  Grammar  "  (172(3).  "  Dra- 
matic Works  and  Poems,"  with  Notes  by 
Gilford,  and  "Life"  by  Dyco,  in  1833. 

Shorthouse,  Joseph  Henry  (b. 

1834).  "John  Inglesant"  (1880 1,  "  Tbo 
Platonism  of  Wordsworth"  (1881), 
'  Golden  Thoughts  of  Molinos"  (1883), 
"  The  Little  Schoolraa.<ter  Mark"  (1883), 
"Sir  Percival"  (1880). 

Sidney.  Sir  Philip  (b.  Penshurst, 
Kent,  Nov.  29th,  1554  ;  d.  Zutphen,  Oct. 
7tli,  1586).  "The  Countess  of  Pem- 
broke's Arcadia"  (1590);  "Astrophel 
and  Stella"  (1591);  "An  Apologie  for 
Poetrie  "  (1595).  "Works"  edited  by 
Gray  (1829),  and  Grosart  (1877).  His 
"  Correspondence  with  Hubert  Languet" 
was  translated  from  the  Latin  b}'  Pears 
in  1845.  .S'ee  the  Biographies  by  Fulke 
GreviUe  (1652),  Zouch  (1808),  Lloyd 
(1862),  andH.  K.  Fox-Bourne  (1862).  See 
also  (JoUins's  "Sidney Papers,"  Walpole's 
"Royal  and  Noble  Authors,"  Lamb's 
prose  "Works,"  Hallam's  "Literary 
History,"  Haxlitt's  "Age  of  Elizabeth," 
Masson's  "English  Novelists,"  and 
"  Cambridge  Essays  "  (1858). 

Skelton.  John  (b.  Norfolk,  about 
1400;  d.  Westminster,  June  21st,  1529). 
"  On  the  Death  of  King  Edward  IV." 
(1484);  "An  Elegy  on  the  De.ath  of 
the  Earl  of  Northumberland"  (1489); 
"  The  Niguamansir"  (1504);  "  A  Goodly 
Garland  or  Chapelet  of  Laurell  "  (1523) ; 
"  Merie  Tales  "  (1575) ;  ' '  Magnyfycence ;" 
"The  Bouge  of  Courte ; "  "  Collyn 
Clout;"  "Phyllyp  Sparowe ;"  "Why 
come  ye  not  to  Courte?"  "  Speake 
Parot ;"  "Ware  the  Hawke  ;  "  "The 
Tunning  of  Elynour  Rummyng  ;"  "The 
Maner  of  the  World  Nowadays  ;"  "  Man- 
nerly Mistress  Margery  ;"  "  Speculum 
Principis  ;"  "Ag-aynste  a  comely  Coy- 
strowne."  "Works,"  edited  by  Dyce 
(1843).  i^e^? Wood's  "AthenieOxonienses," 
Tanner's  "Bibliotheca Britannica,"  War- 
ton's  "Historj'  of  English  Poetry,"  Rit- 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1057 


son's  "  Bibliograpbia  Poetica,"  Brydges' 
"  CensuraLiteraria,"  and  The  lielrosijec- 
tive  Review. 

Smart,  Christopher  (b.  172-2,  d. 
177<l)-  "  I'oem.s  on  Several  Occasions'' 
(17r>2);  "Tlie  Hilliad"  (1753);  "The 
\Vorks  of  Horace,  in  English  "  (1750)  ; 
"  A  Song  to  David"  (17U3)  ;  "Poetical 
Translation  of  the  Poems  of  Pha^drns  " 
(17C5),  &c.,  besides  many  contributions 
to  periodical  literature,  and  a  mass  of 
loliyious  poetrj-. 

Smiles.  Samuel  (b.  Haddington, 
1816).  "Physical  Education  "  (1S37)  ; 
"Railway  Property"  (1849);  "Life 
of  George  Stephenson  (1851t) ;  "  Self- 
Help  "  (I860);  "Lives  of  the  Engi- 
neers "  (1HG2)  ;  "  Industrial  Biography  " 
(1863);  "Lives  of  Boulton  and  Watt" 
0865);  "Tlie  Huguenots  in  England 
and  Ireland"  (1867);  "Character" 
(1871);  "The  Huguenots  in  France" 
(1874);  "Thrift"  (1875);  "Scotch 
Naturalist"  (1876);  "The  Baker  of 
Thurso"  (1878);  "George  Moore" 
(1878);  "Duty"  (1880),  Edited  the 
"  A\itobiograpliy  of  James  Nasmyth  " 
(1883). 

Smith,  Adam.  LIj.D.  (b.  Kirk- 
ealdv,  .lune  5tii,  1723;  d.  Edinburgh, 
July  17th,  17911).  "The  Theory  of 
lloral  yentin)ents"  (1759);  "An  Inquiry 
into  the  Nature  and  Causes  of  the  Wealth 
of  Nations"  (1776);  "The  Bights  of 
Groat  Britain  asserted  against  the 
Claims  of  America"  (1776) ;  "Letter  to 
Mr.  Strahan  on  the  Last  Illness  of  David 
Hume  "  (1777)  ;  and  "Essays  on  Philo- 
sophical Subjects"  (1795).  See  the 
"  Life"  by  Brougham  in  "Men  of  Letters 
and  Science,"  by  Play  fair  (1805),  by 
Sniellie  (1800),  that  prefixed  by  Dugald 
Stewart  to  Smith's  Works  (1812),  and 
Farrer's  (1881).  Best  editions  of  the 
"Wealth  of  Nations,"  McCulloch's 
(1839),  and  Rogers's  (1870).  See  the 
French  translation,  with  notes  by 
Buchanan,  Garnier,  McCuUoch,  Malthus, 
Mill,  Fiicardo,  Sismondi,  Say,  Blanqui ; 
Von  Inama-Sleruegg's  "Adam  Smith  und 
ilie  Be(ieutung  seines  '  Wealth  of  Na- 
tions' fiir  die  Moderne  Nationalsiiko- 
nomio  "  (Innsbruck,  1X76)  ;  and  Unckeu's 
"Aiinm  Smith  uud  Inimauuel  Kant" 
(Leipzig,  1877). 

Pm;th,  Alexanrler  (b.  Kihnarnotk, 
Dot-.  31sf,  1S30:    d.  Wardio,  near  Edin 

■1  1 


burgh,  Jan.  8th,  1867).  "A  Life-Drama, 
and  other  Poems  "  (1853)  ;  "  Sonnets  on 
the  Crimean  War"  (with  Sydney  Dobell, 
1855);  "City  Poems"  (1857);  "Edwin 
of  Deira"  (1861);  "  Dreamthorpe " 
(1863);  "A  Summer  in  Skye"  (1865); 
"Alfred's  Hagart's  Household,"  a  novel 
{186())  ;  "  Last  Leaves  "  (1868).  "  Life  " 
by  P.  P.  Alexander  (1869),  prefixed  to 
"Last  Leaves."  Sec  al-.o  Brisbane's 
"  Early  Years  of  Alexander  Smith " 
(1869). 

Smith,  Goldwin.LIj.D.  (b.  Rend- 
ing, Aug.  13tli,  1S23).  "Irish  History 
and  Irish  Character"  (1861);  "The 
Foundation  of  the  American  Colonics" 
(1861);  "Irish  History  and  Irish 
Characteristics"  (1861);  "The  f'ni- 
pire"  (1863) ;  "Three  English  Statesmen  : 
Pym,  Cromwell,  and  Pitt"  (1867)  ; 
"  Lectures  on  INIodern  History  ;"  "  Short 
History  of  England  down  to  the  Reforma- 
tion "  (18(i9) ;  "  Cowper,"  in  the  EixjlisJi 
Jfeii  of  Lrilcrs  series  ;  "The  Conduct  of 
England  to  Ireland  "  (1882). 

Smith,  Horace  (b.  London,  Dec. 
31st,  1779  ;  d.  Tunbridge  Wells,  July 
12tb,  1^19).  "Horatio:  or.  Memoirs  of 
the  Davenport  Family"  (1817);  "  lie- 
jected  Addresses"  (with  his  brother 
James,  1812)  ;  "  Horace  in  London  " 
(1813);  "First  Impressions"  (1813): 
"  Trevanion  :  or.  Matrimonial  Errors" 
(1813);  "The  Runaway  "(1813);  "Gaie- 
ties and  Gravities  "  (1825) ;  "  Brarabktye 
House"  (1826);  "Reuben  Apslev" 
(1^27);  "The  Tor  Hill"  (182?); 
"Zillaii:  a  Tale  of  the  Holy  City" 
(1828);  "The  New  Forest"  (1829); 
"Walter  Colyton  :  a  Tale  of  1688" 
(1830);  "Midsummer  Medley"  (1830); 
"  Festivals,  (5an>es,  and  Amusements  of 
aU  Nations  "(1S3I)  ;  "Talesof  the  Karlv 
Ages"  (1832) ;  "  Gale  Middleton"  (1833)'; 
"The  Involuntary  Prophet"  (1835); 
"The  Tin  Trmnpet "  (1836);  "June 
Lomax  :  or,  a  Mother's  (.'rime"  (1837)  ; 
"Oliver  Cromwell"  (184(1);  "Tiio 
]\Ioneyed  Man,  and  the  Lesson  of  a 
Life"  (1841);  "Adam  Brown,  the  Mer 
ch;int"  (1843);  "Arthur  Arundel" 
(1844);  "Love's  Mesmerism "  (1845)  ; 
and  "  Poetical  Works  "  (collected,  181  :). 

Smith,  Sydnoy  (b.  Woodford, 
Ess.'x,  Juno  3rd,  1768  ;  d.  London,  Fob. 
22n<i,  1845i.  "Six  Sermons  i.reaoiied 
at  Charlotte  Chai>ol.  Edinbnrgli"  (IStiOij 


1058 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


"  Loiters  on  the  Catholics  from  Peter 
Plymley  to  liis  IJrother  Abraham"  (1808; ; 
"Sermons"'  (I.SUK) ;  "The  Judge  that 
smites  contrary  to  the  Law  "  (1824) ; 
"A  Letter  to  the  Electors  on  the 
Catholic  Question"  (182(3);  "Three 
Letters  to  Archdeacon  Singleton  on  the 
Kcclesiastical  Commission"  (1837 — 9); 
"The  Ballot"  (1837);  "Letter  to  Lord 
John  KussoU  on  the  Church  Bills" 
(1838);  "Letters  on  American  Debts" 
(1841)  ;  "Fragment  on  the  Irish  Roman 
Catholic  Church"  (184'));  "Sermons" 
(184f!) ;  and  "  Elementary  Sketches  of 
Moral  Philosophy"  (1S49).  A  "Selec- 
tion from  his  Writings "  appeared  in 
ISoo  ;  his  "  Wit  and  Wisdom  "  in  18CI. 
His  "  Works,  including  his  contributions 
to  the  Kdiiihun/Ii  Jie(-iei';"v!cre  published 
in  1839-40.  '.SVc  the  "  Life  "  by  Lady 
Holland,  with  the  "Letters,"  edited  by 
Mrs.  Austen  (1858),  Hayward's  "Bio- 
graphical and  Critical  Essays "  (1858, 
vol.  i.):  The  Kdiahiu-gh  Berieii;  No.  cii., 
and  FiKScr's  Mo.'ja'.iae,  No.  xvii. 

Smollett,  Tobias  George,  M.D. 
(b.  Dalijuhurn  House,  Dumbartonshire, 
March,  1721;  d.  Leghorn,  Oct.  liKh, 
1771).  "The  Tears  of  Caledonia" 
(174r.)  ;  "  The  Advice  :  a  Satire"  (174G)  ; 
"  The  Beproof :  a  S.atire"  (1747) ;  "The 
Adventures  of  Roderick  Random"  (1748) ; 
"The  Regicide:  a  Trai,'edy"  (1749); 
' '  An  Essay  on  the  External  Use  of 
Water,  with  particular  Remarks  on  the 
Mineral  Waters  of  Bath  "(1752):  "The 
Adventures  of  Peregrine  Pickle"  (1751); 
"The  Adventures  of  Ferdinand,  Count 
Fathom"  (1753) ;  a  translation  of  "Don 
Quixote"  (1755);  "The  Reprisals:  or, 
Tars  of  Old  England  "  (1757)  ;  "  A  Com- 
pleat  Histoi-y  of  England"  (1757);  "A 
Compendium  of  Voyages  and  Travels" 
(1757) ;  "The  Adventures  of  Sir  Launce- 
lot  Greaves"  (17*32);  "The  Present 
State  of  all  Nations  "  (17G4) ;  "  Travels 
through  France  and  Italy  "  (17(36) ;  "The 
History  and  Adventures  of  an  Atom" 
17(3.');  "The  Expedition  of  Humphrey 
Clinker"  (1771);  "Ode  to  Independence" 
(1773) ;  and  miscellaneous  poems  and 
essays  contributed  to  The  Crilicul  Redeic. 
"■  Plays  and  Poems,  with  Memoirs  of  the 
Life  and  Writings  of  the  Author,"  in 
1777:  his  ".Miscellaneous  Works"  in 
17!H),  171IG,  1797,  and  1845;  the  second 
and  last  of  these  editions  including 
riotices  of  his  "Life"  by  Dr.  Anderson 


and  W.  Roseoe  respectively.  "Works" 
in  1872,  with  "Memoir"  by  J.  Moore. 
.S'c'  also  the  "  Biographies "  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  and  Robert  Chambers. 
For  Criticism,  xee  Hazlitt's  "Comic 
Writers,"  Thackeray's  "English  Hu- 
mourists," Forsyth's  "  Novelists  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century,"  Masson's  "  Nove- 
lists and  their  Styles." 

Somerville,  Mrs.  Mary  (h.  Rox- 
burghshire, Dec.  26th,  1780;  d.  Naples, 
Nov.  2;:)th,  1872).  "  The  Mechanism  of 
the  Heavens"  (1831)  ;  "The  Connection 
of  the  Physical  Sciences  "  (1834) ;  "  Phy- 
sical Geography  "  (1848)  ;  "  Molecidar 
and  ]\Iicroscopic  Science,"  &c.  "Per- 
sonal Recollections  and  Correspondence" 
in  1873. 

South,  Robert,  D.D.  (b.  Hackney, 
16:33;  d.  July  8th,  1716).  "  Musica, 
Incantans "  (1655),  "The  Laitie  In- 
.structed"  (1660),  "Animadversions  on 
Dr.  Sherlock's  Vindication  of  the  Doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity"  (lG93i,  &c.  "Opera 
Posthuma"  (1717),  "Sermons"  (1823), 
new  edition  (1842). 

Southern,  Thomas  (b.  Dublin, 
1660  ;  d.  Westminster,  May  26th,  1746). 
"  The  Persian  Prince :  or,  the  Loyal 
Brother"  (1682);  "The Disappointment: 
or,  the  Mother  in  Fashion"  (16S4)  ; 
"The  Wife's  Excuse"  (1G92)  ;  "-The 
Spartan  Dame"  (1721)  ;  "Isabella  :  or, 
the  Fatal  Marriage  ;  "  "  Oronooko  ;  " 
"  The  Rambling  Lady;"  "  Cleomenes."' 
"  Works  with  Life  "  (1774). 

Southesk,  The  Earl  of  (b.  1827). 
".Jonas  Fisher '' (1875),  "Saskatchewan 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains "  (1875), 
"Greenwood's  Farewell  and  other 
Poems"  (1876),  and  "The  Meda  Maiden 
and  other  Poems  "  (1877). 

Southev,  Mrs.  Caroline  Anne 
Bowles  (b.  1786,  d.  1854).  "Ellen 
Fitzarthur"  (1820),  "The  Widow's 
Tale,"  "Solitary  Hours,"  kc. 

South  ey,     Robert,     Lli.D.    (b. 

Bristol,  Aug.  12th,  1774;  d.  Keswick, 
March  21st,l843).  "Wat  Tvler  "  (1794) ; 
"  Poems  "  (1795.  1797,  1801) ;  "Joan  of 
Arc  "  (1796)  ;  "Thalaba  the  Destroyer  " 
(1801);  "Madoc"  (1805);  "Metrical 
Tales  and  other  Poems"  (1805);  "The 

I  Curse  of  Kehama  "  (1810) ;  "  Roderick  " 
(1814);       "Odes"       (1814);       "Minor 

I   Poems"  (1815)  ;  " Carmen  Triumphal-'" 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1059 


(1815);  "The  Poet's  Pilgrimage  to 
Waterloo  "  (1816) ;  "  The  Lay  of  the 
Laureate"  (1816);  "A  Msion  of  Judg- 
ment" (1821);  "The  Expedition  of 
Orsua  and  the  Crimes  of  Aguirro  "  (1821) ; 
"A  Tale  of  Paraguay"  (1825) ;  "All  for 
Love"  and  "The  Pilgrim  toCompostella" 
(1829);  "Oliver  Newman,  and  other 
Poetical  Remains  "  (1815);  and  "Robin 
Hood  :  a  Fragment  "  (1847).  His  prose 
works  are  as  follow  : — "Letters  written 
during  a  short  Residence  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,  with  some  account  of  Spanish 
and  Portuguese  Poetry  "  (1797);  "Letters 
from  England,  by  Don  Manuel  Alvarez 
Espriella "  (I8fl7);  "Chronicle  of  the 
Cid  PoJrigo  Diaz  de  Bivar,  from  the 
Spanish  "  (1808) ;  a  "'  History  of  Brazil" 
(1810);  "Omniana:  or,  tlie  Horse  Otio- 
siores"  (1812);  a  "Life  of  Nelson"' 
(1813)  ;  a  "  Life  of  Wesley''  (182o)  ;  a 
"History  of  the  Peninsular  War" 
(1823);  "The  Book  of  the  Church" 
(182i) ;  "  Sir  Thomas  More  :  or,  Collo- 
(juies  on  the  Progress  and  Prosi)Ccts  of 
Society"  (1824);  "  Vindiciie  Ecclesiie 
Anglicanpe"'  (1826) ;  "Essays,  Moral  and 
Political"  (1832);  "Lives  of  English 
Admirals"  (1833—40);  "The  Doctor" 
(1834—38) ;  "  Lives  of  Cromwell  and 
Bunyan  "  (1844);  and  a  "Life  of  Doctor 
Andrew  Bell "  (1844).  Southey  also 
edited  the  "  English  Anthology "  for 
1799—1800;  "Specimens  of  the  Late 
English  Poets,  with  Preliminary  Notices'' 
(1807) ;  "Attempts  at  Verse,  by  J.  Jones/' 
with  an  "  Essay  on  Uneducated  Poets  " 
(1831) ;  and  "  Select  Works  of  the  Early 
British  Poets,  with  Biographical  Notices" 
(1831).  His  "Commonplace  Book,'' 
edited  by  J.  W.  Warter,  api)earcd  in 
1849  —  51;  selcctior.s  from  his  prose 
works  in  1S32,  and  from  his  jioetical 
works  in  1831.  "  Life  "  and  Correspon- 
dence published  bj''  his  son  in  18i9— 50  ; 
and  a  Selection  from  his  Letters  by  his 
son-in-law,  Warter,  in  18.56.  See  the 
"Life "  by  Browne  (1854),  and  the  Mono- 
graph by  Dowden  (186'l). 

Southwell,  Robert  (b.  St.  Faith's, 
Norfolk,  156  I  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  20th, 
15'.>5).  "A  Supplication  to  Quoon  Eliza- 
beth" (1.593);  "Mario  Magdalen's 
Funcrall  Teares"  (1504)  ;  St.  Peter's 
Comi)laynt,  with  other  Poems"  (1595) ; 
"  MiBonife  "  (1595)  ;  "  The  Tri\iniplis  over 
Death  "  (1595) ;  "  Epistle  of  Comfort  to 
tho  reverend  priests  and  others  of  the 


lay  sort  restrained  in  durance  for  tho 
Catholike  Fayth  "  (1605);  and  "'A  Short 
Rule  of  Good  Life."  Prose  "Works" 
edited  by  Walter  in  1828 ;  poetical 
Works  by  TurnhuU  in  1856.  For  "  Bio- 
graph  j',"  see  The  (.•entlemau's  Maga- 
zine for  1798,  Brydges'  "  Censura  Lite- 
raria,"  Ellis's  "  Specimen.s,"  Camp- 
bell's "  English  Poets,"  and  Challoner's 
"  Martyrs  to  tho  Catholic  Faith."  For 
Criticism,  .ijc  MacDouald's  "England's 
Antiphon." 

Sppclding-,  James  (b.  1810,  d.  ISSl). 
"  Publishers  and  Authors"  (1867) ;  "  Re- 
views and  Discussions  not  relating  to 
Bacon"  (1869);  "Life  and  Letters  of 
Bacon"  (1876) ;  "  Eveninjrs  with  a  Re- 
viewer; or  Macaulay  and  Bacon"  (1882). 
His  important  edition  of  Bacon's  Works 
began  to  appear  in  1857. 

S pence,  Joseph  (b.  1698,  d.  1678) 
"An  Essay  on  Pope's  Translation  of 
Homer's  Odyssey"  (1727) ;  "  Poh'metis  " 
(1747) ;  "'Moralities:  or,  Essays,  Letters, 
Fables,  and  Translations  "  (1753) ;  an 
"  Account  of  the  Life,  Character,  and 
Poems  of  Mr.  Blacklock"  (1754);  "A 
Parallel,  in  tho  manner  of  Plutai'ch, 
between  a  mo-st  celebrated  Man  of 
Florence  [Signer  Magliabecchi],  and  one 
scarce  ever  heard  of  in  England  [Robert 
Hill]  "  (1758) ;  an^l  "  Observations,  Ane3- 
dotcs,  and  Characters  of  Books  and 
Men  "  (182i)).  See  The  Qitarterli/  Review, 
vol.  xxiii.;  also,  the  "Life"  by  Singer 
(1820). 

Spencer,  Herbert  (b.  Derbv,  A[)ril 
27th,  1820).  "The  Proper  Si.here  of 
Government"  (1842);  "Social  Statics" 
(1851);  "Principles  of  Psychology" 
(1855);  "Essays:  Scientific,  Political, 
and  Speculative"  (1858  —  63);  "Educa- 
tion "  (1861) ;  "  First  Princi[.les  "  (1862) ; 
"  Classilication  of  the  Sciences"  (1864); 
"Principles  of  Biology '' (lSo"4)  ;  "Spon- 
taneous Generation"  (1870);  "Recent 
Discussions  in  Science,  Philosophy,  and 
Morals"  (1871);  "Tho  Study  of  Socio- 
logy" (1372);  "Descriptivd  Sociology" 
(1873) ;  "Sins  of  Trade  .and  Commerce" 
(1875);  'f  Ceremonial  institutions" 
(1879) ;  "Data of  Kthics ''  (1879)  ;  "Tho 
Coming  Slavery"  (1S81);  and  "  ^Lan 
versus  the  State"  (18S5).  See  Ribot's 
"  Contemporary  English  Psychology." 

Spenser,  Edmund  (b.  London, 
1552 ;  d.  Wostminster,  Jan.  16th,  1599). 


1060 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


"The  Shepherd's  Calendar"  (1579); 
"The  F,icnoyiieenn"(]r)<)l)—OG);  "Com- 
plaints" (irjKI);  "  I'riifopopoia :  or, 
Mother  IIubl)ard'sTalc  "  (loll) ;  "Tears 
of  the  Muses"  (l;?Jl)  ;  "  Dajihnaida" 
(1J»91) ;  "Colin  Clout's  Como  Homo 
Againe"  (1595);  "Amoretti"  (1595); 
"Kowre  Hvinns"  {I'M);  "  Prothala- 
mion"  Or,W):  "  Rritaiii's  Ida  (!)"  (1628)  ; 
also,  with  Gabriel  Harvey  (1545— liiSO), 
"  Tlireo  proper  and  wittio  familiar 
Letters,  lately  passed  between  two  Uni- 
versity Men,  touching?  the  Earthquake 
in  Aprill  last,  and  our  English  Refourmed 
Versifyinpf"  (1580);  and  "Two  other 
very  Commendal/le  Letters  of  the  same 
Moil's  Writing',  both  touching  the  fore- 
said artificiall  Versifying,  and  certain 
other  Particulars  "  (1580),  both  of  which 
are  reprinted  in  vol.  ii.  of  Haslewood's 
"Ancient  Critical  Essays  upon  English 
Poets  and  Poesy  ;  "  besides  "A  View  of 
the  State  of  Ireland"' (1633).  Spenser's 
Poetical  "Works"  have  been  edited, 
with  Notes  and  "Memoirs,"  by  Hughes 
(1715  and  1750),  Birch  (1751),  Church 
(1758),  Upton  (1758),  Todd  (1805  and 
1840),  Aikin  (1806  and  1842),  Robinson 
(1825),  Mitford  (1829),  Hillard  (1839), 
Masterton  (1848),  Child  (1855),  Gilfillan 
(1859),  and  Morris  (1869).  '  Kitchen 
edits  the  fir^t  two  Books,  with  notes.  See 
Wartou's  "  English  Poetry  ;  "  Hazlitt's 
"English  Poets;"  "Spenser  and  his 
Poetr}',"  by  G.  L.  Craik  (1845) ;  Morley's 
"  Library  of  English  Literature.' 

Stanhope,  Ear],  Philip  Henry  (b. 
Walmcr,  Jan.  31st,  1805 ;  d.  Bourne- 
mouth, Dec.  22nd,  1875).  "A  Life  of 
Belisarius"  (1829)  ;  "A  History  of  the 
War  of  the  Succession  in  Spain  "  (1832) ; 
"A  History  of  England  from  the  Peace 
of  Utrecht  to  the  Peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  "  (1836-52);  "The  Court  of 
Spain  under  Charles  II."  (1844);  "A  Life 
of  the  Great  Condo "  (1845);  "His- 
torical Essays"  (1848);  "A  History  of 
the  Rise  of  our  Indian  Empire"  (1858); 
"A  History  of  the  Reign  of  Queen 
Anno  to  the  Peace  of  Utrecht"  (1870); 
an  edition  of  the  "Letters"  of  Lord 
Chestcrheld  (1845);  "Memoirs  of  Sir 
Robert  Peel;"  a  "Life  of  William 
Pitt." 

Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhvn,  D.D. 
(b.Alderley.  Dec.l3th,  1815;  d.  Julvl8th, 
1^81).  "LifeofDr.Arnold" (1844);"  "Ser- 
mons aud  Essays  on  ths  .Vpostolic  Age  " 


(1846)  ;  "  A  Memoir  of  Bishop  Stanley  " 
(1850);  "The  Ei)istles  to  the  Corin- 
thians" (1854);  "Historical  Memorials 
of  Canterbury"  (1854);  "Sinai  an:l 
Palestine  "  (1855)  ;  "The  Unity  of  Evan- 
gelical and  Apostolical  Teaching"  (1859); 
"Sermons  preached  before  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford"  (1860);  "The  History 
of  the  Eastern  Church"  (1861);  "Ser- 
mons preached  in  the  East "  (1862)  ; 
"The  History  of  the  .Jewish  Church" 
(1863—65);  "Historical  Memorials  of 
Westminster  Abbey  "  (1867);  "The  Three 
Irish  Churches"  (1869);  "Essays  on 
Church  and  State  "  (1870)  ;  "  The  Atlia- 
nasian  Creed  "  (1871) ;  "  Lectures  on  the 
Church  of  Scotland  "  (1872)  ;  "  Edward 
and  Catherine  Stanley  "  (1879). 

Steele,    Sir  Richard  (b.  Dublin 

1671  ;  d.  Llangunnor,  Sept.  1st,  1729). 
"The  Christian  Hero"  (1701);  "The 
Funeral :  or,  Grief  a  la  Mode  "  (1702) ; 
"The  Tender  Husband"  (170-3);  "  Tbe 
Lying  Lover"  (1704);  "The  Crisis" 
(1714)  ;  "  The  Conscious  Lovers  "  (1722) ; 
edited  The  Tatler,  and  wrote  for 
(ruanliaii  and  Sperfator.  '■  Life  "  of 
Steele  in  Forster's  "Biographical  and 
Critical  Essays, "and  "Memoir"  by  Mont- 
gomery (1865)>  See  also  Thackeray's 
"English  Humourists"  and  Dennis's 
"Studies  in  English  Literature." 

Stephen,  Leslie  (b.  1832).  "The 
Plaj'ground  of  Europe"  (1871),  "  Essays 
on  Free  Thinking  and  Plain  Speaking" 
(1873),  "  Hours  in  a  Library  "  (1874—79), 
"History  of  English  Thought  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century"  (1876),  "Samuel 
Johnson "  (1878),  "  The  Science  of 
Ethics  "  (1882),  "  Life  of  Henry  Faw- 
cett"  (1885),  and  "Pope"  and  "Swift" 
in  the  English  Men  of  Letters  series. 
Edited  Coriihill,  and  is  the  editor  of  the 
Uietioiiari/  of  National  Biography. 

Stephen,  Sir  James  (b.  Lambeth, 
Jan.  3rd,  1789;  d.  Coblentz,  Sept.  15th, 
1859).  "  Essays  in  Ecclesiastical  Bio- 
graphv  "  (1849),  and  "  Lectures  on  the 
History  of  Prance  "  (1851).  "  Life  "  by 
bis  son,  in  1860. 

Stephen,  Sip  James  Fitzjames 

(b.  London,  JIarch.  1829).  "Essays  by 
a  Barrister"  (1862);  "General  View  of 
the  Criminal  Law  of  England  "  (1S63) ; 
"  Libertv,  Equalitv,  ami  Fraternity" 
(1873);  ""Digest    of    the  Law    of    Evi- 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


1061 


dence"    (187<3) ;    "The  Story  of  Nuna- 
mar  "  (LSS.J). 

Sterling,  John  (b.  1806,  <1.  1844). 
"Arthur  Conin^sby"  (1830),  "Poems" 
(183!)),  "The  Election"  (1841),  and 
"  StrafYord,"  a  tragedy  (1843).  "Works" 
in  184S.  Lives  by  Hare  (ISlSj  and  Carlylo 
(1851). 

Sterne,  "Lawrence  (b.  Clonmel, 
Nov.  24th,  1713  ;  d.  London,  Marcli  18th, 
ITtiS).  "  The  Life  and  Ojiinions  of  Tris- 
tram Shandy,  Gent."  (1759—137);  "Ser- 
mons" (UfJii) ;  "A  Sentimental  Journey 
through  Fiance  and  Italy"  (1708);  and 
"The  Historj'  of  a  Warm  Watchcoat" 
(1769).  "  Letters  to  his  most  Intimate 
Friends"  published  by  his  daughter  in 
1775  ;  "  Letters  to  Eliza  "  [Mrs.  I)ra])cr] 
same  year ;  other  portions  of  his  corre- 
spondence, in  1788  and  1844.  For  Bio- 
graphy, see  Tin:  (JuarOrh/  Hevieir,  vol. 
xlix.,  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "Lives  of  the 
Novelists,"  ar.d  Fitzgrerald's  "Life  of 
Laurence  Sterne"  (1864),  and  Stapfer's 
"  Vie  "  (Paris,  1878).  For  Criticism,  see 
Thackeray's  "Lectures  on  the  Hu- 
mourists," Taine's  "English  Literature," 
Masson's  "English  Novelists,"  and 
Fcrriar's  "  Illustrations  of  Sterne.'' 

Stevenson,  Hobert  Louis  Bal- 
four (b.  1850!.  "An  Inland  Voyage" 
(1878),  "Edinburgh  Picturesque  Notes" 
(187!»),  "Travels  with  a  Donkey  "  (]S7!I), 
"Virginibus  Puerisijue  "  (18S1),  "Fami- 
liar Studies  of  j\len  and  Books"  (1882), 
"  New  Arabian  Nights  "  (1882),  "  Trea- 
sure Lsland "  (1883),  "'J'he  Silverado 
S.juatters"  (1883),  "A  Child's  Garden 
of  Verso"  (1885),  "The  Dynamiter" 
(1885),  "Prince  Otto"  (1885),  "Strange 
Ca.se  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde" 
(1885),  "Kidnapped"  (1886),  "Merry 
Men"  (1887),  "  Underwoods"  (1887). 

Stewart  Dugald  (b.  Edinburgh. 
Nov.  22nd,  175.) ;  <!.  near  IJo'ness,  .hino 
Uth,  1S28).  "Elements  of  the  Philo- 
sophy of  the  Ilumau  Mind"  (1792,  1S14, 
and  1827);  "Outlines  of  Moral  Fliilo- 
sn])hy  "(1793)  ;  "  Account  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  William  Itobertson,  D. I). " 
(1801) ;  "  Account  of  the  Life  and  Writ- 
ings of  'Ihdnas  Heid,  D.D."  (18(i3) ; 
"Philosophical  Essays"  (1810);  "Ac- 
count of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Adam 
Smith "(1811)  :  "Dissertation  exhibiting 
the  Progress  of  Metaphysical,  Etliical, 
and   Political   Philosophy  since  the  lle- 


vival  of  Letters  in  Eiu'ope  "  (1815  and 
1821);  "The  Philoso)-by  of  the  Active 
and  Moral  Powers"  (1828);  and  "  Lec- 
tures on  Political  Economy,"  published 
in  1855,  with  the  reniainder  of  Stewart's 
"  Works,"  and  an  account  of  his  "  Life" 
and  "  Writings,"  edited  by  Sir  William 
Hamilton.  .See  The  EdinbHrf/h  J'evietr, 
vols,  xxvii.  and  xxxvi.  ;  The  Quarlerl)/ 
Review,  vols.  xvii.  and  xxvi.  ;  and 
McCosb's  "The  Scottish  Philosophy." 

Stillincfleet,  Sdward   (b.  Cran- 

bourne.  Dorsetshire,  April  17th,  1635; 
d.  Westminster,  March  27th,  lti99). 
"  Irenicum  ;  "  "  Origines  Sacrte  "  (1662)  ; 
"  Rational  Accotmt  of  the  Grounds  of 
the  Prote.stant  Religion"  (1G65) ;  "The 
Reason  of  Christ's  Suffering  for  Us " 
(1678);  "Origines  Rritannica;  "  (1685); 
"  Sermons  Preaclied  on  several  Occa- 
sions"  (1C06-98);  "A  Vindication  of 
the  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity"  (1697); 
"  Directions  for  the  Conversations  of  the 
Clergy"  (1710);  " ^liscellaneous  Dis- 
courses on  several  Occasions"  (1735); 
"Discourses  on  the  Church  of  Rome," 
&c.  "  The  Life  and  Character  of  Bishop 
Stillingileet,  together  with  some  account 
of  his  Works,"  by  Timothy  Goodwin,  in 
1710;  same  year,  "Works"  in  ten  vo- 
lumes. .SfeTuUocii's  "Rational Theology 
in  England." 

Strutf,  Joseph  fb.  Springfield, 
Essex,  Oct.  27th,  1742;  d.  Oct.  16th, 
1802).  "I'he  Regal  and  Ecclesiastical 
Anti<iuitiesof  England"  (1773);  "Horda 
.Angel-Cynnau  :  or,  a  ( 'omplcte  View  of 
the  Manners,  Customs,  Arms,  Haliits. 
ktt.,  of  the  Inhabitants  of  England,  from 
the  Arrival  of  the  Saxons  till  the  Reign 
of  Henry  VIII."  (1774— G);  "The 
Chronicle  of  England,  from  the  Arrival 
of  Julius  Cicsar  to  the  Norman  Con- 
ipiest  ■"  (1777—8) ;  "A  Biographical  His- 
tory of  Engravers'"  (1785—6) ;  "A  Com- 
plete View  of  the  Dress  and  Habits  of 
the  People  of  England,  from  the  Estab- 
lishment of  the  Saxons  in  Britain  to  the 
Present  Time"  (1796- 0);  "The  Sports 
and  Pastimes  of  the  People  of  England" 
(18*11) ;  "  Queenhoo  Hall,"  and  "Ancient 
Times"  (18("8):  "The  Test  of  Guilt'" 
(1808);  and  "  Bumpkin's  Disaster  "(1808). 

Stubbs,     'WilHflm     (b.     Knares- 

burouL;!),  Juno  21st,  1825  .  "The  Consti- 
tutional History  of  England"  (1874—78), 
besides    editing    "Hymnale    Secundum 


1062 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


iismn  Ecelcsiiu  Sarisburiensis "  (1850); 
"TractaUis  de  Santa  C'riico  do  Walthatn" 
(18()0) ;  Moslicim's  "Institutes  of  Churcli 
History"  (18i):{)  ;  "Clironicles  and 
jMomorials  of  Richard  I."  (1861— f*) ; 
lionodict  of  I'eterl)orou»li'3  "Chronicle" 
(18(i7);  the  "  (Jhronicle  "  of  Roger  <lo 
llovedcn  "  (1808—71) ;  "  Select  Charters 
and  other  Illustrations  of  English  Con- 
stitutional History"  (1S70) ;  "Memo- 
rials of  St.  Dunstan"  (1874) ;  "  Lectures 
on  Medieval  and  Modern  History " 
(1886). 

Suokliner,  Sir  John  (b.  Wbitton, 
near  Twiukonbara,  1609,  d.  Paris,  May 
7th,  1G41).  "Works,"  1770.  A  selection, 
with  Life,  by  the  Rev.  Alfred  Suckling, 
in  1836.  .Set'  Hazlitt's  edition  of  Works 
(complete),  1875.  See  also  Leigh  Hunt's 
"  Companion." 

Swift,  Jonathan  (b.  Dublin,  Nov. 
30th,  1667;  d.  Dublin,  Oct.  19th, 
1745),  wrote  "The  Battle  of  the 
Books"  (1704);  "Tale  of  a  Tub" 
(1704);  "Sentiments  of  a  Church  of 
i'higland  Man  in  llespect  to  Religion  and 
Government"  (170S) ;  "An  Argument 
against  the  Abolition  of  Christianity  " 
(1708);  "The  Conduct  of  the  Allies" 
(1712);  "The  Public  Spirit  of  the 
Whigs"  (1714);  "Letters  by  M.  B. 
Drapier  "  (1724) ;  "  Travels  of  Lemuel 
Gulliver  "(1720) ;  a  "History  of  the  Four 
Last  Years  of  Queen  Anne;"  "Polite 
Conversation;"  "Directions  to  Ser- 
vants;" "A  Journal  to  Stella,"  &c. 
Works  edited,  with  a  Memoir,  by  Sir 
"Walter  Scott,  in  1814.  ,S'ce  also  the  Bio- 
gr.iphies  by  Dean  Swift,  Hawkesworth, 
Sheridan,  Johnson,  Forster,  and  Leslie 
Stephen.  For  criticism,  see  Hazlitt's 
"  Comic  Writers,"  Thackeray's  "  English 
Humourists,"  JealTreson's  "Novels  and 
Novelists,"  JIasson's  "  Novelists  and 
their  Styles,"  Taine's  "English  Litera- 
ture," and  other  writers. 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles 
(b.  London,  April  5th,  1837).  "The 
Queen  Mother"' and  "Rosamond  "(1861); 
"  Atalanta  in  Calvdon  "  (ISiil) ;  "  Chaste- 
l.trd''  (1865);  "  Poems  and  Ballads"' 
(1866) ;  "  Notes  on  Poems  and  Reviews" 
(1S6G)  ;  "A  Song  of  Italy"  (1867); 
"  William  Blake,"  a  critical  essay  (1867) ; 
"Notes  on  the  Royal  Academy  Exhibi- 
tion "  (1868)  ;  "Ode  on  the  Proclamation 
of  the  French  Republic "  (1870);  "Songs 


before  Sunrise"  (1871);  "Under  the 
Microscope"  (1872);  "  Bothwell,"  a 
tragedy,  (1874);  "Essays  and  Studies" 
(1875);  "George  Chapman,"  an  essay 
(1875) ;  "Ercctheus,"  a  tragedy  (1876)  ; 
"A  Note  on  Charlotte  Bronte,"  (1877); 
"Poems  and  Ballads"  (second  series, 
1878) ;  "A  Study  of  Shakespeare"  (1880.; 
"Songs  of  the  Springtides"  (IS'-Oi  ; 
"The  Seven  against  Sense"  (IS'^'t  ; 
"Mary  Stuart,  a  Tragedy"  (18Slj ; 
"Tristram  of  Lyonesse"  (1882);  "A 
Century  of  Roundels"  (1883);  "A 
Midsummer  Holiday  "  (1884) ;  "Marino 
Faliero"  (1885);  "A  Study  of  Victor 
Hugo"  (1886);  "Miscellanies"  (1886); 
"Selections"  from  his  Works  (1887). 
For  Criticism,  see  Forman's  "  Living 
Poets."  and  Stedman's  "Victorian 
Poets; " 

Symonds,     John     Addington 

(b.  1840).  "  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  Dante"  (1873);  "Studies  of  the 
Greek  Poets"  (1873—76);  "Sketches 
in  Italy  and  Greece"  (1874);  "The 
Renaissance  in  Italy  "  (1875 — 86) ;  "  The 
Sonnets  of  Michael  Angelo,  Bevonarotti, 
and  Campanella"  (1878);  "  Animi 
Figuraj"  (1882);  "Italian  Byways" 
(1883) ;  "  Vagabunduli  Libellus  "  (1884) ; 
"Shakespeare's  Predecessors  in  the 
English  Drama"  (1884);  "Wine, Women, 
and  Song"  (1884);  "Ben  Jonson " 
(1887). 


T 

Talfonrd,   Sii'   Thomas   Noon 

(b.  Doxej",  near  StatTord,  Jan.  26th, 
179.5,  d.  Stafford,  March  13th,  1854). 
"Ion"  (1835)  ;  "The  Athenian  Captive," 
a  tragedy  (1838) ;  "  A  proposed  New  Law 
of  Copvright  of  the  highest  Importance 
to  Authors"  (1S3S) ;  Glencoe,  or  the  State 
of  the  MacDonalds,"  a  tragedy  (1839) ; 
"  Three  Speeches  delivered  in  the  House 
of  Commons  in  favour  of  an  extension  of 
Copyright"  (1840);  "Speech  for  the 
Defendant  in  the  Prosecution,  the  Queen 
V.  Moxon,  for  the  publication  of  Shelley's 
Poetical  Works  "  (1841) ;  "  Recollections 
of  a  First  Visit  to  the  Alps"  (1841); 
"Vacation  Rambles  and  Thoughts" 
(1844);  "Final  Memorials  of  Charles 
Lamb  "  (1849—50)  ;  "  The  Castilian  " 
(1853);  besides  the  "History  of  Greek 
Literature"  in  T/ie  Eiici/clo/icedia  Metro- 
polU.ana.     See  his  "Collected  Essays" 


felBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


10G3 


(Philadelpliia,  184'2),  and  '•  Memoir  "  by 
a  member  of  the  Oxford  Circuit  (1854). 

Taylor  Sir  Henry,  D.C.Ij.  (b. 

1800,  d.  1886).  "  Isaac  Co'mneims"  (18-27), 
"Philip  Van  Artovelde"  (18:i4),  "The 
Statesman"  (l'>3tj),  "Edwin  tlie  Fair" 
(1842),  "The  Eve  of  the  Concjuest  and 
other  Poems"  (1817),  "  A  Sicilian  Sum- 
mer" (1850),  "St.  Clement's  Eve" 
(1862),  "Notes  from  Life"  (1847), 
;iii(l  "  Notes  from  Books  "  (1849).  Works 
(1877).  See  his  "  Autobiography  "  (1885), 
and  the  Criticism  by  Anthony  Trollope, 
in  vol.  i.  of  T/te  Fortnlijlulij  Reriew. 

Taylor,  Isaac  (b.  Lavenham,  Aug. 
17th,  1787;  d.  Stamford  River.s,  Essex, 
.Juno  '28th,  18'i5).  "  The  Elements  of 
Thon,i;ht  "  (1822)  ;  "  IMemoirof  his  Sister 
Jano"  (1825);  "History  of  the  Trans- 
mission of  Ancient  Uooks  to  Modern 
Times"  (1827);  "The  Process  of  His- 
torical Proof  Exemjili'icd  and  Explained  " 
(182'.»);  a  "Translation  of  Herodotus" 
(182!l);  "The  Natural  History  of  En- 
thusiasm" (1829);  "A  New  Model  of 
Christian  Mission  "  (1829) ;  "  The  Temple 
of  Melekartha"  (1831);  "Saturday 
Eveninfr"  (18.32) ;  "  Fanaticism  "  (1833) ; 
"Spiritual  Despotism"  (1835);  "The 
Physical  Theory  of  Another  Life  "  (1830); 
"Home  Education"  (1838);  "Ancient 
Christianity  and  the  Ductrincs  of  the 
Tracts  for  the  Times"  (1839);  "Man 
Kesponsihle  for  his  Dispositions  "  (1840); 
"Lectures  on  Spiritual  Christianity" 
(1841);  "Loyola  and  .Jesuitism  in  its 
Ruiliments "  (1849);  "Wesley  and 
Methodism"  (1851);  "The  Restoration 
of  Helief"  (1855);  "Tho  World  of 
Mind  "  (1857) ;  "  Logic  in  Theolo£2y,  and 
other  Essays  "  (1859) ;  "  Ultimate  Civili- 
sation, and  other  Essays  '  (18(j0)  ;  and 
the  Spirit  of  Hebrew  Poetry"  (18G0). 
iSee  his  son"s  "  Memorials  of  the  Taylor 
Family"  (1807). 

Tavlor,  Jeremy,  Bishop  of  Dov.n 
nnd  Connor  and  of  Drornoro  (b.  Cam- 
liridgo,  Aug.  15lh,  1(513;  d.  1/isburn, 
Aug.  1.3th,  l(;r)7).  "Sermon  on  the  Gim- 
powder  Treason  "  (1638) ;  "  Of  the  Sacred 
Order  and  Olfices  of  I']piscopacy  by 
Divine  Institution  asserteil "  (1642); 
"  Psalter  of  David,  with  Titles  and  Col- 
lects, according  to  tho  Matter  of  each 
Psalm"  (1644) ;  "Discourse  concerning 
Prayer  extempore  "  (164ii) ;  "  A  Dissua- 
sive  from    Popery"  (1647);  "New  and 


Easy  Institution  of  Grammar  "  (1647) ; 
"A  Discourse  of  tho  Liberty  of  Pro- 
phesying "  (1647) ;  "The  Martyrdom  of 
Kii.g  Charles"  (1649)  ;  "The  (ireat  Ex- 
emplar" (1649);  "Holy  Living  and 
Dying"  (1650);  "Prayers  before  and 
after  Sermon  "  (1651)  ;  "  Clerus  Domini  " 
(1651);  "A  Course  of  Sermons  for  all 
the  Sundaies  in  the  Year"  (1651-3); 
"  A  Short  Catechism,  with  an  Explication 
of  the  Apostles'  Creed  "  (1652) ;  "Dis- 
course of  Baptism,  its  Institution  and 
Efficacy"  (1652);  "'J'he  Real  Presence 
and  Spiritual  of  Chiist  in  the  Blessed 
Sacrament  proved  against  the  Doctrine 
of  Transubstantiation ''  (1654);  "Tho 
Golden  Grove"  (1655);  "  Unum  Neces- 
.sarium  :  or,  the  Doctrine  and  Practice  of 
Repentance"  (1655) ;  "  Deus  .(ustiticatus, 
Two  Discourses  on  Original  Sin"  (1656) ; 
"A  Collection  of  Polemical  and  Moral 
Discourses  "  (1657) ;  "  Discourse  on  the 
Measures  aud  Oflices  of  Friendshi})" 
(1657);  "The  Worthy  Communicant" 
(1660) ;  "Ductor  Dubitantium  "  (1G60)  ; 
"  Rules  and  Advices  given  to  the  Clergy 
of  the  Diocese  of  Down  and  Connor" 
(1061),  &c.  "  Works"  in  1819,  1822  (with 
Life  of  the  Author,  and  a  Critical  Ex- 
aniination  of  his  Works,  by  Bishop 
Heber) ;  1825  (edited  by  Bradley)  ;  1831 
(edited,  with  a  ]>ife,  by  Hughes) ;  1834 
(edited,  with  a  Life,  by  Croly  and 
Stebbing) ;  1841  (with  a  Memoir)  ;  1847 
(Heber's  edition,  revised  by  Eden)  ;  and 
1851  (with  an  Essay,  biographical  and 
critical,  by  Henry  Rogers).  Other  bio- 
graphies of  Jeremy  Taylor  arc  by  Whcel- 
don  (1793),  Bonney  (1815),  Wilmott 
(1847),  and  Duychinck  (1860).  -See  also 
Principal  Tulloch's  "Rational  Theology 
in  England,"  and  "Masters  of  English 
Theology  "  (1877). 

Tavlor,  John,  "The  W^ater  Poet  " 
(b.  Gloiicestcr,  about  1580 ;  d.  1654). 
"Travels  in  Germany"  (1617):  "Tho 
Praise  of  Hcmpseed,  with  tho  Voyage 
of  Mr.  Roger  Bird  and  the  Writer  in 
a  Boat  of  ijrown  Pajior  "  (1()'J3)  ;  "  I'en- 
niless  Pilgriinage  "  (1618),  &c.  Publica- 
tion of  Complete  Works  begun  by 
Spenser  Society  in  1867. 

Taylor,  Thomis  (b.  London,  May 
15th,  1758;  d.  Walworth,  Nov.  Ist^ 
1835).  "Elements  of  a  New  Method  of 
]{easoning  in  Geometry"  (17.8"),  "A 
Dissertation  on  the  Eleusinian  and 
Bacchic    Mysteries"  (1791),    "  Dissorta- 


ia(ii 


LlBLIOGliAPHICAL  AITENDIX . 


tion  on  Nullities  and  Divor^'iiifj  Series  " 
(181th,  "Tlio  Klenients  of  the  True 
Aritlitiietic  of  Infinities"  (IHW)),  "The 
Aff^uinunts  of  the  Emperor  Julian 
against  the  Christians  "  (1809),  "  A  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Philosophy  of  Aristotle" 
(1812),  "The  Elements  of  a  New  Arith- 
metical Notation  "  (l.S'i:')),  "  History  of 
the  Uestoration  of  Platonic  Theology," 
"Theoretic  Arithmetic,"  and  various 
Translations  of  Apuleius,  Aristotle, 
Hierocles,  lamhlicns,  Julian,  Maximus 
Tyrius,  Paiisanias,  Plato,  Piotinus,  Pr.r- 
phyr_v,  Hallu^*t,  and  other  classic  au- 
thors. For  Biofrraphy,  see  The  AthnKfuiu 
(1830),  Knigrht's  "Penny  Cyclopiudia," 
Barker's  ''  Literary  Anecdotes,"  and 
"  Public  Characters  "  (1788—9). 

Tavlor,  Tom  (b.  1817  ;  d.  July  12tli, 
1880).  "Diogenesaud  his  Lantern"  (1S49), 
"  The  Yioar  of  Wakefield  "  ( 1850),  "  The 
Philosopher's  Stone"  (1S")(I),  "Prince 
Dorus  "  (ISoO),  "  Sir  Rofrer  de  Coverlev  "' 
(1851),  "  Our  Clerks"  (1852),  "Plot  and 
Passion"  (1852),  "Wittikind  and  his 
Brothers"  (1852),  "To  Oblige  Benson" 
(1854>,  "A  Blighted  Being"  (1854), 
"  Still  Waters  Kun  Deep"  (18.55),  "Help- 
ing: Hands"  (1855),  "Retribution  "(1856), 
"  Victims  "  (1859),  "  Going  to  the  Bad  " 
(1858),  "  Our  American  Cousin  "  (1858), 
"Nino  Points  of  the  Law"  (1859) 
"The  House  and  the  Home"  (1859)' 
"The  Contested  Election"  (1859), 
"The  Fool's  Bevengo"  (1859),  "A  Tale 
of  Two  Cities"  (from  Dickens)  (1860) 
"The  Overland  Route"  (1860),  "The 
Babes  in  the  Wood"  (1860),  "The 
Ticket-of- Leave  Man"  (1863),  "'Twixt 
Axe  and  Crown  "  (1870),  "Joan  of  Arc" 
(1870),  "Clancarty"  (1873),  "Anne 
Boleyn"  (1876),  "An  Unequal  Match," 
besides  being  the  part  author  of  "New- 
Men  and  Old  Acres,"  "Masks  and 
Faces,"  "Slave  Life,"  and  several  other 
dramas.  "Historical  Plavs"  in  1877 
Ho  has  also  published  "The  Life  and 
Times  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,"  "Leices- 
ter Sipiare,"  and  "  Songs  and  Ballads  of 
Brittany  •/'  has  edited'  the  autobiogra- 
phies of  B.  R.  Haydon  and  C.  E.  Leslie 
and  Mortimer  Collins's  posthumous  "  Pen 
Sketches." 

Templp,  Sir  William  (b.  London, 
lo'iS;  d.  Moor  Park.  Surrev.  Jan  27th, 
1699).  "  Observations  ui)on  the  United 
irovinees  of   the  Netherlands"  (1673)- 

-Miscellanea     on     \arious    Subjects  • 


(1680-90);  "Memoirs  of  what  passed 
in  Christendom  from  1672  to  1679" 
(1693);  "Letters"  (edited  by  Dean 
Swift,  1700);  "Letters  to  King  Charles 
IL,  &c."  (1703)  ;  and  "  Miscellanea,  con- 
taining 'Four  Essays  upon  Ancient  an<l 
Modern  Learning,'  'The  Gardens  of  Epi- 
curus,' '  Heroick  V'ertue,'and  '  Poetry  '  " 
(1705).  "Memoirs  of  his  Life  and  Ne- 
gotiations "  appeared  in  1715  ;  bis 
Memoirs,  by  the  Rt.  Hon.  T.  P.  Courte- 
naj',  in  1836.  Works,  with  Life,  in  1814. 
See  also  Emmerton's  "Sir  William  Tem- 
ple und  die  Triplealliauz"  (Berlin,  1877). 

Tennyson,  Alfred,  Baron  (b.  So- 

mersby,  Lincolnshire,  1809).  "Poems  by 
Two  Brothers"  (with  his  brother  Charles 
Tennyson,  1827) ;  "Timbuctoo"  (1829); 
"Poems,  chiefly  lyrical"  (1830);  "No 
More,"  "Anacreontics,"  and  "  A  Frag- 
ment," in  TVte  6-V»i  (1831);  a  "Sonnet"" 
in  The  Jiuf/liihwau's  Magazine  {liW); 
a  "Sonnet,"  in  Yorhhire  Literar//  A  niixal 
(1832) ;  a  "Sonnet,"  in  Frieiu/.ihi//s  Ofer- 
uiff  (1832)  ;  "  Poems  "  (1832) ;  '•  St. 
Agnes,"  in  The  Keepmke  (1837)  ;  "  Stan- 
zas," in  The  Trilmfe  (imi);  "Poems" 
(1842) ;  "The  New  Timon  and  the  Poets." 
in  Punch  (1846);  "  The  Princess  "  (1817 
and  18.50);  "Stanzas,"in  The  Examiner 
(1849);  "  Lines,"  in  The  Maitc/ie.iter  Athe- 
mtnm.  A /hum  (1850);  "In  Memoriam  " 
(1850) ;  "  Stanzas,"  in  The  Keepsal-e {IS51); 
"Sonnet  to  W.  C.  Macready,"  in  T/te 
Household  N'arratire  (1851)  :  "  Ode  on 
the  Death  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  " 
(1852) ;  "The  Third  of  February,"  in 
The  Examiuef  (1852)  ;  "The  Charge  of 
the  Light  Brigade,"  in  The  Examiner 
(1854)  ;  '•  :\Iaud,  and  other  Poems  " 
(1855);  "Idylls  of  the  King"  (Enid, 
Vivien,  Elaine,  Guinevere)  (1859)  ; 
"The  Grandmother's  Apology,"  in  Once 
a  Week  (1859);  "Sea  Dreams,"  in  Mu.c- 
miUans  Mafiadne  (1860);  "Tithonus," 
in  The  CornhUl  Ma(ja~ine  (IShi)):  "The 
Sailor  Bov,"  in  The  Vicforia  Heoia{lS6l); 
"Ode:  May  the  First"  (1862);  "A 
Welcome  "  (1863) :  "Attempts  at  Classic 
Metres  in  Quantity,"  in  The  CornhiU 
Min/acine  (1863);  "Epitaph  on  the 
Duchess  of  Kent"  (1864);  "Enoch 
Arden  "  (1864) ;  "The  Holy  Grail,  and 
other  Poems  "  (1867) ;  "  The  Victim,"  in 
rz-w/  Boir^.?  (1868)  ;  "1865— 6,"  in  Ooorl 
Wonls  (1868);  "A  Spiteful  Letter."  in 
Once  a  IFce/j  (1868)  :  '•  Wages,"  in -l/r/r- 
inKhms  ^faffa:ili,'  (1868);   "Lucretius," 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


lOTiS 


in  M'icmllhm's  Maqaziiie  (1868);  "The 
Winiiow :  or,  Sonjjfs  of  the  Wrens " 
(lS7'i) ;  "  The  Last  Tournament,  "  in  The 
Contemporary  Review  (1871) ;  "  Gareth 
ami  Lynette,  and  other  Poems  "  (1S72) ; 
''A  Welcome  to  Warie  Alexandrovna" 
(1874) ;  "<^neen  Mary"  (187o)  ;  "Harold" 
(1877)  ;  three  sonnets,  a  translation,  "Sir 
Pilchard  Grcnville,"  and  "  The  Relief  of 
Lncknow,"  in  the  Ninelfenih  Cent  an/ 
(1877-!>);  "The  Lover's  Tale  "  (1879)'; 
a  sonnet;  and  "  De  Profnndis,"  in  the 
i\'ineieent/(  Centiiri/  (1880);  "Poems  and 
Ballads  "  (1881) :'  "  The  Falcon  "  (1879)  : 
"The  Cup"  (1881);  "The  Promise  of 
Mav"(1882);  "Decket"  (18S4);  Teire- 
sias"  (188G);  "Locksley  Hall,  Sixty  Years 
After  "  (ISSC).  The  following  have  been 
altriliiited  to  him  : — "Britons,  guard  your 
own,"  in  T/ie  Examiner  (1852):  "  Hands 
all  Hound,"  in  T/ie  Examiner  (1852)  ;  and 
"  llidemen,  form  !  "  in  The  Times  (1859). 
"  A  Selection  from  the  Works  "  in  1865  ; 
"Songs"  in  1871;  " Concordance  to  the 
Works  "in  1S69.  See  "  Teunysoniana  " 
(1879),"  and  T.  H.  Smith's  "Notes  and 
Marmnalia  on  Alfred  Tennyson"  (1873). 
Analyses  of  "  In  Memoriam  "  by  Tiiinsh 
and  Frederick  liobertson.  For  Criti- 
cism, see  Brimley's  "  Essays,"  Tucker- 
man's  "Essays,"  Elsdale's  "Studies 
in  the  Idylls"  (1878),  A.  H.  Hal- 
lam's  "  Remains,"  W.  C.  Roscoe's  "  Es- 
says," Kiiigsley's  "Miscellanies,"  Hut- 
ton's  "Essays,"  Tainsh's  "  Studies  in 
Tennyson,"  Bayne's  "  Essays,"  Austin's 
"  Poetry  of  the  Period,"  J.  H.  Stirling's 
"  Essays,"  J.  II.  Ingram  in  "  The  Dublin 
Afternoon  Lectures,"  A.  H.  Japp's 
"Three  Great  Teachers"  (1865),  For- 
man's  "  Living  Poets,"  Buchanan's 
"  Master  Spirits,  '  Stedman's  "  Victorian 
Poets,"  and  Lord  Tennyson,  a  Bio- 
graphical Sketch  by  H.  J.  Jennings 
(1884). 

Thackeray.  Apne  Isabella  (b. 
about  18:i9).  •  ■  The  Story  of  Elizabeth  " 
(1863);  "The  Village  on  the  CHtf " 
(1866) :  "  Five  Old  Friends,  and  a  Young 
Prince"  (1868) ;  "To  Esther,  and  other 
Sketches"  (1869);  "Old  Kensington" 
(1872) ;  "  Toilers  and  Spinsters,  and  other 
Essays"  (187;^);  "Bluebeard's  Keys, 
anil  other  Stories"  (1874);  and  "Miss 
Angel  "  (1875) ;  "  ^Madame  de  Sevig-ne  " 
(1881);  "A  Book  of  Sibyls"  (1S83) ; 
"Miss  Dyniond"  (1885).  Works  in 
1875-6. 

3^^ 


Thackeray,  William  Make- 
peace (b.  Calcutta,  Aug.  12th,  1811  ;  d. 
Kensington,  Dec.  24th,  1863).  "  Flon; 
et  Zephyr"  (London  and  Paris,  1836)  ; 
"  The  Piris  Sketch  Hook  "  (1840)  ;  "  The 
Second  Funeral  of  Napoleon,"  and  "  The 
Chronicle  of  the  Drum"  (1841);  "The 
Irish  Sketch  Book  "  (1843) ;  "Notes  of  a 
Journey  from  C'ornhill  to  Grand  Cairo  " 
(1845):  "Vanity  Fair"  (1847);  "Mrs. 
Perkins's  Ball"  (1817);  "Our  Street" 
(1848)  ;  "  Dr.  Birch  and  his  Young 
Friends"  (1849)  ;  "The  History  of  Pen- 
dennis"  (1849—50):  "Rebecca  and 
Rowena"  (1850);  "The  Kickleburvs  on 
the  Rhine"  0851);  "E-mond"  (iS'>2); 
"  Tiie  Newcomes"  (1855);  and  "I'he 
Virginians"  (1857);  besides  the  follow- 
ing, contributed  to  The  CoriihiU  Mnya- 
ziiie,  Fraser'y  Moi/aziue,  and  Pumh  : - 
"  The  Hoggarty  Diamond,"  "  Catherine," 
"Barry  Lyndon,"  "Jeames's  Diary," 
"  The  Book  of  Snobs,"  "  Roundabo\it 
Papers,"  "  Lovel  the  Widower,"  "  The 
Adventures  of  Philip,"  "Denis  Duval," 
and  "Novels  by  Eminent  Hands."  See 
also  his  lectures  on  "The  Four  Georges," 
"The  English  Humourists  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century,"  and  "The  Or- 
jihan  of  Pimlico."  For  Biography,  i-ee 
"  Thackerayana  "  (1875) ;  "  Thackeray, 
the  Humourist  and  Man  of  Letters" 
(1864);  TroUope's  "Thackeray"  (1879): 
and  a  Selection  from  his  Letters  which 
appeared  in  Scribncr's  Mtiffaziiie  in 
1887,  and  afterwards  published  in  volunio 
form.  For  Criticism,  see  Roscoe's  "  Es- 
says," Senior's  "  Essaj's  on  Fiction,"  and 
Hannay's  "Characters  and  Sketches," 
and  "Studies  on  Thackeray." 

ThirlwalJ,  Right  Rev.  Connop 

(b.  1797,  d.  1875).  "  Essay  on  St.  Luke," 
translated  from  Schlciermacher  (18J5) ; 
"History  of  Greece"  (1834  -47) ;  "The 
Tractarian  Controversy"  (1842J ;  "Dr. 
Newman  on  Development"  (1848);  "The 
Gorham  Case  "  (1851) ;  "  Essays  and  Re- 
views "  (1863) ;  "  The  Vatican  Council  " 
(1872).  The  last  five  treatises  wore  re- 
published in  his  "  Remain^,  Literary 
and  Theological"'  (1877).  -SV''  "Letters 
of  Bishop  Thirlwali,"  edited  by  Deaa 
Pcrowne  and  Rev.  L.  Stokes  (1881) ;  and 
"  Letters  of  Bishop  Thirl  wall,"  edited 
by  Dean  Stanley  (1881). 

Thomas.  Annie  (b.  1838).  "The 
Cross  of  Honour"'  (1863);  "False 
ColoiKs"  (1869);   "'Ho  Cometh  Not,' 


lOfifi 


r>Il)I-10GRAPHICAL  ArP?:XDIX. 


Slio  Said"  (187:^.);  "No  Alternative" 
(1874);  "Blotte<i  Out"  (187o);  "A 
London  Reason  "  (1S7!») ;  "  Kyro  of  Blen- 
don"  (ISSl);  "Society's  Puppets" 
(18.S2);  "Friends  and  Lovers"  (1SS3) ; 
"Tenifer"  (18S3) ;  "Kate  Valiant" 
(1844) ;  "  No  Medium  "  (IBS.^). 

Thompson,  Sir  Henry  0\  18-20). 
"  Practical  Lithotomy  and  Lilliotiity  " 
(18(13)  ;  "  A  Cataloi2:ue  of  liluo  and 
White  Nankin  Porcelain  "  (1878);  "Char- 
ley Kir-ston's  Aunt"  (188o)  ;  "All 
But"(188i;). 

Thomson,  James  (b.  Ednara, 
Roxburghshire,  Sept.  11th,  1700;  d. 
Richmond,  Aug.  22ud,  1748).  "Winter" 
(172(1),  "Summer  "  (1727),  "Britannia" 
(1727),  "Spring"  (1728),  "Sophonisba" 
(1729),  "Autumn"  (1730),  "Liberty," 
(1734  and  1730),  "Agamemnon"  (1738), 
" Edward  and  Leonora"  (1739),  "Alfred" 
(with  Mallet,  1740),  "Tancredand  Sigis- 
munda"  (1745),  "The  Castle  of  Indo- 
lence "  (1748),  and  "Coriojanus"  (1749). 
Works  and  Life  by  Murdoch,  in  1762; 
with  Memoir  and  Notes  by  Sir  Harris 
Nicolas,  in  1830;  with  a  Life,  critical 
dissertation,  and  notes,  by  Gilfillan,  in 
1853  ;  and  by  Robert  Bell,  in  1855.  &e 
also  the  Life  by  Buchan  (1792) ;  the 
Miscellanies  of  the  Philobiblion  Society 
(1857— 5S) ;  and  an  Essay  by  Baraute,  in 
his  "  Etudes"  (Paris,  1857). 

Thomson,  Sir  William  (b.  1824). 
"The  Linear  Motion  of  Heat"  (1842). 
"  Secular  Coating  of  the  Earth  "  (1852) ; 
"Electrodynamics  of  Qualities  of 
Metals"  (1855);  "Papers  on  Electro- 
Btatics  and  Magnetism  "  (1872)  ;  "Trea- 
tise on  Natural  Philosophy "  (1867) ; 
"Tables  for  Facilitating  the  Use  of 
Sumner's  Method  at  Sea"  (1876)  ;  "  Ma- 
thematical and  Physical  Papers  "  (1882). 

Thornbury,  George  Walter  (b. 
London,  1828;  d.  June  11th,  1876). 
"  Lays  and  Legends  of  the  New  World  " 
(1851),  "Monarchs  of  the  Main  "  (1855), 
"Shakespeare's  England"  (1856),  "Art 
and  Nature  at  Home  and  Abroad" 
(1856),  "  Songs  of  Cavaliers  and  Round- 
heads''  (1857),  "Every  Man  his  own 
Trumpeter"  (1853),  a  "Life  of  J.  M.  W. 
Turner,  R.A."  (1862),  "  True  as  Steel" 
(1863),  "Wildfire"  (1864),  "Haunted 
London"  (1865),  "Tales  for  the  Mariner  " 
(1865),  "Greatheart"'  (1866),  "The 
Vicar's  Courtship"  (1869),  "Old  Stories 


Retold"  (1S(]9),  "A  Tour  Round  Eng- 
lanfl"  (1870),  "  Criss  Cross  Journeys" 
(1873),  "Old  and  New  London"  (vols.  i. 
and  ii.),  and  "Historical  and  Legendary 
Ballads  and  Songs"  (1875). 

Tiekell.  Thomas  (b.  Bridekirk, 
Cumberland,  1686,  d.  1740).  "The 
Prospect  of  Peace;"  "The  Royal  Pro- 
gress ;  "  a  translation  of  the  first  book  of 
"  The  Iliad  ;  "  "A  Letter  to  Avignon  ;  " 
"  Kensington  Gardens ;  "  "  Thoughts  on 
a  Picture  of  Charles  I.  ;  "  "  To  the  Earl 
of  Warwick,  on  the  Death  of  Mr.  Addi- 
son ;"  and  other  pieces.  Sec'  the  "  Life," 
by  Dr.  Johnson,  and  The  Speiialor. 

Tillotson,  John,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (b.  Sowerby,  near  Halifax, 
1630;  d.  Nov.  20th,  1694).  "The  Rule 
of  Faith  "  (1666),  "  Sermons"  (1671),  &c. 
Woi'ks  (1752),  with  Birch's  "  Life." 

Tindal,     Matthew,    LTj.D.    (1\ 

Devonshire,  1657,  d.  Aug,  Kjth,  1733). 
"Concerning  Obedience  to  the  Supreme 
Powers,  and  the  Duty  of  Subjects 
in  all  Revolutions"  (1694);  an  "Es- 
say Concerning  the  Laws  of  Nations 
and  the  Rights  of  Sovereigns  "  (1695) ; 
"The  Rights  of  the  Christian  Church 
asserted  against  the  Romish,  with  a 
Preface  Concerning  the  Government  of 
the  Church  of  England  as  by  Law  Es- 
tablished" (1706);  a  "Defence  of  the 
Rights  of  the  Church  against  W.  Wotton 
(17o7)  :  "A  Second  Defence"  (1708); 
"The  JacoVpitism,  Perjury,  and  Popery 
of  the  High  Church  Priests"  (1710); 
"Christianity  as  Old  as  the  Creation" 
(1730).  See  Lechler's  "Geschichte  des 
Engliseheu  Deismus "  (Stuttg.,  1841); 
Hunt's  "Religious  Thought  in  England" 
(vol.  ii.,  1871) ;  and  Stephens's  "  English 
Thought"  (vol.  i.,  1876). 

Toland,  Janus  Junius,  after- 
wards John  (b.  Redcastle,  Ireland,  Nov. 
30th,  1670;  d.  Putney,  March  11th,  1722). 
"  Christianity  not  Mysterious  "  (1696), 
"  Socinianism  Truly  Stated "  (1705), 
"  Pantheisticon  "  (1750),  kc.  "  Memoir" 
(1726).  See  references  in  preceding 
article . 

Tooke,  John  Home  (b.  London, 
June  25tb,  1736,  d.  Wimbledon,  March 
19tb,  1812).  "  The  Diversions  of 
Purley"  (1786-180.5),  "The  Petition  of 
an  Englishman"  (1765),  "  Letter  to  Mr. 
Dunning"  (1778),   "Letter  on  the  Re- 


felBLIOGRAPHlCAL  APPEXDiX. 


1007 


ported  Marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  " 
(1787).  Memoir  by  Hamilton  in  1812, 
and  liy  Stephens  in  1813.  >ke  the  "  Life" 
by  Ruid. 

Tourneur,  Cyril  (circa  1600). 
"The  Transformed  Metamorphosis" 
(1600);  "The  Hevenper's  Trajjodie'" 
(lb'07) ;  "A  Funerall  Poem  upon  the 
De.ath  of  Sir  P^rancis  Vere,  knight" 
(li)09) ;  "The  Athci.st's  Tragedy  :  or,  the 
Honest  Man's  Revenge"  (Itjll);  and  "A 
Griefe  on  the  Death  of  Prince  Henrie, 
expressed  in  a  broken  Elegie,  according 
to  the  Nature  of  such  a  Sorrow  "  (1013). 
Works  (1878).  Hee  The  Jtelrospectire 
Review,  vol.  vii. 

Trench,  Richard  Chenevix, 
D.D.,  Archbishop  of  Dublin  (b.  Dublin, 
Sept.  9th,  1807;  d.  ISSo).  "Sabba- 
tion,  Honor  Neale,  and  other  Poems  ;  " 
"The  Story  of  Justin  Martyr;" 
"Genoveva;"  "Elegiac  Poems;"  and 
"Poems  from  Eastern  Sources."  Also, 
"Notes  on  the  Parables"  (18il) ; 
"Notes  on  the  Miracles"  (184G)  ; 
"  The  Lessons  in  Proverbs "  (1853) ; 
"  Tiic  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  as  illus- 
trated from  St.  Augustine;"  "Sa- 
cred Latin  Poetry;"  "St.  Augustine 
as  an  Interpreter  of  Scripture ; " 
"Synonyms  of  the  New  Testament" 
(1854);  "The  Epistles  to  the  Seven 
Churches  of  Asia  Minor;"  "An  Essay 
on  the  Life  and  Genius  of  Calderon  ;  " 
"  Deficiencies  in  Sixty  English  Diction- 
aries;" "A  Glossary  of  English  Words 
used  in  Different  Senses;"  "The  Autho- 
rised Version  of  the  New  Testament, 
with  Thoui,dits  on  its  Revision;"  "The 
Study  of  Words;"  "  P]nglish  Past  and 
Present"  (1855) ;  "  Gustavus  Afloljihus ;" 
"  Social  Aspects  of  the  Thirty  Years' 
War  ;  "  "  A  Household  Rook  of  English 
Poetry;"  "Notes  on  the  (4reek  of  the 
New  Testament  ; "  "  The  Salt  of  the 
Earth  ;  "  "  Shipwrecks  of  Faith  ; " 
"Studies  in  the  Gospels;"  "The  Sub- 
jection of  the  Creature  to  V;inity  ;  " 
"Synonvms  of  the  Now  Testament;" 
"Phitarch  "  (1874)  ;  "  Mediajval  Church 
History"  (1878);  Collected  Poems  (1865). 

Trevplyan,  Sir  Qeorgja  Otto  (b. 
1838).  "  Hor.ai-o  at  the  Universitj-  of 
Athens  "  (ISGl) ;  "  Letters  of  a  Competi- 
tion Wallah"  (1864);  "Cawnpore" 
(1865);  "Speeches  on  Army  Reform" 
(1870);  "The  Life  and  Letters  of  Lord 


Macaulay  "  (1876) ;  "The  Early  Times  of 
Charles  James  Fox  "  (1880). 

Trollope,  Anthony  (b.  April  24tb, 
1815:  d.  Dec.  6th,  1882).  "  The  Mac- 
dermots  of  Ballycloran  "  (1817),  "The 
Kellys  and  the  O'Kellys"  (1848),  "La 
Vendee  "  (1850),  "The  Ward.n"  (1855), 
'•The  Three  Clerks"  (1857),  "  Bar- 
chester  Towers"  (1857),  "Doctor 
Thome"  (1858),  "The  Bertrams" 
(1859),  "Castle  Richmond"  (I860), 
"  Framley  Parsonau^e  "  (1861),  "Tales 
of  All  Countries"  (1861),  "Orley 
Farm"  (1862),  "Rachel  Ray"  (1863), 
"The  Small  House  atAllington"  (1864), 
"Can  You  Forgive  Her?  "  (1864),  "  The 
Belton  Estate"  (1865),  "JIiss  Macken- 
zie" (1865),  "The  Last  Chronicles  of 
Barscf  (1867),  "Tbe  Claverings"  (18C7), 
"Lotta  Schmidt  and  other  Stoi'ies" 
(1867),  "He  Knew  He  was  Right" 
(1869),  "Phineas  Phinn "  (1869),  "An 
Editor's  Ta'es  "  (1870),  "Sir  Harry  Hot- 
spur "  (1870),  "The  Vicar  of  Bullhamp- 
ton"  (1870),  "Ralph  the  Heir"  (1871), 
"  The  Eustace  Diamonds"  (1872),  "  The 
Golden  Lion  of  Grandpere"  (1872), 
"  Phineas  Redux  "  (1873),  "  Harry 
Ilcatheotc"  (1874).  "Ladv  Anna"  (1874), 
"The  Prime  Minister"  (1875),  "The 
Way  We  Live  Now"  (1875),  "The 
American  Senator"  (1877),  "ishePopen- 
joy?"  (1878),  "  Cousin  Henry  "  (1879). 
and  other  novels;  besides  "The  West 
Indies  and  tho  Spanish  ^fain "  (lSo9), 
"North  America"  (1S62),  "Hunting 
Sketches"  (1865),  "Clergymen  of  the 
Church  of  England  "  (1806)'  "Travelling 
Sketches"  (1866),  "Australia  and  New 
Zealand"  (1873).  "Now  South  Wales 
and  Queensland"  (1874),  "South  Aus- 
tralia and  Western  Australia"  (1874), 
"Victoria  and  Tasmania"  (1874),  "South 
Africa"  (1878),  "Thackeray"  (1879), 
"  Avala's  Angel "  (1881),  Autobiography 
(1883). 

TroTope,  Mrs.  Francos  (b.Heck- 
licld,  1779;  d.  Florence,  Oct.  Ot!i,  1803), 
wrote  "  Domestic  Manners  of  thy  Ameri- 
cans" (1832';  "Tho  Refuge  in  Amerii  a" 
(1832);  "The  Abbess"  (1S33);  "The 
Adventures  of  Jonathan  Jetferson  Whit- 
law  "  (1836) ;  "The  Vicar  of  Wroxhill  " 
(1837);  "A  Romance  of  Vienna"  (183S); 
"Tremordyn  Clitf"  (1838);  "  Wi.low 
Barnaby  "  (1838) ;  "  Michael  Armstrong: 
or,  the  Factory  Boy"  (1839);  "One 
Fault"  (1839);  "Tho  Widow  Married" 


1IK)8 


BIBLIOUKAl'HlOAL  APPENDIX, 


(1840);  "Tho  Bine  Belles  of  Enf,'lan<r' 
(18U):  "Charles  Chesterfield"  (1841); 
"Tho  Ward  of  .Thorpe  Combe  "  (1812J  ; 
"  Harnravo  "  (184:5);  "Jessie  Phillips"' 
(184  i);  "Tho  Laurringtons  "  (184?.); 
"Young  Love"  (1844);  "Petticoat  Go- 
voniiiient,"  "  Father  Eustace."  and 
•■  I  'ncle  Walter  "  (18,r2) ;  and  "  Tho  Life 
an  1  Ailventurcs  ot  a  Clevar  Woman." 

Trollope,  Thomas  Adolphus  (b. 

April  -Jltth,  1810).  "  A  Decade  of  Ikiliau 
Women  "  (1849),  "  Impressions  of  a 
Wanderer  in  Italy  "  (ISafl),  "  Catherine 
do  Medici"  (18.'>9),  "  Filippo  Stro/./.i " 
llS()i)),  "Paul  the  Pope  and  Paul  tho 
Friar"  (18G0),  "La  Boata"  (1861), 
"  .Marietta  "  (1862),  "  Giulio  Malatesta  " 
(1S(>3;,  "  Beppo  the  Conscript"  (1S(J4), 
"Lindisfarn  Chase"  (1S(J4),  "  History  of 
tho  Conimonwe.ilth  of  Florence"'  (1865), 
"Gemma"  (186G),  "The  Dream  Num- 
bers" (18()8),  "  Diamond  Cut  Diamond  " 
(1875),  "The  Paj'al  Conclaves"  (187(5), 
"  A  Family  Party  at  the  Piazza  of  Ht. 
Peter's"  (1877),  a  "Life  of  Pope  Pius 
IX."  (1877),  "  A  Peep  behind  the  Scenes 
at  Kome "  (1877),  and  other  works. 
Edited  "  Italy  :  from  the  Alps  to  Mount 
^tua"(1876). 

Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar, 
P.C.  b.  (b.  London,  July  17tb,  1810). 
"Geraldine  and  other  Poems"  (1838); 
"Proverbial  Philosophy"  (1838,  1842, 
1S;;7) ;  "The  Modern  Pyramid"  (1839); 
"An  Author's  Mind"  (1841);  "The 
T.vins"  (1841);  "The  Crock  of  Gold" 
(1844^ ;  "Hactenus,  a  Budget  of  Lyrics  " 
(184S) ;  "Surrey  :  a  Rapid  Review  of  its 
Principal  Persons  and  Places"  (1849); 
"King  Alfred's  Poems  in  English  Metre'' 
(1850) ;  "Hymns  of  all  Nations,  in  Thirty 
Languages"  (1851);  "Ballads  for  the 
Times,  and  other  Poems "  (1S52)  ; 
"  Heart,"  a  tale  (1853) ;  "  Probabilities  • 
an  Aid  to  Faith  "  (1854)  ;  "  Lyrics  " 
(185.".):  "Stephen  Lancrton ;  or,  the 
pays  of  King  John  "'(1858)  :  "Rides  and 
Keyenes  of  Mr.  ,Esop  Smith"  (1858); 
"Three  Hundred  Sonnets''  (1860); 
"Cithara:  Lyrics "  (1863)  ;  "Twenty- 
one  Protestant  Ballads"  (1S68)  ;  "A 
Creed  and  Hymns  "  (1870)  ;  "  Fifty  Pro- 
testant Ballads"  (1874);  and  "Wash- 
ington" (1877).  lllu>trated  edition  of 
"  Proverbial  Philosophy "  (4  series) 
(1881) ;   "  My  Life  as  au  Author "'  (1886). 

Turner,  Charles  Tennyson. 
"Sonnets"  (1864);   "Small  Tableaux" 


(1868)  ;  and  "  Sonnets,  Lyrics,  and 
Translations "'  (1873).  Hee  Aiiml'^eutk 
t'ei<tii.r>i,  Sept.,  1879. 

Turner,  Sharon  fb.  London,  Sept. 
24th,  1768) ;  d.  London,  Feb.  i:3th,  1817).  Jl 
"History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons  (1799 —  % 
1805)  ;  "  A  Vindication  of  the  Genuine- 
ness of  the  Antient  British  Poems  of 
Aneurin,  Taliesin,  Llywarch  Hen,  and 
Merdhin,  with  Specimens  of  the  Poems" 
(1803) ;  "A  History  of  England  from  the 
Norman  Conquest  to  1509"  (1814—23) ; 
"  Prolusions  on  the  Present  Greatness  of 
Britain,  on  Modern  Poetry,  and  on  the 
Present  Aspect  of  the  World"  (1819); 
a  "History  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  VI 11."' 
(1826);  a  "History  of  the  Reigns  of 
Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth" 
(1829);  "The  .Sacred  History  of  the 
World  "  (1832) ;  and  "Richard  III.,"  a 
poem  (1845). 

Tylor,  Edward  Burnett  (b.  1852). 
"Anahuac,  or  Mexico  and  the  Jlexi- 
cans"  (1861);  "Researches  inco  the 
Early  History  of  Mankind"  (1865); 
"  Primitive  Cultute  "'  (1871)  ;  "  Anthro- 
pology '  (1881;  ;  "  Life  of  Dr.  Rollcstou" 
(1884). 

Tyndale,  WiUism  (b.  Hurst,  near 
Sbmln-idge,  1477  (.') ;  d.Vilvorde,  Oct.6ih, 
1536).  "  The  Obedyence  of  a  Christen 
Man,  and  how  Christen  Rulers  ought  to 
Goverue  "  (152S) ;  "  The  Parable  of  the 
Wicked  Mammon  "  (1528)  ;  "  Exposition 
on  1  Cor.  vii.,  with  a  Prologue,  wherein 
all  Christians  are  exhorted  to  read  the 
Scriptures"  (1529);  "  The  Practyse  of 
Prelates:  whether  the  Kynges  Grace 
may  be  separated  from  hys  Qnene, 
because  she  was  hys  Brothers  Wyfe  " 
(1530);  "A  Comjieridioui  Introdnccion, 
Prologue,  or  Preface  unto  the  Pistle  of 
St.  Paul  to  the  Romayus"  (1530) ;  a  trans- 
lation of  "  The  Fyrst  Boke  of  :\Ioses  called 
Genesis  [with  a  preface  and  prologue 
shewinge  the  use  of  the  Scripture] "' 
(153(1);  "The  Exposition  of  the  Fyrst 
Epistle  of  Seynt  John,  with  a  Prolojfge 
before  it  by  W.  T."  (1531);  "The 
Supper  of  the  Lorde  after  the  true 
Meanying  of  the  Sixte  of  John  and  the 
xi.  of  the  fyrst  Epistle  to  the  Corinthias, 
whercuuto  is  added  an  Epistle  to  the 
Reader,  and  incidentlyin  the  Exposition 
of  the  (Supper  is  confuted  the  Letter  of 
blaster  :\Iore  against  John  Fvrth " 
(1533)  ;    "  A  Briefe  Declaration  o"f  the 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


KXI'.I 


S;icraiiients  expressing  the  fjTst  Oritji- 
iiall,  how  they  come  up  and  were  in- 
stitute," &c.  "(1^:38);  "An  Exposicion 
upon  the  v.,  vi.,  vii.  Chapters  of  .Mathew, 
\v}i_voh  three  cha[)iters  are  the  Keye  and 
the  Dore  of  the  Scripture,  and  the  re- 
storing" a<^ain  of  Mo.ses  Lawe,  corrupt  by 
the  Scribes  ami  Pliarisees,  etc."'  (1548)  ; 
"An  Answer  unto  Sir  Thomas  Jlore's 
Dialogue  ;  "'  "  Tyndale's  Pathway  to 
Scripture ; "  and  revision  of  the  New 
Testament  (1534).  A  Life  of  Tyndale, 
and  Selections  from  his  Writings,  in 
vol.  i.  of  Ilichmond's  '•'  Fathers  of  the 
Church."'  See  also  the  "Life"  by  OfFor 
(1836),  and  that  by  Demaus  (1871).  The 
Works  were  published  (with  those  of 
Frith  and  Barnes)  in  1573,  (with  those  of 
Frith  (1831),  and  editeil,  by  Walter,  in 
1813-5(».  Consult  Eadie's  "History  of 
the  English  Bible." 

T.vndall.  John,  LL.D.  (b.  Leigh- 
ton  liriiljre,  near  Carlow,  Ireland,  Aug. 
•Jlst,  1820).  "The  Glaciers  of  the  Alps  " 
(INJO);  ".Mountaineering"  (18t;i)  ;  "A 
Vacation  Tour"  (1862);  "Heat  con- 
sidered as  a  .Mode  of  Jlotion  "  (1863)  ; 
"On  Radiation"  (1865);  "Sound" 
(1867);  "Faraday  as  a  Discoverer" 
(1868);  "Lectures  on  Light"  (1869); 
"The  Imagination  in  Science"  (1870); 
"  Fragments  of  Science  for  Unscientific 
People"  (1871),  "  Hours  of  Exercise  in 
the  Alps"  (1871);  "Contributions  to 
Molecular  Physics"  (1872) :  "The  Forms 
of  Water  in  Clouds  and  Kivers,  Ice  and 
(ilaciers"  (1872);  "Lectures  on  Light" 
(1873);  "Address  delivered  before 
tiie  liriti.sh  Association"  (1874);  "On 
the  Transmission  of  Sound  by  tije  At- 
mosphere" (1874);  "Lessons  in  Elec- 
tricity "  (1876);  "  Fermentation"  (1877); 
"  Esfavs  on  the  Floating  Matter  of  the 
Air"(l.s81). 

Tytler,  Patrick  Fraser  (b.  Edin- 
burgh, Aug.  3iit,h.  17!»1  ;  d.  Great  Mal- 
vern, Worcestershire,  Dec.  24th,  ]S1!»). 
"  Life  of  the  Admirable  Crichton"  (18I!>), 
">irThomasCru<rof  Kiccarton"  (1823), 
'■The  Scotti.'^h  Worthies"  (1832),  "Sir 
Walter  Raleigh"  (1833);  and  "King 
Henry  VIII.  and  his  Contemporaries" 
(1837);  besides  his  "History  of  Scot- 
land" (1828-1843),  "England  under 
the  Reigns  of  Edward  VI.  find  Marj'  " 
(183!t),  '•  Historical  View  of  the  Progress 
of  Discovery  on  the  Northern  Coasts  of 
America."     See   Btirgon's   "Jlemoir  of 


P.  F.  T."  (185J»),  and  the  sketcli  prelixed 
by  Small  to  the  last  edition  of  the 
"  History  of  Scotland." 


U 
Udail,  NioholBs    (•'.    Hiimpsliirc, 
about  150G  ;  d.  1556).      "  llali)h  Roister 
Doister  "  (about  1553).     .S'te  Arber's  Ke- 
print  (186'.*). 


Vanbnigh,  Sir  John  (b.  1666): 
d.  .ALarch  26th,  1726).  "The  Relap.^e" 
(16lt7),  "The  Provoked  Wife  "  (16!)8), 
".^-:sop"  (1698),  "The  Pilgrims'"  (1700i, 
"The  Confederacy"  (1705).  See  Leigh 
Hunt's  Biographical  and  Critical  notice; 
The  AlhemeuM,  Jan.  19th,  1861;  and 
Sates  and  Qi'eiies,  2nd  Series,  iii.,  iv.,  xi. 

Vaughan,  Henry  (b.  Newton,  near 
Brecon,  1621  ;  d.  April  2;rd,  1695). 
"Poems,  with  the  Tenth  Satyre  of  Ju- 
venal Englished"  (1646) ;  "Olor  Iscanus' 
(1651);  "Silex  Scintillans"  (16."»0-55)  ; 
"The  Mount  of  Olives  "  (1652)  ;  "  Floros" 
Solitudinis"  (16,54);  ami  "Thalia  Ile- 
<ltviva"  (1678).  Poems  (1847).  Complete 
Works,  edited  by  Grosart  (1871).  "bee 
the  Biography  by  Lyte. 


Ware,  Mais'ie  (b.  Ji;r>ey,  about 
1112;  d.  about  1174).  "  Le  Roman  do 
Brut"'  (1836—38) ;  "I^  Roman  de  Rou  "' 
(1827,  new  cd.  1876,  English  translatit)n 
1837);  "Chroniipies  dcs  Dues  de  Xor- 
niandie  ''  (1825) ;  "  Vie  ile  Saint  Nicolas" 
(1850)  ;  "  Vies  de  la  Vierge  Marie  et  do 
S.  George  "  (1859).  See  The  Putrofpee/i.e 
Jterieio  (Nov.,  1853) ;  Wright"s  "Bio- 
graphia,  Literaria;"  and  Pluiinet"s 
"  Notice  siu-  la  vie  et  lesecritsde  Robert 
Wace."' 

WnkefielH,  Gilbert  (b.  Notting- 
ham, Feb.  22nd,  1756;  d.  London,  Sept. 
9th,  1801).  "I'ocmata  Latino  partim 
scripta,  partim  reddita  "  (1776);  "  Aii 
Essay  on  Inspiration  "  (1781)  ;  "A  Plain 
and  Short  Account  of  the  Nature  of 
Baptism  "  (1781)  :  "  An  Enquiry  into  the 
Opinions  of  the  Christian  Writers  of  the 
Three  First  Centuries  concerning  the 
Person  of  Jesus  Christ"  (1781);  "Re- 
marks on  the  Internal  Evidence  of  the 
Christian  Religion"  (1789);  "Silva  Cri- 


1070 


BtBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIJC. 


tica"  (178D— !)i») ;  "An  Enquiry  into 
the  Expeiliency  and  Propriety  of  Pal>lic 
or  Social  Worship  "  (ITJ'Z) ;  "  Evidences 
t)f  Christianity  "  (17&'3) ;  "An  Examina- 
tion of  the  '  Age  of  Reason,'  by  Thomas 
Paine"  (1794);  "A  Reply  to  Thomas 
Paine's  Second  Part  of  the  'Age  of 
Reason'"  (17!*5);  "  Ohscrvations  on 
Pope"  (179(5);  and  "A  Jle|)ly  to  some 
Parts  of  the  Bishop  of  Llandalf's  Address 
to  the  People  of  Great  Britain  "  (1798). 
His  Memoirs,  written  by  himself,  in 
179'2,  new  ed.  1804)  ;  his  "  Correspon- 
defnce  with  Charles  James  Fox,"  in  1813. 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russell  (b.  U.sk, 

Monmouthshire,  January  8th,  1822). 
"Travels  in  the  Amazon  and  Rio  Negro" 
(18.53)  ;  "  Contributions  to  the  Theory  of 
Natural  Selection"  (1870):  "The  Geo- 
g-raphical  Distribution  of  Animals" 
(187G)  ;  "Tropical  Nature"  (1878); 
"Australasia"  (1878);  "The  Psycho- 
PhysioloQ:ical  Sciences  and  their  Assail- 
ants" (1878);  "Island  Life"  (1880); 
"  Land  Nationalisation  "  (1882);  "  Forty- 
Pive  Years  of  Registration  Statistics" 
(1884). 

Waller,  Erlmund  (b.  Coleshill, 
Hertfordshire,  March  2nd,  1605  ;  d.  Bea- 
consfield,  Oct.,  1687).  "  Poems  "  (161.5, 
last  ed.,  with  "Life,"  by  Bell,  1871). 
Works  in  prose  and  verse,  1729.  tSee 
Johnson's  "  Lives." 

Walpole,  Horace,  fourth  Earl  of 
Orford  (b.  Oct.  5th,  1717;  d.  March  ind, 
1797).  "*Edes  Walpolianaj ;  or,  a  De- 
scription of  the  Pictures  at  Houghton 
Hall,  the  Seat  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole, 
Earl  of  Orford"  (1752);  "  Catiilogue  of 
the  Royal  and  Noble  Authors  of  Eng- 
land, with  Lists  of  their  Works  "  (1758) ; 
"Fugitive  Pieces  in  Prose  and  Verse  " 
(1758);  "  Catalogue  of  the  Collections  of 
Pictures  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire" 
(1760);  "Anecdotes  of  Painting  in  Eng- 
land "  (1762—71);  "Catalogue  of  En- 
gravers who  have  been  born  or  resided 
in  England  "  (1763) ;  "  The  Castle  of 
Otranto"  (1765);  "Historic  Doubts  on 
the  Life  and  Reign  of  King  Richard 
III."  (176S) ;  "The  Mysterious  Mother  " 
(1768);  "Miscellaneous  Antiquities" 
(1772);  "Description  of  the  Villa  of 
Horace  Walpole  at  Strawberry  Hill" 
(1772) ;  "  Letter  to  the  Editor  or  the 
Miscellanies  of  Thomas  Chatterton" 
(1779) ;  "  Hieroglyphick  Tales  "  (1785) ; 


"Essay  on  IModern  Gardening"  (1785) ; 
"  Hasty  Productions  "  (1791) ;  "  Memoirs 
of  the  Last  Ten  Years  (1751-60)  of  the 
Reign  of  George  II."  (1812) ;  "  Reminis- 
cences "  (1818) ;  "  Memoirs  of  the  Reign 
of  King  George  III.,  from  his  Accession 
to  1771"  (1845) ;  "Journal  of  the  Reign 
of  George  III.,  from  1771  to  1783" 
(1859);  "The  Letters  of  Horace  Wal- 
pole, Earl  of  Orford"  (edited  by  Peter  Cun- 
ningham, in  1857) ;  and  several  minor 
publications.  "  Memoirs,"  edited  by 
Eliot  Warburtou,  in  1851.  .See  Macanlay's 
"Essays,"  Scott's  "Biographies,"  and 
"Lettrcs  de  la  Marquise  du  Deffand  k 
Horace  Walpole  "  (Paris,  1864). 

Walton,  Izaak  (b.  Stafford,  Aug. 
9th,  1593;  d.  Winchester,  Dec.  15th, 
1683).  Lives  of  Donne  (1640),  Wotton 
(1651),  Hooker  (1665),  Herbert  (1670), 
and  Sanderson  (1678),  the  first  four  pub- 
lished together  in  1671  ;  "The  Compleat 
Angler :  or,  the  Contemplative  Man's 
Recreation"  (1653).  Life  by  Dr.  Zouch 
in  1814.  See  also  the  Lives  by  Hawkins, 
Nicholas,  and  Dowling,  and  Shepherd's 
'•  Waltoniana"(1879). 

Warburtou,  William,  Bishop  of 
Gloucester  (b.  Newark,  Dec.  24th,  1698  ; 
d.  Gloucester,  June  7th,  1779).  "Mis- 
cellaneous Translations,  in  Prose  and 
Verse,  from  Roman  Poets^  Orators,  and 
Historians"  (1714);  "A  Critical  and 
Philosophical  Inquiry  into  the  Causes  of 
Prodigies  and  Miracles,  as  related  by 
Historians,  &c."  (1727)  ;  "The  Alliance 
between  Churchand  State"  (1736);  "The 
Divine  Legation  of  Moses  Demonstrated" 
(1737—41);  "A  Vindication  of  Pope's 
'  Essay  on  Man  '  "  (1740) ;  a  Commentary 
on  the  same  work  (1742)  ;  "Julian" 
(1750)  ;  "  The  Principles  of  Natural  and 
Revealed  Religion,  occasionally  opened 
and  explained  "  (1753—54);  "A  View  of 
Lord  Bolingbroke's  Philosophy  "  (1756) ; 
"The  Doctrine  of  Grace"  (1762), 
and  some  minor  publications.  Works 
edited  by  Bishop  Hurd  in  1788. 
Literary  Remims  in  1S41.  His  "  Letters 
to  the  Hon.  Charles  Yorke  from  1752  to 
1770,"  privately  printed  in  1812.  Dr. 
Parr  edited  in  1789  "  Tracts  by  Warbur- 
tou and  a  Warhurtonian."  and  in  1808, 
"'  Letters  from  a  late  eminent  Prelate  to 
one  of  his  Friends"  (Hurd).  Works 
(ISll).  Life  by  Rev.  J.  S.  Watson  in 
18o3.  See  also  "  Bibliotheca  Parriana," 
T/te    Qnarkrli)   Review  for  June,    1812, 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  Ari'ENDIX. 


1071 


Disraeli's  "Quarrels of  Authors,"  Hunt's 
"Religious  Thought  in  EngrlanJ,"  and 
Jjesiio  Stephen's  "  English  Thought  in 
the  Eighteentli  Century." 

"Warner,  William  (l>.  155S,  d. 
1608).  "  I'iin,  his  Syrinx  or  Pipe" 
aSSi);  "All.ion's  England"  (158*J) ; 
"  Men:echnii,"  from  Plautus  (I59.j). 

Warren,     Ramuel,    D.C.t.    (b. 

Denbighshire,  May  'J:5rd,  LS07;  d.  July 
29th,  1877).  ■' Passages  from  the  Diary 
of  a  Lita  Physician"  (1832):  "Ten 
Thousand  a  Year"  (1841);  '-Now  and 
Then  "  (1847) ;  "  The  Lily  and  the  Bee '' 
(1851)  ;  ••.Miscellanies,  Critical  and  Ima- 
ginative" (1851);  "The  Moral  ^and  In- 
tellectual Development  of  lh*e  A-ra" 
(1854) ;  and  several  legal  works. 
"Works"  (1853,  1854). 

Warton,  Thomas  .  h.  Basingstoke, 

1728  :  d.  Oxford,  May  21st,  1790).  "Five 
Pastoral  Eclogues"  (1745);  "The 
Pleasures  of  Melancholy  "  (1745)  ;  "The 
Triumph  of  Isis  "  (1749);  "  An  Ode  for 
Music'  (1751) ;  "The  Union  ;  or.  Select 
Scots  and  English  Poems"'  (1753)  ;  "Ob- 
servations on  the  Faery  Queene  of 
Spenser"  (1753);  "The  Observer  Ob- 
serveil "  (1750) ;  "  The  Life  of  Sir  Thomas 
Pope"  (1772j  :  "The  Life  and  Literary 
Remains  of  Ralph  Bathurst,  M.D.,  Dean 
of  Wells  "  (17(il)  ;  contributions  to  the 
Oxford  Collection  of  Verses  (1701)  ; 
"  A  Companion  to  the  Guide  and  a  Guide 
to  the  (.'omiianion  "  (1762)  ;  "  The  Oxford 
Saus:i'_'e"  (1704);  an  edition  of  Theo- 
critus fl77<l)  ;  "A  History  of  Kiddington 
Parish"  (1781);  "An  Inquiry  into  the 
Poems  attributed  to  Thomas  Rowley  " 
(1782) ;  an  edition  of  Milton  (1785) ; 
"The  Progress  of  Discontent;"  and 
"  Newmarket,  a  Satire  ;  "  "A  Panegyric 
on  Ale;"  "A  Descrijition  of  the  City, 
College,  and  Cathednil  of  Winchester  ; ' 
"  History  of  English  Poetry  "  (1774, 1781, 
now  edition  1870).  "  Poetical  Works," 
with  Memoirs  and  Notes,  by  Richard 
Mant,  in  18u2.  .See  Dennis's  "Studies 
in  English  Literature,"  and  Cornhill 
Mioniziii'',  1805,  vol.  xi. 

Waterland,  Daniel  (b.  Lincoln- 
shire, Feb.  14th,  1083 ;  d.  Dec.  23rd.  1740). 
"Queries  in  Vindication  of  Christ's 
Divinity"  (1719)  ;  "Sermons  in  Defence 
of  Christ's  Divinity"  (1720);  "Case  of 
Arian  Subscription  Considered"  (1721)  ; 
"A  Second   Vindication"   (1723);    "A 


Further  Vindication"  (1724j  ;  •'A  Cri- 
tical History  of  the  Atbanastaii  Cr««d" 
(1724);  "The  Nature,  ObligalioD,  and 
Etlicacy  of  tho  Christian  Saummeuts 
Considcre<l  "  (1730);  "The  Importiuico 
of  the  Doctrine  of  tho  Trinity  Assorted  ' 
(1731);  "Review  of  tho  E'lchwist  " 
(1737  ;  "Scripture  Vindicated  ai^init 
Tindal."  "Works  '  in  18-23,  with  ••A 
Review  of  his  Life  and  Writings." 

Watson,  Richard,  Bishnp  of  Llan- 

dafl'(b.  licversham,  Westnv  '  '  '  ., 
1737;  d.  Calgarth  Park,   \>.  i, 

July  4th,   1810).     '-Institu-  .;. 

lurgice  "  (1708)  ;  "  An  Apolo^}  f»r 
Christianity "  (177<5) ;  "Letter  to  Arcli- 
bishop  Cornwallis  on  tho  Church  Reve- 
nues ;  "  "  Chemical  Es.say«  "  /17>1— 87  ; 
"  Theological  Tracts  "  d7'*5) ;  ••  Sermonu 
on  Public  Occasions  and  Tr.icts  nn  He- 
ligious  Subjects  "  (1788;;  '"An  Ajnilogy 
for  tho  Bible  "  (1790);  "  Principles  of  tho 
Revolution  Vindicated."  kc.  ''  Anec- 
dotes of  the  Lifo  of  Richard  Watson, 
Bishop  of  Llandatf,  written  by  Himself," 
in  1817. 

Watson,  Thomas  (b.  1500,  d.  1592; 
"Tho  Hecatoiupathia ;  or,  Passionate 
Centurio  of  Lovo,  diviilod  into  two 
parts"  (15S'2) ;  "Arayutas"  (15S5) ; 
"  Meliboius  "  (1590) ;  "An  Eclogue  upon 
tho  Death  of  the  llight  Hon.  Sir  Francia 
Walsingham"  (15;»ii|  ;  "Tho  First  Set  of 
Italian  Madrigals  Englished"  (15;»0)  ; 
"  Aminta3  Gaudia"  (15it2) ;  "  Tlie  Tears 
of  Fancie :  or.  Love  Disdaine«l  '  (1593)  ; 
"Compendium  .Memoria;  Localis  ;  "  and 
a  translation  of  the  "Antigone"  of 
Sophocles.  .Se  Arber's  ••English  Ile- 
pnnts.' 

Watts,  Isaac,  D.D.  1>.  Southamp- 
ton, July  171h,  1074 ;  .1.  Nov.  25th, 
1748).  "Hone  Lvrica; "  (1706); 
"Hymns"  (1707);  "Guide  to  Prayer" 
(I7r5);  "Psalms  and  Hymns  '  (1719); 
"  Divine  and  Moral  Songs  for  Children  || 
(17"20) ;  "  Sermons  on  Varioun  Subject*  " 
(1721—23);  "Logic"  (17-25);  "Tho 
Christian  Doctrine  of  tho  Trinity" 
(17-20);  "On tho  Ijove  of  Go.1,"  and  "On 
the  Use  an.l  Abuse  of  the  I'liasions  • 
(17^21»);  "Catechisms  for  Children  and 
Youth  ■' (173(1) ;  "  Sliort  View  of  Scrip- 
ture History"  (173tt  ;  "Humble  At- 
tempt towards  tho  Rovival  of  rraclical 
Religion"  (1731):  "  rhilosoi.hical  K»- 
says"    (1734);     "Reli-iuia-    Juroudo* 


1072 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


(1734);    *' Essay  on   tho   Strengtl)_  an  J 
WeaknoRs   of  Hiunan   Reason  "    (17:57!  ;    ; 
"The   World  to   Come"  (17-'}8)  ;  "The 
Ruin  and  Recovery  of  Mankin<l  "  (1740) ; 
"Improvement   of   the    Mind"   (1741):    ] 
"Orthodoxy      and      Chanty      United" 
(1745);    "Ulory  of   Christ  as  God-Man 
Unveiled"    (1746);     "Evangelical    Dis- 
courses"     (1747);       "Nine      Sermons 
preached  in  1718—19"  (1812);  "Chris- 
tian Thcolojry  and  Ethics,"  with  a  "Life" 
by  Mills,   in  1839.      Works  (ISlO-Ti). 
"Life"  liy  Milner,  including  the  Corre- 
spondence,    1834 ;     also     hy     Southey,    | 
Palmer,  Gibbons,  and  Hood  (1875).  j 

Webster,   John   (b.  late   in    16th   1 
century  ;  d.  about  16.")4).  (With  Dekker) 
"The  Famous  History  of    Sir   Thomas, 
Wyat"    (1607);     "The    White    Devil" 
(1612) ;  "A  Monumental  Columne  Erectdl 
to  tho  Loving  Memory  of    Henry,  late    I 
Prince  of  Wales"  (1613);  "The  Devil's    I 
Law  Case"    (1623);    "The   Duchess   of 
Malfy"    (162:!);      "The    Monument    of 
Honour"  (1621) ;  "Appius  and  Virginia  '    , 
(16.')4)  ;  "  The  Thracian  Wonder  "  (1661) ;    j 
and    (with    Rowley)     "  A    Cure    for    a   | 
Cuckold"  (1661).     "  Works,"  with  Life, 
hy  Dyce,  in  1830  ;  and  by  W.  Ha-'Jitt, 
in  1857. 

Webster,  Mrs.  Augusta.  "  A 
Woman  Sold,  and  other  Poems  "  (1866) ; 
"  Dramatic  Studies  "  (1866) ;  '•  The  Aus- 
picious Day"  (1872);  "Disguises" 
(1880),  &c. 

Wesley,  Charles  W.  (b.  1708,  d. 
1788).  "Hymns  and  Sacred  Poems" 
(1749)  ;  "  Hymns  for  the  Nativity  " 
(17.50)  ;  "  Gloria  Patri  "  (1753)  ;  and 
niany  other  volumes  of  sacred  poetry. 
Sermons,  with  Memoir  (1816).  Works 
(1829—31).  .See  Lives  by  Southey  (1820), 
Wedgwood  (1870),  Tyerman  (1870). 

Westcott,  Brooke  Foss,  D.D. 
(b.  near  Birmingham,  Jan  ,  1825).  "  The 
Elements  of  Gospel  Harmony"  (1851), 
"  The  History  of  the  Canon  of  the  New 
Testament"  (1855),  "  Characteristics  of 
the  Gospel  Miracles"  (1859),  "Intro- 
duction to  the  Studv  of  the  Gospels" 
(1860),  "The  Bible"  and  the  Church" 
(1864).  "The  Gospel  of  the  Resurrec- 
tion" (1866),  "The  History  of  the  English 
Bihle"  (1869),  "On  the  Religious  Office 
of  the  Universities"  (1S73),  "  The  Re- 
visers and  the  Greek  Text  of  the  New 
Testament"     (1SS2),      "The     Histpric 


Faith"  (1883),  "The  Revelation  of  the  j 
Father"  (1884),  "The  New  Testament  ■| 
in  Greek  (1SS5),  &c.  ' 

Whatley,  Hichard,  Archbishop  of 
Dublin  (b.  London,  Feb.  1st,  1787;  d. 
DuVjlin,  Oct.  8th,  1863).  "Historic 
DouVjts  relative  to  Napoleon"  (1819); 
"The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Party-feeling 
in  Matters  of  Religion  "  (1822)  ;  "  On 
Some  of  the  Peculiarities  of  the  Christian 
Religion  "  (1825)  ;  "  On  Some  Difficulties 
in  the  Writings  of  St.  Paul  and  on  other 
parts  of  the  New  Testament "  (1828)  ; 
"  The  Elements  of  Logic  "  (1827) ;  "Ele- 
ments of  Rhetoric  "  (1828) ;  "  A  View  of 
the  Scriptural  Revelations  Concerning  a 
Future  State"  (1829)  ;  "Introductory 
Lectures  oa  Political  Economy  "  (1831; ; 
"Thouirhts  on  the  Sabbath"  (1832i; 
"Thoughts  on  Secondiry  Punishment" 
(1832) ;  "Essays  on  Some  of  the  Dangers 
to  the  Christian  Faith"  (1839);  "The 
History  of  Religious  Worship"  (1847); 
and  "A  Collection  of  English  Synonyms" 
(1852),  &c.  Life  and  Correspondence 
by  his  daughter  (1866).  See  also  Fitz- 
patrick's  "  Memoirs  of  Whately  "  (1864). 

Whetst  itie,  GeoTfre  (temp.  Eliza- 
beth). "  The  Rocke  of  Regard  "  (1576) ; 
"The  right  excellent  and  famous  Historye 
of  Promos  and  Cassandra"  (1578);  "An 
Heptameronof  Civill  Discourses"  (1582); 
"A  Mirur  for  Magestrates  of  Cyties" 
(1584);  "An  Addition;  or.  Touchstone 
of  the  Time"  (158-i)  ;  "The  Honourable 
Reputation  of  a  Souldier  "  (1586) :  "  The 
English  Myrror "  (1586);  "The  Enemie 
to  Unthriftynesse "  (1586);  "Amelia" 
(1593)  ;  Remembrances  of  Sir  Philip  Sid- 
nej',  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  George  Gas- 
coigne,  &c.  For  Biography  and  Criticism, 
see  Warton's  "English  Poetry,"  Ritson's 
"BibliograpbiaPoetica,"  Beloe's  "Anec- 
dotes of  Literature,"  Brydges'  "Censura 
Literaria."  and  Colliers  "  Poetical  De- 


Whewell,  William,  D-D,  (b.  Lan- 
cashire, May  24th,  1794:  d.  March  6th, 
1866).  "Elementary  Treatise  on  Me- 
chanics" (1819),  "Analytical  Statics" 
(18:J3),  "Astronomy  and  General  Physics 
considered  with  reference  to  Natural 
Theolotry"  (183-3),  "A  History  of  the 
Indtictiv-e  Sciences"  (1837),  "The  Piii- 
losophy  of  the  Inductive  Sciences"  (1840), 
"  The  Mechanics  of  Engineering"  (1841), 
"Elements  of  Morality"   (1845\.  "The 


BIBLIOCJRAPHICAL  APPEXDIX. 


1073 


History  of  Moral  Pi.ilosopliy  in  Knpland" 
(185'2),  &c.  '•  Au  Accouut  of  bis  Writing?, 
with  Selecticns  from  his  Correspon- 
dence," by  I.  Todhunter,  in  1S76. 

"White.  Henry  Kiike  iv  Notting- 
bam,  Aug.  21st,  17&5;  d.  Cambri'^ge, 
Oct.  litth,  iMKj),  was  the  author  of 
"Clifton  Grove"  and  other  poems,  pub- 
lished in  180:J.  Eemains  were  edited, 
with  a  "  Life,"  by  iSouthey.  See  also  the 
Biography  by  Sir  Harris  Nicolas. 

White,  .Toseph  Bianco  (b.  1775), 
d.  1841)  ;  "  Letters  from  Spa'n  by  Don 
Leuca.iio  Dollado  (1S21)  ;  "Practical 
and  Internal  Evidence  against  Catholic- 
ism" (1S2G);  "  Secon<l  Travels  of  an  Irisli 
Gentleman  in  Search  of  a  Religion" 
(1883).  He  was  also  the  editor  of  the 
London  Jfcviiir,  as  well  as  of  two 
Spanish  journals.  His  sonnet,  "To 
Night."  was  called  by  Coleridge  the 
finest  in  the  langnaiie.  See  "Life  of 
Rev.  Joseph  Blanco  White,  Written  by 
Himself,  with  portions  of  his  Correspon- 
dence ;"  edited  by  John  Hamilton  Thom 
(1818). 

Whitehead,  Charles  ^b.  1S(I4,  d. 
1862) ;  "  Autobiography  of  Jack  Ketch  " 
(1834);  "Richard  Savage"  (1842); 
"Earl  of  Esse.\"  (1843);  "Smiles  and 
Tears"  (1847);  "Life  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  "  (1851).  -Vr  "  A  Forgotten 
(Jenius,"  by  H.  T.  Mackenzie  Bell  (1884). 

Wilkes,  John  (b.  Clerkenwell,  Oct 
17th,  1727  ;  d.  London,  Dec.  27th, 
]7!'7).  "An  Essay  on  Woman  "  (17t>3). 
"Speeches"  (1777--'-'  and  USG),  and 
"Letters"  (1767,  1768.  1769,  and  1804). 
"Life"  by  Baskerville  in  1769,  by  Watson, 
1870,  bv  Craddock  in  1772,  by  Almon  in 
180.-.,  and  by  W.  F.  Rae  in  1873. 

Williamof  Malmeabury  (b.l095 ; 
d.  about  1142).  "  Gesta  Regum  An- 
glorum,"  "  Historia  Novella,"  "Gcsta 
Pontificum,"  kc,  in  the  "  Scriptores 
post  Hcdam,"  edited  by  Sir  Henry 
Snville.  Of  the  tir-t  two,  there  is  an 
edition  by  Sir  Dnffns  Hardy,  jniblis-hed 
in  181(1  for  the  Hi.storical  Society.  An 
English  translation  by  the  Rev.  .John 
Sharpe.  issued  in  1815,  formed  the  It.asis 
of  that  marie  by  Dr.  (Jilcs,  whicli  is  in- 
cluded in  Bohn's  "  Anticpiarian  Library" 
(1847). 

WiJeon.  Daniel,  LIj.D.  'h.  Edin- 
burgh, 1H16).   "Memorials  of  Edinburgh 


in  the  Olden  Time"  (1846-48) ;  "Oliver 
Cromwell  and  the  Protectorate"  (1848)  ; 
"  The  Archicologv  and  Prehistoric 
Annals  of  Scotland"  (1851);  "Pre- 
historic Man  :  Researches  into  the  Ori- 
gin of  Civilisation  in  the  Old  and  New 
Worlds  "  (1863) :  "'  Chatterton  :  a  Bio- 
graphical Study"  (1869);  "Caliban" 
(1873)  ;  aad  "  Spring  Wdd  Flowers." 

Wilson,  George  (b.  Edinburgh, 
Feb.  21st,  1818:  d.  Nov.  22nd,  1859). 
"Life  of  Cavendish"  (1851)  ;  "Life  of 
Reid  "  (1852)  :  "  The  Five  Gate-Ways  of 
Knowledge"  (1856);  "Paper,  Pen,  and 
Ink  ;"  various  scient'tic  treatises  ;  "  Life 
of  Professor  Edward  Forbes"  (1861). 
Memoir  by  his  sister  (1866). 

Wilson,  John  (''Christopher 
North")  (b.  Paisley,  May  18th,  1785: 
d.  Edinburgh,  April  3rd,  1854).  "The 
Isle  of  Palms"  (1812),  "The  City  of 
the  Plague"  (1816),  "Lights  and  Sha- 
dows of  Scottish  Life"  (1822),  "The 
Trials  of  Margaret  Lindsay "  (1823), 
"The  Foresters"  (1824),  "Essay  on  tlie 
Life  and  Genius  of  Robert  Bums "' 
(lf^41),  and  "  Recreations  of  Christo])her 
North"  (1842).  Pooms  and  Dramatic 
Works  collectively  in  1825.  His  com- 
plete Works,  edited  by  Professor  Ferrier, 
in  1855—8.  "Life"  by  bis  daughter, 
Mrs.  Gordon  (1863). 

Wither,  George  (b.  Brentworth, 
near  Alton,  Hampshire,  June  lltb, 
1.^88;  d.  May  2nd,  1667).  "Prince 
Henry's  Obsequies;  or,  Jlournffull 
Elegies  upon  his  Death "  (1612)  ; 
"Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt;  cr,  Satiri- 
call  Essayes "  (1613);  "  Epithalamia" 
(1613)  ;  "A  Satyre  written  to  the  King's 
rriost  excellent  Majcstye '' (1(!14)  ;  "The 
Shepheard's  Pipe  "  (1614,  written  with 
Browne) ;  "  The  Shepheards  Hunting  " 
(1615):  "Fidelia"  (1(517);  "  Wither's 
Motto''  (1618)  ;  "A  {'reparation  to  the 
P.saltf r  "  (ltil9);  "Exercises  upon  the 
First  Psalmes,  both  in  Verse  and  Prose  " 
(1620);  "The  Songs  of  the  Old  TesLn- 
ment,  translated  into  English  Measures" 
(1621):  "Juvcrilia"  (1622);  "The 
Mistress  of  Philarete "  (jioems,  1622''; 
"  The  Hynines  and  Sontrsof  the  Church" 
(1623);  "The  Scholler's  Purgatory,  dis- 
covere<l  in  the  Stationer's  Conimon- 
wealth,  and  descri1>ed  in  a  Disoour>e 
Apologeticall  "  (1625—26);  "  nritam's 
Remembrancer,  containing  a   Narrative 


1074 


1JIBLI0GH.V1>MIIJAL  APPENDIX. 


of  tho  Plaffiie  Utoly  past"  (Ki28) ;  " The 
Psalines  (»f  David  tninslate  I  into  Lyrick 
Verso"'  {WV2);  "Collection  of  Bm- 
blomes"  (1035);  "  Xattiro  of  Man" 
(16:3i!) ;  "  Head  and  Wonder  "  (I'M] ) ; 
"A  Proi)hesie"  (1611);  "Hallelujah" 
(1041):  "Campo  Musiu"  {Kii-i) ;  "  Se 
Defeudeuilo"  (104:3) ;  "  Mereurius  llus- 
ticus"  (1013);  "The  Si)eceh  without 
Doore"  (1044);  "Letters  of  Advice 
touching  tho  Choice  of  Knights  and 
liiirgresses  for  tho  I'arliament"  flOli); 
&c.  .SVc  Wood's  "  AtheniiuOxoniensis," 
"Brydges's  "Censura  Literaria," 
"British  Bibliographer,"  and  "Resti- 
tuta,"  an  essay  on  Wither's  W'orks  by 
Charles  Lamb,  Willmott's  "  Lives  of  the 
Sacreil  Poets,"  and  Farr's  Introduction 
to  Lis  edition  of  the  "  Hallelujah." 

Wolcot.  John,  M.D.  ("Peter 
Pindar'),  (b.  Dodbrookc,  Devonshire, 
May,  17:38;  d.  Jan.  13th,  1819)-  "The 
Louisad"  (178ti).  Works  17!»4-1S01.  A 
Life  of  him  is  included  in  the  "  Annual 
Biography  and  Obituary  "  for  1820. 

WoUstonecraft,  Mary  (Mrs.  God- 
win) (b.  UoP,  d.  1797).  "  Thoughts  on 
the  Education  of  Daughters"  (1787); 
"Female  Reader;  or  Miscellaneous 
Pieces"  (17S9) :  "Moral  and  Historical 
Relation  of  the  French  Revolution" 
(1790) ;  "  Original  Stories  from  Real 
Life"  (1791);  "A  Vindication  of  the 
Rights  of  Women,  with  Strictures  on 
Political  and  Moral  Subjects"  (1792); 
"Origin  and  Progress  of  the  French 
Revolution,  and  its  Effects  on  Europe  " 
(1795);  and  "  Letters  Written  during  a 
Short  Residence  in  Sweden,  Norway,  and 
Denmark"  (1796).  Posthumous  Works, 
with  a  Memoir,  by  William  Godwin,  in 
17i)8.  A  "Defence  of  their  Character 
and  Conduct"  in  1803.  Her  Letters 
cilited,  with  Memoir,  by  Kegan  Paul 
(1S78). 

Wood,  Anthony  «l  (b.  Oxford, 
Dec.  17th,  1632) ;  d.  Nov.  29th,  169.5). 
"  Uistoria  et  Antiquitates  Universitatis 
Oxoniensis"  (1674);  "Athente  Oxoni- 
cnsis  "  (1691—92) ;  "  Fasti  ;  or  Annals  of 
tho  said  University; ""  and  "  A  Vindica- 
tion of  the  Historiographer  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  and  his  Works  from 
tho  repro.aches  of  the  BLsbop  of  Salis- 
bury "  [Burnet]  in  1093.  A  Life  of 
Wood  in  1711,  another  in  1772.  Sec  also 
that    by   Rawlinson    (IMl),    and    Bliss 


(1848),  and  3lacmUlnn's  Mmjazhie  for 
July  and  August  of  1875, 

Wood,  Mrs.  Henry  (b.  1820,  d. 
1887).  "Fla-t  Lynne"  (1861),  "The 
Channings"  (1802),  "  Mr.s.  Halliburton's 
Troubles"  (1862),  "The  Shadow  of 
Asblydyat"  (186:3),  "The  Foggy  Night 
atOlford"  (1863),  "St.  Martin's  Eve" 
(1891),  "A Life's  Secret"  (1867),  "Roland 
Yorke  "  (1869),  "  Dene  Hollow  "  (1871;, 
"Johnny  Ludlow"  (1874-85),  "  Edina  " 
(1876),  "Pomeroy  Abbey"  (1878;, 
"Court  Netberleigh"  (1881),  "About 
Ourselves"  (18^3),  and  "Lady  Grace," 
a  posthumous  work. 

Wordsworth,     Charles,    D.D, 

Bishop  of  St.  Andrews  (b.  Booking, 
Essex,  ISOO).  "Shakespeare's  Know- 
ledge and  Use  of  the  Bible"  (1854; ; 
"  The  Outlines  of  the  Christian  Ministry 
Delineated  and  Brought  to  the  Test  of 
Reason,  Holy  Scripture,  History,  and 
Experience"  (1872);  "Catechesis;  or 
Christian  Instruction;"  "A  Greek 
Primer,"  &c. 

Wordsworth,    Christopher, 

D.U.,  Bishop  of  Lincoln  (b.  18o7,  d. 
1885).  "Memoirs  of  W'illiam  Words- 
worth;" "Theophilus  Anglicus  ;  "  an 
edition  of  the  Greek  Testament,  with 
notes ;  an  edition  of  the  Old  Testament 
in  the  Authorised  Version,  with  Notes 
and  Introduction  ;  "  The  Holy  Year  ;  " 
"Original  Hj'mns;"  "Greece,  Histori- 
cal, Pictorial,  and  Descriptive  ;  "  "Ser- 
mons on  the  Church  of  Ireland  ;  "  and  the 
"Correspondence  of  Richard  Bentley." 

Wordsworth,     Christopher, 

D.D.  (b.  Cockermouth.  June  4th,  1774  ; 
d.  Buxted,  Sussex,  1846).  "Ecclesiasti- 
cal Biography  ;  or  the  Lives  of  Eminent 
Men  connected  with  the  History  of 
Religion  in  England  from  the  Reforma- 
tion'to  the  Revolution"  (1809) ;  "Ser- 
mons on  Various  Ociasions  "  (1815),  &c. 

Wordsworth,  Dorothy  (d.  1855). 
"  Recollections  of  a  Tour  made  in  Scot- 
land in  1803"  (1874). 

Words  W^orth,  William  (b.  Cocker- 
mouth,  April  7th,  1770  ;  d.  Rydal  Jlount, 
April  2:3rd,  1850).  "An  Eve'ning Walk " 
(printed  1793) ;  "  Descriptive  Sketches "' 
(179:3);  "Lyrical  Ballads"  [with  Colc- 
ridgeJ(179S);  "  TheExcur.sion  "'  (lS14i  : 
"The  White  Doe  of  Rylstone"  (ISl.'i  ; 
"  The  Waggoner  "  (1819) :  "  Peter  Bell  " 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  Ai'PfeXDlX. 


1075 


{1819j ;  "Yarrow  Rerisi^d,  and  other 
Poems"  (1835);  "The  Borderers"  (1»4-J); 
and  other  works,  including  "  Ecclesiasti- 
cal Sketches,"  and  ''Sonnets  on  the 
River  DiuMon."  For  Biog-rajihy  .«e  the 
Lives  by  Dr.  Wordsworth,  G.  8.  Phillips, 
Paxton  Hood,  and  Myers  (Ib^l  ;  article 
by  Lockhart  in  The  Qaarierli)  Reciew 
(vol.  xcii. ),  Crabb  Robinson's  "Diary," 
Julian  Young-'s  "  Reminiscences,"  aud 
Dorothy  Wordsworth's  "Tour  in  Scot- 
lanfl."  ForCriticism,«»/«  Shairp's  "Studies 
in  Poetry  and  Philosophy,"  Hutton"s  Es- 
says, Brimley's  Essays,  Jeffrey's  Es.says, 
Hazlitt's  "English  Poets"  and  "Spirit 
of  the  A^'C,"  Masson's  Essays,  F.  W. 
Robertson's  "Lectures  and  Addresses," 
De  Quincey's  Jliscellancous  Works,  Gil- 
lillan's  "  Gallery  of  Portraits,''  Brooke's 
"  Theoloiry  in  the  English  Poets,"  Sir 
Francis  Doyle's  "Lectures  on  Poetry," 
and  Knight's  "  The  English  Lake  Dis- 
trict," as  interpreted  by  Wordsvvorth 
(1S78).  A  complete  edition  of  Words- 
worth's Prose  Works,  edited  ly  tbe 
Rev.  A.  B.  Grosart,  appeared  in  1875. 
Selected  Poems,  by  Arnold  (1879). 

Wotton,  Sir  Henry  (b.  Boughton, 
Malhcrbo,  Kent,  March  30th,  1568 ;  d. 
Dec,  1639).  "The  Elements  of  Architec- 
ture "  (16"24) ;  "Ad  Regem  e  Scotia  redu- 
cem  Henrici  'Wottonii  I'lausiis  et  Vota" 
(1633);  "A  Parallel  between  Robert 
late  Earl  of  Essex  and  George  late  Duke 
of  Buckingham  "  (1641)  ;  "A  Short  View 
of  the  Life  and  Death  of  George  Villiers, 
Duke  of  Buckingham"  (1642);  "The 
State  of  Christendom"  (1657);  and 
Panegyrick  of  King  Charles,  being  Ob- 
servations upon  the  Inclination,  Life  and 
Government  of  our  Sovereign  Lord  the 
King."  "The  Reliqui;«  Wottoniana,'," 
containing  Lives,  Letters,  Poems,  with 
Characters  of  Simdry  Personages,  and 
other  incomparable  pieces  of  Language 
and  Art  by  Sir  Henry  Wotton,  Kt., 
appeared  in  1651.  The  Poems  were 
edited  by  Dyce  for  the  Percy  Society, 
and  \<y  Dr.  Hannah  in  1845.  .S'e«  the 
Life  bj  Izaak  Walton,  Wood's  "  Atheniu 
Oxonienses,"  and  Brydges'  "British  Bib- 
liographer." 

Wright,  Thomas  (b.  Ludlow, 
Shropshire,  April  'JLst,  1810  ;  d.  Chelsea, 
Dec.  23rd,  1877).  "Queen  Elizabeth 
and  her  Times"  (1S:J8)  ;  "  England  under 
the  House  of  Hanover"  (1S48)  ;  "The 
Celt,    the    Roman,   and     the    Saxon " 


(1852);  "Domestic  Manners  in  England 
during  the  Middle  Ages"  (1861)  ;  "  Es- 
says on  Arclucological  Subjects"  (1861); 
"  A  History  of  Caricature  and  the  (iro- 
tes(iue  in  Literature  and  Art"  (1865) ; 
"Womankind  in  ^\'estern  Eurofic'' 
(1869);  kc,  besides  editions  of  "The 
CJanterbury  Tales, "  "  The  Vision  of  Piers 
Plowman,"  &c. 

Wyatt,  Sir  Thomas  b.  Aliington, 
Castle,  Kent,  1503  ;  d.  Sheibournc,  Oct. 
lltli,  1542).  Poems,  with  Memoir,  in 
1831.  .!>eeNott's"Lifc  of  Wyatt,"  and 
Minto's  "  Characteristics  of  English 
Poets.'' 

Wyeherley,  William  (b.  Clive, 
near  Shrewsbury,  1640  ;  d.  London,  Jan. 
1st,  1715).  "Love  in  a  Wood  "  (167"2), 
"  1'ho  Geiitlemau  Dancing  Master " 
(1673),  "The  Country  Wife"'  (1675), 
and  "The  Plain  Dealer  "(1677).  "Works 
in  Prose  and  Verse "  in  1728,  and  his 
Plays,  with  those  of  Congreve,  Vau- 
bnigh,  and  Fanjuhar,  in  1842.  "Mis- 
cellany Poems  "  in  1704. 

WycliflFe,  John  (b.  Spresswall,  near 
Old  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  1324 ;  d. 
Lutterworth,  Dec.  31st,  1384).  "  Wy- 
clylfe's  Wycket"  (1546);  "The  True 
Copye  of  a  Prolog  written  about  two  C 
Years  past  by  John  AVyclift'e,  the  origi- 
nal whereof  is  founde  in  an  old  English 
Bible,  betwixt  the  Olde  Testament  and 
the  Newo"(1550);  "Two  Short  Trea- 
tises against  the  Orders  of  the  Begging 
Friars,"  edited,  with  a  Glossary,  by  Dr. 
James  (1608)  ;  "The  Last  Age  of  the 
Church,  now  first  printed  from  a  Manu- 
script in  the  University  Library,  Dublin," 
edited,  with  notes,  by  Dr.  Todd  (1840)  ; 
"An  Apology  for  Lollard  Doctrines,  at- 
tributed to  WicklifFe,  now  first  printed 
from  a  MS.,  with  an  Introduction  and 
Notes,"  by  Dr.  To.ld  (1842):  "Tracts 
and  Treatises  of  John  de  WyrlifTe,  D.D., 
with  selections  and  translations  from  his 
Manuscripts  and  l^atin  Works,  with  an 
introductory  memoir  bv  Robert  Vaughan, 
D.D."  (1845).  See  the  publications  of  the 
WyclilTo  Society ;  "  Fascicidi  Zizanio- 
rum  .Mafristri  Johannis  Wj-clifT,"  edited 
by  W.  W.  Shirley  (1858) ;  the  Life  by  P, 
F.  Tytler  (1826);  the  Life  by  Lo  Biis 
(1823) ;  the  Life  in  Fo.xe's  "  Acts  and 
Mon\unents,"  which  is  also  given  in  vol. 
i.  of  AVordsworth's  "Ecclesiastical  Bio- 
graphy ;  "  and  Lechler's,  translated  with 


107C 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 


notes,  by  Lorimor  (187H).  Wycliffe's 
"Solent  Enu'lish  Works,"  edited  by  T. 
Arnold  ill  1871. 

Wyntoun,  Andrew  (circa  139o)  — 
14-20).  "  The  Orytrynale  Cronykil  of 
Scotland,"  best  edition  Laing's  (1872  — 
1879). 


Yon?e.  Charlotte  Mary  CK 
1823).  "  The  Heir  of  Redcliffe  "  (18.53) ; 
"Heartsease"  (18:j4);  "The  Daisy 
Chain"  (18.56);  "The  Chaplet  of 
Pearls"  (18(i8) :  "  Lady  Hester  "  (1873)  ; 
"My  Younj?  Alcidos "  (1S7.5)  ;  "The 
Three  Brides"  (187t>);  "Macrnum  Bo- 
num"  (1S7!»),  &c.  "The  History  of 
Christian  Names,"  "A  Life  of  Bishop 
Patteson,"  "Landmarks  of  History," 
"Stray  Pearls  "  (1883) ;  "  The  Two  Sides 
of  a  Shield"  (188.5);  "A  Modern  Tele- 
machus"  (188tiV 

Young,  Arthur  (b.  Bradtield,  Suf- 
folk, Sept.  7tli,  1741:  d.  Brailfiel.l,  April 
12th,1820).  "A  Si.\  Weeks'  Tour  throuefii 
the  Southern  Counties  "  (17t)8) :  "  A  Six 
Months'  Tour  through  the  North  of 
Enirland"  (1771);  "Travels  daring 
1787-ilO"  (17S»3),  &c.  Forty-five  volumes 
of  "Annals  of  Agriculture"  (begun  1784). 

Young,  Edward  (I).  Upham, 
Hampshire,  .June,  1681  ;  d.  Welwyn, 
April  !>th,  176.5).  "The  Last  Day" 
(1713) ;  "Epistle  to  the  Right  Honour- 


able Lord  Landsdowne"  (1713);  "The 
Force  of  Religion  ;  or.  Vanquished  Love" 
(1713) ;  "  On  the  late  Queen's  Death,  and 
his  IVIajcsty's  Aoces.sion  to  the  Throne" 
(1714)  ;  a  "  Paraphrase  on  the  Book  of 
Job  "  (1719)  ;  "  Busiris,  King  of  Egypt" 
(1719);  "The  Revenge"  (1721);  "The 
Universal  Passion  (172.5 — 26);''  "Ocean, 
an  Ode"  (1728);  "The  Brothers"  fl728); 
" An  Estimate  of  Human  Life"  (1728); 
"  An  Apology  for  Princes  ;  or,  the  Revcj 
rence  due  to  Government"  (1729) ;  "Im- 
perium  Pelagi,  a  Naval  Lyrick"  (1730); 
"Two  Epistles  to  Mr.  Pope  concerning 
the  Authors  of  the  Age"  (1730)  ;  "The 
Foreign  Address"  (1734);  "The  Com- 
plaint ;  or.  Night  Thoughts  on  Life, 
Death,  and  Immortality"  (1742—43); 
"  The  Consolation,  to  which  are  anne.xed 
some  Thoughts  occasioned  by  the  pre-ent 
Juncture"  (1745);  "The  Centaur  not 
Fabulous"  (1755)  ;  "»An  Essay  on  the 
Writings  and  Genius  of  Pope"  (1756); 
"Conjectures  on  Original  Composition, 
in  a  Letter  to  the  Author  of  Sir  Charles 
Grandison  "  (1759)  ;  and  "  Resiurnation, 
in  Two  Parts"  (1762).  "Works"  in 
1757,  and,  with  a  "Life  "  of  the  author, 
in  1802;  "Poetical  Works,"  with  a 
"  Memoir"  by  the  Rev.  J.  Mitford,  in 
1834,  and  again  in  1841  ;  his  "  Works. 
Poetical  and  Prose,"  witii  a  "■  Life"  by 
Doran,  in  1851  ;  and  his  "Poetical 
Works,"  edited,  with  a  "Life,"  by 
Thomas,  in  1852. 


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